title: Cross-linked hydrogels for middle ear packing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an ideal supportive packing material for ossiculoplasty, tympanoplasty, or other otologic procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several materials, namely, Carbylan-SX (P-C; Sentrx Surgical, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT), Gelfoam (P-GF; Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI), and Merogel (P-MG; Medtronics, Inc., Minneapolis, MN), were prepared and then placed into a Hartley guinea pig's (Elm Hill, Chelmsford, MA) middle ear cavities through a large myringotomy incision. The contralateral ear underwent a large myringotomy without packing material being placed. Preoperative and posteroperative auditory brainstem response studies were performed using Intelligent Hearing system software. The animals were examined weekly. Two weeks after packing placement, the animals were killed, and the temporal bones were harvested. Whole temporal bone sectioning was performed to analyze the presence of implant, surrounding inflammation, presence of osteoneogenesis and fibrosis, or adhesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the materials, except the P-MG, were easy to place into the middle ear cavity. The P-MG contains woven strands that are difficult to trim into the small sizes needed for placement. The P-MG group had a smaller average amount of implant present compared with the other groups at 2 weeks. The degree of osteoneogenesis was similar among the P-GF, P-C, and P-MG groups. The P-MG and P-C groups contained the lowest amount of fibrosis between the implant and surrounding middle ear structures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates promising results with P-C as a potential supportive packing material for otologic procedures. P-C compares favorably with P-MG and P-GF in a guinea pig model with respect to ease of placement and amount of fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA. pcapark@ihc.com
authors.forename: Albert H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.forename: Sara Ellis
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Alder
authors.forename: Xiao Zheng
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Prestwich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004427:Ear Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; D005355:Fibrosis; D005781:Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable / Q000592:standards; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000592:standards; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000592:standards*; D038781:Otoscopy; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000592:standards; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018058:Tympanic Membrane Perforation / Q000601:surgery*; D014433:Tympanoplasty; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020100:Hydrogels; C520950:carbylan-SX; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid