title: Carotid atherosclerosis associated to metabolic syndrome but not BMI in healthy menopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MS) frequently coexist. Both are apparently associated to cardiovascular disease. However, the contribution of obesity to cardiovascular risk, independent of the presence of the metabolic syndrome, remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the subclinical carotid atherosclerosis prevalence is different in obese postmenopausal women with and without the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the basis of consecutive recruitment, 313 postmenopausal women underwent a clinical, biochemical and ultrasound characterization. Women affected by cardiovascular disease or diabetes were excluded from the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among enrolled women the metabolic syndrome and body mass index (BMI) resulted strongly associated, but only metabolic syndrome was associated with carotid atherosclerosis, a well-known marker of cardiovascular disease. Similarly, increases in BMI unit (normal to overweight to obese) were not associated with carotid atherosclerosis whereas metabolic status (normal to metabolic syndrome) conferred an approximate three-fold adjusted odds of carotid atherosclerosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The metabolic syndrome but not obesity is associated to carotid atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. Although it remains prudent to recommend weight loss in overweight and obese women, evaluation and control of metabolic risk factors should be considered the main goal to prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica G Salvatore, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Viale Europa Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Montalcini
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gorgone
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gazzaruso
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sesti
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perticone
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pujia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017698:Postmenopause; D015995:Prevalence