title: Cost-effectiveness of implementing national guidelines in the treatment of acute otitis media in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common diseases of childhood, representing a major disease burden on the society. New evidence-based guidelines for AOM, focusing on children under 7 years of age, were introduced in Finland in 1999. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of implementing those guidelines in Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 5-year prospective trial was conducted in thirty community primary healthcare centers in Finland. All AOM patients between 0 and 6 years of age visiting the study health centers for the first time, for this episode of illness, during 1 week in November 1998 (n = 579) and November 2002 (n = 369) were included in this study. The outcome measure was the percentage of symptom-free patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean direct cost of an AOM episode per patient stayed almost the same after implementing the guidelines, euro152 in 1998 and euro150 in 2002. After implementing the guidelines, the percentage of symptom-free patients was 10 percentage points higher than before the guidelines. The treatment after the implementation of the guidelines, thus, was a dominant strategy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementing the guidelines to the treatment of AOM in children was associated with extra health benefits at slightly lower direct costs and, thus, is a dominant strategy. The focus of this study was on the short-term effects of the treatment; including long-term effects in the analysis might affect the results.
authors.affiliation: Social Insurance Institution and National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, Helsinki, Finland. hanna.koskinen@kela.fi
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koskinen
authors.forename: Ulla-Maija
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Rautakorpi
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sintonen
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Honkanen
authors.forename: Solja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huikko
authors.forename: Pentti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huovinen
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klaukka
authors.forename: Erkki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Palva
authors.forename: Risto P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Roine
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sarkkinen
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Varonen
authors.forename: Marjukka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic