title: Resistance to antibiotics in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the global resistance to some antibiotics used to treat nosocomial infections by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, specially to carbapenems, and its relationship with the presence of carbapenemases, OXA, VIM and IMP.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 229 P. aeruginosa isolates from a Hospital in Northern Spain (year 2002). Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was determined by the analysis of the MIC. Genetic typing was carried out by RAPD-PCR fingerprinting with primer ERIC-2. Genetic experiments to detect class-1 integrons were performed by PCR with primers 5'CS and 3'CS. Detection of carbapenemases was done by phenotypic (Hodge test and DDST) and genotypic methods (PCR with primers for imp, vim1, vim2 and oxa40 genes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  23.9% of isolates were resistant to ceftazidime, 35.9% to cefotaxime, 5.3% to amikacin, 54.9% to gentamicin, 14.6% to imipenem and 6.6% to meropenem. Isolates resistant to imipenem (33) were furtherly tested. Genetic typing didn't show clonal relatedness among the most of the isolates. Class-1 integrons were present in most isolates (sizes 600-1700 bp). Phenotypic methods for carbapenemases showed 5 positive isolates. Genotypic methods showed the presence of two isolates with the oxa40 gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Meropenem, amikacin and imipenem were the most active agents to treat infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In our study, the presence of carbapenemase enzymes wasn't high. Phenotypic tests cannot be considered as accurate screening tool to detect carbapenemases. This is the fist report of the oxa40 gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de inmunología, microbiología y parasitología, facultad de medicina y odontología, Universidad del País Vasco, 8080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sevillano
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valderrey
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Canduela
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Umaran
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gallego
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017931:DNA Primers