title: Serum trefoil factors in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trefoil factors (TFF1-3) play a critical role in mucosal protection and repair in the gastrointestinal tract. The aims of the present study were to examine associations between serum TFF1-3 and clinical and biochemical markers reflecting disease activity and to examine changes in TFF1-3 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) before and during high-dose prednisolone treatment and tapering.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum concentrations of TFF1-3 were quantified in 48 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 50 Crohn's disease (CD) patients with little or moderate activity. Additionally, serum TFF concentrations were determined in patients with severe activity in colon IBD (4 UC and 6 CD) before and during prednisolone treatment with 7 healthy subjects as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median concentrations of TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3 were significantly increased in IBD patients compared with healthy controls (p < 0.01). TFF3 concentrations correlated with clinical and biochemical parameters of disease activity in UC patients. In addition, a trend towards reduction in TFF concentrations during treatment with prednisolone and concomitant clinical and biochemical remission was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data support the concept that trefoil peptides are upregulated and may play a role in IBD mucosal protection and repair. In UC patients, TFF3 levels were increased in active disease levels correlated with disease activity indices. Due to a large variation, serum TFFs are not a potential marker for disease activity.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department V, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. henning.gronbaek@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grønbaek
authors.forename: Else Marie
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Vestergaard
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hey
authors.forename: Jens Nederby
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Ebba
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nexø
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000097:blood*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010455:Peptides / Q000097:blood*; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000097:blood*; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D010455:Peptides; C051838:TFF1 protein, human; C000604007:TFF2 protein, human; C082495:TFF3 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D011239:Prednisolone; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; C477874:TTF2 protein, human