title: Bacterial lipopolysaccharides induce defense responses associated with programmed cell death in rice cells.
abstract: PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular pattern) recognition plays an important role during the innate immune response in both plants and animals. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from Gram-negative bacteria are representative of typical PAMP molecules and have been reported to induce defense-related responses, including the suppression of the hypersensitive response, the expression of defense genes and systemic resistance in plants. However, the details regarding the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these cellular responses, such as the molecular machinery involved in the perception and transduction of LPS molecules, remain largely unknown. Furthermore, the biological activities of LPS on plants have so far been reported only in dicots and no information is thus available regarding their functions in monocots. In our current study, we report that LPS preparations for various becteria, including plant pathogens and non-pathogens, can induce defense responses in rice cells, including reactive oxygen generation and defense gene expression. In addition, global analysis of gene expression induced by two PAMPs, LPS and chitin oligosaccharide, also reveals a close correlation between the gene responses induced by these factors. This indicates that there is a convergence of signaling cascades downstream of their corresponding receptors. Furthermore, we show that the defense responses induced by LPS in the rice cells are associated with programmed cell death (PCD), which is a finding that has not been previously reported for the functional role of these molecules in plant cells. Interestingly, PCD induction by the LPS was not detected in cultured Arabidopsis thaliana cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571 Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitake
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Desaki
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miya
authors.forename: Balakrishnan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Venkatesh
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsuyumu
authors.forename: Hisakazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamane
authors.forename: Hanae
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaku
authors.forename: Eiichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shibuya
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D002686:Chitin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D017343:Genes, Plant; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012275:Oryza / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011112:Polymyxin B / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012685:Sepharose / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002686:Chitin; D012685:Sepharose; D003513:Cycloheximide; D011112:Polymyxin B