title: An evaluation of emergency sclerotherapy of varices in randomized trials: looking the needle in the eye.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of sclerotherapy for acute variceal bleeding is challenged by vasoactive drugs and by ligation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate whether sclerotherapy remains a gold standard in acute variceal bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sclerotherapy was evaluated across four randomized trial groups: (a) combined with vasoconstrictors vs. vasoconstrictors alone (five trials, with 400 patients); (b) vs. vasoconstrictors alone (15 trials, with 1296 patients); (c) vs. combination of vasoconstrictors and sclerotherapy (eight trials, with 1026 patients); (d) vs. ligation (12 trials, with 1309 patients). We used the risk difference (absolute risk reduction) as our main effect measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The efficacy of acute sclerotherapy was highest vs. ligation at 95 %, with a small advantage for ligation (an overtube was used in eight trials) of 2.5 % (95 % CI 0.4 % to 4.6 %) ( P = 0.018), but no survival difference. Efficacy of sclerotherapy combined with vasoconstrictors vs. vasoconstrictors alone was 86 %, whereas it was 83 % for sclerotherapy vs. vasoconstrictors alone. In both these groups sclerotherapy was superior for control of bleeding at, respectively, 16.3 % (95 % CI 8.7 % to 23.9 % ( P = 0.0001) and 5.9 % (95 % CI, 1.5 % to 10.3 %) ( P = 0.008), with increased survival in the latter. In the combination group of sclerotherapy with vasoconstrictors, the efficacy of sclerotherapy alone was 69 %, with the combination superior in controlling bleeding, at 13.2 % (95 % CI, 8.4 % to 18.1 %) ( P < 0.0001) but with no survival difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This comparison of sclerotherapy across trials demonstrates a problem in defining its real efficacy. The conclusive evidence for substituting banding ligation or the combination of vasoconstrictors with sclerotherapy as better therapeutic approaches has not been provided in randomized trials. Sclerotherapy can remain a gold standard in variceal bleeding but there is scope for further studies of ligation and vasoactive drugs.
authors.affiliation: Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Triantos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goulis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Patch
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Papatheodoridis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leandro
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Samonakis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cholongitas
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Burroughs
mesh_terms: D004638:Emergency Treatment; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015911:Sclerotherapy