Type, density, and location of immune cells within human colorectal tumors predict clinical outcome.
The role of the adaptive immune response in controlling the growth and recurrence of human tumors has been controversial. We characterized the tumor-infiltrating immune cells in large cohorts of human colorectal cancers by gene expression profiling and in situ immunohistochemical staining. Collectively, the immunological data (the type, density, and location of immune cells within the tumor samples) were found to be a better predictor of patient survival than the histopathological methods currently used to stage colorectal cancer. The results were validated in two additional patient populations. These data support the hypothesis that the adaptive immune response influences the behavior of human tumors. In situ analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells may therefore be a valuable prognostic tool in the treatment of colorectal cancer and possibly other malignancies.
Galon
Jérôme
J
INSERM U 255, Paris, 75006 France; Université Paris-Descartes Paris 5, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, 75006 France. jerome.galon@u255.bhdc.jussieu.fr
Costes
Anne
A
Sanchez-Cabo
Fatima
F
Kirilovsky
Amos
A
Mlecnik
Bernhard
B
Lagorce-Pagès
Christine
C
Tosolini
Marie
M
Camus
Matthieu
M
Berger
Anne
A
Wind
Philippe
P
Zinzindohoué
Franck
F
Bruneval
Patrick
P
Cugnenc
Paul-Henri
PH
Trajanoski
Zlatko
Z
Fridman
Wolf-Herman
WH
Pagès
Franck
F
D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000032:analysis*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology
D017252:CD3 Complex; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens