title: Targeting the EGF/VEGF-R system by tyrosine-kinase inhibitors--a novel antiproliferative/antiangiogenic strategy in thyroid cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In thyroid cancer (TC), endothelial growth factor (EGF) has been associated with dedifferentiation, tumor cell proliferation, and angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been documented to be the main stimulator of angiogenesis in the thyroid gland. Patients with undifferentiated thyroid cancer are in desperate need of new therapeutic strategies because common protocols of therapy usually fail. The aim of this study, therefore, was to evaluate two tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKI, ZD 1839 gefitinib and ZD 6474 vandetanib), directed against the EGF/VEGF receptor for possible antitumor therapy in thyroid cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  EGF/VEGF-R was documented in anaplastic (Hth74, C643), follicular (FTC133), and papillary (TPC1) thyroid cancer cell lines by Western blot analysis. The antiproliferative effect of two TKI (0.1-10 microM) on thyroid cancer cell lines in vitro was quantified by MTT assay, the antiangiogenic effect by assessing secretion of VEGF by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (R&D Systems). ZD 1839 is mainly directed against EGF-R and ZD 6474 against VEGF-R (AstraZeneca, UK), single applications and combinations of compounds were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EGF-R and VEGF-R as well as the phosphorylated receptor were documented in all of the cell lines. Administration of ZD1839 led to an up to 90% reduction of cell number in Hth74, 80% in C643, 50% in FTC133, and 90% in TPC1 (p < 0.05). ZD1839 induced a decrease of VEGF secretion between 30% in C643 and 90% in Hth74. Administration of ZD6474 led to an up to 95% reduction of cell number in Hth74, 85% in C643, 90% in FTC133, and 90% in TPC1 (p < 0.05). The ZD6474 induced decrease of VEGF secretion ranged between 20% (FTC133) and 60% (TPC1). Combinations of IC50 concentrations of TKI showed synergistic effects, resulting in additional inhibition of proliferation between 50 and 90% compared to single drug administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The EGF/EGF-R system resembles a powerful VEGF-stimulating pathway in all histiotypes of TC and can be inhibited by TKI. TKI directed against EGF-R as well as VEGF-R inhibit tumor cell proliferation and VEGF secretion in vitro. Combinations of TKI are more effective than strategies using single agents. It is suggested that targeting EGF-R/VEGF-R-mediated pathways may have therapeutic potential in some undifferentiated thyroid cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Philipps-University of Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany. hoffmans@mailer.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gläser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wunderlich
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lingelbach
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burchert
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rothmund
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zielke
mesh_terms: D002277:Carcinoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000077156:Gefitinib; D006801:Humans; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010880:Piperidines; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011799:Quinazolines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D000077156:Gefitinib; C452423:vandetanib