title: ATM activation is accompanied with earlier stages of prostate tumorigenesis.
abstract: The ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) kinase plays an essential role in maintaining genome integrity by coordinating cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and DNA damage repair. Phosphorylation of ATM at serine 1981 (ATMpSer1981) by DNA damage activates ATM, which subsequently phosphorylates H2AX Ser139 (gammaH2AX), Chk2 Thr68 (Chk2pThr68), and p53 Ser15 (p53pSer15). To determine the role of the ATM pathway in prostate cancer tumorigenesis, we have analyzed 35 primary prostate cancer specimens for ATMpSer1981 (ATM activation), Chk2pThr68, gammaH2AX, and p53pSer15 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in normal glands, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PINs), and carcinomas. Increases in the intensities of ATMpSer1981, Chk2pThr68, and gammaH2AX and in the percentage of cells that are positive for ATMpSer1981, Chk2pThr68, or gammaH2AX were observed in PINs (p<0.001) compared to normal prostatic glands and carcinoma. However, this pattern of immunostaining was not seen for p53pSer15. Thus, ATM and Chk2 are specifically activated in PINs. As PINs are generally regarded as precursors of prostatic carcinoma, our results suggest that ATM and Chk2 activation at earlier stages of prostate tumorigenesis suppresses tumor progression, with attenuation of ATM activation leading to cancer progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 4A6.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: Xinchang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Aubrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gillis
authors.forename: Lizhi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salama
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cutz
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: Damu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D064447:Checkpoint Kinase 2; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism*; D019048:Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C468783:H2AX protein, human; D006657:Histones; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D064447:Checkpoint Kinase 2; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; C578634:CHEK2 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases