title: Tyrosine kinase of insulin-like growth factor receptor as target for novel treatment and prevention strategies of colorectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the antineoplastic potency of the novel insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) NVP-AEW541 in cell lines and primary cell cultures of human colorectal cancer (CRC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells of primary colorectal carcinomas were from 8 patients. Immunostaining and crystal violet staining were used for analysis of growth factor receptor protein expression and detection of cell number changes, respectively. Cytotoxicity was determined by measuring the release of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The proportion of apoptotic cells was determined by quantifying the percentage of sub-G1 (hypodiploid) cells. Cell cycle status reflected by the DNA content of the nuclei was detected by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NVP-AEW541 dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of colorectal carcinoma cell lines and primary cell cultures by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Apoptosis was characterized by caspase-3 activation and nuclear degradation. Cell cycle was arrested at the G1/S checkpoint. The NVP-AEW541-mediated cell cycle-related signaling involved the inactivation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, the upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(Waf1/CIP1) and p27(Kip1), and the downregulation of the cell cycle promoter cyclin D1. Moreover, BAX was upregulated during NVP-AEW541-induced apoptosis, whereas Bcl-2 was downregulated. Measurement of LDH release showed that the antineoplastic effect of NVP-AEW541 was not due to general cytotoxicity of the compound. However, augmented antineoplastic effects were observed in combination treatments of NVP-AEW541 with either 5-FU, or the EGFR-antibody cetuximab, or the HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor fluvastatin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IGF-1R-TK inhibition is a promising novel approach for either mono- or combination treatment strategies of colorectal carcinoma and even for CRC chemoprevention.
authors.affiliation: Klinik fur Gastroenterologie und Gastrointestinale Onkologie, Vivantes-Klinikum Am Urban, Dieffenbachstr. 1, Berlin 10967, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hopfner
authors.forename: Andreas P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Sutter
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huether
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baradari
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Scherubl
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D000068818:Cetuximab; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003603:Cytotoxins; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; C501177:NVP-AEW541; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011758:Pyrroles; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1; D000068818:Cetuximab