title: Gelatin hydrogels cross-linked with bis(vinylsulfonyl)methane (BVSM): 1. The chemical networks.
abstract: This paper deals with chemical gelation of gelatin in the presence of a cross-linker, bis(vinylsulfonyl)methane (BVSM), which is able to create covalent C-N bonds with amine groups. The investigation is performed at 40 degrees C, where no triple helices are present. Gelatin is in random coil conformation. The influence of various parameters (gelatin concentration, cross-linker concentration, and pH (number of reacting sites along the gelatin chain)) was examined. Gel formation was followed by rheological and thermodynamic measurements (microcalorimetry) versus time (kinetic measurements). Furthermore, the storage moduli were compared to the number of links formed in the course of gelation. The experiments show that, within the experimental range investigated, a fully homogeneous network is not reached; the chemical gels, even upon completion of the reactions, are still in the critical domain, near the threshold. A power law behavior was put in evidence for the shear modulus versus the distance to the gel point, expressed as the concentration of links per gelatin chain. The exponent (f = 3.4 +/- 0.3) is close to that expected for the vulcanization of long chains. The storage moduli can be superposed on a single curve where the abscissa is the product of the number of C-N links per unit volume and the gelatin concentration at an exponent equal to -0.76 +/- 0.03. This exponent suggests the role of entanglements for interchain cross-linking.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physique Thermique, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI), 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hellio-Serughetti
authors.forename: Madeleine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Djabourov