title: Psychological reaction to potential malfunctioning of implantable defibrillators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological problems following implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) implantation are diverse and include increased levels of anxiety. Anxiety may even rise further when possible malfunctioning of an ICD is announced, with a higher risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias and death as a consequence. Following the public statement of Medtronic, all patients in the Netherlands with the specific Medtronic ICD were contacted for extra device evaluation. The aim of this exploratory study was to determine whether the proportion of ICD patients with high levels of anxiety would increase after this extra device evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were recruited from an ongoing prospective study on psychological effects of ICD implantation. Thirty-three patients completed the State subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) before and after extra device evaluation. The STAI can identify patients with high levels of anxiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high level of anxiety was experienced by two patients (6.1%) at baseline and eight patients (24.2%) at follow-up (P=0.031). Hence, ICD patients were significantly more likely to experience high levels of anxiety following the public statement of potential malfunctioning of their device.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A public statement regarding device safety may increase levels of anxiety among ICD patients. Given the potential triggering effect of high levels of anxiety on arrhythmias, psychological support may be considered for some of the ICD patients after such public statement.
authors.affiliation: CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases, Department of Medical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, and Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. C.C.L.T.vdnBroek@uvt.nl
authors.forename: Krista C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: van den Broek
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Denollet
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nyklícek
authors.forename: Pepijn H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: van der Voort
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020878:Device Removal / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004868:Equipment Failure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology