title: Reactive oxygen species and nuclear factor-kappa B pathway mediate high glucose-induced Pax-2 gene expression in mouse embryonic mesenchymal epithelial cells and kidney explants.
abstract: Diabetic mellitus confers a major risk of congenital malformations, and is associated with diabetic embryopathy, affecting multiple organs including the kidney. The DNA paired box-2 (Pax-2) gene is essential in nephrogenesis. We investigated whether high glucose alters Pax-2 gene expression and aimed to delineate its underlying mechanism(s) of action using both in vitro (mouse embryonic mesenchymal epithelial cells (MK4) and ex vivo (kidney explant from Hoxb7-green florescent protein (GFP) mice) approaches. Pax-2 gene expression was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunofluorescent staining. A fusion gene containing the full-length 5'-flanking region of the human Pax-2 promoter linked to a luciferase reporter gene, pGL-2/hPax-2, was transfected into MK4 cells with or without dominant negative IkappaBalpha (DN IkappaBalpha) cotransfection. Fusion gene expression level was quantified by cellular luciferase activity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured by lucigenin assay. Embryonic kidneys from Hoxb7-GFP mice were cultured ex vivo. High D(+) glucose (25 mM), compared to normal glucose (5 mM), specifically induced Pax-2 gene expression in MK4 cells and kidney explants. High glucose-induced Pax-2 gene expression is mediated, at least in part, via ROS generation and activation of the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway, but not via protein kinase C, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and p44/42 MAPK signaling.
authors.affiliation: Université Montréal, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Hôtel-Dieu, Pavillon Masson, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Y-W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: M-J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hébert
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ingelfinger
authors.forename: S-L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009249:NADP / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051762:PAX2 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D051762:PAX2 Transcription Factor; C497319:Pax2 protein, mouse; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009249:NADP; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I; D005947:Glucose