title: Anticonvulsants for nerve agent-induced seizures: The influence of the therapeutic dose of atropine.
abstract: Two guinea pig models were used to study the anticonvulsant potency of diazepam, midazolam, and scopolamine against seizures induced by the nerve agents tabun, sarin, soman, cyclosarin, O-ethyl S-(2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl)methylphosphonothioate (VX), and O-isobutyl S-(2-diethylamino)ethyl)-methyl phosphonothioate (VR). Animals instrumented for electroencephalogram recording were pretreated with pyridostigmine bromide (0.026 mg/kg i.m.) 30 min before challenge with 2 x LD50 (s.c.) of a nerve agent. In model A, atropine sulfate (2.0 mg/kg i.m.) and pyridine-2-aldoxime methylchloride (2-PAM; 25.0 mg/kg i.m.) were given 1 min after nerve agent challenge, and the tested anticonvulsant was given (i.m.) 5 min after seizure onset. In model B, a lower dose of atropine sulfate (0.1 mg/kg i.m.) was given along with 2-PAM 1 min after nerve agent challenge, and the anticonvulsant was given at seizure onset. With the lower dose of atropine, seizure occurrence increased to virtually 100% for all agents; the time to seizure onset decreased for sarin, cyclosarin, and VX; the signs of nerve agent intoxication were more severe; and coma resulted frequently with cyclosarin. The anticonvulsant ED50 doses for scopolamine or diazepam were, in general, not different between the two models, whereas the anticonvulsant ED50 values of midazolam increased 3- to 17-fold with the lower atropine dose. Seizure termination times were not systematically effected by the different doses of atropine. The order of anticonvulsant effectiveness within each model was scopolamine > or = midazolam > diazepam. The findings indicate that the dose of atropine given as antidotal therapy can significantly influence measures of nerve agent toxicity and responsiveness to anticonvulsant therapy.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA. tsungming.a.shih@us.army.mil
authors.forename: Tsung-Ming
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Tami C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: McDonough
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001285:Atropine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D003975:Diazepam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D001285:Atropine; D012601:Scopolamine; D003975:Diazepam; D008874:Midazolam