title: Phthalate esters in human milk: concentration variations over a 6-month postpartum time.
abstract: The present study investigated the levels of phthalate esters in a total of 86 human milk samples collected among 21 breast-feeding mothers over a 6-month postpartum time. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the predominant ester with the arithmetic mean value of 222 ng g(-1) (range: 156-398 ng g(-1), 95% confidence limit), followed by dibutyl phthalate (DBP), 0.87 (range: 0.62-1.2) ng g(-1). Diethyl phthalate (DEP), with a mean of 0.31 ng g(-1), was detected in only a small number of samples. Weak correlations between lipid content and levels of phthalate esters were observed. The levels of phthalate esters in human milk fluctuated over the 6-month period; this may indicate a need for multiple sample collection, to calculate average concentrations over the feeding period. Multiple sample collection would provide a better estimate of the exposure of breast-fed infants to phthalate in human milk. For infants relying on breast-feeding, the mean daily intake over the first 6-month period considering a 7 kg infant consuming 750 g of milk was estimated at 167 microg d(-1) for DEHP and less than 1 microg d(-1) for DBP and DEP. While the nutritional and social benefits of breast-feeding are well established, the potential transfer of phthalate esters from mothers to breast-fed infants should also be recognized.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Research Division, Health Canada AL: 0800C, EHC (Building 8), Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0L2. Jiping_Zhu@hc-sc.gc.ca
authors.forename: Jiping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Susan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Yong-Lai
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D049590:Postpartum Period
chemical_list: D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate