title: Zebrafish cypher is important for somite formation and heart development.
abstract: Mammalian CYPHER (Oracle, KIA0613), a member of the PDZ-LIM family of proteins (Enigma/LMP-1, ENH, ZASP/Cypher, RIL, ALP, and CLP-36), has been associated with cardiac and muscular myopathies. Targeted deletion of Cypher in mice is neonatal lethal possibly caused by myopathies. To further investigate the role of cypher in development, we have cloned the zebrafish orthologue. We present here the gene, domain structure, and expression pattern of zebrafish cypher during development. Cypher was not present as a maternal mRNA and was absent during early development. Cypher mRNA was first detected at the 3-somite stage in adaxial somites, and as somites matured, cypher expression gradually enveloped the whole somite. Later, cypher expression was also found in the heart, in head and jaw musculature, and in the brain. We further identified 13 alternative spliced forms of cypher from zebrafish heart and skeletal muscle tissue, among them a very short form containing the PDZ domain but lacking the ZM (ZASP-like) motif and the LIM domains. Targeted gene knock-down experiments using cypher antisense morpholinos led to severe defects, including truncation of the embryo, deformation of somites, dilatation of the pericardium, and thinning of the ventricular wall. The phenotype could be rescued by a cypher form, which contains the PDZ domain and the ZM motif, but lacks all three LIM domains. These findings indicate that a PDZ domain protein is important for normal somite formation and in normal heart development. Treatment of zebrafish embryos with cyclopamine, which disrupts hedgehog signaling, abolished cypher expression in 9 somite and 15-somite stage embryos. Taken together, our data suggest that cypher may play a role downstream of sonic hedgehog, in a late stage of somite development, when slow muscle fibers differentiate and migrate from the adaxial cells.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology, Department of Integrative Zoology University of Leiden, Kaiserstraat 3, 2311 GN, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: David L M
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.forename: Ines J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Jelani T D
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Leito
authors.forename: Jaya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Besser
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bakkers
authors.forename: Edwige
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schoonheere
authors.forename: Christoph P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Bagowski
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D060588:LIM Domain Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D023121:RNA, Messenger, Stored / Q000378:metabolism; D019170:Somites / Q000502:physiology*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D060588:LIM Domain Proteins; D023121:RNA, Messenger, Stored; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C112438:ldb3a protein, zebrafish