title: The potential of a new stable ultrasound contrast agent for site-specific targeting. An in vitro experiment.
abstract: Microbubble-based ultrasound contrast agents can be used for specific site targeting, but demonstrate time-limited opacification. We have previously demonstrated the potential of gold-bound microtubules to provide a stable ultrasound contrast effect. Aim of the present study was to test the feasibility of gold-bound microtubules specifically to bind to human thrombi and to inflammatory activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro. HUVEC were incubated with tumor necrosis factor, to induce expression of adhesion molecules. Human clots and HUVEC were incubated with biotinylated monoclonal antifibrin and anti-E-selectin antibodies, respectively. Probes were incubated with excess avidin followed by biotinylated gold-bound microtubules and by secondary Cy3-anti-beta-tubulin antibody and processed for immune fluorescence microscopy. Clots were transferred in copolymer foils filled with buffer and were ultrasonographically imaged before and after their treatment with the antifibrin antibody and with biotinylated microtubules, using a broadband harmonic transducer, transmitting and receiving at a mean frequency of 1.7 MHz and 3.2 MHz. The feasibility of specific gold-bound microtubules conjugation to antibody treated clots and HUVEC was confirmed using immune fluorescence analysis. Contrast intensities of the clots significantly increased after their treatment with antifibrin antibody and incubation with gold-bound microtubules (39 +/- 2 dB versus 26 +/- 2 dB, p < 0.001) and remained high after 20 min of ultrasound exposure (37 +/- 2 dB versus 39 +/- 2 dB, p = NS). Thus, gold-bound microtubules can specifically bind to human thrombi and to endothelial cells, providing a significant contrast effect which remains stable in the ultrasound field. This may be a promising approach to target thrombi and inflammatory active atherosclerotic plaques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. gkorosoglou@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Grigorios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Korosoglou
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.forename: Raffi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bekeredjian
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hardt
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hagenmueller
authors.forename: Eckhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dinjus
authors.forename: Konrad Joachim
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.forename: Hugo A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Katus
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuecherer
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology; D019921:Biotinylation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000276:immunology*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005337:Fibrin / Q000276:immunology*; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D045423:Microbubbles; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D019040:E-Selectin; D006046:Gold; D005337:Fibrin