title: Loneliness in older persons: a theoretical model and empirical findings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examines predictors of loneliness among low-income older adults through a framework named MODEL (Model of Depression and Loneliness), which we developed to address the need for a comprehensive and intervention-oriented theory of loneliness in old age. The framework is rooted in a cognitive-behavioral theory that conceptualizes behaviors as resulting from an interaction of cognitive processes and environmental events.
  
  
  METHODS
  161 residents of five independent-living buildings for low-income older adults in Maryland were interviewed individually. The assessments were based on the theoretical framework, MODEL, which describes the influences that environmental resources, health, and psychological factors have on loneliness and depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MODEL explained a large percentage of the variance of both loneliness and depressed affect. Of all the barriers examined in the present study, our findings suggest that psychosocial factors/barriers have the strongest influence in the etiology of loneliness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population of low-income older persons, the importance of new contacts, mobility, and financial resources in predicting loneliness suggests that preventive social services should target these factors in developing opportunities for socialization.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute on Aging of the Hebrew Home of Greater Washington, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. cohen-mansfield@hebrew-home.org
authors.forename: Jiska
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen-Mansfield
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parpura-Gill
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D036262:Empirical Research; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008132:Loneliness / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D011582:Psychological Theory