title: Anatomy of the coronoid process.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coronoid injuries are classified according to the size of the coronoid fracture. The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed anatomic description of the coronoid process, with specific focus on the coronoid height, the coronoid width, and the olecranon-coronoid angle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five cadaveric arms were dissected. All soft tissue was removed and the ulna was disarticulated from the humerus, radius, and the carpal bones. A 3-dimensional digitizing system was used to locate 19 anatomic landmarks on each specimen. By using the 3-dimensional coordinates of the landmarks, the coronoid heights, proximal ulnar widths, and olecranon-coronoid angles were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The coronoid height, with its base defined by the trough of the trochlear notch and the slope change of the distal coronoid process, measured 15 mm and was 42% of the ulnar height. The coronoid height, with its base defined by the transverse groove of the sigmoid notch at the guiding ridge and the distal insertion of the brachialis muscle, measured 15 mm and was 43% of the ulnar height. The olecranon-coronoid angle ranged between 33 degrees and 38 degrees .
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For lateral radiographic classification of coronoid fractures, coronoid height is best defined by the trough of the trochlear notch and the slope change of the distal coronoid process. For anatomic studies, coronoid height is best defined by the transverse groove of the sigmoid notch at the guiding ridge and the distal insertion of the brachialis muscle. The olecranon-coronoid angle is best defined by the angle formed by the lines from the olecranon tip through the coronoid tip and through the slope change of the distal coronoid process. The coronoid anatomy measurements reported in this study may help to improve coronoid fracture classification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: Jonas L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Matzon
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Widmer
authors.forename: Louis F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Draganich
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Mass
authors.forename: Craig S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014457:Ulna / Q000033:anatomy & histology*