title: Folate intake, MTHFR polymorphisms, and risk of esophageal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increasing evidence suggests that a low folate intake and impaired folate metabolism may be implicated in the development of gastrointestinal cancers. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies evaluating the association of folate intake or genetic polymorphisms in 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), a central enzyme in folate metabolism, with risk of esophageal, gastric, or pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed using MEDLINE for studies published through March 2006. Study-specific relative risks were weighted by the inverse of their variance to obtain random-effects summary estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The summary relative risks for the highest versus the lowest category of dietary folate intake were 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53-0.83) for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (4 case-control), 0.50 (95% CI, 0.39-0.65) for esophageal adenocarcinoma (3 case-control), and 0.49 (95% CI, 0.35-0.67) for pancreatic cancer (1 case-control, 4 cohort); there was no heterogeneity among studies. Results on dietary folate intake and risk of gastric cancer (9 case-control, 2 cohort) were inconsistent. In most studies, the MTHFR 677TT (variant) genotype, which is associated with reduced enzyme activity, was associated with an increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, noncardia gastric cancer, gastric cancer (all subsites), and pancreatic cancer; all but one of 22 odds ratios were >1, of which 13 estimates were statistically significant. Studies of the MTHFR A1298C polymorphism were limited and inconsistent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the hypothesis that folate may play a role in carcinogenesis of the esophagus, stomach, and pancreas.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. susanna.larsson@ki.se
authors.forename: Susanna C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolk
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)