title: Understanding the native Californian diet: Identification of condensed and hydrolyzable tannins in tanoak acorns (Lithocarpus densiflorus).
abstract: The tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) acorn was a staple food in the Native American diet and is still used in traditional dishes. Acorns from the genus Quercus have been shown to contain a large range of hydrolyzable tannins. However, neither hydrolyzable nor condensed tannins have been characterized in tanoak acorns. The aim of this study was to identify the full range of hydrolyzable and condensed tannins in extracts of tanoak acorns using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Condensed tannins were identified as B type oligomers of (epi)-catechin (procyanidins) with a degree of polymerization up to six. Oligomers up to and including tetramers were identified by UV spectra and MS detection whereas pentamers and hexamers were detected only by MS. The total concentration of condensed tannins was 464 mg/100 g acorn pericarp. The concentration of propocyanidin monomers, dimers, trimers, and tetramers in acorn pericarp (mg/100 g acorn pericarp) were 95 +/- 10.9, 148 +/- 35.0, 90 +/- 17.9, and 131 +/- 1.9, respectively. No procyanidins were found in the acorn cotyledon tissue. A total of 22 hydrolyzable tannins were identified in methanolic extracts of acorn cotyledon tissue. Gallic acid derivatives predominated and included galloylated esters of glucose, hexahydrodiphenoyl esters of glucose, and methylated gallates. Galloylated esters of glucose were present as isomers of galloyl glucose, digalloyl glucose, and trigalloyl glucose. Mass spectral fragmentation patterns indicate the presence of one gallic acid-galloyl glucose isomer and two gallic acid-digalloyl-glucose isomers. No isomers of tetragalloyl glucose and pentagalloyl glucose were identified. Ellagic acid and ellagic acid pentoside were also identified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: Tedmund J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Swiecki
authors.forename: Alyson E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004032:Diet; D029962:Fagaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007198:Indians, North American; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013634:Tannins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D013634:Tannins