title: Navigating laparoscopic surgery into the next decade in developing countries - a personal perspective.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over 500 years ago, Vasco de Gama navigated from west to east, from Lisbon in Portugal to Calicut in India, in an epic voyage that lasted over 1 year (Fig. 1). This voyage was perhaps the greatest historic and, certainly, the greatest navigational achievement of the last millennium. For better or for worse, it catalysed a series of events that forever changed not only the history, but also the geography of the world.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our plans to navigate endoscopic surgery into the next decade in developing countries, we too should endeavour to change both the history and the geography of surgery. This talk traces a journey over 34 years of effort to spread laparoscopic surgery into developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Grant Medical College, J.J. Hospital, Mumbai, India. pnd@vsnl.net
authors.forename: Tehemton E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Udwadia
mesh_terms: D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003906:Developing Countries; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000191:economics