title: Oxidant-mediated Akt activation in human RPE cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a model oxidant, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), influences Akt activation and, if so, whether Akt activation promotes retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured human RPE cells were pretreated with medium alone, with LY294002 (LY), an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and its downstream effector Akt, or with Akt/protein kinase B signaling inhibitor (API)-2, a specific Akt inhibitor, and then were stimulated with H2O2 at different doses for various times. Akt phosphorylation was evaluated by Western blot using antibody against phosphorylated Akt (Ser473). The effect of Akt blockade on RPE cell viability was assessed by tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assay and a lactate dehydrognease (LDH) release assay. Caspase-mediated cytokeratin cleavage, an early apoptosis marker, was assessed by M30 antibody staining. Caspase-independent apoptosis was determined by nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). RPE cell morphology was evaluated by electron microscopy. The effect of H2O2 on downstream Akt targets was examined by Western blot using antibody against phosphorylated forkhead in rhabdomyosarcoma (FKHR) and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta.
  
  
  RESULTS
  H2O2 induced Akt phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner and also induced the phosphorylation of downstream effectors FKHR and GSK-3beta. LY markedly inhibited H2O2-mediated Akt phosphorylation and significantly enhanced caspase-associated and caspase-independent RPE cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A model oxidant, H2O2, induces PI3K and thereby activates Akt. Akt activation enhances RPE cell survival and thus may protect RPE cells from oxidant-induced cell death under normal circumstances and in disease states such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Peairs
authors.forename: Ryotaro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tano
authors.forename: Glenn J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Jaffe
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D009025:Morpholines; D016877:Oxidants; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C085126:FOXO1 protein, human; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human