The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: development and validation.
In this study, the authors both developed and validated a self-report mindfulness measure, the Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS). In Study 1, participants were individuals with and without meditation experience. Results showed good internal consistency and two factors, Curiosity and Decentering. Most of the expected relationships with other constructs were as expected. The TMS scores increased with increasing mindfulness meditation experience. In Study 2, criterion and incremental validity of the TMS were investigated on a group of individuals participating in 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction programs. Results showed that TMS scores increased following treatment, and Decentering scores predicted improvements in clinical outcome. Thus, the TMS is a promising measure of the mindfulness state with good psychometric properties and predictive of treatment outcome.
Lau
Mark A
MA
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and the University of Toronto. mark_lau@camh.net
Bishop
Scott R
SR
Segal
Zindel V
ZV
Buis
Tom
T
Anderson
Nicole D
ND
Carlson
Linda
L
Shapiro
Shauna
S
Carmody
James
J
Abbey
Susan
S
Devins
Gerald
G
D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires