title: The psychostimulant and rewarding effects of cocaine in histidine decarboxylase knockout mice do not support the hypothesis of an inhibitory function of histamine on reward.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lesion studies have shown that the tuberomammillary nucleus (TM) exerts inhibitory effects on the brain reward system. To determine whether histamine from the TM is involved in that reward inhibitory function, we assessed the stimulant and rewarding effects of cocaine in knockout mice lacking histidine decarboxylase (HDC KO mice), the histamine-synthesizing enzyme. If histamine actually plays an inhibitory role in reward, then it would be expected that mice lacking histamine would be more sensitive to the behavioral effects of cocaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first experiment characterized spontaneous locomotion and cocaine-induced hyperactivity (0, 8, and 16 mg/kg, i.p.) in wild-type and HDC KO mice. The rewarding effects of cocaine were investigated in a second experiment with the place-conditioning technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first experiment demonstrated that histidine decarboxylase mice showed reduced exploratory behaviors but normal habituation to the test chambers. After habituation to the test chambers, HDC KO mice were slightly, but significantly, less stimulated by cocaine than control mice. This finding was replicated in the second experiment, when cocaine-induced activity was monitored with the place-conditioning apparatus. Furthermore, a significant place preference was present in both genotypes for 8 and 16 mg/kg cocaine, but not for 2 and 4 mg/kg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data confirm previous results demonstrating that HDC KO mice show reduced exploratory behaviors. However, contrary to the hypothesis that histamine plays an inhibitory role in reward, histamine-deficient mice were not more responsive to the psychostimulant effects of cocaine.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche en Psychologie Expérimentale et en Neurosciences Cognitives (URPENC), Université de Liège, Boulevard du Rectorat, B-32, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brabant
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quertemont
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anaclet
authors.forename: Jian-Sheng
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohtsu
authors.forename: Ezio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tirelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D001245:Association Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005838:Genotype; D006632:Histamine / Q000502:physiology*; D006640:Histidine Decarboxylase / Q000235:genetics*; D007026:Hypothalamic Area, Lateral / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009042:Motivation; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012201:Reward
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D006632:Histamine; D006640:Histidine Decarboxylase; D003042:Cocaine