title: The role of angiotensin II in stress urinary incontinence: A rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pharmacological treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is limited to the use of non-selective alpha-agonists, which are often ineffective. Non-adrenergic mechanisms have also been implicated in urethral closure, including angiotensin II (Ang-II), which has been demonstrated throughout the urinary tract. We investigate the role of Ang-II in urethral tone in a rat model of SUI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Abdominal leak point pressure (ALPP) and retrograde urethral pressure profilometry (RLPP) were measured in 70 female virgin rats. Thirty rats underwent pudendal nerve injury (PNT), 30 had circumferential urethrolysis (U-Lys), and 10 had sham surgery. Rats received daily doses of Angiotensin Type 1 (AT-1) receptor inhibitor (20 mg/kg), Angiotensin Type 2 (AT-2) receptor antagonist (10 mg/kg), or Ang-II (2 mg/kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following U-Lys, RLPP and ALPP decreased from 21.4 +/- 2.0 and 39.2 +/- 3.3 mm Hg, to 13.1 +/- 1.5 and 21.6 +/- 1.9 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.01). After PNT, RLPP, and ALPP decreased from 21.0 +/- 1.6 and 41.9 +/- 3.0 mmHg to 13.1 +/- 1.5 and 24.7 +/- 3.3 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.01). AT-1 inhibitor caused significant decrease in RLPP and ALPP from 21.0 +/- 6.2 and 41.8 +/- 9.4 mmHg, to 12.0 +/- 3.8 and 25.6 +/- 6.6 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.01). Likewise, AT-2 treatment reduced RLPP and ALPP from 21.4 +/- 6.3 and 40.1 +/- 1.7 mmHg, to 13.5 +/- 5.7 and 31.0 +/- 7.2 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.01). Following surgery, Ang-II administration restored RLPP and ALPP to baseline presurgical values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AT-1 and AT-2 receptor inhibition significantly lowers urethral resistance, comparable to either neurogenic or urethrolytic injury. Ang-II treatment restored urethral tone in rats with intrinsic sphincter dysfunction. Ang II appears to serve a functional role in the maintenance of urethral tone and stress continence.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Hardeep
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Phull
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salkini
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Purves
authors.forename: Craig V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Comiter
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D057912:Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D019808:Losartan / Q000494:pharmacology; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries; D011312:Pressure; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D014521:Urethra / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D057912:Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers; D007093:Imidazoles; D011725:Pyridines; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D000804:Angiotensin II; C073402:PD 123319; D019808:Losartan