title: Use of non-aspirin nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of cardiovascular events.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review published evidence on the use of nonselective, non-aspirin nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NANSAIDs) and the risks of cardiovascular events and examine the justification for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in recommending that a cardiovascular risk warning statement be included in all NANSAIDs' product information inserts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peer-reviewed articles in MEDLINE (1966-August 2006) and Current Contents were identified using the key words NSAID, naproxen, ibuprofen, heart diseases, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular events. Citations from available articles and related FDA Web sites were reviewed for additional references.
  
  
  METHODS
  No randomized, placebo-controlled studies have been published evaluating this subject. Epidemiologic evidence published in English was examined. Sixteen relevant studies were identified (5 cohort, 3 nested case-control, 8 case-control).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six of the 16 studies demonstrated increased risk for one or more NANSAIDs (rate or ORs varied from 1.13 to 3.08). Five studies demonstrated cardioprotective effect for one or more NANSAIDs used (rate or ORs varied from 0.48 to 0.84). None of the other studies demonstrated an association between use of NANSAIDs and risk of cardiovascular events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After adjustment of baseline risk factors for cardiovascular events, epidemiologic studies demonstrated conflicting results regarding the risk of cardiovascular events with long-term use of nonselective NANSAIDs. However, considering the large number of patients consuming NANSAIDs and the potential public health impact, until data from long-term, randomized, controlled trials become available, the FDA's recommendation that a warning statement be included in all nonselective NANSAIDs product package inserts is justified.
authors.affiliation: Long Island University, New York, NY, USA. judy.cheng@liu.edu
authors.forename: Judy W M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004348:Drug Labeling / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal