title: Dietary measures and exercise training contribute to improvement of endothelial function and atherosclerosis even in patients given intensive pharmacologic therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atherosclerosis contributes to cardiovascular mortality and morbidity even with aggressive lipid management. Our objective is to determine whether a combined pharmacological and lifestyle intervention can improve atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a 2-year observational study at a specialized clinic in a tertiary care hospital. One hundred fifty-six subjects with coronary disease were enrolled in an intensive pharmacological management and lifestyle measures (including counseling and exercise training) program designed to reach specific targets. The main outcome measures were carotid intima media thickness and plaque area; brachial artery flow-mediated dilation; nitroglycerin-mediated dilation; flow-mediated dilation-nitroglycerin-mediated dilation ratio; laboratory parameters including lipids, glucose, creatinine, and homocysteine; and physical fitness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At completion, there were improvements in lipids and physical fitness. There were no overall changes in flow-mediated dilation, nitroglycerin-mediated dilation, or carotid intima media thickness in the entire cohort. However, multivariate logistic regression showed that dietary and exercise variables, such as increasing fiber intake and reducing body weight and body fat percentage, were independent predictors of improvements in endothelial function and carotid plaque burden.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even in the setting of intensive pharmacological therapy, lifestyle interventions, including exercise training and dietary changes, are important determinants of improved endothelial function and atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada. syc@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Sammy Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: G B John
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Frances F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Anka P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Brozic
authors.forename: Kori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kingsbury
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuramoto
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schulzer
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frohlich
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ignaszewski
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015444:Exercise; D005080:Exercise Test; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D014664:Vasodilation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers