title: Concomitant aberrant overexpression of RUNX1 and NCAM in regenerating bone marrow of myeloid leukemia of Down's syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Myeloid leukemia of Down's syndrome (ML-DS) has characteristic biological features (e.g. expression of the truncated GATA1s), which are different from those of non-DS childhood acute myeloid leukemias (AML). The objective of this study was to investigate factors predisposing to the development of ML-DS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 134 bone marrow specimens from 64 children with ML-DS and non-DS AML during chemotherapy and 7 specimens from DS children with- out leukemia,who did not receive any chemotherapy,The specimens were analyzed by multiparameter flow cytometry and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for transcription factors involved in hematopoiesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Samples taken from children with ML-DS in complete remission during chemotherapy aberrantly expressed CD56 (NCAM) at the surface of monocytic and granulocytic cells. Compared to non-DS AML cases,children with ML-DS had a statistically significant higher proportion of CD56+ cells in the CD33+ fraction: 71%+/-6% vs. 4%+/-1% (p<0.00001). A significant decrease of the amount of CD33+/CD56+ cells was observed during and after maintenance therapy. An increased number of CD33+/CD56+ cells was also present (>85%) in children with DS who did not receive chemotherapy, but showed a left-shift (due to infection), compared with DS children without left-shift (<10% CD33+/CD56+ cells). Within the CD33+/CD56+ fraction, RUNX1 was overexpressed more than 5-fold (p<0.02) compared to CD33+/CD56- cells, whereas there were no differences regarding GATA1, SPI1, ERG or ETS-2 levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined overexpression of RUNX1 and NCAM during stress hematopoiesis in children with DS might be a key factor in the development of overt leukemia and/or in the growth advantage of the malignant GATA1s clone in ML- DS.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover. aml.bfm@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Langebrake
authors.forename: Jan-Henning
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Klusmann
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wortmann
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolar
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Puhlmann
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D050676:Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D019006:Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D050676:Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit; D019006:Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules; C493728:RUNX1 protein, human