title: Brief communication: Cardiovascular screening practices of major North American professional sports teams.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Customary preparticipation screening strategies to detect heart disease in professional athletes have not been examined systematically.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the current preparticipation cardiovascular screening process for professional athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Screening practices surveyed by questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 122 major professional sports teams in North America.
  
  
  METHODS
  Athletic trainers and team physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  League recommendations for history taking and physical examination and noninvasive testing were compared with screening recommendations from an American Heart Association consensus panel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 122 teams have team physicians perform annual screening, including family and personal history taking (100%), physical examination (100%), and lipid panels (108 of 122 [89%]). Diagnostic testing by using electrocardiography was substantially more common (112 of 122 [92%]) than exercise testing and stress echocardiography (21 of 122 [17%]) or echocardiography (16 of 122 [13%]). League recommendations for history taking and physical examination were most complete for Major League Baseball and the National Hockey League, meeting 10 of 12 and 8 of 12 American Heart Association recommendations, respectively. The most comprehensive cardiovascular screening using echocardiography is confined to selected, elite professional basketball players.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data were self-reported by team representatives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A variety of nonstandardized preparticipation screening strategies for the detection of cardiovascular disease, varying considerably in scope, constitute customary practice among professional sports teams.
authors.affiliation: Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55407, USA. kharris@mplsheart.com
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Austin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sponsel
authors.forename: Adolph M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hutter
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Maron
mesh_terms: D000572:American Heart Association; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008487:Medical History Taking; D009656:North America; D010808:Physical Examination; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013177:Sports; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids