title: The price of alcohol: a consideration of contextual factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current study considers the determinants of prices charged for alcoholic beverages by on-premise and off-premise outlets in Alaska. Alcohol outlet densities, a surrogate measure for local retail competition, are expected to be negatively associated with prices while costs associated with distribution are expected to be positively related to prices. Community demographic and economic characteristics may affect observed local prices via the level of demand, retail costs borne by retailers, or the quality of brands offered for sale.
  
  
  METHODS
  The core data for these analyses came from a telephone survey of Alaskan retail establishments licensed to serve alcohol. This survey utilized computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) techniques to collect alcohol-pricing information from on-premise (i.e., establishments where alcohol is consumed at the point of purchase such as bars and restaurants) and off-premise (i.e., establishments such as grocery stores and convenience markets where consumption occurs in other locations) alcohol retailers throughout the state of Alaska. Price estimates were developed for each beverage-type based on alcohol content. Separate regression analyses were used to model each of the 8 price indices (on-premise and off-premise measures for beer, spirits, wine, and the average price across beverage types). All regressions also controlled for a set of zip-code level indicators of community economic and demographic characteristics based on census data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Outlet density per roadway mile was unrelated to price for both on- and off-premise establishments, either across or between beverage types. In contrast, overall distribution costs did appear to be related to alcohol price. The demographic and economic variables, as a group, were significantly related to observed prices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More attention needs to be directed to the manner in which sellers and buyers behave relative to alcoholic beverages. Alcohol demand remains responsive to prices; yet, consumers have considerable latitude in determining the price that they pay for alcohol.
authors.affiliation: Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, California 94704, USA. andrew@prev.org
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Treno
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Gruenewald
authors.forename: Darryl S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Ponicki
mesh_terms: D000413:Alaska; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000191:economics*; D003132:Commerce; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003625:Data Collection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004465:Economic Competition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male