title: Spironolactone in type 2 diabetic nephropathy: Effects on proteinuria, blood pressure and renal function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of addition of spironolactone to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition or angiotensin II (AngII) receptor antagonism on proteinuria, blood pressure (BP) and renal function in overt type 2 diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group trial in patients from two outpatient clinics with a follow-up of 1 year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Type 2 diabetic patients with macroalbuminuria, despite long-term use of an ACE inhibitor or AngII receptor blocker were allocated to spironolactone, 25-50 mg once daily (n = 29) or placebo (n = 30). Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, BP and biochemical parameters were measured at regular intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients of the spironolactone and one of the placebo group developed hyperkalemia and had to be excluded. Compared to other patients their baseline serum creatinine [161 (123-248) versus 88 (72-170) micromol/l] and potassium concentrations (4.7 +/- 0.3 versus 4.2 +/- 0.2 mmol/l) were elevated (P < 0.001). Albuminuria decreased by 40.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 23.4-57.8%] and BP by 7 mmHg (2-12 mmHg)/3 mmHg (1-6 mmHg) with spironolactone, but did not change with placebo. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) during the 1-year follow-up declined on average by 12.9 ml/min per 1.73 m (9.5-16.5 ml/min per 1.73 m) in the spironolactone and by 4.9 ml/min per 1.73 m (0.8-8.9 ml/min per 1.73 m) in the placebo group (P = 0.004). This decline was progressive in the placebo but leveled off in the spironolactone group. In the spironolactone group changes in albuminuria and GFR were correlated (r = 0.48, P = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of spironolactone to an ACE inhibitor or AngII receptor blocker is associated with a marked and sustained antiproteinuric effect, which in part relates to the more pronounced reduction in GFR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. vandenmeiracker@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Anton H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: van den Meiracker
authors.forename: Rini Ga
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Baggen
authors.forename: Sacha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pauli
authors.forename: Anouk
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindemans
authors.forename: Arnold G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Vulto
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poldermans
authors.forename: Frans
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boomsma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000517:prevention & control; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D013148:Spironolactone