title: A comparison of health care utilization and costs of children with and without autism spectrum disorders in a large group-model health plan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Data on the current costs of medical services for children with autism spectrum disorders are lacking. Our purpose for this study was to compare health care utilization and costs of children with and without autism spectrum disorders in the same health plan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included all 2- to 18-year-old children with autism spectrum disorders (n = 3053) and a random sample of children without autism spectrum disorders (n = 30529) who were continuously enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program in northern California between July 1, 2003, and June 30, 2004. Data on health care utilization and costs were derived from health plan administrative databases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcome measures included mean annual utilization and costs of health services per child.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with autism spectrum disorders had a higher annual mean number of total clinic (5.6 vs 2.8), pediatric (2.3 vs 1.6), and psychiatric (2.2 vs 0.3) outpatient visits. A higher percentage of children with autism spectrum disorders experienced inpatient (3% vs 1%) and outpatient (5% vs 2%) hospitalizations. Children with autism spectrum disorders were nearly 9 times more likely to use psychotherapeutic medications and twice as likely to use gastrointestinal agents than children without autism spectrum disorders. Mean annual member costs for hospitalizations (550 dollars vs 208 dollars), clinic visits (1373 dollars vs 540 dollars), and prescription medications (724 dollars vs 96 dollars) were more than double for children with autism spectrum disorders compared with children without autism spectrum disorders. The mean annual age- and gender-adjusted total cost per member was more than threefold higher for children with autism spectrum disorders (2757 dollars vs 892 dollars). Among the subgroup of children with other psychiatric conditions, total mean annual costs were 45% higher for children with autism spectrum disorders compared with children without autism spectrum disorders; excess costs were largely explained by the increased use of psychotherapeutic medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The utilization and costs of health care are substantially higher for children with autism spectrum disorders compared with children without autism spectrum disorders. Research is needed to evaluate the impact of improvements in the management of children with autism spectrum disorders on health care utilization and costs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, USA. lisa.a.croen@kp.org
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Croen
authors.forename: Daniel V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Najjar
authors.forename: G Thomas
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lotspeich
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bernal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D002140:California; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000191:economics