title: Telemedicine and surgical robotics: urologic applications.
abstract: Medical treatment can be improved through integration and application of advances in technology, computers, and engineering. Accuracy and reliability are essential characteristics of any mechanical system, and with the evolution of machines capable of precise movements, the integration of medicine and machine is achievable. Early mechanical devices were effective in performing simple, repetitive tasks but were not sophisticated enough for independent function. In the automobile industry, robots could work on the assembly line executing these cyclic tasks. These machines could execute simple, reiterative movements without integrating new information from the environment. In this day and age, robots have evolved into sophisticated mechanical devices that can "react" to data detected in the environment to determine the next course of events. They have evolved from the assembly line to the operating room, assisting surgeons during surgery to participating in remote telesurgical procedures.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cadeddu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stoianovici
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Kavoussi