title: Relative contribution of genetic and nongenetic modifiers to intestinal obstruction in cystic fibrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neonatal intestinal obstruction (meconium ileus [MI]) occurs in 15% of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Our aim was to determine the relative contribution of genetic and nongenetic modifiers to the development of this major complication of CF.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 65 monozygous twin pairs, 23 dizygous twin/triplet sets, and 349 sets of siblings with CF were analyzed for MI status, significant covariates, and genome-wide linkage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specific mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the gene responsible for CF, correlated with MI, indicating a role for CFTR genotype. Monozygous twins showed substantially greater concordance for MI than dizygous twins and siblings (P = 1 x 10(-5)), showing that modifier genes independent of CFTR contribute substantially to this trait. Regression analysis revealed that MI was correlated with distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (P = 8 x 10(-4)). Unlike MI, concordance analysis indicated that the risk for development of distal intestinal obstruction syndrome in CF patients is caused primarily by nongenetic factors. Regions of suggestive linkage (logarithm of the odds of linkage >2.0) for modifier genes that cause MI (chromosomes 4q35.1, 8p23.1, and 11q25) or protect from MI (chromosomes 20p11.22 and 21q22.3) were identified by genome-wide analyses. These analyses did not support the existence of a major modifier gene on chromosome 19 in a region previously linked to MI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CFTR gene along with 2 or more modifier genes are the major determinants of intestinal obstruction in newborn CF patients, whereas intestinal obstruction in older CF patients is caused primarily by nongenetic factors.
authors.affiliation: McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Blackman
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deering-Brose
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McWilliams
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naughton
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Algire
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoover-Fong
authors.forename: Ada
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamosh
authors.forename: M Daniele
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Fallin
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Dan E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Arking
authors.forename: Aravinda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chakravarti
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cutler
authors.forename: Garry R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Cutting
mesh_terms: D002880:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11; D002888:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19; D002890:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20; D002891:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4; D002897:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7; D002898:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics*; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator / Q000235:genetics; D010188:Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007415:Intestinal Obstruction / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000601:surgery; D014310:Triplets; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic
chemical_list: C505032:CFTR protein, human; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator