title: [Cocaine abuse in Vienna and European cities--a multi-center study].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As cocaine consumption seems to have increased over the last decades, the EU has funded this multi-center, cross-sectional survey to investigate cocaine consumption in three different target groups. The study was conducted by the Addiction Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna and other nine European cities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected by structured face-to-face interviews. The sample was composed of 211 cocaine abusers out of three target groups: (1) treatment group undergoing opioid maintenance therapy, (2) marginalized scene group and (3) integrated party group. Sociodemographic data such as age, education, employment, monthly expenses on cocaine/crack, data on consumption patterns, physical and mental health and personal needs regarding cocaine consumption were evaluated. Urine toxicology results for cocaine in the treatment group completed the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The marginalized scene group was the oldest with a mean age of 29.35 years, with the highest unemployment rate (mean 25.11 days) and the longest duration of cocaine consumption (mean 5.80 years). They had the highest cocaine consumption pattern with a mean of 22.32 days within the last month. On average 1969 Euros/months was spent for their addiction. The treatment group had the lowest school education with a mean of 10.36 years, but showed a sufficient insight in their cocaine problem. However, the party group (with the lowest mean age, 25.64 years) highly underestimated their drug problem, the mean amount of money they spent for their addiction was 588.99 Euro/months. Structured urine toxicology between 1996 and 2002 in patients undergoing opioid maintenance therapy ("treatment group") revealed a significant increase of concomitant cocaine consumption (1996: 33.1%; 2002: 40.2%; p = 0.044).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The European trend of increased cocaine use could also be observed in Vienna. One of the greatest barriers for establishing adequate treatment settings for this target group is the difficulty to reach this population. In addition, multiple substance abuse seems to be one of the predominating patterns of cocaine consumption and this aspect should be integrated within treatment (in the treatment and scene groups additional heroin and benzodiapzepines abuse is observed, in the party group intensive alcohol consumption). The Viennese results are in line with those of the other European cities; however, it could not be confirmed that consumption of crack cocaine and binge play a similarly significant role as in cities such as Hamburg or London.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria. andjela.baewert@meduniwien.ac.at
authors.forename: Andjela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bäwert
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Primus
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jagsch
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eder
authors.forename: Margarete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zanki
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thau
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002947:Cities / Q000453:epidemiology; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy / Q000652:urine; D016578:Crack Cocaine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004493:Education; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014478:Unemployment; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine