title: ProTECT: a randomized clinical trial of progesterone for acute traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laboratory evidence indicates that progesterone has potent neuroprotective effects. We conducted a pilot clinical trial to assess the safety and potential benefit of administering progesterone to patients with acute traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  This phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at an urban Level I trauma center. One hundred adult trauma patients who arrived within 11 hours of injury with a postresuscitation Glasgow Coma Scale score of 4 to 12 were enrolled with proxy consent. Subjects were randomized on a 4:1 basis to receive either intravenous progesterone or placebo. Blinded observers assessed patients daily for the occurrence of adverse events and signs of recovery. Neurologic outcome was assessed 30 days postinjury. The primary safety measures were differences in adverse event rates and 30-day mortality. The primary measure of benefit was the dichotomized Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended 30 days postinjury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-seven patients received progesterone; 23 received placebo. The groups had similar demographic and clinical characteristics. Laboratory and physiologic characteristics were similar at enrollment and throughout treatment. No serious adverse events were attributed to progesterone. Adverse and serious adverse event rates were similar in both groups, except that patients randomized to progesterone had a lower 30-day mortality rate than controls (rate ratio 0.43; 95% confidence interval 0.18 to 0.99). Thirty days postinjury, the majority of severe traumatic brain injury survivors in both groups had relatively poor Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended and Disability Rating Scale scores. However, moderate traumatic brain injury survivors who received progesterone were more likely to have a moderate to good outcome than those randomized to placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this small study, progesterone caused no discernible harm and showed possible signs of benefit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. David.Wright@Emory.edu
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Arthur L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kellermann
authors.forename: Vicki S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Hertzberg
authors.forename: Pamela L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.forename: Felicia C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Salomone
authors.forename: L Leon
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Dent
authors.forename: Odette A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ander
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lowery
authors.forename: Manish M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Donald D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Denson
authors.forename: Angelita B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Marlena M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wald
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Stuart W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Donald G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011374:Progesterone