title: Evaluation of safety and pharmacokinetics of vancomycin after intraosseous regional limb perfusion and comparison of results with those obtained after intravenous regional limb perfusion in horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in plasma and synovial fluid after intraosseous regional limb perfusion (IORLP) in horses and to compare results with those obtained after IV regional limb perfusion (IVRLP).
  
  
  METHODS
  6 horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  1 forelimb of each horse received vancomycin hydrochloride (300 mg in 60 mL of saline [0.9% NaCl] solution) via IORLP; the contralateral limb received 60 mL of saline solution (control). Solutions were injected into the medullary cavity of the distal portion of the third metacarpal bone. Synovial fluid from the metacarpophalangeal (MTCP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints and blood were collected prior to perfusion and 15, 30, 45, 65, and 90 minutes after beginning IORLP, and synovial fluid from the MTCP joint only and blood were collected 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after beginning IORLP. Plasma urea and creatinine concentrations and clinical appearance of the MTCP joint region and infusion sites were determined daily for 7 days. Results were compared with those of a separate IVRLP study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical complications were not observed after IORLP. Mean vancomycin concentration in the MTCP joint was 4 microg/mL for 24 hours after IORLP. Compared with IORLP, higher vancomycin concentrations were detected in the DIP joint after IVRLP. Compared with IVRLP, higher vancomycin concentrations were detected in the MTCP joint for a longer duration after IORLP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IORLP with 300 mg of vancomycin in a 0.5% solution was safe and may be clinically useful in horses. Intravenous and intraosseous routes may be better indicated for infectious processes in the DIP and MTCP joints, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rubio-Martínez
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Sanromán
authors.forename: Antonio M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tendillo
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rioja
authors.forename: Fidel
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: San Román
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D005552:Forelimb; D006207:Half-Life; D006736:Horses / Q000378:metabolism*; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin