title: Bad expression predicts outcome in patients treated with tamoxifen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Activation of the PI3K/Akt signal transduction pathway has been linked to endocrine resistance in tamoxifen treated breast cancer patients. Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway causes phosphorylation of Bad leading to modulation of cellular apoptosis. The present study was carried out to test the hypothesis that disruption of apoptosis in breast cancer, via Akt activation, is linked with hormone resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on 402 oestrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancers using antibodies against Bad, pBad (ser 112), Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and Bax.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bad, pBad (ser 112), Bcl-2 and Bax expression was observed in the cellular cytoplasmic compartment only. Patients, whose tumours had high levels of Bad expression, had a significantly improved disease-free survival when compared to patients whose tumours had low levels of Bad expression (P = 0.049). Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway by either heregulin or oestrogen had no effect on expression of Bad, Bcl-2, Bax or Bcl-xl. However, heregulin increased pBad (ser 112) expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data presented here shows that Bad expression is associated with relapse in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients, supporting our hypothesis that the apoptosis pathway is involved in tamoxifen resistance.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Cancer Group, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, University Department of Surgery, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cannings
authors.forename: Tove
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kirkegaard
authors.forename: Sian M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tovey
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dunne
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: John M S
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bartlett
mesh_terms: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D020890:Neuregulin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015996:Survival Rate; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D020890:Neuregulin-1; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D013629:Tamoxifen; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; C494921:AKT2 protein, human