title: Topical bioavailability of triamcinolone acetonide: effect of occlusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Occlusion by covering the skin with an impermeable wrap enhances skin hydration, affects drug absorption and can induce the formation of a drug reservoir within the stratum corneum. This is desired in local therapy with topical corticosteroids. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of occlusion before (experiment 1) and after (experiment 2) application on the penetration of triamcinolone acetonide (TACA) into the stratum corneum.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiments were conducted on the forearms of 10 healthy volunteers. In experiment 1, 100 microg/cm(2) TACA in acetone were applied on 3 sites per arm, one arm having been pre-occluded for 16 h. In experiment 2, the same dose was applied on 2 sites per arm, and one arm was occluded after application until skin sampling. Stratum corneum samples were removed by tape stripping at 0.5, 4 and 24 h (experiment 1) and 4 and 24 h (experiment 2) after application. Corneocytes and TACA were quantified by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and HPLC, respectively. The total TACA amount penetrated into the stratum corneum was evaluated by multifactor ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TACA penetration into the stratum corneum with and without pre-occlusion (experiment 1) showed no significant difference and decreased with time. Occlusion after application (experiment 2) produced a marked TACA accumulation within the stratum corneum, which persisted for 24 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-occlusion showed no effect on the topical bioavailability of TACA in the stratum corneum. In contrast, post-occlusion enhanced the TACA penetration by a factor of 2, favouring the development of a drug reservoir.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Pharmacy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pellanda
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Strub
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rufli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Imanidis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Surber
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D001458:Bandages; D001682:Biological Availability; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012869:Skin Absorption; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide