title: Proinflammatory reaction and cytoskeletal alterations in endothelial cells after shock wave exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the effects on human organs by shock waves (SWs) induced by medical treatments or high-energy trauma are well recognized, little is known about the effects on the cellular level. Since blood vessel injury is a common finding after SW exposure, we assessed the in vitro effects of SWs on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vitro trauma model was used to expose HUVEC monolayers to focused SWs or to shock waves plus cavitation (SWC), a subsequent phenomenon that is often considered the main cause of SW vascular injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SWs alone did not cause any changes in the studied variables. In contrast, HUVEC monolayers exposed to SWC exhibited discrete central lesions with extensive cell death. Cells peripheral to the main lesion area displayed disassembly of dense peripheral bands and formation of actin stress fibers, indicating increased intercellular gaps. Expression of P-selectin was enhanced 11-fold compared with controls, whereas expression of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 was enhanced 8-fold (p < .05) and 1.5-fold (p < .01), respectively. The latter responses were preceded by nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappaB subunit p65 by 16% (p < .01). When compared with mechanically produced lesions used as controls, SWC lesions exhibited an impaired regeneration rate of the endothelial cell layer (p < .001). Redistribution of centrosomes toward the lesion borders was less effective in the SWC samples compared with the mechanically produced lesions (p < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SWC lesions were associated with a switch to an endothelial proinflammatory phenotype, with an impaired regeneration rate and changes in cytoskeletal functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Söder Hospital, The Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. anders.sonden@sos.ki.se
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sondén
authors.forename: Anne-Sofie M
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palmblad
authors.forename: B Thomas
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Kjellström
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology; D014404:Tubulin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014404:Tubulin; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1