title: Approaches in modelling long-term survival: an application to breast cancer.
abstract: Several modelling techniques have been proposed for non-proportional hazards. In this work we consider different models which can be classified into three wide categories: models with time-varying effects of the covariates; frailty models and cure rate models. We present those different extensions of the proportional hazards model on an application of 2433 breast cancer patients with a long follow-up. We comment on the differences and similarities among the models and evaluate their performance using survival and hazard plots, Brier scores and pseudo-observations.
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Center, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9604, 2300 RC, The Netherlands. a.perperoglou@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Aris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perperoglou
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keramopoullos
authors.forename: Hans C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: van Houwelingen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017741:Survivors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*