title: Evidence base for practice: reduction of restraint and seclusion use during child and adolescent psychiatric inpatient treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Restraint and seclusion of children has great potential for harm. Since the mid-1980s, psychiatric inpatient personnel for children and adolescents have put considerable energy in reducing the use of extreme measures of aggression management. While the use of restraints is a particular problem in the United States, aggression management and means of control in psychiatric settings is an international issue.
  
  
  METHODS
  The core question of this review was: What is the current state of the evidence supporting restraint reduction efforts with children and adolescents? Studies were reviewed and critiqued that related to programs of restraint reduction, restraint reduction methods, and aggression management. Internationally, there seems to be more emphasis on reducing coercive measures by understanding the context of their use. Thus, studies exploring staff perceptions and decisions concerning coercive measures were also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The evidence supporting restraint reduction methods in the United States comes mainly from case study reports of clinical sites' quality improvement projects. Consequently, a collection of studies is accumulating that supports a multi-strategy approach to restraint reduction. Limited evidence exists for aggression management measures and training in de-escalation techniques. Controversial aggression management techniques such as the use of pro re nata medication and holding continue to be used with very little support for their efficacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recommendations include taking a view of restraint and seclusion as emergency measures to address dangerous aggression, not interventions examined in controlled studies. As such it is suggested that sites pool data on restraint use and reduction efforts to create a database for benchmarking and studying variations among hospitals. Furthermore, attention should also be given to developing additional means for addressing aggressive behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Rush College of Nursing and Children's Inpatient Unit, Rush University Medical Center. Kathleen_R_Delaney@rush.edu
authors.forename: Kathleen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Delaney
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D032763:Behavior Control / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D010356:Patient Isolation; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D014481:United States; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control*