title: [An update on multiple insulin injection therapy in type 1 and 2 diabetes].
abstract: Achieving and maintaining glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin--HbA(1c)< or =7.0% according to American Diabetes Association and < or =6.5% according to International Diabetes Federation) is the primary goal in treating diabetes, which lowers the risk for diabetes-related complications. Insulin therapy is essential for type 1 diabetes treatment. Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes is initiated when glycemic control is inadequate despite the combination of antihyperglycemic drugs. The type of insulin therapy is selected according to the patient's lifestyle and needs. Multiple insulin injection therapy and premixed insulin therapy are usually administered. In multiple insulin injection therapy, basal insulin is administered one or two times a day, and regular human insulin or rapid-acting insulin analog is administered with each meal. The duration of action of regular insulin is 6-8 hours; therefore, the risk for postprandial hypoglycemia is increased. The action of novel insulin analogs (rapid- and long-acting) closely mimics physiological insulin secretion. Three rapid-acting insulin analogs are currently available: insulin lispro, insulin aspart, and insulin glulisine. Insulin glulisine is the most recently approved rapid-acting insulin analog. It is safe, flexible, and effective in achieving target postprandial glycemic control. Moreover, the pharmacokinetics of insulin glulisine does not depend on the amount of subcutaneous fat. Basal insulins include intermediate-acting human insulins (neutral protamine Hagedorn) and long-acting insulin analogs (insulin glargine, insulin detemir). The latter are the optimal choice covering basal insulin requirement. Compared to neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin, long-acting insulin analogs have no pronounced concentration peak and reduce nocturnal hypoglycemia risk and weight gain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Eiveniu 2, 50009 Kaunas, Lithuania. evaranauskiene@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Egle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Varanauskiene
authors.forename: Indre
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Varanauskaite
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ceponis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000819:agonists / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; C479079:insulin glulisine