title: Health risks of exposure to non-ionizing radiation--myths or science-based evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The non-ionizing radiation (NIR) contains large range of wavelengths and frequencies from vacuum ultraviolet (UV) radiation to static electric and magnetic fields. Biological effects of electromagnetic (EM) radiation depend greatly on wavelength and other physical parameters.
  The Sun is the most significant source of environmental UV exposure, so that outdoor workers are at risk of chronic over-exposure. Also exposure to short-wave visible light is associated with the aging and degeneration of the retina. Especially hazardous are laser beams focused to a small spot at the retina, resulting in permanent visual impairment.
  Exposure to EM fields induces body currents and energy absorption in tissues, depending on frequencies and coupling mechanisms. Thermal effects caused by temperature rise are basically understood, whereas the challenge is to understand the suspected non-thermal effects. Radiofrequency (RF) fields around frequencies of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz are of special interest because of the rapid advances in the telecommunication technology. The field levels of these sources are so low that temperature rise is unlikely to explain possible health effects. Other mechanisms of interaction have been proposed, but biological experiments have failed to confirm their existence.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland. maila.hietanen@ttl.fi
authors.forename: Maila
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hietanen
mesh_terms: D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects; D005062:European Union; D006801:Humans; D007390:International Agencies; D007634:Keratitis / Q000209:etiology; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D011840:Radiation, Nonionizing / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects; D014944:World Health Organization