title: Nongenetic causes of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Study of the nongenetic causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) was encouraged by discovery of a cluster of parkinsonism produced by neurotoxic pyridine 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in the 1980s. Since that time, epidemiologic investigations have suggested risk factors, though their results do not establish causality. Pesticide exposure has been associated with increased risk in many studies. Other proposed risks include rural residence and certain occupations. Cigarette smoking, use of coffee/caffeine, and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) all appear to lower risk of PD, while dietary lipid and milk consumption, high caloric intake, and head trauma may increase risk. The cause of PD is likely multifactorial. Underlying genetic susceptibility and combinations of risk and protective factors likely all contribute. The combined research effort by epidemiologists, geneticists, and basic scientists will be needed to clarify the cause(s) of PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research, Parkinson's Institute, Sunnyvale, CA 94089-1605, USA.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Chade
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kasten
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tanner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010575:Pesticides