title: Medium-chain, even-numbered dicarboxylic acids as novel energy substrates: an update.
abstract: Medium-chain dicarboxylic acids are produced by higher plants and animals via fatty acid omega-oxidation or by beta-oxidation of longer-chain dicarboxylic acids. In plants, dicarboxylic acids are components of the natural protective polymers cutin and suberin; in animals, dicarboxylic acids are mainly oxidized in mitochondria, where they are transported through four different pathways. Their energy density is intermediate between glucose and fatty acids. Dicarboxylic acid administration does not require insulin or stimulate insulin secretion, and the beta-oxidation of dicarboxylic acids produces succinic acid, a gluconeogenic substrate. Therefore, dicarboxylic acids might be a suitable fuel substrate, particularly in clinical conditions in which marked insulin resistance and/or impairment of aerobic glycolysis occur.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Internal Medicine, Università Cattolica S. Cuore, Rome, Italy. gmingrone@rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Geltrude
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mingrone
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castagneto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005943:Gluconeogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids