title: Moisture-induced aggregation of lyophilized DNA and its prevention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the moisture-induced aggregation (i.e., a loss of solubility in water) of DNA in a solid state and to develop rational strategies for its prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lyophilized calf thymus DNA was exposed to relative humidity (RH) levels from 11% to 96% at 55 degrees C. Following a 24-h incubation under these stressed conditions, the solubility of DNA in different aqueous solutions and the water uptake of DNA were determined. The effects of solution pH and NaCl concentration and the presence of excipients (dextran and sucrose) on the subsequent moisture-induced aggregation of DNA were examined. The extent of this aggregation was compared with that of a supercoiled plasmid DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Upon a 24-h incubation at 55 degrees C, calf thymus DNA underwent a major moisture-induced aggregation reaching a maximum at a 60% RH; in contrast, the single-stranded DNA exhibited the maximal aggregation at a 96% RH. Moisture uptake and aqueous solubility studies revealed that the aggregation was primarily due to formation of inter-strand hydrogen bonds. Aggregation of DNA also proceeded at 37 degrees C, albeit at a slower rate. Solution pH and NaCl concentration affected DNA aggregation only at higher RH levels. This aggregation was markedly reduced by co-lyophilization with dextran or sucrose (but not with PEG). The aggregation pattern of a supercoiled plasmid DNA was similar to that of its linear calf thymus counterpart.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The moisture-induced aggregation of lyophilized DNA is caused mainly by non-covalent cross-links between disordered, single-stranded regions of DNA. At high RH levels, renaturation and aggregation of DNA compete with each other. The aggregation is minimized at low RH levels, at optimal solution pH and salt concentration prior to lyophilization, and by co-lyophilizing with excipients capable of forming multiple hydrogen bonds, e.g., dextran and sucrose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Vikas K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Klibanov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry*; D004278:DNA, Superhelical / Q000737:chemistry; D003911:Dextrans; D005612:Freeze Drying; D006813:Humidity; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010957:Plasmids; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012995:Solubility; D013395:Sucrose; D013696:Temperature; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004278:DNA, Superhelical; D003911:Dextrans; D014867:Water; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013395:Sucrose; D004247:DNA