title: Intraoperative and postoperative risk factors for prolonged mechanical ventilation after pediatric cardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early extubation after cardiac surgery in children is feasible; however, predictors of prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) should be recognized as soon as possible.
  
  
  METHODS
  At a tertiary pediatric cardiac center, prospective case series analyses were carried out with a total of 411 patients within 1 year of cardiac surgery. Perioperative factors were evaluated for strength of association with duration of MV > 61 h (medium, MMV) and > 7 days (long, LMV). Two multiple regression models were performed for both cut-off points: one model considered factors identified until 24 h postoperation, the other was performed with all parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and three patients (25%) were still intubated after 61 h; 38 patients required LMV and they occupied 33% of total intensive care unit (ICU) bed days. If factors occurring until 24 h after surgery were analyzed, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), intraoperative transfusion, post-CPB arterial oxygen tension (PaO2/FiO2), and fluid intake on the first day were found to be associated with MMV. Urea nitrogen value, nitric oxide treatment, delayed sternal closure, and tracheobronchomalacia, measured at the same point of time, were independent predictors of LMV. Of all the studied clinical predictors, MMV was associated with pulmonary hypertensive events, delayed sternal closure, peritoneal dialysis, nonvascular pulmonary problems, low output syndrome and fluid intake, while urea nitrogen (24 h), postsurgical neurological events, nitric oxide, tracheobronchomalacia, pulmonary hypertensive events and cardiac reoperations were identified as determinants of LMV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Causes of MV after surgery are heterogeneous, vary with time, and have variable impact on the duration of MV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Gottsegen György National Institute of Cardiology, Budapest, Hungary. szekelya@kardio.hu
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Székely
authors.forename: Erzsébet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sápi
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Király
authors.forename: András
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szatmári
authors.forename: Elek
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dinya
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005544:Forecasting; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015300:Ventilator Weaning / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen