title: Hormone, cytokine, and nutritional regulation of sepsis-induced increases in atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in skeletal muscle.
abstract: Various atrophic stimuli increase two muscle-specific E3 ligases, muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) and atrogin-1, and knockout mice for these "atrogenes" display resistance to denervation-induced atrophy. The present study determined whether increased atrogin-1 and MuRF1 mRNA are mediated by overproduction of endogenous glucocorticoids or inflammatory cytokines in adult rats and whether atrogene expression can be downregulated by anabolic agents such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and the nutrient-signaling amino acid leucine. Both atrogin-1 and MuRF1 mRNA in gastrocnemius was upregulated dose and time dependently by endotoxin. Additionally, peritonitis produced by cecal ligation and puncture increased atrogin-1 and MuRF1 mRNA in gastrocnemius (but not soleus or heart) by 8 h, which was sustained for 72 and 24 h, respectively. Whereas the sepsis-induced increase in atrogin-1 expression was completely prevented by IGF-I, the increased MuRF1 was not altered. In contrast to the IGF-I effect, the sepsis-induced increased mRNA of both atrogenes was unresponsive to either acute or repetitive administration of leucine. Whereas exogenous infusion of TNF-alpha increased atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in gastrocnemius, pretreatment of septic rats with the TNF antagonist TNF-binding protein did not prevent increased expression of either atrogene. Similarly, whereas dexamethasone increased atrogene expression, pretreatment with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU-486 failed to ameliorate the sepsis-induced increase in atrogin-1 and MuRF1. Thus, under in vivo conditions in mature adult rats, the sepsis-induced increase in muscle atrogin-1 and MuRF1 mRNA appears both glucocorticoid and TNF independent and is unresponsive to leucine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Gerald J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Nystrom
authors.forename: Leonard S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Jefferson
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004032:Diet; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044843:SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007328:Insulin; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C486692:Fbxo32 protein, rat; D044843:SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases; C499086:Trim63 protein, rat; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D003345:Corticosterone