title: Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated the contribution of sentinel-node biopsy to outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed melanoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with a primary cutaneous melanoma were randomly assigned to wide excision and postoperative observation of regional lymph nodes with lymphadenectomy if nodal relapse occurred, or to wide excision and sentinel-node biopsy with immediate lymphadenectomy if nodal micrometastases were detected on biopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1269 patients with an intermediate-thickness primary melanoma, the mean (+/-SE) estimated 5-year disease-free survival rate for the population was 78.3+/-1.6% in the biopsy group and 73.1+/-2.1% in the observation group (hazard ratio for recurrence[corrected], 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.93; P=0.009). Five-year melanoma-specific survival rates were similar in the two groups (87.1+/-1.3% and 86.6+/-1.6%, respectively). In the biopsy group, the presence of metastases in the sentinel node was the most important prognostic factor; the 5-year survival rate was 72.3+/-4.6% among patients with tumor-positive sentinel nodes and 90.2+/-1.3% among those with tumor-negative sentinel nodes (hazard ratio for death, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.54 to 3.98; P<0.001). The incidence of sentinel-node micrometastases was 16.0% (122 of 764 patients), and the rate of nodal relapse in the observation group was 15.6% (78 of 500 patients). The corresponding mean number of tumor-involved nodes was 1.4 in the biopsy group and 3.3 in the observation group (P<0.001), indicating disease progression during observation. Among patients with nodal metastases, the 5-year survival rate was higher among those who underwent immediate lymphadenectomy than among those in whom lymphadenectomy was delayed (72.3+/-4.6% vs. 52.4+/-5.9%; hazard ratio for death, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.81; P=0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The staging of intermediate-thickness (1.2 to 3.5 mm) primary melanomas according to the results of sentinel-node biopsy provides important prognostic information and identifies patients with nodal metastases whose survival can be prolonged by immediate lymphadenectomy. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00275496 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA. mortond@jwci.org
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Alistair J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cochran
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mozzillo
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elashoff
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Essner
authors.forename: Omgo E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Nieweg
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Roses
authors.forename: Harald J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: Constantine P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Karakousis
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Reintgen
authors.forename: Brendon J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Coventry
authors.forename: Edwin C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: He-Jing
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D015996:Survival Rate