title: Physical collection efficiency of filter materials for bacteria and viruses.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the physical collection efficiency of commercially available filters for collecting airborne bacteria, viruses, and other particles in the 10-900 nm (nanometer) size range. Laboratory experiments with various polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polycarbonate (PC) and gelatin filters in conjunction with Button Inhalable samplers and three-piece cassettes were undertaken. Both biological and non-biological test aerosols were used: Bacillus atrophaeus, MS2, polystyrene latex (PSL), and sodium chloride (NaCl). The B.atrophaeus endospores had an aerodynamic diameter of 900 nm, whereas MS2 virion particles ranged from 10 to 80 nm. Monodisperse 350 nm PSL particles were used as this size was believed to have the lowest filtration efficiency. NaCl solution (1% weight by volume) was used to create a polydisperse aerosol in the 10-600 nm range. The physical collection efficiency was determined by measuring particle concentrations size-selectively upstream and downstream of the filters. The PTFE and gelatin filters showed excellent collection efficiency (>93%) for all of the test particles. The PC filters showed lower collection efficiency for small particles especially <100 nm. Among the tested filters, the lowest collection efficiencies, 49 and 22%, were observed for 1 and 3-microm pore size PC filters at the particle sizes of 47 and 63 nm, respectively. The results indicate that the effect of filter material is more significant for the size range of single virions than for bacteria. The effect of filter loading was examined by exposing filters to mixtures of PSL particles, which aimed at mimicking typical indoor dust levels and size distributions. A 4-h loading did not cause significant change in the physical collection efficiency of the tested filters.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS R-11, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA. NBurton@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Nancy Clark
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: Sergey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Grinshpun
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reponen
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D001419:Bacteria; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D005780:Gelatin; D010316:Particle Size; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D011137:Polystyrenes; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D014780:Viruses
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D011137:Polystyrenes; C005506:polycarbonate; D005780:Gelatin; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; C024075:styrofoam