title: Sensory and biomechanical characterization of two painful syndromes in the heel.
abstract: This study evaluated sensory and biomechanical assets in 2 heel pain conditions with similar symptoms, entrapment syndrome of the nerve to abductor digiti quinti and myofascial syndrome of abductor hallucis. Thirty-three patients with unilateral heel pain and 20 asymptomatic subjects underwent pressure pain threshold measurement in the painful area in site A (medial process of calcaneal tuberosity, trigger point site of abductor hallucis) and site B (1 cm posteriorly to site A, where the nerve to abductor digiti quinti becomes most superficial) and contralaterally; electroneurography of posterior tibial nerve; evaluation of ground-foot reaction on a dynamic platform. Eighteen patients had electric shock-type pain (entrapment syndrome, Group 1), 15 had cramp-like pain (myofascial syndrome, Group 2). Pain thresholds on the affected side versus contralaterally were significantly lower in site B in Group 1 and in site A in Group 2 (P < .001). Nerve conduction velocity was slightly reduced in Group 1 (P = .05). Ground-foot reaction was significantly altered on the affected side in all patients versus asymptomatic subjects; a significant difference between the 2 sides was found for peak of force (F1) in Group 1 and for all parameters except temporal phase of peak of force (TF3) (P = .05) for Group 2 (P < .0001). The different sensory and biomechanical patterns of the 2 examined syndromes help the differential diagnosis and consequent therapeutic approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows different sensory and biomechanical patterns in 2 algogenic conditions of the heel with similar pain location. These distinct patterns reflect different pathophysiologic mechanisms in the 2 cases, which has a potential significant impact on treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, G D'Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Raoul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saggini
authors.forename: Rosa Grazia
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Bellomo
authors.forename: Giannapia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Affaitati
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lapenna
authors.forename: Maria Adele
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Giamberardino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004056:Differential Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006365:Heel / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009408:Nerve Compression Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000523:psychology*; D011312:Pressure; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012677:Sensation