title: Quantification of the risk and predictors of hyperkalemia in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: a retrospective analysis of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited data are available to predict the occurrence of hyperkalemia. Risk assessment is complicated by the lack of consistency of definition between trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective analysis of the SOLVD to evaluate the incidence of hyperkalemia and the value of several baseline characteristics as predictors of hyperkalemia in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of hyperkalemia was 6.0% and 1.1% using a definition of > or = 5.5 and > or = 6.0 mmol/L, respectively. Independent predictors of hyperkalemia (> or = 5.5 mmol/L) were randomization to enalapril, baseline serum creatinine, serum potassium, New York Heart Association functional class III or IV, a history of diabetes, and atrial fibrillation (all P < .05). The use of loop diuretics was also associated with an increased risk of hyperkalemia but only in patients included in the SOLVD prevention trial. Similar results were obtained when renal function was evaluated using the estimated creatinine clearance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The definition of hyperkalemia is important when evaluating its incidence in clinical trials. Renal dysfunction, baseline serum potassium, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, New York Heart Association functional class, and treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor are factors associated with the development of hyperkalemia in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. More specifically, our results suggests that before initiating drugs that can cause hyperkalemia in patients with heart failure, a strong consideration should be given to calculate creatinine clearance and that patients with a creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min should undergo a close monitoring of their serum potassium to prevent the development of hyperkalemia.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Denus
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tardif
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Martial G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bourassa
authors.forename: Normand
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Racine
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Levesque
authors.forename: Anique
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ducharme
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D004656:Enalapril / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006947:Hyperkalemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D004656:Enalapril; D003404:Creatinine; D011188:Potassium