title: Estrogenic regulation of host immunity against an estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The risk of developing breast cancer is positively correlated with exposure to increased levels of estrogen and/or an increased duration of estrogen exposure. Many different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the association of estrogens with breast cancer risk; however, the well-documented immune modulatory properties of estrogen have received little attention. In part, this is due to a lack of suitable models for studying this relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have developed an animal model using estrogen receptor (ER)-negative human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-468, xenografted into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. We also generated the ER-alpha knockout (ER-alphaKO) mice on the SCID background and then tested the ability of 17beta-estradiol to stimulate growth of xenografted ER-negative human breast cancer tumors in wild-type and ER-alphaKO SCID mice. We quantified vascularization of tumors, macrophage recruitment to the tumor site by immunocytochemistry, and inflammatory cytokine production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that estrogen treatment of C57BL/6/SCID mice promotes the growth of xenografted ER-negative tumors in wild-type mice and this estrogen-induced tumor growth is abrogated in ER-alphaKO mice. Tumor neovascularization of estrogen-treated mice was unchanged versus control; however, estrogen treatment of the C57BL/6/SCID host suppressed macrophage recruitment to and inflammatory cytokine production at the tumor site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data are consistent with estrogen modulation of the inflammatory response as a contributing factor in estrogen-stimulated growth of an ER-negative tumor. This effect on the host innate immune response was mediated by ER-alpha.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA. emcurran@utmb.edu
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Curran
authors.forename: Barbara M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Judy
authors.forename: Ngozi A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Duru
authors.forename: Hui-Qun
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Leoncio A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Vergara
authors.forename: Dennis B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Lubahn
authors.forename: D Mark
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Estes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016513:Mice, SCID; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D004958:Estradiol