title: Protein biosensors based on the principle of fluorescence resonance energy transfer for monitoring cellular dynamics.
abstract: Genetically-coded, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors are widely used to study molecular events from single cells to whole organisms. They are unique among biosensors because of their spontaneous fluorescence and targeting specificity to both organelles and tissues. In this review, we discuss the theoretical basis of FRET with a focus on key parameters responsible for designing FRET biosensors that have the highest sensitivity. Next, we discuss recent applications that are grouped into four common biosensor design patterns--intermolecular FRET, intramolecular FRET, FRET from substrate cleavage and FRET using multiple colour fluorescent proteins. Lastly, we discuss recent progress in creating fluorescent proteins suitable for FRET purposes. Together these advances in the development of FRET biosensors are beginning to unravel the interconnected and intricate signalling processes as they are occurring in living cells and organisms.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ont., Canada, M5S 3G9.
authors.forename: Isaac T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Truong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002477:Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D030781:Organisms, Genetically Modified; D011485:Protein Binding; D015202:Protein Engineering; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011506:Proteins