title: [Glanders--a comprehensive review].
abstract: Since 1990 the number of glanders outbreaks in race, military and pleasure horses in Asia and South America is steadily increasing. Glanders, which is eradicated in Western Europe, Australia and Northern America, is currently considered a re-emerging disease. Consequently, the disease may be introduced into glanders-free regions by subclinical carriers at any time. The causative agent of glanders, Burkholderia (B.) mallei, is highly contagious and leads to chronic disease in horses whereas in donkeys and mules the disease is acute and often fatal. Occurrence of the disease leads to international trading restrictions and infected animals immediately have to be culled and safely disposed off. In humans B. mallei infection results in a severe clinical course, and is fatal without appropriate therapy. Its pathogenicity makes B. mallei a potential biological agent that may be used in bioterroristic attacks. Due to the eradication of glanders in the second half of the last century, veterinarians in western European countries are no longer familiar with its clinical presentation in solipeds. Having these facts in mind, this review describes the epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology and the current eradication strategy of this interesting zoonosis. Pictures of imported endurance horses infected with glanders taken during an eradication campaign in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in 2004 illustrate most typical clinical findings.
authors.affiliation: Institut for Mikrobiologie der Bundeswehr, München, Deutschland. 1asheila6z@gmx.net
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Wittig
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wohlsein
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al Dahouk
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomaso
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nikolaou
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wernery
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wernery
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kinne
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elschner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Neubauer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023482:Bioterrorism; D042726:Burkholderia mallei / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D018397:Equidae; D005896:Glanders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D015047:Zoonoses