title: Mechanical anisotropy in cobra skin is related to body movement.
abstract: The mechanical breaking stress and strain of cobra leather, along with their mechanical anisotropies, were studied in relation to body movement. The mechanical breaking strain in the transverse direction (TD), which was perpendicular to the direction (CCD) from the caudal to the cranial end, was much larger around the dorsum, and slightly larger around the abdomen, than that in the CCD. The mechanical strain is closely related to the expansion of skin. The mechanical anisotropy of cobra leather was relatively large in the dorsum, but smaller in the abdomen. These findings indicate that it was comparatively easy for the cobra body to expand preferentially in the TD around the dorsum and also to expand roughly equally in all directions around the abdomen, whereas expansion of the dorsum in the CCD was restricted by the spinal column. These findings also suggest that the strong mechanical anisotropy in cobra leather is closely related to the motion of the skin around the waist, which accompanies movement of the body.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niitsuma
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyagawa
authors.forename: Shigeyoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Osaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D017815:Elapidae / Q000502:physiology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D012867:Skin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength