title: Smoking in film in New Zealand: measuring risk exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking in film is a risk factor for smoking uptake in adolescence. This study aimed to quantify exposure to smoking in film received by New Zealand audiences, and evaluate potential interventions to reduce the quantity and impact of this exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ten highest-grossing films in New Zealand for 2003 were each analysed independently by two viewers for smoking, smoking references and related imagery. Potential interventions were explored by reviewing relevant New Zealand legislation, and scientific literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven of the ten films contained at least one tobacco reference, similar to larger film samples. The majority of the 38 tobacco references involved characters smoking, most of whom were male. Smoking was associated with positive character traits, notably rebellion (which may appeal to adolescents). There appeared to be a low threshold for including smoking in film. Legislative or censorship approaches to smoking in film are currently unlikely to succeed. Anti-smoking advertising before films has promise, but experimental research is required to demonstrate cost effectiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking in film warrants concern from public health advocates. In New Zealand, pre-film anti-smoking advertising appears to be the most promising immediate policy response.
authors.affiliation: Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, New Zealand. jesse.gale@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gale
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okawa
authors.forename: Anannya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ah-Yen
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Alannah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stockwell
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sievwright
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dew
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thomson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000329:Advertising; D003254:Consumer Advocacy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009040:Motion Pictures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009520:New Zealand; D011635:Public Health Administration; D011640:Public Policy; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D040241:Social Marketing