title: Does the evidence about health risks associated with nitrate ingestion warrant an increase of the nitrate standard for drinking water?
abstract: Several authors have suggested that it is safe to raise the health standard for nitrate in drinking water, and save money on measures associated with nitrate pollution of drinking water resources. The major argument has been that the epidemiologic evidence for acute and chronic health effects related to drinking water nitrate at concentrations near the health standard is inconclusive. With respect to the chronic effects, the argument was motivated by the absence of evidence for adverse health effects related to ingestion of nitrate from dietary sources. An interdisciplinary discussion of these arguments led to three important observations. First, there have been only a few well-designed epidemiologic studies that evaluated ingestion of nitrate in drinking water and risk of specific cancers or adverse reproductive outcomes among potentially susceptible subgroups likely to have elevated endogenous nitrosation. Positive associations have been observed for some but not all health outcomes evaluated. Second, the epidemiologic studies of cancer do not support an association between ingestion of dietary nitrate (vegetables) and an increased risk of cancer, because intake of dietary nitrate is associated with intake of antioxidants and other beneficial phytochemicals. Third, 2-3 % of the population in Western Europe and the US could be exposed to nitrate levels in drinking water exceeding the WHO standard of 50 mg/l nitrate, particularly those living in rural areas. The health losses due to this exposure cannot be estimated. Therefore, we conclude that it is not possible to weigh the costs and benefits from changing the nitrate standard for drinking water and groundwater resources by considering the potential consequences for human health and by considering the potential savings due to reduced costs for nitrate removal and prevention of nitrate pollution.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Netherlands. hans.van.grinsven@mnp.nl
authors.forename: Hans J M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van Grinsven
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: Theo M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: de Kok
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D009566:Nitrates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012987:Soil; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D012987:Soil; D014873:Water Pollutants