title: Detecting local establishment strategies of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  P. avium, a pioneer tree species that colonizes early forest successional stages, is assumed to require an effective strategy allowing stably repeatable rounds of local establishment, dispersal and local extinction. Consequently, the early replacement of cherry by climax tree species makes the establishment of several local generations very unlikely, especially in central European continuous cover forests. This has to be seen in connection with the mixed reproduction system involving asexual reproduction as a complementary adaptational strategy. Tests of the local establishment of wild cherry must therefore consider the possibility of first generation establishment via seedling recruitment potentially followed by an asexual generation (root suckering). Successful establishment can therefore be determined only among adult individuals with the option of detecting vegetative reproduction at these stages. To test the implied suggestion about local establishment strategies of wild cherry, nuclear microsatellites were used to analyse patterns of asexual propagation among adult stages that have been subjected to one of two major types of forest management. These management types, the historical "coppice with standards system" (CWS) and the "high forest system" (HFS), can be reasonably assumed to have affected the reproduction system of P. avium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clear differences were found in the reproduction pattern between two stands representing the two forest management types: 1) Clonal propagation is observed in both management systems, but with a distinctly higher frequency in the CWS. Hence, sexual recruitment as a first local generation is followed by a second asexual generation in both, whereas in the CWS there is evidence for an additional clonal generation. 2) The estimation of amounts of clonal reproduction critically depends on the assumptions about multilocus gene associations. This is revealed by the application of newly developed methods of quantifying gene associations. 3) Haplotype diversities are higher in the CWS and found to be associated with a large degree of heterozygosity for the second largest clonal group. 4) Seed set was sparse over the last eight years of observation in the CWS stand.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides useful guidelines for more comprehensive investigations, particularly on the interrelationships between degrees of cloning and capacity of sexual reproduction, amounts of multilocus gene associations, effects of heterozygosity on cloning success, and sustainability of different forest management types.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Forstgenetik und Forstpflanzenzüchtung, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. ahoeltk@gwdg.de
authors.forename: Aki M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Höltken
authors.forename: Hans-Rolf
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Gregorius
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D017753:Ecosystem; D016468:Forestry; D014644:Genetic Variation; D011157:Population Dynamics; D027861:Prunus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology; D014197:Trees / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology