title: Sleep disorders in neuromuscular diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with neuromuscular disorders (NMD) are especially vulnerable to sleep-related dysfunction. Sleep-disordered breathing often precedes diurnal respiratory failure in NMD patients, requiring timely recognition and management with noninvasive ventilation (NIV). This paper reviews the mechanisms, diagnostic evaluation, and management of sleep disorders in various neuromuscular diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The severity, duration, and type of NMD influence the pattern of sleep disturbance. Several investigators have addressed other clinical aspects including rating scales for sleep complaints, hypocretin-1 deficiency, excessive daytime somnolence, and relation of sleep disorder with length of CTG trinucleotide repeats in myotonic dystrophy. Benefits of NIV on quality of life and survival in adults and children with chronic NMD are well established, and recently have been documented even in patients with nocturnal hypoventilation and daytime normocapnia. In contrast, the timing for investigation with polysomnography and for initiation of NIV is debated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with chronic NMD should be routinely assessed for sleep-disordered breathing and sleep complaints, because these are treatable complications in an otherwise progressive disease process. Further research is needed to establish the indications for polysomnography and to determine the optimal timing for initiating NIV to treat sleep-disordered breathing in patients with neuromuscular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA. dhandu@health.missouri.edu
authors.forename: Upinder K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Dhand
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dhand
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy