title: Cigarette smoke drives small airway remodeling by induction of growth factors in the airway wall.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Small airway remodeling (SAR) is an important cause of airflow obstruction in cigarette smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but the pathogenesis of SAR is not understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether smoke causes production of profibrotic growth factors in the airway wall.
  
  
  METHODS
  We exposed C57Bl/6 mice to cigarette smoke for up to 6 mo and examined growth factor/procollagen gene expression in laser-capture microdissected small airways by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With a single smoke exposure, increases in procollagen, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A and -B expression were seen 2 h after the start of smoking and declined to baseline by 24 h. With repeated exposures and at killing of animals 24 h after the last exposure, increases in procollagen, CTGF, PDGF-B, and (minimally) PDGF-A expression persisted through 1 wk, 1 mo, and 6 mo. TGF-beta(1) gene expression declined over time; however, increased immunochemical staining for phopho-Smad 2 was present at all time points, indicating continuing TGF-beta downstream signaling. Morphometric analysis showed that the small airways in smoke-exposed mice had more collagen at 6 mo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that smoke can induce growth factor and procollagen production in small airways in a time frame that initially is too short for a significant inflammatory response and that profibrotic growth factor and procollagen gene expression become self-sustaining with repeated smoke exposures. These results imply that the pathogenesis of and possible treatment approaches to emphysema and small airway remodeling might be quite different.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5. achurg@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Churg
authors.forename: Hsin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: Tonya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coulthard
authors.forename: Rona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Joanne L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects*; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D015870:Gene Expression; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics; D011347:Procollagen / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000187:drug effects*; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C526318:CCN2 protein, mouse; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D011347:Procollagen; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor