title: Serologic markers of brain injury and cognitive function after cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between biochemical markers of brain injury (MBI) and the inflammatory response in relation to neurocognitive deficiency (NCD) after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In cardiac surgery, NCD is a common but underdiagnosed complication with an unclear pathophysiology leading to significant morbidity. Despite extensive investigation, identification of a MBI for clinical use and clarifying the pathophysiology of NCD have not been achieved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients undergoing CABG and/or valve procedures using CPB were administered a validated neurocognitive battery preoperatively and postoperatively at day 4 and 3 months. S-100b, neuron specific enolase (NSE), and tau protein were assayed as MBIs preoperatively and postoperatively at 6 hours and day 4. C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, C3a, and total peroxide levels were also quantified from serum. Impact of cardiotomy suction and antifibrinolytics on markers of brain injury was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of early NCD was 40% (16 of 40). NSE and tau protein at the 6-hour time point were both significantly elevated in the presence of NCD (NCD group) compared with those without NCD (NORM group) (8.69 +/- 0.82 vs. 5.98 +/- 0.61; P = 0.018 and 68.8 vs. 29.2%; P = 0.015; respectively). S-100b increase was not different between the NCD and NORM groups. Cardiotomy suction significantly elevated S-100b levels, whereas NSE and tau were not significantly influenced. Aprotinin did not have an effect on NCD or levels of MBIs. Also, the NCD group had significantly elevated CRP and peroxide levels compared with the NORM group at postoperative day 4 while C3a was significantly elevated at 6 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NSE and tau are better associated with NCD and less influenced by cardiotomy suction compared with S-100beta. Inflammatory and oxidative stress is associated with NCD post-CPB.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Basel
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ramlawi
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.forename: Shigetoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mieno
authors.forename: Kamal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khabbaz
authors.forename: Neel R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Sodha
authors.forename: Munir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boodhwani
authors.forename: Sue E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Levkoff
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Marcantonio
authors.forename: Frank W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Sellke
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers