title: Langerhans cells in vulvar lichen sclerosus and vulvar squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Langerhans cells (LCs), specializing in antigen presentation, are a very important part of the skin immune system (SIS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Skin biopsies from 22 women with vulvar lichen sclerosus (LS): 15 patients with early and 7 with the late stage of the disease, were evaluated. Five women with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were also examined. The control group consisted of 9 women who underwent plastic surgery of the vulvar region. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues samples using antihuman CD1a antibody (NCL-CD1a-235, Novocastra).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased numbers of LC stainings were present in early LS, whereas decreased numbers of these cells were present in late LS and in SCC compared with the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that dysregulation of the SIS may lead to suppression of LCs in the vulvar epithelium and may be one of the reasons for a higher tendency for carcinogenesis in the vulvar region.
authors.affiliation: Section of Dermatology, Research Institute of the Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Rzgowska 281/284, 93-338 Łódź, Poland. rotsztejn@onet.eu
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rotsztejn
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trznadel-Budźko
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jesionek-Kupnicka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007801:Langerhans Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D007724:Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D014846:Vulvar Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology