title: Evidence that pre-existent variability in platelet response to ADP accounts for 'clopidogrel resistance'.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clopidogrel is a widely used antithrombotic agent that inhibits the platelet P2Y(12) adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor. There is increasing interest in 'clopidogrel resistance'.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether 'clopidogrel resistance' is accounted for by a pre-existent variability in platelet response to ADP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Platelet response to 20 microm ADP was analyzed by four independent whole blood flow cytometric assays: platelet surface activated GPIIb-IIIa, platelet surface P-selectin, monocyte-platelet aggregates and neutrophil-platelet aggregates. In 25 consecutive, non-aspirin-treated healthy subjects, we studied platelet response before and after clopidogrel administration. In addition, we studied the platelet response in 613 consecutive aspirinated patients with or without coronary artery disease (CAD, as determined by angiography) who had or had not been treated with clopidogrel. In these patients, we tested for homogeneity of variance across all durations of clopidogrel exposure and severity of CAD by estimating the 'goodness of fit' of two independent models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the healthy subjects, pre-clopidogrel response to ADP predicted post-clopidogrel response to ADP. In the patients, clopidogrel, as expected, inhibited the platelet response to ADP. However, irrespective of the duration of clopidogrel administration, the severity of CAD, and the dose of aspirin, clopidogrel did not increase the variance in the platelet response to ADP in any of the four assays of platelet response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies provide evidence that 'clopidogrel resistance' is accounted for by a pre-existent variability in platelet response to ADP and this variability is not increased by clopidogrel administration.
authors.affiliation: Center for Platelet Function Studies, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. michelson@platelets.org
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Michelson
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Furman
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Frelinger
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010979:Platelet Function Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin