title: New models for visceral pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After the initial use of unspecific stimuli, scientists have recently put a lot of effort into the development of new visceral pain models. These models will help to study physiological and pharmacological questions closely related to clinically treated visceral pain. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the new models published most recently and encourage further studies in this field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four rodent and three human models have been introduced. Each of these models addresses specific types of visceral pain, related to the urogenital tract (n=3), to the gastrointestinal tract (n=3), and to visceral organs (n=1). Mechanical distension as a brief stimulus was used mainly, but chemical stimuli resulting in intermediate to prolonged duration of pain were also investigated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Developments in the scientific visceral pain field are encouraging. Growing interest in studying aetiology, physiology and pharmacology of visceral pain proves the clinical importance of this pain entity. However, these new models need further evaluation. Future studies will show which of these new models will become a standard scientific tool.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria. andreas.sandner@uni-graz.at
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sandner-Kiesling
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bantel