title: Pioglitazone for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes has long been recognised as a strong, independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, a problem which accounts for approximately 70% of all mortality in people with diabetes. Prospective studies show that compared to their non-diabetic counterparts, the relative risk of cardiovascular mortality for men with diabetes is two to three and for women with diabetes is three to four. The two biggest trials in type 2 diabetes, the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) and the University Group Diabetes Program (UGDP) study did not reveal a reduction of cardiovascular endpoints through improved metabolic control. Theoretical benefits of the newer peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) activators like pioglitazone on endothelial function and cardiovascular risk factors might result in fewer macrovascular disease events in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of pioglitazone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were obtained from computerised searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library. The last search was conducted in August 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were included if they were randomised controlled trials in adult people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and had a trial duration of at least 24 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Pooling of studies by means of random-effects meta-analysis could be performed for adverse events only.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two trials which randomised approximately 6200 people to pioglitazone treatment were identified. Longest duration of therapy was 34.5 months. Published studies of at least 24 weeks pioglitazone treatment in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus did not provide convincing evidence that patient-oriented outcomes like mortality, morbidity, adverse effects, costs and health-related quality of life are positively influenced by this compound. Metabolic control measured by glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) as a surrogate endpoint did not demonstrate clinically relevant differences to other oral antidiabetic drugs. Occurrence of oedema was significantly raised. The results of the single trial with relevant clinical endpoints (Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial In Macrovascular Events--PROactive study) have to be regarded as hypothesis-generating and need confirmation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Until new evidence becomes available, the benefit-risk ratio of pioglitazone remains unclear. Different therapeutic indications for pioglitazone of the two big U.S. and European drug agencies should be clarified to reduce uncertainties amongst patients and physicians.
authors.affiliation: Universitaetsklinikum Duesseldorf, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Rheumatology, Moorenstr. 5, Duesseldorf, Germany. richterb@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bandeira-Echtler
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bergerhoff
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clar
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ebrahim
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077205:Pioglitazone