title: Shadow of Buddhism and Shintoism in neurosurgical practice in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Japan, almost all culture and civilization were introduced from abroad; in the past from China and now from U.S. and European countries, owing to her geographical features circumscribed by oceans and separated from the continents. Neurosurgical science and practice have been received in the same way as other activities. However, there are some exceptions such as organ transplantation from the brain dead and brain-dock, which means a brain check-up system of asymptomatic brain diseases. Reasons why these are practised or not in Japan are considered from the viewpoint of Buddhism and Shintoism. If our special practises could appeal to people in other countries, our neurosurgical philosophy might become widespread and welcome worldwide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Organ transplantations from brain dead have routinely been performed in many countries, while only 37 cases have been executed in Japan, after the Japanese government accepted its application in 1997. In contrast, brain-dock is widely practised without any national insurance systems, while this is rarely practised in other countries. It seems to me that Buddhism and Shintoism have influenced on these special situations, due to extreme fear and impurity of the dead body and a way of comprehending the oneness of body and mind, and also deep concern for the impact of their diseases to their families rather than for themselves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We neurosurgeons should realize that our profession is directly related to ultimate human sufferings such as aging, disease, and death, as pointed out by Gautama Buddha. We are in fact in a position to study the real way for resolution of the human sufferings, mentally and physically. Based on our experiences, the foundation of a new academic discipline like "cultural medical science" should urgently be considered in all parts of the world and in light of individual cultural, economical, geographical, and population problems.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Brain Function, Iseikai Hospital, Osaka, Japan. t-ohta@ruby.plala.or.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohta
mesh_terms: D001293:Attitude to Death; D001926:Brain Death; D002016:Buddhism; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D012068:Religion and Medicine