title: The use of self-expanding metal stents to treat acute esophageal variceal bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute variceal bleeding is a life-threatening complication of liver cirrhosis. Essential factors for survival after variceal bleeding are the rapidity and efficacy of initial primary hemostasis. Endoscopic and vasoactive therapy is the gold standard in the management of acute variceal hemorrhage. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the use of self-expandable metallic stents to arrest uncontrollable acute variceal bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 2002 and May 2005, esophageal stents were implanted in 20 patients (18 men, two women; mean age 52, range 27-87) with massive ongoing bleeding from esophageal varices, as an alternative treatment to balloon tamponade. The patients had not been successfully managed with prior pharmacologic or endoscopic therapy. They had had one to five previous bleeding episodes (mean 2.4). Eight of the patients were in Child-Pugh grade B and 12 in grade C. A new type of stent with special introducers was developed that allowed placement without radiographic assistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stents were successfully placed in all of the patients and were left in place for 2-14 days. Bleeding from the esophageal varices ceased immediately after implantation of the stent in all cases. While the stent was in place, further diagnostic steps were carried out to optimize management of the patients' illness and portal hypertension. No recurrent bleeding, morbidity, or mortality occurred during treatment with the esophageal stent. All of the stents were extracted without any complications after definitive treatment had been started.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this pilot study, the new method of implantation of an esophageal stent was found to be a safe and effective treatment for massive bleeding from esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis. These initial clinical results will of course have to be confirmed in comparative studies including a large number of patients.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Dept. of Internal Medicine, Linz General Hospital, Linz, Austria. rainer.hubmann@akh.linz.at
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hubmann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bodlaj
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czompo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benkö
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pichler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Kathib
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kiblböck
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shamyieh
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Biesenbach
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D021721:Balloon Occlusion; D002404:Catheterization; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005773:Gastroscopy; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D015607:Stents