title: Influence of different purification techniques on triamcinolone yield and particle size spectrum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To systematically investigate the common purification techniques for commercially available triamcinolone acetonide preparations and the influence of different filter parameters on final yield, reproducibility and particle size spectrum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two non-filter techniques using either sedimentation or centrifugation, and two different filter techniques were tested. Filters with different characteristics were investigated with the pore size ranging from 0.1 to 5.0 microm, and the filter diameter ranging from 4 to 30 mm. Only sterile standard syringe filters with low adsorptive characteristics (hydrophilic cellulose filter membranes) for pharmaceutical use were employed. For quantification, triamcinolone acetonide was dissolved in 60% methanol and measured spectrophotometrically at 239 nm. The crystal size spectrum was determined using a particle size analyzer that combines electronic pulse area analysis and resistance measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depending on the purification technique used the resulting triamcinolone doses differed significantly. While the centrifugation method achieved purification without relevant loss, the sedimentation method yielded only 28.7% compared to the original commercial suspension, and in addition, the predictability was low (range 8.1-17.2 mg). With filter techniques high and consistent doses with a good reproducibility were achieved, but results were highly dependent on the filter characteristics. The final triamcinolone amount inversely correlated with the filter diameter due to a uniform loss of crystalline particles. In contrast, enlarging the pore size caused a substantial shift in the particle size spectrum due to a selective loss of small crystalline particles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most common purification techniques vary notably in regard to final triamcinolone doses, reproducibility and particle size spectrum. The appropriate choice of the filter parameters seems to be more important than assumed, as pore size and filter diameter substantially influence both the final TA doses and the particle size of the TA crystals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology I, University of Tuebingen, Schleichstr. 12, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany. Peter.Szurman@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Szurman
authors.forename: Radoslaw
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaczmarek
authors.forename: Gesine B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Jaissle
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grisanti
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lüke
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Spitzer
authors.forename: Peter-Edgar
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Heide
authors.forename: Karl U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Bartz-Schmidt
mesh_terms: D002498:Centrifugation / Q000379:methods; D003460:Crystallization; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010316:Particle Size; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013535:Suspensions; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D013535:Suspensions; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide