title: Plasma retinol-binding protein-4 concentrations are elevated in human subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The dysregulation of adipokines is closely associated with the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP4), a new adipokine, was recently reported to provide a link between obesity and insulin resistance. Here, we examined the relation between plasma RBP4 concentrations and various metabolic parameters in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to measure human RBP4 plasma concentrations, which were then compared with various parameters related to insulin resistance in subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n = 57), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n = 48), and type 2 diabetes (n = 49).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma RBP4 concentrations were higher in the IGT and type 2 diabetic groups than in the NGT group (median 18.9 [range 11.2-45.8], 20.9 [9.9-48.5], and 18.1 microg/ml [9.3-30.5], respectively). However, no difference was found between plasma RBP4 concentrations in the IGT and type 2 diabetic groups. Plasma RBP4 concentrations were found to be associated with sex, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, and insulin resistance. Of these, sex and fasting plasma glucose levels were found to be independent determinants of plasma RBP4 concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma RBP4 concentrations were found to be elevated in subjects with IGT or type 2 diabetes and to be related to various clinical parameters known to be associated with insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Byung-Soo
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Youn
authors.forename: Hyewon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Namseok
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sung-Shik
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Soo Heon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.forename: Hong Kyu
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kyong Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; C101326:RBP4 protein, human; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma