title: Stimulation of immunity without alteration of oral tolerance in mice fed with heat-treated fermented infant formula.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little information is available on the properties of fermented milk formula intended to healthy infants. This study analyzes the effect of long-term ingestion of a heat-treated, fermented milk formula on the development of oral tolerance or systemic immune response to soluble antigens in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The C3H/HeN mice, fed with a heat-treated fermented (Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065) infant formula (htFF) or a matched control diet (control), were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) with or without gavage of 20 mg OVA to induce tolerance or immunity, respectively. Systemic and local anti-OVA immune responses and intestinal barrier function were measured after 5 to 6 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral tolerance to OVA developed similarly in htFF- and control-fed mice, attested to by the downregulation of OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgE after oral OVA administration. In contrast, immunization with OVA led to significantly higher titers in htFF-fed mice than in control-fed mice (log2 IgG titers, 16.45 +/- 1.24 and 15.46 +/- 0.79, respectively; P = 0.012). Jejunal interferon gamma, interleukin 12p40 and interleukin 10 expressions were significantly higher in tolerized mice fed with htFF compared with those fed with the control diet. Mucosal to serosal intact horseradish peroxidase fluxes were lower in htFF-fed mice than in control-fed mice (39 +/- 8 and 118 +/- 38 ng/h x cm2, respectively; P < 0.0001), indicating that the htFF diet reinforces intestinal barrier capacity to macromolecules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In mice, htFF strengthens intestinal barrier and enhances systemic immune responses to antigens without interfering with the development of oral tolerance, suggesting a potential beneficial effect in host defence and vaccination.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U793, Faculté Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ménard
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Candalh
authors.forename: Melika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ben Ahmed
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rakotobe
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gaboriau-Routhiau
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cerf-Bensussan
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heyman
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000941:Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000276:immunology; D043302:Cultured Milk Products / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D023421:Models, Animal; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D010539:Permeability; D048249:Streptococcus thermophilus / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D016207:Cytokines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D010047:Ovalbumin