title: Bone morphogenetic protein antagonist gremlin 1 is widely expressed by cancer-associated stromal cells and can promote tumor cell proliferation.
abstract: Although tissue microenvironments play critical roles in epithelial development and tumorigenesis, the factors mediating these effects are poorly understood. In this work, we used a genomic approach to identify factors produced by cells in the microenvironment of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin, one of the most common human cancers. The global gene expression programs of stromal cell cultures derived from human BCCs showed consistent, systematic differences from those derived from nontumor skin. The gene most consistently expressed at a higher level in BCC tumor stromal cells compared with those from nontumor skin was GREMLIN 1, which encodes a secreted antagonist of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. BMPs and their antagonists are known to play a crucial role in stem and progenitor cell biology as regulators of the balance between expansion and differentiation. Consistent with the hypothesis that BMP antagonists might have a similar role in cancer, we found GREMLIN 1 expression in the stroma of human BCC tumors but not in normal skin in vivo. Furthermore, BMP 2 and 4 are expressed by BCC cells. Ex vivo, BMP inhibits, and Gremlin 1 promotes, proliferation of cultured BCC cells. We further found that GREMLIN 1 is expressed by stromal cells in many carcinomas but not in the corresponding normal tissue counterparts that we examined. Our data suggest that BMP antagonists may be important constituents of tumor stroma, providing a favorable microenvironment for cancer cell survival and expansion in many cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Julie B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Sneddon
authors.forename: Hanson H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Zhen
authors.forename: Kelli
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van de Rijn
authors.forename: Aaron D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Tward
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Hayes
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gladstone
authors.forename: Howard Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Greg S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Morganroth
authors.forename: Anthony E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Oro
authors.forename: Patrick O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; C525809:BMP4 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; C486399:GREM1 protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta