Neuroprotection by endogenous and exogenous PACAP following stroke.
We investigated the effects of PACAP treatment, and endogenous PACAP deficiency, on infarct volume, neurological function, and the cerebrocortical transcriptional response in a mouse model of stroke, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). PACAP-38 administered i.v. or i.c.v. 1 h after MCAO significantly reduced infarct volume, and ameliorated functional motor deficits measured 24 h later in wild-type mice. Infarct volumes and neurological deficits (walking faults) were both greater in PACAP-deficient than in wild-type mice, but treatment with PACAP reduced lesion volume and neurological deficits in PACAP-deficient mice to the same level of improvement as in wild-type mice. A 35,546-clone mouse cDNA microarray was used to investigate cortical transcriptional changes associated with cerebral ischemia in wild-type and PACAP-deficient mice, and with PACAP treatment after MCAO in wild-type mice. 229 known (named) transcripts were increased (228) or decreased (1) in abundance at least 50% following cerebral ischemia in wild-type mice. 49 transcripts were significantly up-regulated only at 1 h post-MCAO (acute response transcripts), 142 were up-regulated only at 24 h post-MCAO (delayed response transcripts) and 37 transcripts were up-regulated at both times (sustained response transcripts). More than half of these are transcripts not previously reported to be altered in ischemia. A larger percentage of genes up-regulated at 24 hr than at 1 hr required endogenous PACAP, suggesting a more prominent role for PACAP in later response to injury than in the initial response. This is consistent with a neuroprotective role for PACAP in late response to injury, i.e., even when administered 1 hr or more after MCAO. Putative injury effector transcripts regulated by PACAP include beta-actin, midline 2, and metallothionein 1. Potential neuroprotective transcripts include several demonstrated to be PACAP-regulated in other contexts. Prominent among these were transcripts encoding the PACAP-regulated gene Ier3, and the neuropeptides enkephalin, substance P (tachykinin 1), and neurotensin.
Chen
Yun
Y
Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Samal
Babru
B
Hamelink
Carol R
CR
Xiang
Charlie C
CC
Chen
Yong
Y
Chen
Mei
M
Vaudry
David
D
Brownstein
Michael J
MJ
Hallenbeck
John M
JM
Eiden
Lee E
LE
D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy*
D017931:DNA Primers; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D012333:RNA, Messenger