title: Adderall produces increased striatal dopamine release and a prolonged time course compared to amphetamine isomers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adderall is currently used for the treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and is composed of a novel mixture of approximately 24% L-amphetamine and 76% D-amphetamine salts. There are, however, no investigations of the pharmacological effects of this combination in vivo.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The technique of high-speed chronoamperometry using Nafion-coated single carbon-fiber microelectrodes was used to study amphetamine-evoked dopamine (DA) release produced by Adderall, D-amphetamine, or D,L-amphetamine in the striatum of anesthetized male Fischer 344 (F344) rats. The amphetamine solutions were locally applied from micropipettes by pressure ejection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local applications of Adderall resulted in significantly greater DA release signal amplitudes with prolonged time course of dopamine release and re-uptake as compared to D-amphetamine and D,L-amphetamine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support the hypothesis that the combination of amphetamine enantiomers and salts in Adderall has effects on DA release, which result in increased and prolonged DA release, compared to D- and D,L-amphetamine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Center for Sensor Technology, The Morris K. Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY, 40536-0098, USA.
authors.forename: B Matthew
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: Paul E A
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: Greg A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Gerhardt
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000662:Amphetamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007536:Isomerism; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D011199:Potentiometry / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C090411:Adderall; D000662:Amphetamines; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D000661:Amphetamine; D004298:Dopamine