Neurocognitive outcomes in pediatric HIV.
Cognitive impairment has long been associated with the natural history of HIV among vertically infected children. In children, HIV may have a direct or indirect impact on the developing brain, may lead to global or highly specific consequences, and may be responsible for minor cognitive consequences or, conversely, long-term and severe disability. This differential impact is related to multiple factors that influence the individual expression of the virus in any given child. This review provides an overview of the relevant literature on neurocognitive outcomes for infants, children, and youth vertically infected with HIV, with attention to those factors impacting neurocognitive outcome within a developmental framework. Research findings in both the era preceding and following the introduction of combined therapies are reviewed, since many of the issues identified prior to state-of-the-art treatment currently available in the United States and other developed countries still apply in much of the developing world. Intervention issues and directions for future research are also discussed.
Willen
Elizabeth J
EJ
Mailman Center for Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA. ewillen@med.miami.edu
D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011379:Prognosis