title: Pharmacokinetic profile of the somatostatin analogue lanreotide in individuals with chronic hepatic insufficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The somatostatin analogue lanreotide is indicated for the treatment of acromegaly and to relieve the symptoms of neuroendocrine tumours. The objective of the present study was to compare the pharmacokinetic profile and safety of intravenous lanreotide in healthy volunteers and individuals with hepatic impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immediate-release lanreotide was administered at 7 microg/kg during a 20-minute intravenous infusion. Blood samples were collected over 24 hours and lanreotide serum levels determined by radioimmunoassay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-compartmental analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two study centres recruited 53 individuals. Study A comprised 10 individuals with hepatic insufficiency Child-Pugh grade A (mild), 7 with grade B (moderate) and 12 healthy volunteers - all Caucasian. Study B comprised 4 individuals with hepatic insufficiency Child-Pugh grade A, 6 with grade B, 2 with grade C (severe) and 12 healthy volunteers - all Chinese. All participants were included in the safety analysis. The pharmacokinetic analysis included all participants from study B, but only 12 with hepatic impairment and 11 healthy volunteers from study A. Combined analysis of both studies showed an increased serum elimination half-life (57%; p < or = 0.001), mean residence time (53%; p < or = 0.001) and volume of distribution (at steady state, 57%; at terminal disposition phase, 64%; both p < or = 0.001) in individuals with mild hepatic insufficiency compared with healthy volunteers. These differences were more pronounced in individuals with moderate-to-severe hepatic insufficiency compared with healthy volunteers; additionally, the area under the serum concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC(infinity)) was increased (23%; p < or = 0.05) and clearance (CL) decreased (19%; p < or = 0.05) compared with healthy volunteers. The peak serum concentration of lanreotide tended to be lower in individuals with hepatic insufficiency than in healthy volunteers (statistically non-significant). There were no pharmacokinetic differences between the two groups of healthy volunteers. Lanreotide was well tolerated with only two mild adverse events that were considered to be possibly related to treatment (both nausea and headache with either vomiting or dizziness). There were no clinically relevant changes in laboratory parameters or vital signs during the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pharmacokinetic profile of lanreotide depends on the severity of hepatic insufficiency with CL and AUC(infinity), which are only slightly altered with moderate-to-severe insufficiency. The changes in exposure do not, however, require dosage adjustment. Moreover, lanreotide is usually given as a prolonged-release microparticle or Autogel formulation, and terminal half-life and serum concentrations depend on the release properties of the formulation. Dosing is also adapted for each patient, based on therapeutic response. Thus, hepatic insufficiency does not require additional dosage adjustments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.forename: Neil G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Irene W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barbanoj
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Antonijoan
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Drazna
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramis
authors.forename: Rosendo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Obach
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peraire
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D048550:Hepatic Insufficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C060347:lanreotide; D013004:Somatostatin