title: S100A4 accelerates tumorigenesis and invasion of human prostate cancer through the transcriptional regulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9.
abstract: We previously showed that the calcium-binding protein S100A4 is overexpressed during the progression of prostate cancer (CaP) in humans and in the TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate) mouse model. We tested a hypothesis that the S100A4 gene plays a role in the invasiveness of human CaP and may be associated with its metastatic spread. We observed that siRNA-mediated suppression of the S100A4 gene significantly reduced the proliferative and invasive capability of the highly invasive CaP cells PC-3. We evaluated the mechanism through which the S100A4 gene controls invasiveness of cells by using a macroarray containing 96 well characterized metastatic genes. We found that matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and its tissue inhibitor (TIMP-1) were highly responsive to S100A4 gene suppression. Furthermore, S100A4 suppression significantly reduced the expression and proteolytic activity of MMP-9. By employing an MMP-9-promoter reporter, we observed a significant reduction in the transcriptional activation of the MMP-9 gene in S100A4-siRNA-transfected cells. Cells overexpressing the S100A4 gene (when transfected with pcDNA3.1-S100A4 plasmid) also significantly expressed MMP-9 and TIMP-1 genes with increased proteolytic activity of MMP-9 concomitant to increased transcriptional activation of the MMP-9 gene. S100A4-siRNA-transfected cells exhibited a reduced rate of tumor growth under in vivo conditions. Our data demonstrate that the S100A4 gene controls the invasive potential of human CaP cells through regulation of MMP-9 and that this association may contribute to metastasis of CaP cells. We suggest that S100A4 could be used as a biomarker for CaP progression and a novel therapeutic or chemopreventive target for human CaP treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saleem
authors.forename: Mee-Hyang
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kweon
authors.forename: Jeremy James
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Vaqar Mustafa
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Adhami
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Elcheva
authors.forename: Naghma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Bilal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bin Hafeez
authors.forename: Kumar M R
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarfaraz
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reagan-Shaw
authors.forename: Vladimir S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: Vijayasaradhi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Setaluri
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mukhtar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D052138:Genes, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D000071999:S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A4; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D000071999:S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A4; D009418:S100 Proteins; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; C077591:S100A4 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9