title: Contrasting insulin dose-dependent defects in activation of atypical protein kinase C and protein kinase B/Akt in muscles of obese diabetic humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insulin-stimulated glucose transport in muscle is impaired in obesity and type 2 diabetes, but alterations in levels of relevant signalling factors, i.e. atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), are still uncertain. Clamp studies using maximal insulin concentrations have revealed defects in activation of aPKC, but not PKB, in both obese non-diabetic and obese diabetic subjects. In contrast, clamp studies using submaximal insulin concentrations revealed defects in PKB activation/phosphorylation in obese non-diabetic and diabetic subjects, but changes in aPKC were not reported. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that dose-related effects of insulin may account for the reported differences in insulin signalling to PKB in diabetic muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared enzymatic activation of aPKC and PKB, and PKB phosphorylation (threonine-308 and serine-473) during hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp studies using both submaximal (400-500 pmol/l) and maximal (1400 pmol/l) insulin levels in non-diabetic control and obese diabetic subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In lean control subjects, the submaximal insulin concentration increased aPKC activity and glucose disposal to approximately 50% of the maximal level and PKBbeta activity to 25% of the maximal level, but PKBalpha activity was not increased. In these subjects, phosphorylation of PKBalpha and PKBbeta was increased to near-maximal levels at submaximal insulin concentrations. In obese diabetic subjects, whereas aPKC activation was defective at submaximal and maximal insulin concentrations, PKBbeta activation and the phosphorylation of PKBbeta and PKBalpha were defective at submaximal, but not maximal, insulin concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Defective PKBbeta activation/phosphorylation, seen on submaximal insulin stimulation in diabetic muscle, may largely reflect impaired activation of insulin signalling factors present in concentrations greater than those needed for full PKB activation/phosphorylation. Defective aPKC activation, seen at all insulin levels, appears to reflect, at least partly, an impaired action of distal factors needed for aPKC activation, or poor aPKC responsiveness.
authors.affiliation: Research Service, James A Haley Veterans Administration Medical Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Casaubon
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sajan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rivas
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Powe
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Standaert
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Farese
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D014280:Triglycerides