title: Intraoperative laparoscopic renal ultrasonography: use in advanced laparoscopic renal surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To highlight the use of intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography (ILUS) in complex renal surgery, as well its impact on management. ILUS has been used to facilitate advanced laparoscopic surgery, but only limited descriptions of the indications for its use have been published.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients undergoing laparoscopic renal procedures requiring ILUS from October 2001 to March 2005 were reviewed. A total of 50 cases, including 35 partial nephrectomies, cryoablation of 6 renal tumors, 6 radical nephrectomies, 2 perinephric explorations, and 1 resection of a renal artery aneurysm were assessed by ILUS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average tumor size in the patients undergoing laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was 3.1 cm (range 1.4 to 8.0), and all margins were negative. Also, a previously unidentified satellite lesion was found in 1 patient. ILUS was essential in assessing iceball formation during laparoscopic renal cryotherapy. ILUS also proved useful in defining the anatomy during laparoscopic perinephric exploration, assessing renal vein thrombi during laparoscopic nephrectomy, and evaluating renal perfusion during laparoscopic renal artery aneurysm repair.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ILUS can be extremely useful in advanced laparoscopic renal surgery. In a number of situations, it is an essential surgical tool. With expanding indications for laparoscopic surgery, the indications for ILUS continue to grow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Luke M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fazio
authors.forename: Donal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Downey
authors.forename: Christopher Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Nguan
authors.forename: Vaishali
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Karnik
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Omar
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: Jonathan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Izawa
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Patrick P W
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Luke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000783:Aneurysm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D007668:Kidney; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D010535:Laparoscopy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D012077:Renal Artery; D012186:Retroperitoneal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional