title: Alteration of foot temperature in diabetic neuropathy: is it another piece of puzzle?
abstract: Poor glycaemic control and the duration of diabetes mellitus are known to accelerate development and progression of neuropathy. Diabetic co-morbidities: hypertension and hyperlipidaemia, have been postulated to associate with development of neuropathy. A diabetic foot with low temperature and frequent exposure to low temperature environment has recently been hypothesized to be at higher risk to develop early neuropathy. This cross-sectional study is undertaken to identify risk factors for diabetic neuropathy and the association between foot temperature and development of diabetic neuropathy by using simple clinical examination in the outpatient setting. From April 18, to April 30, 2005, universal sampling method was used to select 134 diabetic patients (type 1 or type 2 for >1 year) with peripheral neuropathy. Excluded are those with chronic alcoholism, drug-induced neuropathy, dietary history of vitamin B deficiency and family history of porphyria and hereditary sensorimotor neuropathy. The patient's duration of diabetes, glycaemic control status and the presence of co-morbids: hypertension and hyperlipidemia, were recorded. The temperature of the foot was measured by using thermo buddy. Of 134 patients representing Malaysian ethnic distribution with an equal number of males and females, 20.1% were in the age group of 61 to 65 years and, 85.1% and 67.9% belonged to lower socioeconomic and educational groups respectively. Associations between diabetic neuropathy and glycaemic control (p = 0.018) and duration of diabetes (p < 0.05) were significant. However, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and low foot temperature were not significantly associated with development of diabetic neuropathy. Poor glycaemic control is significantly associated with diabetic neuropathy. Foot temperature alteration is merely an effect of autonomic neuropathy with a cold foot is attributed to co-existing peripheral arterial disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Naicker
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Roohi
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: X J
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Din
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Eow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D002980:Climate; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires