Paramedic self-reported medication errors.
BACKGROUND
Continuing quality improvement (CQI) reviews reflect that medication administration errors occur in the prehospital setting. These include errors involving dose, medication, route, concentration, and treatment.


METHODS
A survey was given to paramedics in San Diego County. The survey tool was established based on previous literature reviews and questions developed based on previous CQI data.


RESULTS
A total of 352 surveys were returned, with the paramedics reporting a mean of 8.5 years of field experience. They work an average of 11.0 shifts/month with an average shift length of 25.4 hours and 6.7 calls/shift. Thirty-two responding paramedics (9.1%) reported committing a medication error in the past 12 months. Types of errors included dose-related errors (63%), protocol errors (33%), wrong route errors (21%), and wrong medication errors (4%). Issues identified in contributing to the errors include failure to triple check, infrequent use of the medication, dosage calculation error, and incorrect dosage given. Fatigue, training, and equipment setup of the drug box were not listed as any of the contributing factors. The majority of these errors were self-reported to their CQI representative (79.1%), with 8.3% reported by the base hospital radio nurse, 8.3% found on chart review, and 4.2% noted by the paramedic during the call but never reported.


CONCLUSIONS
Nine percent of paramedics responding to an anonymous survey reported medication errors in the past 12 months, with 4% of these errors never having been reported in the CQI process. Additional safeguards must continue to be implemented to decrease the incidence of medication errors.
Vilke
Gary M
GM
San Diego County Division of Emergency Medical Services, San Diego, CA, USA. gmvilke@ucsd.edu
Tornabene
Stephen V
SV
Stepanski
Barbara
B
Shipp
Holly E
HE
Ray
Leslie Upledger
LU
Metz
Marcelyn A
MA
Vroman
Dori
D
Anderson
Marilyn
M
Murrin
Patricia A
PA
Davis
Daniel P
DP
Harley
Jim
J
D000328:Adult; D000488:Allied Health Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002140:California; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires