title: Testosterone and progesterone rapidly attenuate plasma membrane Gbetagamma-mediated signaling in Xenopus laevis oocytes by signaling through classical steroid receptors.
abstract: Many transcription-independent (nongenomic) steroid effects are regulated by G proteins. A well-established, biologically relevant example of steroid/G protein interplay is steroid-triggered oocyte maturation, or meiotic resumption, in Xenopus laevis. Oocyte maturation is proposed to occur through a release of inhibition mechanism whereby constitutive signaling by Gbetagamma and other G proteins maintains oocytes in meiotic arrest. Steroids (androgens in vivo, and androgens and progesterone in vitro) overcome this inhibition to promote meiotic resumption. To test this model, we used G protein-regulated inward rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs) as markers of Gbetagamma activity. Overexpression of GIRKs 1 and 2 in Xenopus oocytes resulted in constitutive potassium influx, corroborating the presence of basal Gbetagamma signaling in resting oocytes. Testosterone and progesterone rapidly reduced potassium influx, validating that steroids attenuate Gbetagamma activity. Interestingly, reduction of classical androgen receptor (AR) expression by RNA interference abrogated testosterone's effects on GIRK activity at low, but not high, steroid concentrations. Accordingly, androgens bound to the Xenopus progesterone receptor (PR) at high concentrations, suggesting that, in addition to the AR, the PR might mediate G protein signaling when androgens levels are elevated. In contrast, progesterone bound with high affinity to both the Xenopus PR and AR, indicating that progesterone might signal and promote maturation through both receptors, regardless of its concentration. In sum, these studies introduce a novel method for detecting nongenomic steroid effects on G proteins in live cells in real time, and demonstrate that cross talk may occur between steroids and their receptors during Xenopus oocyte maturation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-8857, USA.
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Evaul
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jamnongjit
authors.forename: Bala
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bhagavath
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hammes
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D044387:GTP-Binding Protein beta Subunits / Q000378:metabolism*; D044388:GTP-Binding Protein gamma Subunits / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D011374:Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D011397:Promegestone / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D044387:GTP-Binding Protein beta Subunits; D044388:GTP-Binding Protein gamma Subunits; D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D011397:Promegestone