title: Estimation of benchmark doses for urinary cadmium based on beta2-microglobulin excretion in cadmium-polluted regions of the Kakehashi River basin, Japan.
abstract: A benchmark dose low (BMDL) is used as a replacement for the no observed adverse effect level. The threshold levels of urinary cadmium (Cd) as BMDL were estimated using data from the Kakehashi River basin. The target population (>or=50 years) comprised 3178 and 294 participants inhabiting Cd-polluted and non-polluted areas, respectively. Cut-off values for beta2-MG-uria were defined as the 84 and 95% upper limit values calculated from control subjects, and 1000 microg/l or microg/g cr of beta2-MG. Using these cut-off values, the BMDL at which the excess risk is 0.05 was determined to be 2.9 - 4.0 microg/g cr (males) and 1.5 - 3.6 microg/g cr (females). The present study demonstrated that a BMD approach is useful to estimate the threshold level of urinary Cd in Cd-exposed subjects and people living in general environment without any known Cd-pollution since a BMD approach does not need abnormality rates of urinary findings in the controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (A2), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. saknkj1515@libra.livedoor.com
authors.forename: Akane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Etsuko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suwazono
authors.forename: Mirei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uetani
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.forename: Takeya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Teruhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nogawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine*; D002105:Cadmium Poisoning; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012306:Risk; D045483:Rivers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D002104:Cadmium