title: Cancer-specific mortality after radiation therapy with short-course hormonal therapy or radical prostatectomy in men with localized, intermediate-risk to high-risk prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of multiple determinants of aggressive cancer biology may impact prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) rates compared with fewer factors. The authors estimated PCSM after radiation therapy with short-course androgen suppression therapy (RT+AST) or radical prostatectomy (RP) in men with clinically localized, intermediate-risk to high-risk prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study cohort included 3240 men treated from 1981 to 2002 with RT with 6 months of AST (n = 550) or RP (n = 2690) for localized prostate cancer with at least 1 risk factor (prostate-specific antigen [PSA] >10 ng/mL, biopsy Gleason score 7-10, or clinical tumor category T2b or T2c). Competing risks regression analyses were used to determine whether the number of risk factors present was associated with time to PCSM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men with all 3 risk factors had significantly shorter time to PCSM after RT+AST (adjusted hazards ratio [HR] of 9.3; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.9-44.5 [P(Gray) = .005]) or RP (adjusted HR of 6.3; 95% CI, 3.2-12.2 [P(Gray) < .001]) when compared with men with any 1 or 2 risk factors. The 7-year estimates of PCSM for men having 1, 2, or 3 risk factors were 0.83% (95% CI, 0.27-1.4%), 2.6% (95% CI, 1.0-4.2%), and 12.6% (95% CI, 7.1-18.1%), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men with multiple determinants of intermediate-risk to high-risk prostate cancer have significantly increased estimates of PCSM despite aggressive therapy compared with men with only 1 or 2 determinants. These men are appropriate candidates for enrollment onto randomized controlled trials evaluating the benefit of adding systemic therapies such as docetaxel to RT+AST or RP.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. htsai@partners.org
authors.forename: Henry K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Ming-Hui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Jerome P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Richie
authors.forename: Anthony V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: D'Amico
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000813:Anilides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005485:Flutamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009570:Nitriles; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014105:Tosyl Compounds; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000813:Anilides; D009570:Nitriles; D014105:Tosyl Compounds; D005485:Flutamide; C053541:bicalutamide; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen