Psychological problems in children with bedwetting and combined (day and night) wetting: A UK population-based study.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the psychological problems associated with bedwetting and combined (day and night) wetting in children aged around 7(1/2) years.


METHODS
Participants were a cohort of over 8000 children enrolled in the population-based Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Parents completed postal questionnaires assessing common childhood psychological problems, and children were asked about behavior, friendships, bullying, and self-esteem in clinical interviews. The rates of psychological problems were compared in children with bedwetting, combined wetting, and in children with no wetting problems.


RESULTS
The study found a higher rate of parent-reported psychological problems in children with bedwetting and combined wetting compared with those with no wetting problems. Children with combined wetting were particularly at risk for externalizing problems. There was little difference with the child-reported measures.


CONCLUSIONS
Bedwetting and combined wetting are associated with parent-reported psychological problems and combined wetting confers an increased risk for externalizing problems.
Joinson
Carol
C
Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK. Carol.Joinson@bristol.ac.uk
Heron
Jon
J
Emond
Alan
A
Butler
Richard
R
D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology