title: Experimental evidence of improved transthoracic defibrillation with electroporation-enhancing pulses.
abstract: There is considerable work on defibrillation wave form optimization. This paper determines the impedance changes during defibrillation, then uses that information to derive the optimum defibrillation wave form.
  Twelve guinea pigs and six swine were used to measure the current wave form for square voltage pulses of a strength which would defibrillate about 50% of the time. In guinea pigs, electrodes were placed thoracically, abdominally and subcutaneously using two electrode materials (zinc and steel) and two electrode pastes (Core-gel and metallic paste).
  The measured current wave form indicated an exponentially increasing conductance over the first 3 ms, consistent with enhanced electroporation or another mechanism of time-dependent conductance. We fit this current with a parallel conductance composed of a time-independent component (g0 = 1.22 +/- 0.28 mS) and a time-dependent component described by g delta (1-e(-t/tau)), where g delta = 0.95 +/- 0.20 mS and tau = 0.82 +/- 0.17 ms in guinea pigs using zinc and Cor-gel. Different electrode placements and materials had no significant effect on this fit. From our fit, we determined the stimulating wave form that would theoretically charge the myocardial membrane to a given threshold using the least energy from the defibrillator. The solution was a very short, high voltage pulse followed immediately by a truncated ascending exponential tail.
  The optimized wave forms and similar nonoptimized wave forms were tested for efficacy in 25 additional guinea pigs and six additional swine using methods similar to Part I.
  Optimized wave forms were significantly more efficacious than similar nonoptimized wave forms. In swine, a wave form with the short pulse was 41% effective while the same wave form without the short pulse was 8.3% effective (p < 0.03) despite there being only a small difference in energy (111 J versus 116 CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a short pulse preceding a defibrillation pulse significantly improves efficacy, perhaps by enhancing electroporation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hudson 136, P.O. Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708, USA. robert.malkin@duke.edu
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Malkin
authors.forename: Dongxu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wikswo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000379:methods*; D018274:Electroporation / Q000379:methods*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008297:Male; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D013552:Swine; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013909:Thorax / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*