title: Drowning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize current knowledge on pathophysiology and treatment of drowning accidents. Studies and case reports were searched using the keywords drowning, near-drowning, asphyxia, hypoxia and hypothermia in conjunction with organ systems and specific treatment options.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drowning is defined as death by suffocation in a liquid. In contrast, near-drowning is defined as survival beyond 24 h after a drowning accident. Drowning is a frequent preventable accident with a significant morbidity and mortality in a mostly healthy population. In the majority of patients the primary injury is pulmonary, resulting in severe arterial hypoxemia and secondary damage to other organs. Damage to the central nervous system is most critical in terms of patient survival and subsequent quality of life. Therefore, prompt resuscitation and aggressive respiratory and cardiovascular treatment are crucial for optimal survival. Immediate interruption of hypoxia, aggressive treatment of hypothermia and cardiovascular failure are the cornerstones of correct medical treatment. Unfortunately, accurate neurologic prognosis cannot be predicted from initial clinical presentation, laboratory, radiological or electrophysiological examinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several case studies have convincingly demonstrated that drowning victims may survive neurologically intact even after prolonged submersion times, in particular in cold water. Therefore, aggressive initial therapeutic efforts are indicated in most near-drowning victims.
authors.affiliation: Division of General and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, The Leopold Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. walter.hasibeder@uibk.ac.at
authors.forename: Walter R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Hasibeder