title: Epidemiology and clinical outcome of virus-positive respiratory samples in ventilated patients: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Respiratory viruses are a major cause of respiratory tract infections. The prevalence of a virus-positive respiratory sample and its significance in patients requiring mechanical ventilation remain unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cohort study in all consecutive adults ventilated for more than 48 hours admitted to a 22-bed medical intensive care unit during a 12-month period. Respiratory samples at the time of intubation were assessed by culture, by indirect immunofluorescence assay or by molecular methods in systematic tracheobronchial aspirates. Patients with a virus-negative respiratory sample at the time of intubation were considered unexposed and served as the control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five viruses were isolated in 41/187 (22%) patients. Rhinovirus was the most commonly isolated virus (42%), followed by herpes simplex virus type 1 (22%) and virus influenza A (16%). In multivariate analysis controlling for the Acute Pathophysiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, patients with respiratory disorder at admission (adjusted odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 0.8-5.1; P = 0.12), with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma patients (adjusted odds ratio, 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-6.7; P = 0.01) and with admission between 21 November and 21 March (adjusted odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-5.9; P = 0.008) were independently associated with a virus-positive sample. Among the 122 patients admitted with respiratory disorder, a tracheobronchial aspirate positive for respiratory viruses at the time of intubation (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.273; 95% confidence interval, 0.096-0.777; P < 0.006) was independently associated with better survival, controlling for the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II and admission for cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest. Among the remaining 65 patients, a virus-positive sample on intubation did not predict survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirmed the pathogenic role of respiratory viruses in the intensive care unit, particularly rhinovirus. We suggest, however, that the prognostic value of virus-associated respiratory disorder is better than that of other causes of respiratory disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Intensive Care, Avenue Côte de Nacre, Caen University Hospital, 14033 Caen Cedex, France. daubin-c@chu-caen.fr
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Daubin
authors.forename: Jean-Jacques
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Parienti
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vabret
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: du Cheyron
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramakers
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Freymuth
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Charbonneau
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000453:epidemiology; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical / Q000821:virology*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*