title: Pressure pain thresholds and tender point counts as predictors of new chronic widespread pain in somatising subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tender points are a general measure of distress both in the community and in clinic subjects. It has been suggested that multiple tender points should be regarded as the early stages of somatisation of distress. Similarly, recent evidence suggests that chronic widespread pain (CWP) is one manifestation of the somatisation of distress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Given that a high tender point count and CWP are clinical hallmarks of the fibromyalgia syndrome, it was hypothesised that in somatising subjects, a high tender point count or a low pain threshold would predict the development of CWP in the future.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this population-based prospective study, 245 adults aged 25-65 years, free of CWP, were identified on the basis of a detailed questionnaire on pain and a psychosocial questionnaire comprising the Somatic Symptom Checklist and the Illness Behaviour subscale of the Illness Attitude Scales. These subjects took part in a pain threshold examination with a Fischer pressure algometer. Tender point counts were computed by including all areas with a pain threshold<4 kg/cm2. Individuals were followed up at 15 months, at which time 231 (93% of subjects still living at their baseline address) provided data on pain status, using the same instruments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At follow-up, 26 (11%) subjects developed new CWP. Although subjects with a low baseline pain threshold were not at increased risk of developing symptoms, a high tender point count, adjusted for age, sex, baseline pain status and other confounding factors, predicted the development of new CWP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects free of CWP are at an increased risk of its development if they have a high tender point count. However, a low-pressure pain threshold does not predict the onset of symptoms. Data from this population-based prospective study suggest that a low pain threshold in subjects with CWP is likely to be a secondary phenomenon as a result of pain or associated distress rather than the antecedent of symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research Campaign Epidemiology Unit, School of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, and University Department of Psychiatry, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McBeth
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morriss
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dickens
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Silman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D017288:Pain Threshold; D011379:Prognosis; D011594:Psychometrics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology