title: Influence of ambulance arrival on emergency department time to be seen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For a limited number of presenting complaints, arrival by ambulance has been shown in some emergency departments to decrease time to be seen by a physician. We sought to determine if this time advantage could be demonstrated as a national trend over a variety of presenting complaints.
  
  
  METHODS
  A secondary analysis was performed on the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a national probability sample of emergency department visits. To compare waiting times between patients arriving by ambulance and those arriving by walk-in, a survival analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. Primary variables of interest were mode of arrival, waiting time to see physician, and immediacy to be seen (triage category). The weighted values were utilized to produce national estimates. Patients who left without being seen were treated as right censored data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 61,130 records, weighted to represent 268.3 million emergency department visits from 1997 to 2000, were included in the analysis. Patients arrived by ambulance in 14.4% of these cases. Median wait time for patients arriving by ambulance was 14.1 minutes (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3 to 34.2) as compared with 26.0 minutes (95% CI, 11.5 to 55.1) for patients who arrived by walk-in. In the multivariate analysis, arrival by ambulance offered a 25.0% (95% CI, 19.0% to 31.6%) time advantage over walk-in and a 40.8% (95% CI, 23.5% to 58.7%) time advantage over arrival by public service.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arrival by ambulance offered a time to be seen advantage for a broad range of presenting complaints in the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey across all triage categories.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA. mrichards@salud.unm.edu
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Hubble
authors.forename: Cameron
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crandall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000552:Ambulances; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009309:National Center for Health Statistics, U.S.; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014850:Waiting Lists