title: Inhibition of cardiac voltage-gated sodium channels by grape polyphenols.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cardiovascular benefits of red wine consumption are often attributed to the antioxidant effects of its polyphenolic constituents, including quercetin, catechin and resveratrol. Inhibition of cardiac voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) is antiarrhythmic and cardioprotective. As polyphenols may also modulate ion channels, and possess structural similarities to several antiarrhythmic VGSC inhibitors, we hypothesised that VGSC inhibition may contribute to cardioprotection by these polyphenols.
  
  
  METHODS
  The whole-cell voltage-clamp technique was used to record peak and late VGSC currents (INa) from recombinant human heart NaV1.5 channels expressed in tsA201 cells. Right ventricular myocytes from rat heart were isolated and single myocytes were field-stimulated. Either calcium transients or contractility were measured using the calcium-sensitive dye Calcium-Green 1AM or video edge detection, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The red grape polyphenols quercetin, catechin and resveratrol blocked peak INa with IC50s of 19.4 microM, 76.8 microM and 77.3 microM, respectively. In contrast to lidocaine, resveratrol did not exhibit any frequency-dependence of peak INa block. Late INa induced by the VGSC long QT mutant R1623Q was reduced by resveratrol and quercetin. Resveratrol and quercetin also blocked late INa induced by the toxin, ATX II, with IC50s of 26.1 microM and 24.9 microM, respectively. In field-stimulated myocytes, ATXII-induced increases in diastolic calcium were prevented and reversed by resveratrol. ATXII-induced contractile dysfunction was delayed and reduced by resveratrol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that several red grape polyphenols inhibit cardiac VGSCs and that this effect may contribute to the documented cardioprotective efficacy of red grape products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, 9-58 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: C H R
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baczkó
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fercho
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Light
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D017931:DNA Primers; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects*; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols; D051381:Rats; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000187:drug effects*; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; D015222:Sodium Channels; D002118:Calcium