title: Management of vesicoureteral reflux.
abstract: Four cases of vesicoureteral reflux are discussed by prominent pediatric urologists. The condition can range from minimal reflux into the distal ureter to massive reflux causing tortuosity of the ureter and hydronephrosis. Treatment options range from medical management to tapering of the ureter with reimplantation. The cross-trigonal technique is popular among pediatric urologists, and the Politano-Leadbetter technique is a very successful technique that has stood the test of time. The extravesical approach to ureteral reimplantation reduces morbidity, shortens hospital stays, reduces medical costs, and maintains the high success rates of the intravesical techniques. Subureteric injection of bulking agents to correct the reflux holds promise as an alternative to open surgery, but presents the challenge of identifying the ideal bulking agent.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaontz