title: Dynamic quantification of the tyrosine phosphorylation of the sperm surface proteins during capacitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spermatozoa acquire active fertilizing competence only after deposition in the female tract and subsequent capacitation. Recent studies on the cellular location of major sperm phosphoproteins suggest that capacitation is associated with tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins exposed on the sperm surface. However, these changes have not yet been quantified objectively. A calcium influx seems to be required for the completion of tyrosine phosphorylation in some species; however, the exact temporal coordination between these processes is still poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flow cytometry was used to quantify the degree of phosphorylation of the sperm surface proteins by probing with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-phosphotyrosine (pY) antibody raised in mouse. Dynamic changes in other sperm parameters (calcium influx, membrane integrity, and spontaneous acrosome reaction) were assessed to analyze their temporal coordination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : The changes in specific phosphotyrosine (pY) fluorescence signal detected in live, nonpermeabilized boar cell suspensions were biphasic during incubation under capacitating conditions. After 120 min of incubation, the degree of pY fluorescence increased threefold, indicating the changes in proteins exposed on sperm surface. At the same time there was a gradual increase in cytosolic calcium ion levels with the maximal rate at 60 min of incubation. This rate slowed immediately before the onset of the massive rise in tyrosine phosphorylation and decreased by 90% after its completion. The integrity of plasma and acrosome membranes decreased only slowly, illustrating that the changes observed were not due to the process of spontaneous acrosome reaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide quantitative evidence for the appearance of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins on the surface of live boar spermatozoa during capacitation. An exact temporal coordination exists between cytosolic calcium ion content and protein tyrosine phosphorylation under these conditions. This novel approach has the advantage of making possible a precise quantification and kinetic comparison of molecular processes in different cell subpopulations.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Reproductive Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Piehler
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Petrunkina
authors.forename: Mahnaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ekhlasi-Hundrieser
authors.forename: Edda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Töpfer-Petersen
mesh_terms: D020101:Acrosome Reaction; D000818:Animals; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D010766:Phosphorylation; D013075:Sperm Capacitation; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D014443:Tyrosine