title: Chronic kidney disease in patients with chronic heart failure--impact on intracardiac conduction, diastolic function and prognosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, but contributing mechanisms are not well defined. This study tested the impact of CKD on intracardiac conduction, diastolic function and prognosis in patients with underlying CHF.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively enrolled 269 patients with stable CHF, of whom 135 had CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)<60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)). Echo measurements comprised left ventricular dimensions/volumes, ejection fraction, mitral E/A-ratio, deceleration time and tissue Doppler mitral annular velocities (S', E', A'). PQ and QRS intervals were derived from the 12-lead ECG. A cardiac event (cardiac death or urgent cardiac transplantation) was defined as combined study end point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with CKD had longer PQ and QRS intervals, and were in a poorer NYHA functional class as compared to patients without CKD. In patients with CKD, the mitral annular E' velocity was lower, the mitral E/E'-ratio was higher and a restrictive mitral filling pattern was more frequent. By linear regression analysis, PQ and QRS intervals and the mitral E/E'-ratio were inversely related to the eGFR. During a follow-up of 507+/-375 days, 39 patients suffered a cardiac event. In CKD patients, outcome was markedly poorer as compared to those without CKD (event-free survival rate 51% vs. 87% in those without KD, p=0.001)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with CHF, CKD is associated with impaired intracardiac conduction and progressive diastolic dysfunction. Both mechanisms may contribute to increased morbidity and mortality of such patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hospital of the University of Münster, Münster, Germany. bruchc@uni-muenster.de <bruchc@uni-muenster.de>
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bruch
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rothenburger
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gotzmann
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wichter
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Scheld
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Breithardt
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gradaus
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis