title: Urinary S100B concentrations are increased after brain injury in children: A preliminary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  S100B is a renally excreted protein concentrated in glial cells of the nervous system. Increases in serum S100B concentrations reflect brain injury. However, increases in serum are rapid and transient and therefore may be of limited use in certain patients. Urinary S100B concentrations may be able to provide information about brain injury in this subgroup of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level I trauma center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen children with acute traumatic or hypoxemic brain injury (subjects) and 14 healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine and serum samples were collected from subjects and controls. Serial samples were collected in brain injury subjects up to every 12 hrs for 3 days. S100B concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Nanogen, San Diego CA). Outcome was assessed by Glasgow Outcome Scale score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary S100B concentrations were detectable in 80% of subjects with increased serum S100B concentrations and 0% of controls. Peak urinary S100B concentrations occurred significantly later than peak serum S100B concentrations: 55.3 (29.8) (mean [sd]) vs. 14.6 (11.8) hrs after injury (p = .002). All subjects with an undetectable urinary S100B had a good outcome vs. only 20% of subjects with a detectable urinary S100B. Subjects with increased serum S100B were more likely to have a poor outcome than those with normal S100B (p = .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increases in urinary S100B are found in the majority of children with acute brain injury and an increased serum S100B. Urinary S100B concentrations peak later than serum concentrations, suggesting that measurement of urinary S100B may be helpful in subjects in whom early serum S100B is unavailable. Urinary and/or serum S100B concentrations may be useful to assist in the prediction of outcome after pediatric brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Child Advocacy Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel Pardes
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kochanek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D014193:Trauma Centers; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; C579160:S100B protein, human