title: Prenatal mood disturbance predicts sleep problems in infancy and toddlerhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental animal data link prenatal stress with sleep disturbance in offspring, but the link in humans is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the link between prenatal maternal anxiety and depression and infant sleep disturbance from 6 to 30 months of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal prospective study of a large birth cohort from pregnancy to 30 months. Questionnaire measures of anxiety and depression were completed by mothers at 18 and 32 weeks gestation and at 8 weeks and 8 months postpartum.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ALSPAC cohort, a prospective community study of women in the UK who have been followed since pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measures of total sleep time, number of awakenings, and broadly defined sleep problems were available on children at ages 6, 18, and 30 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reliable measures of total sleep time, nighttime awakenings, and sleep problems were identified at 6, 18, and 30 months. Higher levels of prenatal maternal anxiety and depression predicted more sleep problems at 18 and 30 months, after controlling for postnatal mood and obstetric and psychosocial covariates; the association was not restricted to clinical extremes. No link with total sleep time was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mood disturbance in pregnancy has persisting effects on sleep problems in the child, a finding that is consistent with experimental animal research. The findings add to a growing literature showing that maternal prenatal stress, anxiety, and depression may have lasting effects on child development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 300 Crittenden Blvd, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caprariello
authors.forename: Emma Robertson
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Blackmore
authors.forename: Alice M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: Vivette
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fleming
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000209:etiology*; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires