title: Reward-related decision-making in pediatric major depressive disorder: an fMRI study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although reward processing is considered an important part of affective functioning, few studies have investigated reward-related decisions or responses in young people with affective disorders. Depression is postulated to involve decreased activity in reward-related affective systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined behavioral and neural responses to reward in young people with depressive disorders using a reward decision-making task. The task involved choices about possible rewards involving varying magnitude and probability of reward. The study design allowed the separation of decision/anticipation and outcome phases of reward processing. Participants were 9-17 years old and had diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety disorders, or no history of psychiatric disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with MDD exhibited less neural response than control participants in reward-related brain areas during both phases of the task. Group differences did not appear to be a function of anxiety. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were associated with activation in reward-related brain areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that depression involves altered reward processing and underscore the need for further investigation of relations among development, affective disorders, and reward processing.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA. forbese@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Erika E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Christopher May
authors.forename: Greg J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Siegle
authors.forename: Cecile D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Ladouceur
authors.forename: Neal D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Cameron S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Birmaher
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Axelson
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Dahl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003657:Decision Making; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019263:Dysthymic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012201:Reward; D012720:Severity of Illness Index