title: Cost and cost-effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in Singapore.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the cost and cost-effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Singapore. The use and cost of HIV services was calculated for patients managed at the national HIV referral centre in Singapore between 1996 and 2001 from a hospital perspective. Three groups of patients were compared by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stage of HIV infection: those who had never received ART; those who had received only dual therapy; and those who had only received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Hospital charges were used to estimate the average hospital inpatient and outpatient care costs. Life years gained (LYG) were calculated for different stages of HIV infection and the incremental costs per LYG were calculated comparing those on dual ART and HAART with those who did not receive ART. Patients on ART progressed less rapidly across all CDC stages. For CDC stage A, the incremental cost per LYG was 17,007 dollars (Singaporean dollar) (interquartile range [IQR] 7963-25,113 dollars ) and 22,511 dollars (IQR 11,299-33,724 dollars) for those on dual therapy and HAART, respectively. The incremental cost per LYG in stage B was 10,868 dollars (IQR 4506-17,239 dollars) and 21,094 dollars (IQR 7774-34,431 dollars) for patients on dual therapy and HAART, respectively, while the incremental cost per LYG for stage C patients was 9,848 dollars (IQR 5256-14,419 dollars ) and 16,513 dollars (IQR 8677-24,337 dollars) for dual therapy and HAART, respectively. Dual ART therapy and HAART were cost-effective interventions in Singapore. Cost-effectiveness is likely to improve if drug prices continue to decrease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore. nick.paton@mrc.ctu.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nicholas I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Paton
authors.forename: Chere A T
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sangeetha
authors.forename: Sundhiya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mandalia
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bellamy
authors.forename: Eduard J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012846:Singapore; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents