title: Noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring for combat casualties.
abstract: The aims of this study were to develop and to test a noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring system that could be applied to combat casualties to supplement conventional vital signs, to use an advanced information system to predict outcomes, and to evaluate the relative effectiveness of various therapies with instant feedback information during acute emergency conditions. In a university-run inner city public hospital, we evaluated 1,000 consecutively monitored trauma patients in the initial resuscitation period, beginning shortly after admission to the emergency department. In addition to conventional vital signs, we used noninvasive monitoring devices (cardiac index by bioimpedance with blood pressure and heart rate to measure cardiac function, arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry to reflect changes in pulmonary function, and tissue oxygenation by transcutaneous oxygen tension indexed to fractional inspired oxygen concentration and carbon dioxide tension to evaluate tissue perfusion). The cardiac index, mean arterial pressure, pulse oximetry (arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation), and transcutaneous oxygen tension/fractional inspired oxygen concentration were significantly higher in survivors, whereas the heart rate and carbon dioxide tension were higher in nonsurvivors. The calculated survival probability was a useful outcome predictor that also served as a measure of severity of illness. The rate of misclassification of survival probability was 13.5% in the series as a whole but only 6% for patients without severe head injuries and brain death. Application of noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring to acute emergency trauma patients in the emergency department is feasible, safe, and inexpensive and provides accurate hemodynamic patterns in continuous, on-line, real-time, graphical displays of the status of cardiac, pulmonary, and tissue perfusion functions. Combined with an information system, this approach provided an early outcome predictor and evaluated, with an objective individualized method, the relative efficacy of alternative therapies for specific patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center, CA 90033, USA.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
authors.forename: Charles C J
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wo
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Li-Chien
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bayard
authors.forename: Demetrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Demetriades
authors.forename: Roger W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Jelliffe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001785:Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002302:Cardiac Output; D003199:Computer Systems; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D008889:Military Personnel; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D012774:Shock, Traumatic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014481:United States; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000503:physiopathology; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000503:physiopathology