title: Association of periodontal disease severity with diabetes duration and diabetic complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between periodontal disease severity and diabetes complications and duration in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) was investigated in this comparative cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine patients with type 1 DM of < or = 5 years duration were compared with 43 patients with > 5 years duration of DM. Complete medical history and examination and assessments of retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy were performed, followed by assessments of the plaque index (PI), pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and the number of missing teeth by one examiner masked to the diabetic status of the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of missing teeth (4 versus 0) and CAL (2.88 vs 2.56 mm) were significantly higher in patients with longer DM duration (p < 0.05). For patients with > or = 5 years DM duration, periodontal disease severity was also greater in patients with one or more DM complications, as assessed by the number of missing teeth (17 vs 0; p < 0.001) and CAL (4.74 vs 2.81 mm; p < 0.01). Stepwise multiple regression analysis associated the presence of > or = 1 DM complications and smoking history with severe attachment loss (CAL > or = 7 mm; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontal disease severity is associated with both DM duration and the presence of DM complications in this sample of type 1 DM patients.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health, Kuwait, Jahra, Kuwait. khalsham@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Khalaf F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Al-Shammari
authors.forename: Jassem M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Al-Ansari
authors.forename: Nermeen M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Moussa
authors.forename: Abdallah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ben-Nakhi
authors.forename: Monira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Arouj
authors.forename: Hom-Lay
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000150:complications; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications; D018450:Disease Progression; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008336:Mandibular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D008439:Maxillary Diseases / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D013997:Time Factors; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000209:etiology