title: Endoscopic management of biliary tract disease.
abstract: New investigations, evaluation of controversial issues, and advances in technology continue to shape the endoscopic management of biliary disorders. This article discusses recent literature related to the diagnosis and therapy of biliary tract disease. Specifically, the diagnosis and management of choledocholithiasis, complications of biliary endoscopy and potential preventive measures, roles for endosonography in the evaluation of biliary disease, and endoscopic therapy of postoperative liver transplantation complications are reviewed. Recent advances in biliary stents and the use of cholangioscopy in biliary disorders are also assessed.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Division, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kochman