title: Enzymatic hydrolysis of flavonoids and pectic oligosaccharides from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel.
abstract: Pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzymes (Pectinase 62L, Pectinase 690L, and Cellulase CO13P) were used to evaluate the solubilization of carbohydrates and low molecular weight flavonoids from bergamot peel, a major byproduct of the essential oil industry. The enzymes were characterized for main-chain and side-chain polysaccharide hydrolyzing activities and also against pure samples of various flavonoids previously identified in bergamot peel to determine various glycosidase activities. The addition of Pectinase 62L or 690L alone, or the combination of Pectinase 62L and Cellulase CO13P, was capable of solubilizing between 70 and 80% of the bergamot peel, and up to 90% of the flavonoid glycosides present were cleaved to their aglycones. Cellulase CO13P alone solubilized 62% of the peel but had no deglycosylating effect on the flavonoid glycosides. Over a 24-h time course, a rapid release of cell wall carbohydrates was observed after treatment with Pectinase 62L, with a concurrent gradual hydrolysis of the flavonoid glycosides. Size-exclusion chromatography of the solubilized extract showed that after 24-h incubation, the majority of the solubilized carbohydrates were present as monosaccharides with a smaller proportion of oligosaccharides.
authors.affiliation: Sustainability of the Food Chain Exploitation Platform, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mandalari
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.forename: Rosario B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lo Curto
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bisignano
authors.forename: Keith W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Waldron
authors.forename: Craig B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Faulds
mesh_terms: D002480:Cellulase / Q000378:metabolism*; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006601:Hexoses / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007700:Kinetics; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D010368:Pectins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011096:Polygalacturonase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D006601:Hexoses; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D010368:Pectins; D011096:Polygalacturonase; D002480:Cellulase