title: Tibolone for the treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms and genital atrophy in postmenopausal women: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the safety and efficacy of tibolone (1.25 and 2.5 mg) in the treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms and symptoms associated with vaginal atrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, multicenter study was conducted on 396 healthy postmenopausal women experiencing a minimum of 7 moderate to severe hot flashes per day (60 per week). Participants were randomized to receive tibolone 1.25 or 2.5 mg or placebo once daily for 12 weeks. Assessments were done at weeks 4, 8, and 12. The severity and frequency of hot flashes were recorded in patient diaries on a daily basis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tibolone 2.5 mg significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the average number of hot flashes compared with placebo at week 4 (-7.82 vs -5.27), week 8 (-9.71 vs -5.86), and week 12 (-10.14 vs -5.85). The difference between tibolone 1.25 mg and placebo was significant (P < 0.001) at week 8 (-7.96) and week 12 (-8.32). Findings for the average daily severity of hot flashes were similar, with significantly greater reductions at week 4 (P < 0.05) and weeks 8 and 12 (P < 0.001) for tibolone 2.5 mg versus placebo and at weeks 8 and 12 for tibolone 1.25 mg versus placebo (P < 0.001). A menopausal atrophic symptom questionnaire revealed that tibolone 2.5 mg significantly (P < 0.05) reduced nocturia compared with placebo at weeks 4, 8, and 12 and urinary urgency at week 4. Compared with placebo, both doses of tibolone also significantly (P < 0.001) increased the vaginal maturation value from baseline. The overall incidence of adverse events was similar in all treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tibolone is effective and well tolerated for the treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms and the effects of vaginal atrophy associated with menopause.
authors.affiliation: Women's Clinic of Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Drosman
authors.forename: Frans A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Helmond
authors.forename: Victoria M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Stathopoulos
mesh_terms: D001284:Atrophy / Q000188:drug therapy; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D053158:Nocturia / Q000188:drug therapy; D009652:Norpregnenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D017698:Postmenopause; D014621:Vagina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D014666:Vasomotor System / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D009652:Norpregnenes; C027385:tibolone