title: Variations in the experiences and expressions of depression among ethnic minorities.
abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the ethnic differences in the experiences and expressions of depressive symptoms. Also, a discussion is presented regarding the effects that depression has on the individual and consequently the adverse impact it will have on society. Because the expressions of depression are so varied, appropriate measures are required to account for the differences of these expressions in individuals in order to facilitate appropriate diagnosing Both in the United States and throughout the world, depression accounts for a significant proportion of psychiatric disorders, with women and the poor experiencing a disproportionate burden of morbidity. It is essential to remember that clinical depression is never normal and should not be accepted as a normal part of life for any individual, regardless of race, age, or life situation. Depression is a chronic, often relapsing illness, especially if initially under-treated. With depression, it is also essential to identify the role that certain biological variations and particularly the role that ethnicity and gender may play. In other words, because of environmental and certain biological variations, there may be diferences in not only the life experiences but also the mode of expression that depression takes, particularly in women and ethnic people of color. It is essential to identify these significant differences. Certainly, minimizing the risk of psychiatric misdiagnosis is critical to achieving optimal health.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Disparities Reasearch, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia 19104-6096, USA. lorene@nursing.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Roberta L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Waite
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005783:Gender Identity; D014943:Global Health; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000523:psychology*; D009017:Morbidity; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology