title: Detection of sildenafil analogues in herbal products for erectile dysfunction.
abstract: Sildenafil, the active ingredient in Viagra (Pfizer), is a prescription medicine used for erectile dysfunction. Compounds with chemical structures similar to that of sildenafil were isolated and purified during the analysis of some herbal products marketed for treatment of erectile dysfunction. Structural elucidation using liquid chromatography-diode array detection, infrared spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed that the compounds were homosildenafil, hydroxyhomosildenafil, and acetildenafil. The implications of adulteration by compounds structurally related to prescription drugs are discussed. Unlike established drugs, the efficacy and safety of such analogues are largely unknown. This poses a great challenge for safety and health administrators to detect these modified structures and to regulate them. Consumers who use such adulterated products are at risk of developing serious adverse reactions, potentially leading to death. Greater collaboration and exchange of information between various health authorities, health professionals, academics, researchers, and industry, as well as public education, are key steps in the efforts to stem the growing trend of adulteration of herbal products by analogues of prescription drugs.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Centre for Analytical Science, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore.
authors.forename: Sharon Sze-Yin
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Min-Yong
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: Hwee-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Koh
mesh_terms: D002243:Carbolines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010879:Piperazines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011687:Purines; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013450:Sulfones; D000068581:Tadalafil
chemical_list: D002243:Carbolines; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D010879:Piperazines; D028321:Plant Preparations; D011687:Purines; D013450:Sulfones; D000068581:Tadalafil; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate