title: Effect of ultrasound agitation on the release of heavy elements in Certified Reference Material of human hair (CRM BCR 397).
abstract: An ultrasonic-assisted leaching procedure was developed for the determination of heavy elements (As, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn) in Certified Reference Material of human hair (CRM 397) provided from the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) of the Commission of the European Community. Concentrated nitric acid-30% hydrogen peroxide (2 + 1) was used for the leaching method. The effects of different factors on acid leaching of elements, such as presonication time (without ultrasonic stirring), sonication or exposure time to ultrasound, and temperature of the ultrasonic bath have been investigated. Optimum values of these parameters were selected for the maximum extraction of heavy metals from CRM BCR 397 and human scalp hair samples of normal healthy males. To check the validity of the proposed method, a wet acid digestion method was used to obtain the total elemental concentration in CRM BCR 397 and scalp hair samples. Cu and Zn in leachate and digests were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using a conventional air/acetylene flame, while As, Cd, and Pd were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Under optimized conditions, the recovery for Zn, Cd, Pd, As, and Cu was 98, 98.5, 97.5, 98.2, and 95%, respectively, of those obtained with the wet acid digestion method.
authors.affiliation: University of Sindh, Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Jamshoro, Pakistan. tgkazi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Tasneem G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: Hassan I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.forename: Mohammad K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Jamali
authors.forename: Gul H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: Mohammad B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Arain
authors.forename: Nussrat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jalbani
authors.forename: Raja A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sarfraz
authors.forename: Ghulam Q
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Shar
mesh_terms: D005062:European Union; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D017942:Nitric Acid; D012015:Reference Standards; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013696:Temperature; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D017942:Nitric Acid