title: Transport, deglycosylation, and metabolism of trans-piceid by small intestinal epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous epidemiological and animal studies have shown that consumption of red wine is related to reduced incidence of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Trans-resveratrol (3, 5, 4'-trihydroxystilbene), a phenolic compound present in wine, has been reported to have a potential cancer chemopreventive activity. Moreover, it may exert a protective effect against atherogenesis through its antioxidant properties. Trans-piceid (3-ss glucoside of trans-resveratrol) is present to a greater extent than its aglycone in red wine, but hydrolysis of this glycosylated derivative can occur in small intestine and liver, which would enhance the amount of the biological active trans-resveratrol.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to investigate the rate of transepithelial transport of trans-piceid using human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers and metabolism of this compound during its absorption across the small intestine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The transport of trans-piceid was evaluated in the human epithelial cell line Caco-2, which possesses enterocyte-like properties in vitro. For transepithelial experiments, confluent monolayers of Caco-2 cells were grown on Transwell inserts. For metabolic studies, we used both Caco-2 cells seeded on 6-well plates and rat small intestine cell-free extracts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The time course of apical (AP) to basolateral (BL) transport of trans-piceid showed that the favorable apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) declined rapidly during the 6 h of the experiment. This observation could be correlated with the appearance of metabolites. After incubation of Caco-2 cells with trans-piceid, trans-resveratrol was detected on both AP and BL sides. By using protein extracts obtained from rat, we conclude that the Lactase Phlorizin Hydrolase (LPH) and Cytosolic-ss-Glucosidase (CBG) are involved in the hydrolysis of trans-piceid. Furthermore, we show that after deglycosylation, the resulting aglycone is metabolized in trans-resveratrol-3-O-ss-glucuronide and to a lesser extent in trans-resveratrol-4'-O-ss-glucuronide, and that UGT1A1 is mainly involved in this metabolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that the transepithelial transport of trans-piceid occurs at a high rate and that the compound is deglycosylated in trans-resveratrol. There are two possible pathways by which trans-piceid is hydrolyzed in the intestine. The first is a cleavage by the CBG, after passing the brush-border membrane by SGLT1. The second is deglycosylation on the luminal side of the epithelium by the membrane-bound enzyme LPH, followed by passive diffusion of the released aglycone, which is further metabolized inside the cells into two glucuronoconjugates.
authors.affiliation: Groupe d'Etude des Substances Végétales à Activités Biologiques, EA 3675, Université Victor-Segalen Bordeaux II, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henry-Vitrac
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desmoulière
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mérillon
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krisa
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D018938:Caco-2 Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D005960:Glucosides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010694:Lactase-Phlorizin Hydrolase / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000077185:Resveratrol; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005960:Glucosides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D013267:Stilbenes; D001617:beta-Glucosidase; D010694:Lactase-Phlorizin Hydrolase; D000077185:Resveratrol; C058229:polydatin