title: Glucocorticoids suppress tumor lymphangiogenesis of prostate cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glucocorticoids such as prednisone, hydrocortisone, and dexamethasone are known to provide some clinical benefit for patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms by which glucocorticoids affect hormone-refractory prostate cancer progression are not well established as yet. Our previous study has shown that glucocorticoids inhibit tumor angiogenesis possibly by down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin 8. Here, we hypothesized that the therapeutic effect of dexamethasone on hormone-refractory prostate cancer can be partly attributed to a direct inhibition of lymphangiogenesis through the glucocorticoid receptor by down-regulating a major lymphangiogenic factor, VEGF-C.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of dexamethasone on the expression of VEGF-C and its receptor, VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3), were examined using an androgen-independent human prostate cancer cell line, DU145, which expresses glucocorticoid receptor. The effects of dexamethasone on tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis in DU145 xenografts were determined by analyzing VEGF-C gene expression, lymphatic vessel density, and relative lymphatic vessel area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dexamethasone significantly down-regulated VEGF-C gene expression and protein production by 48% (P = 0.003) and 44% (P = 0.002), respectively, under normoxic condition. Similarly, hydrocortisone down-regulated VEGF-C gene expression. The effects of dexamethasone were completely reversed by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486. Even under hypoxia-like conditions, dexamethasone inhibited VEGF-C gene expression. In DU145 xenografts, dexamethasone significantly down-regulated VEGF-C gene expression and decreased lymphangiogenesis. Dexamethasone did not affect VEGFR-3 gene expression in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glucocorticoids suppressed tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis by down-regulating VEGF-C through glucocorticoid receptor in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. yanoaki.uro@tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Yasuhisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iwai
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kageyama
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kihara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000235:genetics*; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D003907:Dexamethasone; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3