title: Oral habits and their association with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in adolescents: a gender comparison.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of oral parafunctions and signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in female and male adolescents were compared and their relationship to one another evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consisted of 314 adolescents (136 males and 178 females). Each participant filled out a questionnaire regarding their oral habits and symptoms of TMD. A clinical examination was carried out regarding signs of TMD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Generally, the prevalence of most oral habits was higher among adolescent females than males. Most examined signs and symptoms of TMD showed a statistically significant higher prevalence among females. Gender and nearly all oral habits were a risk factor for TMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescent females had a higher prevalence of TMD signs and symptoms and carried out oral habits more intensively. Parafunctional activity may be another contributing factor in the discrepancies found in the prevalence of signs and symptoms between the sexes. Parafunctional habits and gender may be risk factors of TMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Rehabilitation, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. winocur@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Ephraim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Winocur
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Littner
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gavish
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002012:Bruxism / Q000150:complications; D002638:Chewing Gum; D005260:Female; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000503:physiopathology; D009259:Nail Biting / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D002638:Chewing Gum