title: Hypothyroidism when the thyroid is included only in the low neck field during head and neck radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The minimum dose required to electively irradiate all of part of the low neck for squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx is 50 Gy in 25 fractions or its radiobiological equivalent. The purpose of our study is to determine the incidence of hypothyroidism when the thyroid is treated only in the low-neck radiotherapy (RT) field to approximately 50 Gy.
  
  
  METHODS
  390 patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma received RT between 1990 and 2000, had no prior thyroid disease or surgery, and had RT involving the standard anterior low-neck field including the thyroid with a dose equivalent to 50 Gy at 2Gy/fx with or without a boost to a portion of the field to 60 to 70 Gy. The end point was hypothyroidism defined as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) above the upper limit of the normal range.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As we did not routinely monitor TSH during this study, it was obtained in 169 of 390 patients. Median follow-up on all 390 patients was 6.1 years. The incidence of hypothyroidism was calculated for 2 groups: 169 patients with TSH data and the total population of 390 patients. For both analyses, patients were censored at last follow-up if the TSH level was normal, or if TSH was not checked. The incidence of hypothyroidism at 5 years was 31% for all 390 patients and 54% for the subset of 169 patients with TSH data. Adjuvant chemotherapy and/or planned neck dissection may be associated with a small increased risk of hypothyroidism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Including the thyroid in the low-neck field to 50 Gy results in hypothyroidism in 30% to 50% of patients at 5 years, suggesting that the threshold for this complication is <50 Gy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0385, USA.
authors.forename: Anna A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Amdur
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Mendenhall
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012306:Risk; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013972:Thyrotropin
chemical_list: D013972:Thyrotropin