title: [New trends in tonometry].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Though the knowledge about the risk of elevated intraocular pressure for pathogenesis for development and progress of glaucoma is more than 400 years old. It took another 300 years before by means of tonometry this elevation could be quantified. After discussion of the key words it is our aim to demonstrate the latest trends in tonometry, specifically by use of modern electronics for instrument design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Goldmann was the founder of the "applanation tonometry", measuring the corelation of applanated area and applied force. Here, the next step was the development of instruments, measuring independent of position or gravity to allow application also at the lying patient. Electronic area detection was the next step to avoid examinor's error. Also important was the introduction of automatic UV-desinfection to avoid contamination of the other eye or other patients. Other tonometers control the force applied by an inductive method, which also allows application independent of position. Airpuff-tonometry uses completely different measuring principles - the resulting change of corneal curvature indicates the intraocular pressure. The impedance principle is applied even through the closed eye lid. The shock waves resulting shall be measured. Direct application of a surface sensor incorporated into a concave surface contact body shall allow direct measurement of intraocular pressure independent of corneal thickness, curvature, astigmatism. This method has been tried for more than 20 years. Also exposition of the eye to count waves of different frequency was an early attempt. Here also change of reflectivity is used to calculate intraocular pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even after use of modern electronic technology the precision of many of these new devices does not lead to better results. This specifically is shown by modern calibration methods.
authors.affiliation: Universitäts-Augenklinik Hamburg, Eppendorf, Klinik und Poliklinik für AugenheilkundeMartinistr, Hamburg. k.sebestyen@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Draeger
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schwenteck
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ruokonen
mesh_terms: D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D004867:Equipment Design; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*