title: Diacetyldiamidoximeester of pentamidine, a prodrug for treatment of protozoal diseases: synthesis, in vitro and in vivo biotransformation.
abstract: Pentamidine is an effective antimicrobial agent. To increase its poor oral bioavailability due to the strong basic amidine functionality, the less basic O-acetylamidoxime prodrug, the diacetyldiamidoximeester, was used, which has greatly improved lipophilicity. The objectives of this investigation were the synthesis of all potential metabolites of the double prodrug, the conformational analysis of its structure, and to study the in vitro and in vivo biotransformation by ester cleavage and N-reduction to pentamidine via four intermediate metabolites. The biotransformation of diacetyldiamidoximeester to pentamidine involving the reduction of the amidoxime function and the ester cleavage could be demonstrated. The kinetic parameters were determined. Amidoximes were efficiently metabolized by several enzyme systems located in microsomes and mitochondria of different organs including the final formation of the active metabolite pentamidine. The formation of pentamidine after oral administration of the diacetyldiamidoximeester to rats could be demonstrated as well.
authors.affiliation: Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany. bclement@pharmazie.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bürenheide
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rieckert
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwarz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D004952:Esters / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D010091:Oximes / Q000737:chemistry*; D010419:Pentamidine / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011528:Protozoan Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared
chemical_list: D004952:Esters; D010091:Oximes; D011355:Prodrugs; C517844:diacetyldiamidoximeester; D010419:Pentamidine