title: Transcranial sonography of the third ventricle and cognitive dysfunction in HIV patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the incidence and prevalence of dementia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has decreased since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, cognitive dysfunction remains one of the most prevalent factors severely affecting quality of life in patients with HIV. Previous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies showed a correlation between brain atrophy, enlargement of the ventricles and cognitive impairment in HIV patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the usefulness of transcranial sonographic (TCS) measurement of the third ventricle in detection of brain atrophy in HIV patients and the correlation with neuropsychological deficits.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 47 HIV patients and 40 healthy age-matched controls with TCS, neuroimaging (cranial MRI or computed tomography) and a neuropsychological test battery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The third ventricle was significantly larger in patients than in healthy controls and correlated significantly with duration of HIV, Center of Disease Control (CDC) stage, CD4 lymphocytes and distinct cognitive and motor deficits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCS cannot replace neuroimaging but is a valuable method in the detection of brain atrophy and follow-up of HIV patients at risk or with a recent diagnosis of HIV encephalopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45122, Germany.
authors.forename: Ozgür
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yaldizli
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kastrup
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Obermann
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Esser
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ley
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Forsting
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maschke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020542:Third Ventricle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial