title: Clinical spectrum of the osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system (OROS), an advanced oral delivery form.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system, OROS, is an advanced drug delivery technology that uses osmotic pressure as the driving force to deliver pharmacotherapy, usually once-daily, in several therapeutic areas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to discuss the evolution of OROS technology and examine the many therapeutic areas where OROS products are being used.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of Medline and EMBASE were performed using the keywords 'OROS' and 'osmotic delivery' for the period January 1990 to June 2005. Data were also obtained from the manufacturers' websites and associated publications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OROS technology has evolved over the last 30 years, resulting in four systems: the elementary osmotic pump; the two-layer osmotic push-pull tablet; the advanced longitudinally compressed tablet multilayer formulation; and, the L-OROS system. OROS technology is employed for drug delivery in many therapeutic areas including: cardiovascular medicine, endocrinology, urology, and central nervous system (CNS) therapeutics. Two calcium channel blockers utilizing OROS technology for the treatment of hypertension are nifedipine and verapamil. Glipizide extended-release is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Doxazosin is used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, and oxybutynin for overactive bladder. Most recent developments are with drugs that affect the CNS, including the use of methylphenidate for treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, paliperidone extended-release and OROS hydromorphone, which are under clinical development for schizophrenia and chronic pain, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drug delivery using the various OROS products can result in an improved safety profile, stable drug concentrations, uniform drug effects, and reduced dosing frequency. OROS technology has also enabled the use of an effective starting dose, without the need for dose titration, which allows the achievement of symptom control much earlier than that observed with immediate-release preparations. Such attributes can enhance patient compliance and convenience, thereby ensuring efficacy and improving patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA. rconley@umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Conley
authors.forename: Suneel K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Gayatri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sathyan
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006801:Humans; D009995:Osmosis
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations