title: [Psychosocial workload, sick leave, and health-related well being: an empirical study from the perspective of gender research].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to test hypotheses on the consequences of gender role expectations with regard to the extent of work stress, selected health-related measures and their associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on psychosocial workload (questionnaire of effort-reward imbalance), sick leave (self-reports of the duration of medically certified sick leave during the past two years) and health-related well being were collected in a representative sample of German full-time employees (n = 666). Hypotheses were tested using analyses of variance (ANOVA) and covariance (ANCOVA) and moderated linear regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women reported lower health-related well-being as compared to men while effort-reward imbalance and sick leave did not differ between the sexes. Parents reported slightly longer durations of sick leave during the past two years than childless participants (not significant). The results of stratified linear regression analyses show stronger associations between effort-reward imbalance and both health-related measures for women with children than for men with children, while single men and women do not differ in this regard.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence of this kind can be useful for the purposeful planning and implementation of health promotion measures at work. Women with children would be a group deserving special attention. The findings also point to continuing differences in gender role expectations in the family context.
authors.affiliation: Hans-Prinzhorn-Klinik--Westfälische Klinik Hemer. karin.siegrist@wkp-lwl.org
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Siegrist
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rödel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hessel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brähler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004493:Education; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D005858:Germany; D006293:Health Promotion; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D016014:Linear Models; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents; D012737:Sex Factors; D018582:Sick Leave; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016526:Workload