title: Factors associated with HIV sero-status in young rural South African women: connections between intimate partner violence and HIV.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper aims to describe factors associated with HIV sero-status in young, rural South African women and the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1295 sexually active female volunteers, aged 15-26, from 70 villages were recruited to participate in a cluster randomized controlled trial of an HIV behavioural intervention. The main measures were HIV sero-status, and IPV and sexual practices measured using a questionnaire administered during baseline interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 12.4% of women had HIV and 26.6% had experienced more than one episode of physical or sexual IPV. After adjusting for age, HIV infection was associated with having three or more past year partners [odds ratio (OR) 2.39; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.48-3.85], sex in past 3 months (OR 3.33; 95% CI 1.87-5.94), a partner three or more years older (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.16-2.48), and a more educated partner (OR 1.91; 95% CI 1.30-2.78). IPV was associated with HIV in two-way analyses (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.08-2.23), but the effect was non-significant after adjusting for HIV risk behaviours. The experience of IPV was strongly associated with past year partner numbers, time of last sex, and partner's education; it was also marginally associated with partner age difference. Adverse experiences in childhood, including sexual abuse, increased the likelihood of having more past year partners (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.21-1.69).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IPV was strongly associated with most of the identified HIV risk factors. Our findings provide further evidence of links between IPV and HIV among women and the importance of joint prevention.
authors.affiliation: Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Private Bag X385, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. rjewkes@mrc.ac.za
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jewkes
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dunkle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nduna
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jama
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khuzwayo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koss
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puren
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duvvury
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D017579:Domestic Violence; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012423:Rural Health; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012747:Sexual Partners; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology