title: Endoscopic subureteral injection treatment with calcium hydroxylapatite in primary vesicoureteral reflux.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, we aimed to evaluate efficiency of subureteral injection of calcium hydroxylapatite treatment for primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 25 children (mean age 6.9 +/- 2.7 years) underwent subureteral injection of calcium hydroxylapatite for primary VUR. Reflux was present in 39 ureteral units that were unilateral in 11 cases and bilateral in 14 cases. According to "International Reflux Classification"; grade II in 12 (30.8%), grade III in 18 (46.2%) and grade IV in 9 (23.1%) ureteral units were found.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The refluxes were resolved in 23 (59.0%) ureteral units after a single injection and 5 ureteral units (12.8%) after a second injection. Overall success rate of reflux treatment with calcium hydroxylapatite was 71.8% in all ureteral units.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic subureteral injection of calcium hydroxylapatite in children with primary low-grade VUR appears to be an effective, safe and minimally invasive technique.
authors.affiliation: Dr Lütfi Kirdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital, 1, Urology Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bilal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eryildirim
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tarhan
authors.forename: Uğur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kuyumcuoğlu
authors.forename: Erkan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erbay
authors.forename: Gökhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Faydaci
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D017886:Durapatite / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D014513:Ureter; D018666:Ureteroscopy; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D017886:Durapatite