title: Comparison of pharmacokinetics and vasodilatory effect of nebulized and infused iloprost in experimental pulmonary hypertension: rapid tolerance development.
abstract: Aerosolized iloprost has been suggested for selective pulmonary vasodilatation in severe pulmonary hypertension, but its pharmacokinetic profile is largely unknown. In perfused rabbit lungs, continuous infusion of the thromboxane mimetic U46619 was employed for establishing stable pulmonary hypertension. Delivery of a total amount of 75, 300, and 900 ng of iloprost to the bronchoalveolar space by a 10 min-aerosolization maneuver caused a dose-dependent pulmonary vasodilatation. Similarly, dose-dependent appearance of iloprost in the recirculating perfusate was noted, with maximum intravascular concentrations of iloprost ranging at 140, 510, and 1163 pg/mL at the same time period. Comparing pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in a more detailed fashion, the following aspects were of interest. (i) The bioavailability (i.e., the percentage of aerosolized iloprost appearing intravascularly) decreased from 76% at the lowest to 33% at the highest iloprost dosage. (ii) The pulmonary vasodilatory response commenced already during the nebulization maneuver and preceded the perfusate entry of iloprost. (iii) After 3-3.5 h, the pulmonary vasodilatory response to aerosolized iloprost had virtually completely leveled off, whereas approximately two-thirds of the maximum iloprost perfusate levels were still detectable. A corresponding loss of vasodilatory response was also noted in experiments with continuous iloprost perfusion for clamping of the intravascular concentration of this prostanoid. We conclude that aerosolized iloprost causes dose-dependent vasodilatation and iloprost entry into the vascular space in a pulmonary hypertension model. Limited bioavailability in the higher dose range may suggest active prostanoid transport processes, and the early pulmonary vasodilatory response appears to be independent of prostanoid entry into the vessel lumen. Surprisingly, rapid tolerance development to the vasodilatory effect of iloprost is noted, occurring even with fully maintained perfusate levels of this agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany. ralp.schermuly@innere.med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: Ralph Theo
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Schermuly
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Hossein Ardeschir
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Ghofrani
authors.forename: Christina Susanne
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Breitenbach
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Weissmann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hildebrand
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kurz
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grimminger
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Seeger
mesh_terms: D019796:15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D011464:Epoprostenol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016285:Iloprost / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010477:Perfusion; D011817:Rabbits; D013997:Time Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D019796:15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid; D011464:Epoprostenol; D016285:Iloprost