title: Estrogen and raloxifene inhibit the monocytic chemoattractant protein-1-induced migration of human monocytic cells via nongenomic estrogen receptor alpha.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of estradiol (E2) and raloxifene on the migration of human monocytic THP-1 cells to endothelium.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective comparative study. THP-1 cells, a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line, were used for the study. Migration assays were performed using transwell inserts. THP-1 cells were exposed to E2 or raloxifene in the presence of monocytic chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a major chemoattractant for monocytes. The cells were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) against estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and ERbeta for gene silencing. ER expression was evaluated by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MCP-1 induced the migration of the cells for 90 minutes. The addition of E2 or raloxifene significantly inhibited the MCP-1-induced migration for 90 minutes. Preincubation of THP-1 cells with an ER antagonist, ICI 182780, significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of E2 and raloxifene. Whereas transfection with siRNA of ERalpha significantly attenuated the inhibition by E2 of MCP-1-induced monocyte migration, transfection with control siRNA or siRNA of ERbeta had no effect on the rapid inhibitory action of E2. Moreover, preincubation of THP-1 cells with a transcriptional inhibitor, actinomycin D, had no effect on the rapid inhibitory action of E2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that both E2 and raloxifene inhibited the MCP-1-induced monocyte migration through nongenomic ERalpha. This result may explain one of the antiatherosclerotic effects of E2 and raloxifene on vasculature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Namiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yada-Hashimoto
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishio
authors.forename: Masahide
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohmichi
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mabuchi
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hisamoto
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakatsuji
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Hozumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seino-Noda
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tasaka
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murata
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000235:genetics; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D003609:Dactinomycin; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D004958:Estradiol