title: Laboratory tests of oviposition by the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, on dark soil as influenced by presence or absence of vegetation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical objects like vegetation can influence oviposition by mosquitoes on soil or water substrates. Anopheles gambiae s. l. is generally thought to utilize puddles over bare soil as its prime larval habitat and to avoid standing water populated with vegetation. In Kisian, Kenya near Kisumu, water often pools in grassy drainage areas both during and after periods of infrequent rains, when typical puddle habitats become scarce because of drying. This raised the question of whether An. gambiae has the behavioural flexibility to switch ovipositional sites when puddles over bare soil are unavailable.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test whether presence and height of grasses influenced oviposition, wild-caught gravid An. gambiae s. l. were offered paired choices between wet, bare soil and wet soil populated with mixed grasses or grasses of differing height. No-choice tests were also conducted by giving females either grassy soil or bare soil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In choice tests, females laid four times more eggs on bare, wet soil than soil populated with grasses. However in no-choice tests, egg output was not significantly different whether grasses were present or not. Females laid significantly more eggs on soil populated with short grass than with medium, or tall grass.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work shows An. gambiae s. l. has the capacity to oviposit into grassy aquatic habitats when typical puddles over bare soil are unavailable. This knowledge will need to be considered in the design and implementation of programmes aimed at reducing malaria transmission by suppression of An. gambiae s. l. immatures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA. huangju@msu.edu
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Philip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Otienoburu
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amimo
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vulule
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000502:physiology*; D003116:Color; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D007630:Kenya; D010058:Oviposition / Q000502:physiology*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D012987:Soil
chemical_list: D012987:Soil