title: Semmelweis' present day follow-up: Updating bacterial sampling and enrichment in clinical hygiene.
abstract: Potentially dangerous antibiotic resistant contaminants have permanently penetrated at least well-off western populations. The danger is so evident that some hospitals have started to refuse accepting patients who carry such bacteria. Sampling and enrichment measures in hygiene monitoring must be updated as they are corner stones in handling the problems and safeguarding the health care units. Their patients, when exposed to microorganisms are strenuous to treat. Sometimes even this fails, if the infections are spreading in weakened patients. The present review summarizes currently used technologies and the abilities of bacteria to avoid detection. Improved protocols on environmental monitoring in healthcare units are required. They should be comparable with contamination control in industries. Actually these measures in health care should be even stricter because human lives are directly endangered as the resistance of especially elderly patients is low.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hakalehto