title: Children with reading disorder show modality independent brain abnormalities during semantic tasks.
abstract: Neuroimaging studies have suggested that left inferior frontal gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule and left middle temporal gyrus are critical for semantic processing in normal children. The goal of the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to determine whether these regions are systematically related to semantic processing in children (9- to 15-year-old) diagnosed with reading disorders (RD). Semantic judgments required participants to indicate whether two words were related in meaning. The strength of semantic association varied continuously from higher association pairs (e.g., king-queen) to lower association pairs (e.g. net-ship). We found that the correlation between association strength and activation was significantly weaker for RD children compared to controls in left middle temporal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule for both the auditory and the visual modalities and in left inferior frontal gyrus for the visual modality. These results suggest that the RD children have abnormalities in semantic search/retrieval in the inferior frontal gyrus, integration of semantic information in the inferior parietal lobule and semantic lexical representations in the middle temporal gyrus. These deficits appear to be general to the semantic system and independent of modality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. j-booth@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: Genna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bebko
authors.forename: Douglas D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Burman
authors.forename: Tali
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bitan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D010153:Paired-Associate Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D011932:Reading; D012660:Semantics; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology