title: Brief interventions for at-risk drinking: patient outcomes and cost-effectiveness in managed care organizations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate effectiveness and costs of brief interventions for patients screening positive for at-risk drinking in managed health care organizations (MCOs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A pre-post, quasi-experimental, multi-site evaluation conducted at 15 clinic sites within five MCO settings. At-risk drinkers (N = 1329) received either: (i) brief intervention delivered by licensed practitioners; or (ii) brief intervention delivered by mid-level professional specialists (nurses); or (iii) usual care (comparison condition). Clinics were randomly assigned to three study conditions. Data were collected on the cost of screening and brief intervention. Follow-up interviews were conducted at 3 and 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants in all three study conditions were drinking significantly less at 3-month follow-up, but the decline was significantly greater in the two intervention groups than in the control group. There were no significant differences between the two intervention conditions. Of the patients in the intervention conditions 60% reduced their alcohol consumption by > or =1 drink per week, compared with 53% of those in the control condition. No differences were found on a measure of the quality of life. Differential reductions in weekly alcohol consumption between intervention and control groups were significant at 12-month follow-up. Average incremental costs of the interventions were 4.16 US dollar per patient using licensed practitioners and 2.82 US dollar using mid-level specialists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol screening and brief intervention when implemented in managed care organizations produces modest, statistically significant reductions in at-risk drinking. Interventions delivered to a common protocol by mid-level specialists are as effective as those delivered by licensed practitioners at about two-thirds the cost.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-6325, USA. talamini@up.uchc.edu
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Babor
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Higgins-Biddle
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dauser
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Burleson
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Zarkin
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bray
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome