title: Preload indexes in thoracic anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An adequate cardiac preload is essential in the treatment of critically ill patients. During anesthesia for thoracic surgery, volume and vasoactive therapy to optimize cardiac output, oxygen delivery (tissue perfusion) and to avoid pulmonary edema is a central therapeutic aspect. Cardiac preload has been estimated with different techniques in clinical practice, even though studies performed on thoracic anesthesia are lacking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyze the conventional pulmonary artery catheter, transesophageal echocardiography and the transpulmonary indicator dilution technique as preload monitoring devices with their indications and limits in thoracic anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pulmonary artery catheter is confirmed as a fundamental device particularly in patients with pulmonary hypertension. For transesophageal echocardiography monitoring, the dependency on operator experience, the low repeatability and the high costs limit its interpretation and diffusion in clinical practice. During lung transplantation, Swan Ganz catheter monitoring is recommended. The optimization of fluid balance and vasoactive drug administration based on volumetric monitoring makes the transpulmonary indicator dilution technique a new option as an effective monitoring system during anesthesia for thoracic surgery when intravascular volume management is a primary objective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, School of Medicine, University of Udine, Italy. giorgio.dellarocca@dsc.uniud.it
authors.forename: Giorgio Della
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Rocca
authors.forename: Maria Gabriella
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Costa