title: Clinical characteristics of Mooren's ulcer in South India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical characteristics at presentation of a large cohort of patients with Mooren's ulcer in South India.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of patients with Mooren's ulcer examined in the cornea clinic at Aravind Eye Hospital Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, over a 10-year period were reviewed in this retrospective observational case series.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cohort contained 242 eyes of 166 patients. All patients were from South India, and men outnumbered women by a ratio of 4.7:1. The median and mean ages at presentation were 65 and 61 years, respectively, with a range of 13-95 years. One eye was affected in 90 of 166 (54%) patients. Visual acuity in the affected eye at presentation ranged from 6/6 to light perception, and was 6/12 or better in 34 of 242 (14%) eyes, between 6/12 and 3/60 in 168 (69%) eyes, and worse than 3/60 in 40 (17%) eyes. Partial peripheral corneal ulceration was observed in 222 (92%) eyes, complete peripheral corneal ulceration was observed in 15 (6%) eyes and total corneal ulceration was observed in 5 (2%) eyes. For those 222 eyes with partial peripheral ulceration, 152 (68%) showed temporal involvement, 129 (58%) showed nasal involvement, 116 (52%) showed inferior involvement and 30 (14%) showed superior involvement. Perforation was observed in 26 (11%) eyes, and was more common in eyes with peripheral as compared with total ulceration (p<0.001). Identified risk factors in the cohort included evidence of prior corneal surgery (22%), corneal trauma (17%) and corneal infection (2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mooren's ulcer is a rare and potentially blinding eye condition observed not infrequently in the cornea clinic at Aravind Eye Hospital. Men are affected more often than women and may present with either unilateral or bilateral disease. Perforation is observed in approximately 1 in 10 affected eyes at presentation and occurs most often in the setting of peripheral ulceration. The occurrence of prior corneal surgery, trauma or infection in nearly one third of patients supports theories of exposure to corneal antigen in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Aravind Eye Hospital and Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Muthaiah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Zegans
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zelefsky
authors.forename: Arunava
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kundu
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lietman
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Whitcher
authors.forename: Emmett T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Cunningham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003320:Corneal Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology; D014792:Visual Acuity