title: Left and right ventricular diastolic dysfunction as predictors of difficult separation from cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As the evaluation of diastolic function can be complex in the setting of a busy cardiac operating room, its assessment may benefit from an algorithmic approach using transesophageal echocardiography. We developed a diagnostic algorithm which was then applied in a series of cardiac surgery patients to determine whether moderate to severe left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and right ventricular diastolic dysfunction (RVDD) can predict difficult separation from cardiopulmonary bypass (DSB).
  
  
  METHODS
  An algorithm using pulsed-wave Doppler interrogation of the mitral and tricuspid valve, the pulmonary and hepatic venous flow, and tissue Doppler interrogation of the mitral and tricuspid annulus was developed. The study was divided in two phases involving two groups of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. In phase I, echocardiographic evaluations of patients (n = 74) were used to test the reproducibility of the algorithm and to evaluate inter-observer variability using Cohen's kappa values which were calculated in three specific periods. In phase II, the algorithm was applied to a second group of patients (validation group, n = 179) to explore its prognostic significance. The primary end-point in phase II was DSB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In phase I, the kappa coefficients for LVDD and RVDD algorithms were 0.77 and 0.82, respectively. In phase II, moderate or severe degrees of LVDD were observed in 29 patients (16%) and moderate to severe RVDD was observed in 18 patients (10%) before cardiac surgery. Both moderate and severe LVDD (P = 0.017) and RVDD (P = 0.049) before surgery were observed more frequently in patients with DSB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate and severe LVDD and RVDD can be identified with very good reproducibility, and both degrees of diastolic dysfunction are associated with DSB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street East, Montréal, Québec H1T 1C8, Canada. denault@videotron.ca
authors.forename: André Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Denault
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Couture
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buithieu
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carrier
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Babin
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Levesque
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tardif
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D003971:Diastole; D018619:Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*