title: A North American brain tumor consortium (NABTC 99-04) phase II trial of temozolomide plus thalidomide for recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laboratory and clinical data suggest that the anti-angiogenic agent, thalidomide, if combined with cytotoxic agents, may be effective against recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine 6-month progression-free survival (6PFS) and toxicity of temozolomide plus thalidomide in adults with recurrent GBM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible patients had recurrent GBM after surgery, radiotherapy, and/or adjuvant chemotherapy. Temozolomide was given at 150-200 mg/m(2)/day on days 1-5 of each 28-day cycle. Thalidomide was given orally at 400 mg at bedtime (days 1-28) and increased to 1,200 mg as tolerated. Patients were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging scans every 56 days. The study was designed to detect an increase of the historical 6PFS for GBM from 10 to 30%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four patients were enrolled, 43 were evaluable for efficacy and safety. The study population included 15 women, 29 men; median age was 53 years (range 32-84); median Karnofsky performance status was 80% (range 60-100%). Thirty-six (82%) patients were chemotherapy-naïve. There were 57 reports of toxicity of grade 3 or greater. Non-fatal grade 3-4 granulocytopenia occurred in 15 patients (34%). The objective response rate was 7%. The estimated probability of being progression-free at 6 months with this therapy is 24% [95% confidence interval (C.I.) 12-38%]. The median time to progression is 15 weeks (95% C.I. 10-20 weeks). There was no observed correlation between serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and IL-8 and the 6PFS outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This drug combination was reasonably safe, but with little indication of improvement compared to temozolomide alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe, 431, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. mgroves@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Morris D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Groves
authors.forename: Vinay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Puduvalli
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Ivo W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Tremont-Lukats
authors.forename: Ta-Jen
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schiff
authors.forename: Timothy F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Cloughesy
authors.forename: Patrick Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Abrey
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: DeAngelis
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Kathleen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Lamborn
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Prados
authors.forename: W K Alfred
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Yung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009656:North America; D016019:Survival Analysis; D000077204:Temozolomide; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D013792:Thalidomide; D003606:Dacarbazine; D000077204:Temozolomide