title: Evaluating candidate agents of selective pressure for cystic fibrosis.
abstract: Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal single-gene mutation in people of European descent, with a carrier frequency upwards of 2%. Based upon molecular research, resistances in the heterozygote to cholera and typhoid fever have been proposed to explain the persistence of the mutation. Using a population genetic model parameterized with historical demographic and epidemiological data, we show that neither cholera nor typhoid fever provided enough historical selective pressure to produce the modern incidence of cystic fibrosis. However, we demonstrate that the European tuberculosis pandemic beginning in the seventeenth century would have provided sufficient historical, geographically appropriate selective pressure under conservative assumptions. Tuberculosis has been underappreciated as a possible selective agent in producing cystic fibrosis but has clinical, molecular and now historical, geographical and epidemiological support. Implications for the future trajectory of cystic fibrosis are discussed. Our result supports the importance of novel investigations into the role of arylsulphatase B deficiency in cystic fibrosis and tuberculosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 College Street, Room 147, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. eric.poolman@yale.edu
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Poolman
authors.forename: Alison P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Galvani
mesh_terms: D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality*; D004403:Dysentery / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011157:Population Dynamics; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality*; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality