title: Does retrograde cerebral perfusion via superior vena cava cannulation protect the brain?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The retrograde cerebral perfusion via cannulation of the superior vena cava is a widespread method for optimising protection of the brain during hypothermic circulatory arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 14 cadavers (8 females, 6 males) of the local department of pathology, an examination was performed to check the competence of the valves of the internal jugular veins. After a complete preparation of the superior vena cava, the innominate vein and both internal jugular veins, ligating all side branches, a retrograde perfusion on 7 cadavers was installed, documenting flow and pressure of each internal jugular vein (IJV) in vitro. Afterwards, the veins were opened and their valves inspected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all 14 cadavers, anatomically and functionally competent valves on the right proximal IJV were found. Only 1/14 cadaver had no valve in the left proximal IJV. Additional rudimentary and incompetent valves could be identified in 1/14 cadaver on the distal right IJV, and in 2/14 cadavers on the left IJV. Retrograde flow measurement of 7/14 cadavers revealed 0 ml/min in 4/7 cadavers, 6 ml/min in 1/7, 340 ml/min in 1/7 and 2500 ml/min in 1/7 cadaver.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a rule, anatomically and functionally competent valves in the proximal IJV are present. In human beings, they obstruct the direct retrograde inlet to the intracranial venous system, which suggests an unbalanced and unreliable perfusion of the brain. Therefore, retrograde cerebral perfusion by cannulating the superior vena cava may help flushing out embolism and supporting 'the cold jacket' of the brain. However, its effect of retrograde backflow cannot be a sign of adequate cerebral perfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Vascular Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland. kuenzli.family@bluewin.ch
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Künzli
authors.forename: Patrick O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Zingg
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zünd
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leskosek
authors.forename: Ludwig K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: von Segesser
mesh_terms: D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior