title: 22-Hydroxycholesterols regulate lipid metabolism differently than T0901317 in human myotubes.
abstract: The nuclear liver X receptors (LXRalpha and beta) are regulators of lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Oxysterols are known LXR ligands, but the functional role of hydroxycholesterols is at present unknown. In human myotubes, chronic exposure to the LXR ligand T0901317 promoted formation of diacylglycerol (DAG) and triacylglycerol (TAG), 22-R-hydroxycholesterol (22-R-HC) had no effect, and 22-S-hydroxycholesterol (22-S-HC) reduced the formation. In accordance with this, 22-HC and T0901317 regulated the expression of fatty acid transporter CD36, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 1 and fatty acid synthase (FAS) differently; all genes were increased by T0901317, 22-R-HC did not change their expression level, while 22-S-HC reduced it. Transfection studies confirmed that the FAS promoter was activated by T0901317 and repressed by 22-S-HC through an LXR response element in the promoter. Both 22-R-HC and T0901317 increased gene expression of LXRalpha, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, while 22-S-HC had little effect. In summary, 22-R-HC regulated lipid metabolism and mRNA expression of some LXR target genes in human myotubes differently than T0901317. Moreover, 22-S-HC did not behave like an inactive ligand; it reduced synthesis of complex lipids and repressed certain genes involved in lipogenesis and lipid handling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. e.t.kase@farmasi.uio.no
authors.forename: Eili Tranheim
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Kase
authors.forename: Bård
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Hilde I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Nebb
authors.forename: Arild C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rustan
authors.forename: G Hege
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Thoresen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D006888:Hydroxycholesterols / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008024:Ligands; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014162:Transfection; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000235:genetics; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D006888:Hydroxycholesterols; D008024:Ligands; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014280:Triglycerides; D019014:fas Receptor; C491898:Fas protein, rat; C000605213:NR1H3 protein, human; C000605215:Nr1h3 protein, rat; C423915:T0901317; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides; C003585:22-hydroxycholesterol