title: Long-term follow-up of exhibitionists: psychological, phallometric, and offense characteristics.
abstract: Exhibitionism has historically been viewed as more of a nuisance than a serious criminal justice matter. Research has demonstrated that the number of exhibitionists who are detected re-offending is a significant under-representation of the number who actually re-offend. The objective of this study was to extend a previous study conducted on exhibitionists, while attempting to solve the limitations described in that study. Two hundred eight exhibitionists were assessed at a university teaching hospital between 1983 and 1996. Archival data were derived from police and medical files. Results indicated that, over a mean follow-up period of 13.24 years, 23.6, 31.3, and 38.9 percent of exhibitionists were charged with or convicted of sexual, violent, or criminal offenses, respectively. Undoubtedly, this is an under-representation of the true rate, as we have no way of knowing how many exhibitionists re-offended and did not get caught. Nevertheless, in the present investigation, sexual recidivists compared with non-recidivists were less educated, scored higher on the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST), the Psychopathy Checklist, Revised (PCL-R), and the Pedophile Index. Violent recidivists were also less educated and scored higher on the MAST, PCL-R, and the Pedophile Index, and had accumulated a greater number of prior violent or criminal charges and/or convictions. Criminal recidivists were less educated; scored higher on the MAST, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI), PCL-R, and Pedophile Index; and had accumulated a greater number of prior sexual, violent, and criminal offenses. Finally, the hands-on sexual recidivists accumulated a greater number of prior violent and criminal charges and or convictions than did the hands-off sexual recidivists.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada. fireston@uottawa.ca
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Firestone
authors.forename: Drew A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kingston
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wexler
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bradford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003415:Crime / Q000639:trends*; D005084:Exhibitionism / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D009864:Ontario; D012008:Recurrence; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000639:trends