title: Influence of drive cycle length on initiation of ventricular fibrillation during implantable cardioverter defibrillator threshold testing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Programmed electrical stimulation of the heart as a method to induce tachyarrhythmias has been described since the 1960s. To date, no study has examined optimal drive cycle length in the induction of ventricular fibrillation (VF) during defibrillation threshold testing after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement. We hypothesized that longer drive cycle length, by means of the longer action potential duration, would promote intramyocardial phase 2 reentry and facilitate induction of VF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty consecutive implants were randomized in a prospective crossover format for this study. The group consisted of 40 men and 10 women, with each patient receiving either a 400 or 600 ms initial drive train prior to 1.2 J internal shock on the T wave with a goal to induce ventricular fibrillation. The timing of the T wave shock was determined by measuring the interval from the beginning of the QRS to the apex of the T wave in lead II. Successful inductions were defibrillated via the cardioverter defibrillator. Patients were then crossed over and the protocol repeated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty of 23 (87%) patients were successfully induced into VF in the initial 400 ms drive train arm whereas 22 of 27 (81%) were successfully induced in the 600 ms arm. Thus, a total of 44 (88%) patients were successfully induced at 400 ms, 41 (82%) patients were successfully induced at 600 ms, and 2 (4%) patients were not inducible at either cycle length, but were inducible with 50 Hz ventricular stimulation. However, no significant difference was noted between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No investigation to date has questioned whether a relationship exists between drive cycle length and initiation of ventricular fibrillation. Our study addresses this question, though negative for difference between 400 and 600 ms drive trains. Further research into optimal strategies for inducing ventricular fibrillation will minimize patient sedation time and discomfort while undergoing defibrillator threshold testing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Neil K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Sanghvi
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lelorier
authors.forename: Arjun V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Gururaj
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Monahan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004056:Differential Threshold; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000517:prevention & control*