title: Mineral minimization in nature's alternative teeth.
abstract: Contrary to conventional wisdom, mineralization is not the only strategy evolved for the formation of hard, stiff materials. Indeed, the sclerotized mouthparts of marine invertebrates exhibit Young's modulus and hardness approaching 10 and 1 GPa, respectively, with little to no help from mineralization. Based on biochemical analyses, three of these mouthparts, the jaws of glycerid and nereid polychaetes and a squid beak, reveal a largely organic composition dominated by glycine- and histidine-rich proteins. Despite the well-known metal ion binding by the imidazole side-chain of histidine and the suggestion that this interaction provides mechanical support in nereid jaws, there is at present no universal molecular explanation for the relationship of histidine to mechanical properties in these sclerotized structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Broomell
authors.forename: Rashda K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Dana N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miserez
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pontin
authors.forename: Galen D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Stucky
authors.forename: Frank W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Zok
authors.forename: J Herbert
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Waite
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D004548:Elasticity; D006244:Hardness; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000502:physiology*; D008386:Marine Biology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014070:Tooth / Q000502:physiology*; D014074:Tooth Calcification / Q000502:physiology*