title: Mentoring console improves collaboration and teaching in surgical robotics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the most significant limitations of surgical robots has been their inability to allow multiple surgeons and surgeons-in-training to engage in collaborative control of robotic surgical instruments. We report the initial experience with a novel two-headed da Vinci surgical robot that has two collaborative modes: the "swap" mode allows two surgeons to simultaneously operate and actively swap control of the robot's four arms, and the "nudge" mode allows them to share control of two of the robot's arms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The utility of the mentoring console operating in its two collaborative modes was evaluated through a combination of dry laboratory exercises and animal laboratory surgery. The results from surgeon-resident collaborative performance of complex three-handed surgical tasks were compared to results from single-surgeon and single-resident performance. Statistical significance was determined using Student's t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Collaborative surgeon-resident swap control reduced the time to completion of complex three-handed surgical tasks by 25% compared to single-surgeon operation of a four-armed da Vinci (P < 0.01) and by 34% compared to single-resident operation (P < 0.001). While swap mode was found to be most helpful during parts of surgical procedures that require multiple hands (such as isolation and division of vessels), nudge mode was particularly useful for guiding a resident's hands during crucially precise steps of an operation (such as proper placement of stitches).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The da Vinci mentoring console greatly facilitates surgeon collaboration during robotic surgery and improves the performance of complex surgical tasks. The mentoring console has the potential to improve resident participation in surgical robotics cases, enhance resident education in surgical training programs engaged in surgical robotics, and improve patient safety during robotic surgery.
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hanly
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hasser
authors.forename: Eve
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Coste-Maniere
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Talamini
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Aurora
authors.forename: Noah S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Schenkman
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Marohn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004867:Equipment Design; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D007396:Internship and Residency; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000193:education*