title: Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort, XXXVII: association of lymphopenia with clinical manifestations, serologic abnormalities, disease activity, and damage accrual.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if lymphopenia is associated with clinical/immunologic manifestations, disease activity, and disease damage in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group comprised 591 patients with SLE participating in a multiethnic, longitudinal outcome study. Cumulative clinical/immunologic (per American College of Rheumatology criteria) and pharmacologic treatment variables were obtained at enrollment (T0) and last visit (TL). Lymphopenia (<1,500/mm3) was scored only when clinically attributable to SLE and not to medications or other causes. Lymphocyte counts were expressed in 4 categories per the Systemic Lupus Activity Measure (SLAM): normal (> or =1,500/mm3), mild (1,000-1,499/mm3), moderate (500-999/mm3), and marked (<500/mm3). Disease activity was assessed with the SLAM and the Physician's Global Assessment (PGA). Disease damage was determined with the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index (SLICC-DI). The relationship of lymphopenia with cumulative clinical/immunologic and pharmacologic treatment variables was first examined, then the association between the SLAM, PGA, and SLICC-DI scores with different categories of lymphopenia was examined by generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression analyses. Ethnicity, age, and sex were entered into all regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At T0 and TL, lymphopenia was found to be positively associated with renal involvement, leukopenia, anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies, anti-Ro antibodies, and the use of glucocorticoids, azathioprine, and methotrexate, but was negatively associated with photosensitivity. On GEE analyses, marked lymphopenia at T0 and moderate and marked lymphopenia for all visits were independently associated with higher SLAM, PGA, and SLICC-DI scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lymphopenia is associated with several clinical/immunologic manifestations in SLE. Moderate and marked lymphopenia are associated with higher disease activity and damage accrual.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico. lvila@rcm.upr.edu
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Vilá
authors.forename: Graciela S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Alarcón
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McGwin
authors.forename: Holly M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Bastian
authors.forename: Barri J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Fessler
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Reveille
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000276:immunology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004247:DNA / Q000276:immunology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D008231:Lymphopenia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; C035356:SS-A antibodies; D004247:DNA