Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor is an early response gene to chemotherapy and contributes to chemotherapy resistance.
We have shown that one of the principle mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance involves the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB). In an effort to identify NF-kappaB-regulated chemotherapy response genes, we performed a microarray assay and observed that heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) was significantly upregulated by SN38 (a strong inducer of NF-kappaB activity) in colon cancer cells. Further studies revealed that HB-EGF was rapidly induced following a variety of chemotherapy treatments. Using RNA interference, we demonstrated that the chemotherapy-induced HB-EGF was largely dependent on activator protein-1 (AP-1) and NF-kappaB activation. Constitutive HB-EGF expression rescued AP-1/NF-kappaB small interfering RNA (siRNA) cells from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Meanwhile, we found that the enzymatic shedding of HB-EGF was also regulated by chemotherapy treatment, resulting in the elevated release of soluble HB-EGF from the cellular membrane. Induction of HB-EGF expression and ectodomain shedding synergistically led to robust epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation, whereas inhibition of HB-EGF expression by use of the HB-EGF inhibitor (CRM197) or siRNA resulted in the suppression of chemotherapy-induced EGFR phosphorylation. These results suggest that the chemotherapy-induced EGFR activation is regulated by HB-EGF. Finally, we demonstrated that overexpression of HB-EGF led to apoptotic resistance to chemotherapy, whereas suppression of HB-EGF expression by siRNA resulted in a dramatic increase in cell death. In summary, our study suggests that chemotherapy-induced HB-EGF activation represents a critical mechanism of inducible chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, therapeutic intervention aimed at inhibiting HB-EGF activity may be useful in cancer prevention and treatments.
Wang
F
F
Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Liu
R
R
Lee
S W
SW
Sloss
C M
CM
Couget
J
J
Cusack
J C
JC
D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016762:Genes, fos; D066257:Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000235:genetics
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C587883:HBEGF protein, human; D066257:Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; C028581:CRM197 (non-toxic variant of diphtheria toxin); D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor