title: Morphologic, phenotypic and functional characteristics of endothelial cells derived from human hepatic cavernous hemangioma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pathogenesis of cavernous hemangiomas is largely unknown, and it is speculated that abnormal vasculogenesis and angiogenesis may be involved. In this study, the characteristics of cavernous hemangioma endothelial cells (CHECs) derived from the human liver were analyzed in terms of morphology, phenotype and function and compared with human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  By transmission electron microscopy, abnormally expanded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and similarly arranged cytoplasmic vacuoles were only found in CHECs. Phenotypic analysis showed that the expression of alphavbeta3 was significantly increased in CHECs. mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A, and angiopoietins 1 and 2 was significantly increased in CHECs compared to LSECs. The functional analysis indicated that CHECs released more vascular endothelial growth factor A, produced significantly more pro-matrix metalloproteinase 2 (pro-MMP2) and activated MMP2, and exhibited higher procoagulant and fibrinolytic activities compared with LSECs. Confocal microscopy revealed that MMP2 was concentrated in some cytoplasmic granules of CHECs and was consistent with the distribution of expanded ER. CHECs exhibited more activated angiogenesis capacity and formed abnormal capillary-like structures in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggested that endothelial cells (ECs) derived from human cavernous hemangiomas differ from normal ECs in morphology, phenotype and function.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Peking, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wen-Jian
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Li-Ya
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Lian-Qiu
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yu-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Ji-Xiao
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Zhi-Hua
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Guang-Jin
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Georges E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Grau
authors.forename: Jin-Ning
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Lou
mesh_terms: D042683:Angiopoietin-1 / Q000235:genetics; D042702:Angiopoietin-2 / Q000235:genetics; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D002196:Capillaries / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006392:Hemangioma, Cavernous / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010641:Phenotype; D010973:Platelet Adhesiveness; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2 / Q000235:genetics; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000648:ultrastructure; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C467630:ANGPT1 protein, human; D042683:Angiopoietin-1; D042702:Angiopoietin-2; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases