title: The effect of endogenous nitric oxide on mechanical ciliostimulation of human nasal mucosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) production by the inducible NO-synthase is enhanced in the nasal respiratory epithelium of patients with allergic rhinitis. Recent experimental data suggest endogenous NO to be strongly involved in the regulation of ciliary activity, the driving force of the mucociliary transport system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we investigated the effect of endogenous NO on mechanical stimulation of ciliary activity in a nasal mucosa explant model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultures of nasal mucosa explants were incubated with TNF-alpha and bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to enhance endogenous NO production. Direct in vitro NO imaging was performed by the fluorescent NO-indicator DAF-2 DA and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was determined using a photoelectric technique. Mechanical stimulation was performed by two consecutive flow increments in a closed perfusion chamber. Endogenous NO-synthesis was blocked by l-NAME before the second flow stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under control conditions the mean rise of CBF relative to baseline was 30.2% during the first flow increment and 30.7% during the second flow increment. Blocking of the endogenous NO synthesis in TNF-alpha/LPS-stimulated cultures reduced baseline CBF by 10.6+/-2.1% (P<0.05) but the effect of mechanical ciliostimulation on CBF remained unchanged (36.0% vs. 38.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, endogenous NO- and Ca(2+)-dependent mechanical stimulation of ciliary activity probably use independent intracellular signalling pathways. The combination of both effects on ciliary activity is likely to improve the local defence against inhaled allergens in patients with nasal allergies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany. alberty.hno@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alberty
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stoll
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rudack
mesh_terms: D002923:Cilia / Q000502:physiology; D004926:Escherichia coli; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance / Q000502:physiology; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000502:physiology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000503:physiopathology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester