title: International diffusion of new health technologies: a ten-country analysis of six health technologies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine and explain the differential international diffusion of six health innovations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective diffusion study was undertaken of sildenafil, cyclooxygenase-II (COX II) inhibitors, beta interferon, verteporfin, deep brain stimulators, and drug-eluting coronary stents in ten countries-Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. We plotted diffusion curves of daily defined doses per quarter, vials or implants per million population, and examined the association between diffusion and five key variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Canada, Switzerland, and Sweden are generally high users of new technologies; Spain, Denmark, and particularly the United Kingdom are low users. Almost all countries experienced rapid adoption of sildenafil with diffusion to a similar level; there was variable adoption and diffusion of COX II inhibitors, verteporfin, and interferon beta; drug-eluting stents penetrated the market in a similar way in all but one country; and two countries had very different adoption patterns for deep brain stimulators. Above average health spending and the presence of health technology assessment (HTA) or other guidance reports are consistently associated with increased diffusion. Early warning activity and a national coverage decision being taken are more likely to be associated with a reduced diffusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significant differences in diffusion between different countries are not consistent with a neat evidence-based world. The tools available to policy makers to control diffusion (early warning systems, HTA, and a fourth hurdle) play some part in influencing diffusion but need close scrutiny of how successfully they operate.
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK. c.packer@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stevens
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D020811:Biomedical Technology / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D002170:Canada; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000639:trends; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000639:trends; D005060:Europe; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D011050:Policy Making; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical / Q000379:methods*