title: Symptoms of depression and anxiety in children: specificity of the hopelessness theory.
abstract: The common etiology hypothesis proposes that depression and anxiety commonly co-occur because they share etiological factors. This study examined the specificity of the hopelessness theory in the development of depressive and anxious symptoms in children. Students in Grades 3 through 6 (N = 418, 47% boys) completed measures assessing inferential styles about causes, consequences, and the self, depressive symptoms, and anxious symptoms. Six weeks later, children completed measures of depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms, and hassles. All 3 inferential styles interacted with hassles to predict increases in depressive symptoms, although this relation only held for children with low levels of initial symptoms. Inferential styles about consequences and the self also predicted increases in anxious symptoms. Consistent with the common etiology hypothesis, after controlling for the association between depressive and anxious symptoms, the effects of inferential styles about consequences and the self persisted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. brozinka@ego.psych.mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brozina
authors.forename: John R Z
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Abela
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004532:Ego; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009341:Negativism; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011574:Psychoanalytic Theory; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors