title: Swine model of carotid artery atherosclerosis: experimental induction by surgical partial ligation and dietary hypercholesterolemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited availability of a large animal model of carotid atherosclerosis has limited preclinical evaluation of endovascular therapeutic devices. The present study is aimed at developing such animal models with a novel approach, emphasizing the role of hemodynamics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using 18 carotid arteries from 9 miniswine, surgical partial ligation (approximately 80% stenosis) was carried out in untreated (group I; n = 6) and balloon-injured arteries (group II; n = 9). Three arteries were subjected to sham-operation for control (group III; n = 3). All animals were fed with a high-fat diet until sacrifice. Angiograms and histologic sections of the vessels were analyzed to evaluate both models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atherosclerotic changes were confirmed in 6 of 6 in group I and 6 of 9 arteries in group II, whereas all in group III remained intact. Three arteries in group II resulted in thrombotic occlusion. Advanced plaques with intraplaque hemorrhage and/or calcification were seen in 4 of 6 arteries in group I but none in group II. The cross-sectional area stenosis and atherosclerotic stage for plaques in group I were both significantly higher than that in groups II and III.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this series, surgical partial ligation with concomitant dietary hyperlipidemia is an appropriate experimental technique to develop advanced atherosclerotic plaques with minimal technical complications. This model showed no evidence of such benefits when applied in balloon-injured arteries.
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1721, USA. IshiiMD@gmail.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Viñuela
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murayama
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yuki
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Nien
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Vinters
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D000818:Animals; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000473:pathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000473:pathology*; D004036:Diet, Atherogenic; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000473:pathology*; D008026:Ligation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D001241:Aspirin