title: Penetrance of mutations in plakophilin-2 among families with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of our study was to characterize the penetrance of PKP2 mutations among family members of people with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) and to examine clinical features and predictors of disease among PKP2 mutation carriers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy is an inherited cardiomyopathy characterized by fatty-fibrous myocardial replacement of the right ventricle, ventricular arrhythmias, and right ventricular dysfunction. Mutations in PKP2, the gene encoding plakophilin-2, are found in 11% to 43% of ARVD/C probands.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population was composed of 64 individuals in 9 families with an ARVD/C proband previously shown to carry a pathogenic PKP2 mutation. The diagnosis of ARVD/C was established based on task force criteria (TFC) set by the European Society of Cardiology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to the probands, PKP2 mutations were present in 52% of relatives screened. Forty-nine percent of PKP2 mutation carriers met TFC. Among mutation carriers who did not meet full TFC, 50% met at least some TFC criteria besides family history. Pedigrees showed wide intra-familial variability, ranging from severe disease with early death to individuals who were completely asymptomatic late in life. Male PKP2 mutation carriers were more likely to have structural and conduction abnormalities as determined by imaging studies, signal-averaged electrocardiography, and 24-h ambulatory electrocardiography (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PKP2 mutations in a group of North American families with ARVD/C have both reduced penetrance and variable expressivity. Gender may have an influence on penetrance of PKP2 mutations, with male mutation carriers more likely to develop specific phenotypic manifestations of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Darshan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dalal
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Devanagondi
authors.forename: Crystal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tichnell
authors.forename: April
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Kalpana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prakasa
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Spevak
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bluemke
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Stuart D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Calkins
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Judge
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D019571:Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia / Q000235:genetics*; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010375:Pedigree; D019683:Penetrance; D010641:Phenotype; D051191:Plakophilins / Q000235:genetics*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: C495337:PKP2 protein, human; D051191:Plakophilins