title: Flavopiridol administered using a pharmacologically derived schedule is associated with marked clinical efficacy in refractory, genetically high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
abstract: Despite promising preclinical studies with the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and other diseases, previous clinical trials with this agent have been disappointing. The discovery of differential protein binding of flavopiridol in human and bovine serum contributed to an effective pharmacokinetic-derived schedule of administration of this agent. On the basis of pharmacokinetic modeling using our in vitro results and data from a previous trial, we initiated a phase 1 study using a 30-minute loading dose followed by 4 hours of infusion administered weekly for 4 of 6 weeks in patients with refractory CLL. A group of 42 patients were enrolled on 3 cohorts (cohort 1, 30 mg/m2 loading dose followed by 30 mg/m2 4-hour infusion; cohort 2, 40 mg/m2 loading dose followed by 40 mg/m2 4-hour infusion; and cohort 3, cohort 1 dose for treatments 1 to 4, then a 30 mg/m2 loading dose followed by a 50 mg/m2 4-hour infusion). The dose-limiting toxicity using this novel schedule was hyperacute tumor lysis syndrome. Aggressive prophylaxis and exclusion of patients with leukocyte counts greater than 200x10(9)/L have made this drug safe to administer at the cohort 3 dose. Of the 42 patients treated, 19 (45%) achieved a partial response with a median response duration that exceeds 12 months. Responses were noted in patients with genetically high-risk disease, including 5 (42%) of 12 patients with del(17p13.1) and 13 (72%) of 18 patients with del(11q22.3). Flavopiridol administered using this novel schedule has significant clinical activity in refractory CLL. Patients with bulky disease and high-risk genetic features have achieved durable responses, thereby justifying further study of flavopiridol in CLL and other diseases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. john.byrd@osumc.edu
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Byrd
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Mitch A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Phelps
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Mollie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: Kristie A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rovin
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brooker-McEldowney
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Broering
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Schaaf
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Nyla A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Heerema
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lozanski
authors.forename: Donn C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Jose-Ramon
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Suarez
authors.forename: A Dimitrios
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Colevas
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Grever
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D010880:Piperidines; C077990:alvocidib