title: Adult mood disorders and childhood psychological trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between adult mood disorders and childhood psychological trauma in a developing country.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults with and without mood disorders were assessed in a case-control study using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Assessment of childhood trauma included physical and sexual abuse, frequent exposure to violence, and parental loss.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In two independent multivariate analyses, after adjusting for potential confounding factors, we found a higher odds ratio for frequent exposure to violence in the community (p = .037) and for physical abuse by parents or caregivers during childhood/adolescence (p = .012) in the group with mood disorders than in the control group. In secondary analyses splitting the mood disorder group in two subgroups (manic episode, and major depressive episodes/ dysthymia), only manic patients showed significantly higher rates of frequent exposure to violence in the community (p = 0.01) and physical abuse during childhood (p = 0.02) than did patients in the control group. In addition, maniac patients had significantly higher rates of sexual abuse than did controls (p = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings document an association between violence during childhood and adult mood disorders, especially for manic patients, in a developing country.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Lucrécia Scherer
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Zavaschi
authors.forename: Maria Elisa
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Graeff
authors.forename: Marcos Tatit
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Menegassi
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mardini
authors.forename: Denise Winkler Simões
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.forename: Rafael Homem de
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Luis Augusto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: Cláudio Laks
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Eizirik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012931:Social Environment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology