title: Incidence, time course, and characteristics of microbubble formation during radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary veins with an 8-mm ablation catheter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microbubble formation during pulmonary vein (PV) radiofrequency (RF) ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) occurs relatively frequently. Prior studies have shown that microbubble formation may be associated with an increased risk of complications. However, the incidence, time course, and temperature characteristics of microbubble formation during AF ablation with an 8-mm catheter have not been prospectively described in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 46 (30 men, age 56+/-10 years) patients with AF who underwent RF ablation of PVs between January 2005 and December 2005 using an 8F, 8-mm Biosensetrade mark ablation catheter (Biosense-Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA). All patients underwent continuous intracardiac echocardiography (ICE). Microbubble patterns were classified as either type 1 (intermittent, scattered microbubble formation) or type 2 (explosive shower of dense microbubbles). Formation of any microbubbles was detected by ICE and the time, PV location, and electrode temperature were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,479 (32+/-13, range 12-73) RF lesions were delivered to 167 veins. Twenty (2%) lesions were classified as type 2. Since the number of lesions resulting in type 2 bubbles was very small, only type 1 lesions were included in the final analysis. Thirty-nine (85%) patients had at least one lesion associated with bubble formation during ablation (mean: 7+/-7 lesions, range 1-28 lesions). Twenty-three percent (327) of the RF lesions resulted in bubble formation. RF generator power setting during lesions resulting in bubble formation was lower than lesions which did not result in bubble formation (47.9+/-7.4 W vs 49.7+/-7.1 W, P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant negative correlation (P<0.001) between RF generator power settings and a positive correlation between the generator temperature settings and formation of bubbles (both P<0.02). However, the maximum temperature attained was not different between lesions resulting in bubble formation (n=327) and those which did not result in bubble formation (n=1,139). Fifty-three (16%) of the lesions associated with bubble formation occurred within 2-10 seconds after RF was begun. Bubble formation was significantly more frequent in left superior PVs compared to the other PVs (left superior PV 27.3% left inferior PV 18.6%, right superior PV 20.5%, and right inferior PV 18.8%, P=0.005, left superior PV vs other PVs, P<0.001) even after adjustment for the other factors including generator power settings and the temperature setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bubble formation is common during RF ablation of PV with 8-mm tip catheter and can occur as early as 2 seconds after starting RF. RF generator power is negatively correlated with bubble formation while generator temperature settings are positively correlated with formation of bubbles. Microbubble formation is also more frequent with ablation of the left superior PV probably due to better catheter contact in that area.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0053, USA.
authors.forename: Jamshid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alaeddini
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Benjamin P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ellenbogen
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015897:Comorbidity; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D045423:Microbubbles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000601:surgery*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States