title: Interventional neurophysiologic monitoring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring provides useful information on the functional status of the nervous system. This review focuses on recently published data concerning the impact of monitoring on patient outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is level I evidence to support the use of bispectral index monitoring to prevent awareness during anesthesia in high-risk patients. A number of randomized trials have shown that monitoring-guided anesthesia using the bispectral index or other devices will expedite recovery and improve perioperative drug utilization. There are also preliminary reports suggesting that anesthesia dictated by bispectral index monitoring may alter long-term outcome and reduce mortality. In surgical procedures, however, it is less clear whether neurophysiologic monitoring will improve patient outcome. Currently, the majority of data are derived from respective case series. Nonetheless, monitoring with somatosensory evoked potential has been shown to reduce postoperative neurologic deficits after spinal surgery. There is also evidence to suggest that electromyography and motor evoked potential are essential complements to somatosensory evoked potential for monitoring of spinal cord surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain monitoring facilitates anesthetic drug administration. An increasing number of neurosurgical procedures will require some form of intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring to achieve higher degrees of safety and accuracy. In many instances, the data derived from monitoring will guide and influence surgical decisions. In this context, neurophysiologic monitoring should be regarded as interventional.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong. mtvchan@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: Matthew T V
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gin
authors.forename: Keith Y C
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Goh