title: Accumulation of nonphosphorylated beta-catenin and c-myc in primary and uremic secondary hyperparathyroid tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) resulting from parathyroid tumors is a common endocrine disorder with incompletely understood etiology, affecting about 1% of the adult population, with an even higher prevalence for elderly individuals. In renal failure, secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) occurs with multiple tumor development as a result of calcium and vitamin D regulatory disturbance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Aberrant Wnt/beta-catenin signaling with accumulation of beta-catenin in the cytoplasm/nucleus is involved in the development of a variety of neoplasms. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway is activated in parathyroid adenomas of pHPT and in hyperplastic glands from uremic patients with sHPT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, real-time quantitative RT-PCR, and DNA sequencing were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  beta-Catenin was accumulated in all analyzed parathyroid tumors (n = 47) from patients with pHPT and from patients with HPT secondary to uremia. The accumulation included nonphosphorylated, stabilized (transcriptionally active) beta-catenin. The overexpression was not related to increased beta-catenin mRNA levels. A protein-stabilizing mutation in exon 3 of beta-catenin (S37A) was detected in three of 20 pHPT tumors (15%). No mutation was detected in secondary hyperplastic glands (n = 20), and no evidence for truncated adenomatosis polyposis coli proteins was found in adenomas and secondary hyperplastic glands. Mutations in other Wnt signaling components leading to beta-catenin accumulation, other than in beta-catenin itself, are therefore anticipated. The beta-catenin target gene c-myc was overexpressed in a substantial fraction of the parathyroid tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results strongly suggest that modifications in the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway may be involved in the development of hyperparathyroidism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Endocrine Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Peyman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Björklund
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Akerström
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Westin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D049950:Hyperparathyroidism, Primary / Q000150:complications*; D006962:Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010282:Parathyroid Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D014511:Uremia / Q000378:metabolism*; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin