title: Thrombo-embolic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical valve replacements--a prospective observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Long-term anticoagulation therapy is essential to prevent thrombo-embolic events in patients with mechanical valve replacements. In order to offer indigent patients mechanical heart valve replacement surgery, dedicated anticoagulation clinics are necessary for follow-up. This study assessed the safety and efficacy of lifelong oral anticoagulation therapy in Johannesburg General Hospital mechanical heart valve replacement recipients. The incidence of bleeding and thrombo-embolic complications was documented in three groups of patients with mechanical valve replacements. The groups included patients with aortic valve replacements (AVRs), mitral valve replacements (MVRs) and double (aortic and mitral) valve replacements (DVRs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study was conducted over a 4-month period. Data on 306 patients attending the Johannesburg General Hospital anticoagulation clinic between 2000 and 2005 were analysed. Of the total patients selected, 205 were assigned to the mechanical valve replacement group (which included 63 patients with AVRs, 93 with MVRs and 49 with DVRs); a control group of 101 nonmechanical valve replacement patients were also included. At each visit the level of anticoagulation was assessed from the international normalised ratio (INR) values, and the presence of bleeding and/or thrombo-embolic complications was documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were a total of 51 bleeding and thrombo-embolic complications in the study population. Patients with DVRs had a higher proportion of combined complications (30.61%) than patients with single valve replacements (14.29% in the AVR group and 18.05% in the MVR group) and patients in the control group (12.87%). There were 38 bleeding complications, 30 minor and 8 major. Twelve thrombo-embolic events were documented. Individually, there was no significant difference in thrombo-embolic and bleeding complications between the subgroups. Eighty-two per cent of patients in the mechanical valve replacement group were within the therapeutic range for anticoagulant control (INR 2.5-3.5) v. 54% in the control group (INR 2.0-3.0). Anticoagulant control was of a high quality and was not a contributing factor to the incidence of bleeding and/ or thrombo-embolic complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding of a low incidence of bleeding and thrombo-embolic complications in patients with mechanical valve replacements supports the continued placement of mechanical valves in our setting and use of oral anticoagulation therapy at an INR of 2.5-3.5. However the increased risk of both bleeding and thrombo-embolic complications in the DVR group is cause for great concern and warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology and Molecular Medicine, National Health Laboratory Service and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schapkaitz
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Conway
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001021:Aortic Valve; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008943:Mitral Valve; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013019:South Africa; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants