title: Novel insights on effect of atrioventricular programming of biventricular pacemaker in heart failure--a case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Echocardiography plays an integral role in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure including measurement of left heart pressure as well as mechanical dyssynchrony.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this report we describe novel therapeutic uses of echo pulsed wave Doppler in atrioventricular pacemaker optimization in patients who had either not derived significant symptomatic benefit post biventricular pacemaker implantation or deteriorated after deriving initial benefit. In these patients atrioventricular optimization showed novel findings and improved cardiac output and symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 3 patients with Cheyne Stokes pattern of respiration echo Doppler showed worsening of mitral regurgitation during hyperpneac phase in one patient, marked E and A fusion in another patient and exaggerated ventricular interdependence in a third patient thus highlighting mechanisms of adverse effects of Cheyne Stokes respiration in patients with heart failure. All 3 patients required a very short atrioventricular delay programming for best cardiac output. In one patient with recurrent congestive heart failure post cardiac resynchronization, mitral inflow pulse wave Doppler showed no A wave until a sensed atrioventricular delay of 190 ms was reached and showed progressive improvement in mitral inflow pattern until an atrioventricular delay of 290 ms. In 2 patients atrioventricular delay as short as 50 ms was required to allow E and A separation and prevent diastolic mitral regurgitation. All patients developed marked improvement in congestive heart failure symptoms post echo-guided biv pacemaker optimization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings highlight the value of echo-guided pacemaker optimization in symptomatic patients post cardiac resynchronization treatment.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Non-Invasive Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA. tasneem.naqvi@cshs.org
authors.forename: Tasneem Z
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Naqvi
authors.forename: Asim M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rafique
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001283:Atrioventricular Node; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D002639:Cheyne-Stokes Respiration / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control