title: Air contaminants in a submarine equipped with air independent propulsion.
abstract: The Swedish Navy has operated submarines equipped with air independent propulsion for two decades. This type of submarine can stay submerged for periods far longer than other non-nuclear submarines are capable of. The air quality during longer periods of submersion has so far not been thoroughly investigated. This study presents results for a number of air quality parameters obtained during more than one week of continuous submerged operation. The measured parameters are pressure, temperature, relative humidity, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter and microbiological contaminants. The measurements of airborne particles demonstrate that air pollutants typically occur at a low baseline level due to high air exchange rates and efficient air-cleaning devices. However, short-lived peaks with comparatively high concentrations occur, several of the sources for these have been identified. The concentrations of the pollutants measured in this study do not indicate a build-up of hazardous compounds during eight days of submersion. It is reasonable to assume that a substantial build-up of the investigated contaminants is not likely if the submersion period is prolonged several times, which is the case for modern submarines equipped with air independent propulsion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Heat Transfer, Department of Heat and Power Engineering, Lund Institute of Technology, Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ostberg
authors.forename: Joakim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pagels
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sebastian
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000592:standards*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D008021:Life Support Systems; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D010126:Ozone / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D011312:Pressure; D013366:Submarine Medicine; D013548:Sweden; D013696:Temperature; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010126:Ozone; D006859:Hydrogen; D010100:Oxygen