title: Granulomatous reaction to titanium alloy: an unusual reaction to ear piercing.
abstract: A 68-year-old man presented with 4 firm, flesh-colored, and slightly erythematous nodules located on the superior pole and lobule of each ear. Although reluctant to provide details, it was discovered he had pierced his ears approximately 10 years earlier, and the nodules developed at the sites of the piercings. Keloids were suggested clinically and the lesions were excised. Microscopic examination demonstrated epithelialized tracts surrounded by a granulomatous infiltrate of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Closer examination revealed minute brown-black particles within macrophages. Dark-field microscopy confirmed the metallic nature of the particles. Environmental scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed the particles to be composed of titanium, aluminum, and vanadium. It would appear that in rare circumstances titanium alloy used in body piercing may engender a granulomatous dermatitis. The rarity of such a response to titanium alloy is discussed and the literature appraised.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80045-0510, USA. wahigh50@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Whitney A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: High
authors.forename: Reed A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ayers
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Anwell
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D046288:Body Piercing / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000209:etiology*; D006099:Granuloma / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D014025:Titanium / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium