title: Mechanical unloading of the heart activates the calpain system.
abstract: The mechanism for the decrease in cardiomyocyte size with mechanical unloading is unknown. The calpain system regulates cardiomyocyte atrophy. We obtained samples from failing human hearts at the time of implantation and explantation of a left ventricular assist device. For mechanical unloading, we also heterotopically transplanted rat or mouse hearts for 1 week. The effect of calpain inhibition on cardiac atrophy was assessed in transplanted hearts overexpressing calpastatin. We measured transcript levels of calpain 1 and 2 in the human and the rodent model, as well as calpain activity, a calpain-specific degradation product and cardiomyocyte size in the two rodent models. Mechanical unloading of the failing human heart significantly increased calpain 2 gene expression. Transcript levels of calpain 1 and 2, calpain activity and a calpain-specific degradation product all significantly increased in the unloaded rat heart. Unexpectedly, in hearts of animals overexpressing calpastatin, cardiomyocyte size also decreased. Mechanical unloading of the mammalian heart activates the calpain system, although other proteolytic systems may compensate for decreased calpain activity when calpastatin is overexpressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Houston-Medical School, 6431 Fannin, MSB 1.222, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Razeghi
authors.forename: Kaelin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Volpini
authors.forename: Mou-Er
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Youker
authors.forename: Stanislaw
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stepkowski
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taegtmeyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002154:Calpain / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D048429:Cell Size; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D013997:Time Factors; D016042:Transplantation, Heterotopic
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; C033668:calpastatin; D002154:Calpain