title: Therapeutic drug monitoring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traditionally, therapeutic drug monitoring has been used for the management of epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmias, asthma and depression. This review provides an update, particularly for the newer clinical applications, and how therapeutic drug monitoring (including use of analytical and interpretation tools) can improve clinical outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Improved drug assay methodologies and a greater understanding of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms has allowed the use of therapeutic drug monitoring for immunosuppressant drugs in organ transplant recipients, antiretroviral agents for HIV/AIDS and antimetabolite drugs for leukaemia. In addition, new computer software to analyse drug concentrations in complex populations is being developed and introduced into routine clinical applications to allow increasingly patient-specific assay interpretation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapeutic drug monitoring assists in improving clinical success rates and minimizing toxicity. The use of therapeutic drug monitoring is therefore likely to become more widespread as new modalities are adopted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia. gilshen@med.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Gillian M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Shenfield
authors.forename: Raymond G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Morris