title: A common polymorphism in the mineralocorticoid receptor modulates stress responsiveness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) mediate the action of aldosterone on sodium resorption in kidney tubular cells, but in brain they respond to the glucocorticoid cortisol in stress regulation and cognitive processes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to investigate the role of the MR gene variant I180V in the neuroendocrine response to a psychosocial stressor and in electrolyte regulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Associations between the MRI180V and outcome variables in a healthy cohort subjected to psychosocial challenge (Trier Social Stress Test) and in a mild hypertensive cohort exposed to acute salt loading (Weinberger's test) were investigated. In vitro transactivational assays were applied to compare the effects of cortisol and aldosterone on the MRI180V.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carriers of the MR180V allele showed higher saliva (P < 0.01), plasma cortisol (P < 0.01), and heart rate responses (P < 0.05) to the Trier Social Stress Test than noncarriers (MR180I). After 3 d of a normal salt diet and the Weinberger's test, no association was found with urinary sodium excretion, plasma aldosterone, and plasma renin activity or with changes in blood pressure, aldosterone, and renin responses. In vitro testing of the MR180V allele revealed a mild loss of function using cortisol as a ligand, compared with the MR180I allele. Significantly higher doses of cortisol were needed for half-maximal induction on the TAT-1 (P < 0.002), TAT-3 (P < 0.03), or mouse mammary tumor virus (P < 0.02) promoters, whereas maximal induction was not different. These differences were not observed using aldosterone as a ligand.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings reveal that cortisol and heart rate responses to a psychosocial stressor are enhanced in carriers of the MR180V variant.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research/Leiden University Medical Center, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. r.h.de.rijk@lacdr.leidenuniv.nl
authors.forename: Roel H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: DeRijk
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wüst
authors.forename: Onno C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: Maria-Christina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Zennaro
authors.forename: Ilona S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Federenko
authors.forename: Dirk H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Hellhammer
authors.forename: Gilberta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giacchetti
authors.forename: Erno
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vreugdenhil
authors.forename: Frans G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Zitman
authors.forename: E Ronald
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: de Kloet
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000235:genetics; D000293:Adolescent; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006224:Cricetinae; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000235:genetics*; D014162:Transfection; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid; D000450:Aldosterone; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone