title: 'To help them is to educate them': power and pedagogy in the prevention and treatment of malaria in Tanzania.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acknowledging that mothers are often the primary caregivers at the household level, malaria control efforts have emphasized educating women in its early recognition. This fails to consider the context in which knowledge will be transformed into action, as women lack decision-making responsibility and financial resources. We examine the knowledge and power dynamics of provider-patient interactions and the implications for malaria treatment of educating mothers during consultations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted in-depth interviews in Tanga, Tanzania, with 79 household participants over 2 years to explore knowledge and perceptions of febrile illness, its treatment and prevention. We also interviewed 55 clinicians at government and private healthcare facilities about their patients' knowledge and treatment-seeking behaviour. We analysed our data using a grounded theory approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Informants had good knowledge of malaria aetiology, symptoms and treatment. Healthcare workers reported that mothers were able to give them sufficient information about their child for accurate diagnosis. However, health staff continued to see mothers who present 'late' as uneducated, intellectually incapable and lazy. Whilst evidence shows that decisions about treatment do not rest with mothers, but with male family members, it is women who continue to be blamed and targeted by health education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aggressive didactic teaching methods used by health staff may be disempowering those already equipped with knowledge, yet unable to control treatment decisions within the household. This may lead to further delays in presentation at a healthcare facility. We propose a rethinking of health education that is context-sensitive, acknowledges class and gendered power relations, and targets men as well as women.
authors.affiliation: Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK, and Center for International Health, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain. catherine.montgomery@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mwengee
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kong'ong'o
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pool
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D003657:Decision Making; D005249:Fees and Charges; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology