title: Changing patterns of drug and alcohol use in fatally injured drivers in Washington State.
abstract: We have previously reported on patterns of drug and alcohol use in fatally injured drivers in Washington State. Here we revisit that population to examine how drug use patterns have changed in the intervening 9 years. Blood and serum specimens from drivers who died within 4 h of a traffic accident between February 1, 2001, and January 31, 2002, were analyzed for illicit and therapeutic drugs and alcohol. Drugs when present were quantitated. Samples suitable for testing were obtained from 370 fatally injured drivers. Alcohol was detected above 0.01 g/100 mL in 41% of cases. The mean alcohol concentration for those cases was 0.17 g/100 mL (range 0.02-0.39 g/100 mL). Central nervous system (CNS) active drugs were detected in 144 (39%) cases. CNS depressants including carisoprodol, diazepam, hydrocodone, diphenhydramine, amitriptyline, and others were detected in 52 cases (14.1%), cannabinoids were detected in 47 cases (12.7%), CNS stimulants (cocaine and amphetamines) were detected in 36 cases (9.7%), and narcotic analgesics (excluding morphine which is often administered iatrogenically in trauma cases) were detected in 12 cases (3.2%). For those cases which tested positive for alcohol c. 40% had other drugs present which have the potential to cause or contribute to the driver's impairment. Our report also considers the blood drug concentrations in the context of their interpretability with respect to driving impairment. The data reveal that over the past decade, while alcohol use has declined, some drug use, notably methamphetamine, has increased significantly (from 1.89% to 4.86% of fatally injured drivers) between 1992 and 2002. Combined drug and alcohol use is a very significant pattern in this population and is probably overlooked in DUI enforcement programs.
authors.affiliation: Washington State Toxicology Laboratory, Forensic Laboratory Services Bureau, Washington State Patrol, 2203 Airport Way S., Seattle, WA 98134.
authors.forename: Eugene W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Schwilke
authors.forename: Maria Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Sampaio dos Santos
authors.forename: Barry K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Logan
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000097:blood; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000097:blood; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000097:blood; D003042:Cocaine / Q000097:blood; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000097:blood; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000431:Ethanol; D008694:Methamphetamine; D003042:Cocaine