title: Dissolution studies of bovine dental enamel surfaces modified by high-speed scanning ablation with a lambda = 9.3-microm TEA CO(2) laser.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have demonstrated that lasers can be used to modify the chemical composition of dental enamel to render the mineral phase more resistant to acid dissolution with minimal peripheral thermal damage. Transverse excited atmospheric (TEA) CO(2) lasers tuned to the strong mineral absorption of hydroxyapatite (HAP) near lambda = 9 microm are well-suited for the efficient ablation of dental hard tissues if the laser-pulse is stretched to greater than 5-10 microseconds to avoid plasma shielding phenomena. Moreover, TEA CO(2) lasers can be operated at very high repetition rates and are inherently less expensive and more versatile than Er:YAG and Er:YSGG solid-state lasers. In this study a lambda = 9.3-microm TEA CO(2) with a pulse duration of 8 microseconds and a repetition rate of 300 Hz was used to uniformly treat bovine enamel surfaces at ablative irradiation intensities. We hypothesized that a uniform surface layer of modified enamel of improved crystallinity and CaP phase composition would be formed with an enhanced resistance to acid-dissolution in the ablated areas at higher scanning rates used with the water spray. Such a modified layer of enamel formed at the base and walls of a cavity preparation under the irradiation conditions employed in this study have the potential to inhibit secondary caries under sealants and restorations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The surfaces of bovine enamel blocks (3 x 3 mm(2)) were rapidly scanned across the laser beam at rates of 2, 3, and 6 mm/second with and without a water-spray at an incident fluence of 30 J/cm(2). The resistance to acid dissolution was evaluated using controlled surface dissolution experiments on laser-irradiated and control samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups irradiated at a fluence of 30 J/cm(2) with a repetition rate of 300 Hz and a high scan rate of 6 mm/second with and without water-cooling significantly reduced the overall surface dissolution rates (P < 0.001). At low scan rates (2-3 mm/second) excessive heat deposition resulted in the formation of an outer layer of asperities containing non-apatitic CaP phases that were more susceptible to acid-dissolution. At a scanning rate of 6 mm/second even without the water spray a layer of purer phase HAP was formed without thermal damage, indicating that a high scanning rate can be used to avoid excessive thermal damage during ablation. The best results (80% inhibition) were attained for the higher scanning speed 6-mm/second combined with a water spray.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that an enamel surface with enhanced resistance to acid dissolution is produced after ablation with lambda = 9.3-microm TEA CO(2) laser pulses delivered at high-repetition rates if sufficiently high scanning rates are used with or without a water-spray.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA. daniel.fried@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: John D B
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Featherstone
authors.forename: Charles Q
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D002417:Cattle; D003080:Cold Temperature; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003733:Dental Caries Susceptibility / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000601:surgery*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D006358:Hot Temperature; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D023421:Models, Animal; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D014867:Water; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D017886:Durapatite