title: Rectal prolapse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rectal prolapse, or procidentia, is defined as a protrusion of the rectum beyond the anus. It commonly occurs at the extremes of age. Rectal prolapse frequently coexists with other pelvic floor disorders, and patients have symptoms associated with combined rectal and genital prolapse. Few patients, a lack of randomized trials and difficulties in the interpretation of studies of anorectal physiology have made the understanding of this disorder difficult.
  Surgical management is aimed at restoring physiology by correcting the prolapse and improving continence and constipation, whereas in patients with concurrent genital and rectal prolapse, an interdisciplinary surgical approach is required. Operation should be reserved for those patients in whom medical treatment has failed, and it may be expected to relieve symptoms. Numerous surgical procedures have been suggested to treat rectal prolapse. They are generally classified as abdominal or perineal according to the route of access. However, the controversy as to which operation is appropriate cannot be answered definitively, as the extent of a standardized diagnostic assessment and the types of surgical procedures have not been identified in published series.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review encompasses rectal prolapse, including aetiology, symptoms and treatment. The English-language literature about rectal prolapse was identified using Medline, and additional cited works not detected in the initial search were obtained. Articles reporting on prospective and retrospective comparisons and case reports were included.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Attachment in Division of General Surgery and Oncology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, 21 Millersdale Road, Mossley Hill, L18 5HG, Liverpool, UK. drsgourgiotis@tiscali.co.uk
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gourgiotis
authors.forename: Sotirios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baratsis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002675:Child, Preschool; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012005:Rectal Prolapse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013526:Surgical Mesh