title: Craniosynostosis-associated gene nell-1 is regulated by runx2.
abstract: We studied the transcriptional regulation of NELL-1, a craniosynostosis-related gene. We identitifed three OSE2 elements in the NELL-1 promoter that are directly bound and transactivated by Runx2. Forced expression of Runx2 induces NELL-1 expression in rat calvarial cells.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  We previously reported the upregulation of NELL-1 in human craniosynostosis and the overexpression of Nell-1 in transgenic animals that induced premature suture closure associated with increased osteoblast differentiation. To study the transcriptional regulation of NELL-1, we analyzed the 5' flanking region of the human NELL-1 gene. We identified three osteoblast specific binding elements 2 (OSE2) sites (A, B, and C) within 2.2 kb upstream of the transcription start site and further studied the functionality of these sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  An area of 2.2 kb and a truncated 325 bp, which lacked the three OSE sites, were cloned into a luciferase reporter gene, and co-transfected with Runx2 expression plasmid. The three OSE2 sites were individually mutated and co-transfected with Runx2 expression plasmid into Saos2 cells. Gel shifts and supershifts with Runx2 antibodies were used to determine specific binding to OSE2 sites. CHIP assays were used to study in vivo binding of Runx2 to the Nell-1 promoter. Runx2 expression plasmid was transfected into wildtype and Runx2(-/-) calvarial cells. Nell-1, osteocalcin, and Runx2 expression levels were measured using RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of Runx2 dose-dependently increased the luciferase activity in the human NELL-1 promoter-luciferase p2213. The p325 truncated NELL-1 construct showed significantly lower basal level of activity. Nuclear extract from Saos2 cells formed complexes with site A, B, and C probes and were supershifted with Runx2 antibody. Mutation of sites A, B, and C significantly decreased basal promoter activity. Furthermore, mutation of sites B and C had a blunted response to Runx2, whereas mutation of site A had a lesser effect. Runx2 bound to NELL-1 promoter in vivo. Transfection of Runx2 in rat osteoblasts upregulated Nell-1 and Ocn expression, and in Runx2 null calvarial cells, both Nell-1 and Ocn expression were rescued.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Runx2 directly binds to the OSE2 elements and transactivates the human NELL-1 promoter. These results suggest that Nell-1 is likely a downstream target of Runx2. These findings may also extend our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis.
authors.affiliation: Dental of Craniofacial Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Thien
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Truong
authors.forename: Xinli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Dharmini
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pathmanathan
authors.forename: Chia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soo
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ting
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D019556:COS Cells; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D050657:Core Binding Factor alpha Subunits / Q000502:physiology*; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D012886:Skull / Q000002:abnormalities; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D050657:Core Binding Factor alpha Subunits; D017931:DNA Primers; D006023:Glycoproteins; C104144:NELL1 protein, human; C513122:Nell1 protein, mouse; C484480:Nell1 protein, rat; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins