title: Is physical exercise beneficial for persons with Parkinson's disease?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review existing studies evaluating the effectiveness of physical exercise on mortality, strength, balance, mobility, and activities of daily living (ADL) for sufferers of Parkinson's disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The following databases were searched (1) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2) Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), (3) PubMed and (4) Medline/NARIC (National Rehabilitation Information Center) using combinations of key words Parkinson's disease and physical exercise. Only articles written in English were included. References cited were also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were eligible if (1) only patients with PD were included in the intervention study (there were many studies that evaluated the benefits of exercise after stroke, cardiac arrest, sports injuries, surgery, and arthritis, but only a few for patients with PD), (2) the intervention included some form of physical or therapeutic exercise, (3) the effects of the physical exercise were evaluated, and (4) the studies were published in a refereed journal. Because few studies were found that dealt with PD patients exclusively, all studies that evaluated the effectiveness of physical exercise for only PD patients were included. Seven studies met our criteria and were selected. Three of the selected studies were randomized controlled studies, 1 was an open trial, and the other 3 relied on patients' own assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Outcomes in the studies were measured in terms of physical improvements in patients with PD, such as improved axial rotation, functional reach, flexibility, balance, muscle strength, short-step gait, and mobility. All studies reviewed show that exercise improves overall performance in PD patients. Improvements were measured using standardized tests and other measurement scales.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present research synthesis support the hypothesis that patients with PD improve their physical performance and activities of daily living through exercise. Future studies should include the development of standardized exercise programs specific for problems associated with PD as well as standardized testing methods for measuring improvements in PD patients. There is also a need for longer term studies (over 1 year) to assess if improvements achieved during the intervention stage are retained long term.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Alexander Michael
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Crizzle
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Newhouse
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome