title: Evaluation of ProMED-mail as an electronic early warning system for emerging animal diseases: 1996 to 2004.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify emerging animal and zoonotic diseases and associated geographic distribution, disease agents, animal hosts, and seasonality of reporting in the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases (ProMED)-mail electronic early warning system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  10,490 disease reports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive statistics were collated for all animal disease reports appearing on the ProMED-mail system from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 30% of reports concerned events in the United States; reports were next most common in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Russia, and China. Rabies, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and anthrax were reported consistently over the study period, whereas avian influenza, Ebola virus, and Hantavirus infection were reported frequently in approximately half of the study years. Reports concerning viral agents composed more than half of the postings. Humans affected by zoonotic disease accounted for a third of the subjects. Cattle were affected in 1,080 reports, and wildlife species were affected in 825 reports. For the 10,490 postings studied, there was a retraction rate of 0.01 and a correction rate of 0.02.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ProMED-mail provided global coverage, but gaps in coverage for individual countries were detected. The value of a global electronic reporting system for monitoring emerging diseases over a 9-year period illustrated how new technologies can augment disease surveillance strategies. The number of animal and zoonotic diseases highlights the importance of animals in the study of emerging diseases.
authors.affiliation: ProMED-mail, International Society of Infectious Diseases, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115-2577, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cowen
authors.forename: Tam
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.forename: Martin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hugh-Jones
authors.forename: Arnon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimshony
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Handysides
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: Lawrence C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Madoff
authors.forename: Marjorie P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woodall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000662:veterinary*; D034742:Electronic Mail / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D033181:Information Dissemination / Q000379:methods*; D020407:Internet; D012189:Retrospective Studies