title: Averting iatrogenic hypoglycemia through glucose prediction in clinical practice: progress towards a new procedure in diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypoglycemia is a risk factor common to all insulin therapy. The hypothesis is that efforts to reduce or prevent this adverse side effect may fail because providers generally lack the resources to predict not only future blood glucose levels but also future risks of hypoglycemia. This lack has been remedied. A controlled study was undertaken to test the hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two insulin dependent subjects suffering more than one (1) episode/week of hypoglycemia with similar insulin regimens, similar diabetes education and similar self-management training participated in this study. For all subjects, a remote monitoring resource (registry and database) was used to capture daily SMBG and afford a return path for provider interventions and decision support. Identical telemedical methods were used which differed only for the provider either by the presence (prediction group) or by the absence (control group) of an on-screen, visual display of predicted glycemia and predicted risks of hypoglycemia. The study lasted 2 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over an average of 41 days from baseline to follow up and while using the glycemic prediction resource, providers intervened more effectively in the prediction group reducing rates of hypoglycemia nine-fold (P<0.0001) and insulin therapy by just -9 U/day (P<0.01). Mean pre-meal glycemia was not compromised. Over 61 days from baseline to final follow up but without glycemic predictions in the control group, providers' interventions were less effective and resulted in no net changes in rates of hypoglycemia, daily insulin therapy, or mean pre-meal glycemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given knowledge of future glycemia and future risks of hypoglycemia, providers in clinical practice can now avert iatrogenic hypoglycemia in less than 2 months. A shared diabetes data center furnishing remote data capture and decision support is fundamental to the implementation of this as a new clinical procedure in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Shared Diabetes Data Center, Hollywood, FL 33019, USA. albisser@nidm.org
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Albisser
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakkal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin