title: Cardiac surgery without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass: the challenges.
abstract: Minimally invasive bypass grafting of the internal thoracic artery to the left anterior descending artery has become routine in many institutions. Currently, indications for single vessel revascularization are expanding to those patients not suitable to be operated upon using extracorporeal circulation, but surgeons remain rather reluctant when multivessel disease is concerned. In such cases, the 'hybrid technique', i.e. single vessel bypass grafting followed by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty at a different site, seems to be a more appropriate alternative. Despite the merits of minimally invasive surgery, the majority of surgeons do not believe that it is possible to achieve the same quality of anastomosis on a beating heart as on an arrested heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Scheld
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmid