title: Co-administration of diltiazem and cyclosporine for kidney transplant recipients: a four year follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diltiazem and cyclosporin A (CsA) share a similar metabolism and degradation via the hepatic cytochrome p 450 subfamily 3A4. Co-administration of diltiazem with CsA may lead to CsA dosage reduction, blood pressure control and renal protection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the four year outcome of kidney transplant recipients who received diltiazem administration with CsA. This was compared to the outcomes of patients who received CsA without diltiazem and were matched for blood pressure control and other baseline characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty eight patients were included in the diltiazem group and seventy patients in the non-diltiazem group. CsA monitoring was done by using trough level (monoclonal fluorescent polarization immunoassay).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that both groups has similar 4-year graft survival (92 and 95 %) with a similar mean final serum creatinine (1.3 mg/dl). Mean dose of CsA during the first month was 30 % lower in the diltiazem than non-diltiazem group. At one year CsA dose was 11% lower in the diltiazem than non-diltiazem group. However the diltiazem group was associated with significantly higher probability to have chronic allograft nephropathy than the non-diltiazem group (31% VS 19%) (RR 2.93; p = 0.03; Multivariate Cox regression).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Co administration of diltiazem with trough level adjusted CsA is associated with benefits in terms of CsA dose reduction and good graft survival and function. However there appeared to be no protective effect of diltiazem on the progression to chronic allograft nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Atiporn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ingsathit
authors.forename: Vasant
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sumethkul
authors.forename: Panas
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chalermsanyakorn
authors.forename: Sophon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jirasiritham
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004655:Emulsions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D011184:Postoperative Period; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D003404:Creatinine; D004110:Diltiazem