title: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced production of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and its regulation by pioglitazone and cerivastatin in a nonmalignant human hepatocyte cell line.
abstract: Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is an important mediator of atherosclerosis and liver fibrosis in insulin resistance. Circulating levels of PAI-1 are elevated in obese individuals, and PAI-1 messenger RNA is significantly higher in the livers of obese type 2 diabetic individuals than in nonobese type 2 diabetic individuals. To address the mechanism underlying the up-regulation of hepatic PAI-1 in obesity, we tested the effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), an important link between obesity and insulin resistance, on PAI-1 production in the nonmalignant human hepatocyte cell line, THLE-5b. Incubation of THLE-5b cells with TNF-alpha stimulated PAI-1 production via protein kinase C-, mitogen-activated protein kinase-, protein tyrosine kinase-, and nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent pathways. A thiazolidinedione, pioglitazone, reduced TNF-alpha-induced PAI-1 production by 32%, via protein kinase C- and nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent pathways. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor cerivastatin inhibited TNF-alpha-induced PAI-1 production by 59%, which was reversed by coincubation with mevalonic acid. In conclusion, obesity and TNF-alpha up-regulation of PAI-1 expression in human hepatocytes may contribute to the impairment of the fibrinolytic system, leading to the development of atherosclerosis and liver fibrosis in insulin-resistant individuals. A thiazolidinedione and a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor may thus be candidate drugs to inhibit obesity-associated hepatic PAI-1 production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Digestive Disease, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
authors.forename: Yumie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.forename: Toshinari
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takamura
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hamaguchi
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Tsuguhito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaneko
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D011725:Pyridines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C086276:cerivastatin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D000077205:Pioglitazone