title: Contact force- and amplitude-controllable vibrating probe for somatosensory mapping of plantar afferences with fMRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study cerebral responses evoked from mechanoreceptors in the human foot sole using a computer-controlled vibrotactile stimulation system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The stimulation system consisted of two stationary moving magnet actuators with indentors to gently contact and vibrate the foot sole during functional MRI (fMRI) experiments. To allow independent settings of contact force (0-20 N) and intensity of vibration (frequency range=20-100 Hz) the actuators were controlled by a digital servo loop. For fMRI experiments with complex stimulus protocols, both vibrating probes were further operated under supervisory control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MR compatibility of this electromagnetic system was tested in a 1.5T scanner with an actively shielded magnet (Siemens Magnetom Sonata). Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses were detected in the contralateral left pre- and postcentral gyrus, bilaterally within the secondary somatosensory cortex, bilaterally within the supplementary motor cortex, and bilaterally within the anterior cingular gyrus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This stimulation device provides a new tool for identifying cerebral structures that convey sensory information from the foot region, which is of promising diagnostic value, particularly for assessing sensorimotor deficits resulting from brain lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria. eugen.gallasch@meduni-graz.at
authors.forename: Eugen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gallasch
authors.forename: Stefan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Golaszewski
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fend
authors.forename: Christian M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Siedentopf
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Koppelstaetter
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Eisner
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gerstenbrand
authors.forename: Stephan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Felber
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005528:Foot / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014159:Transducers; D014732:Vibration