title: A biomechanical analysis of the long-jump technique of elite female amputee athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate whether female lower-limb amputees conform to the established long-jump model and to compare the kinematics of the approach and take-off phases for elite female transfemoral and transtibial amputee long jumpers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight female transfemoral and nine female transtibial amputee athletes were videotaped (sagittal plane movements at 50 Hz) from third-to-last step to take-off during the 2004 Paralympic Games long-jump finals. After digitizing and reconstruction of 2D coordinates, key variables were calculated at each stride and during contact with the take-off board. Additionally, approach speed during the run-up of each jump was recorded (100 Hz) using a laser Doppler device (LDM 300 C Sport, Jenoptik Laser, Jena, Germany).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The transfemoral amputees had a consistently higher center of mass height on the last three steps before take-off than the transtibial amputees. However, at touch-down onto the take-off board, they lowered their center of mass excessively so that from touch-down to take-off, they were actually lower than the transtibial amputees. This resulted in a greater negative vertical velocity at touch-down and may have inversely affected their jump performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female transtibial athletes conformed to the long-jump model, although adaptations to this technique were displayed. Female transfemoral athletes, however, exhibited no relationship between take-off speed and distance jumped, which may be attributable to their excessive lowering of their center-of-mass height at touch-down onto the take-off board. It is recommended that coaches and athletes proceed with caution when trying to replicate techniques used by able-bodied athletes because adaptations to the constraints of a prosthesis should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomechanics and Motor Control, Karolinska Institutet and The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden. lee.nolan@gih.se
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Benjamin L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Patritti
authors.forename: Kathy J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Simpson
mesh_terms: D000674:Amputees; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery; D019415:Torque; D014142:Track and Field / Q000502:physiology*