title: Influence of genetic polymorphisms on the risk of developing leukemia and on disease progression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have provided evidence that common genetic variations with low penetrance could account for a proportion of leukemia and could also influence disease outcome, although the results obtained are still controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 54 recent reports focused on the contribution of genetic polymorphisms to the risk of developing leukemia and to disease progression. The polymorphisms of genes encoding drug-metabolising enzymes (CYP family, NQO1, GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1), enzymes involved in folate metabolism (MTHFR, TYMS, SHMT1, MTRR), and DNA repair enzymes (XPD, XPG, RAD51, XRCC1, XRCC3, CHEK2, ATM) were considered in the review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a good agreement on the influence of NQO1*2 polymorphism and those of the enzymes involved in DNA repair with the increased risk of therapy-related leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome. Most studies found a strong association between the polymorphisms MTHFR, C677T or A1298C, and NQO1*2 or *3 and the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In addition, most of the studies reported an association between GSTT1 deletions and an increased risk of de novo acute myeloid leukemia. In ALL, polymorphisms in the genes of folate metabolism are associated with poor prognosis, and the 3R3R TYMS polymorphism in particular is associated with methotrexate resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reports reviewed support the hypothesis that several low-penetrance genes with multiplicative effects together with dietary effects, ambient exposition, and individual immune system responses, may account for the risk of leukaemia.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Biopathology, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain. bolufer_pas@gva.es
authors.forename: Pascual
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bolufer
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barragan
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Collado
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cervera
authors.forename: José-Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sanz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics; D018450:Disease Progression; D004798:Enzymes / Q000235:genetics*; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D005492:Folic Acid