title: Mortality and toxin bioaccumulation in Bufo marinus following exposure to Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii cell extracts and live cultures.
abstract: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a cyanobacterium responsible for the production of the toxin, cylindrospermopsin (CYN). Tadpoles of the cane toad Bufo marinus were exposed to freeze-thawed whole cell extracts or live cultures of C. raciborskii containing maximum CYN concentrations of 400 microg L-1 or 232 microg L-1, respectively. Exposure to live culture treatment solutions resulted in up to 66% mortality of B. marinus, whereas tadpoles exposed to whole cell extracts containing similar toxin concentrations survived. Decreases in relative growth rates and time spent for swimming were recorded from tadpoles during both types of exposure regimes. Bioconcentration of CYN was not evident following exposure to whole cell extracts containing extracellular toxin. In contrast exposure to live cultures, which contained cell-bound toxin, resulted in maximum average tissue concentrations of 895 microg free-CYN kg-1 fresh weight. This is the first investigation of C. raciborskii exposure effects and toxin bioaccumulation in the developmental stages of an amphibian.
authors.affiliation: Freshwater Ecology Group, Centre for Environmental Management, Central Queensland University, Building 6, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia. s.white@cqu.edu.au
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Duivenvoorden
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Fabbro
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Eaglesham
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids; D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001822:Body Burden; D002024:Bufo marinus / Q000502:physiology*; D002457:Cell Extracts; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D046891:Cylindrospermopsis / Q000502:physiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005068:Eutrophication / Q000502:physiology; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009026:Mortality; D014498:Uracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D002457:Cell Extracts; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; C089595:cylindrospermopsin; D014498:Uracil