title: Exploring the role of GIS during community health assessment problem solving: experiences of public health professionals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A Community health assessment (CHA) involves the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in conjunction with other software to analyze health and population data and perform numerical-spatial problem solving. There has been little research on identifying how public health professionals integrate this software during typical problem solving scenarios. A better understanding of this is needed to answer the "What" and the "How". The "What" identifies the specific software being used and the "How" explains the way they are integrated together during problem solving steps. This level of understanding will highlight the role of GIS utilization during problem solving and suggest to developers how GIS can be enhanced to better support data analysis during community health assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An online survey was developed to identify the information technology used during CHA analysis. The tasks were broken down into steps and for our analysis these steps were categorized by action: Data Management/Access, Data Navigation, Geographic Comparison, Detection of Spatial Boundaries, Spatial Modelling, and Ranking Analysis. 27 CHA professionals completed the survey, with the majority of participants (14) being from health departments. Statistical software (e.g. SPSS) was the most popular software for all but one of the types of steps. For this step (detection of spatial boundaries), GIS was identified as the most popular technology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most CHA professionals indicated they use statistical software in conjunction with GIS. The statistical software appears to drive the analysis, while GIS is used primarily for simple spatial display (and not complex spatial analysis). This purpose of this survey was to thoroughly examine into the process of problem solving during community health assessment data analysis and to gauge how GIS is integrated with other software for this purpose. These findings suggest that GIS is used more for spatial display while other software such as statistical packages (the "What") are used to drive data management, data navigation, and data calculation (the "How"). Focusing at the level of how public health problems are solved, can shed light on how GIS technology can be enhanced to encompass a stronger role during community health assessment problem solving.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Meyran Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. matthew.scotch@yale.edu
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scotch
authors.forename: Bambang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Parmanto
authors.forename: Cynthia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gadd
authors.forename: Ravi K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D018672:Community Health Planning; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D020380:Needs Assessment