title: The impact of workplace risk factors on the occurrence of neck and upper limb pain: a general population study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Work-related neck and upper limb pain has mainly been studied in specific occupational groups, and little is known about its impact in the general population. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and population impact of work-related neck and upper limb pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted of 10,000 adults in North Staffordshire, UK, in which there is a common local manual industry. The primary outcome measure was presence or absence of neck and upper limb pain. Participants were asked to give details of up to five recent jobs, and to report exposure to six work activities involving the neck or upper limbs. Psychosocial measures included job control, demand and support. Odds ratios (ORs) and population attributable fractions were calculated for these risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age-standardized one-month period prevalence of neck and upper limb pain was 44%. There were significant independent associations between neck and upper limb pain and: repeated lifting of heavy objects (OR = 1.4); prolonged bending of neck (OR = 2.0); working with arms at/above shoulder height (OR = 1.3); little job control (OR = 1.6); and little supervisor support (OR = 1.3). The population attributable fractions were 0.24 (24%) for exposure to work activities and 0.12 (12%) for exposure to psychosocial factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neck and upper limb pain is associated with both physical and psychosocial factors in the work environment. Inferences of cause-and-effect from cross-sectional studies must be made with caution; nonetheless, our findings suggest that modification of the work environment might prevent up to one in three of cases of neck and upper limb pain in the general population, depending on current exposures to occupational risk.
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Musculoskeletal Research Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK. j.sim@keele.ac.uk
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.forename: Rosie J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lacey
authors.forename: Martyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002516:Ceramics; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006804:Ergonomics; D006801:Humans; D017770:Lifting / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*