title: Dopamine agonists and cardiac valvulopathy in Parkinson disease: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of cardiac valvulopathy in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) treated with or without dopamine agonists.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained transthoracic echocardiography and EKG in 210 consecutive patients with PD admitted to our hospital between September 2004 and September 2005. We analyzed the frequency according to the type of dopamine agonist. A case-control design was adopted with dopamine agonist nontreated group as the reference group, and multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted considering age, sex, and duration of illness to examine the relationships between each dopamine agonist and the presence of valvular abnormalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of valvulopathy was significantly higher in the cabergoline-treated group (68.8%, 11/16; affected patients/total) than in the dopamine agonist nontreated control group (17.6%, 15/85). The frequency was not different between the pergolide group (28.8%, 19/66) and the pramipexole group (25%, 4/16). The adjusted odds ratio was significantly higher in the cabergoline group (12.96, 95% CI = 3.59 to 46.85), compared with the pergolide group (2.18, 95% CI = 0.90 to 5.30) and pramipexole group (1.62, 95% CI = 0.45 to 5.87). The mean daily dose was 3.8 mg for cabergoline, 1.4 mg for pergolide, and 1.7 mg for pramipexole. The cumulative dose and treatment duration of cabergoline in the valvulopathy subgroup were significantly higher than in the nonvalvulopathy subgroup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of valvulopathy was significantly increased in the cabergoline group. Our results indicate that high cumulative dose and long-term treatment with cabergoline are risk factors for valvulopathy in patients with Parkinson disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Takamatsu, Japan. dryama@mail.netwave.or.jp
authors.forename: Mitsutoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Tadahisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uesugi
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakayama
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists