title: Normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and myocardial cardioplegic protection for neonatal arterial switch operation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) associated with cold myocardial protection is commonly used to perform neonatal cardiac surgery. Hypothermia is usually chosen to preserve the brain in case of failure of oxygen delivery whatever it may result from. Nowadays, there is a growing number of evidence demonstrating that hypothermia induces deleterious effects, which may culminate in organ dysfunctions. In 2001, we started a protocol where the heart and the body were no longer cooled, in all the procedures, including the arterial switch operation (ASO), except those with aortic arch reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Because data on the neonatal arterial switch operation were prospectively gathered in our unit (and included fine biochemical analysis of myocardial damage), we have compared two consecutive populations of arterial switch operation to sort out the impact of normothermic CPB and normothermic cardioplegia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that warm cardiopulmonary bypass associated with warm cardioplegia is feasible for ASO, and that most of the operative data are similar to hypothermic bypass, none are worse. Among the postoperative data, the cardiac troponin I (cTnI) time course showed significantly lower values in the normothermic group after 24 h (4.46 ng ml(-1) vs 6.17 ng ml(-1) (p = 0.027)), time to extubation is improved (32+/-26 h vs 70+/-69 h (p = 0.02)) and there is a trend to reduce the ICU length of stay (3.5+/-1.5 days vs 5.6+/-3.9 days (p = 0.08)), and consequently the cost of surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass is feasible for ASO and seems to allow a faster recovery time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, Paris, France. ppouard.laennec@invivo.edu
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pouard
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mauriat
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ek
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haydar
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gioanni
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Laquay
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vaccaroni
authors.forename: Pascal R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Vouhé
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001831:Body Temperature; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D007902:Length of Stay; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019210:Troponin I / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019210:Troponin I