title: Acute effect of smoking on gallbladder emptying and refilling in chronic smokers and nonsmokers: a sonographic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ultrasonographically evaluate the acute effects of smoking on gallbladder contraction and refilling in chronic smokers and nonsmokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen chronic smokers (21-30 years old) and fifteen nonsmokers (21-35 years old) participated in this study. Chronic smokers were selected among the volunteers who had been smoking for at least 5 years and 10 cigarettes per day (mean 17.5/d). Examinations were performed in two separate days. In the first day, basal gallbladder (GB) volumes of volunteers were measured after 8-h fasting. After the examinations, participants had a meal containing at least 30-40 gram fat. Gallbladder volume was assessed at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after the meal. In the second day, participants smoked 2 cigarettes after 8-h fasting. Then, they had the same meal, and gallbladder measurements were repeated at the same time points. Same procedures were applied to both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean starving GB volumes were 23.3 +/- 3.3 mL in the first day, 21.9 +/- 3.0 mL in the second day in nonsmoker group and 18.3 +/- 3.0 mL in the first day, 19.5 +/- 2.8 mL in second day in smoker group. There was no significant difference between starving GB volumes. We did not find any significant difference between the GB volumes measured at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min in the first and second days in nonsmoker group. In smokers, post cigarette GB volume was found significantly higher at 5, 15 and 30 min which corresponded to GB contraction phase (P < 0.05). Control GB volume measurements were not significantly different between the two groups. Post-smoking GB volumes were also not significantly different between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking prolongs the maximal GB emptying time both in smokers and in nonsmokers though it is not significant. It delays GB contraction in chronic smokers and causes a significant decrease in GB emptying volume. Smoking causes no significant delay in GB refilling in both smokers and nonsmokers. These effects of smoking observed in acute phase result in bile stasis in GB. Bile stasis is the underlying cause of most GB disorders in chronic process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey. bd2002tr@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Bumin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Degirmenci
authors.forename: Ramazan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Albayrak
authors.forename: Alpay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haktanir
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Acar
authors.forename: Aylin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yucel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D016473:Gallbladder Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000502:physiology; D009929:Organ Size; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D002766:Cholecystokinin