title: Short-term effects of an educational intervention on physical restraint use: a cluster randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical restraints are still frequently used in nursing home residents despite growing evidence for the ineffectiveness and negative consequences of these methods. Therefore, reduction in the use of physical restraints in psycho-geriatric nursing home residents is very important. The aim of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of an educational intervention on the use of physical restraints in psycho-geriatric nursing home residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cluster randomized trial was applied to 5 psycho-geriatric nursing home wards (n = 167 residents with dementia). The wards were assigned at random to either educational intervention (3 wards) or control status (2 wards). The restraint status was observed and residents' characteristics, such as cognitive status, were determined by using the Minimum Data Set (MDS) at baseline and 1 month after intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Restraint use did not change significantly over time in the experimental group (55%-56%), compared to a significant increased use (P < 0.05) in the control group (56%-70%). The mean restraint intensity and mean multiple restraint use in residents increased in the control group but no changes were shown in the experimental group. Logistic regression analysis showed that residents in the control group were more likely to experience increased restraint use than residents in the experimental group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An educational programme for nurses combined with consultation with a nurse specialist did not decrease the use of physical restraints in psycho-geriatric nursing home residents in the short term. However, the residents in the control group experienced more restraint use during the study period compared to the residents in the experimental group. Whether the intervention will reduce restraint use in the long term could not be inferred from these results. Further research is necessary to gain insight into the long-term effects of this educational intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Studies, Section of Nursing Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. a.huizing@zw.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Huizing
authors.forename: Jan P H
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hamers
authors.forename: Math J M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gulpers
authors.forename: Martijn P F
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D003704:Dementia; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005851:Geriatric Nursing / Q000193:education*; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D009426:Netherlands; D009735:Nursing Homes; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires