title: Extended bifrontal craniotomy for midline anterior fossa meningiomas: minimization of retraction-related edema and surgical outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Meningiomas of the anterior cranial base can be approached with a variety of techniques. The extended bifrontal approach is often thought to be associated with increased morbidity because of the need for extensive removal of the bone and longer surgical times. The authors have attempted to quantitate retraction-related edema occurring after surgery to determine whether the extra bone removal limits retraction and reduces the chance of brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Charts were reviewed for patients who underwent extended bifrontal craniotomies performed for meningiomas at the University of California, San Francisco, between 1997 and 2005. Magnetic resonance imaging scans obtained before and after surgery were reviewed for brain edema as indicated by fluid-attenuated inversion recovery/T2 abnormality and grouped into four categories: A, no edema; B, edema restricted to the gyrus rectus; C, edema beyond the gyrus rectus; and D, extensive bifrontal edema.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five patients were identified. Fifty-four percent of patients had tumors with a diameter of more than 4 cm. Simpson Grade 2 or 3 resection was achieved in 82% of patients, and the average operative time was 12.3 hours. Vision outcome was favorable in 74% of patients. Extent of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery abnormality remained unchanged in 87.5%, with 91% of patients in categories A or B edema remaining in those categories after surgery. There were no infections and there were two cerebrospinal fluid leaks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extended bifrontal approach is a safe surgical procedure with limited morbidity that the authors think: 1) prevents secondary brain injury from excessive retraction; 2) offers great flexibility of view for the surgeon; and 3) should be considered the preferred approach compared with the standard bifrontal craniotomy for large tumors of the anterior cranial base.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. chijo@neurosurg.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Parsa
authors.forename: Mitchel S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kunwar
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: McDermott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D008579:Meningioma / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome