title: The use of prostate-specific antigen testing in men presenting with haematuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and clinical outcome in men presenting with haematuria, to develop an evidence-base for the use of PSA testing in this setting, as haematuria is a known complication of locally invasive prostate cancer, and so PSA levels are often measured in patients presenting with haematuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of 637 men presenting with haematuria to our urology department between April 2002 and June 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 373 men aged 50-79 years, 278 (75%) had their PSA level measured, and 50 were abnormal. Prostate biopsies were taken in 27 men with an abnormal PSA level (54%) and one man with a normal PSA level but an abnormal digital rectal examination. Prostate cancer was detected in 22 patients (8% of those tested, and 71% of those biopsied); 4.7% of all men presenting with macroscopic haematuria and aged 50-79 years were found to have prostate cancer, vs 8.5% of those with microscopic haematuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report a higher proportion of prostate cancers in men presenting with haematuria and aged 50-79 years than reported in previous screening studies, and a cancer detection rate of 71% of those biopsied, which is at least double the detection rates seen in screening studies. In the absence of a prospective controlled trial, PSA testing will remain part of our protocol for both macroscopic and microscopic haematuria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK. sjbromage@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bromage
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Napier-Hemy
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: Iain G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: McIntyre
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D051517:Digital Rectal Examination; D006417:Hematuria / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen