title: Anabolic deficiency in men with chronic heart failure: prevalence and detrimental impact on survival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The age-related decline of circulating anabolic hormones in men is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We studied the prevalence and prognostic consequences of deficiencies in circulating total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in men with chronic heart failure (CHF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum levels of TT, DHEAS, and IGF-1 were measured with immunoassays in 208 men with CHF (median age 63 years; median left ventricular ejection fraction 33%; New York Heart Association class I/II/III/IV, 19/102/70/17) and in 366 healthy men. Serum levels of free testosterone were estimated (eFT) from levels of TT and sex hormone binding globulin. Deficiencies in DHEAS, TT, eFT, and IGF-1, defined as serum levels at or below the 10th percentile of healthy peers, were seen across all age categories in men with CHF. DHEAS, TT, and eFT were inversely related to New York Heart Association class irrespective of cause (all P<0.01). DHEAS correlated positively with left ventricular ejection fraction and inversely with N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (both P<0.01). Circulating TT, eFT, DHEAS, and IGF-1 levels were prognostic markers in multivariable models when adjusted for established prognostic factors (all P<0.05). Men with CHF and normal levels of all anabolic hormones had the best 3-year survival rate (83%, 95% CI 67% to 98%) compared with those with deficiencies in 1 (74% survival rate, 95% CI 65% to 84%), 2 (55% survival rate, 95% CI 45% to 66%), or all 3 (27% survival rate, 95% CI 5% to 49%) anabolic endocrine axes (P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In male CHF patients, anabolic hormone depletion is common, and a deficiency of each anabolic hormone is an independent marker of poor prognosis. Deficiency of >1 anabolic hormone identifies groups with a higher mortality.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Military Hospital, ul. Weigla 5, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland. Ewa.Jankowska@antro.pan.wroc.pl
authors.forename: Ewa A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jankowska
authors.forename: Bartosz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Biel
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Majda
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szklarska
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopuszanska
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Medras
authors.forename: Stefan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Anker
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Banasiak
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Poole-Wilson
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ponikowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000097:blood*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis / Q000172:deficiency*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C109794:pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76); D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D013739:Testosterone; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I