title: Thoracoscopy in pediatric pleural empyema: a prospective study of prognostic factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The indications for thoracoscopy remain imprecise in cases of pleural empyema. This study aimed to identify preoperative prognostic factors to help in the surgical decision.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1996 to 2004, 50 children with parapneumonic pleural empyema underwent thoracoscopy either as the initial procedure (n = 26) or after failure of medical treatment (n = 24). Using multivariate analysis, we tested the prognostic value of clinical and bacteriological data, the ultrasonographic staging of empyema, and the delay before surgery. Outcome measures were technical difficulties, postoperative complications, time to apyrexia, duration of drainage, and length of hospitalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical and bacterial data did not significantly predict the postoperative course. Echogenicity and the presence of pleural loculations at ultrasonography were not independent significant prognostic factors. A delay between diagnosis and surgery of more than 4 days was significantly correlated (P < .05) with more frequent surgical difficulties, longer operative time, more postoperative fever, longer drainage time, longer hospitalization, and more postoperative complications, such as bronchopleural fistula, empyema relapse, and persistent atelectasia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main prognostic factor for thoracoscopic treatment of pleural empyema is the interval between diagnosis and surgery. A 4-day limit, corresponding to the natural process of empyema organization, is significant. The assessment of loculations by ultrasonography alone is not sufficient to predict the postoperative course.
authors.affiliation: Visceral Pediatric Surgery Department, Lapeyronie-Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier Cedex 5 34295, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kalfa
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Allal
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Magali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saguintaah
authors.forename: Marie-Pierre
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Guibal
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sabatier-Laval
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Forgues
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Counil
authors.forename: René-Benoit
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Galifer
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D010994:Pleura / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000382:microbiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography