title: Melagatran reduces advanced atherosclerotic lesion size and may promote plaque stability in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammatory mechanisms are involved in atherosclerotic plaque rupture and subsequent thrombin formation. Thrombin not only plays a central role in thrombus formation and platelet activation, but also in the induction of inflammatory processes. We assessed the hypothesis that melagatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor, attenuates plaque progression and promotes stability of advanced atherosclerotic lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Melagatran (500 micromol/kg/d) or control diet was administered to apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (n=54) with advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Treatment reduced lesion progression in brachiocephalic arteries (P<0.005). Morphometric analysis confirmed that thrombin inhibition promoted plaque stability and resulted in thicker fibrous caps (28.4+/-14.2 microm versus 20.8+/-12.0 microm; P<0.05), increased media thickness (29.3+/-9.6 microm versus 24.4+/-6.7 microm; P<0.05), and smaller necrotic cores (73,537+/-41,301 microm2 versus 126,819+/-51,730 microm2; P<0.0005). Electro mobility shift assays revealed reduced binding activity of nuclear factor kappaB (P<0.05) and activator protein-1 (P<0.05) in aortas of treated mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry demonstrated reduced staining for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 (P<0.05). Melagatran had no significant effect on early lesion formation in C57BL/6J mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran reduces lesion size and may promote plaque stability in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, possibly through reduced activation of proinflammatory transcription factors and reduced synthesis of MMP-9.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik III, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bea
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kreuzer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Preusch
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schaab
authors.forename: Berend
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Isermann
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katus
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Blessing
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001384:Azetidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001596:Benzylamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D001384:Azetidines; D001596:Benzylamines; D008055:Lipids; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; C109573:melagatran; D013917:Thrombin; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9