title: Successful internal mammary visualization with periareolar injections of Tc-99m antimony sulfur colloid in sentinel node breast lymphoscintigraphy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The subareolar and periareolar injection techniques result in higher detection rates and do not require tumor localization in impalpable lesions when compared with the peritumoral technique. One of the main criticisms, however, is the widely reported inability to detect internal mammary nodes. This contrasts with our clinical experience using Tc-99m antimony sulfur colloid, in which internal mammary nodes are commonly seen.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of 241 patients over 38 months was performed to investigate the ability of our periareolar injection technique to detect internal mammary lymph node drainage in breast cancer sentinel node lymphoscintigraphy. Four injections of 5 to 10 MBq (0.14-0.27 mCi) Tc-99m antimony sulfur colloid were administered on the day of surgery followed by massage and imaging. The radioisotope was suspended in 0.1 mL with a 0.5-mL air lock. Each injection was performed over 2 seconds with a 25-gauge needle at a depth of 1.1 to 1.3 cm. Patients whose records could not be retrieved or who underwent an injection technique apart from periareolar or peritumoral were removed from the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred thirty-three patients underwent the periareolar technique, 72 patients underwent the peritumoral technique, and 36 patients were excluded from the analysis. Internal mammary drainage was seen in 24 of 133 (18.0%) patients, of which 12 (9%) were seen only in the internal mammary chain. This is much higher than previous studies quoting 0.0% to 4.3% and is similar to previously reported rates using the peritumoral technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our periareolar injection technique using Tc-99m antimony sulfur colloid is able to detect internal mammary lymph nodes in at least 18.0% of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia. alan_ting@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Alan C C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cumarasingam
authors.forename: Edwin R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Szeto
mesh_terms: D000965:Antimony / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000379:methods; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017556:Technetium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017556:Technetium Compounds; C019096:technetium Tc 99m antimony sulfide; D000965:Antimony