title: [Determinants of depression in 111 Italian patients with systemic sclerosis].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A high prevalence of depressive symptoms has been described in systemic sclerosis (SSc), but no clear association with organ involvement or objective indices of disease severity has been depicted. To date, no effort has been made to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Italian patients with SSc or to clarify their cause.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred-eleven SSc patients were asked to fill in the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) questionnaire, the scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire (sHAQ) and two additional questions assessing the patient's familiar support and the social consequences of the patient's change in physical appearnace.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven subjects (33.4%) presented mild to severe depressive symptoms (BDI >/=17). On univariate analysis the diffuse cutaneous form of the disease (p=0.019), higher pulmonary systolic pressures on echocardiogram (p=0.016), lower FVC percentage of predicted values (p=0.022), higher sHAQ values (p<0.001) or higher VAS values for pain (p=0.007), lung involvement (p=0.02), Raynaud's phenomenon severity (p=0.002), ulcers severity (p=0.006) or disease severity (p<0.001), were associated with the presence of pathologic depressive symptoms. On multivariate analysis only the VAS for disease severity relevant to BDI scores (p=0.016). Social behaviour changes due to SSc-related physical involvement were reported in 14 patients (38%) with depressive symptoms (p=0,006) and were more likely to be observed in younger patients (p=0.001) with a more severe Raynauds's phenomenon (p=0.013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mild to severe depressive symptoms are common in SSc patients especially in those with a worse perception of disease severity, these patients should be carefully monitored and a psychological assistance counselled whenever necessary.
authors.affiliation: Centro di Riferimento per le Malattie Autoimmuni Sistemiche, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico-Mangiagalli-Regina Elena, Milano, Italia. lorberimm@hotmail.com
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beretta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Astori
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrario
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caronni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raimondi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scorza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000209:etiology; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014797:Vital Capacity