title: Conductivity percolation in loosely compacted microcrystalline cellulose: An in situ study by dielectric spectroscopy during densification.
abstract: The present study aims at contributing to a complete understanding of the water-induced ionic charge transport in cellulose. The behavior of this transport in loosely compacted microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) powder was investigated as a function of density utilizing a new type of measurement setup, allowing for dielectric spectroscopy measurement in situ during compaction. The ionic conductivity in MCC was found to increase with increasing density until a leveling-out was observed for densities above approximately 0.7 g/cm3. Further, it was shown that the ionic conductivity vs density followed a percolation type behavior signifying the percolation of conductive paths in a 3D conducting network. The density percolation threshold was found to be between approximately 0.2 and 0.4 g/cm3, depending strongly on the cellulose moisture content. The observed percolation behavior was attributed to the forming of interparticulate bonds in the MCC and the percolation threshold dependence on moisture was linked to the moisture dependence of particle rearrangement and plastic deformation in MCC during compaction. The obtained results add to the understanding of the density-dependent water-induced ionic transport in cellulose showing that, at given moisture content, the two major parameters determining the magnitude of the conductivity are the connectedness of the interparticluate bonds and the connectedness of pores with a diameter in the 5-20 nm size range. At densities between approximately 0.7 and 1.2 g/cm3 both the bond and the pore networks have percolated, facilitating charge transport through the MCC compact.
authors.affiliation: The Angström Laboratory, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frenning
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gråsjö
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alderborn
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strømme
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D002627:Chemistry, Physical / Q000379:methods*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D007477:Ions; D008832:Microchemistry / Q000379:methods; D008956:Models, Chemical; D012995:Solubility; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013607:Tablets; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D013607:Tablets; D014867:Water; D002482:Cellulose; C109691:microcrystalline cellulose