title: Competitive surfing injuries: a prospective study of surfing-related injuries among contest surfers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surfing is a sport that has been growing rapidly in popularity, yet little is known about surfing injuries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To calculate an accurate injury rate for competitive surfing and to describe the relative frequency, mechanisms, and risk factors for acute surfing injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive epidemiology study.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study of acute competitive surfing injuries was carried out at 32 professional and amateur surfing contests worldwide between 1999 and 2005. All acute injuries sustained during competition were recorded by on-site medical personnel. The wave size, type of seafloor, and number of surfing heats were also recorded for each day. The total number of injuries was divided by the total number of athlete exposures to determine injury rates. A multiple logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 116 injuries documented, 89 of which occurred during competition. There were 15,675 athlete exposures, yielding an injury rate of 5.7 per 1000 athlete exposures, or 13 per 1000 hours of competitive surfing. There were 6.6 significant injuries per 1000 hours of competitive surfing. Risk of injury was 2.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.5-3.9) times greater when surfing in waves overhead or bigger relative to smaller waves and 2.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-5.2) times greater when surfing over a rock or reef bottom relative to a sandy bottom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were 13 acute surfing injuries per 1000 hours of competitive surfing. The risk of injury was more than doubled when surfing in large waves or over a hard seafloor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. ANathanson@lifespan.org
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nathanson
authors.forename: Shark
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: Leland
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dao
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tam-Sing
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013177:Sports