title: Fronto-hippocampal function during temporal context monitoring in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with schizophrenia have difficulty using contextual information to recall the source of information. Given the importance of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) in this type of memory, we hypothesized that this cognitive deficit stemmed from aberrant fronto-hippocampal activation during memory retrieval.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with schizophrenia (n = 16) and age-matched comparison subjects (n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a verbal memory task that requires intact use of temporal context. Blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal during correct memory decisions was compared between the two groups with statistical parametric mapping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrary to our hypotheses, patients with schizophrenia demonstrated nearly identical memory performance to that of the comparison subjects. Despite this, there were significant between-group BOLD signal differences, including a pattern of task-dependent hypofrontality or hyperfrontality. In addition, whereas the highest-performing subset of the comparison group demonstrated robust modulation of hippocampal activity, this pattern was not seen in the highest-performing patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite memory performance similar to that of comparison subjects, patients with schizophrenia activated different neural pathways to achieve this success. This might reflect underlying neuropathology in fronto-hippocampal circuitry, the use of an alternate cognitive strategy to accomplish task performance, or both.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA. aweiss@partners.org
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Schacter
authors.forename: Tali
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ditman
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Freudenreich
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heckers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen