title: In-hospital cardiac arrest: incidence, prognosis and possible measures to improve survival.
abstract: METHODS
  Review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Medical literature on in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) was reviewed to summarise: (a) the incidence of and survival after IHCA, (b) major prognostic factors, (c) possible interventions to improve survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of IHCA is rarely reported in the literature. Values range between 1 and 5 events per 1,000 hospital admissions, or 0.175 events/bed annually. Reported survival to hospital discharge varies from 0% to 42%, the most common range being between 15% and 20%. Pre-arrest prognostic factors: the prognostic value of age is controversial. Among comorbidities, sepsis, cancer, renal failure and homebound lifestyle are significantly associated with poor survival. However, pre-arrest morbidity scores have not yet been prospectively validated as instruments to predict failure to survive after IHCA. Intra-arrest factors: ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia (VF/VT) as the first recorded rhythm and a shorter interval between IHCA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation or defibrillation are associated with higher survival. However, VF/VT is present in only 25-35% of IHCAs. Short-term survival is also higher in patients resuscitated with chest compression rates above 80/min. Interventions likely to improve survival include: early recognition and stabilisation of patients at risk of IHCA to enable prevention, faster and better in-hospital resuscitation and early defibrillation. Mild therapeutic hypothermia is effective as post-arrest treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to VF/VT, but its benefit after IHCA and after cardiac arrest with non-VF/VT rhythms has not been clearly demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy. sandroni@rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sandroni
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cavallaro
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Antonelli
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D015897:Comorbidity; D004554:Electric Countershock; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis