title: Neuroprotective effects of the stable nitroxide compound Tempol on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced neurotoxicity in the Nerve Growth Factor-differentiated model of pheochromocytoma PC12 cells.
abstract: Nerve growth factor (NGF) differentiated pheochromocytoma PC12 cells exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) toxin were used as an in vitro pharmacological model of Parkinson's disease to examine the neuroprotective effects of 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine-n-oxyl (Tempol), a free radical scavenger and a superoxide dismutase-mimetic compound. MPP+-induced PC12 cell death was measured 72 h after exposure to 1.5 mM MPP+ by the release of lactate dehydrogenease, caspase-3 activation and stimulation of survival and stress mitogen-activated protein kinases. Exposure of PC12 cells to MPP+ activated ERK1 and ERK2 (forty-fold over control after 72 h), JNK1 and JNK2 (fourfold after 48 h) and p-38alpha (tenfold after 24 h). Pretreatment of PC12 cells with 500 microM Tempol, 1 h before induction of the MPP+ insult, reduced by 70% the release of LDH into the medium, inhibited caspase-3 activity by 30% and improved by 33% mitochondrial function, effects correlated with a 70% reduction in ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation activity. These findings support the neuroprotective effect of Tempol in the MPP+-induced PC12 cell death model and its use as a potential drug for treatment of Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lipman
authors.forename: Rinat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tabakman
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lazarovici
mesh_terms: D015655:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016716:PC12 Cells; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D013113:Spin Labels; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8; D053148:Caspase 3; D015655:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; C001803:tempol