title: The food propensity questionnaire: concept, development, and validation for use as a covariate in a model to estimate usual food intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Twenty-four-hour recalls capture rich information on food consumption, but suffer from inadequately measuring usual intakes of episodically consumed foods. We explore using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data as covariates in a statistical model to estimate individual usual intakes of episodically consumed foods and their distributions and describe the development of the Food Propensity Questionnaire, an FFQ introduced in the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from 965 adult participants in the Eating at America's Table Study who completed four 24-hour recalls and an FFQ. We assessed whether or not increasing FFQ-reported frequency was associated with both number of 24-hour recall consumption days and amounts reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 52 of 56 food groups (93%), and 218 of 230 individual foods (95%), there were significant monotonically increasing relationships between FFQ frequency and 24-hour recall probability of consumption. For 47 of 56 food groups (84%) and 55 of 230 (24%) individual foods, there were significant positive correlations between FFQ frequencies and consumption-day mean intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found strong and consistent relationships between reported FFQ frequency of food and food-group consumption and probability of consumption on 24-hour recalls. This supports the premise that frequency data may offer important covariate information in supplementing multiple recalls for estimating usual intake of food groups.
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. subara@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Amy F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Subar
authors.forename: Kevin W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Guenther
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kipnis
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Midthune
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McDowell
authors.forename: Janet A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tooze
authors.forename: Laurence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Krebs-Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004046:Dietetics / Q000379:methods; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012621:Seasons; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States; D014675:Vegetables