title: Will reduction of antibiotic use reduce antibiotic resistance?: The pneumococcus paradigm.
abstract: Community-acquired respiratory infections in general, and those caused by S. pneumoniae in particular, are the main reason for prescribing antimicrobials in young children. Antibiotic drug abuse is common. This is the basis for the initiative for the reduction in antibiotic use. However, failure to consider that not all antibiotics are similar in their effect on promotion of resistance has led to continuous emerging resistance. In the present article, the trends in prescribing antibiotics in young children and their interrelation with antibiotic resistance among clinical respiratory isolates of S. pneumoniae in children will be reviewed, along with theoretical considerations and research evidence that led to concluding that among antibiotics, the least resistance-promoting drug for S. pneumoniae is amoxicillin (+/- clavulanate), whereas oral cephalosporins and azithromycin demonstrate a higher resistance-promotion potential in the individual population in the community. Although antibiotics differ in their resistant-promotion potential, all still do promote resistance.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel. rdagan@bgu.ac.il
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dagan
authors.forename: Galia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barkai
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leibovitz
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dreifuss
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenberg
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004363:Drug Utilization; D006801:Humans; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents