title: Defining and detecting undesirable disturbance in the context of marine eutrophication.
abstract: An understanding of undesirable disturbance to the balance of organisms is needed to diagnose marine eutrophication as defined by EU Directives and OSPAR. This review summarizes the findings of the UK Defra-funded Undesirable Disturbance Study Team, which concluded that 'an undesirable disturbance is a perturbation of a marine ecosystem that appreciably degrades the health or threatens the sustainable human use of that ecosystem'. A methodology is proposed for detecting disturbance of temperate salt-water communities dominated by phytoplanktonic or phytobenthic primary producers. It relies on monitoring indicators of ecosystem structure and vigour, which are components of health. Undesirable disturbance can be diagnosed by accumulating evidence of ecohydrodynamic type-specific changes in: (i) bulk indicators; (ii) frequency statistics; (iii) flux measurements; (iv) structural indicators; and (v) indicator species. These are exemplified by (i) chlorophyll, transparency, dissolved oxygen, and opportunistic seaweed cover; (ii) HABs frequency; (iii) primary production; (iv) benthic and planktonic 'trophic indices'; (v) seagrasses and Nephrops norvegicus. Ecological Quality Objectives are proposed for some of these. Linking the diagnosis to eutrophication requires correlation of changes with nutrient enrichment. The methodology, which requires the development of a plankton community index and emphasizes the importance of primary production as an indicator of vigour, can be harmonized with the EU Water Framework Directive and OSPAR's Strategy to Combat Eutrophication.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, United Kingdom. p.tett@ichrachan.u-net.com
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tett
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gowen
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gilpin
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huxham
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kennington
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Service
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malcolm
mesh_terms: D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000032:analysis; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D005068:Eutrophication / Q000502:physiology*; D007391:International Cooperation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000254:growth & development*; D011156:Population Density; D012015:Reference Standards; D012623:Seawater; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D002734:Chlorophyll; D010100:Oxygen