title: Costs and consequences of enhanced primary care for depression: systematic review of randomised economic evaluations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of enhancement strategies have been proposed to improve the quality and outcome of care for depression in primary care settings. Decision-makers are likely to need to know whether these interventions are cost-effective in routine primary care settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review of all full economic evaluations (cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses) accompanying randomised controlled trials of enhanced primary care for depression. Costs were standardised to UK pounds/US dollars and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were visually summarised using a permutation matrix.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 11 full economic evaluations (4757 patients). A near-uniform finding was that the interventions based upon collaborative care/case management resulted in improved outcomes but were also associated with greater costs. When considering primary care depression treatment costs alone, ICER estimates ranged from 7 ($13, no confidence interval given) to 13 UK pounds ($24,95% CI -105 to 148) per additional depression-free day. Educational interventions alone were associated with increased cost and no clinical benefit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved outcomes through depression management programmes using a collaborative care/case management approach can be expected, but are associated with increased cost and will require investment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 6DD, UK. sg519@york.ac.uk
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gilbody
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bower
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Whitty
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic