title: The ocular manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to present the literature on the ocular complications of inflammatory bowel disease, their pathogenesis, manifestation and treatment options. In particular, the literature pertaining to recently available treatments will be reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease remains incompletely understood, treatment options for ocular and systemic disease have expanded with the introduction of newer steroid-sparing agents such as mycophenolate mofetil and a new class of immunomodulatory agents targeting cytokines, in particular infliximab, a monoclonal antibody directed against tumour necrosis factor-alpha.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  That inflammatory bowel disease can have ocular manifestations has been known for over 80 years. Knowing of their occurrence and treatment options enables the treating clinician to recognize their cause and treat them appropriately.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Simon R J
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCluskey
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lightman
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000963:Antimetabolites / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000963:Antimetabolites; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents