title: Clinical experience with radiotracer-guided thoracoscopic biopsy of small, indeterminate lung nodules.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although computed tomography lung-screening programs report a 31% to 51% incidence of subcentimeter pulmonary nodules, 85% are too small to biopsy or interrogate with positron emission spectroscopy scans. We developed a technique using transthoracic percutaneous radiotracer injection with thoracoscopic radioprobe localization and excision for small pulmonary nodules. This report describes our series of the first 46 patients evaluated with this technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six patients (79% smokers; 52% males; median age, 64 years) were evaluated. Patient selection was based on the surgeon's anticipated difficulty in thoracoscopically locating small nodules because of lesion size or location. Computed tomographic-guided injection of radiotracer solution was made into or adjacent to the nodule the day of surgery. Intraoperative gamma probe localization, followed by thoracoscopic excision of the lesion, was subsequently performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median nodule size was 9 mm (range, 3 to 22 mm), and median depth was 5 mm (range, 0 to 50 mm). Forty-four (96%) of the lesions were successfully localized and excised. Median time from injection to surgery was 270 minutes. Failures were the result of inadvertent pleural or chest wall radiotracer placement. Forty-six percent (21 of 46) of the lesions were malignant, of which 71% (15 of 21) were primary lung cancers. Patients with lung cancer underwent lobectomy or segmentectomy. Fourteen of 15 were stage IA, whereas 1 was stage IIIB (6 mm primary with 4 mm intralobar metastasis). Complications were three pneumothoraces at the time of radiotracer injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Computed tomography-guided radiotracer localization of small pulmonary nodules combined with thoracoscopic excisional biopsy is feasible and safe. This technique successfully localized and excised the nodule in 96% of cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0679, USA.
authors.forename: Brendon M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Stiles
authors.forename: Talissa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Altes
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: K Robert
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Gorav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ailawadi
authors.forename: Spencer B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Gay
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olazagasti
authors.forename: Patrice K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Rehm
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Daniel
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin