title: A Delphi approach to reach consensus on primary care guidelines regarding youth violence prevention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anticipatory guidance is a cornerstone of modern pediatric practice. In recognition of its importance for child well being, injury prevention counseling is a standard element of that guidance. Over the last 20 years, there has been growing recognition that intentional injury or violence is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among youth. The US Surgeon General identified youth violence as a major public health issue and a top priority. Yet, only recently has the scope of injury prevention counseling been expanded to include violence. Pediatric health care providers agree that youth violence-prevention counseling should be provided, yet the number of topics available, the already lengthy list of other anticipatory guidance topics to be covered, developmental considerations, and the evidence base make the selection of an agreed-on set a considerable challenge. The purpose of this study was to systematically identify and prioritize specific counseling topics in violence prevention that could be integrated into anticipatory guidance best practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A modified electronic Delphi process was used to gain consensus among 50 national multidisciplinary violence-prevention experts. Participants were unaware of other participants' identities.
  
  
  METHODS
  The process consisted of 4 serial rounds of inquiry beginning with a broad open-ended format for the generation of anticipatory guidance and screening topics across 5 age groups (infant, toddler, school age, adolescent, and all ages). Each subsequent round narrowed the list of topics toward the development of a manageable set of essential topics for screening and counseling about positive youth development and violence prevention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-seven unique topics were identified, spanning birth to age 21 years. Topics cover 4 broad categories (building blocks): physical safety, parent centered, child centered, and community connection. Participants placed topics into their developmentally appropriate visit-based schedule and made suggestions for an appropriate topic reinforcement schedule. The resulting schedule provides topics for introduction and reinforcement at each visit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Delphi technique proved a useful approach for accessing expert opinion, for analyzing and synthesizing results, for achieving consensus, and for setting priorities among the numerous anticipatory guidance and assessment topics relevant for raising resilient, violence-free youth.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric and Adolescent Health Research Center, Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. edevos@tufts-nemc.org
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Vos
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Spivak
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hatmaker-Flanigan
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Sege
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D032921:Consensus; D003376:Counseling; D003697:Delphi Technique; D005104:Expert Testimony; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012449:Safety; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control*