title: Impairments in water maze learning of aged rats that received dextromethorphan repeatedly during adolescent period.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dextromethorphan (DM), an over-the-counter cough suppressant, has been recently used as a drug of abuse by teenage groups in some countries, such as the United States, Canada, and Korea. We previously showed that repeated administration of DM, a noncompetitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, impairs spatial learning performance in adolescent rats.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, long-term adverse effects of repetitive DM use at adolescence were examined in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male and female Sprague-Dawley rat pups received either intraperitoneal DM (40 mg/kg) or saline daily during postnatal days 28-37, and were then subjected to the Morris water maze task at the age of 18 months. Expression levels of NMDAR1, functional subunit of NMDA receptors, in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus were examined by Western blot analysis. Changes in plasma corticosterone levels responding to stress were determined by radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DM-experienced male rats exhibited deficits in the probe trial, and female rats in the initial learning and the reversal training, in water maze performance. Expression levels of NMDAR1 in the brain regions were significantly increased in DM-experienced rats, compared to control rats. Stress-induced increases in plasma corticosterone levels were blunted both in male and female DM rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that repeated administration of DM at high doses during adolescent period may induce permanent deficits in cognitive function and that increased expression of NMDAR1 in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus may take a role in DM-induced memory deficits.
authors.affiliation: BK21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea.
authors.forename: Tie Yuan
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hee Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Seoul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jong-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Si Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Vitaly
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: Sang Bae
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Joo Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dong Goo
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jeong Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jahng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D003915:Dextromethorphan / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000187:drug effects; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012193:Reversal Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003345:Corticosterone; D003915:Dextromethorphan; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate