title: Relationship between adipokines, inflammation, and vascular reactivity in lean controls and obese subjects with metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Adipokines interfere with insulin action and endothelial cell function. We investigated the relationship among adipokines, metabolic factors, inflammatory markers, and vascular reactivity in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome and lean controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of 19 obese subjects with metabolic syndrome and 8 lean volunteers evaluated as controls. Vascular reactivity was assessed by venous occlusion pletysmography measuring braquial forearm blood flow (FBF) and vascular resistance (VR) responses to intra-arterial infusions of endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine-Ach) and independent (sodium nitroprusside-SNP) vasodilators. Blood samples were obtained to evaluate C reactive protein (CRP), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), fibrinogen, adiponectin, resistin, and lipid profile. Patients were classified with regard to insulin resistance through the HOMA-IR index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PAI-1, CRP and fibrinogen were higher and adiponectin was lower in metabolic syndrome subjects compared to controls. Metabolic syndrome subjects had impaired vascular reactivity. Adiponectin and PAI-1 were associated with insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, and HDLc; and resistin with CRP. Adiponectin was associated with VR after Ach in the pooled group and resistin with D FBF after Ach in the metabolic syndrome group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolic syndrome subjects exhibited low levels of adiponectin and high levels of CRP, fibrinogen, and PAI-1. Adiponectin and PAI-1 correlated with insulin resistance markers. Adiponectin and resistin correlated with vascular reactivity parameters. An adipocyte-endothelium interaction might be an important mechanism of inflammation and vascular dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcântara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bahia
authors.forename: Luiz Guilherme
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.forename: Nivaldo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Villela
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bottino
authors.forename: Amelio F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Godoy-Matos
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Geloneze
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tambascia
authors.forename: Eliete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bouskela
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D052243:Resistin / Q000097:blood; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D052243:Resistin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein