title: Comparative analysis of estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms in apes.
abstract: Polymorphic microsatellite repeats in the promoter region of estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESRalpha and the intron 6 region of estrogen receptor beta gene (ESRbeta) have been reported in human populations. To examine the evolutional state of both repeats, we surveyed the corresponding regions in DNA sequences from the following great apes and gibbons: 56 chimpanzees, 3 bonobos, 16 gorillas, 20 orangutans and 60 gibbons (four species: 17 of Hylobates agilis, 11 of H. lar, 15 of H. muelleri, and 17 of H. syndactylus). In the corresponding region of the TA repeat of human ESRalpha, chimpanzees and bonobos had two motifs in the repeat tract, (TA)(7-9) and (CA)(4-6). Gorillas had the (TA)(9-10) repeat tracts and orangutans had monomorphic (TA)(7) repeats. Although all great apes maintained the TA expansion, all gibbon sequences contained (TA)(2), implying that the CA dinucleotide expansion arose in the ancestor of chimpanzees and bonobos. The nucleotide sequences of ESRbeta showed a very complex repeat pattern in apes. The human sequences had a non-variable preceding sequence at (CA)(n), (GA)(2)(TA)(8)(CA)(4)(TA). In apes that region included {(TA)(n)(CA)(n)}(n). Gibbon sequences included (TATG)(n) and (TATC)(n) and no regular construction was observed. A deletion event in the reverse primer site seems to have occurred in the orangutan lineage. In addition, a great diversity of allele length was detected in each gibbon species.
authors.affiliation: The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyung-Won
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwatsuki
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Takenaka
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hayasaka
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murayama
authors.forename: Shin'ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue-Murayama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics*; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D015186:Hominidae / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta