title: How much vitamin D3 do the elderly need?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D insufficiency poses a problem in many parts of the world, the elderly being an especially vulnerable group. This insufficiency results from an inadequate amount of sunshine and a low dietary intake of vitamin D. Typically, insufficiency is accompanied with high intact parathyroid hormone, (S-iPTH) concentrations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied how serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (S-25-OHD) concentrations respond to different doses of vitamin D3 supplementation. Secondly to determine the smallest efficient dose to maintain serum 25-OHD concentration above the insufficiency level. We also studied which dose would be efficient in decreasing S-iPTH concentration in these subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine 65- to 85-year-old women participated. The women were randomly assigned into one of four groups receiving 0 (placebo), 5, 10 or 20 microg of vitamin D3 daily for 12 weeks. Fasting morning blood was drawn at the beginning of the study, and thereafter every second week. Calciotropic variables were assessed from serum and urine samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The S-25-OHD concentration increased significantly (p < 0.001) in all supplemented groups [5 microg: by 10.9 (8.5) nmol/L, 10 microg: by 14.4 (6.9) nmol/L, 20 microg: by 23.7 (11.9) nmol/L], whereas it decreased in the placebo group by 8.3 (13.2) nmol/L. Equilibrium in S-25-OHD concentration was reached in all groups after 6 weeks of supplementation at 57.7 (8.9) nmol/L, 59.9 (8.9) nmol/L and 70.9 (8.9) nmol/L in the groups with increasing vitamin D supplementation. The dose-response to supplementation decreased with increasing vitamin D status at baseline, r = -0.513, p = 0.002. S-iPTH tended to decrease in those with highest dose response to supplementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A clear dose response was noted in S-25-OHD to different doses of vitamin D3. The recommended dietary intake of 15 microg is adequate to maintain the S-25-OHD concentration around 40-55 nmol/L during winter, but if the optimal S-25-OHD is higher than that even higher vitamin D intakes are needed. Interestingly, subjects with lower vitamin D status at baseline responded more efficiently to supplementation than those with more adequate status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Heli T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Viljakainen
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palssa
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kärkkäinen
authors.forename: Jette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lamberg-Allardt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D012621:Seasons; D013472:Sunlight; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; D002762:Cholecalciferol; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D