title: Initial biomechanical properties of staple-anchor Achilles tendon allograft and interference screw bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft fixation for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a cadaveric model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a common procedure that has a fairly high success rate. Despite such success, controversy exists with regard to fixation and graft type. The purpose of this study was to quantify the maximum load to failure for staple-anchor freeze-dried Achilles tendon allograft fixation compared with interference screw bone-pattelar tendon-bone autograft fixation at the time of insertion for ACL reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven pairs of cadaveric knees were prepared for ACL reconstruction by disarticulation before graft insertion. The tibia and femur were mounted separately onto an MTS machine and were loaded to failure in line with the tunnels. Femoral fixation for the allograft was provided by a staple anchor; tibial fixation was provided by a suture anchor. Titanium interference screws on the femoral and tibial sides provided autograft fixation. A paired t test was performed to compare mechanical testing results in the 2 groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean maximum load to failure for the allograft was 58.7 N (range, 32.3 to 92.6 N) and 119.6 N (range, 82 to 165.9 N) for the femur and the tibia, respectively, compared with 228.2 N (range, 74.2 to 352 N) and 232.9 N (range, 65.1 to 553.1 N) for the autografts. This difference was statistically significant (P < .001) for femoral fixation, but it was not statistically significant for tibial fixation (P = .186).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Soft tissue Achilles tendon allograft with staple fixation is a significantly weaker fixation construct when compared with autograft bone-patellar tendon-bone with interference screw fixation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows significantly weaker fixation in the staple-alograft construct and yet this construct has had at least equivalent results over a 5-year time frame, indicating that rigid femoral fixation may not be a critical factor in long-term results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: Cassandra A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Walton W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Curl
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kortesis
authors.forename: Gary G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Poehling
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000637:transplantation*; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D010329:Patella / Q000601:surgery; D017847:Patellar Ligament / Q000637:transplantation*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D017792:Surgical Stapling; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D016474:Weight-Bearing