title: Magnetic resonance imaging captures the biology of ductal carcinoma in situ.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for characterizing invasive breast cancer but has proven to be more challenging in the setting of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We investigated whether MRI features of DCIS reflect differences in biology and pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty five of 100 patients with biopsy-proven DCIS who underwent MRI and had sufficient tissue to be characterized by pathologic (nuclear grade, presence of comedo necrosis, size, and density of disease) and immunohistochemical (IHC) findings (proliferation, Ki67; angiogenesis, CD34; and inflammation, CD68). Pathology and MRI features (enhancement patterns, distribution, size, and density) were analyzed using pairwise and canonical correlations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histopathologic and IHC variables correlated with MRI features (r = 0.73). The correlation was largely due to size, density (by either MRI or pathology), and inflammation (P < .05). Most small focal masses were estrogen receptor-positive. MRI enhancement patterns that were clumped were more likely than heterogeneous patterns to be high-grade lesions. Homogenous lesions were large, high grade, and rich in macrophages. Presence of comedo necrosis and size could be distinguished on MRI (P < .05). MRI was most likely to over-represent the size of less dense, diffuse DCIS lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The heterogeneous presentation of DCIS on MRI reflects underlying histopathologic differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA. laura.esserman@ucsfmedctr.org
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Esserman
authors.forename: Anjali S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Alex F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Herrera
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: Yunn-Yi
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dan H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hellawell
authors.forename: Dulcy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wolverton
authors.forename: E Shelley
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Nola M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Hylton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D007249:Inflammation; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D018952:Antigens, CD34; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule