title: Deconfounding microarray analysis - independent measurements of cell type proportions used in a regression model to resolve tissue heterogeneity bias.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Microarray analysis requires standardized specimens and evaluation procedures to achieve acceptable results. A major limitation of this method is caused by heterogeneity in the cellular composition of tissue specimens, which frequently confounds data analysis. We introduce a linear model to deconfound gene expression data from tissue heterogeneity for genes exclusively expressed by a single cell type.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene expression data are deconfounded from tissue heterogeneity effects by analyzing them using an appropriate linear regression model. In our illustrating data set tissue heterogeneity is being measured using flow cytometry. Gene expression data are determined in parallel by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and microarray analyses. Verification of deconfounding is enabled using protein quantification for the respective marker genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For our illustrating dataset, quantification of cell type proportions for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from tuberculosis patients and controls revealed differences in B cell and monocyte proportions between both study groups, and thus heterogeneity for the tissue under investigation. Gene expression analyses reflected these differences in celltype distribution. Fitting an appropriate linear model allowed us to deconfound measured transcriptome levels from tissue heterogeneity effects. In the case of monocytes, additional differential expression on the single cell level could be proposed. Protein quantification verified these deconfounded results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deconfounding of transcriptome analyses for cellular heterogeneity greatly improves interpretability, and hence the validity of transcriptome profiling results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Repsilber
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gutschmidt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neher
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Feldmann
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Mollenkopf
authors.forename: S H E
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ziegler
mesh_terms: D002468:Cell Physiological Phenomena; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000502:physiology; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012044:Regression Analysis