title: GABA and glutamate specifically induce contractions in the sponge Tethya wilhelma.
abstract: Sponges (Porifera) are nerve- and muscleless. Nevertheless, they react to external stimuli in a coordinated way, by body contraction, oscule closure or stopping pumping activity. The underlying mechanisms are still unknown, but evidence has been found for chemical messenger-based systems. We used the sponge Tethya wilhelma to test the effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (L: -Glu) on its contraction behaviour. Minimal activating concentrations were found to be 0.5 microM (GABA) and 50 microM (L: -Glu), respectively. Taking maximum relative contraction speed and minimal relative projected body area as a measure of the sponge's response, a comparison of the dose-response curves indicated a higher sensitivity of the contractile tissue for GABA than for L: -Glu. The concentrations eliciting the same contractile response differ by about 100-fold more than the entire concentration range tested. In addition, desensitising effects and spasm-like reactions were observed. Presumably, a GABA/L: -Glu metabotropic receptor-based system is involved in the regulation of contraction in T. wilhelma. We discuss a coordination system for sponges based on hypothetical chemical messenger pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Biological Institute, University of Stuttgart, 70550, Stuttgart, Germany. michael.nickel@bio.uni-stuttgart.de
authors.forename: Kornelia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ellwanger
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eich
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nickel
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D019899:Paracrine Communication / Q000502:physiology; D011161:Porifera / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid