title: A knowledge, attitudes, and practice survey among obstetrician-gynaecologists on intimate partner violence in Flanders, Belgium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intimate partner violence (IPV) has consistently been found to afflict one in twenty pregnant women and is therefore considered a leading cause of physical injury, mental illness and adverse pregnancy outcome. A general antenatal screening policy has been advocated, though compliance with such guidelines tends to be low. We therefore attempted to identify potential barriers to IPV screening in a context where no guidelines have been instigated yet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaire-based Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice survey among obstetrician-gynaecologists in Flanders, Belgium (n = 478).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 52.1% (249/478). Gynaecologists prove rather unfamiliar with IPV and therefore largely underestimate the extent of the problem. Merely 6.8% (17/249) of the respondents ever received or pursued any kind of education on IPV. Accordingly they do feel insufficiently skilled to deal with IPV, yet sufficiently capable of recognizing IPV among their patients. Survey participants largely refute the incentive of universal screening in favour of opportunistic screening and do not consider pregnancy as a window of opportunity for routine screening. They do consider screening for IPV as an issue of medical liability and therefore do not suffer from a lack of motivation to screen. In addition, obstetrician-gynaecologists do believe that screening for IPV may be an effective means to counteract abusive behaviours. Yet, their outcome expectancy is weighed down by their perceived lack of self-efficacy in dealing with IPV, by lack of familiarity with referral procedures and by their perceived lack of available referral services. Major external or patient-related barriers to IPV screening included a perceived lack of time and fear of offending or insulting patients. Overall, merely 8.4 % (21/245) of gynaecologists in this survey performed some kind of IPV questioning on a regular basis. Finally, physician education was found to be the strongest predictor of a positive attitude towards screening and of current screening practices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endorsement of physician training on IPV is an important first step towards successful implementation of screening guidelines for IPV. Additional introduction of enabling and reinforcement strategies such as screening tools, patient leaflets, formal referral pathways, and physician feedback may further enhance compliance with screening recommendations and guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. kristien.roelens@UGent.be
authors.forename: Kristien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roelens
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Verstraelen
authors.forename: Kathia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Egmond
authors.forename: Marleen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Temmerman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D018585:Battered Women / Q000523:psychology; D001530:Belgium; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D006176:Gynecology / Q000193:education*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D019221:Mandatory Reporting; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009774:Obstetrics / Q000193:education*; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires