title: A strategy for annotating the human milk glycome.
abstract: Oligosaccharides in human milk represent a group of bioactive molecules that have evolved to be an abundant and diverse component of human milk, even though they have no direct nutritive value to the infant. A recent hypothesis proposes that they could be substrates for the development of the intestinal microflora and the mucosal immune system. The inability to determine the exact composition of these oligosaccharides limits research and the ability to understand their biological functions. Oligosaccharides isolated from the lipids and proteins of individual human milk samples were analyzed by a combination of techniques including microchip liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-Chip/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MALDI-FT ICR MS). Accurate mass measurements obtained using an orthogonal time-of-flight (o-TOF) mass spectrometry provided oligosaccharide composition for approximately 200 individual molecular species. Comparison of HPLC-Chip/MS profiles from five different women revealed variations in milk oligosaccharide compositions. HPLC-Chip/MS profiling provides a method for routinely identifying milk oligosaccharides. Tandem MS in combination with exoglycosidase digestion provides unambiguous differentiation of structural isomers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (School of Medicine), University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Milady R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ninonuevo
authors.forename: Youmie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hongfeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Brian H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Clowers
authors.forename: J Bruce
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: German
authors.forename: Samara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Killeen
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.forename: Carlito B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Lebrilla
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D046208:Microchip Analytical Procedures; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D008894:Milk Proteins; D009844:Oligosaccharides