title: Biocompatibility of septal defect closure devices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite their clinical introduction 10 years ago, no human series on the healing response to Amplatzer and Starflex devices in humans have been reported yet. We sought to investigate the biocompatibility of Amplatzer and Cardioseal/Starflex septal occluder devices in humans and compare the findings to results in experimental animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The healing response of Amplatzer and Cardioseal/Starflex septal occluder devices in humans (n = 12, follow-up periods from 5 days to 4 years) and in experimental animals (n = 32, follow-up periods from 4 days to 1 year) was studied using a uniform work up protocol. Histological sections of paraffin-wax-embedded or methacrylate-embedded specimen and scanning electron microscopy were used for biocompatibility screening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neoendothelialisation of all examined devices was complete after 3 months in vivo. Protruding metal frame parts, like screw threads and spring arms, were covered last. The initial deposition of fibrin and blood cells on the polyester fabric was subsequently organised by ingrown fibroblastic cells. Loosely arranged and poorly vascularised young granulation tissue was transformed time-dependently into quiescent fibre-rich connective repair tissue poor of cellular and capillary vessel components. Consistently, a mild chronic inflammatory response directed against textile fibres of both types of implants characterised by lymphocytic infiltration and multinucleated foreign body giant cells was observed equally in human and animal explants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic biocompatibility screening in a series of explanted human septal occluder devices showed results corresponding to findings in animal studies with regard to neoendothelialisation, cellular organisation of initial thrombus and persisting immune response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Paediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Georg-August University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany. msigler@gwdg.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sigler
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jux
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D021721:Balloon Occlusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D005260:Female; D005549:Foreign-Body Reaction / Q000209:etiology; D006343:Heart Septal Defects / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials