title: Activin B can signal through both ALK4 and ALK7 in gonadotrope cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activins stimulate pituitary FSH synthesis via transcriptional regulation of the FSHbeta subunit gene (Fshb). Like other members of the TGFbeta superfamily, these ligands signal through complexes of type I and type II receptor serine/threonine kinases. The type I receptors, or activin receptor-like kinases (ALKs), propagate intracellular signals upon ligand binding and phosphorylation by associated type II receptors. ALK4 is generally regarded as the type I receptor for activins; however, recent data suggested that activin B and AB might also signal through ALK7. Here, we examined a role for ALK7 in activin B-regulated Fshb transcription.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed ALK7 mRNA expression in immortalized gonadotrope cells, LbetaT2, and adult murine pituitary by RT-PCR. We next transfected LbetaT2 cells with wild-type and kinase-deficient (Lys to Arg, KR) forms of ALK4 and ALK7 and examined the effects of these receptors on activin A and B stimulated Fshb promoter-reporter activity. Cells were also transfected with constitutively active (Thr to Asp, TD) forms of the receptors and their effects on endogenous Fshb mRNA levels and phosphorylation of transfected Smad2/3 were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Finally, we measured ALK4(TD) and ALK7(TD) stimulation of Fshb transcription when endogenous Smad3 levels were depleted using short hairpin RNAs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ALK7 mRNA was expressed in LbetaT2 cells and pituitary gland. Transfection of ALK4 cDNA potentiated the effects of both activin A and activin B on Fshb promoter-reporter activity in LbetaT2 cells. In contrast, ALK7 transfection selectively potentiated activin B's effects. Transfection of ALK4(KR) and ALK7(KR) partly inhibited basal and activin B-stimulated reporter activity, whereas ALK4(TD) and ALK7(TD) potently stimulated the Fshb promoter and endogenous mRNA levels. Transfection of both ALK4(TD) and ALK7(TD) stimulated Smad2/3 phosphorylation, and the effects of both receptors on Fshb promoter activity were inhibited by depletion of endogenous Smad3 protein levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that immortalized gonadotropes express ALK7 and that activin B can signal through this receptor to stimulate Fshb transcription. The relative roles of endogenous ALK4 and ALK7 receptors in mediating activin B's effects in these cells have yet to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council and The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA. daniel.bernard@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Katharine B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D028341:Activins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D052681:Gonadotrophs / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C044147:activin B; D028341:Activins; C424205:ACVR1C protein, human; D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; C498933:Acvr1b protein, mouse