title: Semen quality in a residential, geographic and age representative sample of healthy Chinese men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Population-based study of semen quality is rare in literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy men aged 20-60 years from six Chinese provinces were invited to participate in the study between December 2000 and November 2002. Posters were distributed in the participating counties to enroll 200 subjects from each province. Medians, percentiles, and proportions below lower threshold of the WHO criteria for semen parameters were calculated. Generalized linear models were used to examine the determinants of semen quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Semen samples from 1191 healthy Chinese men were collected and analysed. The medians (5th and 95th percentiles) were 2.3 ml (1.0-4.5) for semen volume, 65 x 10(6)/ml (20-150) for semen concentration, 154 x 10(6)/ejection (29-421) for sperm count, 19% (5-32) for rapid progressive motility, 46% (29-66) for progressive motility, 67% (47-81) for total motile spermatozoa, 70% (48-88) for sperm viability and 39% (23-76) for normal morphology. Many healthy Chinese men had semen parameter values below the lower threshold of the WHO criteria. Region, age, abstinence duration and season were important determinants of semen quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chinese men have lower values of semen parameters according to WHO standard, and a lower threshold for normal semen parameters for Chinese men should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, P.R. China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: J Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Wen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D002470:Cell Survival; D002681:China; D005298:Fertility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012424:Rural Population; D012661:Semen / Q000502:physiology*; D012746:Sexual Abstinence / Q000502:physiology; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility; D014505:Urban Population