title: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels during two different canine distalization techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha while applying continuous and heavy interrupted forces.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hybrid retractor was used in the first group. In the second group, rapid canine distalization through periodontal distraction was performed. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from the distal sides of the canine teeth before attaching the appliances and at 1 hour, 24 hours, and 1 week after the force was applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the hybrid reactor group, concentration of TNF-alpha decreased at 1 week according to 24-hour measurements. In the rapid canine distalization group, it severely increased at 1 hour. In the evaluation of between-group differences, significantly higher values were determined in the rapid canine distalization group at 1 hour and 1 week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heavy interrupted force induces a rapid release of TNF-alpha, and the tissue response continues for a longer time period. To avoid the harmful effects of heavy interrupted force, there might be feedback mechanisms that prevent the mediators from increasing excessively.
authors.affiliation: Dental Science Center Department of Orthodontics, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey. senkaracay@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Seniz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karacay
authors.forename: Işil
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saygun
authors.forename: Ali Osman
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Bengi
authors.forename: Muhittin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serdar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003481:Cuspid; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D010519:Periodontium / Q000378:metabolism*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha