title: Very low protein diet supplemented with ketoanalogs improves blood pressure control in chronic kidney disease.
abstract: Blood pressure (BP) is hardly controlled in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We compared the effect of very low protein diet (VLPD) supplemented with ketoanalogs of essential amino acids (0.35 g/kg/day), low protein diet (LPD, 0.60 g/kg/day), and free diet (FD) on BP in patients with CKD stages 4 and 5. Vegetable proteins were higher in VLPD (66%) than in LPD (48%). LPD was prescribed to 110 consecutive patients; after run-in, they were invited to start VLPD. Thirty subjects accepted; 57 decided to continue LPD; 23 refused either diet (FD group). At baseline, protein intake (g/kg/day) was 0.79+/-0.09 in VLPD, 0.78+/-0.11 in LPD, and 1.11+/-0.18 in FD (P<0.0001). After 6 months, protein intake was lower in VLPD than LPD and FD (0.54+/-0.11, 0.78+/-0.10, and 1.04+/-0.21 g/kg/day, respectively; P<0.0001). BP diminished only in VLPD, from 143+/-19/84+/-10 to 128+/-16/78+/-7 mm Hg (P<0.0001), despite reduction of antihypertensive drugs (from 2.6+/-1.1 to 1.8+/-1.2; P<0.001). Urinary urea excretion directly correlated with urinary sodium excretion, which diminished in VLPD (from 181+/-32 to 131+/-36 mEq/day; P<0.001). At multiple regression analysis (R2=0.270, P<0.0001), BP results independently related to urinary sodium excretion (P=0.023) and VLPD prescription (P=0.003), but not to the level of protein intake. Thus, in moderate to advanced CKD, VLPD has an antihypertensive effect likely due to reduction of salt intake, type of proteins, and ketoanalogs supplementation, independent of actual protein intake.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Unit, A Landolfi Hospital, Solofra, Italy. vincenzo.bellizzi@tin.it
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bellizzi
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Di Iorio
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Nicola
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Minutolo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zamboli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Trucillo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Catapano
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cristofano
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scalfi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Conte
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000601:Amino Acids, Essential / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002908:Chronic Disease; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000178:diet therapy*; D007659:Ketones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000601:Amino Acids, Essential; D007659:Ketones