title: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.
abstract: Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common clinical problem. Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation is central to the pathogenesis. New studies have identified the importance of nitric oxide and cholinergic pathways in modulating transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Provocative information suggests that infection with Helicobacter pylori may protect patients from developing complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Endoscopy may be used by clinicians to tailor therapy, but an empiric trial of a proton pump inhibitor may be an alternative diagnostic approach. Nocturnal acid breakthrough during proton pump inhibitor therapy has emerged as an important new treatment concept, although its clinical importance remains unproven. Studies continue to show that laparoscopic antireflux surgery is a cost-effective treatment option for patients requiring maintenance therapy with proton pump inhibitors. However, the minimally invasive nature of the operation should not alter the indications for antireflux surgery, especially for patients with atypical symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Center for Swallowing and Esophageal Disorders, Department of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA. falkg@cesmtp.ccf.org
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Falk