title: Characteristics of pesticide pyrotechnic smoke devices.
abstract: Pesticide smoke generating products are widely used by amateurs and professionals but there is little published information available about their burn and deposition characteristics to enable the risks associated with using these devices to be assessed. This paper investigates their burn characteristics, deposition patterns, pesticide air concentrations and potential exposure to operators. Thirteen firings were carried out in different spaces with different ventilation conditions. Three types of devices were investigated: dicloran, permethrin and red dye. Pesticide air concentrations increased after firing, reaching a maximum determined by the room volume in approximately 10 min and decreasing exponentially as a result of ventilation and deposition. Ejected pesticide was present in the aerosol phase but there were only occasional traces of vapour. Settlement of pesticide was affected by surface orientation, height, sampling material and the pesticide-to-space volume ratio. The manufacturer's recommended treatment period for dicloran of 4 h followed by half an hour of ventilation may be insufficient to reduce pesticide to safe levels for re-entry under very calm conditions.
authors.affiliation: Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire, UK. martin.roff@hsl.gov.uk
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Roff
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gobeau
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pickering
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rimmer
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wheeler
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010316:Particle Size; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D012906:Smoke / Q000032:analysis*; D014691:Ventilation
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D010575:Pesticides; D012906:Smoke