title: An end user evaluation of query formulation and results review tools in three medical meta-search engines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retrieving sufficient relevant information online is difficult for many people because they use too few keywords to search and search engines do not provide many support tools. To further complicate the search, users often ignore support tools when available. Our goal is to evaluate in a realistic setting when users use support tools and how they perceive these tools.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared three medical search engines with support tools that require more or less effort from users to form a query and evaluate results. We carried out an end user study with 23 users who were asked to find information, i.e., subtopics and supporting abstracts, for a given theme. We used a balanced within-subjects design and report on the effectiveness, efficiency and usability of the support tools from the end user perspective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found significant differences in efficiency but did not find significant differences in effectiveness between the three search engines. Dynamic user support tools requiring less effort led to higher efficiency. Fewer searches were needed and more documents were found per search when both query reformulation and result review tools dynamically adjust to the user query. The query reformulation tool that provided a long list of keywords, dynamically adjusted to the user query, was used most often and led to more subtopics. As hypothesized, the dynamic result review tools were used more often and led to more subtopics than static ones. These results were corroborated by the usability questionnaires, which showed that support tools that dynamically optimize output were preferred.
authors.affiliation: School of Information Systems and Technology, Claremont Graduate University, 130 E. Ninth Street, Claremont, CA 91711, United States. gondy.leroy@cgu.edu
authors.forename: Gondy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leroy
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Wingyan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Shauna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eggers
authors.forename: Hsinchun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D003258:Consumer Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008491:Medical Informatics Applications; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017432:Unified Medical Language System