title: [Clinical predictors correlated to outcome of war missile penetrating brain injury].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this retrospective study was to review and discuss the outcome of surgical management and other clinical predictors influencing the prognosis of war missile penetrating brain injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine clinical predictors that influence the prognosis of war missile penetrating brain injury, 126 surgically treated patients who had sustained such an injury during the two-year period of war in Croatia (1991-1993) were retrospectively analyzed. Investigated clinical features were: Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score on admission; extent of brain injury; time between injury and hospital admission; presence of intracranially retained foreign bodies or bone fragments; development of postinjury and posttraumatic complications; and Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at six-month follow up. The data were statistically analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-seven patients survived penetrating missile brain injury, in most of them with GCS score above 8 on admission. The mean time interval to hospital admission in this group of patients was less than two hours. Twelve of 67 patients developed different complications. All patients recovered well according to GOS (GOS 5 and 4) at six-month follow up. Fifty-nine patients died. The wounded who were in moribund state on the hospital admission (n = 11), and those who died during surgery (n = 8) were excluded from the analysis. The remaining 40 patients who did not survive were analyzed. The majority of them had GCS score 3-8 on admission. They mostly sustained bilateral hemispheric lesion, and/or ventricular lesion, and developed brain edema. The mean time interval between injury and hospital admission was over two hours in this group of patients. Postoperative complication developed in 9 of 40 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The patients with GCS score exceeding 8 had by far more favorable outcome in comparison to those with GCS score less than 8. Considering the extent of injury, patients suffering unihemispheric brain wounds had a more favorable outcome than those with lesions of both hemispheres, and particularly those with transventricular lesions. The time between injury and hospital admission proved to be another important prognostic factor. The majority of patients admitted up to one hour of injury survived, while two thirds of those admitted between one and three hours of injury succumbed. The presence of intracranially retained foreign bodies and bone fragments, and postinjury and postoperative complications implied worse outcome in comparison with their absence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The state of consciousness on admission was the most sensitive criterion as far as the prognosis is concerned. The outcome also depended on the extent of brain damage since the wounds associated with a high mortality rate were predominantly bihemispheric. Concerning survival, the time between injury and hospital admission also appeared to be important, as well as intracranially retained foreign bodies and bone fragments, and development of complications. There was no relationship between the presence of retained fragments and development of infection, suggesting that it is not necessary to reoperate for retained fragments. We assume that early surgery is essential for treatment outcome, although it is not necessary to reoperate for retained fragments.
authors.affiliation: Odjel za neurokirurgiju Klinicka bolnica Osijek Josipa Huttlera 4 31000 Osijek, Hrvatska.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Splavski
authors.forename: Duro
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vranković
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saftić
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muzević
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kosuta
authors.forename: Rudika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gmajnić
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017523:Croatia; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D020197:Head Injuries, Penetrating / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D014857:Warfare