title: Intraneuronal beta-amyloid aggregates, neurodegeneration, and neuron loss in transgenic mice with five familial Alzheimer's disease mutations: potential factors in amyloid plaque formation.
abstract: Mutations in the genes for amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilins (PS1, PS2) increase production of beta-amyloid 42 (Abeta42) and cause familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Transgenic mice that express FAD mutant APP and PS1 overproduce Abeta42 and exhibit amyloid plaque pathology similar to that found in AD, but most transgenic models develop plaques slowly. To accelerate plaque development and investigate the effects of very high cerebral Abeta42 levels, we generated APP/PS1 double transgenic mice that coexpress five FAD mutations (5XFAD mice) and additively increase Abeta42 production. 5XFAD mice generate Abeta42 almost exclusively and rapidly accumulate massive cerebral Abeta42 levels. Amyloid deposition (and gliosis) begins at 2 months and reaches a very large burden, especially in subiculum and deep cortical layers. Intraneuronal Abeta42 accumulates in 5XFAD brain starting at 1.5 months of age (before plaques form), is aggregated (as determined by thioflavin S staining), and occurs within neuron soma and neurites. Some amyloid deposits originate within morphologically abnormal neuron soma that contain intraneuronal Abeta. Synaptic markers synaptophysin, syntaxin, and postsynaptic density-95 decrease with age in 5XFAD brain, and large pyramidal neurons in cortical layer 5 and subiculum are lost. In addition, levels of the activation subunit of cyclin-dependent kinase 5, p25, are elevated significantly at 9 months in 5XFAD brain, although an upward trend is observed by 3 months of age, before significant neurodegeneration or neuron loss. Finally, 5XFAD mice have impaired memory in the Y-maze. Thus, 5XFAD mice rapidly recapitulate major features of AD amyloid pathology and may be useful models of intraneuronal Abeta42-induced neurodegeneration and amyloid plaque formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oakley
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Sreemathi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maus
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Jeffery
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Craft
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guillozet-Bongaarts
authors.forename: Masuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Disterhoft
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Eldik
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vassar
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009154:Mutation; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D016874:Neurofibrillary Tangles / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology; D058225:Plaque, Amyloid / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides