title: National Health Service Corps staffing and the growth of the local rural non-NHSC primary care physician workforce.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beyond providing temporary staffing, National Health Service Corps (NHSC) clinicians are believed by some observers to contribute to the long-term growth of the non-NHSC physician workforce of the communities where they serve; others worry that NHSC clinicians compete with and impede the supply of other local physicians.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess long-term changes in the non-NHSC primary care physician workforce of rural underserved counties that have received NHSC staffing support relative to workforce changes in underserved counties without NHSC support.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the American Medical Association and NHSC, we compared changes from 1981 to 2001 in non-NHSC primary care physician to population ratios in 2 subsets of rural whole-county health professional shortage areas: (1) 141 counties staffed by NHSC physicians, nurse practitioners, and/or physician assistants during the early 1980s and for many of the years since and (2) all 142 rural health professional shortage area counties that had no NHSC clinicians from 1979 through 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1981 to 2001, counties staffed by NHSC clinicians experienced a mean increase of 1.4 non-NHSC primary care physicians per 10,000 population, compared to a smaller, 0.57 mean increase in counties without NHSC clinicians. The finding of greater non-NHSC primary care physician to population mean ratio increase in NHSC-supported counties remained significant after adjusting for baseline county demographics and health care resources (P < .001). The estimated number of "extra" non-NHSC physicians in NHSC-supported counties in 2001 attributable to the NHSC was 294 additional physicians for the 141 supported counties, or 2 extra physicians, on average, for each NHSC-supported county. Over the 20 years, more NHSC-supported counties saw their non-NHSC primary care workforces grow to more than 1 physician per 3,500 persons, but no more NHSC-supported than nonsupported counties lost their health professional shortage area designations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the NHSC contributed positively to the non-NHSC primary care physician workforce in the rural underserved counties where its clinicians worked during the 1980s and 1990s.
authors.affiliation: Program on Health Professions and Primary Care, Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. don_pathman@unc.edu
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Pathman
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Fryer
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smucny
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyoshi
authors.forename: Larry A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008507:Medically Underserved Area; D009722:Nurse Practitioners / Q000600:supply & distribution; D010560:Personnel Selection / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010823:Physician Assistants / Q000600:supply & distribution; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce