title: Systematic review of the efficacy of meditation techniques as treatments for medical illness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Meditative techniques are sought frequently by patients coping with medical and psychological problems. Because of their increasingly widespread appeal and use, and the potential for use as medical therapies, a concise and thorough review of the current state of scientific knowledge of these practices as medical interventions was conducted.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the evidence supporting efficacy and safety of meditative practices in treating illnesses, and examine areas warranting further study. Studies on normal healthy populations are not included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches were performed using PubMed, PsycInfo, and the Cochrane Database. Keywords were Meditation, Meditative Prayer, Yoga, Relaxation Response. Qualifying studies were reviewed and independently rated based on quality by two reviewers. Mid-to-high-quality studies (those scoring above 0.65 or 65% on a validated research quality scale) were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From a total of 82 identified studies, 20 randomized controlled trials met our criteria. The studies included 958 subjects total (397 experimentally treated, 561 controls). No serious adverse events were reported in any of the included or excluded clinical trials. Serious adverse events are reported in the medical literature, though rare. The strongest evidence for efficacy was found for epilepsy, symptoms of the premenstrual syndrome and menopausal symptoms. Benefit was also demonstrated for mood and anxiety disorders, autoimmune illness, and emotional disturbance in neoplastic disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the safety and potential efficacy of meditative practices for treating certain illnesses, particularly in nonpsychotic mood and anxiety disorders. Clear and reproducible evidence supporting efficacy from large, methodologically sound studies is lacking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, CT, USA. arias@psychiatry.uchc.edu
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Arias
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Alok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banga
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Trestman
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D006694:Holistic Health; D006801:Humans; D019122:Meditation / Q000379:methods*; D008602:Mental Healing; D019222:Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design