title: SRC inhibitors in metastatic bone disease.
abstract: Src tyrosine kinase was the first gene product shown to have an essential function in bone using recombinant DNA technology after its expression was knocked out in mice approximately 15 years ago. Since then, our understanding of the regulation of bone catabolism has advanced significantly with the identification of other key enzymes that regulate osteoclast formation, activation, and survival after their knockout in mice or recognition of mutations in them in humans. This led to the discovery or development of specific inhibitors of some of these key enzymes, including Src, as proof-of-concept lead compounds or potential clinical candidates for the prevention of diseases associated with increased bone resorption, such as osteoporosis and metastatic bone disease. Although bisphosphonates have been prescribed with proven and improving efficacy for the prevention of bone loss for >30 years, adverse effects, such as upper gastrointestinal tract symptoms, and the requirement to take them at least 2 hours before food have limited patient compliance. Thus, with growing knowledge of the pathways regulating osteoclast function and the appreciation that some of these are active also in tumor cells, drug companies have made efforts to identify small-molecular lead compounds for development into new therapeutic agents for the prevention of bone loss with efficacy that matches or supersedes that of bisphosphonates. In this article, we review our current understanding of the signaling pathways that regulate osteoclast formation, activation, and survival with specific reference to the role of Src tyrosine kinase and downstream signaling and highlight in a variety of models of increased bone resorption the effects of Src kinase inhibitors that have been targeted to bone to limit potential adverse effects on other cells.
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA. brendan_boyce@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Brendan F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Boyce
authors.forename: Lianping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Zhenqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Teruhito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Shakespeare
authors.forename: Yihan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chester A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Metcalf
authors.forename: Raji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sundaramoorthi
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Dalgarno
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Iuliucci
authors.forename: Tomi K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Sawyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary*; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D019061:src-Family Kinases