title: Intravitreal triamcinolone reinjection for refractory diabetic macular edema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVT) reinjection on clinical and optical coherence tomographic features in refractory diabetic macular edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective interventional case series, all IVT treated patients enrolled in a previous clinical trial were recalled to have a new ophthalmologic examination and optical coherence tomography (OCT) performed. Eyes found suitable for reinjection received 4 mg IVT. Complete clinical examination and OCT were repeated at 2 and 4 months post-injection. The changes were statistically analyzed using a paired t test and were compared to the results of the first injections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all returning patients, 12 cases with complete records were considered candidates for reinjection. Visual acuity (VA) changes were not significant after the first and second interventions, although there was a relative improvement (0.14 logMAR) 2 months after the first injection. Reductions of central macular thickness (CMT) were 43 +/- 69 microm, and 40 +/- 69 microm after the first injection and 27 +/- 48 microm, 49 +/- 58 microm after the reinjection at 2 & 4 months, respectively. None of the mentioned changes was significant. After the second injection, however, intraocular pressure was elevated at both 2 & 4 months (3.6 & 2.4 mmHg respectively, P < 0.05). Two months after the first administration, intraocular pressure was found to be raised significantly (5.58 mmHg, P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transient beneficial effects of IVT on diabetic macular edema are not repeated with second injections. However, IVT-related ocular hypertension is more persistent after reinjection. Korean
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmic Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. arramezani@gmail.com
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramezani
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmadieh
authors.forename: Homa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tabatabaei
mesh_terms: D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019233:Retreatment; D013997:Time Factors; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014221:Triamcinolone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014822:Vitreous Body
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014221:Triamcinolone