title: Intraoperative localization of lymph node metastases with a replication-competent herpes simplex virus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor determining recurrence and survival in patients with mesothelioma and other thoracic malignancies. Accurate localization of lymph node metastases is therefore necessary to improve selection of resectable and curable patients for surgical intervention. This study investigates the potential to identify lymph node metastases intraoperatively by using herpes-guided cancer cell-specific expression of green fluorescent protein.
  
  
  METHODS
  After infection with NV1066, a herpes simplex virus carrying green fluorescent protein transgene, human mesothelioma cancer cell lines were assessed for cancer cell-specific infection, green fluorescent protein expression, viral replication, and cytotoxicity. Murine models of lymphatic metastasis were established by means of surgical implantation of cancer cells into the preauricular (drainage to cervical lymph nodes) and pleural (mediastinal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes) spaces of athymic mice. Fluorescent thoracoscopy, laparoscopy, and stereomicroscopy were used to localize lymph node metastases that were confirmed by means of immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro NV1066 infected, replicated (5- to 17,000-fold), and expressed green fluorescent protein in all cancer cells, even when infected at a low ratio of one viral plaque-forming unit per 100 tumor cells. In vivo NV1066 injected into primary tumors was able to locate and infect lymph node metastases producing green fluorescent protein that was visualized by means of fluorescent imaging. Histology confirmed lymphatic metastases, and immunohistochemistry confirmed viral presence in regions that expressed green fluorescent protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Herpes virus-guided cancer cell-specific production of green fluorescent protein can facilitate accurate localization of lymph node metastases. Fluorescent filters that detect green fluorescent protein can be incorporated into operative scopes to precisely localize and biopsy lymph node metastases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Prasad S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Adusumilli
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: Brendon M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Stiles
authors.forename: Sun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Mei-Ki
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Valerie W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Rusch
authors.forename: Yuman
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human; D006801:Humans; D049408:Luminescent Agents; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008654:Mesothelioma; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D050504:Oncolytic Viruses; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D014709:Vero Cells; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D049408:Luminescent Agents; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins