title: alpha-Pinene inhibits growth and induces oxidative stress in roots.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determining the mode of action of allelochemicals is one of the challenging aspects in allelopathic studies. Recently, allelochemicals have been proposed to cause oxidative stress in target tissue and induce an antioxidant mechanism. alpha-Pinene, one of the common monoterpenoids emitted from several aromatic plants including forest trees, is known for its growth-inhibitory activity. However, its mechanism of action remains unexplored. The aim of the present study was to determine the inhibitory effect of alpha-pinene on root growth and generation of reactive oxygen species, as indicators of oxidative stress and changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of alpha-pinene on early root growth were studied in five test species, Cassia occidentalis, Amaranthus viridis, Triticum aestivum, Pisum sativum and Cicer arietinum. Electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide generation, proline accumulation, and activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) were studied in roots of C. occidentalis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  alpha-Pinene inhibited the radicle growth of all the test species. Exposure of C. occidentalis roots to alpha-pinene enhanced solute leakage, and increased levels of malondialdehyde, proline and hydrogen peroxide, indicating lipid peroxidation and induction of oxidative stress. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, GPX, APX and GR were significantly elevated, thereby indicating the enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon alpha-pinene exposure. Increased levels of scavenging enzymes indicates their induction as a secondary defence mechanism in response to alpha-pinene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that alpha-pinene inhibits early root growth and causes oxidative damage in root tissue through enhanced generation of ROS, as indicated by increased lipid peroxidation, disruption of membrane integrity and elevated antioxidant enzyme levels.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environment and Vocational Studies, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014, India.
authors.forename: Harminder P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Daizy R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Batish
authors.forename: Shalinder
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Komal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.forename: Ravinder K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kohli
mesh_terms: D027721:Amaranthus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D029863:Cicer / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D018532:Pisum sativum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D029846:Senna Plant / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D014908:Triticum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; C005451:alpha-pinene