title: Development and validation of the Tangible, Informational, and Emotional Social Support Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Social support is an important resource for chronic disease management. However, it is not routinely assessed in the context of caring for patients with cardiovascular disease or as part of the cardiovascular rehabilitation process. The objective was to develop a survey designed to measure the types of social support that are necessary in cardiovascular disease prevention and management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Items were derived based on qualitative interviews with 63 patients regarding their perception of the most helpful types of social support in health behavior modification. Test-retest reliability was determined among 43 new patients. Factor analysis was conducted to determine the structural domains of the survey. The survey was then validated against the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey in 130 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey used, which was called Tangible, Informational, and Emotional Social Support Survey, contains 16 items that explore tangible, informational, and emotional social support. Cronbach coefficient was .80. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 4-factor solution, which accounted for 54% of the total variance. Patients who were married had higher scores (P < .05), compared with those who were not and scores on Tangible, Informational, and Emotional Social Support Survey correlated with the scores on the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (r = 0.82).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tangible, Informational, and Emotional Social Support Survey is a patient-derived, reliable, and valid social support survey. It can be used to capture salient aspects of social support that may facilitate health behavior modification in cardiovascular disease patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA. Cboutin@mail.med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boutin-Foster
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D004644:Emotions; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires