title: Improving empirical antibiotic treatment using TREAT, a computerized decision support system: cluster randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Appropriate antibiotic treatment decreases mortality, while superfluous treatment is associated with antibiotic resistance. We built a computerized decision support system for antibiotic treatment (TREAT) targeting these outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study comparing TREAT's advice to physician's treatment followed by a cluster randomized trial comparing wards using TREAT (intervention) versus antibiotic monitoring without TREAT (control). We included patients suspected of harbouring bacterial infections in three hospitals (Israel, Germany and Italy). The primary outcome, appropriate antibiotic treatment, was assessed among patients with microbiologically documented infections (MDI). Length of hospital stay, adverse events, mortality (interventional trial) and antibiotic costs (both studies), including costs related to future antibiotic resistance, were compared among all included patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1203 patients included in the cohort study (350 with MDI), TREAT prescribed appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment significantly more frequently than physicians (70% versus 57%, P < 0.001) using less broad-spectrum antibiotics at half physicians' antibiotic costs. The randomized trial included 2326 patients, 570 with MDI. The rate of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment was higher in intervention versus control wards [73% versus 64%, odds ratio (OR): 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.95-2.29, intention to treat, adjusted for location and clustering]. For patients treated according to TREAT's advice in intervention wards, the difference with controls was highly significant (OR: 3.40, 95% CI: 2.25-5.14). Length of hospital stay, costs related to future resistance and total antibiotic costs were lower in intervention versus control wards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TREAT improved the rate of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment while reducing antibiotic costs and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine E, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, 49100 Petah-Tiqva, Israel. pil1pel@zahav.net.il
authors.forename: Mical
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Steen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.forename: Evelina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tacconelli
authors.forename: Anders D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Nadja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Almanasreh
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cauda
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leibovici
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D004360:Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D007558:Italy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents