title: Comparison of the efficacy and safety of live attenuated cold-adapted influenza vaccine, trivalent, with trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine in children and adolescents with asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite their potential for increased morbidity, 75% to 90% of asthmatic children do not receive influenza vaccination. Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), a cold-adapted, temperature-sensitive, trivalent influenza vaccine, is approved for prevention of influenza in healthy children 5 to 19 years of age. LAIV has been studied in only a small number of children with asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children 6 to 17 years of age, with a clinical diagnosis of asthma, received a single dose of either intranasal CAIV-T (an investigational refrigerator-stable formulation of LAIV; n = 1114) or injectable trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV; n = 1115) in this randomized, open-label study during the 2002-2003 influenza season. Participants were followed up for culture-confirmed influenza illness, respiratory outcome, and safety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of community-acquired culture-confirmed influenza illness was 4.1% (CAIV-T) versus 6.2% (TIV), demonstrating a significantly greater relative efficacy of CAIV-T versus TIV of 34.7% (90% confidence interval [CI] 9.4%-53.2%; 95% CI = 3.9%-56.0%). There were no significant differences between treatment groups in the incidence of asthma exacerbations, mean peak expiratory flow rate findings, asthma symptom scores, or nighttime awakening scores. The incidence of runny nose/nasal congestion was higher for CAIV-T (66.2%) than TIV (52.5%) recipients. Approximately 70% of TIV recipients reported injection site reactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAIV-T was well tolerated in children and adolescents with asthma. There was no evidence of a significant increase in adverse pulmonary outcomes for CAIV-T compared with TIV. CAIV-T had a significantly greater relative efficacy of 35% compared with TIV in this high-risk population.
authors.affiliation: Northfield Health Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Douglas M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crovari
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wahn
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klemola
authors.forename: Yechiel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Schlesinger
authors.forename: Alexangros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Langussis
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Øymar
authors.forename: Maria Luz
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krygier
authors.forename: Herculano
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Heininger
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pregaldien
authors.forename: Sheau-Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Razmpour
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saville
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Forrest
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated