title: Structure and inhibition of a quorum sensing target from Streptococcus pneumoniae.
abstract: Streptococcus pneumoniae 5'-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (MTAN) catalyzes the hydrolytic deadenylation of its substrates to form adenine and 5-methylthioribose or S-ribosylhomocysteine (SRH). MTAN is not found in mammals but is involved in bacterial quorum sensing. MTAN gene disruption affects the growth and pathogenicity of bacteria, making it a target for antibiotic design. Kinetic isotope effects and computational studies have established a dissociative S(N)1 transition state for Escherichia coli MTAN, and transition state analogues resembling the transition state are powerful inhibitors of the enzyme [Singh, V., Lee, J. L., Núñez, S., Howell, P. L., and Schramm, V. L. (2005) Biochemistry 44, 11647-11659]. The sequence of MTAN from S. pneumoniae is 40% identical to that of E. coli MTAN, but S. pneumoniae MTAN exhibits remarkably distinct kinetic and inhibitory properties. 5'-Methylthio-Immucillin-A (MT-ImmA) is a transition state analogue resembling an early S(N)1 transition state. It is a weak inhibitor of S. pneumoniae MTAN with a K(i) of 1.0 microM. The X-ray structure of S. pneumoniae MTAN with MT-ImmA indicates a dimer with the methylthio group in a flexible hydrophobic pocket. Replacing the methyl group with phenyl (PhT-ImmA), tolyl (p-TolT-ImmA), or ethyl (EtT-ImmA) groups increases the affinity to give K(i) values of 335, 60, and 40 nM, respectively. DADMe-Immucillins are geometric and electrostatic mimics of a fully dissociated transition state and bind more tightly than Immucillins. MT-DADMe-Immucillin-A inhibits with a K(i) value of 24 nM, and replacing the 5'-methyl group with p-Cl-phenyl (p-Cl-PhT-DADMe-ImmA) gave a K(i) value of 0.36 nM. The inhibitory potential of DADMe-Immucillins relative to the Immucillins supports a fully dissociated transition state structure for S. pneumoniae MTAN. Comparison of active site contacts in the X-ray crystal structures of E. coli and S. pneumoniae MTAN with MT-ImmA would predict equal binding, yet most analogues bind 10(3)-10(4)-fold more tightly to the E. coli enzyme. Catalytic site efficiency is primarily responsible for this difference since k(cat)/K(m) for S. pneumoniae MTAN is decreased 845-fold relative to that of E. coli MTAN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Vipender
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Wuxian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Almo
authors.forename: Gary B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Furneaux
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: Gavin F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Painter
authors.forename: Dirk H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mee
authors.forename: Renjian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Vern L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Schramm
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002384:Catalysis / Q000187:drug effects; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray / Q000379:methods; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009699:N-Glycosyl Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012255:Ribitol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D040681:Structural Homology, Protein; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: C484934:methylthio-immucillin-A; D012255:Ribitol; D009699:N-Glycosyl Hydrolases; C019606:adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase