title: Salvage of infected craniotomy bone flaps with the wash-in, wash-out indwelling antibiotic irrigation system. Technical note and case series of 12 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  When complicated by infection, craniotomy bone flaps are commonly removed, discarded, and delayed cranioplasty is performed. This treatment paradigm is costly, carries the risks associated with additional surgery, and may cause cosmetic deformities. The authors present their experience with an indwelling antibiotic irrigation system used for the sterilization and salvage of infected bone flaps as an alternative to their removal and replacement.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records for 12 patients with bone flap infections following craniotomy who received treatment with the wash-in, wash-out indwelling antibiotic irrigation system. Infected flaps were removed and scrubbed with povidone-iodine solution and soaked in 1.5% hydrogen peroxide while the wound was debrided. The bone flaps were returned to the skull and the irrigation system was installed. Antibiotic medication was infused through the system for a mean of 5 days. Intravenous antibiotic therapy was continued for 2 weeks and oral antibiotics for 3 months postoperatively. Wound checks were performed at clinic follow-up visits, and there was a mean follow-up period of 13 months. Eleven of the 12 patients who had undergone placement of the bone flap irrigation system experienced complete resolution of the infection. In five patients there was involvement of the nasal sinus cavities, and in four there was a history of radiation treatment. In the one patient whose infection recurred, there was both involvement of the nasal sinuses and a history of extensive radiation treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infected bone flaps can be salvaged, thus avoiding the cost, risk, and possible disfigurement associated with flap removal and delayed cranioplasty. Although prior radiation treatment and involvement of the nasal sinuses may interfere with wound healing and clearance of the infection, these factors should not preclude the use of irrigation with antibiotic agents for bone flap salvage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143-0112, USA.
authors.forename: Kurtis I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Auguste
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: McDermott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods*; D003646:Debridement; D004322:Drainage / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D008579:Meningioma / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents