title: Continuous peripheral nerve block catheter tip adhesion in a rat model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Continuous peripheral nerve block (CPNB) has been used effectively in combat casualties from Iraq and Afghanistan to provide surgical anesthesia and extended duration analgesia during evacuation and convalescence. Little information is available concerning catheter tip tissue reaction with prolonged use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned (12 per group) to one of four catheter tip designs provided by Arrow International: group A, 20-gauge catheter with three side-holes and a bullet-shaped tip; group B, 19-gauge StimuCath catheter with coiled omni-port end with hemispherical distal tip; group C, 19-gauge catheter with single end-hole in conducting tip; group D, 19-gauge catheter with closed conducting tip with four side-holes. Following laparotomy, a randomly assigned catheter tip was sutured to the parietal peritoneal wall with the tip extending between experimental injuries created on the abdominal wall and cecum. After 7 days in situ, the catheter tips were removed from the adhesion mass using a force gauge, and the grams of force needed for removal were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean force +/- standard deviation values were 1.09 +/- 1.21 g for group A, 21.20 +/- 30.15 g for group B, 0.88 +/- 1.47 g for group C and 1.60 +/- 2.50 g for group D. The variation of each catheter group mean force compared with that of group B was significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in adhesion force between groups A, C and D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the manufactured design of a CPNB catheter tip can contribute to the adhesion of the tip in an intense inflammatory environment. This finding may have important clinical implications for CPNB catheters left in place for extended periods of time.
authors.affiliation: Army Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management Initiative, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington DC 20307-5001, USA. chester.buckenmaier@na.amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Buckenmaier
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Auton
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Flournoy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization; D007813:Laparotomy; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles; D009407:Nerve Block; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000473:pathology