title: Psychopathology in young people with intellectual disability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Comorbid severe mental health problems complicating intellectual disability are a common and costly public health problem. Although these problems are known to begin in early childhood, little is known of how they evolve over time or whether they continue into adulthood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the course of psychopathology in a representative population of children and adolescents with intellectual disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants of the Australian Child to Adult Development Study, an epidemiological cohort of 578 children and adolescents recruited in 1991 from health, education, and family agencies that provided services to children with intellectual disability aged 5 to 19.5 years in 6 rural and urban census regions in Australia, were followed up for 14 years with 4 time waves of data collection. Data were obtained from 507 participants, with 84% of wave 1 (1991-1992) participants being followed up at wave 4 (2002-2003).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC), a validated measure of psychopathology in young people with intellectual disability, completed by parents or other caregivers. Changes over time in the Total Behaviour Problem Score and 5 subscale scores of the DBC scores were modeled using growth curve analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High initial levels of behavioral and emotional disturbance decreased only slowly over time, remaining high into young adulthood, declining by 1.05 per year on the DBC Total Behaviour Problem Score. Overall severity of psychopathology was similar across mild to severe ranges of intellectual disability (with mean Total Behaviour Problem Scores of approximately 44). Psychopathology decreased more in boys than girls over time (boys starting with scores 2.61 points higher at baseline and ending with scores 2.57 points lower at wave 4), and more so in participants with mild intellectual disability compared with those with severe or profound intellectual disability who diverged from having scores 0.53 points lower at study commencement increasing to a difference of 6.98 points below severely affected children by wave 4. This trend was observed in each of the subscales, except the social-relating disturbance subscale, which increased over time. Prevalence of participants meeting criteria for major psychopathology or definite psychiatric disorder decreased from 41% at wave 1 to 31% at wave 4. Few of the participants (10%) with psychopathology received mental health interventions during the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide evidence that the problem of psychopathology comorbid with intellectual disability is both substantial and persistent and suggest the need for effective mental health interventions.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, 190 Russell Ave, Dolls Point, NSW 2219, Australia. s.einfeld@fhs.unsw.edu.au [corrected]
authors.forename: Stewart L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Einfeld
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Piccinin
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mackinnon
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taffe
authors.forename: Kylie M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bontempo
authors.forename: Lesa R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Parmenter
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Tonge
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001315:Australia; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008954:Models, Biological; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales