title: Long-term cost of stroke subtypes among Medicare beneficiaries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The economic impact of hemorrhagic stroke, including subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), has not been well characterized compared to the more prevalent ischemic stroke (IS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients diagnosed with SAH, ICH or IS in 1997 were identified in a 5% national random sample of all Medicare beneficiaries. Medical care patterns and associated Medicare reimbursements were analyzed from one year prior to the index event through four years following that event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  11,430 patients were identified with SAH (n = 342), ICH (n = 1,957) or IS (n = 9,131). Average Medicare expenditures, from the initial event through four years, were USD 48,327 for SAH, USD 38,023 for ICH and USD 39,396 for IS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term healthcare costs of SAH and ICH are substantial. With the expected increase in the elderly population over the coming decades, these results emphasize the need for effective preventive and acute medical care.
authors.affiliation: HERQuLES, Abt Associates Inc., Bethesda, MD 20814-5341, USA. wonchan_lee@abtassoc.com
authors.forename: Won Chan
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Ashish V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Chris L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Pashos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement / Q000191:economics; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States