title: Acute and conditioned hypoxic tolerance augmented by endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibition in mice.
abstract: To identify a possible role for nitric oxide (NO) in acute hypoxic tolerance (HT) we measured hypoxic survival time (HST), effect of hypoxic conditioning (HC), and survival following hypoxic conditioning while blocking or mimicking the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). To inhibit NOS, CD-1 mice were given supplemental endogenous NOS inhibitor asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) or a synthetic NOS inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), both of which nonselectively inhibit three of the isoforms of NOS [inducible (iNOS), neuronal (nNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS)]. ADMA (10 mg/kg i.p.) or saline vehicle was given 5 min before HST testing. L-NNA was given orally at 1 g/l in drinking water with tap water as the control for 48 h before testing. Both ADMA and L-NNA significantly increased HST and augmented the HC effect on HST. Neither the nNOS selective inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) nor the iNOS selective inhibitor N-{[3-(aminomethyl)phenyl]methyl}-enthanimidamide (1400W) had a statistically significant effect on HST or HT. The NO donor, 3-morpholinosydnoeimine, when given alone did not significantly decrease HT, but it did mitigate the increased HT effect of L-NNA. These data confirm that acute hypoxic conditioning increases HT and that NOS inhibition by endogenous (ADMA) and a synthetic NOS inhibitor (L-NNA) further increases HT, whereas iNOS and nNOS inhibition does not, suggesting that it is the inhibition of eNOS that mediates enhancement of HT.
authors.affiliation: College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Michael Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Zwemer
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Whitesall
authors.forename: Louis G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: D'Alecy
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007097:Imines / Q000494:pharmacology; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007097:Imines; D007191:Indazoles; C496401:N-((3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)methyl)ethanimidamide; C487735:dimethylarginine; D019335:Nitroarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C080122:7-nitroindazole