title: A mass balance and disposition study of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor zebularine (NSC 309132) and three of its metabolites in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the in vivo metabolic fate of zebularine (NSC 309132), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor proposed for clinical evaluation in the treatment of cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male, CD(2)F(1) mice were dosed i.v. with 100 mg/kg 2-[(14)C]zebularine. At specified times between 5 and 1,440 minutes, mice were euthanized. Plasma, organs, carcass, urine, and feces were collected and assayed for total radioactivity. Plasma and urine were also analyzed for zebularine and its metabolites with a previously validated high-pressure liquid chromatography assay. A similar experiment was done with 2-[(14)C]uridine, the proposed primary metabolite of zebularine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximum plasma concentrations were 462, 306, 33.6, 21.7, and 11.5 mumol/L for total radioactivity, zebularine, uridine, uracil (each at 5 minutes), and dihydrouracil (at 15 minutes), respectively. Total radioactivity, zebularine, uridine, uracil, and dihydrouracil were rapidly eliminated from plasma, and after 45 minutes, none of the individual compounds could be quantitated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Plasma data were consistent with sequential conversion of zebularine to uridine, uracil, and dihydrouracil. 2-Pyrimidinone was not observed. Prolonged retention of radioactivity, at concentrations higher than in plasma, was observed in tissues. Recovery of given radioactivity in urine (30.3% of dose), feces (0.4% of dose), cage wash (7.9% of dose), and tissues and carcass (6.1% of dose) after 24 hours implied that up to 55% of radioactivity was expired as (14)CO(2). Comparison of zebularine and uridine pharmacokinetic data indicated that approximately 40% of the zebularine dose was converted to uridine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zebularine is extensively and rapidly metabolized into endogenous compounds that are unlikely to have effects at the concentrations observed.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Therapeutics/Drug Discovery Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. beumerjh@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Jan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Beumer
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Merrill J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Egorin
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: David Z
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: D'argenio
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Covey
authors.forename: Julie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Eiseman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003562:Cytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D014498:Uracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014529:Uridine / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: C007419:dihydrouracil; D014498:Uracil; D003562:Cytidine; C009131:pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases; D014529:Uridine