title: The dynamics of the LPS triggered inflammatory response of murine microglia under different culture and in vivo conditions.
abstract: Overall, the inflammatory potential of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro and in vivo was investigated using different omics technologies. We investigated the hippocampal response to intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) LPS in vivo, at both the transcriptional and protein level. Here, a time course analysis of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) showed a sharp peak at 4 h and a return to baseline at 16 h. The expression of inflammatory mediators was not temporally correlated with expression of the microglia marker F4/80, which did not peak until 2 days after LPS injection. Of 480 inflammation-related genes present on a microarray, 29 transcripts were robustly up-regulated and 90% of them were also detected in LPS stimulated primary microglia (PM) cultures. Further in vitro to in vivo comparison showed that the counter regulation response observed in vivo was less evident in vitro, as transcript levels in PM decreased relatively little over 16 h. This apparent deficiency of homeostatic control of the innate immune response in cultures may also explain why a group of genes comprising tnf receptor associated factor-1, endothelin-1 and schlafen-1 were regulated strongly in vitro, but not in vivo. When the overall LPS-induced transcriptional response of PM was examined on a large Affymetrix chip, chemokines and cytokines constituted the most strongly regulated and largest groups. Interesting new microglia markers included interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeat (ifit), immune responsive gene-1 (irg-1) and thymidylate kinase family LPS-inducible member (tyki). The regulation of the former two was confirmed on the protein level in a proteomics study. Furthermore, conspicuous regulation of several gene clusters was identified, for instance that of genes pertaining to the extra-cellular matrix and enzymatic regulation thereof. Although most inflammatory genes induced in vitro were transferable to our in vivo model, the observed discrepancy for some genes potentially represents regulatory factors present in the central nervous system (CNS) but not in vitro.
authors.affiliation: H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark. sqld@novonordisk.com
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Kenneth Vielsted
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Maj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hedtjärn
authors.forename: Anne Louise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hagberg
authors.forename: Jeppe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Falsig
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hasseldam
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schrattenholz
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pörzgen
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leist
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005911:Gliosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000494:pharmacology; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D040901:Proteomics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; C491768:Ccl2 protein, mouse; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C036763:monocyte-macrophage differentiation antigen