title: Human bocavirus infection in young children in the United States: molecular epidemiological profile and clinical characteristics of a newly emerging respiratory virus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly identified human parvovirus that was originally identified in the respiratory secretions of children with respiratory tract disease. To further investigate the epidemiological profile and clinical characteristics of HBoV infection, we screened infants and children <2 years of age (hereafter referred to as "children") for HBoV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children for whom respiratory specimens submitted to a diagnostic laboratory tested negative for respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses (types 1-3), influenza A and B viruses, and adenovirus, as well as asymptomatic children, underwent screening for HBoV by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Respiratory specimens were obtained from the children from 1 January 2004 through 31 December 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two (5.2%) of the 425 children who had a respiratory specimen submitted to the diagnostic laboratory and 0 of the 96 asymptomatic children were found to be positive for HBoV by PCR (P=.02). Fever, rhinorrhea, cough, and wheezing were observed in > or =50% of the HBoV-positive children. Of the 17 children who had chest radiography performed, 12 (70.6%) had abnormal findings. HBoV appeared to have a seasonal distribution. Nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in the viral capsid protein (VP) 1/VP2 genes. Two distinct HBoV genotypes circulated during the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HBoV is circulating in the United States and is associated with both upper and lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA.
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kesebir
authors.forename: Marietta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vazquez
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weibel
authors.forename: Eugene D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Marie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Landry
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D052660:Bocavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology