title: In vivo accuracy of image guidance performed using optical tracking and optimized registration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Image guidance systems involving the use of frameless referencing of surgical space to compile volumetric imaging data sets recently have come into widespread use. Few studies have addressed the true intraoperative surgical accuracy (that is, the application accuracy) of these systems except in a subjective manner. Calculated accuracies given by the systems do not necessarily reflect true intraoperative accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  To objectively assess the stereotactic accuracy of a frameless image guidance system using optical spatial referencing, the author analyzed postoperative magnetic resonance (MR) images after placement of depth electrodes for the investigation of epilepsy. Preoperative planning for the treatment of seven patients included implanting skull fiducial screws and obtaining computed tomography/MR fusion images by using ImMerge image fusion software on the StealthStation (Medtronic, Inc.). A total of 42 electrodes were placed. Postoperative volumetric MR images were fused with preoperative study images. The difference between the planned electrode trajectories and targets and the visualized electrodes was measured in stereotactic space.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mean distance between the distal electrode contact and the distal end of the planned trajectory for the 42 targets was 3 +/- 1.5 mm. The most common error was in depth. The author's technique did not involve rigid skull fixation of electrodes because they were subsequently tunneled subcutaneously and later removed at the bedside of the patient. Errors in depth were known to be due to traction at the time of tunneling and not due to stereotactic factors. Correcting for depth along the electrode trajectory, the mean accuracy was found to be 2.4 +/- 1 mm.
authors.affiliation: The Epilepsy Institute, Beacon Neurosciences, Beacon Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. mascottdonnelly@netscape.net
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Mascott
mesh_terms: D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*