title: Capecitabine as a radiosensitizing agent in neoadjuvant treatment of locally advanced resectable rectal cancer: prospective phase II trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of preoperative chemoradiotherapy with capecitabine in locally advanced rectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between June 2004 and January 2005, 57 patients with operable, clinical stage II-III adenocarcinoma of the rectum entered the prospective phase II study. Radiation dose was 45 Gy (25x1.8 Gy). Concurrent chemotherapy with a daily dose of 1650 mg/m2 capecitabine was administered orally, divided into two equal doses per day, including weekends. Patients were evaluated weekly for acute toxicity and compliance with the protocol. Surgery was scheduled 6 weeks after the completion of the chemoradiotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single female patient died after receiving 27 Gy, because of pulmonary embolism. All other patients completed the preoperative chemoradiotherapy according to the protocol and a definitive operation was performed in all but one of these patients. The complete pathological response was recorded in 5 patients (9.1%). Tumor (T), lymph nodes (N), and overall downstaging rates were 40%, 52.9%, and 49.1%, respectively. Total sphincter preservation rate was 65.5% (36 out of 55 patients) and the rate in 27 patients with tumors located within 5 cm of the anal opening was 37% (10 out of 27 patients). The most frequent side-effect of the combined therapy was dermatitis (grade 3 in 19 patients). After surgery, a single patient died due to sepsis during the early perioperative period. Nonlethal perioperative complications were recorded in 24/55 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative chemoradiotherapy with oral capecitabine is safe and well tolerated. It has a downstaging potential and can increase the possibility for sphincter preservation surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia. vvelenik@onko-i.si
authors.forename: Vaneja
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Velenik
authors.forename: Franc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Anderluh
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Oblak
authors.forename: Primoz
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Strojan
authors.forename: Branko
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zakotnik
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069287:Capecitabine; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000069287:Capecitabine; D005472:Fluorouracil