title: Ultra-efficient replication of infectious prions by automated protein misfolding cyclic amplification.
abstract: Prions are the unconventional infectious agents responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, which appear to be composed mainly or exclusively of the misfolded prion protein (PrPSc). Prion replication involves the conversion of the normal prion protein (PrPC) into the misfolded isoform, catalyzed by tiny quantities of PrPSc present in the infectious material. We have recently developed the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) technology to sustain the autocatalytic replication of infectious prions in vitro. Here we show that PMCA enables the specific and reproducible amplification of exceptionally minute quantities of PrPSc. Indeed, after seven rounds of PMCA, we were able to generate large amounts of PrPSc starting from a 1x10(-12) dilution of scrapie hamster brain, which contains the equivalent of approximately 26 molecules of protein monomers. According to recent data, this quantity is similar to the minimum number of molecules present in a single particle of infectious PrPSc, indicating that PMCA may enable detection of as little as one oligomeric PrPSc infectious particle. Interestingly, the in vitro generated PrPSc was infectious when injected in wild-type hamsters, producing a disease identical to the one generated by inoculation of the brain infectious material. The unprecedented amplification efficiency of PMCA leads to a several billion-fold increase of sensitivity for PrPSc detection as compared with standard tests used to screen prion-infected cattle and at least 4000 times more sensitivity than the animal bioassay. Therefore, PMCA offers great promise for the development of highly sensitive, specific, and early diagnosis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy and to further understand the molecular basis of prion propagation.
authors.affiliation: George and Cynthia Mitchell Center for Alzheimer Disease and Related Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saá
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castilla
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001331:Automation / Q000379:methods; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D006224:Cricetinae; D008647:Mesocricetus; D018620:PrPSc Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D017510:Protein Folding; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D018620:PrPSc Proteins