title: Application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the analysis of imidacloprid in wiliwili tree, Erythrina sandwicensis O. Deg, for control of the wasp Quadrastichus erythrinae.
abstract: A monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid was evaluated for its reproducibility, accuracy, and comparability to results from a conventional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the analysis of imidacloprid in the endemic wiliwili tree (Erythrina sandwicensis O. Deg) found in dryland forests and landscapes in Hawaii. Imidacloprid was applied to these wiliwili trees in an attempt to control the newly introduced erythrina gall wasp, Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim. Leaf samples were freeze-dried and extracted with acidic aqueous methanol followed by methylene chloride partitioning. After solvent removal, the extract residue was reconstituted in 1 mL of water/methanol (1:1, v/v) for ELISA; no significant matrix interference was observed at 10-fold or more dilution. The average recoveries of imidacloprid from fortified samples ranged from 78% to 100% by ELISA. The correlation between the ELISA and HPLC results was excellent (r2 = 0.98). Imidacloprid was detected with the ELISA in all treated samples and its level varied in the samples among different treatments and in those from different parts of the trees. The infestation severity rating of leaf samples was inversely related to the concentration of imidacloprid. It is clear that imidacloprid effectively controls the wasps. The ELISA is a suitable method for quantitative and reliable determination of imidacloprid in wiliwili trees and the application provides information to understand how to control the wasps.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Il Kyu
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Arnold H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Qing X
authors.initials: QX
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods*; D004895:Erythrina / Q000737:chemistry*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D014197:Trees / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010936:Plant Extracts; C082359:imidacloprid