title: Identification of heavy metal-induced genes encoding glutathione S-transferases in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices.
abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are able to alleviate the stress for plants caused by heavy metal contamination of soil. To analyze the molecular response of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to these pollutants, a subtractive cDNA library was constructed using RNA from Glomus intraradices extraradical hyphae of a root organ culture treated with a mixture of Cd, Zn, and Cu. Screening by reverse Northern blot analysis indicated that, among 308 clones, 17% correspond to genes up-regulated by heavy metals. Sequence analysis of part of the clones resulted, amongst others, in the identification of six genes putatively coding for glutathione S-transferases belonging to two different classes of these enzymes. Expression analyses indicated that the genes are differentially expressed during fungal development and that their RNA accumulation dramatically increases in extraradical hyphae grown in a heavy metal-containing solution.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Vegetables and Ornamental Crops, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waschke
authors.affiliation: Institute for Vegetables and Ornamental Crops, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sieh
authors.affiliation: Institute for Vegetables and Ornamental Crops, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany.|Experimental Station Eschikon 33, ETH Zurich, 8315, Lindau, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamasloukht
authors.affiliation: Institute for Vegetables and Ornamental Crops, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: MPI for Terrestrial Microbiology and Laboratory for Microbiology, Philipps-University, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.affiliation: Institute for Vegetables and Ornamental Crops, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany. franken@igzev.de.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Franken
mesh_terms: D018552:Daucus carota / Q000382:microbiology; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects*; D015723:Gene Library; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005810:Multigene Family; D010802:Phylogeny; D012331:RNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012331:RNA, Fungal; D005982:Glutathione Transferase