title: Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and stress signaling in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Although oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), it remains unclear how mitochondrial oxidative stress may induce neuronal death. In a variety of tissues, cumulative oxidative stress, disrupted mitochondrial respiration, and mitochondrial damage are associated with, and may indeed promote cell death and degeneration. In this review, we examine current evidence supporting the involvement of mitochondria and mitochondrially generated stress signaling in AD and discuss potential implications for the mechanism of pathogenesis of this disease. Mitochondria are pivotal in controlling cell life and death not only by producing ATP, and sequestering calcium, but by also generating free radicals and serving as repositories for proteins which regulate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Perturbations in the physiological function of mitochondria inevitably disturb cell function, sensitize cells to neurotoxic insults and may initiate cell death, all significant phenomena in the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative disorders including AD.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA. Onyango@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Isaac G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Onyango
authors.forename: Shaharyar M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; C026515:type I signal peptidase