title: Clinical assessment of endothelial dysfunction: combine and rule.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To briefly survey the literature for the past 2-3 years on the subject of diagnostic and prognostic markers of endothelial cell dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Established and emerging techniques to detect endothelial cell dysfunction are divided into two large families: (1) functional and structural markers of endothelial cell dysfunction, and (2) surrogate markers of endothelial cell dysfunction. The first category includes high-resolution Doppler studies of conduit arteries, laser Doppler flowmetry of cutaneous microvasculature, and measurements of arterial stiffness and intima: media thickness. The second category of tests provides brief descriptions of detection of oxidative stress, inflammation, coagulation abnormalities, circulating endothelial cells and microparticles. I also focus on integration of various techniques and some novel genomic, proteomic and metabolomic tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This snapshot of existing and emerging technologies diagnosing endothelial cell dysfunction is intended to provide the foundation for the future (a) development of personalized noninvasive screening of endothelial function, and (b) delineation of preclinical diagnostic biomarkers heralding cardiovascular complications.
authors.affiliation: New York Medical College, Department of Medicine, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA. Michael_Goligorsky@nymc.edu
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Goligorsky
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques; D003935:Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers