title: Comparative assessment of bone mass and structure using texture-based and histomorphometric analyses.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology for quantitatively assessing bone quantity and anisotropy based on texture analysis using Gabor wavelets. The wavelet approach has the capability to simultaneously examine the images at low and high resolutions to gain information on both global and detailed local features of the bone image. The program that implemented the texture analysis gave measures of density (M(Density)) and anisotropy (M(Anisotropy)). It also allowed us to examine the texture energy at four orientations (0 degrees , 45 degrees , 90 degrees , 135 degrees) to gain insight about the details of the anisotropy. Analysis of templates of four simulated patterns, which had same number of dots but with differing orientations, demonstrated how the texture-based analysis differentiated between these templates. The measures of M(Anisotropy) discriminated between the four simulated patterns. The M(Density) measures were similar across all patterns. These outcomes matched the design intent of the simulated patterns. We also compared the trabecular bone images obtained from a previous study, in which the right forelimbs of normal female retired breeder beagle dogs (5-7 years old) were cast for 12 months to induce bone loss, using both histomorphometry and texture analysis. Both histomorphometry and the texture analysis detected significant differences in the trabecular bone of the distal metatarsal between the control and disuse groups. Percent trabecular bone (Tb.Ar/T.Ar) and the textural density parameter (M(Density)) were highly correlated (r=0.962). M(Anisotropy) was decreased (3.9%) after the 12-month disuse protocol, but was not significantly different from normal. However, the texture energy values at all orientations (0 degrees , 45 degrees , 90 degrees and 135 degrees) were significantly decreased in the disuse group. Therefore, texture analysis was able to assess anisotropy, which could not be extracted from histomorphometric parameters. We conclude that texture analysis is an effective tool for assessing 2D bone images that yields information regarding the quantity of bone as well as the orientation of the trabecular structure that can augment our ability to discriminate between normal and pathological bone tissue.
authors.affiliation: Computer and Information Science, Brooklyn College (City University of New York), 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
authors.forename: Yongqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Vanessa R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Yingling
authors.forename: Rumena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malique
authors.forename: Chao Yang
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Mitchell B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Schaffler
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Raphan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000473:pathology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D050279:Metacarpal Bones / Q000473:pathology*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated