title: Perennial non-infectious rhinitis--an independent risk factor for sleep disturbances in Asthma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate if perennial non-infectious rhinitis is associated with sleep disturbances in asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a questionnaire based study in a random population sample from Denmark, Estonia, Iceland, Norway and Sweden aged 30-54yr. A total of 1127 individuals reporting asthma from an original random population sample of 16,191 were analysed regarding their quality of sleep in relation to perennial non-infectious rhinitis. Perennial non-infectious rhinitis was defined as having nasal symptoms such as nasal blockage and secretion in the absence of common cold, always. Asthma was defined as both ever having had asthma and having physician diagnosed asthma. Odds ratios (OR) for difficulties inducing sleep, difficulties maintaining sleep, early morning awakenings and daytime sleepiness were calculated in a multiple logistic regression controlling for other risk factors for sleep disturbances such as snoring, wheeze, obesity and smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 74%. A total of 189 (17%) of the subjects with asthma reported perennial non-infectious rhinitis. Perennial non-infectious rhinitis was associated with an increased OR for difficulties maintaining sleep (1.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.3)), early morning awakenings (1.5 (95% CI 1.1-2.2)) and daytime sleepiness (1.8 (95% CI 1.2-2.9)). The result show that perennial non-infectious rhinitis is an independant risk factor for sleep disturbances in asthma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Lundby Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden. Johan.Hellgren@lundbysjukhus.se
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hellgren
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Omenaas
authors.forename: Thórarinn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gíslason
authors.forename: Rain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jögi
authors.forename: Karl A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Janson
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Torén
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012913:Snoring / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology