title: Immunocyto- and histochemical profiling of nucleostemin expression: marker of epidermal stem cells?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because the nucleolar protein nucleostemin is present in bone marrow and neuronal stem cells and malignancies originating thereof we monitored its expression in frozen sections from normal human epidermis, basal cell carcinomas, cultured keratinocytes and cells of the squamous carcinoma line FaDu. In addition, probing the value of this protein as a marker of epidermal stem cells was an aim of this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  To further characterize cell features we added analysis of expression of keratins 10 or 19 as markers of terminal differentiation and Ki67 as marker of proliferating cells as well as three adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical monitoring revealed expression of nucleostemin in cells of both Ki67-positive and -negative nuclei regardless of the K10-expression status. Cultured keratinocytes were positive, when they were prepared from hair follicles and cultured in the presence of feeder cells. A small population of these nucleostemin-positive cells also expressed galectin-1 but not galectins-3 and -9 in their nucleoli. Part of these cells also expressed keratin 19. FaDu cells were strongly positive, illustrating expression in malignant cells which require no feeder layer. Of note, the number of galectin-1-positive nucleoli was reduced in the course of culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nucleostemin positivity cannot be considered as marker for stem cells in skin sections. In cultured cells, nucleostemin is expressed in a distinct population of the epidermal cells from hair follicle kept in the presence of a feeder layer, intimating an association of nucleostemin expression with this type of epithelio-mesenchymal interaction which is not essential during propagation of malignant cells.
authors.affiliation: Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lukás
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lacina
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smetana
authors.forename: Barbora
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dvoránková
authors.forename: Jirí
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stork
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Plzáková
authors.forename: Hans-Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Gabius
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D037161:Galectins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053550:Keratin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053534:Keratin-9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C469949:GNL3 protein, human; D037161:Galectins; C507493:KRT10 protein, human; C507440:KRT9 protein, human; D053534:Keratin-9; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D053550:Keratin-10; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins