title: Salvage of infected spinal hardware with paraspinous muscle flaps: anatomic considerations with clinical correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infected spinal stabilization devices represent a significant reconstructive challenge by threatening spinal stability and increasing the risk of neurologic complications. This study provides an anatomic and clinical investigation of posterior midline trunk reconstruction using paraspinous muscle flaps as the primary method of repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed a series of 25 consecutive patients (mean age, 57.2 years; range, 32-78 years) with complex spinal wounds, reconstructed with paraspinous muscle flaps, at a single university healthcare system. To help define the versatility of these muscle flaps, we also performed cadaveric dissections with lead oxide injections in 10 specimens, with an emphasis on regional blood supply, flap width, and arc of rotation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1994 to 2000, we successfully reconstructed 25 patients with complex spinal wounds, using 49 paraspinous muscle flaps as the primary method of reconstruction. Hardware present in 22 patients was replaced or retained in 17 cases. Long-term spinal fusion with preservation of neurologic status was observed in all patients, with no cases of dehiscence or reinfection. Wound complications included cerebrospinal fluid leak (1), skin necrosis (1), sinus tracts (3), and seroma (2). Mean length of stay was 24 days (range, 8-57 days). One postoperative death occurred. Paraspinous dissections and injections confirmed a segmental type IV blood supply with medial and lateral perforators, arising from intercostal vessels superiorly and lumbar and sacral vessels inferiorly. Flap width was 8 cm at the sacral base, 5 cm at the level of the inferior scapular angle, and 2.5 cm at the first thoracic vertebra.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paraspinous muscle flaps can be used as the primary reconstructive option to cover and preserve spinal hardware, control local infection, and enable long-term spinal stabilization. Cadaveric dissections confirmed the usefulness of paraspinous flaps, which can be based upon lateral or medial perforators and can be safely mobilized to reliably reconstruct complex spinal wounds.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7195, USA. cshult@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: C Scott
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hultman
authors.forename: Glyn E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Losken
authors.forename: Hisham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seify
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Louis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Zapiach
authors.forename: Grant W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Carlson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000637:transplantation*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014945:Wound Healing