title: Fine tuning the production of nanosized beta-carotene particles using spinning disk processing.
abstract: Nanoparticles of trans-beta-carotene are accessible using spinning disk processing (SDP), by varying the reaction conditions and the choice of surfactant, macrocyclic amphiphiles, sulfonato-calix[4,5,6,8]arenes, and alpha,beta-cyclodextrins. SDP ensures rapid mixing and fast kinetics, and nanoparticles of the carotene formed in the presence of the calixarenes are stable with respect to extraction of the carotene into an organic solvent, unlike in the presence of the cyclodextrins. Insight into the supramolecular structure of the carotene nanoparticles has also been established. The mean particle sizes (dynamic light scattering, DLS) have been optimized at 40(2) and 56(1) nm and 71.4(6) and 82(1) nm, respectively, for each sulfonato-calix[5,6 and 4,8]arene, whereas the cyclodextrins form nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 71(1) and 68.5(6) nm, respectively. Zeta-potential studies show stability of all the colloidal dispersions at pH > 4 with values below -30 mV. UV-visible spectroscopy shows a blue shift indicative of H-aggregates of the carotene within the nanoparticles. The surface area derived from BET studies is 39.12 m(2)/g corresponding to particles of 76.7(5) nm in diameter, in agreement with sizes obtained from DLS and TEM measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Natthinee
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Anantachoke
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makha
authors.forename: Colin L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Raston
authors.forename: Vichai
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Reutrakul
authors.forename: Nigel C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saunders
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D047250:Calixarenes / Q000737:chemistry; D003505:Cyclodextrins / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000138:chemical synthesis*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D003505:Cyclodextrins; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012997:Solvents; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D019207:beta Carotene; D047250:Calixarenes