title: Development and validation of a simple tape-based measurement tool for recording cervical rotation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: comparison with a goniometer-based approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare a tape-based tool for measuring cervical mobility in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) with the widely practiced goniometer-based approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a novel tape-based approach to measurement of lateral cervical rotation of the neck that is minimally affected by flexion/extension movements of the neck. This requires measurement of the difference between a mark at the suprasternal notch and the tragus of the ear. Rotation score is measured in centimeters and constitutes the difference in length between the 2 extremes of cervical rotation (http://www.arthritisdoctors.org/researcher.html). We assessed the tape-based and goniometer-based methods in a total of 263 patients from 3 countries, Canada (n = 205), Australia (n = 29), and Colombia (n = 29), that included patients from community and tertiary-based practice. Intra- and interobserver reliability was assessed in a subset of 44 patients by ANOVA and a 2-way mixed effects model. The Bath AS Disease Activity (BASDAI) and Function (BASFI) Indices, and the modified Stoke AS Spinal Score (mSASSS), were also recorded to assess construct validity by correlation coefficient and regression analysis. Responsiveness was assessed in a subset of 33 patients that were either randomized to anti-tumor necrosis factor-a therapy:placebo (n = 22) or received open label infliximab (n = 4) or pamidronate (n = 7) over a period of 24 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scores obtained with the tape-based method were normally distributed, while those obtained using the goniometer were skewed towards normal values. Reliability for the goniometer-based approach was excellent [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.90] and very good for the tape-based approach (ICC > 0.80). Significant correlations were noted between age, disease duration, function and structural damage scores, and scores obtained with both methods. Responsiveness was high using raw scores obtained with the goniometer (standardized response mean > 0.80) but was not evident when the grading scheme proposed for the Bath AS Metrology Index (BASMI) was employed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tape-based approach we describe provides a simple, feasible, and reliable index of cervical rotation that is comparable to the information obtained from the use of a goniometer. If the goniometer-based approach is used, raw scores should be used in the calculation of responsiveness rather than the grading scheme suggested in the BASMI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Heritage Medical Research Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. walter.maksymowych@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Walter P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Maksymowych
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mallon
authors.forename: Rhonda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Conner-Spady
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jauregui
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zappala
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pile
authors.forename: Anthony S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods*; D053587:Arthrometry, Articular / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009333:Neck / Q000473:pathology*; D015588:Observer Variation; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000473:pathology*