title: Effect of calcium fortified milk supplementation with or without vitamin K on biochemical markers of bone turnover in premenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared the effect of supplementation with a fortified skimmed milk product (high calcium skim milk) with or without added phylloquinone (vitamin K(1)) on markers of bone formation and resorption in premenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-two women 20 to 35 y of age were randomly allocated to three groups. Two groups received two daily servings of high calcium skim milk (1000 mg/d of extra calcium) with or without added phylloquinone (80 microg/d) for 16 wk, and a third control group received no supplementation. Bone density was assessed at baseline and the bone markers, total osteocalcin, type I N-terminal procollagen peptide, and cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen were measured at baseline and at weeks 2, 12, and 16. Serum phylloquinone and undercarboxylated osteocalcin were measured in the control and vitamin K-supplemented groups at weeks 0 and 16.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline values for age, body mass index, and bone density did not differ across groups. In vitamin K-supplemented women, mean serum phylloquinone concentrations increased from 0.27 to 0.76 microg/L (P < 0.05) and undercarboxylated osteocalcin concentrations decreased from 9.68 to 4.46 microg/L (P < 0.05) over 16 wk. Plasma cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen, total osteocalcin, and type I N-terminal procollagen peptide levels decreased significantly in both supplemented groups compared with the control group over 16 wk (cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen >30%, total osteocalcin and type I N-terminal procollagen peptide >15%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fortified milk supplementation in premenopausal women reduced bone turnover significantly. Phylloquinone fortification substantially improved vitamin K status but had no demonstrable additive effect on bone turnover in this short-term study.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. m.c.kruger@massey.ac.nz
authors.forename: Marlena C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coad
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Schollum
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kuhn-Sherlock
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shearer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000517:prevention & control; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D010455:Peptides / Q000097:blood; D017697:Premenopause / Q000097:blood; D011347:Procollagen / Q000097:blood; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D024042:Collagen Type I; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010455:Peptides; D011347:Procollagen; D014815:Vitamins; C052929:collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide; C042813:procollagen type I carboxy terminal peptide; D015675:Osteocalcin; D010837:Vitamin K 1