title: Valproic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, is an antagonist for oncolytic adenoviral gene therapy.
abstract: Oncolytic adenoviruses preferentially replicate in and lyse tumor cells. However, their application to cancer gene therapy has been complicated by the low levels of coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) expressed in many solid tumors. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) significantly up-regulate CAR expression in tumor cells and have additional antineoplastic activities. Therefore, there is a clear rationale for the combination of HDACIs and oncolytic adenoviral gene therapy. We present evidence that HDACI treatment significantly inhibits adenoviral replication, viral burst, and tumor cell kill. Valproic acid (VPA), a well-established HDACI, inhibits adenoviral replication late in the viral life cycle. We hypothesized that VPA induction of the cell-cycle-regulating protein p21(WAF1/CIP1) may be partly responsible for this activity. We demonstrate that p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression alone limits viral replication and decreases viral titers in different cancer cell models. We also demonstrate that VPA and replicating adenovirus mutually inhibit each other's ability to kill cells, independent of p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression. These results not only identify the importance of p21(WAF1/CIP1) in the biology of adenoviral replication, but also suggest that oncolytic adenoviral gene therapy will be inhibited rather than enhanced by VPA (HDACI) treatment.
authors.affiliation: Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Naseruddin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Höti
authors.forename: Wasim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: Jer-Tsong
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Markus D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: Shawn E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lupold
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
mesh_terms: D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000187:drug effects; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D050504:Oncolytic Viruses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D014635:Valproic Acid