title: Immunopathology of intraocular silicone oil: retina and epiretinal membranes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the inflammatory response in retina and epiretinal membranes after intraocular silicone oil tamponade.
  
  
  METHODS
  14 proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) epiretinal membranes, 33 retro-oil epiretinal membranes, 19 retinectomies, 14 retro-oil retinectomies and 37 idiopathic epiretinal membranes (controls) underwent immunohistochemical analysis using the avidin-biotin complex technique and a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The number of positive cells counted in five 0.5 mm diameter fields of immunohistochemical sections was graded on a score of 1-4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Macrophage cell counts were significantly greater in membranes with a history of exposure to silicone oil (p<0.001). An inflammatory response could be observed within 1 month of silicone oil exchange, and the intensity seemed to be unrelated to the duration of exposure. Macrophages were confined to epiretinal membranes on the surface of retinectomy specimens in 10 of 14 cases and intraretinal macrophages were observed only in specimens with gliotic retina. T and B lymphocytes were rarely seen in the specimens examined. Marked glial cell up regulation was observed in 11 of 16 retinectomy specimens and in 8 of 11 retro-oil retinectomies. Glial cell content was variable in the membranes, but there was a trend of increased presence after exposure to silicone oil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has shown that the use of silicone oil is accompanied by an inflammatory reaction, primarily mediated by bloodborne macrophages. This response can be observed within 1 month of silicone oil injection and continues after silicone oil removal. Retinal surgeons should be aware of the potential secondary effects of intraocular silicone oil when they are considering its use (and removal) in vitreoretinal surgery.
authors.affiliation: Moorfields Eye Hospital, City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK. louisa.wickham@moorfields.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Louisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wickham
authors.forename: Riaz H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Asaria
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luthert
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Charteris
mesh_terms: D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000473:pathology; D012160:Retina / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery; D012827:Silicone Oils / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D018630:Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D012827:Silicone Oils