title: Limitations of radioguided surgery in high-risk prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine how many men with high-risk prostate cancer (prostate-specific antigen [PSA]>20 ng/ml or biopsy Gleason score 8-10) have positive lymph nodes (sentinel lymph nodes [SLNs] and nonsentinel lymph nodes [NSLNs]) and whether these positive nodes are localised in the region of SLN dissection or in other regions, too.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 228 men with high-risk prostate cancer radical retropubic prostatectomy combined with radioguided pelvic lymph node dissection and extended lymphadenectomy were performed. Serial sections of the SLNs were analysed immunohistochemically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A median of 7 SLNs (mean, 7) and 11 NSLNs (mean, 11) were dissected per patient. Ninety-six of 228 men (42.1%) had lymph node metastases. Most men had positive lymph nodes along the internal iliac artery alone or in combination with other regions. Twenty-two men had only micrometastatic disease. In 94 of 96 men the SLNs were positive. Twenty-six of 96 men had also positive NSLNs. When SLNs and NSLNs were positive, in more than half the patients the NSLNs were localised outside the region of sentinel lymphadenectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dissection of SLNs in prostate cancer has a high sensitivity in detecting positive nodes. When SLNs are negative, the other pelvic lymph nodes are also negative in a high percentage of men (sensitivity 97.1%). When the SLNs are positive, patients with high-risk disease also have a high incidence of positive NSLNs. Therefore, when it is aspired to remove all pelvic lymph node metastases sentinel and extended lymphadenectomy should be performed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Klinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany. dorothea.weckermann@uro.augsburg-med.de
authors.forename: Dorothea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weckermann
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dorn
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holl
authors.forename: Theodor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harzmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; C083602:technetium Tc 99m nanocolloid; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen