title: Impact of androgens, growth hormone, and IGF-I on bone and muscle in male mice during puberty.
abstract: The interaction between androgens and GH/IGF-I was studied in male GHR gene disrupted or GHRKO and WT mice during puberty. Androgens stimulate trabecular and cortical bone modeling and increase muscle mass even in the absence of a functional GHR. GHR activation seems to be the main determinant of radial bone expansion, although GH and androgens are both necessary for optimal stimulation of periosteal growth during puberty.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Growth hormone (GH) is considered to be a major regulator of postnatal skeletal growth, whereas androgens are considered to be a key regulator of male periosteal bone expansion. Moreover, both androgens and GH are essential for the increase in muscle mass during male puberty. Deficiency or resistance to either GH or androgens impairs bone modeling and decreases muscle mass. The aim of the study was to investigate androgen action on bone and muscle during puberty in the presence and absence of a functional GH/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I axis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or testosterone (T) were administered to orchidectomized (ORX) male GH receptor gene knockout (GHRKO) and corresponding wildtype (WT) mice during late puberty (6-10 weeks of age). Trabecular and cortical bone modeling, cortical strength, body composition, IGF-I in serum, and its expression in liver, muscle, and bone were studied by histomorphometry, pQCT, DXA, radioimmunoassay and RT-PCR, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GH receptor (GHR) inactivation and low serum IGF-I did not affect trabecular bone modeling, because trabecular BMD, bone volume, number, width, and bone turnover were similar in GHRKO and WT mice. The normal trabecular phenotype in GHRKO mice was paralleled by a normal expression of skeletal IGF-I mRNA. ORX decreased trabecular bone volume significantly and to a similar extent in GHRKO and WT mice, whereas DHT and T administration fully prevented trabecular bone loss. Moreover, DHT and T stimulated periosteal bone formation, not only in WT (+100% and +100%, respectively, versus ORX + vehicle [V]; p < 0.05), but also in GHRKO mice (+58% and +89%, respectively, versus ORX + V; p < 0.05), initially characterized by very low periosteal growth. This stimulatory action on periosteal bone resulted in an increase in cortical thickness and occurred without any treatment effect on serum IGF-I or skeletal IGF-I expression. GHRKO mice also had reduced lean body mass and quadriceps muscle weight, along with significantly decreased IGF-I mRNA expression in quadriceps muscle. DHT and T equally stimulated muscle mass in GHRKO and WT mice, without any effect on muscle IGF-I expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Androgens stimulate trabecular and cortical bone modeling and increase muscle weight independently from either systemic or local IGF-I production. GHR activation seems to be the main determinant of radial bone expansion, although GHR signaling and androgens are both necessary for optimal stimulation of periosteal growth during puberty.
authors.affiliation: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Katrien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Venken
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Movérare-Skrtic
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kopchick
authors.forename: Karen T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Coschigano
authors.forename: Claes
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boonen
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bouillon
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vanderschueren
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011986:Receptors, Somatotropin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D011986:Receptors, Somatotropin; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; D013739:Testosterone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D013006:Growth Hormone