title: The neurosurgical workforce in North America: a critical review of gender issues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of women in Western society has changed dramatically in the past several decades. Despite this, many gender disparities still exist for professionals in the health care sector. In neurosurgery, a disproportionately small percentage of the workforce in the United States and Canada is female. These figures are lower than most reported in other medical specialties. This review critically examines factors that may be influencing women's ability to advance in demanding subspecialties such as neurosurgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature on women in medicine, and surgery in particular, were reviewed to identify different issues facing women currently in practice in neurosurgery. In addition, the concerns of prospective trainees were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There remain many challenges for women entering neurosurgery, including unique lifestyle concerns, limited mentorship, out-dated career programs, and deep-seeded societal beliefs. Discrimination and harassment are also contributing factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If neurosurgery is to continue to progress as a subspecialty, the issue of gender inequality needs to be scrutinized more closely. Innovative programs must be developed to meet the needs of current female faculty members and to ensure attracting the brightest individuals of both genders into a career in neurosurgery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery and Wilson Centre for Research in Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Sarah I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Woodrow
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gilmer-Hill
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Rutka
mesh_terms: D002322:Career Mobility; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008611:Mentors; D009493:Neurosurgery; D009656:North America; D011287:Prejudice; D011584:Psychology; D012380:Role; D017406:Sexual Harassment; D012938:Social Perception; D013663:Teaching; D000078329:Workforce