title: Genital reconstruction.
abstract: Genital reconstruction is necessary in various types of congenital malformations. Although various surgical procedures may be used depending on the anomaly, the basic principles are the same. Three groups of pathology are discussed: hypospadias, ambiguous genitalia and exstrophy-epispadias complex. Progress continues to be made in modifying older techniques and creating new ones. Some investigators have focused on pain control and dressing materials. There is still much work to be done in this challenging area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Childrens Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-736 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baka-Jakubiak