title: Indian Family Exception Doctrine: still losing children despite the Indian Child Welfare Act.
abstract: Since 1982, the Indian Family Exception Doctrine has been circumventing the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978. Although not clearly defined, the doctrine has been pivotal in several American Indian child welfare cases in the United States. Over time, the doctrine continues to evolve and self-define. Several phrases have become part of the definition, such as Indian family and culture. This doctrine presents major concerns and implications in the field of child welfare.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cross
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D002655:Child Custody / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D002669:Child Welfare / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D003469:Culture; D005104:Expert Testimony / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D008297:Male; D012933:Social Identification; D014481:United States