title: Morphologic parameters of early cleavage-stage embryos that correlate with fetal development and delivery: prospective and applied data for increased pregnancy rates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many different embryo selection criteria have been used in assisted reproductive technologies (ART), but there are no published prospective studies to ascertain their usefulness in predicting implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective trial, 20 early scoring parameters previously reported to influence clinical outcome were collected, but embryos were selected for transfer by current laboratory protocols; day 1 pronuclear (PN) (Z) score combined with day 3 or 5 morphology. Data points for each oocyte/embryo were scored independently and tracked individually. Data were analysed retrospectively for parameters most likely to result in a positive pregnancy test, fetal heartbeat (FHB) and delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that day 1 PN morphology and nucleolar precursor body (NPB) ratio, day 2 cell number, blastomere symmetry and nucleation and the ability to cleave from day 2 to day 3 were the six most significant factors in fetal development. This outcome was then applied prospectively over 8 months. The implantation rate (IR) and clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) increased in each age group, and the number of embryos used decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, early parameters that include PN morphology, number and ratio of NPBs per nucleus and the day 2 morphology of cleaving embryos are stronger positive predictors of implantation than day 3 morphology or the ability to achieve the blastocyst stage of development. Parameters that were most consistently correlated with no delivery were lack of PN symmetry, day 2 multinucleation and uneven cell size. Day 3 and day 5 parameters were not significant compared with the combination of early parameters.
authors.affiliation: The Fertility Centers of New England, Reading, MA 0178, USA. scottl@fertilitycenter.com
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McLellan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D010064:Embryo Implantation; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011446:Prospective Studies