title: Effects of 3-beta-diol, an androgen metabolite with intrinsic estrogen-like effects, in modulating the aquaporin-9 expression in the rat efferent ductules.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fluid homeostasis is critical for normal function of the male reproductive tract and aquaporins (AQP) play an important role in maintenance of this water and ion balance. Several AQPs have been identified in the male, but their regulation is not fully comprehended. Hormonal regulation of AQPs appears to be dependent on the steroid in the reproductive tract region. AQP9 displays unique hormonal regulation in the efferent ductules and epididymis, as it is regulated by both estrogen and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the efferent ductules, but only by DHT in the initial segment epididymis. Recent data have shown that a metabolite of DHT, 5-alpha-androstane-3-beta-17-beta-diol (3-beta-diol), once considered inactive, is also present in high concentrations in the male and indeed has biological activity. 3-beta-diol does not bind to the androgen receptor, but rather to estrogen receptors ER-alpha and ER-beta, with higher affinity for ER-beta. The existence of this estrogenic DHT metabolite has raised the possibility that estradiol may not be the only estrogen to play a major role in the male reproductive system. Considering that both ER-alpha and ER-beta are highly expressed in efferent ductules, we hypothesized that the DHT regulation of AQP9 could be due to the 3-beta-diol metabolite.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test this hypothesis, adult male rats were submitted to surgical castration followed by estradiol, DHT or 3-beta-diol replacement. Changes in AQP9 expression in the efferent ductules were investigated by using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data show that, after castration, AQP9 expression was significantly reduced in the efferent ductules. 3-beta-diol injections restored AQP9 expression, similar to DHT and estradiol. The results were confirmed by Western blotting assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first evidence that 3-beta-diol has biological activity in the male reproductive tract and that this androgen metabolite has estrogen-like activity in the efferent ductules, whose major function is the reabsorption of luminal fluid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Cx, Postal 486, CEP 31,270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. patpicciarelli@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Picciarelli-Lima
authors.forename: André G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Adelina M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Evanguedes
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kalapothakis
authors.forename: Germán A B
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mahecha
authors.forename: Rex A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Cleida A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015113:Androstane-3,17-diol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D020346:Aquaporins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D002369:Castration; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012671:Seminiferous Tubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; C491637:Aqp9 protein, rat; D020346:Aquaporins; D004967:Estrogens; D015113:Androstane-3,17-diol