title: Three-dimensional recording of the human face with a 3D laser scanner.
abstract: Three-dimensional recording of the surface of the human body or of certain anatomical areas has gained an ever increasing importance in recent years. When recording living surfaces, such as the human face, not only has a varying degree of surface complexity to be accounted for, but also a variety of other factors, such as motion artefacts. It is of importance to establish standards for the recording procedure, which will optimise results and allow for better comparison and validation. In the study presented here, the faces of five male test persons were scanned in different experimental settings using non-contact 3D digitisers, type Minolta Vivid 910). Among others, the influence of the number of scanners used, the angle of recording, the head position of the test person, the impact of the examiner and of examination time on accuracy and precision of the virtual face models generated from the scanner data with specialised software were investigated. Computed data derived from the virtual models were compared to corresponding reference measurements carried out manually between defined landmarks on the test persons' faces. We describe experimental conditions that were of benefit in optimising the quality of scanner recording and the reliability of three-dimensional surface imaging. However, almost 50% of distances between landmarks derived from the virtual models deviated more than 2mm from the reference of manual measurements on the volunteers' faces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany. i.kovacs@lrz.tu-muenchen.de
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brockmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gühring
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baurecht
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Papadopulos
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schwenzer-Zimmerer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sader
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biemer
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Zeilhofer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009038:Motion; D011187:Posture