title: Methodology for adding glycemic index and glycemic load values to 24-hour dietary recall database.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe a method of adding the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) values to the nutrient database of the 24-hour dietary recall interview (24HR), a widely used dietary assessment. We also calculated daily GI and GL values from the 24HR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 641 healthy adults from central Massachusetts who completed 9067 24HRs. The 24HR-derived food data were matched to the International Table of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values. The GI values for specific foods not in the table were estimated against similar foods according to physical and chemical factors that determine GI. Mixed foods were disaggregated into individual ingredients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1261 carbohydrate-containing foods in the database, GI values of 602 foods were obtained from a direct match (47.7%), accounting for 22.36% of dietary carbohydrate. GI values from 656 foods (52.1%) were estimated, contributing to 77.64% of dietary carbohydrate. The GI values from three unknown foods (0.2%) could not be assigned. The average daily GI was 84 (SD 5.1, white bread as referent) and the average GL was 196 (SD 63).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using this methodology for adding GI and GL values to nutrient databases, it is possible to assess associations between GI and/or GL and body weight and chronic disease outcomes (diabetes, cancer, heart disease). This method can be used in clinical and survey research settings where 24HRs are a practical means for assessing diet. The implications for using this methodology compel a broader evaluation of diet with disease outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. Barbara.olendzki@umassmed.edu
authors.forename: Barbara C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Olendzki
authors.forename: Yunsheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Annie L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Culver
authors.forename: Ira S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Ockene
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: Andrea R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hafner
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hebert
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000145:classification* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000145:classification; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates