title: Insertion/deletion polymorphism of angiotensin I converting enzyme gene and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a well known risk factor of death from cardiovascular causes. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at particularly high risk of developing cardiovascular disease, which accounts for 80% of deaths in this group. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is probably related to increased left ventricular mass (LVM). Existing data show that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system may play a role in the development of LVH. Since the I/D polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene influences the activity of RAA, it is likely that it could also have an impact on LVH.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene and the severity of LVH assessed by echocardiography (Echo) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of 103 patients (37 women and 66 men; mean age 60.1+/-9.1 years) suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus with a mean duration of 9.0+/-6.5 years. BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), arterial blood pressure, LVM and LVM index (LVM indexed for body surface area [g/m(2)] or height raised to the power 2.7 [g/m(2.7)]) were evaluated. I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Distribution of I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene in the study group was as follows: genotype II--32.0%, ID--42.7%, DD--25.2% of patients. LVH was diagnosed in 43-71% of patients (depending on criteria used). Distribution of individual genotypes was similar in patients with and without LVH. Genotypes II, ID and DD were observed in 37.3%, 31.4% and 31.4% of patients without LVH (according to the Levy criteria) and in 26.9%, 53.9%, 19.2% in the LVH group, respectively. In persons with DD genotype, when compared to group II, significantly higher values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were noted (147.7+/-20.2 vs 138.2+/-16.7 mmHg, p=0.03 and 89.4+/-9.7 vs 81.9+/-8.7 mmHg, p=0.004, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus there is no relationship between I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene and LVH.
authors.affiliation: Klinika Endokrynologii, Nadciśnienia Tetniczego i Chorób Przemiany Materii PAM, ul. Arkońska 4, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland. pmoleda@wp.pl
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moleda
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Majkowska
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaliszczak
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Safranow
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goracy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000235:genetics; D017384:Sequence Deletion
chemical_list: D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A