title: Brief review: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angioedema: anesthetic implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are a group of drugs used to treat hypertension and heart failure, with additional benefits, such as cardiovascular and renal protection, in patients with diabetes. However, angioedema as a complication of ACEI therapy is under-recognized. As there are important implications for anesthesiologists and emergency medicine physicians, a review was undertaken to document the scope of the problem of ACEI-induced angioedema..
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the published literature (identified by searching Medline, EMBASE and CINAHL) was undertaken, addressing the clinical uses of ACEIs and the incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management of angioedema associated with the use of these drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of ACEI related angioedema has increased from 0.1-0.2% to 1% over the last decade. Patients who are receiving ACEIs are predisposed to developing angioedema which may be triggered by trauma, airway instrumentation, infection, and irritant fumes, particularly in those who are at increased risk. Cases of acute facial and airway oedema, due to ACEI drug administration, may be misdiagnosed as an anaphylactic reaction, and the association with ACEIs may be ignored. Some cases of intraoperative and postoperative airway edema may be precipitated by airway instrumentation in patients receiving ACEI drugs. The severity of airway compromise ranges from mild facial edema to severe laryngeal or subglottic edema which may prove life-threatening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In view of the widespread clinical indications and ever-increasing use of ACEI drugs, the potentially life-threatening adverse reaction of ACEI-associated angioedema, and its treatment, must be recognized by anesthesiologists and all clinicians involved in airway management.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Anaesthesia, St George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK.
authors.forename: Putul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Grainne
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000799:Angioedema / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors