title: Tumor cell plasticity in uveal melanoma: microenvironment directed dampening of the invasive and metastatic genotype and phenotype accompanies the generation of vasculogenic mimicry patterns.
abstract: The histological detection of laminin-rich vasculogenic mimicry patterns in human primary uveal melanomas is associated with death from metastases. We therefore hypothesized that highly invasive uveal melanoma cells forming vasculogenic mimicry patterns after exposure to a laminin-rich three-dimensional microenvironment would differentially express genes associated with invasive and metastatic behavior. However, we discovered that genes associated with differentiation (GDF15 and ATF3) and suppression of proliferation (CDKNa1/p21) were up-regulated in highly invasive uveal melanoma cells forming vasculogenic mimicry patterns, and genes associated with promotion of invasive and metastatic behavior such as CD44, CCNE2 (cyclin E2), THBS1 (thrombospondin 1), and CSPG2 (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan; versican) were down-regulated. After forming vasculogenic mimicry patterns, uveal melanoma cells invaded only short distances, failed to replicate, and changed morphologically from the invasive epithelioid to the indolent spindle A phenotype. In human tissue samples, uveal melanoma cells within vasculogenic mimicry patterns assumed the spindle A morphology, and the expression of Ki67 was significantly reduced in adjacent melanoma cells. Thus, the generation of vasculogenic mimicry patterns is accompanied by dampening of the invasive and metastatic uveal melanoma genotype and phenotype and underscores the plasticity of these cells in response to cues from the microenvironment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., 110 CSN (MC 847), Chicago, IL 60612, USA. rfolberg@uic.edu
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Folberg
authors.forename: Zarema
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Arbieva
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayee
authors.forename: Tone
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sandal
authors.forename: Shrihari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kadkol
authors.forename: Amy Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Klara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Valyi-Nagy
authors.forename: Suman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Setty
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chévez-Barrios
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Dibyen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pe'er
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Maniotis
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D052138:Genes, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D008545:Melanoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010641:Phenotype; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014604:Uveal Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen