title: Real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography for guiding Amplatzer septal occluder device deployment in patients with atrial septal defect.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcatheter Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO) device closure of atrial septal defects (ASDs) has traditionally been guided by two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (2D-TEE) and intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) modalities. Real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (RT3D-TTE) provides rotating images to define ASD and adjacent structures with potential as an alternative to 2D-TEE or ICE for guiding the device closure of ASD. Our aim was to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of RT3D-TTE in parasternal four-chamber views to guide ASO device closure of ASD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From July 2004 to August 2005, 59 patients underwent transcatheter ASO device closure of ASD. The first 30 patients underwent 2D-TEE guidance under general anesthesia and the remaining 29 patients underwent RT3D-TTE guidance with local anesthesia. All interventions were successfully completed without complications. The clinical characteristics and transcatheter closure variables of RT3D-TTE and 2D-TEE were compared. Echocardiographic visualization of ASD and ASO deployment was found to be adequate when using either methods. Catheterization laboratory time (39.1 +/- 5.4 vs 78.8 +/- 14.1 minutes, P < 0.001) and interventional procedure length (7.6 +/- 4.2 vs 15.3 +/- 2.9 minutes, P < 0.001) were shortened by using RT3D-TTE as compared with 2DE-TEE. There was no difference in the rate of closure following either method, assessed after a 6-month follow-up. The maximal diameter measured by RT3D-TTE and 2D-TEE was correlated well with a balloon-stretched ASD size (y = 0.985x + 0.628, r = 0.924 vs y = 0.93x + 2.08, r = 0.885, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RT3D-TTE may be a feasible, safe, and effective alternative to the standard practice of using 2D-TEE to guide ASO deployment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110 Section 1 Chien-Kuo North Road, Taichung, Taiwan 402.
authors.forename: Fong L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ming C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hsiung
authors.forename: Kai S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Yi C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ming C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D021721:Balloon Occlusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003199:Computer Systems; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012107:Research Design; D016896:Treatment Outcome