title: Scuba diving and pregnancy: can we determine safe limits?
abstract: No human data, investigating the effects on the fetus of diving, have been published since 1989. We investigated any potential link between diving while pregnant and fetal abnormalities by evaluating field data from retrospective study No.1 (1990/2) and prospective study No.2 (1996/2000). Some 129 women reported 157 pregnancies over 1,465 dives. Latest gestational age reported while diving was 35 weeks. One respondent reported 92 dives during a single pregnancy, with two dives to 65 m in the 1st trimester. In study No.2 >90% of women ceased diving in the 1st trimester, compared with 65% in the earlier study. Overall, the women did not conduct enough dives per pregnancy, therefore no significant correlation between diving and fetal abnormalities could be established. These data indicate women are increasingly observing the diving industry recommendation and refraining from diving while pregnant. Field studies are not likely to be useful, or the way forward, for future diving and pregnancy research. Differences in placental circulation between humans and other animals limit the applicability of animal research for pregnancy and diving studies. It is unlikely that the effect of scuba diving on the unborn human fetus will be established.
authors.affiliation: Diving Diseases Research Centre, Hyperbaric Medical Centre, Plymouth, UK. marguerite@mstld.co.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: St Leger Dowse
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gunby
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moncad
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fife
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bryson
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004242:Diving / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000453:epidemiology