title: Comprehensive analysis of cantilever, translational, and modular corrective techniques in adults with scoliosis treated with surgery to the sacropelvis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment of adults with scoliosis has been the source of debate over the last several decades. Pain associated with curve progression and decompensation is the most common presenting scenario and surgical management is often indicated. Correction of these deformities may involve long segment fusions to the sacrum and pelvis. Most authors have reported high rates of complications associated with this procedure. There remains little consensus with regard to the treatment of this challenging condition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients treated with long fusions to the sacrum and pelvis using third generation instrumentation techniques. These included the use of cantilever, translational, and modular corrective techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient and outpatient charts were reviewed for 97 patients (89 women and 8 men). The average age was 55 years (27 to 78 y). The information obtained included patient age, sex, comorbidities, perioperative complications, and long-term clinical outcome. Standing radiographic coronal and sagittal measurements were recorded preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and at the most recent follow-up visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-nine patients underwent combined anterior and posterior surgery, whereas 8 patients were treated with posterior-only procedures. Two patients had fixation to the sacrum without extension into the ilium. Structural curves averaged 53 degrees preoperatively, 32 degrees postoperatively, and 33 degrees at follow-up. Thoracic kyphosis averaged +36 degrees preoperatively, +39 degrees postoperatively, and +46 degrees at follow-up. Lumbar lordosis averaged -41 degrees preoperatively, -48 degrees postoperatively, and -48 degrees at follow-up. Coronal imbalance averaged 2.9 cm preoperatively, 2.4 cm postoperatively, and 2.3 cm at follow-up. Sagittal imbalance averaged 6.8 cm preoperatively, 2.9 cm postoperatively, and 3.6 cm at follow-up. Major complications included pseudarthrosis (10%), deep infection (13%), painful iliac fixation (20%), neurologic injury (6%), need for some form of revision surgery (39%), chronic severe pain (2%), pulmonary embolism (2%), and deep venous thrombosis (2%). There were no permanent neurologic injuries or deaths related to the surgery.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA. mattmermer@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mermer
authors.forename: Oheneba
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Boachie-Adjei
authors.forename: Bernard A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rawlins
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peskin
authors.forename: Ramil
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007085:Ilium / Q000601:surgery*; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012447:Sacrum / Q000601:surgery*; D013121:Spinal Curvatures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome