title: Chemosensitization by knockdown of adenine nucleotide translocase-2.
abstract: Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) is a rate-limiting step of apoptosis, including in anticancer chemotherapy. Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) mediates the exchange of ADP and ATP on the inner mitochondrial membrane in healthy cells. In addition, ANT can cooperate with Bax to form a lethal pore during apoptosis. Humans possess four distinct ANT isoforms, encoded by four genes, whose transcription depends on the cell type, developmental stage, cell proliferation, and hormone status. Here, we show that the ANT2 gene is up-regulated in several hormone-dependent cancers. Knockdown of ANT2 by RNA interference induced no major changes in the aspect of the mitochondrial network or cell cycle but provoked minor increase in mitochondrial transmembrane potential and reactive oxygen species level and reduced intracellular ATP concentration without affecting glycolysis. At expression and functional levels, ANT2 depletion was not compensated by other ANT isoforms. Most importantly, ANT2, but not ANT1, silencing facilitated MMP induction by lonidamine, a mitochondrion-targeted antitumor compound already used in clinical studies for breast, ovarian, glioma, and lung cancer as well as prostate adenoma. The combination of ANT2 knockdown with lonidamine induced apoptosis irrespective of the Bcl-2 status. These data identify ANT2 as an endogenous inhibitor of MMP and suggest that its selective inhibition could constitute a promising strategy of chemosensitization.
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Reserche Scientifique UMR 8159, Université de Versailles/St. Quentin, Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Morgane
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Le Bras
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borgne-Sanchez
authors.forename: Zahia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Touat
authors.forename: Ossama Sharaf
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: El Dein
authors.forename: Aurélien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deniaud
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maillier
authors.forename: Gael
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lecellier
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rebouillat
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lemaire
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kroemer
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jacotot
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brenner
mesh_terms: D033741:Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D033742:Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051336:Mitochondrial Membranes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010539:Permeability; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D033741:Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1; D033742:Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007191:Indazoles; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; C016371:lonidamine