title: Predictive role of Carhart's notch in pre-operative assessment for middle-ear surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the predictive role of the audiometric Carhart's notch for the assessment of middle-ear pathology prior to surgical intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective analysis, a total of 315 operated ears of 305 patients were evaluated regarding their pre-operative pure tone audiograms and peri-operative findings. The probable relationship between the middle-ear pathologies found and the Carhart's notch found on pre-operative pure tone audiometry was investigated. Patients with conductive hearing loss who obtained at least a 10 dB improvement (at 1 and 2 kHz frequencies) in their bone conduction threshold post-operatively were included in the Carhart's notch group. The pathologies underlying Carhart's notch were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and fifteen ears of 305 consecutive patients with conductive hearing loss were operated on due to middle-ear pathology. In patients with otosclerosis and tympanosclerosis, a Carhart's notch was seen at 2 kHz in 28 (93 per cent) patients but at 1 kHz in only two (7 per cent). However, in patients with chronic otitis media, a Carhart's notch was seen at 1 kHz in 10 (55 per cent) patients and at 2 kHz in eight (45 per cent) patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Otitis media with effusion, tympanosclerosis and congenital malformations should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient with a Carhart's notch seen on pure tone audiometry. A Carhart's notch at 2 kHz indicates stapes footplate fixation, whereas one at 1 kHz indicates a mobile stapes footplate; the footplate mobility can thus be predicted pre-operatively.
authors.affiliation: Ear Nose and Throat-Head and Neck Surgery Department, School of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey. hayasan2003@yahoo.com
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yasan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016477:Artifacts; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone / Q000379:methods*; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D001844:Bone Conduction; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004429:Ear Ossicles / Q000002:abnormalities; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006314:Hearing Loss, Conductive / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D010040:Otosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013199:Stapes / Q000503:physiopathology