title: Effect of cis-urocanic acid on bovine neutrophil generation of reactive oxygen species.
abstract: Neutrophils play a fundamental role in the host innate immune response during mastitis and other bacterial-mediated diseases of cattle. One of the critical mechanisms by which neutrophils contribute to host innate immune defenses is through their ability to phagocytose and kill bacteria. The ability of neutrophils to kill bacteria is mediated through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the extracellular release of ROS can be deleterious to the host because ROS induce tissue injury. Thus, in diseases such as mastitis that are accompanied by the influx of neutrophils, the generation of large quantities of ROS may result in significant injury to the mammary epithelium. cis-Urocanic acid (cis-UCA), which is formed from the UV photoisomerization of the trans isoform found naturally in human and animal skin, is an immunosuppressive molecule with anti-inflammatory properties. Little is known about the effect of cis-UCA on neutrophils, although one report demonstrated that it inhibits human neutrophil respiratory burst activity. However, the nature of this inhibition remains unknown. Because of the potential therapeutic use that a molecule such as cis-UCA may have in blocking excessive respiratory burst activity that may be deleterious to the host, the ability of cis-UCA to inhibit bovine neutrophil production of ROS was studied. Further, because neutrophil generation of ROS is necessary for optimal neutrophil bactericidal activity, a response which is critical for the host innate immune defense against infection, the effects of cis-UCA on bovine neutrophil phagocytosis and bacterial killing were assayed. cis-Urocanic acid dose-dependently inhibited the respiratory burst activity of bovine neutrophils as measured by luminol chemiluminescence. Subsequently, the effect of cis-UCA on the production of specific oxygen radicals was investigated using more selective assays. Using 2 distinct assays, we established that cis-UCA inhibited the generation of extracellular superoxide. In contrast, cis-UCA had no effect on the generation of intracellular levels of superoxide or other ROS. At concentrations that inhibited generation of extracellular superoxide, bovine neutrophil phagocytosis and bacterial activity remained intact. Together, these data suggest that cis-UCA inhibits the tissue-damaging generation of extracellular ROS while preserving neutrophil bactericidal activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milan, Italy 20133.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moroni
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leino
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laihia
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Paape
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Bannerman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002417:Cattle / Q000276:immunology*; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D009861:Onium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000032:analysis; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014560:Urocanic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D009861:Onium Compounds; D013481:Superoxides; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; C007517:diphenyleneiodonium; D045304:Cytochromes c; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D014560:Urocanic Acid