title: Establishment of endolithic populations of extremophilic Cyanidiales (Rhodophyta).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyanidiales are unicellular extremophilic red algae that inhabit acidic and high temperature sites around hot springs and have also adapted to life in endolithic and interlithic habitats. Comparative genomic analysis of Cyanidioschyzon merolae and Galdieria sulphuraria predicts that the latter may be more broadly distributed in extreme environments because its genome contains membrane transporters involved in the uptake of reduced carbon compounds that are absent from C. merolae. Analysis of an endolithic site in the Phlegrean Fields near Naples, Italy is consistent with this prediction showing this population to be comprised solely of the newly described lineage Galdieria-B and C. merolae to be limited to humid habitats. Here, we conducted an environmental PCR survey of another extreme environment in Tuscany, Italy and contrasted Cyanidiales population structure at endolithic and interlithic habitats in Naples and Tuscany.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find a second Galdieria lineage (Galdieria-A) in endolithic and interlithic habitats in Tuscany but surprisingly Cyanidium was also present at these sites. The photoautotrophic Cyanidium apparently survives below the rock surface where sufficient light is available for photosynthesis. C. merolae is absent from all endolithic and interlithic sites in Tuscany. Population genetic analyses of a partial calmodulin gene fragment suggest a recent establishment or recurrent gene flow between populations in Tuscany, whereas the highly structured Galdieria-B population in Naples likely originated from 2-3 founder events. We find evidence of several recombination events across the calmodulin gene, potentially indicating the presence of sexual reproduction in the Tuscany populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides important data regarding population structure in extreme endolithic environments and insights into how Cyanidiales may be established in and adapt to these hostile environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Roy J, Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. hwan-yoon@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Hwan Su
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ciniglia
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Josep M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Comeron
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pollio
authors.forename: Debashish
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
mesh_terms: D017753:Ecosystem; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D051456:Gene Flow; D014644:Genetic Variation; D007558:Italy; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011157:Population Dynamics; D000461:Rhodophyta / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins