title: A comparison of different embalming fluids on the quality of histological preservation in human cadavers.
abstract: There are significant problems in obtaining normal human material for histology for teaching or research purposes. This study shows that tissue from cadavers embalmed for teaching can be used for routine histology. Twelve cadavers embalmed with four different formalin-containing embalming fluids were used (n = 3 per fluid): (1) formalin mix (10% formalin); (2) Dunedin mix (an alcohol-based fluid containing phenol); (3) Michigan mix (a water-based fluid); and (4) phenoxyethanol mix (an alcohol-based fluid containing phenoxyethanol). Tissue blocks of liver, heart, kidney, skin and skeletal muscle were taken from each cadaver, paraffin embedded, sectioned and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H & E), Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS), or Mallory trichrome (Malt). Each section was assigned an overall score based on the histological quality of the cellular components of the tissue. Sections were scored from 1 to 3 (1 = poor, 2 = satisfactory, 3 = good). Satisfactory sections were obtained from all cadavers except those embalmed with the Dunedin mix. The Michigan and phenoxyethanol fluids resulted in consistently good quality sections. No significant differences in tissue morphology were observed between the different stains. The clearest morphology was observed in the skin and skeletal muscle sections, and in tissues embalmed with fluids which do not contain phenol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, New Zealand. helen.nicholson@stonebow.otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Samalia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hurst
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Woodroffe
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D002423:Cause of Death; D004615:Embalming / Q000379:methods*; D005026:Ethylene Glycols; D005404:Fixatives; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006321:Heart; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney; D008099:Liver; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D019800:Phenol; D012867:Skin; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D005026:Ethylene Glycols; D005404:Fixatives; D014867:Water; D005557:Formaldehyde; D019800:Phenol; C005398:phenoxyethanol