title: Increased susceptibility to bacterial superinfection as a consequence of innate antiviral responses.
abstract: The reason why severe localized or systemic virus infections enhance and aggravate bacterial superinfection is poorly understood. Here we show that virus-induced IFN type I caused apoptosis in bone marrow granulocytes, drastically reduced granulocyte infiltrates at the site of bacterial superinfection, caused up to 1,000-fold higher bacterial titers in solid organs, and increased disease susceptibility. The finding that the innate antiviral immune response reduces the antibacterial granulocyte defense offers an explanation for enhanced susceptibility to bacterial superinfection during viral disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. navarini@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Navarini
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Recher
authors.forename: Karl S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Panco
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Georgiev
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meury
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergthaler
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flatz
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bille
authors.forename: Regine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landmann
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Odermatt
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hengartner
authors.forename: Rolf M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Zinkernagel
mesh_terms: D000380:Agranulocytosis; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000276:immunology*; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000276:immunology; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000502:physiology*; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000276:immunology; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology; D008216:Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis; D008217:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D053633:Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015163:Superinfection / Q000276:immunology*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007370:Interferon Type I; D053633:Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta