title: Adequacy of pain relief in closed manipulative reduction of fracture and dislocation.
abstract: Adequate pain relief is a requisite for a successful closed manipulative reduction (CMR) of fractures and dislocations. This prospective study was undertaken to assess the mode and adequacy of pain relief given to patients undergoing such procedures at Seremban Hospital from the 1st April to the 31st May 2001. All patients with fractures and dislocations scheduled to undergo CMR were included in this study. The type of sedative agents and analgesia administered were recorded. Demographic data and the type of fracture or dislocation of the selected patients were documented. A visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain perception was given to both to the patients and the medical personnel who performed the procedure. All data were collected manually before entered into computerized database for analysis. Of 72 patients included in this study, 47% were Malay, 26% Indian, 21% Chinese and 6% others. There was male predominance and the patients' age ranged between 9 to 79 years (average 27.4 years). Upper limb injuries (79%) were mainly fractures of the radius and ulna (29%) and isolated fracture radius (21%). For the lower limb injuries (21%), combined tibia and fibula fractures constituted 10% of the total cases followed by isolated tibia fractures (10%) and hip dislocation (1%). The most common pain relieving agents given during the CMR were intravenous pethidine alone (43%) followed by combination of intravenous pethidine and valium (36%), intramuscular pethidine (17%) and intramuscular tramal (4%). The Visual Analogue Score (VAS) for pain perception revealed that 61% of the patients had moderate pain while 21% had severe pain during the course of the procedures. Suboptimal pain relief administered during CMR should prompt positive actions to ensure that the patient is not subjected to undue pain just for the sake of an acceptable fracture reduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Seremban Hospital, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wan Hazmy
authors.forename: S Hana
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Maizuliana
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Mastura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Norazlina
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia / Q000592:standards; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003975:Diazepam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008349:Manipulation, Orthopedic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008614:Meperidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D008614:Meperidine; D003975:Diazepam