title: Changes in interleukin-6 and IGF system and their relationships in placenta and cord blood in newborns with fetal growth restriction compared with controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The IGF system is central to fetal growth. Recently, the relationships between cytokines and the IGF system have been shown in specific tissues. It is unknown whether these occur in the placenta. The aim of this study was to assess whether interleukin-6 (IL-6) modulated the IGF system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole villous tissue and cord serum were collected from fetal growth restriction (FGR) neonates diagnosed before birth with altered Doppler velocimetry and controls. Sixteen FGR and 20 controls, born after week 32 of gestation from elective Caesarean sections, were compared. Total RNA was extracted from the placenta samples, reverse transcribed, and real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR was performed to quantify cDNA for IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-1, IGFBP-2, and IL-6. The same proteins were assayed in placenta lysates and cord serum using specific commercial kits and western immunoblotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FGR subjects had significantly more IGFBPs-1 and -2, and IL-6 mRNA and corresponding proteins in the placenta. In particular, the less phosphorylated isoforms of IGFBP-1 were highly increased. IL-6 and IGFBPs-2 mRNA, and IL-6 and IGFBP-1 peptides were positively and significantly correlated in the placenta. The IGF-II peptide was also significantly increased in FGR placentas. In cord serum, IGFBPs-1 and -2 were significantly more elevated in the FGR neonates. Serum IL-6 was significantly and positively correlated with both IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The placenta of FGR neonates has higher IGF-II, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, and IL-6 contents compared with controls. At birth, IGFBPs-1 and -2 are increased in the cord blood of FGR neonates. IL-6 and IGFBP-2 gene expressions are closely related in the placenta. We suggest that the increase in IL-6 and IGFBP-2 could be subsequent to hypoxia and nutrient deficiency. As IGFBP-2 has a strong affinity for IGF-II, which is crucial for fetal growth, it could be an important bioregulator of IGF-II in the placenta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Parma, Italy. mariaelisabeth.street@unipr.it
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Street
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seghini
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fieni
authors.forename: Maria Angela
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ziveri
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Volta
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martorana
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Viani
authors.forename: Dandolo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gramellini
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernasconi
mesh_terms: D035061:Control Groups; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D047109:Fetal Development; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D018971:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D010920:Placenta / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; D018971:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins; D013002:Somatomedins; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II