title: Depression induces bone loss through stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.
abstract: Major depression is associated with low bone mass and increased incidence of osteoporotic fractures. However, causality between depression and bone loss has not been established. Here, we show that mice subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS), an established model of depression in rodents, display behavioral depression accompanied by impaired bone mass and structure, as portrayed by decreases in trabecular bone volume density, trabecular number, and trabecular connectivity density assessed in the distal femoral metaphysis and L3 vertebral body. Bone remodeling analysis revealed that the CMS-induced skeletal deficiency is accompanied by restrained bone formation resulting from reduced osteoblast number. Antidepressant therapy, which prevents the behavioral responses to CMS, completely inhibits the decrease in bone formation and markedly attenuates the CMS-induced bone loss. The depression-triggered bone loss is associated with a substantial increase in bone norepinephrine levels and can be blocked by the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol, suggesting that the sympathetic nervous system mediates the skeletal effects of stress-induced depression. These results define a linkage among depression, excessive adrenergic activity, and reduced bone formation, thus demonstrating an interaction among behavioral responses, the brain, and the skeleton, which leads to impaired bone structure. Together with the common occurrence of depression and bone loss in the aging population, the present data implicate depression as a potential major risk factor for osteoporosis and the associated increase in fracture incidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel. razyirmiya@huji.ac.il
authors.forename: Raz
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yirmiya
authors.forename: Inbal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goshen
authors.forename: Alon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bajayo
authors.forename: Tirzah
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kreisel
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Trembovler
authors.forename: Valér
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Csernus
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shohami
authors.forename: Itai
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bab
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents