title: Bim deficiency leads to exacerbation and prolongation of joint inflammation in experimental arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  : Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by hyperplasia of the synovial lining, inflammation, and destruction of cartilage and bone. Since there are only a few detectable cells undergoing apoptosis in the joint, it is possible that a defect in apoptosis may contribute to synovial hyperplasia. This study sought to identify and characterize the direct role of apoptotic regulators in a mouse model of inflammatory arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a serum transfer model, experimental arthritis was induced in mice lacking the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family genes Bak (Bak-/-), Bax (Bax-/-), or Bim (Bim-/-), as compared with wild-type (WT) control mice. Physical examination for edema of the ankles and histopathologic analysis of ankle sections were used to determine the severity of arthritis. The serum and ankles were examined for production of chemokines and cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent or Luminex-based assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bim-/- mice displayed increased severity and prolongation of arthritis. In contrast, Bak-/- and Bax-/- mice showed no difference in the severity of arthritis as compared with WT mice. In addition, Bim-/- mice had elevated levels of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, decreased joint and serum production of antiinflammatory cytokines, fewer TUNEL-positive cells, and reduced levels of active caspase 3 as compared with WT mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies are the first to demonstrate a role for the proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein Bim in the effector phase of RA. The findings indicate that Bim potentially functions to repress the effector phase of arthritis by regulating the milieu of the joint and serum, and by inducing apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Scatizzi
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bickel
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hutcheson
authors.forename: G Kenneth
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.forename: Harris
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Perlman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C494773:Bak1 protein, mouse; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; C494812:Bcl2l1 protein, mouse; C000606776:Bcl2l11 protein, mouse; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein