title: Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in orbital fibroadipose connective tissues of Graves' ophthalmopathy patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of cycloocygenase-2 (COX-2) in orbital fibroadipose connective tissue in Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) patients, and investigate the associations between COX-2 expression and GO characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The orbital fibroadipose connective tissues of 23 cases demonstrating moderate or severe GO, and eight control subjects without any history of thyroid or autoimmune disease were analyzed for COX-2 mRNA expression. Real-time relative quantitative PCR was performed to assess transcripts of COX-2 using the LightCycler. The disease activity was evaluated by the clinical activity score (CAS). The clinical features of GO were evaluated by total eye score (TES) and the cases were divided into two groups; type 1 cases included higher degrees of proptosis with orbital fat volume increase, and type 2 cases included cases with compressive neuropathy and limited extraocular muscle functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean +/- s.d. disease duration was 5.7 +/- 7.1 years. The mean +/- s.d. CAS and TES of cases were 1.60 +/- 1.04 and 7.5 +/- 1.8 respectively. The mean +/- s.d. expression of COX-2 was 0.023 +/- 0.013 and 0.010 +/- 0.002 in GO cases and controls (P = 0.008), and 0.015 +/- 0.073 and 0.029 +/- 0.135 in type 1 and type 2 cases respectively (P = 0.007). COX-2 expression showed a statistically significant positive correlation with TES (r = 0.634, P = 0.001), and a negative correlation with the disease duration (r = -0.621, P = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  COX-2 is expressed at higher levels in orbital fibroadipose tissues of GO cases. This showed a positive correlation with increasing severity of orbital disease suggesting possible relation with COX-2 expression and orbital inflammation in GO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Medical Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: E Berrin Yuksel
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Konuk
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Konuk
authors.forename: Muge
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Misirlioglu
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Menevse
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Unal
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000201:enzymology*; D000328:Adult; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2