title: Endoscopic management of biliary disease.
abstract: Endoscopic management of biliary disease remains at the forefront of minimally invasive means of providing therapy, as well as contributing important diagnostic information in complex clinical scenarios. The authors review recent advances and reported trials of therapy and revisit important controversial issues. The management and diagnosis of choledocholithiasis are discussed, as well as endoscopic techniques for attaining biliary access at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. In addition, management of biliary anastomotic strictures in liver transplant patients, role of cholangioscopy, and recent advances in stent technology are reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Division of Gastroenterology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lew
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kochman