title: Trends and racial disparities in muscular dystrophy deaths in the United States, 1983-1998: an analysis of multiple cause mortality data.
abstract: To identify trends and patterns associated with muscular dystrophy (MD)-associated deaths, we analyzed population-based data from death certificates in the Multiple Cause Mortality Files compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics. From 1983 to 1998, 14,499 deaths in the United States were associated with ICD-9 codes for MD. The mortality rate for MD in the general U.S. population over this time period was 0.365 per 100,000 persons per year. Stratification by age at death revealed a trimodal distribution with peaks at 0, 17, and 62 years. The male-to-female ratio varied with age at death, a pattern consistent with a mixture of autosomal and X-linked MDs with different prognoses. Deaths related to MD appeared to be equally divided between presumed autosomal and X-linked MDs. The mortality rate was higher in Whites than in Blacks, for both autosomal and X-linked MDs. The median age at death was lower in Blacks than Whites for both males and females. Cardiac complications were more commonly noted among MD-associated deaths in Blacks (38.9%) than Whites (28.6%). Respiratory infections were noted in about 20% of MD-associated deaths and were more common in winter than summer months. Potential reasons for the racial differences include differences in prevalence rates, rates of diagnosis, and reporting on death certificates. Additional studies are needed to resolve these issues. Challenges in the interpretation of these data include the lack of ICD-9 codes specific for individual MDs and potential recording biases in underlying cause of death and contributing factors. We also present a method for estimating autosomal and X-linked contributions to the overall mortality rate of a genetically heterogeneous condition such as MD.
authors.affiliation: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. akenneson@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Aileen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kenneson
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kolor
authors.forename: Quanhe
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Olney
authors.forename: Sonja A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001699:Biometry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D025063:Chromosome Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D040181:Genetic Diseases, X-Linked / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009136:Muscular Dystrophies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People