title: Feasibility of creating estimates of left ventricular flow-volume dynamics using echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study explores the feasibility of non-invasive assessment of left ventricular volume and flow relationship throughout cardiac cycle employing echocardiographic methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine healthy individuals and 3 patients with severe left-sided valvular abnormalities were subject to resting echocardiography with automated endocardial border detection allowing real-time estimation of left ventricular volume throughout the cardiac cycle. Global and regional (6 different left ventricular segments) estimates of flow-volume loops were subsequently constructed by plotting acquired instantaneous left ventricular 2-D area data (left ventricular volume) vs. their first derivatives (flow).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flow-volume loop estimates were obtainable in 75% of all echocardiographic images and displayed in normal individuals some regional morphological variation with more pronounced isovolumic events in the paraseptal segments and significantly delayed maximal systolic flow paraapically. In patients with aortic stenosis, maximal systolic flow occurred at a lower estimated left ventricular systolic volume whereas in mitral stenosis, maximal diastolic flow was observed at a higher estimated left ventricular diastolic volume. Aortic regurgitation caused a complex alteration of the estimated flow-volume loop shape during diastole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-invasive assessment of left ventricular flow-volume relationship with echocardiography is technically feasible and reveals the existence of regional variation in flow-volume loop morphology. Valvular abnormalities cause a clear and specific alteration of the estimates of the normal systolic or diastolic flow-volume pattern, likely reflecting the underlying pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Engineering, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. emil.soderqvist@ki.se
authors.forename: Emil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Söderqvist
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: Reidar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: Lars-Ake
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brodin
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D013318:Stroke Volume; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*