title: Cutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring in adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Arterial blood gas analysis is the 'gold standard' method to measure the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2). However, arterial sampling including arterial catheterization is invasive and expensive. Cutaneous carbon dioxide tension (PcCO2) measurement is used as a noninvasive surrogate measure of PaCO2, which is used to either estimate PaCO2 or determine trend changes in the measurement. There has been considerable progress in the technical aspects of PcCO2 monitoring in the last few years. In this article, we evaluate recent developments and the renewed interest in the subject of PcCO2 monitoring in adults and discuss the technical aspects, clinical applications and the future outlook for this technique in the clinical setting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With evolution in technology, PcCO2 monitoring is now less cumbersome than before. Combined PcCO2 measurement and pulse oximetry is now possible with a single earlobe sensor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical settings in which PcCO2 monitoring can be applied include patient monitoring during and after anaesthesia, patients receiving noninvasive ventilation, post extubation, endoscopy under sedation, the sleep laboratory and the lung function laboratory. Although there is an overlap of the clinical indications when both PcCO2 and end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring may be used, it is our opinion that both these methods have independent indications and are sometimes also complementary to each other in patient care.
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland. pchhajed@uhbs.ch
authors.forename: Prashant N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Chhajed
authors.forename: Ludwig T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Heuss
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamm