title: Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in children - diagnostic value of symptoms and signs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tracheobronchial foreign body (TFB) aspiration is a common cause of respiratory compromise in early childhood. Research indicates that a high number of children are missed with TFB aspiration. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of potential TFB aspiration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed 370 endoscopic reports of children admitted to our emergency department who underwent explorative rigid bronchoscopy to exclude/remove a TFB (1989-2003). Patient characteristics, history, clinical, radiographic and bronchoscopic findings were noted. Sensitivities and specificities for TFB aspiration were calculated for patient history, clinical and radiographic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age was 1.8 years. In 59.7% of patients a TFB was found and removed. A group analysis was performed on children with symptoms less than 2 weeks (group A) and those more than 2 weeks (group B). The results showed that unilateral diminished breath sounds and unilateral overdistension on chest X-ray were the most sensitive (53-79%) and specific (68-88%) findings in both groups. The clinical triad of acute choking/coughing, wheezing and unilateral diminished breath sounds had a high specificity (96-98%) in both groups. In contrast, a positive history of acute choking/coughing in group A or a permanent cough in group B showed a low specificity (8-16%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a paediatric respiratory compromise, the presence of unilateral diminished breath sounds, pathological chest X-ray or clinical triad is a powerful indicator for occurred TFB aspiration. Since no single or combined variables can predict TFB aspiration with full certainty, bronchoscopic exploration should be performed if TFB aspiration is suspected.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. maren.tomaske@kispi.unizh.ch
authors.forename: Maren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomaske
authors.forename: Andreas C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stocker
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D053120:Respiratory Aspiration / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity