title: Neuroleptospirosis - revisited: experience from a tertiary care neurological centre from south India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease commonly reported from south India. Neurological manifestations seen in about 10-15 per cent of cases, are protean and remain unrecognized and diverse. We evaluated the pattern of nervous system involvement in leptospirosis, among patients presenting to the emergency services of a tertiary care neurological centre in south India, and also analysed the outcome and prognostic indicators.
  
  
  METHODS
  The diagnosis of neuroleptospirosis was based on clinical and laboratory evidence of hepatorenal syndrome, and serum or CSF positivity for antileptospira antibody by a macroscopic agglutination test (MAT) and by ELISA in a limited number of samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 31 patients (M:F 27:4, age range 6-68 yr, mean 36.4 +/- 14.3 yr) were treated during the five year period. Acute fever with chills and rigors, headache and vomiting were the presenting manifestations; 25 patients (81%) had altered sensorium for a period ranging from 1- 8 days, four (12.9%) being deeply comatose. Eleven (35.5%) had acute symptomatic seizures at the time of presentation. Conjunctival congestion with or without haemorrhage was seen in 12 patients (38.7%), icterus in 14 (45%) and mild hepatosplenomegaly in 11 (35.5%). Early papilloedema was observed in three. Only three patients had localizing deficits. CT scan was normal in 18 of 27 (67%), while 7 (26%) had diffuse cerebral oedema. CSF pleocytosis with lymphocytic predominance (mean 50 cells/microl) and elevated protein levels (mean 115.5 +/- 67.5 mg %) were noted. Leptospira antibody was detected in serum of all, and 5 of 22 in CSF samples. Eight patients (26%) succumbed. Deep altered sensorium at presentation and raised CSF protein were two poor prognostic indicators. Pathological study of brain in five cases revealed encephalitic features and in addition immune mediated acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) like pathology in two cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuroleptospirosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neuroinfections associated with hepatorenal dysfunction, in endemic areas. Leptospira antibody can be detected in CSF also in some cases. Deep altered sensorium at presentation indicates poor prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Satishchandra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahadevan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagarathna
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Yasha
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chandramukhi
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Subbakrishna
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Shankar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007922:Leptospirosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed