title: The altered fluid distribution in obesity may reflect plasma hypertonicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explored whether the increased extracellular relative to intracellular fluid (ECF/ICF) ratio in obesity might reflect osmotic effects of elevated plasma solute concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, epidemiological survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present analysis used nationally representative data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey on community-dwelling adults (aged 40-59 years) in the US without evidence of glucose dysregulation or chronic disease (n=1285).
  
  
  METHODS
  Body mass index (BMI) was estimated from measured height and weight. Total body reactance, an index of body fluid distribution, was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Plasma tonicity (the cumulative index of osmotically effective plasma solute) was estimated from plasma glucose, sodium and potassium. Sex-specific relative odds of lower reactance (<or=50 Omega/m for women, <or=40 Omega/m for men) and plasma hypertonicity (tonicity >or=295 mmol/l) associated with overweight (25<or=BMI <30) and obesity (BMI>or=30) were estimated using logistic regression models that controlled for sociodemographic variables, smoking, leisure-time physical activity, total energy intake, serum creatinine, plasma insulin and glucose. Multinomial logistic regression models tested for associations between weight status and specific serum solute.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent of covariates, in men and women, overweight and obesity were associated with increased odds of lower reactance and hypertonicity. Overweight and obese individuals with lower reactance had significantly higher serum sodium than normal weight individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated plasma solute concentrations are associated with obesity in free-living adults. Physicians and researchers should be alert to a possible link between hypertonicity and obesity.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Grants from the NIH, Nestle Waters.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA. jstookey@chori.edu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Stookey
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barclay
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arieff
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Popkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003681:Dehydration / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D017097:Electric Impedance; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood*; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood*; D014481:United States; D014883:Water-Electrolyte Imbalance / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium