title: The endoscopic supraorbital approach to tumors of the middle cranial base.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Access to tumors of the middle cranial base has traditionally required wide surgical exposures via open craniotomies. These open techniques often require the use of potentially disfiguring skin incisions and are often associated with a significant degree of brain retraction and potential morbidity. We report our experience with the use of a minimally invasive supraorbital endoscopic approach through the eyebrow for excision of middle cranial base tumors in 2 cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe 2 patients with large-sized middle cranial fossa tumors (a medial sphenoid wing meningioma measuring 6 x 4 cm and a recurrent right cavernous sinus meningioma measuring 4 x 3.5 cm) that were entirely removed via a fully endoscopic supraorbital approach using a 1.5-cm keyhole craniotomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These cases demonstrate how the application of endoscopic techniques to surgery of the middle cranial base can eliminate the need for traditional open techniques without compromising surgical success.
authors.affiliation: Skull Base Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
authors.forename: Mohamed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kabil
authors.forename: Hrayr K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Shahinian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020226:Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D035301:Cranial Fossa, Middle / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008579:Meningioma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome