title: Effect of ozone on oral cells compared with established antimicrobials.
abstract: Ozone has been proposed as an alternative antiseptic agent in dentistry based on reports of its antimicrobial effects in both gaseous and aqueous forms. This study investigated whether gaseous ozone (4 x 10(6) microg m(-3)) and aqueous ozone (1.25-20 microg ml(-1)) exert any cytotoxic effects on human oral epithelial (BHY) cells and gingival fibroblast (HGF-1) cells compared with established antiseptics [chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) 2%, 0.2%; sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 5.25%, 2.25%; hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) 3%], over a time of 1 min, and compared with the antibiotic, metronidazole, over 24 h. Cell counts, metabolic activity, Sp-1 binding, actin levels, and apoptosis were evaluated. Ozone gas was found to have toxic effects on both cell types. Essentially no cytotoxic signs were observed for aqueous ozone. CHX (2%, 0.2%) was highly toxic to BHY cells, and slightly (2%) and non-toxic (0.2%) to HGF-1 cells. NaOCl and H(2)O(2) resulted in markedly reduced cell viability (BHY, HGF-1), whereas metronidazole displayed mild toxicity only to BHY cells. Taken together, aqueous ozone revealed the highest level of biocompatibility of the tested antiseptics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. khuth@dent.med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Karin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Huth
authors.forename: Franz M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Jakob
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Saugel
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cappello
authors.forename: Ekaterini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Paschos
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hollweck
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hickel
authors.forename: Korbinian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brand
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002452:Cell Count; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D010126:Ozone / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D010126:Ozone; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine