title: Long-term nipple shrinkage following augmentation by an autologous rib cartilage transplant in free DIEP-flaps.
abstract: Aesthetically pleasing nipple-areola reconstruction is a satisfying part of a two-stage breast reconstruction. The up to 50% [Banducci DR, Le TK, Hughes KC. Long-term follow-up of a modified Anton-Hartrampf nipple reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 1999;43(5):467-9; discussion 469-70] postoperative shrinkage following a conventional nipple reconstruction is a well-known problem. Augmentation of the nipple with autologous banked cartilage seems to be a promising solution. From 2000-2003, 17 patients underwent a nipple-areola-complex reconstruction following secondary breast reconstruction using free perforator flaps. The rib cartilage harvested during the preparation of the internal thoracic vessels was banked subcutaneously and six months later replanted under the 'arrow flap' after contouring it in a 'mushroom' shape. One year later the shrinkage of the nipple in comparison to the intraoperative status was measured. In addition, patients were asked about their personal palpation impression and the aesthetic outcome. The average height decreased one year postoperatively about 25%. Thirteen of 17 patients judged the aesthetic outcome as very good, 16 nipples healed without cartilage protrusion and no patient felt discomfortable stiffness of the nipple. Our concept of a nipple augmentation with rib cartilage improves the projection and allows a more correct judgement of the later nipple shrinkage. We consider this technique to be an aesthetically satisfying and safe method, which could be used with any kind of breast reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen University of Technology, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany. dr-heitland@t-online.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heitland
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markowicz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Koellensperger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pallua
mesh_terms: D002356:Cartilage / Q000637:transplantation*; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008408:Mastectomy; D009558:Nipples / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012272:Ribs; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome