title: The state of diabetes care provided to Medicare beneficiaries living in rural America.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes poses a growing health burden in the United States, but much of the research to date has been at the state and local level.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present a national profile of diabetes care provided to Medicare beneficiaries living in urban, semirural, and rural communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes aged 18-75 were identified from Part A and Part B claims data from 1999 to 2001. A composite of 3 diabetes care indicators was assessed (annual hemoglobin A1c test, biennial lipid profile, and biennial eye examination).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 77% had a hemoglobin A1c test, 74% a lipid profile, and 69% an eye examination. Patterns of care were considerably different across the urban-rural continuum at the state, Census division, and regional levels. States in the northern and eastern portions of the country had higher indicator rates for rural than for urban residents. States in the South had much lower rates for rural residents than their urban counterparts. Despite these within-state differences, across-state comparisons found that several states tended to have low indicator rates in every level of the urban-rural continuum. A common feature of these states was the relatively high concentration of nonwhite beneficiaries. For example, southern states had much higher concentrations of nonwhite beneficiaries relative to other areas in the country and demonstrated low rates in every level of the urban-rural continuum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urban-rural quality of care differences may be a function not just of geography but also of the presence of a large nonwhite population.
authors.affiliation: QSource, Memphis, TN 38115, USA. jweingarten@tnqio.sdps.org
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Weingarten
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brittman
authors.forename: Wenrong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Przybyszewski
authors.forename: Judith M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: FitzGerald
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids