title: Improved survival of patients presenting with acute variceal bleeding. Prognostic indicators of short- and long-term mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Variceal bleeding is a severe complication of portal hypertension with a mortality rate between 30% and 60% in previous studies. During the last two decades the treatment of these patients has been improved. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical outcome of patients after an episode of acute variceal bleeding and to identify risk factors for early and late mortality in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with acute variceal bleeding hospitalised at two large hospitals between January 1, 1999 and June 30, 2004, were retrospectively enrolled in this study. After discharge, patients were followed until death or study closure date, on June 30, 2005. Bleeding related mortality, 6-week, 1-year and overall mortality were evaluated as well as factors related to early and late mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and forty one patients were included (114 men, 27 women) with a mean age of 60.5+/-13.5 years. In hospital, 6-week, 1-year and overall mortality were 12.1%, 18.4%, 32.6% and 48.2%, respectively. The mean length of hospitalisation was 11.4+/-9 days (1-55) and the mean packed red blood cell requirement was 3.9+/-3.7 (0-25). The rate of recurrent bleeding was 10.7% during initial hospitalisation. Being Child-Pugh C (p=0.003) and shock on admission (p=0.037) were independent predictors of 6-week mortality, while being Child-Pugh C (p=0.028), presence of hepatocellular carcinoma or other neoplasia (p=0.04) and partial thromboplastin time (p=0.021) during the initial admission were independent predictors for 1-year mortality. Mortality was not affected by the presence of active bleeding and/or white nipple at emergency endoscopy. Also presence of infection was not an adverse factor of clinical outcome in our patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the clinical outcome of patients with acute variceal bleeding is better in comparison with previous studies. The severity of liver failure as well as the presence of neoplasia mainly affects the survival.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thomopoulos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Theocharis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mimidis
authors.forename: Ch
authors.initials: Ch
authors.lastname: Lampropoulou-Karatza
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alexandridis
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nikolopoulou
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers