title: Gene transfer of a synthetic pacemaker channel into the heart: a novel strategy for biological pacing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One key element of natural pacemakers is the pacemaker current encoded by the hyperpolarization-activated nucleotide-gated channel (HCN) gene family. Although HCN gene transfer has been used to engineer biological pacemakers, this strategy may be confounded by unpredictable consequences of heteromultimerization with endogenous HCN family members and limited flexibility with regard to frequency tuning of the engineered pacemaker.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To circumvent these limitations, we converted a depolarization-activated potassium-selective channel, Kv1.4, into a hyperpolarization-activated nonselective channel by site-directed mutagenesis (R447N, L448A, and R453I in S4 and G528S in the pore). Gene transfer into ventricular myocardium demonstrated the ability of this construct to induce pacemaker activity with spontaneous action potential oscillations in adult ventricular myocytes and idioventricular rhythms by in vivo electrocardiography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the sparse expression of Kv1 family channels in the human ventricle, gene transfer of a synthetic pacemaker channel based on the Kv1 family has novel therapeutic potential as a biological alternative to electronic pacemakers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kashiwakura
authors.forename: Hee Cheol
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Andreas S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: Ezana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Azene
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marbán
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D005260:Female; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051665:Kv1.4 Potassium Channel / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007473:Ion Channels; D051665:Kv1.4 Potassium Channel