title: Efficacy and safety of short duration azithromycin eye drops versus azithromycin single oral dose for the treatment of trachoma in children: a randomised, controlled, double-masked clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Efficacy and safety of a short-duration treatment of azithromycin 1.5% eye drops versus oral azithromycin to treat active trachoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised, controlled, double-masked, double-dummy, non-inferiority explanatory study including 670 children from Guinea Conakry and Pakistan if: 1-10 years old; active trachoma (TF+TI0 or TF+TI+ on simplified World Health Organisation (WHO) scale). Three groups received either: azithromycin 1.5% eye drops twice daily for 2 days, for 3 days or azithromycin single 20 mg/kg oral dose. Patients' contacts were treated whenever possible. Clinical evaluation was performed using a binocular loupe. Primary efficacy variable was the cure (no active trachoma (TF0)) at day 60. Non-inferiority margin for difference between cure rates was 10%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cure rate in per protocol set was as follows: 93.0%, 96.3% and 96.6% in 2-day group 3-day group, and oral treatment group, respectively. Azithromycin 1.5% groups were non-inferior to oral azithromycin. The intend to treat (ITT) analysis supported the results. Clinical re-emergence rate was low: 4.2%. Ocular tolerance was similar for all groups. No treatment related adverse events were reported. Logistic regression analyses found prognostic factors such as: country (p<0.001) and trachoma severity (p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In active trachoma, azithromycin eye drops twice daily for 2 or 3 days are as efficient as the WHO's reference treatment and represent an innovative alternative to oral azithromycin.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Ophtalmologie, CHU d'Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49033 Angers, France. iscochereau@chu-angers.fr
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cochereau
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goldschmidt
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goepogui
authors.forename: Tayyab
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Afghani
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Delval
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pouliquen
authors.forename: Tristan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bourcier
authors.forename: Pierre-Yves
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Robert
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D014141:Trachoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D017963:Azithromycin