title: Characteristics and risks of drivers with low annual distance driven.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been noted by several authors that risk (defined only in terms of total expected numbers of crash involvements per total distance driven) paints a misleading picture of crash liability, particularly for the young and the old, as their high risk is associated with risky driving patterns typical of people who drive low annual kms. This article sets out to analyze these driving patterns of low-km drivers and to evaluate the risk of these patterns. As licensing programs tend to focus on young and old drivers, who tend to drive lower annual distances, income and employment data are also analyzed for low-km drivers. This is to provide a better picture for policy makers of the sort of people and the sorts of transportation requirements that their policies may affect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Crash data and travel data were disaggregated by driver characteristics and by driving conditions (road type, day and night, weekend and weekday) and combined to form estimates of risk for typical driving patterns of driver groups. Characteristics of driving patterns and of the drivers themselves were derived for groups defined by age and by the amount of annual driving undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Older drivers who drive less tend to have higher risk per km mainly due to their predominantly urban trips. Nevertheless, because older drivers on average manage to reduce their risk per distance driven by choosing driving patterns that are safer than the driving patterns of other age groups, the risk of older drivers as a group is not overestimated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite being quite different from one another, the low- and high-km driving patterns of younger drivers were found to impose identical risks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand. Michael.Keall@otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Keall
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Frith
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004651:Employment; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D012306:Risk; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior