title: Phenomenology of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children and adolescents who present with manic symptoms frequently do not meet the full DSM-IV criteria for bipolar I disorder (BP-I).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the clinical presentation and family history of children and adolescents with BP-I, bipolar II disorder (BP-II), and bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (BP-NOS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects and their primary caretaker were assessed by semistructured interview, and family psychiatric history was obtained from interview of the primary caretaker.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient and inpatient units at 3 university centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 438 children and adolescents (mean +/- SD age, 12.7 +/- 3.2 years) with BP-I (n = 255), BP-II (n = 30), or BP-NOS (n = 153).
  
  
  METHODS
  Lifetime psychiatric history and family history of psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Youth with BP-NOS were not diagnosed as having BP-I primarily because they did not meet the DSM-IV duration criteria for a manic or mixed episode. There were no significant differences among the BP-I and BP-NOS groups in age of onset, duration of illness, lifetime rates of comorbid diagnoses, suicidal ideation and major depression, family history, and the types of manic symptoms that were present during the most serious lifetime episode. Compared with youth with BP-NOS, subjects with BP-I had more severe manic symptoms, greater overall functional impairment, and higher rates of hospitalization, psychosis, and suicide attempts. Elevated mood was present in 81.9% of subjects with BP-NOS and 91.8% of subjects with BP-I. Subjects with BP-II had higher rates of comorbid anxiety disorders compared with the other 2 groups and had less functional impairment and lower rates of psychiatric hospitalization than the subjects with BP-I.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children and adolescents with BP-II and BP-NOS have a phenotype that is on a continuum with that of youth with BP-I. Elevated mood is a common feature of youth with BP-spectrum illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. alexsonda@upmc.edu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Axelson
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Birmaher
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strober
authors.forename: Mary Kay
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valeri
authors.forename: Laurel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chiappetta
authors.forename: Neal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Henrietta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Satish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iyengar
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bridge
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D010641:Phenotype; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology