title: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of controlled-release carvedilol and immediate-release carvedilol at steady state in patients with hypertension.
abstract: Carvedilol is indicated for the treatment of essential hypertension and mild-to-severe chronic heart failure, as well as the reduction of cardiovascular mortality in clinically stable post-myocardial infarction patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Carvedilol is a racemic mixture of R(+) and S(-) enantiomers that combines beta(1)-, beta(2)-, and alpha(1)-adrenoceptor blockade. For all indications, the immediate-release (IR) formulation of carvedilol is taken twice daily. A controlled-release (CR) formulation of carvedilol that allows once-daily dosing has recently been developed. In this double-blind, parallel-group, crossover study, 122 patients with essential hypertension were randomly allocated to receive low and high doses of carvedilol or placebo. Patients received either a constant low dose (CR 20 mg once daily or IR 6.25 mg twice daily) or were titrated to a high dose (CR 80 mg once daily or IR 25 mg twice daily) before being crossed over to an equivalent dose of the alternative formulation. The pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles were compared between patients receiving carvedilol CR and carvedilol IR. The PK profiles for R(+)- and S(-)-carvedilol for the 2 formulations were equivalent (based on area under the curve, maximum plasma concentration [C(max)], and trough drug concentration). Consistent with an extended-release formulation, carvedilol CR delayed C(max) by 3.5 hours compared with carvedilol IR. For both carvedilol CR and IR, the attenuation of exercise-induced heart rate in patients with hypertension was maintained over the entire 24-hour period, and the 2 formulations demonstrated equivalent beta(1)-blocking effects at trough (end of the dosing interval [PD(min)]), suggesting that the rate of absorption does not interfere with the PD effect. In this first direct comparison of carvedilol CR and IR in subjects with hypertension, fewer adverse events were reported while subjects were receiving carvedilol CR (59.1% overall) compared with carvedilol IR (77.5% overall). This was true regardless of dose received. Headache was the most commonly reported adverse event for subjects receiving either formulation of carvedilol and placebo. Importantly, dizziness and headache were reported less often when subjects received carvedilol CR. This is the first study to show that both formulations had comparable beta(1)-adrenergic blockade in patients with essential hypertension under steady-state conditions. Notably, carvedilol CR provides consistent beta(1)-adrenergic blockade over 24 hours with a once-daily dose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA. linda.s.henderson@gsk.com
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Tenero
authors.forename: Charlotte A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Baidoo
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Campanile
authors.forename: Angela H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Harter
authors.forename: Duane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Theodore M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Danoff
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002227:Carbazoles; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol