title: A prospective study of outcome of in-patient paediatric cardiopulmonary arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few prospective studies of the incidence and outcome of paediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest have been reported to enable quality assurance comparisons within and between institutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  All cardiac and respiratory arrests and their management over a 41-month period in children not subject to palliative treatment or to a 'do not resuscitate' order were recorded and analysed using the Utstein template.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiac arrest occurred in a total of 111 of 104,780 admissions (1.06/1000) while respiratory arrest alone occurred in 36 (0.34/1000). Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was achieved in 81 patients (73%) in cardiac arrest but only 40 (36%) were discharged from hospital and 38 (34%) survived for 1 year. The 1-year survival from respiratory arrest alone was 97%. Cardiac arrest was four times more common (89 versus 22) and approximately 90 times the incidence in the intensive care unit compared with wards but 1-year survival was similar (34% versus 36%). The initial heart rhythms were hypotensive-bradycardia in 73 (66%) with 38% survival; asystole in 17 (15%) with 12% survival; ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) in 10 (9%) with 40% survival; pulseless electrical activity (PEA) in 10 (9%) with 30% survival and SVT in 1 with survival. Secondary ventricular fibrillation occurred in 15 children given adrenaline (epinephrine) for treatment of asystole, hypotensive-bradycardia or PEA of whom 11 had received adrenaline in an initial dose of > 15 mcg/kg and 4 had < 15 mcg/kg (P = 0.0013). Eleven of 15 patients (73%) in secondary VF never achieved ROSC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In-patient paediatric cardiac arrest has a mediocre outcome with a better outlook if the initial rhythm is hypotensive-bradycardia, VF or pulsatile VT. Doses of adrenaline greater than 15 mcg/kg given for non-shockable rhythms may cause secondary VF which has a worse outcome than primary VF.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 Australia. james.tibballs@rch.org.au
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tibballs
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinney
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001775:Blood Circulation; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004554:Electric Countershock; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000009:adverse effects; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007297:Inpatients; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D004837:Epinephrine