Action of nucleosides and nucleotides at 7 transmembrane-spanning receptors.
Ribose ring-constrained nucleosides and nucleotides to act at cell-surface purine recesptors have been designed and synthesized. At the P2Y1 nucleotide receptor and the A3 adenosine receptor (AR) the North envelope conformation of ribose is highly preferred. We have applied mutagenesis and rhodopsin-based homology modeling to the study of purine receptors and used the structural insights gained to assist in the design of novel ligands. Two subgroups of P2Y receptors have been defined, containing different sets of cationic residues for coordinating the phosphate groups. Modeling/mutagenesis of adenosine receptors has focused on determinants of intrinsic efficacy in adenosine derivatives and on a conserved Trp residue (6.48) which is involved in the activation process. The clinical use of adenosine agonists as cytoprotective agents has been limited by the widespread occurrence of ARs, thus, leading to undesirable side effects of exogenously administered adenosine derivatives. In order to overcome the inherent nonselectivity of activating the native receptors, we have introduced the concept of neoceptors. By this strategy, intended for eventual use in gene therapy, the putative ligand binding site of a G protein-coupled receptor is reengineered for activation by synthetic agonists (neoligands) built to have a structural complementarity. Using a rational design process we have identified neoceptor-neoligand pairs which are pharmacologically orthogonal with respect to the native species.
Jacobson
Kenneth A
KA
Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, USA. kajacobs@helix.nih.gov
Costanzi
Stefano
S
Kim
Soo-Kyung
SK
Roh
Eunjoo
E
Joshi
Bhalchandra V
BV
Tchilibon
Susanna
S
Duong
Heng T
HT
Gao
Zhan-Guo
ZG
D000818:Animals; D002412:Cations; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D009705:Nucleosides / Q000737:chemistry*; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000737:chemistry*; D011687:Purines / Q000737:chemistry; D043684:Receptor, Adenosine A3 / Q000737:chemistry; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2 / Q000737:chemistry; D058472:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1; D012266:Ribose / Q000737:chemistry
D002412:Cations; D008024:Ligands; D009705:Nucleosides; D009711:Nucleotides; C546382:P2RY1 protein, human; D011687:Purines; D043684:Receptor, Adenosine A3; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2; D058472:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1; D012266:Ribose