title: Neural circuits containing pallidotegmental GABAergic neurons are involved in the prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response is a measure of the inhibitory function and time-linked information processing by which a weak sensory stimulus (the prepulse) inhibits the startle response caused by a sudden intense stimulus. We attempted to clarify the neuronal circuits underlying the control of PPI of the startle reflex in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  c-Fos immunohistochemistry was used to detect neurons activated by startle pulse and/or prepulse trials. Behavioural pharmacology and tracing studies were also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lateral globus pallidus (LGP) was activated by prepulses. Activation of the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC) evoked by the startle pulses was inhibited under PPI conditions. Double-immunostaining revealed that c-Fos-positive cells in the LGP following prepulse trials were GABAergic neurons. Bilateral microinjections of lidocaine into the LGP resulted in an impairment of PPI. Fluoro-gold infusion into the PnC and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) retrogradely labeled neurons in the PPTg and LGP, respectively. Microinjections of phaclofen into the PPTg significantly impaired PPI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that GABAergic neurons in the LGP which project to the PPTg play a crucial role through the activation of GABAB receptors in the regulation of PPI of the startle reflex in mice.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamei
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuya
authors.forename: Sawako
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizoguchi
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoneda
authors.forename: Toshitaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nabeshima
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takuma
authors.forename: Kiyofumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D016762:Genes, fos / Q000502:physiology; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000502:physiology; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D045042:Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018080:Receptors, GABA-B / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018080:Receptors, GABA-B; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D008012:Lidocaine