title: Fatigue states after cancer treatment occur both in association with, and independent of, mood disorder: a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persistent fatigue is recognised as one of the most common, ongoing symptoms reported by patients following cancer treatment and may have profound effects on the quality of life. However, recent cross-sectional studies also highlight the close relationship between cancer related fatigue (CRF) and diagnoses of depression or anxiety disorder. There is currently limited information about the relationships between these conditions over time. We sought to examine the longitudinal relationships between fatigue and mood disorder in women treated with adjuvant therapy for early stage breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women who had recently completed adjuvant therapy for Stage I or II breast cancer (n = 212) were sent a questionnaire with established case thresholds for clinically-significant fatigue and psychological disorder, as well as a questionnaire assessing disability. Potentially relevant variables linked to fatigue states, including age, treatment modality, menopausal status, and hematological indices were recorded. The illness outcomes were assessed over 48 months of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 176 women who responded to the questionnaire (84%) had a mean age of 55 (range 24-83) years and had completed adjuvant treatment on average 10 (range 4.7-16.3) months previously. Radiotherapy had been administered, either alone (50% of women) or in combination with chemotherapy (36%). Responses from 87 women (48%) indicated a significant fatigue state (termed here post-cancer fatigue; PCF), and from 59 women (33%) responses indicated significant psychological distress. Thirty-four women (19%) were cases of fatigue alone (i.e. unaccompanied by psychological disorder), whereas 52 (30%) were cases of both disorders. Multivariate analysis did not reveal any association between demographic, clinical or laboratory variables, and caseness for PCF. Self-reported functional disability was significantly associated with fatigue. Follow-up at 24, 36 and 48 months revealed high rates of ongoing PCF in conjunction with psychological distress, despite falling rates of psychological distress alone and fatigue alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Post-cancer fatigue was prevalent and sustained on follow-up. Concurrent psychological disorder was evident in the majority, but not all, cases of PCF and tended to be sustained over time. Further prospective cohort studies to define the longitudinal co-morbid relationships between fatigue, mood disorder, and ongoing disability after cancer treatment are indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia. d.goldstein@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Davenport
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hickie
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lloyd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D015897:Comorbidity; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents