title: Ex vivo evaluation of the ability of four different electronic apex locators to determine the working length in teeth with various foramen diameters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this ex vivo study was to evaluate the accuracy of four electronic apex locators (EALs) to determine the working length in teeth with various foramen diameters. Our previous study revealed that electronically measured canal length was influenced by the root canal diameter. It is not known whether foramen size would interfere with the reading accuracy of an EAL.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 36 extracted human lower single rooted premolar teeth were divided into four groups of nine teeth each. In groups A, B and C, the root canals were instrumented using #10-80, #10-100 and #10-120 K-files, and the tip of size #80, #100 and #120 K-files were permitted to pass through the apical foramen to a length of 1mm, respectively. In group D, the teeth were instrumented using #10-140 K-files and the tip of #140 K-file was permitted to pass through the apical foramen to a length of 5 mm. Thus, the average apical foramen diameters in groups A, B, C and D were approximately 0.82 mm, 1.02 mm, 1.22mm and 1.5 mm, respectively. The teeth were then mounted in 1% agar and four EALs were used: Root ZX, Foramatron D10, Apex NRG and Apit 7. For electronic measurement, sizes #10 and #80, #10 and #100, #10 and #120, and #10 and #140 K-files were used for groups A, B, C and D, respectively. During electronic measurement the canals were flushed with 6% sodium hypochlorite solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test showed that EAL, file size and foramen size all had a significant influence on the measurement error (P<0.0001), with all the interactions between these three factors being significant (P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The four EALs were unreliable to determine the working length of teeth with a wide apical foramen, when using a small size file. The Root ZX and Foramatron D10 showed significantly better scores than the other two EALs and may be more reliable to determine the working length of teeth with a wide apical foramen, if a tight-fit file is used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan. aqeel_endo@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ebrahim
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wadachi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suda
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004582:Electronics, Medical / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008422:Materials Testing; D009811:Odontometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000033:anatomy & histology*