title: Biological effects in the management of chemicals in the marine environment.
abstract: Coastal ecosystems are impacted by many stressors, of which chemicals are possibly not the most important. Chemicals differ from most other stressors such as eutrophication and hypersedimentation in the time scale-effects from the latter act on the scale of weeks or months, whereas effects from chemicals may take years to manifest themselves in population or community changes. There are four different approaches available to manage chemicals in marine ecosystems: target contaminant levels, target individual effects, target community impacts (biodiversity) and, finally, target processes. These four differ in the analytical methods available and the analyst's ability to separate effects from chemicals from other environmental factors and natural variation. There is furthermore, a need to develop a framework to integrate biological effects methods with risk assessment methodology. Such integration will improve the basis for risk-based assessment of chemicals. A problematic issue relevant to all aspects of environmental management are the interactions between chemicals, and between chemicals and eutrophication or sedimentation. There is a clear need for more knowledge about such interactions.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), PO Box 173, Kjelsås, N-0411 Oslo, Norway. ketil.hylland@niva.no
authors.forename: Ketil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hylland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D008386:Marine Biology / Q000379:methods; D012623:Seawater; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical