title: Long-period astronomical forcing of mammal turnover.
abstract: Mammals are among the fastest-radiating groups, being characterized by a mean species lifespan of the order of 2.5 million years (Myr). The basis for this characteristic timescale of origination, extinction and turnover is not well understood. Various studies have invoked climate change to explain mammalian species turnover, but other studies have either challenged or only partly confirmed the climate-turnover hypothesis. Here we use an exceptionally long (24.5-2.5 Myr ago), dense, and well-dated terrestrial record of rodent lineages from central Spain, and show the existence of turnover cycles with periods of 2.4-2.5 and 1.0 Myr. We link these cycles to low-frequency modulations of Milankovitch oscillations, and show that pulses of turnover occur at minima of the 2.37-Myr eccentricity cycle and nodes of the 1.2-Myr obliquity cycle. Because obliquity nodes and eccentricity minima are associated with ice sheet expansion and cooling and affect regional precipitation, we infer that long-period astronomical climate forcing is a major determinant of species turnover in small mammals and probably other groups as well.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands. jdam@geo.uu.nl
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.forename: Hayfaa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdul Aziz
authors.forename: M Angeles
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alvarez Sierra
authors.forename: Frederik J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Hilgen
authors.forename: Lars W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: van den Hoek Ostende
authors.forename: Lucas J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Lourens
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mein
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van der Meulen
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pelaez-Campomanes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002980:Climate; D049690:History, Ancient; D046448:Ice Cover; D012377:Rodentia / Q000502:physiology*; D013030:Spain; D013997:Time Factors