Protection against the toxicity of microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin in Artemia salina and Daphnia spp. by pre-treatment with cyanobacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Purified cyanobacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was not acutely toxic to three aquatic invertebrates (Artemia salina, Daphnia magna and Daphnia galeata) in immersion trials. However, pre-exposure (24 h) to 2 ngmL(-1) LPS increased the LC(50) of microcystin-LR significantly in all 3 species. Similar results were observed with A. salina pre-treated with the same concentration of cyanobacterial LPS and subsequently exposed to cylindrospermopsin, increasing the LC(50) by 8. The findings indicate the need to include exposures to defined combinations of cyanotoxins, and in defined sequences, to understand the contributions of individual cyanotoxins in accounting for cyanobacterial toxicity to invertebrates in natural aquatic environments.
Lindsay
J
J
Division of Environmental and Applied Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK.
Metcalf
J S
JS
Codd
G A
GA
D000470:Alkaloids; D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000737:chemistry; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins / Q000633:toxicity*; D014498:Uracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity
D000470:Alkaloids; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; C089595:cylindrospermopsin; D014498:Uracil; C057862:cyanoginosin LR