title: Pain sensitivity is altered in animals after subchronic ketamine treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical observations have shown that pain sensitivity is altered in some schizophrenic patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study alterations in pain sensitivity, the ketamine model in schizophrenia research was employed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were subchronically injected with the dissociative anaesthetic ketamine (Ket, ten injections of 30 mg/kg, one injection per day over a period of 10 days). Two weeks after treatment completion, the animals' pain sensitivity was assayed in the hot plate test and they were subjected to electrical stimulation of the tail root. In addition, the effect of morphine was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group-housed animals, there was no difference between Ket-injected animals and control rats as measured in both nociceptive tests. In singly housed Ket-injected rats, pain threshold was increased in the electrical stimulation test. This suggests that stress due to single housing might be essential for modifications of pain sensitivity. Moreover, the antinociceptive effect of morphine was modified after single housing. Interestingly, the effect of morphine on locomotor activity was similar in both groups. In group-housed rats, mu receptor binding was unchanged in the frontal cortex, whereas Ket-injected animals had decreased levels in the hippocampus. In singly housed animals, mu receptor binding in Ket-injected rats increased in the frontal cortex and decreased in the hippocampus. (35)S-GTPgamma-S binding increased in the frontal cortex in both singly housed groups, but remained unchanged in the hippocampus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that the ketamine model might be useful for studying altered pain sensitivity in schizophrenia. Moreover, the data suggest that modifications in mu opioid receptor binding contribute to this phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany. axel.becker@medizin.uni-magdeburg.de
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grecksch
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schröder
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)- / Q000378:metabolism; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate) / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects*; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000378:metabolism; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D020886:Somatosensory Disorders / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate); D007649:Ketamine; D009020:Morphine