title: Comparison of early and late toxic effects of sulfur mustard in Iranian veterans.
abstract: Sulfur mustard is an alkylating agent that reacts with ocular, respiratory, cutaneous, and bone marrow tissues, resulting in early and late toxic effects. We compare these effects based on the experience in Iranian veterans exposed to the agent during the Iran-Iraq conflict (1983-88). The first clinical manifestations of sulfur mustard poisoning occurred in the eyes with a sensation of grittiness, lacrimation, photophobia, blepharospasm, and corneal ulceration. Respiratory effects appeared as rhinorhea, laryngitis, tracheobronchitis, and dyspnoea. Skin lesions varied from erythema to bullous necrotization. Initial leukocytosis and lymphopenia returned to normal within four weeks in recovered patients, but marked cytopenia with bone marrow failure occurred in fatal cases. Late toxic effects of sulfur mustard were most commonly found in lungs, skin and eyes. Main respiratory complications were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, asthma, large airway narrowing, and pulmonary fibrosis. Late skin lesions were hyperpigmentation, dry skin, atrophy, and hypopigmentation. Fifteen of the severely intoxicated patients were diagnosed with delayed keratitis, having corneal vascularization, thinning, and epithelial defect. Respiratory complications exacerbated over time, while cutaneous and ocular lesions decreased or remained constant. Both the severity and frequency of bronchiectatic lesions increased during long-term follow-up. The only deteriorating cutaneous complication was dry skin. The maximum incidence of delayed kaeratitis was observed 15 to 20 years after initial exposure. Being suggested as the main cause ofassociated with malignancies and recurrent infections, natural killer cells were significantly lower 16 to 20 years after intoxication.
authors.affiliation: Medical Toxicology Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. mbalalimood@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balali-Mood
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hefazi
mesh_terms: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D009151:Mustard Gas / Q000506:poisoning*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D014728:Veterans
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D009151:Mustard Gas