title: Nontraumatic disruption of the fibrocartilaginous trachea: causes and clinical outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nontraumatic disruption of the fibrocartilaginous trachea is rare, and the appropriate management of this condition is not well-characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of the clinical features, causes, and outcomes with surgical and nonsurgical management in nine adult patients with nontraumatic fibrocartilaginous tracheal disruption identified by bronchoscopy from January 1, 1975, to December 31, 2004, at a single institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common cause was external beam radiotherapy (RT) in five patients. Other causes included postoperative complications of cervical and superior mediastinal operations in three patients and Aspergillus fumigatus-induced ulcerative tracheobronchitis in one patient post-lung transplantation. Four patients were treated surgically; three because of significant pneumomediastinum and one because the size of the tracheal defect made spontaneous healing seem unlikely. A silicone stent was placed in one patient for concomitant tracheal narrowing, and one patient was treated medically with antifungal agents. The remaining three patients were followed up serially without any intervention. With these treatments, only one patient died as a consequence of tracheal disruption. Repeat bronchoscopies were performed in seven of the remaining eight patients and confirmed healing of the necrotic defect in all.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nontraumatic disruption of the fibrocartilaginous trachea occurs most commonly as a consequence of external beam RT. It can also occur as a complication of cervical and superior mediastinal operations or from A fumigatus-induced ulcerative tracheobronchitis post-lung transplantation. Although surgical treatment has been generally recommended for patients with this condition, patients with contained disruptions without evidence of pneumomediastinum may be managed nonoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Desk East 18, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Aerni
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Parambil
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Utz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy; D003646:Debridement; D005260:Female; D051445:Fibrocartilage / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D007825:Laryngectomy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012086:Reoperation; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D013965:Thyroidectomy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014132:Trachea / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000601:surgery; D014133:Tracheal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D014134:Tracheal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy