title: Gliding resistance of the posterior tibial tendon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormal gliding of the posterior tibial tendon may lead to mechanical trauma, degeneration, and eventually posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Our study analyzed the gliding resistance of the posterior tibial tendon in intact feet and in feet with simulated flatfoot deformity.
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental system was developed that allowed direct measurement of gliding resistance at the tendon-sheath interface. Seven normal fresh-frozen cadaver foot specimens were studied, and gliding resistance between the posterior tibial tendon and sheath was measured. The effects of ankle and hindfoot position and the effect of flatfoot deformity on gliding resistance were analyzed. Gliding resistance was measured for 4.9 N applied load to the tendon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean gliding resistance for the neutral position was 77 +/- 13.1 (x10(-2) N). Compared to neutral position, dorsiflexion increased gliding resistance and averaged 130 +/- 38.9 (x10(-2) N), and plantarflexion decreased gliding resistance and averaged 35 +/- 12.6 (x10(-2) N). Flatfoot deformity increased gliding resistance compared to normal feet, averaging 104 +/- 17.0 (x10(-2) N) for neutral, 205 +/- 55.0 (x10(-2) N) for dorsiflexion, and 58 +/- 21.3 (x10(-2) N) for plantarflexion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that patients with a preexisting flatfoot deformity may be predisposed to develop posterior tibial tendon dysfunction because of increased gliding resistance and trauma to the tendon surface.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Sapporo University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.forename: Harold B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Kitaoka
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Zong-Ping
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Toshimitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Momose
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: Kai-Nan
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: An
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000842:Ankle / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005413:Flatfoot / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D037081:Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013710:Tendons / Q000503:physiopathology*