title: Simple versus complex assessment of white matter hyperintensities in relation to physical performance and cognition: the LADIS study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  White matter hyperintensities (WMH) on MRI are associated with disorders of gait and balance and with cognitive impairment. The most suitable method to assess WMH in relation to the clinical evaluation of disturbances in these areas has not yet been established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare a simple visual rating scale, a detailed visual rating scale and volumetric assessment of WMH with respect to their associations with clinical measures of physical performance and cognition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from the multicentre, multinational LADIS study. Data of 574 subjects were available. MRI analysis included assessment of WMH using the simple Fazekas scale, the more complex Scheltens scale and a semi-automated volumetric method. Disturbances of gait and balance and general cognitive function were assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Irrespective of the method of measuring WMH, subjects with disturbances of gait and balance (SPPB < or = 10) had more WMH than subjects with normal physical performance. Subjects with mild cognitive deficits (MMSE < or = 25) had more WMH than subjects with normal cognition. Correlations between clinical measures and WMH were equal across methods of WMH measurement (SPPB: Spearman r = -0.22, -0.25, -0.26, all p < 0.001; MMSE: Spearman r = -0.11, -0.10, -0.09, all p < 0.05, for Fazekas scale, Scheltens scale and volumetry, respectively). These associations remained significant and comparable after correcting for age, gender and education in multivariate linear regression analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simple and complex measures of WMH yield comparable associations with measures of physical performance and cognition. This suggests that a simple visual rating scale may be sufficient, when analyzing relationships between clinical parameters and WMH in a clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Alzheimer Center, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. A.A.Gouw@vumc.nl
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gouw
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Van der Flier
authors.forename: E C W
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: van Straaten
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baezner
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pantoni
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inzitari
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Erkinjuntti
authors.forename: L O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Wahlund
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waldemar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fazekas
authors.forename: Ph
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scheltens
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D049292:Leukoaraiosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric