title: Transcranial Doppler monitoring of transcervical carotid stenting with flow reversal protection: a novel carotid revascularization technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transfemoral carotid stenting, despite becoming very frequent, has some limitations such as difficult groin access in few patients, lack of distal protection during filter placement, or embolization despite protection. Transcervical stenting (TCS) is a novel technique during which a common carotid to jugular vein shunt is placed creating a protective reversal flow in the internal carotid artery after proximal common carotid artery (CCA) clamping. We aim to study, with transcranial Doppler (TCD), cerebral flow changes and microemboli detection during transcervical stenting.
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 2005 to March 2006, of 65 consecutive patients eligible for carotid revascularization, 23 were considered high risk (sapphire criteria) and underwent TCS. Neurologic examination was performed before and after the procedure by a neurologist and a preprocedure vascular reactivity TCD examination was done in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After CCA clamping, flow inversion was observed in the anterior cerebral artery, supplying blood to the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and internal carotid artery (reversal). TCD did not detect any air/solid emboli during stent deployment and angioplasty confirming the reversal flow protection hypothesis. Mean reversal flow time was 15.4 minutes; in all cases, substantial MCA flow was present during CCA clamping (initial mean velocity 30 cm/s), and a slow gradual increase was observed traducing collateral flow recruitment (mean velocity after 5 minutes 36 cm/s, P<0.001). Flow increase was observed in all patients except in those with preprocedural exhausted ipsilateral vascular reactivity (16% versus 2%, P=0.036). The only in-procedure complication was one transient ischemic attack. After CCA unclamping, normal antegrade flow was restored in anterior cerebral artery and mean final MCA velocity increased 16% according to preprocedure flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCS with protective internal carotid artery flow reversal can eliminate showers of micoremboli during stent deployment making it a promising carotid revascularization technique in high-risk patients with carotid stenosis.
authors.affiliation: Unitat Neurovascular, Servei de Neurología, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain. marcriboj@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ribo
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubiera
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Sabin
authors.forename: Manel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D002548:Cerebral Revascularization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D015607:Stents; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*