title: Citrate concentrations in human seminal fluid and expressed prostatic fluid determined via 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy outperform prostate specific antigen in prostate cancer detection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared the performance of citrate concentration measurements in unprocessed human semen and expressed prostatic secretions from controls and from patients with biopsy confirmed prostate cancer to that of prostate specific antigen testing with respect to specificity and sensitivity for prostate cancer detection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semen and expressed prostatic secretions were collected in biopsy proven, prostate cancer bearing and noncancer bearing cases. Citrate concentrations were determined by quantitative in vitro, high field, water suppressed proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Assessments of the diagnostic performance of citrate and prostate specific antigen results in our study populations were made by ROC curve analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Citrate was measured in samples from 61 participants, of whom 16 without and 21 with cancer donated semen, and 17 without and 7 with cancer donated expressed prostatic secretions. Mean citrate +/- SE compared to that in controls was 2.7-fold lower in patients with cancer samples in semen (132.2 +/- 30.1 vs 48.0 +/- 7.9 mM, p < 0.05) and expressed prostatic secretions (221.4 +/- 55.4 vs 81.5 +/- 36.0 mM, p < 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that measurements of citrate in semen performed as well as measurements of citrate in expressed prostatic secretion for detecting prostate cancer (AUC 0.81, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.92 and AUC 0.73, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.90, respectively, p > 0.05). ROC curve analysis also showed that the measurement of citrate in either fluid outperformed prostate specific antigen measurement for detecting prostate cancer in these subjects (AUC 0.61, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.74).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic measurement of the citrate concentration in semen or expressed prostatic secretions outperforms prostate specific antigen testing for detecting prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
authors.forename: Eric E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: Eric G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Treat
authors.forename: Tiffany A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Averna
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Anthony Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Laurel O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Sillerud
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011467:Prostate; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012661:Semen / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D019343:Citric Acid; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen