title: Efficacy of modified levamisole adjuvant on inactivated virus vaccine.
abstract: To improve efficacy, especially for the cell-mediated response to inactivated viral vaccines, a modified levamisole (LMS) adjuvant formulation, designated LMS+, was evaluated for its efficacy in mice and chickens, using Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) as a model pathogen. Compared with oil adjuvant, the killed NDV in LMS+ induced a significantly higher helper T cell type 1 response, as shown by higher levels of interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, T cell proliferation, and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, without sacrificing the level of IgG production in mice. In addition, vaccine in LMS+ formulation increased the expression of MHC and costimulatory molecules as well as the number of CD11c+ dendritic cells, suggesting that the better response to the LMS+ formulation occurs partly via the maturation of dendritic cells and activation of MHC-antigen presentation and costimulation. Furthermore, this formulation provides 100% protection in chickens after challenge with a lethal dose of virulent NDV strain F48E9 at 1000 ELD50 (50% egg lethal dose). These results demonstrated that modified LMS+ adjuvant could be used to improve both humoral and cell-mediated responses for inactivated viral vaccines and its development as an effective inactivated viral vaccine is warranted.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jiangmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Huali
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Youmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Fu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Qinghong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed; D007978:Levamisole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009521:Newcastle Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D007978:Levamisole