title: Hardiness training among nurse managers: building a healthy workplace.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This exploratory study investigated development of a model hardiness training program to determine whether stress could be reduced and hardiness could be increased and sustained among nurse managers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen nurse managers at an urban hospital completed pretests for hardiness levels and underwent initial hardiness training for 2.5 days. Posttests were completed after initial training, after the 6 weekly sessions, and after 6 and 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in hardiness scores between pretest and the first posttest were significant (p < .05). Scores after the third posttest were decreased for the subscale control but were unchanged for subscales commitment and challenge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that the use of a hardiness training program and intermittent follow-up can be effective in increasing and sustaining hardiness levels in nurse managers and may have a positive impact on staff turnover rates.
authors.affiliation: Nursing Administration Program, University of Texas, Arlington School of Nursing, TX 72019, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Judkins
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Furlow
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001242:Assertiveness; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D017145:Models, Educational; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009718:Nurse Administrators / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D015402:Nursing Education Research; D016272:Occupational Health; D010551:Personality; D010563:Personnel Turnover / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011340:Problem Solving; D015397:Program Evaluation; D013781:Texas; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology