title: An expanded Fermi solution for microbial risk assessment.
abstract: 'Fermi solution' refers to an estimate of a quantity of interest derived from a sequence of guesses about factors of which detailed knowledge is unavailable. When one makes such guesses, it is unlikely that the large majority of them will be either too high or too low. Most probably, some of the overestimates will be offset by some of the underestimates, and the final result will be often close to the correct value. The method has been popularized as recreational physics but it has also been applied in risk assessment, where the factors involved, but not their exact magnitudes, are known. The concept has potential application in certain types of food poisoning risk assessments, and in estimating the number victims of a bioterrorist attack on the food or water supply, where some guessing is inevitable because of the absence of accurate relevant data. We consider a version of the method in which ranges instead of single values are entered as the factors' estimates. For simplicity, the risk to be assessed is taken to be the product of the factors, and their true values are regarded as being uniformly distributed over their respective ranges. The risk itself is therefore construed as a random variable with a probability distribution whose parameters are explicitly determined by the individual factors' ranges and which can often be approximated by a lognormal distribution. The mode of this lognormal distribution is taken to be the "best guess" of the risk, and a credible interval is constructed with a specified level of "confidence". The best guess and credible interval are shown to be robust against small perturbations of the ranges. Thus, even if the ranges are misspecified to some degree, assessments based on the best guess or credible interval will not be substantially altered. This can help to achieve consensus among assessors in situations where very little hard knowledge exists. The calculation procedure has been automated in software that has been made freely available over the Internet. The concept is demonstrated with two hypothetical problems: predicting the number of persons who would come down with acute food poisoning after consuming a contaminated dish, and estimating the number of daily salmonellosis cases in a large metropolitan area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Chenoweth Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. micha.peleg@foodsci.umass.edu
authors.forename: Micha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peleg
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Normand
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horowitz
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Corradini
mesh_terms: D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*