title: Coffee and sweetened beverage consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study.
abstract: The authors analyzed data from a prospective, community-based cohort to assess the risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with coffee and sweetened beverage consumption. They included 12,204 nondiabetic, middle-aged men and women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study (1987-1999). Consumption of each beverage was assessed by food frequency questionnaire and classified into categories of cups per day. They found an inverse association, after adjusting for potential confounders, between increased coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men (for > or =4 cups (> or =0.95 liter)/day compared with almost never: hazard ratio = 0.77, p(trend) = 0.02) with no significant association in women (hazard ratio = 0.89, p(trend) = 0.32) using a combination of self-report of physician-diagnosed diabetes, diabetes treatment, and a fasting or nonfasting blood glucose test. When self-reported diabetes or diabetes treatment alone was used, a stronger and significant inverse association was seen in men and women. Sweetened beverage consumption (men: hazard ratio = 1.03, p(trend) = 0.94; women: hazard ratio = 1.01, p(trend) = 0.58) showed no consistent association with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In summary, increased coffee consumption was significantly associated with a decreased risk of diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus in community-based US adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Nina P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Paynter
authors.forename: Hsin-Chieh
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Voutilainen
authors.forename: Maria Ines
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Brancati
authors.forename: W H Linda
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Kao
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages; D044383:Black People; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003069:Coffee; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee