title: Gene expression changes evoked in a venous segment exposed to arterial flow.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to characterize the coordinated molecular changes evoked in the structure and composition of the wall of a venous segment when exposed to fistula flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  An arteriovenous shunt was created in adult C57BL/6J mice. Remodeled veins and contralateral control jugular veins were isolated 7 days after surgery. Total RNA was isolated, linearly amplified, and the transcriptional profiles of this early adaptive response were obtained by microarray analysis. Histologic and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on remodeled veins and control veins isolated on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after surgery to further examine distinct spatial and temporal aspects of this early process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 131 significantly upregulated and 165 downregulated genes in the remodeled vein compared with the control jugular vein. Genes involved in extracellular matrix reorganization were highly upregulated. Movat's pentachrome staining revealed ground substance on day 3 that was not observed on day 5. The appearance of elastin fibers was first observed on day 7. Morphometric analysis demonstrated maximum wall thickness on day 3. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of tenascin-C, thrombospondin, lysyl oxidase, and osteopontin in different cell types at different time points throughout the first week after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major changes in the organization of the extracellular matrix occur during the early response of venous remodeling. Elastin, tenascin-C, thrombospondin, lysyl oxidase, and osteopontin are expressed within the wall of the remodeling vein resulting in the de novo formation of an extracellular matrix scaffold that may be part of a critical adaptation program being evoked to allow the vessel to cope with its new biomechanical environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Kidney Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative has proposed the construction of arteriovenous fistulas as the primary vascular access for hemodialysis. As the vein is exposed to arterial flow, the vein wall dilates and a vascular remodeling process is triggered. With continued exposure, intimal hyperplasia occurs at the anastomosis that in many cases leads to failure. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the outflow vein remodels into a mature fistula remain incompletely understood. By investigating venous remodeling in a fistula model, candidate genes important for the remodeling process are discovered and their functional significance examined. Thus, the identification of relevant genes involved in this process should provide insight into arteriovenous fistula maturation and may suggest novel approaches for achieving higher patency rates.
authors.affiliation: Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Departments of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abeles
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kwei
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stavrakis
authors.forename: Yuzhi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Eric T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: García-Cardeña
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D004549:Elastin / Q000235:genetics; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D053495:Osteopontin; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase / Q000235:genetics; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics*; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D019063:Tenascin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; C506896:Spp1 protein, mouse; D019063:Tenascin; D053495:Osteopontin; D012313:RNA; D004549:Elastin; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase