title: Assessing postoperative pain in neonates: a multicenter observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A multicenter observational study was conducted to evaluate the practices of postoperative pain assessment and management in neonates to identify specific targets for improvement in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten participating NICUs collected data for the 72 hours after a surgical operation on 25 consecutive neonates (N = 250), including demographics, principal diagnoses, operative procedure, other painful procedures, pain assessments, interventions (pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic), and adverse events in neonates who underwent minor and major surgery. Descriptive and logistic-regression analyses were performed by using SPSS and Stata.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The neonates studied had a birth weight of 2.4 +/- 1.0 kg (mean +/- SD) and gestational age of 36 +/- 4.3 weeks; 57% were male, and length of hospital stay was 23.5 +/- 30.0 days. Participating hospitals used 7 different numeric pain scales, with nursing pain assessments documented for 88% (n = 220) of the patients and physician pain assessments documented for 9% (n = 23) of the patients. Opioids (84% vs 60%) and benzodiazepines (24% vs 11%) were used more commonly after major surgery than minor surgery, and a small proportion (7% major surgery, 12% minor surgery) received no analgesia. Logistic-regression analyses showed that physician pain assessment was the only significant predictor of postsurgical analgesic use, whereas major surgery and postnatal age in days did not seem to contribute. Physician pain assessment was documented for 23 patients; 22 of these received postoperative analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Documentation of postoperative pain assessment and management in neonates was extremely variable among the participating hospitals. Pain assessment by physicians must be emphasized, in addition to developing evidence-based guidelines for postoperative care and educating professional staff to improve postoperative pain control in neonates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Medicine and Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA.
authors.forename: Bonnie J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Jeffrey I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Tina R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Logsdon
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: K J S
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Anand
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics