title: [Health-related quality of life among Icelanders.].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study health-related quality of life (HRQL) among adults in Iceland with a generic Icelandic instrument, IQL (Icelandic Quality of Life), if it is the same among men and women, and if it changes by increasing age. Furthermore, it was intended to find norms for men and women in different age groups in order to evaluate patients' deviation in HRQL.
  
  
  METHODS
  IQL was sent to 2800 individuals, a random sample from the national registry, stratified by sex in 10 years age groups from 20-79 years and those above 80 years. For each sub-scale on the instrument and for the combined instrument raw scores were calculated for men and women in the age groups 20-49 years, 50-69 years and 70 years and older which were converted to a T-score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 61%, lower among the youngest (20-29 years) as well as among the oldest (80 years and older), but similar for men and women. Internal missing values were few. Reliability of the test was good (Cronbach's alfa=0.91). HRQL among women in general was worse than that of men both in general as well as on most sub-scales. HRQL decreases with advancing age, however, with certain exceptions. A marked difference was found between the youngest and the oldest. The quality of life in the oldest group is worse than among the younger, both in general and on most sub-scales except finance and anxiety. Depression and social function do not change significantly with age. The oldest are especially worse on the scales general health, energy and physical health. Sleep becomes worse with increasing age, especially among women. Five factors explain two thirds of the variance, general health (23.4%), mental wellbeing (20.5%), satisfaction (9.0%), sleep (6.9%) and finance (6.3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When evaluating HRQL among patients it is necessary for health-care providers and researchers to take into consideration the difference in HRQL between men and women and the changes occurring with age.
authors.affiliation: Professor emeritus, Stigahlíð 75, 105 Reykjavík, Iceland. tomashe@isholf.is.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Helgason
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bjœrnsson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tómasson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grétarsdóttir