title: Approach to diagnosis and treatment of pediatric primary tumors of the diaphragm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumors of the diaphragm in the pediatric population are extremely rare. We present 5 cases diagnosed at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, and together with a review of the world literature, provide an approach to the diagnosis and management of these tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A clinical retrospective review of patients diagnosed as having primary diaphragmatic tumor (PDT) at the Hospital for Sick Children as well as a review of the world literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-one cases of PDT in the pediatric population have been described from 1868 to 2005 inclusive. There is an equal incidence in boys and girls, they are found with the same frequency on the left as on the right, and 78% are malignant. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most commonly occurring malignant tumor. The mean age at diagnosis is 10 years. "Chest-associated" symptoms are more common than "abdomen-associated" symptoms. Imaging often fails to identify the site of origin as the diaphragm. Surgery is the cornerstone of therapy for PDT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multidisciplinary team approach is needed for successful treatment and management of PDT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8. michaelacada@sickkids.com
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cada
authors.forename: J Ted
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Gerstle
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Traubici
authors.forename: Bo-Yee
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Ngan
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Capra
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003964:Diaphragm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D019042:Muscle Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013896:Thoracic Diseases / Q000209:etiology