title: Multiplex PCR for the detection of toxigenic cyanobacteria in dietary supplements produced for human consumption.
abstract: The production of food supplements containing cyanobacteria is a growing worldwide industry. While there have been several reports of health benefits that can be gained from the consumption of these supplements, there have also been a growing number of studies showing the presence of toxins some of which (for example microcystins) are known to affect human health. In this paper, we report a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique that can be used to identify microcystin contamination in dietary supplements produced for human consumption. This method involves a PCR reaction containing three primer pairs, the first of which is used to amplify a 220-bp fragment of 16s rDNA specific to Microcystis, the most common microcystin-producing cyanobacterium. The second primer pair is used to amplify a 300-bp fragment of the mcyA gene, linked to microcystin biosynthesis in Anabaena, Microcystis, and Planktothrix. A third primer pair, used as a positive control, results in the amplification of a 650-bp fragment from the phycocyanin operon common to all cyanobacteria. This technique was found to be useful for detecting the presence of toxigenic Microcystis in all dietary supplements produced from the nontoxic cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050, Porto, Portugal. martinsaker@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Saker
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Welker
authors.forename: Vitor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
mesh_terms: D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000382:microbiology*; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D052998:Microcystins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D010798:Phycocyanin / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D052998:Microcystins; D010798:Phycocyanin; C078588:microcystin