title: The International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury: reliability of data when applied to children and youths.
abstract: METHODS
  Intra-rater reliability study, cross-sectional design.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine reliability of the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISCSCI) motor and sensory exam in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonprofit pediatric hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 74 subjects had two trials of the motor and sensory exams. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), 95% confidence intervals (CI) were generated for total motor (TM), pin prick (PP) and light touch (LT) scores for the entire sample, four age groups, severity and type of injury. Coefficients >0.90=high reliability; 0.75-0.90=moderate reliability and <0.75=inadequate reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children <four years (N=7) were unable to participate in the exams. TM ICC, CI=0.888, 0.821-0.93 (N=73); PP ICC, CI=0.975, 0.96-0.98 (N=67) and LT ICC, CI=0.974, 0.974-0.985 (N=68). When age was considered, 4-5 year: TM ICC, CI=0.917, 0.69-0.98 (N=11), PP=0.912, 0.49-0.985 (N=7), LT=0.948, 0.63-0.993 (N=6); for 6-11 year: TM ICC, CI=0.711, 0.226-0.892 (N=18), PP=0.952, 0.867-0.983 (M=17), LT=0.952, 0.867-0.983 (N=17); for 12-15 year: TM ICC, CI=0.893, 0.723-0.959 (N=19), PP=0.982, 0.953-0.993 (N=19), LT=0.982, 0.953-0.993 (N=19); for 16-21 year: TM ICC, CI=0.912, 0.80-0.961 (N=25), PP=0.98, 0.954-0.991 (N=25), LT=0.98, 0.954-0.991 (N=25). ICC for severity and type of injury >0.90 except for TM in complete injuries (0.808).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ISCSCI exams may have poor utility in children under 4 years. While reliability values for the motor and sensory exams met or exceeded recommended values, wide CI suggest poor precision of the motor exam in children under 15 years of age and sensory exams in children under 5 years.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation and Clinical Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mulcahey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaughan
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Betz
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Johansen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007390:International Agencies / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D038801:International Classification of Diseases / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*