title: Combined effects of ethanol and L-menthol on hairless rat stratum corneum investigated by synchrotron X-ray diffraction.
abstract: Synchrotron X-ray diffraction was employed to evaluate the effect of ethanol and l-menthol on lipid arrangements in the stratum corneum of hairless rats. Two sharp diffractions (S=2.40 and S=2.67, corresponding to spacing of 0.417 nm and 0.374 nm respectively) were observed on the broad hump peak derived from soft keratin. To assist in understanding the effects of treatment with ethanol and l-menthol, an abundance ration of lipid hydrocarbon chain packing index (R(H/O)) was defined as R(H/O)=(Peak area at S=2.40 nm(-1))/(Peak area at S=2.67 nm(-1)). When ethanol was applied to the stratum corneum the intensities of diffraction peaks declined slightly. The R(H/O) values observed were not affected by variations in ethanol concentrations in the range 0-40% (w/w). The R(H/O) values did not change even when treatment with ethanol (40%, w/w) was extended to 8 h. These results suggested that lipid arrangements in the stratum corneum were not affected by ethanol. On the other hand, exposure of the stratum corneum to 2% (w/w) L-menthol caused a significant decrease in R(H/O) value. It was shown that L-menthol was dispersed through the stratum corneum, intruded mainly into hexagonal hydrocarbon chain packing, and disrupted the regular organization of these structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan. obata@hoshi.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yasuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Obata
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hatta
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kunizawa
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.forename: Kozo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takayama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004347:Drug Interactions; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D000432:Methanol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D010539:Permeability; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D017356:Synchrotrons
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D000431:Ethanol; D000432:Methanol