title: Diffusion anisotropy changes in the brains of professional boxers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Professional boxing may result in brain injury. We hypothesize that quantitative MR diffusion imaging may be useful in determining early white matter changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine professional boxers (age 30 +/- 4.5 years) and 19 healthy control subjects (age 32 +/- 9.5 years) were imaged on a clinical 1.5T scanner. None of the subjects had neurologic disorder or deficit. The average diffusion constant (D(av)) and diffusion anisotropy (FA) were determined pixel by pixel. Regional diffusion measurements were done in the corpus callosum (CC) and internal capsule (IC). The whole brain diffusion constant (BD(av)) was also determined. Student t test was used to analyze the diffusion difference between boxers and the healthy control subjects. P < .05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 49 professional boxers, 42 had normal conventional MRIs. The remaining 7 boxers had abnormal MR imaging findings dominated by nonspecific white matter disease. There was a significant difference in diffusion and anisotropy measurements in all the boxers compared with the healthy control subjects. In the boxer group, BD(av) increased and FA decreased significantly in the CC and posterior limb of IC. The measured FA and D(av) inversely correlated in regions of CC and IC in boxers but not in healthy control subjects. BD(av) also robustly correlated with both FA and D(av) in the splenium of CC in boxers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased BD(av) and the decreased FA in the CC and IC may represent preclinical signs of subtle brain injury in professional boxers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Heier
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ulug
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016880:Anisotropy; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001914:Boxing / Q000293:injuries*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis*; D020208:Brain Injury, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis; D003337:Corpus Callosum / Q000473:pathology; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D020772:Internal Capsule / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008432:Mathematical Computing; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000473:pathology; D012016:Reference Values