title: Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta attenuates the development of carrageenan-induced lung injury in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a ubiquitous serine-threonine protein kinase that participates in a multitude of cellular processes and has recently been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GSK-3beta inhibition in a model of acute inflammation. Here, we have investigated the effects of TDZD-8, a potent and selective GSK-3beta inhibitor, in a mouse model of carrageenan-induced pleurisy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Injection of carrageenan into the pleural cavity of mice elicited an acute inflammatory response characterized by: accumulation of fluid containing a large number of neutrophils (PMNs) in the pleural cavity, infiltration of PMNs in lung tissues and subsequent lipid peroxidation, and increased production of nitrite/nitrate (NOx), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumour necrosis factor-alpha, (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). Furthermore, carrageenan induced an upregulation of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and P-selectin, iNOS, COX-2 as well as nitrotyrosine as determined by immunohistochemical analysis of lung tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of TDZD-8 (1, 3 or 10 mg kg(-1), i.p.), 30 min prior to injection of carrageenan, caused a dose-dependent reduction in all the parameters of inflammation measured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, based on these findings we propose that inhibitors of the activity of GSK-3beta, such as TDZD-8, may be useful in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy. salvator@unime.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cuzzocrea
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crisafulli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazzon
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muià
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdelrahman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Paola
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thiemermann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000633:toxicity*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D013830:Thiadiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C494356:4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D013830:Thiadiazoles; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D002351:Carrageenan; D009195:Peroxidase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605507:Gsk3b protein, mouse; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3