title: Cross-cultural organizational behavior.
abstract: This article reviews research on cross-cultural organizational behavior (OB). After a brief review of the history of cross-cultural OB, we review research on work motivation, or the factors that energize, direct, and sustain effort across cultures. We next consider the relationship between the individual and the organization, and review research on culture and organizational commitment, psychological contracts, justice, citizenship behavior, and person-environment fit. Thereafter, we consider how individuals manage their interdependence in organizations, and review research on culture and negotiation and disputing, teams, and leadership, followed by research on managing across borders and expatriation. The review shows that developmentally, cross-cultural research in OB is coming of age. Yet we also highlight critical challenges for future research, including moving beyond values to explain cultural differences, attending to levels of analysis issues, incorporating social and organizational context factors into cross-cultural research, taking indigenous perspectives seriously, and moving beyond intracultural comparisons to understand the dynamics of cross-cultural interfaces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA. mgelfand@psyc.umd.edu
authors.forename: Michele J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gelfand
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erez
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Aycan
mesh_terms: D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D007857:Leadership; D009042:Motivation; D009935:Organizational Affiliation; D015279:Organizational Culture; D016134:Organizational Policy; D010559:Personnel Management; D005082:Physical Exertion; D012919:Social Behavior; D012945:Social Values