title: Bose-Einstein condensation of exciton polaritons.
abstract: Phase transitions to quantum condensed phases--such as Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC), superfluidity, and superconductivity--have long fascinated scientists, as they bring pure quantum effects to a macroscopic scale. BEC has, for example, famously been demonstrated in dilute atom gas of rubidium atoms at temperatures below 200 nanokelvin. Much effort has been devoted to finding a solid-state system in which BEC can take place. Promising candidate systems are semiconductor microcavities, in which photons are confined and strongly coupled to electronic excitations, leading to the creation of exciton polaritons. These bosonic quasi-particles are 10(9) times lighter than rubidium atoms, thus theoretically permitting BEC to occur at standard cryogenic temperatures. Here we detail a comprehensive set of experiments giving compelling evidence for BEC of polaritons. Above a critical density, we observe massive occupation of the ground state developing from a polariton gas at thermal equilibrium at 19 K, an increase of temporal coherence, and the build-up of long-range spatial coherence and linear polarization, all of which indicate the spontaneous onset of a macroscopic quantum phase.
authors.affiliation: CEA-CNRS-UJF joint group Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Physique, UMR5588, Université J. Fourier-Grenoble, F-38402 Saint Martin d'Hères cedex, France. jkasprz@spectro.ujf-grenoble.fr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kasprzak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kundermann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jeambrun
authors.forename: J M J
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Keeling
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Marchetti
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Szymańska
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: André
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Staehli
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Savona
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Littlewood
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Deveaud
authors.forename: Le Si
authors.initials: le S
authors.lastname: Dang