title: Linear and angular filipino cephalometric norms according to age and sex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify relevant cephalometric parameters for Filipinos according to age and sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 157 Filipino subjects (78 males, 79 females) who fulfilled specific criteria were selected from elementary, high school, and college students affiliated with Manila Central University. They were divided into comparison groups (GI, GII, GIII, and GIV) on the basis of chronological age and sex. Lateral cephalograms were taken for all subjects, and the mean and standard deviation for each parameter was recorded and compared among groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The male group had a longer anterior cranial base (S-N), total facial height (N-Me), longer lower anterior facial height (N-ANS), longer ramus height (Cd-Go), longer lower posterior dentoalveolar height (Mo-Mi'), and total mandibular length (Gn-Cd) than the female group. All these linear measurements were statistically significantly different between males and females in GI, GIII, and GIV. On the other hand, SNB angle showed significant differences (P = .0271) in GIV only. In the lower third of the face, significant opposite tendencies were found in GIV. The female group showed a clockwise rotation, whereas the male counterpart had a counterclockwise rotation of the mandibular plane. The denture pattern of both groups was characterized by a proclination of both lower incisor (Ii to MP) and upper incisor (Is to SN).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Convexity due to dentoalveolar protrusion is the naturally occurring facial profile for Filipinos. The adult females showed steeper mandibular and occlusal plane angles than the male samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Philippine Institute of Dental Advancement, Philippines. marlon_moldez@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Marlon Alvaro
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moldez
authors.forename: Koshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mitani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010679:Philippines; D012399:Rotation; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012737:Sex Factors; D019291:Skull Base / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014716:Vertical Dimension