title: Pacemaker longevity: are we getting what we are promised?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although pacemaker manufacturers provide projections on longevity, these projections cannot be relied upon due to the assumptions of output parameters being far in excess of those programmed in clinical practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review was to compare the actual longevity to the calculated longevity of pacemakers based on battery cell characteristics taking into account individual programmed parameters, mode, degree of usage, and percent pacing. This was also compared to the manufacturers' own projected longevities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who had a pacemaker replaced between 1998 and 2003 were included (n = 124). Cell characteristics were obtained from manufacturers and programmed parameters were obtained at each visit. Stepwise calculations were done for each visit to find current drain during each interval, and then were used in a weighted average to find the total average lifetime current drain. This was subsequently used to find a calculated longevity for each pacemaker to be compared to the actual longevity observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pacemakers lasted 491+/-92 days (mean+/-SEM) less than calculated. There was also a difference between dual- and single-chamber devices (though not statistically significant). Moreover, it was found that there were significant differences between manufacturers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There appears to be a significant discrepancy between calculated and actual longevities, confirming that battery depletion occurs earlier than expected. This suggests that current drain expended for ancillary functions may be considerable. Another factor may be pre-implantation drain. Vigilance with programming of outputs, modes, sensors, heart rates, and ancillary functions could potentially extend longevity and postpone/obviate the need for costly repeat surgery with its attended risk of complications. Furthermore, the differences between manufacturers seem to parallel the clinical impressions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Grey Nuns Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Janek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Senaratne
authors.forename: Marleen E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.forename: Manohara P J
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Senaratne
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors