title: All-trans-retinoic acid improves differentiation of myeloid cells and immune response in cancer patients.
abstract: Abnormal dendritic cell differentiation and accumulation of immature myeloid suppressor cells (ImC) is one of the major mechanisms of tumor escape. We tested the possibility of pharmacologic regulation of myeloid cell differentiation using all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). Eighteen patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were treated with ATRA followed by s.c. interleukin 2 (IL-2). Eight healthy individuals comprised a control group. As expected, the cancer patients had substantially elevated levels of ImC. We observed that ATRA dramatically reduced the number of ImC. This effect was observed only in patients with high plasma concentration of ATRA (>150 ng/mL), but not in patients with lower ATRA concentrations (<135 ng/mL). Effects of ATRA on the proportions of different dendritic cell populations were minor. However, ATRA significantly improved myeloid/lymphoid dendritic cell ratio and the ability of patients' mononuclear cells to stimulate allogeneic T cells. This effect was associated with significant improvement of tetanus-toxoid-specific T-cell response. During the IL-2 treatment, the ATRA effect was completely eliminated. To assess the role of IL-2, specimens from 15 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who had been treated with i.v. IL-2 alone were analyzed. In this group also, IL-2 significantly reduced the number and function of dendritic cells as well as T-cell function. These data indicate that ATRA at effective concentrations eliminated ImC, improved myeloid/lymphoid dendritic cell ratio, dendritic cell function, and antigen-specific T-cell response. ATRA treatment did not result in significant toxicity and it could be tested in therapeutic combination with cancer vaccines.
authors.affiliation: H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and the Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
authors.forename: Noweeda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.forename: Mayer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fricke
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Neuger
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lush
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Antonia
authors.forename: Dmitry I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Gabrilovich
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2; D014212:Tretinoin