title: Prevalence of autoantibodies and the risk of autoimmune thyroid disease in children with chronic hepatitis C virus infection treated with interferon-alpha.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of autoantibodies in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected children focusing on thyroid autoimmunity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the prevalence of auto-antibodies in 123 chronic HCV-infected children before, during and after monotherapy with interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) or combined treatment with interferon-alpha or peginterferon-alpha and ribavirin. Besides antibodies against smooth muscle (SMA), nuclei (ANA), and liver/kidney microsomes (LKM), the incidence of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies as well as thyroid function parameters (TSH, FT3 and FT4) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that 8% of children had autoantibodies before treatment. During treatment, 18% of children were found positive for at least one autoantibody; 15.5% of children developed pathologic thyroid values during IFN-alpha treatment compared to only one child before therapy. Six children had to be substituted while developing laboratory signs of hypothyroidism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate a strong correlation between interferon-alpha treatment and autoimmune phenomena, notably the emergence of thyroid antibodies. The fact that some children required hormone replacement underlines the need of close monitoring in particularly those who respond to therapy and have to be treated for more than 6 mo.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, HELIOS Klinikum Wuppertal, Witten-Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, D-42283 Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gehring
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kullmer
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koeppelmann
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gerner
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wintermeyer
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wirth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D016174:Hepacivirus; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D013967:Thyroiditis, Autoimmune / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D001323:Autoantibodies; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D012254:Ribavirin