title: Cheese pH, protein concentration, and formation of calcium lactate crystals.
abstract: The occurrence of calcium lactate crystals (CLC) in hard cheeses is a continual expense to the cheese industry, as consumers fail to purchase cheeses with this quality defect. This research investigates the effects of the protein concentration of cheese milk and the pH of cheese on the occurrence of CLC. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to determine total and soluble calcium concentrations in skim milk (SM1, 8.7% total solids), and skim milk supplemented with nonfat dry milk (CSM1, 13.5% total solids). Calcium, phosphorus, lactic acid, and citrate were determined in cheeses made with skim milk (SM2, 3.14% protein), skim milk supplemented with ultrafiltered milk (CSM2, 6.80% protein), and nonfat dry milk (CSM3, 6.80% protein). Supplementation with nonfat dry milk increased the initial total calcium in CSM1 (210 mg/100 g of milk) by 52% compared with the total calcium in SM1 (138 mg/100 g of milk). At pH 5.4, soluble calcium concentrations in CSM1 were 68% greater than soluble calcium in SM1. In cheeses made from CSM2 and CSM3, total calcium was 26% greater than in cheeses made from SM2. As the pH of cheeses made from SM2 decreased from 5.4 to 5.1, the concentration of soluble calcium increased by 61.6%. In cheeses made from CSM2 and CSM3, the concentrations of soluble calcium increased by 41.4 and 45.5%, respectively. Calcium lactate crystals were observed in cheeses made from SM2 at and below pH 5.1, whereas CLC were observed in cheeses from CSM2 and CSM3 at and below pH 5.3. The increased presence of soluble calcium can potentially cause CLC to occur in cheese manufactured with increased concentrations of milk solids, particularly at and below pH 5.1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6376, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000032:analysis; D003460:Crystallization; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007773:Lactates / Q000737:chemistry*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D007785:Lactose / Q000032:analysis; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D007773:Lactates; D008894:Milk Proteins; D010758:Phosphorus; D019343:Citric Acid; C110051:calcium lactate; D019344:Lactic Acid; D007785:Lactose; D002118:Calcium