title: Does static precede dynamic osteogenesis in endochondral ossification as occurs in intramembranous ossification?
abstract: Endochondral ossification takes place with calcified cartilage cores providing a rigid scaffold for new bone formation. Intramembranous ossification begins in connective tissue and new bone formed by a process of static ossification (SO) followed by dynamic ossification (DO) as previously described. The aim of the present study was to determine if the process of endochondral ossification is similar to that of intramembranous ossification with both a static and a dynamic phase of osteogenesis. Endochondral ossification centers of the tibiae and humeri of newborn and young growing rabbits were studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. The observations clearly showed that in endochondral ossification, the calcified trabeculae appeared to be lined first by osteoclasts. The osteoclasts were then replaced by flattened cells (likely cells of the reversal phase) and finally by irregularly arranged osteoblastic laminae, typical of DO. This cellular sequence did not include osteoblasts seen in the phase of SO. These findings clearly support our working hypothesis that SO only forms in soft tissues to provide a rigid framework for DO, and that DO requires a rigid mineralized surface. The presence of osteocytes in contact with the calcified cartilage also suggests the existence of stationary osteoblasts in endochondral ossification. Stationary osteoblasts did not appear to be a unique feature of SO. The presence of stationary osteoblasts may appear to provide the initial osteocytes during osteogenesis that may function as mechanosensors throughout the bone tissue. If this is the case, then bone would be capable of sensing mechanical strains from its inception.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Anatomia e Istologia, Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Palumbo
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bertoni
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cavani
authors.forename: Gastone
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marotti
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002356:Cartilage / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006811:Humerus; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D011817:Rabbits; D013977:Tibia; D013997:Time Factors