title: Effects of statin therapy on the development and progression of heart failure: mechanisms and clinical trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Statin therapy has been shown to effectively lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and reduce cardiovascular events. Statins also appear to exert other favorable effects, including anti-inflammatory actions and improvement in endothelial function. Statin therapy may therefore yield important clinical benefits in patients with heart failure-a physiologic state characterized by systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review summarizes basic and clinical investigations regarding the role of statin therapy in heart failure, focusing on potential mechanisms and preliminary clinical data. There is now extensive evidence suggesting that statins improve endothelial function, inhibit neurohormonal activation, restore autonomic balance, reduce inflammation, and prevent ventricular remodeling. Retrospective and small-scale prospective studies suggest that statins prevent the development of heart failure and reduce mortality in patients with established HF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preliminary evidence supports a role for statins in improving surrogate markers and clinical outcomes in ischemic and nonischemic heart failure. Large-scale randomized clinical trials are needed to definitively address this important topic.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Kiran K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Khush
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Waters
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents