title: Decremental ramp atrial extrastimuli pacing protocol for the induction of atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia and other supraventricular tachycardias.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of decremental ramp atrial extrastimuli pacing protocol (PRTCL) for induction of atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT), and other supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs), compared to standard (STD) methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study cohort of 121 patients (age 57.51 +/- 14.02 years) who presented with documented SVTs and/or symptoms of palpitations and dizziness, and underwent invasive electrophysiological evaluation was divided into Group I (AVNRT, n = 42) and Group II (Control, n = 79). The PRTCL involved a train of six atrial extrastimuli, delivered in a decremental ramp fashion. The STD methods included continuous burst and rapid incremental pacing up to atrioventricular (AV) block cycle length, and single and occasionally double atrial extrastimuli. Prolongation in the Atrio-Hisian (Delta-AH) intervals achieved by both methods were compared, as were induction frequencies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Group I, three categories of responses--(1) induction of AVNRT, (2) induction of echo beats only, and (3) none--were observed in 29 (69%), 11 (26%), and 2 (5%) patients with the PRTCL, when compared with 14 (33%), 16 (38%), and 12 (29%) patients with STD methods in the baseline state without the use of pharmacological agents. The Delta-AH intervals for each of these three categories were larger using PRTCL versus STD methods; 293.3 +/- 95.2 ms versus 192.9 +/- 61.4 ms (P < 0.005), 308.6 +/- 68.5 ms versus 189. 9 +/- 64.9 ms (P < 0.0005), and 203.0 +/- 86.3 ms versus 145.8 +/- 58.9 ms (P = NS), respectively. In Group II, in one patient with dual AV nodal physiology but no clinical tachycardia, the PRTCL induced nonsustained (12 beats) AVNRT. Additionally, in this group, both PRTCL and STD methods induced atrial tachycardia in two patients and orthodromic AV re-entrant tachycardia in one patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decremental ramp atrial extrastimuli pacing PRTCL demonstrates a superior response for induction of typical AVNRT as compared to STD techniques. Because of easy and reliable induction of AVNRT and echo beats by the PRTCL, we recommend it as a method to increase the likelihood of induction of AVNRT. For induction of other SVTs, the PRTCL and the STD methods are comparable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiac Electrophysiology Fellowship Training Program, Cardiac Electrophysiology Laboratories, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. bkantharia@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Bharat K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Kantharia
authors.forename: Farooq A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Padder
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kutalek
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000503:physiopathology; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004244:Dizziness / Q000503:physiopathology; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013575:Syncope / Q000503:physiopathology; D013611:Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013617:Tachycardia, Supraventricular / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*