title: Orosomucoid (alpha1-acid glycoprotein) plasma concentration and genetic variants: effects on human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor clearance and cellular accumulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protease inhibitors are highly bound to orosomucoid (ORM) (alpha1-acid glycoprotein), an acute-phase plasma protein encoded by 2 polymorphic genes, which may modulate their disposition. Our objective was to determine the influence of ORM concentration and phenotype on indinavir, lopinavir, and nelfinavir apparent clearance (CL(app)) and cellular accumulation. Efavirenz, mainly bound to albumin, was included as a control drug.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma and cells samples were collected from 434 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Total plasma and cellular drug concentrations and ORM concentrations and phenotypes were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indinavir CL(app) was strongly influenced by ORM concentration (n = 36) (r2 = 0.47 [P = .00004]), particularly in the presence of ritonavir (r2 = 0.54 [P = .004]). Lopinavir CL(app) was weakly influenced by ORM concentration (n = 81) (r2 = 0.18 [P = .0001]). For both drugs, the ORM1 S variant concentration mainly explained this influence (r2 = 0.55 [P = .00004] and r2 = 0.23 [P = .0002], respectively). Indinavir CL(app) was significantly higher in F1F1 individuals than in F1S and SS patients (41.3, 23.4, and 10.3 L/h [P = .0004] without ritonavir and 21.1, 13.2, and 10.1 L/h [P = .05] with ritonavir, respectively). Lopinavir cellular exposure was not influenced by ORM abundance and phenotype. Finally, ORM concentration or phenotype did not influence nelfinavir (n = 153) or efavirenz (n = 198) pharmacokinetics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ORM concentration and phenotype modulate indinavir pharmacokinetics and, to a lesser extent, lopinavir pharmacokinetics but without influencing their cellular exposure. This confounding influence of ORM should be taken into account for appropriate interpretation of therapeutic drug monitoring results. Further studies are needed to investigate whether the measure of unbound drug plasma concentration gives more meaningful information than total drug concentration for indinavir and lopinavir.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buclin
authors.forename: Laurent A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Décosterd
authors.forename: Amalio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Telenti
authors.forename: Hansjakob
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furrer
authors.forename: Belle L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biollaz
authors.forename: Chin B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Eap
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000480:Alkynes; D048588:Benzoxazines; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D061466:Lopinavir; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019888:Nelfinavir / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010078:Oxazines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010641:Phenotype; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013557:Switzerland
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D009961:Orosomucoid; D010078:Oxazines; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D061466:Lopinavir; D019469:Indinavir; D019888:Nelfinavir; C098320:efavirenz; D019438:Ritonavir