title: Contribution of alginate and levan production to biofilm formation by Pseudomonas syringae.
abstract: Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) play important roles in the attachment of bacterial cells to a surface and/or in building and maintaining the three-dimensional, complex structure of bacterial biofilms. To elucidate the spatial distribution and function of the EPSs levan and alginate during biofilm formation, biofilms of Pseudomonas syringae strains with different EPS patterns were compared. The mucoid strain PG4180.muc, which produces levan and alginate, and its levan- and/or alginate-deficient derivatives all formed biofilms in the wells of microtitre plates and in flow chambers. Confocal laser scanning microscopy with fluorescently labelled lectins was applied to investigate the spatial distribution of levan and an additional as yet unknown EPS in flow-chamber biofilms. Concanavalin A (ConA) bound specifically to levan and accumulated in cell-depleted voids in the centres of microcolonies and in blebs. No binding of ConA was observed in biofilms of the levan-deficient mutants or in wild-type biofilms grown in the absence of sucrose as confirmed by an enzyme-linked lectin-sorbent assay using peroxidase-linked ConA. Time-course studies revealed that expression of the levan-forming enzyme, levansucrase, occurred mainly during early exponential growth of both planktonic and sessile cells. Thus, accumulation of levan in biofilm voids hints to a function as a nutrient storage source for later stages of biofilm development. The presence of a third EPS besides levan and alginate was indicated by binding of the lectin from Naja mossambica to a fibrous structure in biofilms of all P. syringae derivatives. Production of the as yet uncharacterized additional EPS might be more important for biofilm formation than the syntheses of levan and alginate.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Laue
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Sciences, International University Bremen, Campusring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schenk
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Sciences, International University Bremen, Campusring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hongqiao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lotte
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lambertsen
authors.affiliation: Department of River Ecology, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research, D-39114 Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Neu
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Molin
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Sciences, International University Bremen, Campusring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ullrich
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000032:analysis; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D005453:Fluorescence; D005630:Fructans / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D017353:Gene Deletion; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006602:Hexosyltransferases / Q000032:analysis; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D037102:Lectins / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D044224:Pseudomonas syringae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D005630:Fructans; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D037102:Lectins; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; C072599:levan; D006602:Hexosyltransferases; C021513:levansucrase