title: Computer-assisted surgery of the paranasal sinuses: technical and clinical experience with 368 patients, using the Vector Vision Compact system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper presents our experience with a navigation system for functional endoscopic sinus surgery. In this study, we took particular note of the surgical indications and risks and the measurement precision and preparation time required, and we present one brief case report as an example.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2000 and 2004, we performed functional endoscopic sinus surgery on 368 patients at the Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. We used the Vector Vision Compact system (BrainLAB) with laser registration. The indications for surgery ranged from severe nasal polyps and chronic sinusitis to malignant tumours of the paranasal sinuses and skull base.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The time needed for data preparation was less than five minutes. The time required for preparation and patient registration depended on the method used and the experience of the user. In the later cases, it took 11 minutes on average, using Z-Touch registration. The clinical plausibility test produced an average deviation of 1.3 mm. The complications of system use comprised one intra-operative re-registration (18 per cent) and one complete failure (5 per cent). Despite the assistance of an accurate working computer, the anterior ethmoidal artery was incised in one case. However, in all 368 cases, we experienced no cerebrospinal fluid leaks, optic nerve lesions, retrobulbar haematomas or intracerebral bleeding. There were no deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From our experience with computer-guided surgical procedures, we conclude that computer-guided navigational systems are so accurate that the risk of misleading the surgeon is minimal. In the future, their use in certain specialized procedures will be not only sensible but mandatory. We recommend their use not only in difficult surgical situations but also in routine procedures and for surgical training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. klaus.stelter@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stelter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andratschke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leunig
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hagedorn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000601:surgery*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome