title: A prospective study of fish, marine fatty acids, and bladder cancer risk among men and women (United States).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate prospectively the association between intakes of fish, marine fatty acids, and bladder cancer risk in two ongoing cohorts, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and the Nurses' Health Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 16 and 18 years of follow-up, 501 and 235 incident cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed among men and women, respectively. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between fish intake and bladder cancer risk adjusting for age, total caloric intake, pack-years of cigarette smoking, and current smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed no significant overall association between total fish intake and bladder cancer risk, even when we compared >/=1 servings of fish per day to fish intake </=1-3 servings per month. Among men, a statistically significant lower risk of bladder cancer was observed among men consuming fish or high marine fatty acid, after excluding the first 4 years of follow-up (MV RR = 0.60; 95% CI, 0.38-0.94, for >/=1 total fish servings per day compared to </=1-3 servings per month).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, these findings suggest that fish intake is not likely to be appreciably associated with the risk of bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. cholick@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Crystal N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Holick
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
authors.forename: Meir J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: Dominique S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Michaud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004435:Eating; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017747:Seafood; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids