title: Does Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization influence morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit patient? Experience from an outbreak caused by contaminated oral swabs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contaminated oral swabs caused a nationwide monoclonal Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak involving 27 Norwegian hospitals. The aim of the study was to study the consequences on mortality and morbidity of the introduction of this P. aeruginosa strain to intensive care unit (ICU) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four out of 96 patients admitted to the general ICU of Akershus University Hospital during the outbreak, ventilated for more than 24 h and with at least one microbiological sample, were included and followed until death or hospital discharge. All isolated P. aeruginosa strains were genotyped. Demographic data, admission diagnosis, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, comorbidities, and antibiotics used in the first week were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The outbreak strain was found in 18 patients (41%) of whom seven became infected. Median time to the first positive culture was 4 days. These 18 patients spent a significantly longer time on mechanical ventilation (P =0.03) and had a significantly higher hospital mortality, 55.5% vs. 19.2% (P =0.03), than non-colonized patients. The number of patients with severe underlying disease was significantly higher (P =0.01) and the decline in SOFA score was significantly slower in the pseudomonas group (P =0.02). Irrespective of colonization status, patients with severe underlying disease had a significantly higher mortality (58%) than those without (16%) (P =0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of contaminated oral swabs led to a high rate of early airways colonization. Patients with severe underlying disease were more likely to become colonized, but whether colonization has any influence on hospital mortality requires further study.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department, Akerhus University Hospital, University of Oslo, Nordbyhagen, Norway. jan.erik.berdal@ahus.no
authors.forename: J-E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Berdal
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Smith-Erichsen
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Bjørnholt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blomfeldt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bukholm
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000382:microbiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents