title: Prevalence, clinical correlates, and longitudinal course of severe mood dysregulation in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controversy concerning the diagnosis of pediatric bipolar disorder (BD) has focused attention on children with chronic irritability and hyperarousal. This syndrome has been called the "broad BD phenotype" or severe mood dysregulation (SMD). This study examines prevalence, concurrent Axis I diagnoses, and longitudinal outcome of SMD in an epidemiologic sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from the Great Smoky Mountains Study, a longitudinal epidemiological study. Items from the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment were used to generate SMD criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1420 children, the lifetime prevalence of SMD in children ages 9-19 was 3.3%. Most (67.7%) SMD youth had an Axis I diagnosis, most commonly attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (26.9%), conduct disorder (25.9%), and/or oppositional defiant disorder (24.5%). In young adulthood (mean age 18.3 +/- 2.1 years), youth who met criteria for SMD in the first wave (mean age 10.6 +/- 1.4 years) were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with a depressive disorder (odds ratio 7.2, confidence interval 1.3-38.8, p = .02) than youth who never met criteria for SMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe mood dysregulation is relatively common in childhood and predicts risk for early adulthood depressive disorders. Research should continue to explore the course of illness in children with SMD.
authors.affiliation: Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. brotmanm@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Brotman
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmajuk
authors.forename: Brendan A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Dickstein
authors.forename: Amanda E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Guyer
authors.forename: E Jane
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Helen L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Egger
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Angold
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pine
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leibenluft
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data