title: Management of pain after burn injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Burn pain is often under treated. Burn patients suffer from daily background pain as well as procedural pain. Direct mechanical and chemical stimulation to peripheral nociceptors, peripheral- and central sensitization contribute to the pathophysiology of pain. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current management of burn pain and also to stimulate future studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Background pain is best treated with mild to moderate potent analgesics administered regularly to maintain a steady plasma drug concentration. Procedural pain should be treated vigorously with intravenous opioids, local or even general anesthesia if needed. Opioids are the mainstay of treatment for severe acute pain. PCA should be used wherever applicable. Further opioids should not be substituted by high dose NSAIDs in the management of procedural pain. Hypnosis, therapeutic touch, massage therapy, distracting techniques and other behavioral cognitive techniques have demonstrated some intriguing impact on acute as well as chronic burn pain treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no clear evidence to show that the use of opioids in acute pain may increase the likelihood of developing opioid dependency. Thus, pain after burn injury should be aggressively treated using pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic approaches. Further controlled studies are yet to be conducted to define appropriate treatments for different burn patients and to establish standard treatment protocols for burn pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital Pain Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. sabdi@partners.org
authors.forename: Salahadin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdi
authors.forename: Yili
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou