title: Avascular necrosis of bone associated with primary antiphospholipid syndrome: case report and literature review.
abstract: We describe, the case of a 34-year-old mestizo Mexican woman with previous history of fetal loss, deep vein thrombosis that developed avascular necrosis (AVN) of the right knee with strong positive levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) IgG and IgM. AVN of bone in association with aCL has been seen principally in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. However, few cases have been reported of AVN as a clinical manifestation of primary antiphospholipid syndrome. A review of the association of aCL and AVN in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, primary antiphospholipid syndrome, and idiopathic osteonecrosis is presented.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Rheumatology, Hospital General Regional #20, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico; and †Department of Rheumatology, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Medico Nacional “Siglo XXI”, IMSSl, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zonana-Nacach
authors.forename: Francisco Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Balderas