title: Prematurity may be a risk factor for thyroid dysfunction in childhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children born prematurely and/or small for gestational age (SGA) frequently show disturbances in thyroid function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to determine the role played either by size or gestational age on subsequent thyroid function.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary referral hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 117 children, 88 of whom were SGA (mean age 7.8 +/- 2.5 yr) and 29 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) (mean age 8.1 +/- 1.9 yr), were selected for the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated TSH, free T(4), free T(3), urinary iodine, and antithyroid antibodies, and all patients underwent a thyroid ultrasound. Insulin sensitivity was assessed with the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TSH and free T3 were not significantly different in the two groups, whereas free T4 was higher in the AGA group (P < 0.005). Interestingly, four AGA (13.8%) and 17 SGA (19.3%) patients had TSH levels above the upper limit of normality. Thyroid volume was normal and thyroid autoimmunity was excluded. Urinary iodine was also similar in the two groups (115 +/- 66 vs. 143 +/- 87); however, in both groups there were some children [15 AGA (51%) and 13 SGA (14.7%) (P < 0.001)] with a mild to moderate iodine deficiency. By multiple regression analysis, gestational age was found to be the only determinant of TSH serum levels. Insulin sensitivity was the same in both groups of children and similar to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some children born prematurely, independently from their birth size, frequently have disturbances of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis later in life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Regional Hospital, via L. Boehler 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy. giorgio.radetti@asbz.it
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Radetti
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fanolla
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pappalardo
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gottardi
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D013972:Thyrotropin