title: Handball injuries during major international tournaments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several authors have analyzed the incidence of handball injuries in amateur players but information of handball injury in top-level players is very limited. The aim of the study was to analyze the incidence, circumstances and characteristics of handball injuries during major international tournaments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Injuries during six international handball tournaments were analyzed, using an established injury report system. The physicians of all participating teams were asked to report all injuries after each match on a standardized injury report form. The response rate was on average 87%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of injury was on average 108 injuries/1000 player hours (95% confidence interval (CI): 98-117) or 1.5 injuries/match (95% CI: 1.4-1.6). The injuries affected most frequently the lower extremity (42%), followed by injuries of the head (23%), upper extremity (18%) and trunk (14%). The most frequent diagnosis was contusion of head (14%) or ankle sprain (8%). The majority of injuries were caused by contact with another player. The incidence of time loss injuries was on average 27/1000 player hours (95% CI: 22-32), and significantly higher in men than in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preventive program proven effective should be implemented. Fair Play is an essential aspect of injury prevention. Therefore, close cooperation with the referees is also necessary to make handball a safer sport.
authors.affiliation: Zwolle, Netherland; before: International Handball Federation (IHF), Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Langevoort
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Myklebust
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Junge
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male