title: Vascular depression in older people with diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebrovascular disease may be causal or a vulnerability factor in late-onset depression and may explain the high rate of depression in older adults with diabetes. We explored a wide range of potential explanatory variables of depression in a longitudinal study of older diabetic subjects to investigate the vascular depression hypothesis in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 207 subjects with diabetes selected for potential cognitive deficits from an existing observational cohort study (average age 75.7 +/- 4.6 years, 52.2% men) for an assessment of depression using a standardised diagnostic instrument (Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly -- Revised). All subjects underwent a detailed clinical assessment at baseline and at follow-up (after 7.5 +/- 1.1 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major depression was present in 45 subjects (21.7%) and minor depression in ten (4.8%). A positive history of strokes and the presence of peripheral arterial disease were significantly associated with depression at the time of diagnosis. In a subsample of 93 cases who underwent structural neuroimaging, the presence of cerebral infarcts was also significantly associated with depression. Treatment with glucose-lowering therapy, higher serum cholesterol levels and difficulties with activities of daily living at baseline were significant predictors of depression at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A history of cerebrovascular disease was strongly associated with depression and cerebrovascular risk factors were significant predictors of depression in older diabetic patients. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the excess risk of depression in older diabetic patients is related to underlying cerebrovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia. dbruce@cyllene.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Starkstein
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Clarnette
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ives
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: T M E
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000523:psychology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000523:psychology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D015995:Prevalence; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology