title: Psychological problems in children with bedwetting and combined (day and night) wetting: A UK population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the psychological problems associated with bedwetting and combined (day and night) wetting in children aged around 7(1/2) years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were a cohort of over 8000 children enrolled in the population-based Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Parents completed postal questionnaires assessing common childhood psychological problems, and children were asked about behavior, friendships, bullying, and self-esteem in clinical interviews. The rates of psychological problems were compared in children with bedwetting, combined wetting, and in children with no wetting problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study found a higher rate of parent-reported psychological problems in children with bedwetting and combined wetting compared with those with no wetting problems. Children with combined wetting were particularly at risk for externalizing problems. There was little difference with the child-reported measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bedwetting and combined wetting are associated with parent-reported psychological problems and combined wetting confers an increased risk for externalizing problems.
authors.affiliation: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK. Carol.Joinson@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joinson
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heron
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Emond
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Butler
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology