title: Transmission of mouse minute virus (MMV) but not mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) following embryo transfer with experimentally exposed in vivo-derived embryos.
abstract: The present study investigated the presence and location of fluorescent microspheres having the size of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and of mouse minute virus (MMV) in the zona pellucida (ZP) of in vivo-produced murine embryos, the transmission of these viruses by embryos during embryo transfer, and the time of seroconversion of recipients and pups. To this end, fertilized oocytes and morulae were exposed to different concentrations of MMVp for 16 h, while 2-cell embryos and blastocysts were coincubated for 1 h. In addition, morulae were exposed to MHV-A59 for 16 h. One group of embryos was washed, and the remaining embryos remained unwashed before embryo transfer. Serological analyses were performed by means of ELISA to detect antibodies to MHV or MMV in recipients and in progeny on Days 14, 21, 28, 42, and 63 and on Days 42, 63, 84, 112, 133, and 154, respectively, after embryo transfer. Coincubation with a minimum of 10(5)/ml of fluorescent microspheres showed that particles with a diameter of 20 nm but not 100 nm crossed the ZP of murine blastocysts. Washing generally led to a 10-fold to 100-fold reduction of MMVp. Washed MMV-exposed but not MHV-exposed embryos led to the production of antibodies independent of embryonic stage and time of virus exposure. Recipients receiving embryos exposed to a minimum of 10(7) mean tissue culture infective dose (TCID(50))/ml of MHV-A59 and 10(2) TCID(50)/ml of MMVp seroconverted by Day 42 after embryo transfer. The results indicate that MMV but not MHV can be transmitted to recipients even after washing embryos 10 times before embryo transfer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Medicine, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. mahabir@gsf.de
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mahabir
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bulian
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Needham
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mateusen
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Soom
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nauwynck
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000821:virology; D021461:Animals, Outbred Strains; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006524:Hepatitis, Viral, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008863:Microspheres; D008915:Minute Virus of Mice; D009028:Morula / Q000821:virology; D006517:Murine hepatitis virus; D009865:Oocytes / Q000821:virology; D010057:Oviducts; D010316:Particle Size; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D012698:Serologic Tests; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D013997:Time Factors; D014599:Uterus; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000378:metabolism