title: Pharmacological treatment of acute mania in psychiatric in-patients between 1994 and 2004.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a cross-section approach we investigated prescription practice in acute mania in 63 German, Swiss and Austrian hospitals between 1994 and 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our data were gathered from a large drug safety program (AMSP) within which on two reference days each year all administered drugs are recorded. For the present study, all cases with a primary diagnosis of acute euphoric mania (n=1291) or mixed-state mania (n=143) were identified. Prescription rates from two periods, 1994 to 1999 and 2000 to 2004, were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In euphoric mania, prescription of lithium decreased by about one-fifth (43.3% to 34.5%, p<0.01), while prescription of anticonvulsants increased by one-half (from 40.0% to 60.7%, p<0.001). Administration of atypical antipsychotics more than doubled (18.5% to 43.9%, p<0.001), while use of typical antipsychotics decreased significantly (56.9% to 27.8%, p<0.001). Overall prescription rates of antipsychotics (79.6% vs. 81.6%) and antidepressants (14.0% vs. 15.5%) remained stable, while administration of tranquilizers increased significantly (26.3% to 34.3%, p<0.01). In mixed-state mania, similar trends over time to those seen in euphoric mania were observed for lithium (43.2% to 33.3%), anticonvulsants (50.0% to 69.7%, p<0.05) and tranquilizers (22.7% to 40.4%). Prescription rates of antipsychotics slightly increased (63.6% to 72.7%), while prescription of antidepressants slightly decreased (54.5% to 46.5%). Polypharmacy was a common phenomenon: patients with euphoric mania were treated with a mean number of 2.9+/-1.2 psychotropic agents, and patients with mixed-state mania with 3.3+/-1.5 psychotropic agents. Both groups showed a significant increase over time. Second-generation atypical antipsychotics were adopted quite rapidly for the treatment of acute mania considering the availability of the scientific evidence at that time. Off-label use was a common phenomenon. Deviations from recommended guidelines were found mainly in the use of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs both in mixed-state and euphoric mania.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Naturalistic prescription studies like this may encourage a critical scrutiny of clinical treatment habits and may also drive further research thus moderating potential differences between evidence-based knowledge and everyday clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatrische Privatklinik Sanatorium Kilchberg, Alte Landstrasse 70-84, 8802 Kilchberg, Switzerland. mwolfsperger@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolfsperger
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Greil
authors.forename: Wulf
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rössler
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grohmann
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001317:Austria; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005059:Euphoria / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D016651:Lithium Carbonate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013557:Switzerland; D014149:Tranquilizing Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D014149:Tranquilizing Agents; D016651:Lithium Carbonate