title: Endoscopic necrosectomy as primary therapy in the management of infected pancreatic necrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Open pancreatic necrosectomy is the standard treatment for infected pancreatic necrosis but is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and prolonged hospital stay. Percutaneous or endoscopic necrosectomy are alternative techniques. We evaluated the use of endoscopic necrosectomy for treatment of patients with necrosis that could be accessed through the posterior wall of the stomach.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed the indication, patient status according to acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) 2 severity score, and success of endoscopic necrosectomy as primary treatment, in selected patients with localized infected pancreatic necrosis, who presented between May 2002 and October 2004. After the necrosis cavity had been accessed, with the assistance of endoscopic ultrasound, a large orifice was created and necrotic debris was removed using endoscopic accessories under radiological control. Follow-up was clinical and radiological.
  
  
  RESULTS
  13 patients (nine men, four women, mean age 53 years), 11 with positive bacteriology, underwent attempted endoscopic necrosectomy. Median APACHE 2 score on presentation was 8 (range 1-18). Four patients needed intensive therapy unit care and one other patient required (nonventilatory) high-dependency unit care only. Necrosis was successfully treated endoscopically in 12 patients, requiring a mean of 4 endoscopic interventions (range 1-10); one patient required open surgery; two underwent additional percutaneous necrosectomy and one required laparoscopic drainage. Two patients died of complications unrelated to the procedure. The 11 survivors have a median (range) follow-up of 16 (6-38) months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic necrosectomy is a safe method for treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis. Multiple procedures are usually needed. It may be combined with other methods of surgical intervention. Larger prospective studies will more precisely define its role.
authors.affiliation: Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Richard.Charnley@nuth.nhs.uk
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Charnley
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lochan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: K E N W
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Oppong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D009336:Necrosis / Q000601:surgery; D010179:Pancreas / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed