title: The vagus nerve: a tonic inhibitory influence associated with inflammatory bowel disease in a murine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The recently proposed Inflammatory Reflex describes an interaction between the vagus nerve and peripheral macrophages, resulting in attenuation of proinflammatory cytokine release in response to systemic exposure to bacterial endotoxin. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a similar vagus/macrophage axis modulates the inflammatory responses in the colon in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the Disease Activity Index (DAI), macroscopic and histologic damage, serum amyloid-P level, and myeloperoxidase activity in colitis induced by administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in healthy and vagotomized C57BL/6 and in mice deficient in macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)-induced and in hapten-induced colitis. A pyloroplasty was performed in vagotomized mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DAI, macroscopic and histologic scores, myeloperoxidase activity, levels of serum amyloid-P, and colonic tissue levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were increased significantly in vagotomized mice 5 days post-DSS and 3 days after hapten-induced colitis compared with sham-operated mice that received DSS or the hapten. Pretreatment with nicotine significantly decreased each of these markers in vagotomized mice with DSS colitis, and all markers except DAI and IL-6 in sham-operated DSS-treated mice. Conversely, hexamethonium treatment significantly increased each of these markers in the sham-operated DSS-treated mice. Vagotomy had no effect on the colitis in M-CSF-deficient mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vagus nerve plays a counterinflammatory role in acute colitis via a macrophage-dependent mechanism, involving hexamethonium-sensitive nicotinic receptors. The identification of a counterinflammatory neural pathway would open new therapeutic avenues for treating acute exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease.
authors.affiliation: Intestinal Diseases Research Programme, Health Science Center, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean Eric
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ghia
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blennerhassett
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kumar-Ondiveeran
authors.forename: Elena F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Verdu
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants; D001067:Appetite Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D004139:Dinitrofluorobenzene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D005730:Ganglionic Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D018738:Hexamethonium / Q000494:pharmacology; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011708:Pylorus / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery; D012844:Sincalide / Q000494:pharmacology; D014628:Vagotomy; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001067:Appetite Depressants; D005730:Ganglionic Blockers; D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants; C045305:2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene sulfonic acid; D018738:Hexamethonium; D009538:Nicotine; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D004139:Dinitrofluorobenzene; D012844:Sincalide