Monocyte/macrophage infiltration in tumors: modulators of angiogenesis.
The role of a tumor immune infiltrate in cancer progression and metastasis has been debated frequently. Although often considered to be associated with improved prognosis and leading to the enhanced survival of cancer patients, inflammatory cells have also been described to assist the tumor's capabilities to progress, proliferate, and metastasize. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), for example, have been shown to be symbiotically related to tumor cells: Tumor cells recruit TAMs and provide them with survival factors, and TAMs in turn produce a variety of angiogenic factors in response to the tumor microenvironment. This review will describe the composition of an immune infiltrate in tumors and the angiogenic and angiostatic properties of the cells present. Special emphasis will be on the angiogenesis-associated activities of TAMs. The development of immunotherapy and gene therapy using TAMs to mediate tumor cytotoxicity or to deliver gene constructs will be discussed as well. As immunotherapy has so far not been as effective as anticipated, a combination therapy in which angiostatic agents are used as well is put forward as a novel strategy to treat cancer.
Dirkx
Anita E M
AE
Department of Pathology, University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Oude Egbrink
Mirjam G A
MG
Wagstaff
John
J
Griffioen
Arjan W
AW
D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D019139:Tumor Escape / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*
D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins