title: Cripto binds transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and inhibits TGF-beta signaling.
abstract: Cripto is a developmental oncoprotein and a member of the epidermal growth factor-Cripto, FRL-1, Cryptic family of extracellular signaling molecules. In addition to having essential functions during embryogenesis, Cripto is highly expressed in tumors and promotes tumorigenesis. During development, Cripto acts as an obligate coreceptor for transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) ligands, including nodals, growth and differentiation factor 1 (GDF1), and GDF3. As an oncogene, Cripto is thought to promote tumor growth via mechanisms including activation of mitogenic signaling pathways and antagonism of activin signaling. Here, we provide evidence supporting a novel mechanism in which Cripto inhibits the tumor suppressor function of TGF-beta. Cripto bound TGF-beta and reduced the association of TGF-beta with its type I receptor, TbetaRI. Consistent with its ability to block receptor assembly, Cripto suppressed TGF-beta signaling in multiple cell types and diminished the cytostatic effects of TGF-beta in mammary epithelial cells. Furthermore, targeted disruption of Cripto expression by use of small inhibitory RNA enhanced TGF-beta signaling, indicating that endogenous Cripto plays a role in restraining TGF-beta responses.
authors.affiliation: Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. gray@salk.edu
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Gidi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shani
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aung
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kelber
authors.forename: Wylie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vale
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; C070636:TDGF1 protein, human; C489450:Tdgf1 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I