title: Nature of human error: implications for surgical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As the attitude to adverse events has changed from the defensive "blame and shame culture" to an open and transparent healthcare delivery system, it is timely to examine the nature of human errors and their impact on the quality of surgical health care.
  
  
  METHODS
  The approach of the review is generic rather than specific, and the account is based on the published psychologic and medical literature on the subject.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rather than detailing the various "surgical errors," the concept of error categories within the surgical setting committed by surgeons as front-line operators is discussed. The important components of safe surgical practice identified include organizational structure with strategic control of healthcare delivery, teamwork and leadership, evidence-based practice, proficiency, continued professional development of all staff, availability of wireless health information technology, and well-embedded incident reporting and adverse events disclosure systems. In our quest for the safest possible surgical health care, there is a need for prospective observational multidisciplinary (surgeons and human factors specialists) studies as distinct for retrospective reports of adverse events. There is also need for research to establish the ideal system architecture for anonymous reporting of near miss and no harm events in surgical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Medical Sciences, Scuola Superiore S'Anna di Studi Universitari, Pisa, Italy. alfred.cuschieri@sssup.it
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuschieri
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative