title: Prescription of the first prosthesis and later use in children with congenital unilateral upper limb deficiency: A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prosthetic rejection rates in children with an upper limb transversal reduction deficiency are considerable. It is unclear whether the timing of the first prescription of the prosthesis contributes to the rejection rates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To reveal whether scientific evidence is available in literature to confirm the hypothesis that the first prosthesis of children with an upper limb deficiency should be prescribed before two years of age. We expect lower rejection rates and better functional outcomes in children fitted at young age.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computerized search was performed in several databases (Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Amed, Psycinfo, PiCarta and the Cochrane database). A combination of the following keywords and their synonyms was used: "prostheses, upper limb, upper extremity, arm and congenital". Furthermore, references of conference reports, references of most relevant studies, citations of most relevant studies and related articles were checked for relevancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search yielded 285 publications, of which four studies met the selection criteria. The methodological quality of the studies was low. All studies showed a trend of lower rejection rates in children who were provided with their first prosthesis at less than two years of age. The pooled odds ratio of two studies showed a higher rejection rate in children who were fitted over two years of age (pooled OR = 3.6, 95% CI 1.6 - 8.0). No scientific evidence was found concerning the relation between the age at which a prosthesis was prescribed for the first time and functional outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In literature only little evidence was found for a relationship between the fitting of a first prosthesis in children with a congenital upper limb deficiency and rejection rates or functional outcomes. As such, clinical practice of the introduction of a prosthesis is guided by clinical experience rather than by evidence-based medicine.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Physical Therapy, Groningen, The Netherlands. fysio.meurs@zonnet.nl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meurs
authors.forename: C G B
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Maathuis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hadders-Algra
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: van der Sluis
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D017755:Prosthesis Fitting; D038062:Upper Extremity Deformities, Congenital / Q000534:rehabilitation*