title: Grape seed extract inhibits in vitro and in vivo growth of human colorectal carcinoma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accumulating evidences suggest the beneficial effects of fruit-and-vegetable consumption in lowering the risk of various cancers, including colorectal cancer. Herein, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects and associated mechanisms of grape seed extract (GSE), a rich source of proanthocyanidins, against colorectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of GSE were examined on human colorectal cancer HT29 and LoVo cells in culture for proliferation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. The in vivo effect of oral GSE was examined on HT29 tumor xenograft growth in athymic nude mice. Xenografts were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for proliferation and apoptosis. The molecular changes associated with the biological effects of GSE were analyzed by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GSE (25-100 microg/mL) causes a significant dose- and time-dependent inhibition of cell growth with concomitant increase in cell death. GSE induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest along with a marked increase in Cip1/p21 protein level and a decrease in G1 phase-associated cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. GSE-induced cell death was apoptotic and accompanied by caspase-3 activation. GSE feeding to mice at 200 mg/kg dose showed time-dependent inhibition of tumor growth without any toxicity and accounted for 44% decrease in tumor volume per mouse after 8 weeks of treatment. GSE inhibited cell proliferation but increased apoptotic cell death in tumors. GSE-treated tumors also showed enhanced Cip1/p21 protein levels and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSE may be an effective chemopreventive agent against colorectal cancer, and that growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of GSE against colorectal cancer could be mediated via an up-regulation of Cip1/p21.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
authors.forename: Manjinder
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Rana P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Mallikarjuna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Chapla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms; D006801:Humans; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000633:toxicity*; D012639:Seeds; D027843:Vitis
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts