title: Mapping of risk prone areas of kala-azar (Visceral leishmaniasis) in parts of Bihar State, India: an RS and GIS approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The kala-azar fever (Visceral leishmaniasis) is continuing unabated in India for over a century, now being largely confined to the eastern part of India mainly in Bihar state and to some extent in its bordering states like West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. Two study sites namely Patepur block in Vaishali district with high endemicity in northern part and Lohardagga block in Lohardagga district with absolute non-endemicity in southern part of Bihar were selected for the study with the following objectives : (i) to study the macro-ecosystem in relation to distribution of vector -Phlebotomus argentipes; (ii) to identify/map the risk prone areas or villages in a block for quick remedial measures; and (iii) to make use of satellite remote sensing and GIS to demonstrate the utility for rapid assessment of landuse/landcover and their relation with the incidence of kalaazar leading to the mapping of risk prone areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Indian Remote Sensing (IRS)-1D LISS III satellite data for the periods of March and November 2000 were analysed in Silicon graphic image processing system using ERDAS software. False color composites (FCC) were generated and landuse/landcover was assessed using Maximum likelihood supervised classification techniques based on ground truth training sets. During the study the GIS functions are used to quantify the remotely sensed landscape proportions of 5 km2 buffer surrounding each known group of villages of high occurrence of sandflies in endemic and nonendemic study sites. Instead of traditional ground based survey methods to vector surveillance, the present study used a combination of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) approach to develop landscape predictors of sandfly abundance-an indicator of human vector contact and as a measure of risk prone areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis using the remotely sensed landscape variables showed that rural villages surrounded by higher proportion of transitional swamps with soft stemmed edible plants and banana, sugarcane plantations had higher sandfly abundance and would, therefore, be at higher risk prone areas for man-vector contact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study clearly brought out the usefulness of satellite remote sensing technology in generating the crucial information on spatial distribution of landuse/landcover classes with special emphasis on indicator landcover classes thereby helping in prioritising the area to identify risk prone areas of kala-azar through GIS application tools.
authors.affiliation: National Remote Sensing Agency, Department of Space, Hyderabad, India. sudhakar_s@nrsa.gov.in
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sudhakar
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palit
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kar
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Battacharya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007303:Insect Vectors; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010691:Phlebotomus; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012371:Robotics; D012424:Rural Population; D017215:Satellite Communications; D012621:Seasons