title: A small-molecule c-Myc inhibitor, 10058-F4, induces cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and myeloid differentiation of human acute myeloid leukemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The protooncogene c-Myc plays an important role in the control of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, and its aberrant expression is frequently seen in multiple human cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). As c-Myc heterodimerizes with Max to transactivate downstream target genes in leukemogenesis. Inhibition of the c-Myc/Max heterodimerization by the recently identified small-molecule compound, 10058-F4, might be a novel antileukemic strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  HL-60, U937, and NB4 cells and primary AML cells were used to examine the effects of 10058-F4 on apoptosis and myeloid differentiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed that 10058-F4 arrested AML cells at G0/G1 phase, downregulated c-Myc expression and upregulated CDK inhibitors, p21 and p27. Meanwhile, 10058-F4 induced apoptosis through activation of mitochondrial pathway shown by downregulation of Bcl-2, upregulation of Bax, release of cytoplasmic cytochrome C, and cleavage of caspase 3, 7, and 9. Furthermore, 10058-F4 also induced myeloid differentiation, possibly through activation of multiple transcription factors. Similarly, 10058-F4-induced apoptosis and differentiation could also be observed in primary AML cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study has shown that inhibition of c-Myc/Max dimerization with small-molecule inhibitors affects multiple cellular activities in AML cells and represents a potential antileukemic approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Jer
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yuan-chih
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Chien-Ru
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shufan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: H Eugene
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D050976:Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019281:Dimerization; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D016192:Resting Phase, Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020298:U937 Cells; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C524814:5-(4-ethylbenzylidene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D050976:Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; C067850:Myc associated factor X; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D013844:Thiazoles; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27