title: Use of bioassay and microplate assay to detect and measure insecticide resistance in field populations of Culex pipiens from filariasis endemic areas of Egypt.
abstract: Insecticide and resistance bioassays and microplate assays were performed on Culex pipiens mosquitoes to determine the level and mechanisms of resistance. Culex pipiens larvae were collected from three filariasis-endemic areas of Egypt and reared to adults for subsequent production and testing of F1 generation larvae and adults. Bioassays were performed using World Health Organization (WHO) methods with the diagnostic doses of 6 organophosphate insecticides for larvae and 1 organochlorine (OC), 4 pyrethroid, 2 organophosphate, and 2 carbamate insecticides for adults. Microplate assays were performed to measure levels of beta esterase, acetylcholinesterase, insensitive acetylcholinesterase, oxidases, and glutathione-S-transferase enzymes. Larval bioassay results showed clear indications of resistance to organophosphate insecticides. Adult bioassays also showed widespread, significant resistance to many insecticides from all four classes, including the OC, DDT. The Qalubiya larval population was susceptible only to malathion, whereas Sharkiya larvae were susceptible to malathion, temephos, and chlorpyrifos. On the other hand, larval specimens from Assiut were resistant to all insecticides tested. Larval bioassay results were supported by those of microplate assays in showing elevated levels of glutathione S-transferase in populations from all three areas. In general, microplate results confirmed patterns of resistance observed using bioassays, and mechanisms of resistance were evident for all three areas sampled. Mechanisms of resistance are discussed in relation to microplate and bioassay results for the areas sampled and pesticides used.
authors.affiliation: Research Sciences Directorate, US Naval Medical Research Unit Number Three.
authors.forename: Abdel Baset B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Zayed
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Szumlas
authors.forename: Hanafi A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Hanafi
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Fryauff
authors.forename: Azza A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mostafa
authors.forename: Kamilia M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Allam
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Brogdon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D003465:Culex / Q000201:enzymology; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides; D007814:Larva
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides