title: MRI and the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: expanding the concept of "no better explanation".
abstract: Although the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis relies on the demonstration of disease dissemination in space and time, the exclusion of other neurological disorders is also essential. The limited specificity of abnormalities disclosed by MRI may increase the likelihood of diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in patients affected by other disorders. The available criteria for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis have not taken advantage of the potential of MRI to detect features "not suggestive" of multiple sclerosis. Recognition of such features in the work-up of patients suspected of having multiple sclerosis may reduce the likelihood of a false positive diagnosis of the disorder in some, while suggesting the correct alternative diagnosis in other patients. On the basis of this, a workshop of the European MAGNIMS (Magnetic Resonance Network in Multiple Sclerosis) was held to define a series of MRI red flags in the setting of clinically suspected multiple sclerosis that is derived from evidence-based findings and educated guesses. The presence of such red flags should alert clinicians to reconsider the differential diagnosis more extensively. In this review we will report on the conclusions of this international consensus, which should represent a first step beyond the concept of "no better explanation", and inform future diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Neuroimaging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Scientific Institute and University Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Charil
authors.forename: Tarek A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Yousry
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rovaris
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Stefano
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fazekas
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Montalban
authors.forename: Jack H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Polman
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Filippi
mesh_terms: D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D003711:Demyelinating Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D007239:Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology