title: Influence of sampling depth on Escherichia coli concentrations in beach monitoring.
abstract: While the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Beaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health (BEACH) Act requires coastal and Great Lakes' states to implement plans for monitoring bacterial contamination of recreational beach water, exactly how this monitoring should occur has not been regulated. This study examined differences in concentration of Escherichia coli in water collected from different depths and from different horizontal locations across the beach. E. coli concentrations were significantly different (p<0.05), when water from different depths was compared. Sampling water at depths of 30, 60, and 120 cm resulted in significantly lower E. coli concentrations as depth increased. Had the State of Wisconsin chosen to collect beach water monitoring samples at a shallower or deeper depth, numbers of beach closures and the potential risk to public health would have changed substantially. These data imply that a revised and standardized protocol for monitoring beach water should be adopted by all states of a monitoring region to better compare microbial contamination of beaches and protect public health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA. kleinhei@uwosh.edu
authors.forename: Gregory T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Kleinheinz
authors.forename: Colleen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: Mary-Cathrine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Leewis
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Englebert
mesh_terms: D001493:Bathing Beaches / Q000592:standards*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005618:Fresh Water; D008824:Michigan; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D014873:Water Pollutants