title: Electrocautery-induced ignition of spark showers and self-sustained combustion of onyx ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer mixed with micronized tantalum (Ta) as radiopacifier (Onyx; Micro Therapeutics Inc., Irvine, CA) has emerged as a useful liquid embolic agent for vascular malformations. We describe intraoperative ignition of Onyx-embolized tissue and undertake an in vitro investigation to reproduce and characterize this hazard.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of Onyx, Ta-depleted Onyx, Ta-n-butylcyanoacrylate (Ta-NBCA), and Ta powder were exposed to monopolar and bipolar electrocautery in cut and coagulation modes at different power settings to reproduce the intraoperative findings. Recordings of sparking and combustion events were analyzed to characterize duration and relative frequency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spark showers and self-sustained combustion were observed intraoperatively when an Onyx-embolized artery was coagulated with the monopolar electrocautery. Sparking covered a radius greater than 10 cm, and combustion lasted a median of 1.65 seconds (range, 0.3-12.3 s). Sparking and sustained combustion were reproduced in vitro by both cut and coagulation monopolar modes in Onyx casts and free Ta powder but not in samples of Ta-depleted Onyx or casts of Ta-NBCA. Ignition was similarly observed when using bipolar electrocautery but only at higher energy settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrocautery use on tissue containing Onyx results in potentially dangerous uncontrolled sparking and combustion in a process that is Ta dependent. It is recommended that Ta-NBCA be used instead of Onyx in situations mandating the use of a liquid embolic and high-energy electrocautery, pending the development of a safer radiopacifier for use with ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer.
authors.affiliation: Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Division, Department of Neurosurgery, Tufts-New England Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Clemens M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schirmer
authors.forename: Vasilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zerris
authors.forename: Adel M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Malek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002056:Burns / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: C450660:Onyx copolymer; D011145:Polyvinyls; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide