title: National estimates and race/ethnic-specific variation of selected birth defects in the United States, 1999-2001.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the United States, birth defects affect approximately 3% of all births, are a leading cause of infant mortality, and contribute substantially to childhood morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Network were combined to estimate the prevalence of 21 selected defects for 1999-2001, stratified by surveillance system type. National prevalence was estimated for each defect by pooling data from 11 states with active case-finding, and adjusting for the racial/ethnic distribution of US live births. We also assessed racial/ethnic variation of the selected birth defects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  National birth defect prevalence estimates ranged from 0.82 per 10,000 live births for truncus arteriosus to 13.65 per 10,000 live births for Down syndrome. Compared with infants of non-Hispanic (NH) white mothers, infants of NH black mothers had a significantly higher birth prevalence of tetralogy of Fallot, lower limb reduction defects, and trisomy 18, and a significantly lower birth prevalence of cleft palate, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula, gastroschisis, and Down syndrome. Infants of Hispanic mothers, compared with infants of NH white mothers, had a significantly higher birth prevalence of anencephalus, spina bifida, encephalocele, gastroschisis, and Down syndrome, and a significantly lower birth prevalence of tetralogy of Fallot, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, cleft palate without cleft lip, and esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study can be used to evaluate individual state surveillance data, and to help plan for public health care and educational needs. It also provides valuable data on racial/ethnic patterns of selected major birth defects.
authors.affiliation: Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas 78756, USA. mark.canfield@dshs.state.tx.us
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Canfield
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Honein
authors.forename: Nataliya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yuskiv
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Cara T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: Julianne S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Owen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Devine
authors.forename: Joann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petrini
authors.forename: Tunu A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ramadhani
authors.forename: Charlotte A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: Russell S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kirby
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000208:ethnology*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data