title: Postoperative pulmonary complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postoperative pulmonary complications, including pneumonia, bronchospasm, respiratory failure and prolonged mechanical ventilation, occur commonly and are a significant source of morbidity and mortality. This review will discuss the etiology of postoperative pulmonary complications and the interventions that reduce their risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  General anesthesia and surgery produce changes in the respiratory system and are responsible, along with underlying conditions, for postoperative pulmonary complications. Risk factors include upper abdominal or thoracic surgery, cigarette smoking, chronic respiratory disease, emergency surgery, anesthetic time of 180 min or more, age greater than 70 years, renal failure, poor nutritional status, and significant intraoperative blood loss. The inhibition of phrenic nerve output results in postoperative diaphragmatic dysfunction. Sleep-disordered breathing occurs after surgery even in patients without obstructive sleep apnea, but patients with obstructive sleep apnea may have a worsening of their disease after surgery. A clear advantage of one anesthetic technique over another in reducing postoperative pulmonary complications has not been demonstrated. Conflicting results have been obtained regarding the value of epidural analgesia in preventing postoperative pulmonary complications. Incentive spirometry decreases rates of postoperative pulmonary complications and hospital lengths of stay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding risk factors for the development of postoperative pulmonary complications allows targeted interventions aimed at reducing their frequency and severity. Further research is needed to define the role of regional analgesic and anesthetic techniques in reducing postoperative pulmonary complications, and also to define the nature of risk factors and develop better predictive models of patients at risk of developing postoperative pulmonary complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA. prock@aims.unc.edu
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.forename: Preston B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Rich