title: Gastroschisis in the United States 1988-2003: analysis and risk categorization of 4344 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gastroschisis is a rare congenital abdominal wall defect through which intraabdominal organs herniate and it requires surgical management soon after birth. The objectives of this study were to profile patient characteristics of this anomaly utilizing data from two large national databases and to validate previous risk stratification categories of infants born with this condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  An analysis was performed using 13 years of the National Inpatient Sample database (1988-1996, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002) and 3 years of the Kids' Inpatient Database (1997, 2000, 2003). These combined databases contain information from nearly 93 million discharges in the United States. Infants with gastroschisis were identified by International Classification of Disease-9 procedure code 54.71 (repair of gastroschisis) and an age at admission of <8 days. Variables of gender, race, geographic region, co-existing diagnoses, length of stay, hospital charges adjusted to 2005 dollars, complications and inpatient mortality were collected from the databases. Infants were divided into simple and complex categories based on the absence or presence of intestinal atresia, stenosis, perforation, necrosis or volvulus. Comparisons between groups were performed using Pearson's chi (2) for categorical outcomes and the Kruskal-Wallis test for non-normally distributed continuous variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 4344 infants with gastroschisis were identified. These were comprised of 44.0% female infants (n=1910), 46.4% male infants (n=2017) whereas 9.6% were not reported (n=415). Racial analysis showed the largest subset being white in 40.9% of infants (n=1775) with Hispanic infants being the next highest group reported at 17.2% (n=745). Co-existing intestinal anomalies were the most common, affecting 9.9% (n=429) infants, whereas certain cardiac (6.8%, n=294) and pulmonary (1.7%, n=72) conditions were also identified. Simple gastroschisis represented 89.1% (n=3870) of the group whereas 10.9% (n=474) were complex in nature. Simple and complex patients differed in median length of stay (28 vs 67 days, P<0.01), inpatient mortality (2.9 vs 8.7%, P<0.01) and median inflation-adjusted hospital charges (90,788 dollars vs 197,871 dollars, P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data represent a national analysis of the largest group of infants with gastroschisis to date which further aids the characterization and understanding of this serious congenital condition.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Center for Pediatric Surgery Outcomes Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-0005, USA. fa@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nabaweesi
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Colombani
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D020139:Gastroschisis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology