title: Degradation of naphthenic acids by sediment micro-organisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Naphthenic acids (NAs) are naturally occurring, linear and cyclic carboxylic surfactants associated with the acidic fraction of petroleum. NAs account for most of the acute aquatic toxicity of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). The toxicity of OSPW can be reduced by microbial degradation. The aim of this research was to determine the extent of NA degradation by sediment microbial communities exposed to varying amounts of OSPW.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven wetlands, both natural and process-affected, and one tailings settling pond in Northern Alberta were studied. The natural wetlands and process-affected sites fell into two distinct groups based on their water chemistry. The extent of degradation of a 14C-labelled monocyclic NA surrogate [14C-cyclohexane carboxylic acid (CCA)] was relatively uniform in all sediments (approximately 30%) after 14 days. In contrast, degradation of a bicyclic NA surrogate [14C-decahydronaphthoic acid (DHNA)] was significantly lower in non process-affected sediments. Enrichment cultures, obtained from an active tailings settling pond, using commercially available NAs as the sole carbon source, resulted in the isolation of a co-culture containing Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Quantitative GC-MS analysis showed that the co-culture removed >95% of the commercial NAs, and partially degraded the process NAs from OSPW with a resulting NA profile similar to that from 'aged wetlands'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to NAs induced and/or selected micro-organisms capable of more effectively degrading bicyclic NAs. Native Pseudomonas spp. extensively degraded fresh, commercial NA. The recalcitrant NAs resembled those found in process-affected wetlands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that it may be possible to manipulate the existing environmental conditions to select for a microbial community exhibiting higher rates of NA degradation. This will have significant impact on the design of artificial wetlands for water treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Del Rio
authors.forename: A K M
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hadwin
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: MacKinnon
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology*; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; C046170:naphthenic acid