title: Elaborate petals in Australian Spermacoce (Rubiaceae) species: morphology, ontogeny and function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Australian Spermacoce species display various types of elaborate petals. Their precise morphology, ontogenetic origin, and function are hitherto unknown. The aim of the present paper is to unravel the development and nature of the diverse types of elaborate petals in Spermacoce through a floral ontogenetic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The floral ontogeny of six species characterized by different types of corolla appendages was studied by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. In order to elucidate the possible functions of the elaborate petals, field observations were conducted as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scanning electronmicrographs show that full-grown petals of Spermacoce lignosa, S. phaeosperma and S. redacta bear appendages on their ventral side. Despite their different appearance at anthesis, the appendages develop very similarly in all three species. They are initiated at the same developmental stage and are first visible as two arcs of primordia converging from the upper margins of the petal towards its midvein and downwards. In S. brevidens, S. caudata and S. erectiloba, the full-grown petals have two long, concave protuberances, which develop from the tissue at both sides of the petal's mid-vein. In these three species, initiation of appendages on the ventral side of the petals is also observed, but they are hardly visible on the mature petals. The two types of elaborate petals tightly enclose the anthers, both in bud and during most of the flowering period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among Australian Spermacoce species, two types of elaborate petals can be distinguished. The former hypothesis that the two types of elaborate petals are essentially homologous is here rejected. Field investigations point out that the elaborate petals might play a role in the pollination biology of the species.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium. e.vaes@rbqkew.org.uk
authors.forename: Elly
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vaes
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vrijdaghs
authors.forename: Erik F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Smets
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dessein
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D019666:Rubiaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure*