title: Surgical outcomes of intermittent exotropia associated with concomitant hypertropia including simulated superior oblique palsy after horizontal muscles surgery only.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical features and obtain guideline of treatment in intermittent exotropia associated with hypertropia including simulated superior oblique palsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 93 patients of intermittent exotropia aligned with horizontal muscle surgery only, who showed hypertropia more than 2 PD in primary gaze before surgery and disappeared after surgery. They showed forveal extorsion and dysfunction of oblique muscles of 2+ or less and positive Bielschowsky head tilt test. The postoperative changes of deviation angle were analysed at postoperative 1 day, 6 months, and 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average amount of distant horizontal deviation in primary gaze was 32.3+/-9.58 (25-53) PD, hypertropia was 3.50+/-2.52 (2-14) PD. Average vertical deviation of ipsilateral (hypertropic eye) side was 8.8+/-4.63 PD and contralateral (hypotrophic eye) side was 4.0+/-4.77 PD in Bielschowsky head tilt test. Hypertropic eye was accorded with exotropic eye in 53.4%. After horizontal surgery, the amount of hypertropia was 1.2 PD at postoperative 1 day. On Bielschowsky head tilt test, hypertropia was almost eliminated showing 0.6 PD on the ipsilateral side and 0.2 PD on the contralateral eye at 1 month. This state was maintained up to postoperative 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small amount of hypertropia up to 14 PD in intermittent exotropia could be disappeared with horizontal muscle surgery only. However, careful examinations for head tilt history, fovea extorsion, oblique dysfunction, and Maddox rod test should be preceded to rule out true superior oblique palsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of ophthalmology, Korea University College of medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Y A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: S-H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005099:Exotropia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D019416:Head Movements; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009886:Ophthalmoplegia / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013285:Strabismus / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome