title: Quality of life and gender role behavior in disorders of sexual differentiation in India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Culture-specific tools to assess longterm psychosocial outcomes for patients with disorders of sexual differentiation are scant. We conducted a study to develop tools for evaluating gender role behavior and health related quality of life for Indian adolescent patients with intersex disorders. We also studied factors important to parents while deciding sex of rearing for their baby.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 29-item gender role behavior questionnaire and an 18-item health related quality-of-life questionnaire were administered to 82 healthy controls, 13 patients with intersex disorders and 18 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Internal consistency was checked by Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability using intra-class correlation coefficient. Responses of 28 parents to a questionnaire on factors affecting the decision of sex of rearing were recorded on a 5-point Likert scale in order of importance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cronbach's alpha was 0.92 and 0.75, and intra-class correlation coefficient 0.76 and 0.75, for the gender role behavior and quality-of-life questionnaires respectively, indicating a high degree of internal consistency and stability. The mean composite scores for healthy girls on the gender role behavior questionnaire (82.5 +/- 8.7) differed significantly from that for healthy boys (53.2 +/- 7.1, p <0.001). Factors important to parents while making decisions for sex of rearing were appearance of the genitalia, medical advice, ability to bear children and economic independence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have created valid tools to study gender role behavior and quality of life in adolescent patients with intersex disorders in India. We have also identified in a quantitative way the factors of greatest importance to parents while deciding sex of rearing. These results have direct utility in the management of patients with intersex disorders in India and other similar cultures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Julka
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Northam
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dabadghao
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phadke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wakhlu
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Warne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome