title: Over-the-counter drug use by medicare beneficiaries in nursing homes: implications for practice and policy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine over-the-counter (OTC) medication use by Medicare beneficiaries in nursing homes and to assess evidence of substitution of OTC medications for prescription (Rx) medications by residents with no Rx coverage and Medicaid.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional multivariable analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medicare beneficiaries included in the nationally representative Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey in 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven hundred eighty-nine Medicare beneficiaries with 1 or more months in a nursing home.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proportions of residents using Rx and OTC medications per resident-month and counts of drugs used within selected therapeutic classes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study subjects were high users of Rx (98%) and OTC (94%) drugs. The average resident was administered 8.8 unique medications per month (5.9 Rx and 2.9 OTC medications). Twelve therapeutic classes accounted for 93.9% of OTC medication use by residents, but Rx use was also high in some of these same classes. For example, 70.3% of all subjects used nonopioid OTC analgesics, and 19.0% used nonopioid Rx analgesics, and 13.8% used OTC antacids/antiulcer agents, whereas 35.8% used Rx products in this class. The highest overlap was in the category of cough and cold medications, of which 19.3% used OTCs and 20.1% used Rx drugs. Multivariate regression analyses applied to users of drugs in each these three therapeutic classes found no evidence that Rx coverage influenced the choice of OTC versus Rx-only medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OTCs represent an important component of the therapeutic regimens of nursing home residents, but utilization rates are insensitive to drug coverage. That may change with the implementation of the Medicare Part D drug benefit.
authors.affiliation: Peter Lamy Center on Drug Therapy and Aging, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. LSimoniw@rx.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Simoni-Wastila
authors.forename: Bruce C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shaffer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009735:Nursing Homes
chemical_list: D004366:Nonprescription Drugs