title: Hexavalent chromium reduces larval growth and alters gene expression in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus).
abstract: Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a common bioavailable metal ion that causes oxidative stress, DNA adducts, and perturbs gene expression. Changes in gene expression are useful biomarkers of toxicant exposure that provide information about an organism's health, adaptability, and toxicant-specific effects. Therefore, we developed a cDNA array for the estuarine sentinel species mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus). Mummichog larvae were exposed to concentrations ranging from 0 to 24 mg/L (462 microM) of Cr(VI) for 30 d, and growth was measured to determine the no-observable-effect concentration (1.5 mg/L) and the lowest-observable-effect concentration (3 mg/L). Body burdens from Cr(VI)-exposed fish showed a dose-dependent increase and were inversely correlated to body weight. Mummichog larvae exposed to Cr(VI) differentially expressed 16 genes in a dose-dependent manner, including GLUT-2, L-FABP, ATPase synthase 8, type II keratin, TBT-binding protein, and complement component C3-2. Many of these genes are involved in energy metabolism or growth, which is consistent with the reduced growth observed. In subsequent experiments, adults were exposed to Cr(VI) for 7 d at 0, 1.5, or 3 mg/L, because adult mummichog are used in monitoring Superfund sites. Hexavalent chromium altered the expression of 10 genes in adult liver, including HGFA, H-FABP, and complement component C3-2. Many of these genes also are involved in energy metabolism. The mummichog arrays provide a potential mechanism for the effects of Cr(VI) on growth. We anticipate using these arrays and the data they provide to monitor effects at polluted sites, to assess the bioavailability of chromium at these sites, and to investigate the efficacy of remediation in chromium-polluted estuaries.
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Department, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79912, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Roling
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bain
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gardea-Torresdey
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Baldwin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity*; D017931:DNA Primers; D023781:Fundulidae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D002857:Chromium