title: Adalimumab in the therapy of uveitis in childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic anterior uveitis in children often takes a serious course. Despite various immunosuppressive drugs some children do not respond sufficiently and there is a high risk of them becoming seriously disabled. Anti-TNF alpha therapy has been shown by our group and others to be mostly ineffective (Etanercept) or partly effective (Infliximab) with the risk of anaphylactic reactions. Here we report on 18 young patients treated with Adalimumab (Humira), a complete humanised anti-TNF alpha antibody.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analysed 18 patients, who were treated with Adalimumab (20-40 mg, every 2 weeks, when ineffective every week); 17 had juvenile idiopathic arthritis, one was without detectable underlying disease. The age at onset of arthritis varied from 0.5-15 years and for uveitis from 2-19 years. Patients were included when the previous anti-inflammatory therapy had been ineffective. It consisted of systemic steroids (n = 18), Cyclosporin A (n = 18), Methotrexate (n = 18), Azathioprine (n = 12), Mycophenolate mofetil (n = 4), Cyclophosphamide (n = 2), Leflunomide (n = 3), Etanercept (n = 8) and Infliximab (n = 5). The grading for uveitis was: (a) effective: no relapse or more than two relapses less than before treatment, (b) mild: one relapse less than before treatment, (c) no response: no change in relapse rate and (d) worsening: more relapses under treatment than before. The grading for arthritis (depending on the clinical findings), using three out of six parameters of the ACR PED Criteria, was: effective, mild, no response, worsening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For arthritis (n = 16) the response to Adalimumab was effective in 10 of 16 patients, mild in three patients, three did not respond. For uveitis (n = 18) Adalimumab was effective in 16, mild in one child, and one patient did not show any effect. After a very good response initially a shorter application time had to be used to maintain the good anti-inflammatory effect in one child. Additional immunosuppressive treatment was used in seven of the effectively treated children. Due to elevation of liver enzymes in one patient, who also took MTX, Adalimumab had to be discontinued. No anaphylactic reactions or increased frequency of infections since start of Adalimumab treatment was reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For our group of children with long lasting disease our results show that Adalimumab was effective or mildly effective against the arthritis in 81%, but in uveitis in 88%. While these results regarding arthritis are comparable with other TNF-alpha blocking drugs (Etanercept), Adalimumab seems to be much more effective against uveitis than Etanercept. Anaphylactic reactions, found in a previous study from our group after Infliximab treatment, were not seen with Adalimumab. The necessary dosage and the treatment period, which probably have to be defined individually for each patient, remain unclear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Biester
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deuter
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Michels
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haefner
authors.forename: Jasmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuemmerle-Deschner
authors.forename: Deshka
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Doycheva
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zierhut
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014606:Uveitis, Anterior / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000068879:Adalimumab