title: Confirmation and efficacy tests against codling moth and oriental fruit moth in apples using combination heat and controlled atmosphere treatments.
abstract: Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), are serious pests of apples (Malus spp.) grown in the United States and other countries. In countries where these species are not found, there are strict quarantine restrictions in place to prevent their accidental introduction. The treatment used in this study consisted of hot, forced, moist air with a linear heating rate of 12 degrees C/h to a final chamber temperature of 46 degrees C under a 1% oxygen and 15% carbon dioxide environment. We found that the fourth instar of both species was the most tolerant to the treatment, with equal tolerance between the species. Efficacy tests against the fourth instar of both oriental fruit moth and codling moth by using a commercial controlled atmosphere temperature treatment system chamber resulted in > 5,000 individuals of each species being controlled using the combination treatment. Confirmation tests against codling moth resulted in mortality of > 30,000 fourth instars. These treatments may be used to meet quarantine restrictions for organic apples where fumigation with methyl bromide is not desirable.
authors.affiliation: Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Wapato, WA 98951, USA. neven@yarl.ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Lisa G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Neven
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rehfield-Ray
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D005638:Fruit / Q000469:parasitology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D027845:Malus / Q000469:parasitology*; D009036:Moths; D013045:Species Specificity