title: [Mixed episodes in bipolar disorder: a review].
abstract: Affective mixed states in bipolar disorders are a current matter of scientific debate and represent a complex clinical picture with coexisting manic and depressive symptoms. Treatment of mixed states is regarded as an important challenge. As diagnostic uncertainties complicate systematic clinical evaluations of this patient group, generally accepted clinical treatment guidelines are lacking yet. In this review the significance as well as the problems and risks of new treatment options are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin. angela.merkl@charite.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Merkl
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Regen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krüger
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Anghelescu
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D006801:Humans; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011613:Psychotherapy; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D018021:Lithium Chloride