title: A comparison of oral and transdermal short-term estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether it would be preferable to prescribe oral or transdermal estrogen to symptomatic postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome (MBS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty obese postmenopausal women with MBS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women were randomized to receive either oral E(2) (oE(2), 1 mg/d) or transdermal E(2) (tE(2), 0.05 mg/d) for 3 months. Fasting blood was obtained before and after treatment for glucose, insulin, lipid profiles, the adipocytokines (adiponectin, leptin, and resistin), and a gastric peptide (ghrelin). In addition, a 75-g 2-hour oral glucose-tolerance and intravenous insulin-tolerance tests were performed before and after E(2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in parameters of insulin resistance (IR), lipid profiles, and adipocytokine levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean serum concentrations of E(2) in women using oE(2) and tE(2) were 39.1 +/- 5.6 and 49.2 +/- 28.6 pg/mL, respectively. After oE(2), there was a statistically significant worsening of IR markers, including an increase in baseline insulin (15.28 +/- 1.27 to 22.02 +/- 2.40 microU/mL), a reduction in quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (0.3177 +/- 0.0043 to 0.2977 +/- 0.0057), and an increase in homeostasis model assessment (3.96 +/- 0.38 to 8.59 +/- 2.08). The only significant change in the lipid profile was an increase in high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (50.46 +/- 2.34 vs. 55.08 +/- 2.51 mg/dL). Leptin levels increased (81.43 +/- 7.87 ng/mL to 94.10 +/- 6.56 ng/mL), and adiponectin decreased nonsignificantly, resulting in an increased leptin-adiponectin ratio (12.56 +/- 1.70 to 15.86 +/- 2.24); resistin levels increased (9.37 +/- 1.09 ng/mL to 11.72 +/- 1.10 ng/mL); and baseline ghrelin levels decreased (701.64 +/- 59.79 pg/mL to 581.72 +/- 36.07 pg/mL). After tE(2), no significant changes in IR parameters occurred, except for a decrease in glucose-insulin ratio. There were no changes in lipid parameters. Leptin did not change (72.7 +/- 9.3 ng/mL to 78.8 +/- 7.9 ng/mL), whereas adiponectin levels showed statistically significant increase (7.97 +/- 0.7 microg/mL vs. 9.96 +/- 1.1 microg/mL), with no change in the leptin-adiponectin ratio. Resistin levels did not change significantly, and ghrelin levels decreased (888.52 +/- 109.98 pg/mL vs. 579.04 +/- 39.30 pg/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This short-term study suggests that oral E(2) may worsen IR and adipocytokine parameters, worsening cardiovascular risk. Transdermal E(2) had minimal effects on IR and resulted in higher adiponectin. Although these data may not reflect alterations that occur with estrogen therapy in more metabolically normal postmenopausal women or with longer term therapy, the findings suggest that tE(2) may be a preferable treatment for obese women with MBS. Long-term studies are needed to make any recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Micheline C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Pippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cosper
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Nakhuda
authors.forename: Rogerio A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lobo
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004958:Estradiol