title: Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelids and periorbital region.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the clinical and histopathological features, treatment and outcomes of squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelids.
  
  
  METHODS
  76 patients with eyelid squamous cell carcinoma treated in an oncology referral hospital between 1997 and 2006 were reviewed retrospectively. Age, sex, risk factors, duration of symptoms, size and location of lesion, previous recurrences, presence of perineural invasion (PNI) and orbital invasion, histological subtype, inflammatory response of peritumoral tissue were recorded and analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (SD) lesion size was 2.4 (0.36) mm. 27 (35.5%) cases were previously recurrent. The most common histological subtype was well differentiated (59.2%). The rates of PNI and orbital invasion were 23.8% and 43.4%, respectively. 63 patients underwent surgery, whereas others were treated with external radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Recurrence or presence of residual tumour rate was 22.4%, most of them had orbital invasion. Regional lymph node metastasis was detected in 5 (6.6%) cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advanced deep local invasion was not rare in this study, as a result of treatment delay and previous inadequate treatments. Adverse prognostic factors associated with secondary orbital invasion are previous recurrences, longer duration of lesion, larger lesion size, and presence of PNI. Well-differentiated subtype and strong inflammatory response are good prognostic factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Oncology Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. hulya@pleksus.com.tr
authors.forename: Hülya Gökmen
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Soysal
authors.forename: Fatma
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Markoç
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D005142:Eyelid Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000473:pathology; D009915:Orbit / Q000473:pathology; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012590:Sclera / Q000473:pathology; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome