title: Biophysical determinants of toluene diisocyanate antigenicity associated with exposure and asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), a widely used aromatic diisocyanate with the potential to cause asthma, reacts with albumin in the airway fluid, which acts as a carrier protein for chemical presentation to the immune system. Structural elucidation of TDI-albumin conjugates is crucial to understanding the human immune response to TDI exposure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Investigate the dependence of TDI's antigenicity on the biophysics of exposure and its association with TDI asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Toluene diisocyanate-albumin conjugates were generated by exposing albumin to TDI in liquid or vapor phase (liquid or vapor TDI-albumin, respectively). Conjugates were characterized by native gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry, and used as antigens in ELISA assays for serum specific-IgE and IgG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The physical phase of TDI (vapor vs liquid) affects the formation of TDI-albumin conjugates, with measurable differences in the amount of TDI per albumin molecule, migration in native gels, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry mass/charge spectra, and antigenicity. Vapor TDI-albumin conjugates were recognized by IgE from 44% of subjects with TDI asthma, whereas liquid TDI-albumin conjugates are recognized by IgE from only 17% of these patients. A significant (P < .05) association between TDI exposure and vapor TDI-albumin specific serum IgG was also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biophysics of TDI exposure substantially affects formation of TDI-albumin conjugates recognized by the immune system in association with exposure and asthma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that serology may help identify TDI asthmatics and exposed workers if the appropriate form of TDI is used as the antigenic basis for analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Cheol-Woo
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyung-Ryul
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyun-Mi
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chang-Hee
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Dong-Ho
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Nahm
authors.forename: Hae-Sim
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Carrie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Redlich
authors.forename: Adam V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Wisnewski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000418:Albumins / Q000276:immunology; D000941:Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D001249:Asthma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D014051:Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D000941:Antigens; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D014051:Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate; D007073:Immunoglobulin E