title: Breast-feeding and risk for childhood obesity: does maternal diabetes or obesity status matter?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to evaluate whether maternal diabetes or weight status attenuates a previously reported beneficial effect of breast-feeding on childhood obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) participants were offspring of women who participated in the Nurses' Health Study II. In the present study, 15,253 girls and boys (aged 9-14 years in 1996) were included. Maternal diabetes and weight status and infant feeding were obtained by maternal self-report. We defined maternal overweight as BMI > or = 25 kg/m2. Childhood obesity, from self-reported height and weight, was based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions as normal, at risk for overweight, or overweight. Maternal status categories were nondiabetes/normal weight, nondiabetes/overweight, or diabetes. Logistic regression models used generalized estimating equations to account for nonindependence between siblings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all subjects combined, breast-feeding was associated with reduced overweight (compared with normal weight) in childhood. Compared with exclusive use of formula, the odds ratio (OR) for exclusive breast-feeding was 0.66 (95% CI 0.53-0.82), adjusted for age, sex, and Tanner stage. Results did not differ according to maternal status (nondiabetes/normal weight OR 0.73 [95% CI 0.49-1.09]; nondiabetes/overweight 0.75 [0.57-0.99]; and diabetes 0.62 [0.24-1.60]). Further adjustment for potential confounders attenuated results, but results remained consistent across strata of maternal status (P value for interaction was 0.50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breast-feeding was inversely associated with childhood obesity regardless of maternal diabetes status or weight status. These data provide support for all mothers to breast-feed their infants to reduce the risk for childhood overweight.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities, University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, 2718 Middleburg Dr., Columbia, SC 29208, USA. ejmayer@gwm.sc.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mayer-Davis
authors.forename: Sheryl L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rifas-Shiman
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Graham A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Colditz
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gillman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012306:Risk