title: Effect of restraint and injection methods on heart rate and body temperature in mice.
abstract: Routine procedures in the laboratory, inducing acute stress, will have an impact on the animals and might thereby influence scientific results. In an attempt to gain more insight into quantifying this acute stress by means of the parameters heart rate (HR) and body temperature (BT), we subjected mice to different restraint and injection methods. We first compared the treatment response of HR and BT, measured by means of radiotelemetry, with the treatment response of plasma corticosterone (pCORT), a common and well-validated parameter for measuring acute stress responses. It was found that HR, and to a lesser extent also BT, parallels pCORT values after subjecting the animals to different methods of restraint. Secondly, the acute stress response caused by different injection methods was evaluated. Again, HR was found to be a more sensitive parameter than BT. We found that, in case of sham injections, the acute stress response after an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection was more pronounced than after intramuscular (i.m.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injections, but this difference was found to be inconsistent when saline was used as injection fluid. In a third experiment we investigated if the level of experience of the animal technician influenced the stress response after s.c. injections, but no differences were found. Overall, the results have indicated that HR might be considered as a useful parameter for measuring acute stress responses to routine procedures, but the value of BT seems to be of limited value in this respect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animals, Science and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. m.k.meijer@vet.uu.nl
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Spruijt
authors.forename: L F M
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: van Zutphen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baumans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000379:methods*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal / Q000379:methods*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology*