title: Obesity in older adults: a systematic review of the evidence for diagnosis and treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although obesity is increasing in older U.S. adults, treatment is controversial in this age group. We sought to examine evidence concerning obesity's health-related risks, diagnostic methods, and treatment outcomes in older individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases, consulted with experts, and examined bibliographies for English language studies discussing obesity in older adults (mean age > or = 60), published between January 1980 and November 2005. Inclusion criteria were met by 32 longitudinal analyses, seven diagnostic studies, and 17 randomized controlled trial articles. At least two authors independently reviewed and abstracted study design, population, results, and quality information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlations between body fat and three anthropometric measures (BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio) decrease with age but remain clinically significant. Obesity contributes to risk for several cardiovascular endpoints, some cancers, and impaired mobility but protects against hip fracture. The association between obesity and mortality declines as age increases. Intensive counseling strategies incorporating behavioral, dietary, and exercise components promote a weight loss of 3 to 4 kg over 1 to 3.3 years. The loss is linked with improved glucose tolerance, improved physical functioning, reduced incidence of diabetes and a combined hypertension and cardiovascular endpoint, and reduced bone density.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In older adults, obesity can be diagnosed with standard clinical measures. Intensive counseling can promote modest sustained weight loss, but data are insufficient to evaluate surgical or pharmacological options. Obesity treatment is most likely to benefit individuals with high cardiovascular risk. Limited data suggest possible functional improvement. Treatment should incorporate measures to avoid bone loss.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Health Care, Division of General Internal Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. mctiguekm@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McTigue
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ziouras
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005853:Geriatrics; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*