title: PP2A:B56epsilon is required for eye induction and eye field separation.
abstract: Eye induction and eye field separation are the earliest events during vertebrate eye development. Both of these processes occur much earlier than the formation of optic vesicles. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway appears to be essential for eye induction, yet it remains unclear how IGF downstream pathways are involved in eye induction. As a consequence of eye induction, a single eye anlage is specified in the anterior neural plate. Subsequently, this single eye anlage is divided into two symmetric eye fields in response to Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) secreted from the prechordal mesoderm. Here, we report that B56epsilon regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is involved in Xenopus eye induction and subsequent eye field separation. We provide evidence that B56epsilon is required for the IGF/PI3K/Akt pathway and that interfering with the PI3K/Akt pathway inhibits eye induction. In addition, we show that B56epsilon regulates the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway during eye field separation. Thus, B56epsilon is involved in multiple signaling pathways and plays critical roles during early development.
authors.affiliation: Columbus Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rorick
authors.forename: Wenyan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.forename: Nicole L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Liette
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Phiel
authors.forename: Heithem M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: El-Hodiri
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D005123:Eye / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000502:physiology; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt / Q000502:physiology; D009865:Oocytes / Q000502:physiology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D021122:Protein Subunits; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2