title: Needle biopsy of anatomically unfavorable liver lesions with an electromagnetic navigation assist device in a computed tomography environment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Emerging interventional radiology assistance systems that incorporate electromagnetic navigation (EMN) can help the operator guide a needle or other instrument toward a target along preplanned oblique trajectories while avoiding critical structures. A proof-of-concept study was conducted to assess the use of EMN, and EMN was compared with the standard computed tomographic (CT) fluoroscopy guidance technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 14 needle passes, seven each with EMN and CT fluoroscopy guidance, were performed into an artificially created liver lesion of a single swine. The accuracy of needle placement for each pass was verified with a confirmatory CT scan. The total radiation dose and time of procedure was compared between the EMN and conventional CT fluoroscopy methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All needle passes were successful, and all passes conducted with EMN were completed with a single insertion, whereas multiple passes (mean, 2.9) with needle repositioning were required with CT fluoroscopic guidance. Statistically significant reduction in procedure time and overall radiation dose for EMN punctures was shown. Accuracy of needle placement was statistically equivalent for the two methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This proof-of-concept study shows that EMN guidance has equivalent accuracy of needle placement to conventional CT fluoroscopy-guided methods in swine. EMN is also associated with favorable radiation-dose and time-of-procedure profiles for biopsy of liver lesions. Clinical studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this technology in the biopsy of lesions in anatomically challenging locations that require steep angles of needle insertion.
authors.affiliation: Imaging Science and Information Systems (ISIS) Center, Georgetown University, 2115 Wisconsin Avenue Northwest, Suite 603, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Banovac
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cleary
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008099:Liver / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D023421:Models, Animal; D011840:Radiation, Nonionizing; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed