title: Environmental degradation of glass-ionomer cements: a depth-sensing microindentation study.
abstract: This study investigated the effects of various environmental conditions on the hardness and elastic modulus of restorative glass-ionomer cements (GICs). Two resin-modified GICs (RMGICs) (Fuji II LC [FL]; Photac-Fil Quick [PQ]) and three highly viscous GICs (HVGICs) (Fuji IX Fast [FN]; KetacMolar [KM]; KetacMolar Quick [KQ]) were evaluated in this study. Specimens were fabricated according to the manufacturers' instructions and stored under a variety of conditions (n = 7): 100% humidity, distilled water, pH 5 demineralization solution, and pH 7 remineralization solution. The hardness and elastic modulus were measured using a depth-sensing microindentation test after 4 weeks. The results were analyzed using the independent samples T-test and ANOVA/Scheffe's post hoc test (p < 0.05). HVGICs showed significantly higher hardness and elastic modulus than RMGICs under all storage conditions. Storage in distilled water significantly increased the hardness and elastic modulus of FN, but decreased that of PQ. All HVGICs and RMGICs stored in remineralization solution had hardness values and elastic moduli comparable to those stored in water. Compared to remineralization solution, demineralization solution had no significant effects on the modified GICs with the exception of KQ. The results suggest that the mechanical properties of glass-ionomer restoratives are material-type and storage condition dependent. Therefore, the clinical selection of a glass-ionomer material should be based on the oral environment to which it will be subjected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, People's Republic of China. wangxiaoyanpx@gmail.com
authors.forename: X Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Adrian U J
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004548:Elasticity; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006244:Hardness; D006813:Humidity; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008422:Materials Testing; D008903:Minerals / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D008903:Minerals; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water