title: Quantitative measures of right ventricular dysfunction by echocardiography in the diagnosis of acute nonmassive pulmonary embolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is used in the risk assessment of patients with pulmonary embolism (PE), but the incremental diagnostic information from quantitative measures of right ventricular (RV) size, pressure, and function by TTE has yet to be fully evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 300 consecutive patients with suspected first nonmassive PE, TTE and ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among measures of RV anatomy, RV pressure estimates, and estimates of global and regional RV function with significant diagnostic information in a logistic regression analysis, the acceleration time of RV outflow less than 89 milliseconds, the ratio of RV to left ventricular diameter greater than 0.78, RV outflow tract fractional shortening less than 35%, and signs of RV strain on electrocardiogram had independent, incremental diagnostic information (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve = 0.81). If D-dimer greater than 4.1 mmol/L was included, the area under the curve increased to 0.88. The negative and positive predictive values if any 2 of 3 factors in the final model were present were 88% and 70%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TTE is able to identify differential diagnoses and enhance pretest probability of PE significantly. TTE could therefore be considered as an integral part of the initial diagnostic workup of patients suspected of PE, especially if definitive diagnostic imaging has limited availability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark. jesper.kjaergaard@rh.dk
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kjaergaard
authors.forename: Bente Krogsgaard
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Schaadt
authors.forename: Jens Otto
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hassager
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*