title: Translating evidence into practice to prevent central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections: a systems-based intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The central venous catheter (CVC) is a necessary, yet inherently risky, modern medical device. We aimed to carry out a systems-based intervention designed to facilitate the use of maximal sterile barrier precautions and the use of chlorhexidine for skin antisepsis during insertion of CVC.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients in whom a CVC was inserted at a medical-surgical intensive care unit at a university-affiliated public hospital were included in a before-after trial. The standard CVC kit in routine use before the intervention included a small sterile drape (24" by 36") and 10% povidone-iodine for skin antisepsis. We special ordered a customized kit that, instead, included a large sterile drape (41" by 55") and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropyl alcohol. Both the standard kit in use before the intervention and the customized kit included identical CVCs. Baseline data included the quarterly CVC-associated bloodstream infection (BSI) rates during the 15 months before the intervention. Comparison data included the quarterly CVC-associated BSI rates during the 15 months after we instituted exclusive use of the customized kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean quarterly CVC-associated BSI rate decreased from a baseline of 11.3 per 1000 CVC-days before the intervention to 3.7 per 1000 CVC-days after the intervention (P < .01). Assuming direct costs of at least 10,000 dollars per CVC-associated BSI, we calculated resultant annualized savings to the hospital of approximately 350,000 dollars.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infection control interventions that rely on voluntary changes in human behavior, despite the best intentions of us all, are often unsuccessful. We have demonstrated that a systems-based intervention led to a sustained decrease in the CVC-associated BSI rate, thereby resulting in improved patient safety and decreased cost of care.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Erika M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Marie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Commiskey
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous; D002710:Chlorhexidine; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004202:Disinfectants; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D011206:Povidone-Iodine; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013503:Surgery Department, Hospital
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D011206:Povidone-Iodine; D002710:Chlorhexidine