title: Evidence for systemic oxidative stress in tobacco chewers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) in tobacco chewers, in view of possible oxidative stress in oral smokeless tobacco.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty healthy male tobacco chewers, aged 30.6+/-4.7 years with a 3 to 10-year (7.37+/-2.1) history of tobacco chewing, were included in the study. Thirty-two healthy male volunteers, aged 26.5+/-4.8 years, served as controls. All the participants were from the same community and of similar dietary habits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The erythrocyte MDA level and activities of erythrocyte SOD and GR were estimated. There was a significant duration- (tobacco chewing) dependent increase in erythrocyte MDA levels along with a significant duration- (tobacco chewing) dependent decrease in erythrocyte SOD and GR activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral smokeless tobacco causes a duration-dependent increase in oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India.
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Samal
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maneesh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008315:Malondialdehyde; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase