title: Treatment of varicocele with reference to age: a retrospective comparison of three minimally invasive procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated whether the therapeutic efficacy and morbidity of three minimally invasive techniques for varicocele correction--laparoscopic varicocelectomy (LV), antegrade sclerotherapy (AS), and retrograde embolization (RE)--differed between children and adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 10-year period, 356 procedures for varicocele correction, including 122 cases of LV, 108 cases of AS, and 126 cases of RE, were performed for 314 patients at our institution. Of these patients, 223 were 19 years of age or younger (group 1), and 133 were older than 19 years (group 2). Diagnosis and postoperative results were established clinically and with the use of Doppler ultrasonography. The failure rates and complications for each procedure were retrospectively evaluated and compared between the two age groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up period was 69 months (range, 6-122 months). For 25 patients (19.8%), RE was not feasible for technical reasons. In both groups, LV had a lower failure rate than AS or RE, but the difference between LV and AS was not significant in group 1 (7.7(% vs 11.9%; p > 0.5). Also in group 1, AS was associated with fewer complications than LV 1 (4.5% vs 15.4%; p < 0.05). In group 2, LV was significantly more effective in correcting varicoceles than the other two techniques (p < 0.01). In this group, the complication rates for all three procedures did not differ significantly (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our experience, LV was more effective than AS or RE in correcting varicoceles. For children and adolescents, AS may be more indicated because of the slightly lower complication rate and similar recurrence rates, as compared with LV, for this age group. The higher incidence of postoperative hydrocele formation after LV warrants more refined techniques such as the lymphatic-sparing approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Carl-Thiem Hospital, Cottbus, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beutner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoschke
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Helke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roigas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johannsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006848:Testicular Hydrocele / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014646:Varicocele / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*