title: Pressurized liquid extraction with water as a tool for chemical and toxicological screening of soil samples at army live-fire training ranges.
abstract: Significant discrepancies in the results of risk assessments based on chemical and toxicity analyses of soils may arise through differences in the efficiency of the extraction or leaching methods used. A rapid technique that may be used in the screening phase of live-fire training ranges and suitable for extracting explosive residues is pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with water. Therefore, PLE and the commonly used batch leaching method EN-124 57-2 were compared for their utility to extract specific residues from soil samples collected from the Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Petawawa, Ontario. After extraction the cytotoxicity of the samples were assessed in the L-929 growth inhibition assay. The PLE method yielded extracts suitable for direct use in the toxicity assay within 20 min as compared to 24h for the batch leaching method. Analysis of the extracts showed that the PLE water extracts tended to give higher recoveries of explosive residues and the resulting exposure concentrations were confirmed by higher cytotoxicities. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses showed that the samples contained significant amounts of several munition-related stabilizers and plasticizers of toxicological significance in addition to the analysed explosive residues. In conclusion, PLE using water is a promising extraction technique for both chemical and toxicological screening of soil samples from areas that may be contaminated with explosive residues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Threat Assessment, Division of NBC-Defence, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, SE-90182 Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ragnvaldsson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brochu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wingfors
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D011312:Pressure; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D053834:Explosive Agents; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014867:Water