title: Crossmodal audio-visual interactions in the primary visual cortex of the visually deprived cat: a physiological and anatomical study.
abstract: Blind individuals often demonstrate enhanced non-visual perceptual abilities. Neuroimaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation experiments have suggested that computations carried out in the occipital cortex may underlie these enhanced somatosensory or auditory performances. Thus, cortical areas that are dedicated to the analysis of the visual scene may, in the blind, acquire the capacity to participate in other sensory processing. However, the neural substrate that underlies this transfer of function is not fully characterized. Here we studied the synaptic and anatomical basis of this phenomenon in cats that were visually deprived by dark rearing, either early visually deprived after birth (EVD), or late visually deprived after the end of the critical period (LVD); data were compared with those obtained in normally reared cats (controls). The presence of synaptic and spike responses to auditory stimulation was examined by means of intracellular recordings in area 17 and the border between areas 17 and 18. While none of the cells recorded in control and LVD cats showed responses to sound, 14% of the cells recorded in EVD cats showed both subthreshold synaptic responses and suprathreshold spike responses to auditory stimuli. Synaptic responses were of small amplitude, but well time-locked to the stimuli and had an average latency of 30+/-12ms. In an attempt to identify the origin of the inputs carrying auditory information to the visual cortex, wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected in the visual cortex and retrograde labeling examined in the cortex and thalamus. No significant retrograde labeling was found in auditory cortical areas. However, the proportion of neurons projecting from supragranular layers of the posteromedial and posterolateral parts of the lateral suprasylvian region to V1 was higher than that in control cats. Retrograde labeling in the lateral geniculate nucleus showed no difference in the total number of neurons between control and visually deprived cats, but there was a higher proportion of labeling in C-laminae in deprived cats. Labeled cells were not found in the medial geniculate nucleus, a thalamic relay for auditory information, in either control or visually deprived cats. Finally, immunohistochemistry of the visual cortex of deprived cats revealed a striking decrease in pavalbumin- and calretinin-positive neurons, the functional implications of which we discuss.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Apartado 18, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain. mavi.sanchez@umh.es
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Vives
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Descalzo
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Garcia-Velasco
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gallego
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berbel
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002415:Cats; D002452:Cell Count; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D012683:Sensory Deprivation / Q000502:physiology*; D014785:Vision, Ocular; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D018998:Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D018998:Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate