title: Prosaposin upregulates AR and PSA expression and activity in prostate cancer cells (LNCaP).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prosaposin overexpression and/or genomic amplification have been demonstrated in androgen-independent (AI) prostate cancer cell lines and tissues. Here, we explored the possibility for a functional relationship between prosaposin and androgen receptor (AR) in LNCaP cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of prosaposin or its active molecular derivatives (e.g., saposin C) on expression and activity of androgen receptor (AR) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was examined by using immunoblotting, RT-PCR, transfection, and reporter gene assays, immunofluorescence staining, and inhibitors of signal transduction pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prosaposin or saposin C, in an AI-manner, (a) increased AR mRNA and protein expression and nuclear AR content and its phosphorylation state; (b) increased PSA mRNA and protein expression; and (c) upregulated PSA- and an androgen-inducible probasin (PB)-reporter gene activity in LNCaP and AR-transfected PC-3 cells. Induction of PSA expression and reporter activity was substantially blocked or prevented with the antiandrogen bicalutamide, pertussis toxin, or inhibitors of MAPK- and PI3K/Akt-signaling pathways, indicating an androgen-agonistic effect for saposin C that involves AR and multiple signaling pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results for the first time introduce prosaposin as an androgen-agonist in prostate cancer cells. This finding, together with the growth-promoting effect and overexpression of prosaposin, may support a growth advantage to AI prostate cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA. skooch@lsuhsc.edu
authors.forename: Shahriar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koochekpour
authors.forename: Tae-Jin
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ruoxiang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Culig
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Delorme
authors.forename: Soren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caffey
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marrero
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aguirre
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000727:Androgen-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000813:Anilides / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009570:Nitriles; D010957:Plasmids; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D049231:Saposins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014105:Tosyl Compounds; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000727:Androgen-Binding Protein; D000813:Anilides; D009570:Nitriles; C483345:PSAP protein, human; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D049231:Saposins; D014105:Tosyl Compounds; C027519:probasin; C053541:bicalutamide; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen