title: Healthcare-associated infection in pediatric patients on extracorporeal life support: The role of multidisciplinary surveillance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the use of a multidisciplinary approach to sepsis surveillance and evaluate impact on outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical study or clinical audit cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were 215 children supported with ECMO January 1999 to December 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multidisciplinary team met monthly to evaluate cases of bloodstream infection and mediastinitis, review trends, and update unit policies. Changes in practice were made at the end of 2001 in order to address a perceived high rate of sepsis: a) reeducation; b) introduction of electively preprimed ECMO circuits; and c) preference for neck rather than chest cannulation in cardiac patients. Prophylactic antibiotics were used from preprocedure for 24 hrs only throughout the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the entire study period, 39 children had 47 septic episodes, with a rate of 24.9 per 1000 ECMO days. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that infection was associated with duration of ECMO support (odds ratio 1.24; 95% confidence interval 1.15, 1.35 per day) and case type: Closed vs. open chest was protective in cardiac patients (odds ratio 0.08; 95% confidence interval 0.01, 0.50). Infection increased the odds of death by 2.01 (95% confidence interval 1.00, 4.05), but this effect was less important than case type and ECMO days. After policy changes were implemented, there was a reduction in sepsis from 29.3 to 20.1 episodes per 1000 ECMO days. There was reduced sepsis in respiratory patients: neonates from 28.0 to 6.6 and pediatric patients from 42.4 to 16.9 episodes per 1000 ECMO days. Despite policy changes, sepsis remained a problem in cardiac patients with open sternum: 65.1 per 1000 ECMO days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ECMO support is a high-risk setup for nosocomial infection, in particular for cardiac patients with open sternum for whom antibiotic prophylaxis is justified. Multidisciplinary surveillance offers an excellent approach for quality improvement in this challenging field.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: Kate L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ridout
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dodkins
authors.forename: Liz C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Maura A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
authors.forename: Allan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Macqueen
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hartley
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002648:Child; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008480:Mediastinitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011367:Professional Staff Committees / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*