title: Clouding and phase behavior of nonionic surfactants in hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl cellulose solutions.
abstract: Clouding phenomena and phase behaviors of two nonionic surfactants, Triton X-114 and Triton X-100, in the presence of either hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) or its hydrophobically modified counterpart (HMHEC) were experimentally studied. Compared with HEC, HMHEC was found to have a stronger effect on lowering the cloud point temperature of a nonionic surfactant at low concentrations. The difference in clouding behavior can be attributed to different kinds of molecular interactions. Depletion flocculation is the underlying mechanism in the case of HEC, while the chain-bridging effect is responsible for the large decrease of cloud point for HMHEC. Composition analyses for the formed macroscopic phases were carried out to provide support for associative phase separation for the case of HMHEC, in contrast to segregative phase separation for HEC. An interesting three-phase-separation phenomenon was reported in some HMHEC/Triton X-100 mixtures at high surfactant concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: Guangqiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Shing Bor
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Chen