title: Establishment of the epithelial-specific transcriptome of normal and malignant human breast cells based on MPSS and array expression data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diverse microarray and sequencing technologies have been widely used to characterise the molecular changes in malignant epithelial cells in breast cancers. Such gene expression studies to identify markers and targets in tumour cells are, however, compromised by the cellular heterogeneity of solid breast tumours and by the lack of appropriate counterparts representing normal breast epithelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Malignant neoplastic epithelial cells from primary breast cancers and luminal and myoepithelial cells isolated from normal human breast tissue were isolated by immunomagnetic separation methods. Pools of RNA from highly enriched preparations of these cell types were subjected to expression profiling using massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) and four different genome wide microarray platforms. Functional related transcripts of the differential tumour epithelial transcriptome were used for gene set enrichment analysis to identify enrichment of luminal and myoepithelial type genes. Clinical pathological validation of a small number of genes was performed on tissue microarrays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MPSS identified 6,553 differentially expressed genes between the pool of normal luminal cells and that of primary tumours substantially enriched for epithelial cells, of which 98% were represented and 60% were confirmed by microarray profiling. Significant expression level changes between these two samples detected only by microarray technology were shown by 4,149 transcripts, resulting in a combined differential tumour epithelial transcriptome of 8,051 genes. Microarray gene signatures identified a comprehensive list of 907 and 955 transcripts whose expression differed between luminal epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells, respectively. Functional annotation and gene set enrichment analysis highlighted a group of genes related to skeletal development that were associated with the myoepithelial/basal cells and upregulated in the tumour sample. One of the most highly overexpressed genes in this category, that encoding periostin, was analysed immunohistochemically on breast cancer tissue microarrays and its expression in neoplastic cells correlated with poor outcome in a cohort of poor prognosis estrogen receptor-positive tumours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using highly enriched cell populations in combination with multiplatform gene expression profiling studies, a comprehensive analysis of molecular changes between the normal and malignant breast tissue was established. This study provides a basis for the identification of novel and potentially important targets for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy in breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research/University College London Breast Cancer Laboratory, 91 Riding House Street, London, W1W 7BS, UK.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grigoriadis
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mackay
authors.forename: Jorge S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Reis-Filho
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iseli
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: C Victor
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Jongeneel
authors.forename: Haukur
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Valgeirsson
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fenwick
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iravani
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leao
authors.forename: Andrew J G
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Strausberg
authors.forename: Parmjit S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Jat
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashworth
authors.forename: A Munro
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Hare
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001940:Breast; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000235:genetics*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; C512835:POSTN protein, human