title: Cumulative socioeconomic status across the life course and subclinical atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between individual-level and neighborhood-level socioeconomic status (SES) across the life course and subclinical atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (n=12,332) were queried about individual-level SES and residential addresses across the life course. Individual-level measures were scored and summed to obtain a summary score (I-CumSES), whereas residential addresses were geocoded and linked to census data to obtain a summary neighborhood z score (N-CumSES) to evaluate the association of SES with intima-media thickness (IMT) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 1-SD lower I-CumSES was associated with greater mean IMT in each race-sex group and greater odds of PAD in white men (odds ratio [OR], 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99-1.64), white women (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.02-1.36), and black women (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.00-1.76). Compared with the highest tertile of N-CumSES, the lowest tertile was associated with greater mean IMT among whites, but was not associated with PAD for whites or blacks. When I-CumSES and N-CumSES were considered simultaneously, associations remained for only I-CumSES and were attenuated after adjustment for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower cumulative individual-level SES across the life course was associated with a greater burden of subclinical atherosclerosis, and this association was mediated in part by CVD risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA. alperry@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: April P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Diane J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Catellier
authors.forename: Jay S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Sharon B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Wyatt
authors.forename: Ana V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Diez-Roux
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heiss
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology