title: Evaluation of the hygienic quality and associated public health hazards of raw milk marketed by smallholder dairy producers in the Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania.
abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine three parameters of the quality of the raw milk marketed by milk selling points (MSPs) in Dar es Salaam region. Total bacterial count (TBC) was used as an indicator of the microbial quality of the milk; antimicrobial residues were determined; and the California mastitis test (CMT) was used to screen for milk somatic cells as an indication of the mastitis level in the cows that provided the milk. Moreover, a water sample at each MSP was taken for bacteriological culturing. Finally, a questionnaire survey was conducted with the milk sellers at the MSPs to identify risk factors for poor milk hygiene. A total of 128 milk samples and corresponding water samples were collected from randomly selected milk selling points in Dar es Salaam region. The mean TBC was (8.2 +/- 1.9) x 10(6) cfu/ml, and major bacterial isolates from the milk samples were Escherichia coli (6.3%), Bacillus cereus (6.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (6.3%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (6.3%), Enterobacter aerogenes (5.6%) and Enterococcus faecalis (4.7%). In most cases, the organisms identified in milk corresponded to those isolated from the corresponding water samples. Of milk samples, 79.0% were positive to the CMT and 7.0% were positive for antimicrobial residues. TBC was normalized by log-transformation, and the possible predictors of TBC were identified by fitting two linear regression models. In a random effect model, water microbial quality, frequency of cleaning the milk containers, frequency of milk supply, milk storage time and the type of containers, and mixing of fresh and previous milk were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the mean log TBC. In a fixed effect model, in addition to these indicators, water shortage, water source and the refrigerator condition were significantly (p < or = 0.01) associated with log TBC. It was concluded that the milk sold in Dar es Salaam region is of poor quality and is of public health significance.
authors.affiliation: Animal Diseases Research Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. fredkiv@yahoo.com
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Kivaria
authors.forename: J P T M
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Noordhuizen
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kapaga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002417:Cattle; D002452:Cell Count / Q000662:veterinary; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000662:veterinary; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D016014:Linear Models; D008414:Mastitis, Bovine / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000592:standards; D011634:Public Health; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013636:Tanzania; D014871:Water Microbiology