title: Dietary calcium and magnesium, major food sources, and risk of type 2 diabetes in U.S. black women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inverse associations between magnesium and calcium intakes and risk of type 2 diabetes have been reported for studies in predominantly white populations. We examined magnesium, calcium, and major food sources in relation to type 2 diabetes in African-American women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective cohort study including 41,186 participants of the Black Women's Health Study without a history of diabetes who completed validated food frequency questionnaires at baseline. During 8 years of follow-up (1995-2003), we documented 1,964 newly diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio of type 2 diabetes for the highest compared with the lowest quintile of intake was 0.69 (95% CI 0.59-0.81; P trend <0.0001) for dietary magnesium and 0.86 (0.74-1.00; P trend = 0.01) for dietary calcium. After mutual adjustment, the association for calcium disappeared (hazard ratio 1.04 [95% CI 0.88-1.24]; P trend = 0.88), whereas the association for magnesium remained. Daily consumption of low-fat dairy (0.87 [0.76-1.00]; P trend = 0.04) and whole grains (0.69 [0.60-0.79]; P trend <0.0001) were associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes compared with a consumption less than once a week. After mutual adjustment, the hazard ratio was 0.81 (0.68-0.97; P trend = 0.02) for magnesium and 0.73 (0.63-0.85; P trend <0.0001) for whole grains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that a diet high in magnesium-rich foods, particularly whole grains, is associated with a substantially lower risk of type 2 diabetes in U.S. black women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA. rvandam@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Rob M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Supriya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Julie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D008274:Magnesium