title: Altered tryptophan metabolism in the brain of cystatin B-deficient mice: a model system for progressive myoclonus epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Progressive myoclonus epilepsy of the Unverricht-Lundborg type (EPM1) is a rare neurologic disorder, associated with mutations in the Cystatin B (Cstb) gene. Mice lacking Cstb, a cysteine protease inhibitor of the cathepsine family of proteases, provide a mammalian model for EPM1 by displaying similarly progressive ataxia, myoclonic seizures, and neurodegeneration. However, the linkage of Cstb deficit on the molecular level to pathologic features like myoclonic jerks or tonic-clonic seizures has remained unclear. We examined the tryptophan (TRP) metabolism, along the serotonin (5HT) and kynurenine (KYN) pathway in the brain of Cstb-deficient mice, in relation to their possible involvement in the seizure phenotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  TRP and its metabolites, along the 5HT and KYN pathways, were assayed in brain tissue by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. The inverted wire grid and mild handling tests were used for evaluation of ataxia and myoclonic activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Cstb-deficient mice had constitutively increased TRP, 5HT, and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) levels in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum and increased levels of KYN in the cerebellum. These neurochemical changes were accompanied with ataxia and an apparent myoclonic phenotype among the Cstb-deficient mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that secondary processes (i.e., overstimulation of serotoninergic transmission) on the cellular level, initiated by Cstb deficiency in specific brain regions, may be responsible for the myoclonic/seizure phenotype in EPM1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaarmann
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaasik
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zharkovsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D055313:Cystatin B; D015891:Cystatins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D007737:Kynurenine / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020194:Unverricht-Lundborg Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C524992:Cstb protein, mouse; D015891:Cystatins; D012701:Serotonin; D007737:Kynurenine; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid; D055313:Cystatin B; D014364:Tryptophan