title: Effects of a pomegranate fruit extract rich in punicalagin on oxidation-sensitive genes and eNOS activity at sites of perturbed shear stress and atherogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atherosclerosis is enhanced in arterial segments exposed to disturbed flow. Perturbed shear stress increases the expression of oxidation-sensitive responsive genes (such as ELK-1 and p-CREB). Polyphenolic antioxidants contained in the juice derived from the pomegranate contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress and atherogenesis during disturbed shear stress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of intervention with the Pomegranate Fruit Extract (PFE) rich in polyphones (punicalagin, which is a potent antioxidant) on ELK-1, p-CREB, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression induced by high shear stress in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the doses used in the study, both the PFE and the regular pomegranate juice concentrate reduced the activation of ELK-1 and p-CREB and increased eNOS expression (which was decreased by perturbed shear stress) in cultured human endothelial cells and in atherosclerosis-prone areas of hypercholesterolemic mice. PFE and pomegranate juice increased cyclic GMP levels while there was no significant effect of both compounds on the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline. Administration of these compounds to hypercholesterolemic mice significantly reduced the progression of atherosclerosis and isoprostane levels and increased nitrates. This protective effect was relevant with PFE. Vasomotor reactivity was improved and EC(25) values in response to Ach and NONOate were significantly increased in treated mice in comparison to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that the proatherogenic effects induced by perturbed shear stress can be also reversed by chronic administration of PFE.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Filomena
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Nigris
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williams-Ignarro
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sica
authors.forename: Lilach O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.forename: Francesco P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: D'Armiento
authors.forename: Russell E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Byrns
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casamassimi
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carpentiero
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schiano
authors.forename: Daigo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sumi
authors.forename: Carmela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fiorito
authors.forename: Louis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ignarro
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Napoli
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D001628:Beverages; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003331:Coronary Vessels; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D029561:Lythraceae; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011973:Receptors, LDL; C115642:punicalagin; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III