title: Androgen receptor phosphorylation and stabilization in prostate cancer by cyclin-dependent kinase 1.
abstract: Androgen receptors (ARs) are phosphorylated at multiple sites in response to ligand binding, but the kinases mediating AR phosphorylation and the importance of these kinases in AR function have not been established. Here we show that cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) mediates AR phosphorylation at Ser-81 and increases AR protein expression, and that Cdk1 inhibitors decrease AR Ser-81 phosphorylation, protein expression, and transcriptional activity in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. The decline in AR protein expression mediated by the Cdk inhibitor roscovitine was prevented by proteosome inhibitors, indicating that Cdk1 stabilizes AR protein, although roscovitine also decreased AR message levels. Analysis of an S81A AR mutant demonstrated that this site is not required for transcriptional activity or Cdk1-mediated AR stabilization in transfected cells. The AR is active and seems to be stabilized by low levels of androgen in "androgen-independent" PCas that relapse subsequent to androgen-deprivation therapy. Significantly, the expression of cyclin B and Cdk1 was increased in these tumors, and treatment with roscovitine abrogated responses to low levels of androgen in the androgen-independent C4-2 PCa cell line. Taken together, these findings identify Cdk1 as a Ser-81 kinase and indicate that Cdk1 stabilizes AR protein by phosphorylation at a site(s) distinct from Ser-81. Moreover, these results indicate that increased Cdk1 activity is a mechanism for increasing AR expression and stability in response to low androgen levels in androgen-independent PCas, and that Cdk1 antagonists may enhance responses to androgen-deprivation therapy.
authors.affiliation: Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Shaoyong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Youyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Glenn J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Bubley
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Balk
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010768:Phosphoserine / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011687:Purines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077546:Roscovitine; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011687:Purines; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D000077546:Roscovitine; D010768:Phosphoserine; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase