title: Diurnal cortisol decline is related to coronary calcification: CARDIA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic stress may be a risk factor for coronary heart disease and is associated with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We tested the hypotheses that two markers of HPA axis dysregulation, elevated average level (area under the curve, adjusted for time awake) and diurnal decline of salivary cortisol, were associated with presence of coronary calcification (CaC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven hundred eighteen black and white middle-aged adults enrolled in an ancillary study of Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults provided six salivary cortisol samples throughout one full day and had measurements of CaC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of any calcification was low, 8.1% in the participants of the ancillary study, with white men having the highest proportion. Average cortisol did not differentiate groups, means = 2.15 and 2.08. Those with any CaC declined approximately 6% per hour in cortisol over the course of the day, whereas those with no CaC declined more than 8% per hour (p < .003). Those persons with slope scores in the flattest quartile had a greater likelihood of any CaC than did those in the remaining quartiles adjusted for sex-race group, age, smoking, treatment for diabetes, systolic blood pressure, logged triglycerides, average cortisol, and educational attainment (odds ratio = 2.58; 95% confidence interval = 1.26-5.30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that HPA axis dysregulation may affect risk for atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. matthewska@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Sheldon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seeman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone