title: Neck rejuvenation revisited.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Restoration of the aesthetic neck contour is an integral component of facial rejuvenation. Multiple deformities of the neck and chin complex can make treatment of the cervical region daunting. An algorithmic approach to neck rejuvenation based on individual anatomic and clinical analysis is prudent. The authors created a simplified anatomic approach to the most common cervical deformities encountered in the patient seeking facial rejuvenation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of the senior author's (R.J.R.) technique evolution over the last 15 years was performed. The operative techniques used in neck rejuvenation were evaluated and the long-term postoperative results were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recurrent patterns of cervical deformity are present in patients presenting for facial rejuvenation. These patterns can be classified into categories based on specific anatomic deformities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Facial rejuvenation requires appropriate identification of deformity to effect the desired changes. Cervical deformities are classified into clinically useful categories based on careful preoperative analysis. A thorough understanding of the anatomic bases for the deformities allows the surgeon to choose the appropriate treatments to achieve consistent and reliable results.
authors.affiliation: Dallas, Texas; Tampa, Fla.; and Madison, Wis. From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, private practice, and the University of Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Rod J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rohrich
authors.forename: Jose L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Karol A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gutowski
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002680:Chin / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004954:Esthetics; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015187:Lipectomy; D008060:Lipodystrophy / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012060:Rejuvenation; D012225:Rhinoplasty; D015361:Rhytidoplasty; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A