title: Poverty and household food security of black South African farm workers: the legacy of social inequalities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess socio-economic indicators, nutritional status and living conditions of farm workers and their families, with the purpose to develop research and intervention programmes aimed at enhancing nutritional status and quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three farm schools in two districts of the North-West Province and farming communities were selected. Anthropometrical measurements, structured face-to-face questionnaires and focus group discussions were carried out in 2002 and 2003 by a multidisciplinary research team.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Access to electricity, water and sanitation, as well as monthly food rations or subsidies, vary and depend on farm owners. The majority of adults have education below or up to grade four, farm schools provide only up to grade seven. Distance to farm schools and intra-household issues hamper children's attendance and performance at school. Household food security is compromised due to a lack of financial resources, infrastructure and also household resource allocation. This impacts negatively especially on children, with half of them being underweight, stunted or wasted. Employment is usually linked to men, while most women have access to casual jobs only. Insecurity of residence and the perceived disempowered position towards farm owners add to feelings of hopelessness and stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights destitute living conditions of farm worker families. Apart from structural and financial constraints, paternalistic structures of the past might also hamper development. Based on these findings, follow-up research projects and in-depth investigations into underlying social issues with regard to nutrition insecurity and livelihoods of farm workers were initiated.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Box 594, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa. vgeak@puknet.puk.ac.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lemke
authors.forename: Mars
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Phometsi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van't Riet
authors.forename: Ae
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pienaar
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kotze
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002648:Child; D004651:Employment; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D005523:Food Supply; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011203:Poverty; D011788:Quality of Life; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013019:South Africa