title: The bovine aristaless-like homeobox 4 (ALX4) as a candidate gene for syndactyly.
abstract: The ALX4 (aristaless-like homeobox 4) gene encodes a paired-type homeodomain transcriptional activator and plays a major role in anterior-posterior pattern formation during limb development. Here, the cloning, genomic structure and expression of the bovine ortholog of the ALX4 gene are reported. The bovine ALX4 gene consists of four exons and is located on BTA15q28-->q29 in a region syntenic to HSA11p11.2. The transcribed ALX4 mRNA encodes a 397-amino-acid protein showing a paired-type homeodomain and a C-terminal stretch of amino acids known as the OAR- or aristaless domain. The predicted protein shares 92.5% identity to human and mouse ALX4 proteins and all three species share almost complete identity in the conserved domains. ALX4 expression was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in bovine fetal limb bones. The ALX4 gene was evaluated as a candidate gene for bovine syndactyly which has been mapped on the telomeric region of cattle chromosome 15. Sequencing of the four exons with flanking sequences of the bovine ALX4 gene from a panel of 14 affected animals belonging to German Holstein, German Fleckvieh and crossbreds, and 27 unaffected individuals from German Holstein revealed five silent SNPs within the coding region out of eleven SNPs in total. Four SNPs were polymorphic in the affected animals, but in comparison to the genotyped unaffected individuals the genotype distribution showed no evidence for an association to the phenotype. Therefore our data indicate that the ALX4 gene can probably be excluded as candidate gene for bovine syndactyly in the examined animals.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wöhlke
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuiper
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Distl
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Drögemüller
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics*; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000662:veterinary; D022202:Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005121:Extremities / Q000196:embryology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005801:Genes, Homeobox / Q000235:genetics; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017385:Sequence Homology; D013576:Syndactyly / Q000235:genetics / Q000662:veterinary*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors