title: Diagnosis and management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
abstract: There are few randomized, prospective trials evaluating the optimal diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. However, recent data suggest that urgent colonoscopy represents a safe and effective initial diagnostic approach. The role of tagged erythrocyte scintigraphy is yet to be defined, but it may be of utility as a screening test for visceral angiography. Colonoscopy and angiography both offer substantial therapeutic options but remain of unproved benefit from a treatment standpoint; surgery continues to play an important role in the management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, which often presents as lower gastrointestinal bleeding, continues to be one of the most challenging diagnostic and therapeutic problems in gastroenterology. Occult gastrointestinal bleeding, often arising from the lower gastrointestinal tract, usually mandates gastrointestinal evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bloomfeld
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rockey