title: Causes and outcome of medication errors in hospitalized patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop better understanding of Medication Errors (MEs) in the health care sector, and to improve the error prevention services in the hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective study at the Hera General Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The medical records were reviewed for adult hospitalized patients from June 1, 2000 to June 30, 2002. Patients demographic data, types, and causes of MEs, were recorded. The contributing factors, frequency and patient's outcome were also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2627 patient files were analyzed, 3963 errors were studied as follows: 1559 files contain one error, 800 files with 2 errors, and 268 with >3 errors. The most common type of error found was wrong strength (concentration) in 914 patients (34.79%), 807 patients (30.7%) had wrong route of administration, and 788 (30%) had wrong dosage form. On the other hand, the most common cause identified for MEs, was human factor, which accounted in 1223 patients (46.49%). Miscommunication was the most common second cause in 920 patients (35.02%), and the third common cause was name confusion [484, (18.43%)]. Medication Errors were classified from a regulatory prospective into actual in 735 patient files (28%), potential in 1866 (71%) and serious in 26 (0.98%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study showed that wrong strength was the most common ME found and human factors were the most common cause contributing MEs. Therefore, focusing on these factors will definitely minimize MEs in hospitalized patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Hera General Hospital, PO Box 2028, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Huda M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Dibbi
authors.forename: Hanan F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Al-Abrashy
authors.forename: Waleed A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Mohammad I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Fatani
authors.forename: Talal M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Karima
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006769:Hospitals, General / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000145:classification* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology