title: Identification of CFTR, PRSS1, and SPINK1 mutations in 381 patients with pancreatitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive inflammatory disorder leading to irreversible exocrine and/or endocrine impairment. It is well documented that mutations in the cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1) gene can cause hereditary pancreatitis. Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) genes are also associated with pancreatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 381 patients with a primary diagnosis of chronic or recurrent pancreatitis using the Ambry Test: Pancreatitis to obtain comprehensive genetic information for the CFTR, SPINK1, and PRSS1 genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results identified 32% (122/381) of patients with 166 mutant CFTR alleles, including 12 novel CFTR variants: 4375-20 A>G, F575Y, K598E, L1260P, G194R, F834L, S573C, 2789 + 17 C>T, 621+83 A>G, T164S, 621+25 A>G, and 3500-19 G>A. Of 122 patients with CFTR mutations, 5.5% (21/381) also carried a SPINK1 mutation, and 1.8% (7/381) carried a PRSS1 mutation. In addition, 8.9% (34/381) of all patients had 1 of 11 different SPINK1 mutations. Another 6.3% (24/381) of the patients had 1 of 8 different PRSS1 mutations. Moreover, 1.3% of the patients (5/381) had 1 PRSS1 and 1 SPINK1 mutation. A total 49% (185/381) of the patients carried one or more mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comprehensive testing of the CFTR, PRSS1, and SPINK1 genes identified genetic variants in nearly half of all subjects considered by their physicians as candidates for genetic testing. Comprehensive test identified numerous novel variants that would not be identified by standard clinical screening panels.
authors.affiliation: Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA. skeiles@ambrygen.com
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keiles
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kammesheidt
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D014357:Trypsin; D014359:Trypsin Inhibitor, Kazal Pancreatic; D014362:Trypsinogen / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; C486642:SPINK1 protein, human; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator; D014359:Trypsin Inhibitor, Kazal Pancreatic; D014362:Trypsinogen; C489303:PRSS1 protein, human; D014357:Trypsin