title: Effect of cold-induced stress on rat bladder tissue contractility and histomorphology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of cold-induced stress on bladder tissue histomorphology and contractility in a rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: Control group (Group 1), acute cold-stress group (Group 2, kept at +4 degrees C for 8 hr), and chronic cold-stress group (Group 3, kept at +4 degrees C for 4 hr/day for 21 days). At the end of protocols, histological examination of general bladder tissue morphology and determination of mast cells was performed. Organ bath studies were conducted at basal tone where contractile responses to 120 mM potassium, electrical field stimulation (EFS), and carbachol (10(-9)-10(-4) M) were assessed. Relaxation responses to EFS, isoproterenol (10(-9)-10(-4) M), papaverine plus sodium nitroprusside (10(-4) M each) were recorded in carbachol pre-contracted strips. All data were compared by one-way ANOVA test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 1 revealed regular bladder mucosa with intact urothelium. Groups 2 and 3 showed degeneration of urothelium with accumulation of neutrophils and significantly increased number of mast cells in both mucosa and muscularis. Mast cell counts were significantly higher in Group 3 compared to Group 2. Contractile responses to 120 mM potassium and EFS were significantly greater in the control group compared to other groups. Carbachol caused dose-dependent contractions that were significantly higher in the control group (at 10(-5), 3 x 10(-5), and 10(-4) M doses). There was no statistical difference between the groups in terms of relaxation responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo cold exposure induces significant bladder injury and decreased tissue contractility. Mechanistic pathways involved in the response of the urinary bladder to cold-induced stress need further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Tophanelioglu cd. 13-15, Altunizade 34662, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aslan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.forename: Fikret Fatih
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Onol
authors.forename: Feriha
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ercan
authors.forename: Tufan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tarcan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002452:Cell Count; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000502:physiology; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D002217:Carbachol