title: Family intervention for schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  People with schizophrenia from families that express high levels of criticism, hostility, or over involvement, have more frequent relapses than people with similar problems from families that tend to be less expressive of emotions. Forms of psychosocial intervention, designed to reduce these levels of expressed emotions within families are now widely used.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the effects of family psychosocial interventions in community settings for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like conditions compared to standard care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We updated previous searches by searching The Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register (November 2002 and June 2005), searched references of all new included studies for further trial citations, and contacted authors of trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected randomised or quasi-randomised studies focusing primarily on families of people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder that compared community-orientated family-based psychosocial intervention with standard care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We independently extracted data and calculated fixed effects relative risk (RR), the 95% confidence intervals (CI) for binary data, and, where appropriate, the number needed to treat (NNT) on an intention-to-treat basis. For continuous data, we calculated weighted mean differences (WMD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  This 2005-6 update adds data of 15 additional trials (1765 participants, 43% of the total 4124). Family intervention may decrease the frequency of relapse (n=857, 16 RCTs, RR 0.71 CI 0.6 to 0.8, NNT 8 CI 6 to 11), although some small but negative studies may not have been identified by the search. Family intervention may also reduce hospital admission (8 RCTs, n=481, RR 0.78 CI 0.6 to 1.0, NNT 8 CI 6 to 13)--and this finding is a change to the previous equivocal data reported in 2002. Family intervention may also encourage compliance with medication (n=369, 7 RCTs, RR 0.74 CI 0.6 to 0.9, NNT 7 CI 4 to 19) but does not obviously affect the tendency of individuals/families to drop out of care (n=481, 6 RCTs, RR 0.86 CI 0.5 to 1.4). It may improve general social impairment and the levels of expressed emotion within the family. We did not find data to suggest that family intervention either prevents or promotes suicide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians, researchers, policy makers and recipients of care cannot be confident of the effects of family intervention from the findings of this review. Further data from already completed trials could greatly inform practice and more trials are justified as long as their participants, interventions and outcomes are applicable to routine care.
authors.affiliation: Littlemore Mental Health Centre, Willow House, Sandford Rd, Oxford, UK. fiona.pharoah@oxmhc-tr.nhs.uk
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pharoah
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mari
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rathbone
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005195:Family Relations; D005196:Family Therapy; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000628:therapy*; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012944:Social Support