title: Productivity losses attributable to untreated chlamydial infection and associated pelvic inflammatory disease in reproductive-aged women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The productivity losses attributable to disease-related morbidity and mortality impose a burden on society in general and on employers in particular. A reliable assessment of the productivity losses associated with untreated infection with Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) would complement earlier work on direct medical costs and contribute to an estimate of the full cost of chlamydial disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to estimate the discounted lifetime productivity losses attributable to untreated chlamydial infection in reproductive-aged women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a cost model using Monte Carlo methods to estimate the lifetime discounted productivity losses attributable to untreated lower genital tract Ct infection among reproductive-aged women. The model considered the impact of disability resulting from acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) associated with untreated Ct infection and from the sequelae of acute PID, including chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. To accommodate disparate Ct infection rates and labor market characteristics across age groups, we matched age-based risk factors for Ct infection with labor market patterns. Data sources included the 2001 National Chlamydia Surveillance Data, the 2001 Current Population Survey, and published literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimates indicate that the mean weighted productivity losses per untreated Ct infection were approximately US dollars 130 (in year 2001 dollars). Mean weighted productivity losses per case of acute PID were estimated at US dollars 649. Estimated productivity losses were highly correlated with age, reflecting age-dependent differences in labor market characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The productivity losses attributable to untreated infection with Ct and to sequelae of this infection form a substantial portion of the total economic burden of disease. Effective programs to prevent chlamydial infection and effective screening, diagnosis, and treatment of Ct-infected women may reduce productivity losses and substantially lessen the economic burden of disease to employers.
authors.affiliation: National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. jblandford@cdc.gov
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Blandford
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Gift
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome