title: Trends and ethnic differences in COPD hospitalization and mortality in Singapore.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  COPD mortality alone among major causes of diseases continues to rise in most countries worldwide. We examine trends, and gender and ethnic differences in COPD hospitalization and mortality in Singapore from 1991 to 1998, and examine possible explanations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of population-based health administrative data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multi-ethnic (Chinese, Malay and Indian) population of Singapore (3 million population).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on hospitalizations and deaths due to COPD as the underlying cause (ICD codes 491, 492, 496), extracted from national databases, were used to calculate age-specific and standardized rates for the population aged 55 + years. COPD accounted for 4.6% of total deaths (5.8% in those aged 55 +), and 1.02% of all hospitalizations (3.1% in those aged 55 +).
  
  
  RESULTS
  COPD mortality in 1998 decreased steeply by -43.7% from 1991 (a decline that continued a steady trend since 1970), while hospitalization showed little significant change (-3.3%). Men had 4 and 5 times higher mortality and hospitalization, and also showed less favorable trends than women. Malays, especially males, showed the highest level and least favorable decline of mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exceptionally steady declines in COPD mortality rates, and stable rates of hospitalization are observed in Singapore in the 1990s. Differing levels and trends of hospitalization and mortality by gender and ethnicity are related to known demographic variations and trends of smoking prevalence in the country.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, 117595 Singapore, Singapore. cofngtp@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: Tze Pin
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Muhamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niti
authors.forename: Wan Cheng
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology