title: Dysgraphia in elderly delirious medical inpatients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dysgraphia is a recognized clinical finding in delirium, but few studies have evaluated handwriting, and results have been inconsistent. In particular, handwritten signatures, which may be a motor automatism, have not been previously evaluated in delirious patients. The aim was to assess abnormalities of signature and spontaneous writing in delirious patients and to investigate their clinical utility in the detection of delirium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of data was collected from a prospective observational study of acutely ill inpatients 70 years or older. Mini-Mental State Examination, Confusion Assessment Method, Delirium Rating Scale, Activities of Daily Living, and APACHE II were administered to each subject, their signatures were evaluated from the consent form, and their handwriting from the spontaneous sentence written as part of the MMSE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The signatures of patients with delirium were significantly more impaired than those without (Chi-square= 14.749, df=1, p<0.0001). The sensitivity of the signature for delirium as defined by CAM was 0.54, with specificity of 0.88. Handwriting abnormalities of omission (p=0.018), illegibility (p=0.034) and spelling (p=0.035) were significantly more common in delirious patients than others (Chi-square with Fisher's Exact tests. This difference was mainly attributable to the fact that a large number of delirious patients were unable to provide any response to the handwriting questions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An abnormal signature may be an indicator of delirium. People with delirium have handwriting problems, which may be partly caused by cognitive impairment but also by disorders of motor function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ageing and Health, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adamis
authors.forename: Shuli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Treloar
authors.forename: Alastair J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: Finbarr C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000381:Agraphia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D003693:Delirium / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007297:Inpatients; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity