title: Disturbances of visual information processing in early states of psychosis and experimental delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol altered states of consciousness.
abstract: Recent data on alterations of the endogenous cannabinoid system in schizophrenia have raised the question of its functional role in this disease. The psychoactive compound of Cannabis sativa, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9-THC), has been shown to induce psychotic symptoms, but it is unknown to what extend prodromal states of psychoses are reflected by these experimental approaches. This study compares four groups of subjects: antipsychotic-naïve patients suffering from acute paranoid schizophrenic or schizophreniform psychosis (SZ), patients in the prodromal state (IPS), healthy controls without any pharmacological intervention (HC) and a second group of healthy volunteers who were orally administered synthetic Delta9-THC (Dronabinol) (HC-THC). Neither SZ and IPS nor HC received the experimental drug. All subjects were assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Binocular Depth Inversion Illusion Test (BDII). The latter represents a sensitive measure of impaired visual information processing that manifests in various experimental and naturally occurring psychotic states. BDII values were well comparable in SZ, IPS and HC-THC, and all groups differed significantly to HC. The BPRS revealed no significant difference between HC-THC and IPS while both were significantly different from SZ and HC, respectively. Our results suggest that Delta9-THC-induced altered states of consciousness may serve as a useful tool for modeling psychotic disorders, particularly their prodromal states. Furthermore, they provide insight into the perceptual and psychopathological alterations induced by Delta9-THC, which is essential for the understanding of the pro-psychotic effects of herbal cannabis preparations with highly enriched Delta9-THC content.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koethe
authors.forename: Christoph W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Gerth
authors.forename: Miriam A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Neatby
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haensel
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thies
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Hinderk M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Emrich
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klosterkötter
authors.forename: Frauke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schultze-Lutter
authors.forename: F Markus
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Leweke
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; D003244:Consciousness Disorders; D003867:Depth Perception / Q000187:drug effects; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011594:Psychometrics; D011605:Psychoses, Substance-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012563:Schizophrenia, Paranoid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000187:drug effects; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D013759:Dronabinol