title: Raised prolactin levels in myasthenia gravis: two case reports and a study of two patient populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe two patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and prolactinoma and analyze the associations between MG and prolactin (PRL) levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two case reports and a case-control study of PRL levels in 192 patients with MG.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Immunological Research Laboratory, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; St Petersburg Medical Academy for Postgraduate Studies, and St Petersburg State Medical Pediatric Academy, Russia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two women with MG and thymic hyperplasia accompanied by prolactinomas are described. The levels of plasma PRL were raised in 101 women with MG, but not in 91 men. There was an association between high PRL levels and high levels of autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an association of MG with raised levels of PRL in women. PRL has stimulating effects on immune activation and the increased levels might thus be implied in the pathophysiology of MG.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsinzerling
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pirskanen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matell
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Zhulev
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chukhlovina
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lefvert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009157:Myasthenia Gravis / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000276:immunology; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D015175:Prolactinoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000276:immunology; D013934:Thymectomy; D013945:Thymoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013952:Thymus Hyperplasia / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic; D011388:Prolactin