title: Bacterial safety of flash-heated and unheated expressed breastmilk during storage.
abstract: Heat-treated breastmilk is one infant-feeding option recommended by the WHO to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV in developing countries. Flash-heat, a simple pasteurization method that a mother could perform in her home, has been shown to inactivate cell-free HIV-1. Since heating may affect the naturally occurring antimicrobial properties found in breastmilk, storing heated breastmilk may present a safety issue in resource-poor settings due to lack of refrigeration and potential contamination. To address this, we investigated the ability of flash-heat to eliminate bacteria and to prevent growth over time compared with unheated breastmilk. We collected breastmilk samples from 38 HIV positive mothers in South Africa and aliquoted them to flash-heated and unheated controls. Samples were stored at room temperature for 0, 2, 6 and 8 h and then plated and incubated for 24 h at 37 degrees C in CO(2). We performed total colony counts and identified Escherichia coli, Staphylocuccus aureus and Group A and Group B streptococci. Unheated samples had a significantly higher number of samples positive for bacterial growth at each time point (p < 0.0001), as well as mean colony-forming units (CFU)/ml in those samples that were positive at each time point (p < 0.0001). In addition, unheated samples had a significantly higher rate of bacterial propagation over time than flash-heated samples when comparing log values of CFU/ml across 0-8 h (p < 0.005). No pathogenic growth was observed in the flash-heated samples, while the unheated samples showed growth of E. coli (n = 1) and S. aureus (n = 6). Our data suggest that storage of flash-heated breastmilk is safe at room temperature for up to 8 h.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA. ballardk@berkeley.edu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Israel-Ballard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coutsoudis
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chantry
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Sturm
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sibeko
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abrams
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003906:Developing Countries; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D009753:Nutritive Value; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013242:Sterilization; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification