title: Chemical synthesis and biosynthesis of the cyclotide family of circular proteins.
abstract: Cyclotides are a recently discovered class of proteins that have a characteristic head-to-tail cyclized backbone stabilized by a knotted arrangement of three disulfide bonds. They are exceptionally resistant to chemical, enzymatic and thermal treatments because of their unique structural scaffold. Cyclotides have a range of bio-activities, including uterotonic, anti-HIV, anti-bacterial and cytotoxic activity but their insecticidal properties suggest that their natural physiological role is in plant defense. They are genetically encoded as linear precursors and subsequently processed to produce mature cyclic peptides but the mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. Currently most cyclotides are obtained via direct extraction from plants in the Rubiaceae and Violaceae families. To facilitate the screening of cyclotides for structure-activity studies and to exploit them in drug design or agricultural applications a convenient route for the synthesis of cyclotides is vital. In this review the current chemical, recombinant and biosynthetic routes to the production of cyclotides are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for Functional and Applied Genomics, University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Sunithi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gunasekera
authors.forename: Norelle L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: Marilyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Craik
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D047169:Cyclotides / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D003545:Cysteine / Q000737:chemistry*; D047168:Cystine Knot Motifs; D047668:Inteins; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D017510:Protein Folding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D047169:Cyclotides; D010455:Peptides; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011506:Proteins; C091930:kalata B1; D003545:Cysteine