title: Optical biochemical sensor for determining hydroperoxides in nonpolar organic liquids as archetype for sensors consisting of amphiphilic conetworks as immobilisation matrices.
abstract: This paper reports the successful design of a prototype of an optical biochemical sensor for the determination of hydroperoxides in nonpolar organic liquids. The sensor consists of a matrix of an amphiphilic polymer conetwork (APCN), a novel class of very promising polymeric materials for easy preparation of biochemical sensor matrices. APCNs are characterised by nanoscopic phase separation between the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic phases. For medium ratios of conetwork composition, the domains of both phases are interconnected both on the surface of the conetworks and throughout the bulk. The APCNs have peculiar swelling properties-the hydrophilic phase swells in hydrophilic media and the hydrophobic phase swells in hydrophobic media. In both types of media dissolved reagents can diffuse from the solution into the swollen phase of the polymeric conetwork. This enables loading of the hydrophilic phase of the APCNs with enzymes and indicator reagents by simple impregnation. Hydrophobic analytes can diffuse into the polymeric conetwork via its hydrophobic phase and react with indicator reagents immobilised in the hydrophilic phase at the huge internal interface between the two opposite phases.To prepare the described hydroperoxide-sensitive biosensors, we used APCN films consisting of 58% (w/w) poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) as hydrophilic chains and 42% (w/w) polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as hydrophobic linkers. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and diammonium 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) as indicator reagent were co-immobilised in this optically clear and transparent matrix. In this feasibility study the conditions investigated were principally those relevant to characterisation of the innovative matrix material and the disposable biosensor produced from it; the biosensor was not optimised. Sensitivity toward tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBuOOH) dissolved in n-heptane was acceptable, between approximately 1 and at least 50 mmol L(-1), even in the dry state. The response time was 1.7 to 5.0 min. No leaching of immobilised reagents was observed during a period of at least one hour. Pre-swelling the sensors with water increased the reaction rate and the total turnover number of the enzyme. In a dry atmosphere at 4 degrees C the sensors were found to be stable for at least two weeks.
authors.affiliation: Freiburg Materials Research Centre (FMF), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hanko
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bruns
authors.forename: Joerg C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tiller
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinze
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase / Q000737:chemistry; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008024:Ligands; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D015394:Molecular Structure; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D011102:Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012828:Silicones / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D008024:Ligands; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011108:Polymers; D012828:Silicones; D014867:Water; D011102:Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate; C023037:poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate); C013830:baysilon; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase