title: Risk reduction for adverse drug events through sequential implementation of patient safety initiatives in a children's hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medication management is a complex, multifaceted system. Prescribing errors occur upstream in the process, and as such, their effects can be perpetuated, and sometimes even exacerbated, in subsequent steps. These errors place patients at risk of adverse drug events. Children, especially young infants, are at particular risk because of their size, unique physiology, and immature ability to metabolize drugs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to reduce the risk of harm to children resulting from prescribing errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We sequentially implemented patient safety initiatives over a 1-year time frame at a pediatric tertiary care academic facility. The initiatives included an educational Web site with competency examination, distribution of a personal digital assistant-based standardized dosing reference, a zero-tolerance policy for incomplete or incorrect medication orders, prescriber performance feedback, and presentation of outcome data at citywide grand rounds. A total of 8718 orders were collected and analyzed to assess the impact of these initiatives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The absolute risk reduction from prescribing errors was 38 per 100 orders, with a relative risk reduction of 49%. Web-based education with point-of-care drug references and a zero-tolerance policy for incomplete or incorrect orders were most effective in decreasing potential adverse drug events. Documentation of appropriate weight-based dosing and indication for therapy increased by 24% and 42%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Process-improvement initiatives focusing on prescriber education and behavior modification can reduce the risk of harm to pediatric patients from prescribing errors.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pediatric Quality, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, 219 Bryant St, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA. mleonard@upa.chob.edu
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cimino
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shaha
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McDougal
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pilliod
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brodsky
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002983:Clinical Competence; D034201:Computers, Handheld; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000592:standards*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D012308:Risk Management