title: A case-control study of mastitis: nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mastitis is a common problem for breastfeeding women. Researchers have called for an investigation into the possible role of maternal nasal carriage of S. aureus in the causation of mastitis in breastfeeding women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of the study was to investigate the role of maternal S. aureus nasal carriage in mastitis. Other factors such as infant nasal S. aureus carriage, nipple damage, maternal fatigue and oversupply of milk were also investigated. A case-control design was used. Women with mastitis (cases, n = 100) were recruited from two maternity hospitals in Melbourne, Australia (emergency departments, breastfeeding clinics and postnatal wards). Breastfeeding women without mastitis (controls, n = 99) were recruited from maternal and child health (community) centres and the rooms of a private obstetrician. Women completed a questionnaire and nasal specimens were collected from mother and baby and placed in charcoal transport medium. Women also collected a small sample of milk in a sterile jar.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference between nasal carriage of S. aureus in breastfeeding women with mastitis (42/98, 43%) and control women (45/98, 46%). However, significantly more infants of mothers with mastitis were nasal carriers of S. aureus (72/88, 82%) than controls (52/93, 56%). The association was strong (adjusted OR 3.23, 95%CI 1.30, 8.27) after adjustment for the following confounding factors: income, private health insurance, difficulty with breastfeeding, nipple damage and tight bra. There was also a strong association between nipple damage and mastitis (adjusted OR 9.34, 95%CI 2.99, 29.20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no association between maternal nasal carriage of S. aureus and mastitis, but nasal carriage in the infant was associated with breast infections. As in other studies of mastitis, we found a strong association between nipple damage and mastitis. Prevention of nipple damage is likely to reduce the incidence of infectious mastitis. Mothers need good advice about optimal attachment of the baby to the breast and access to skilled help in the early postpartum days and weeks.
authors.affiliation: Mother & Child Health Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia. l.amir@latrobe.edu.au
authors.forename: Lisa H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Amir
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lumley
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003151:Community Health Centers; D005260:Female; D006771:Hospitals, Maternity; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008413:Mastitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D009558:Nipples / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D009774:Obstetrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014739:Victoria