Leishmaniasis and poverty.
Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, has strong but complex links with poverty. The burden of leishmaniasis falls disproportionately on the poorest segments of the global population. Within endemic areas, increased infection risk is mediated through poor housing conditions and environmental sanitation, lack of personal protective measures and economically driven migration and employment that bring nonimmune hosts into contact with infected sand flies. Poverty is associated with poor nutrition and other infectious diseases, which increase the risk that a person (once infected) will progress to the clinically manifested disease. Lack of healthcare access causes delays in appropriate diagnosis and treatment and accentuates leishmaniasis morbidity and mortality, particularly in women. Leishmaniasis diagnosis and treatment are expensive and families must sell assets and take loans to pay for care, leading to further impoverishment and reinforcement of the vicious cycle of disease and poverty. Public investment in treatment and control would decrease the leishmaniasis disease burden and help to alleviate poverty.
Alvar
Jorge
J
Communicable Diseases, Neglected Tropical Diseases Control, World Health Organization, 20 Ave Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. alvarj@who.int
Yactayo
Sergio
S
Bern
Caryn
C
D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003906:Developing Countries; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007891:Leishmania / Q000254:growth & development*; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents