Presentation, patterns of myocardial damage, and clinical course of viral myocarditis.
BACKGROUND
Enteroviruses and adenoviruses have been considered the most common causes of viral myocarditis, but parvovirus B19 (PVB19) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) are increasingly found in endomyocardial biopsy samples.


RESULTS
Consequently, our aim was to evaluate the prevalence and clinical presentation of cardiac PVB19 and/or HHV6 infection in a cohort of myocarditis patients and to follow its clinical course. In addition, we sought to demonstrate patterns of myocardial damage and to determine predictors for chronic heart failure. Our study design consisted of a cardiovascular magnetic resonance protocol as well as endomyocardial biopsies in the myocardial region affected as indicated by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. One hundred twenty-eight patients were enrolled by clinical criteria. In the group of myocarditis patients (n=87), PVB19 (n=49), HHV6 (n=16), and combined PVB19/HHV6 infections (n=15) were detected most frequently. The remaining patients were diagnosed with healing myocarditis (n=15) or did not have myocarditis (n=26). Patients with PVB19 presented in a manner similar to that of myocardial infarction; most had typical subepicardial late gadolinium enhancement in the lateral wall and recovered within months. Conversely, patients with HHV6 and especially with HHV6/PVB19 myocarditis presented with new onset of heart failure, had septal late gadolinium enhancement, and frequently progressed toward chronic heart failure.


CONCLUSIONS
Our data indicate that PVB19 and HHV6 are the most important causes for viral myocarditis in Germany and that the clinical presentation is related to the type of virus. Furthermore, clinical presentation, type of virus, and pattern of myocardial damage are related to the clinical course.
Mahrholdt
Heiko
H
Division of Cardiology, Robert Bosch Medical Center, Auerbachstrasse 110, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany. Heiko.Mahrholdt@rbk.de
Wagner
Anja
A
Deluigi
Claudia C
CC
Kispert
Eva
E
Hager
Stefan
S
Meinhardt
Gabriel
G
Vogelsberg
Holger
H
Fritz
Peter
P
Dippon
Juergen
J
Bock
C-Thomas
CT
Klingel
Karin
K
Kandolf
Reinhard
R
Sechtem
Udo
U
D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006321:Heart / Q000821:virology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D015654:Herpesvirus 6, Human / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000821:virology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016732:Parvovirus B19, Human / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015995:Prevalence; D019349:Roseolovirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology