title: Bacterial quorum sensing and interference by naturally occurring biomimics.
abstract: Bacteria are able to coordinate gene expression as a community through the secretion and detection of signalling molecules so that the members of the community can simultaneously express specific behaviours. This mechanism of regulation of behaviour appears to be a key trait for adaptation to specific environments and has been shown to regulate a variety of important phenotypes, from virulence factor production to biofilm formation to symbiosis related behaviours such as bioluminescence. The ability to communicate and communally regulate gene expression is hypothesised to have evolved as a way for organisms to delay expression of phenotypes until numerical supremacy is reached. For example, in the case of infection, if an invading microorganism were to express virulence factors too early, the host may be able to mount a successful defence and repel the invaders. There is growing evidence that bacterial quorum sensing (QS) systems are involved in cross-kingdom signalling with eukaryotic organisms and that eukaryotes are capable of actively responding to bacteria in their environment by detecting and acting upon the presence of these signalling molecules. Likewise, eukaryotes produce compounds that can interfere with QS systems in bacteria by acting as agonists or antagonists. An exciting new field of study, biomimetics, takes inspiration from nature's models and attempts to design solutions to human problems, and biomimics of QS systems may be one such solution. This article presents the acylated homoserine lactone and autoinducer 2 QS systems in bacteria, the means of intercepting or interfering with bacterial QS systems evolved by eukaryotes, and the rational design of synthetic antagonists.
authors.affiliation: The Centre for Marine Biofouling and Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McDougald
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kjelleberg
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology; D005057:Eukaryotic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006714:Homoserine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D007783:Lactones / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018716:Molecular Mimicry; D053038:Quorum Sensing / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007783:Lactones; C091088:N-octanoylhomoserine lactone; C088386:homoserine lactone; D006714:Homoserine; D015107:4-Butyrolactone