title: Excretion patterns of fecal progestagens, androgen and estrogens during pregnancy, parturition and postpartum in okapi (Okapia johnstoni).
abstract: The aim of the present study was to establish a simple method to monitor ovarian activity and non-invasively diagnose pregnancy in okapi (Okapia johnstoni). The feces of a female okapi were collected daily or every 3 days for 28 months. Steroids in lyophilized feces were extracted with 80% methanol, and the fecal levels of immunoreactive progestagens (progesterone and pregnanediol-glucuronide), androgen (testosterone), and estrogens (estradiol-17beta and estrone) were determined by enzyme immunoassays with commercially available antisera. Using the progesterone profiles, the durations of the luteal phase, follicular phase, and estrous cycle were determined to be 11.1 +/- 0.4, 5.3 +/- 0.6, and 16.5 +/- 0.7 days (n=22), respectively. Fecal levels of immunoreactive progesterone, pregnanediol glucuronide, and testosterone gradually increased from early pregnancy and peaked several months before parturition. More pregnanediol glucuronide was excreted in feces than progesterone during late pregnancy, but not during the estrous cycle. Although the fecal concentrations of immunoreactive estradiol-17beta and estrone change a little throughout pregnancy and non-pregnancy, they rose sharply and temporarily on the day following parturition. The present study indicates that fecal assays with commercial antisera for progesterone and pregnanediol glucuronide are useful for evaluating luteal activity and diagnosing pregnancy and indicates that estrogens might have some role as a trigger of parturition.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kusuda
authors.forename: Koki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morikaku
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawada
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishiwada
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Doi
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000502:physiology*; D001188:Artiodactyla / Q000502:physiology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D030762:Estrous Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D005243:Feces; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D036801:Parturition / Q000502:physiology*; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011372:Progestins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004967:Estrogens; D006728:Hormones; D011372:Progestins