title: The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: development and validation.
abstract: In this study, the authors both developed and validated a self-report mindfulness measure, the Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS). In Study 1, participants were individuals with and without meditation experience. Results showed good internal consistency and two factors, Curiosity and Decentering. Most of the expected relationships with other constructs were as expected. The TMS scores increased with increasing mindfulness meditation experience. In Study 2, criterion and incremental validity of the TMS were investigated on a group of individuals participating in 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction programs. Results showed that TMS scores increased following treatment, and Decentering scores predicted improvements in clinical outcome. Thus, the TMS is a promising measure of the mindfulness state with good psychometric properties and predictive of treatment outcome.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and the University of Toronto. mark_lau@camh.net
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Zindel V
authors.initials: ZV
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buis
authors.forename: Nicole D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Shauna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carmody
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abbey
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Devins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires