title: Topographic anatomy of a new posterior approach to the pudendal nerve for stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a new approach to the pudendal nerve from a dorsal direction in terms of topographic anatomy and to discuss pudendal nerve neurophysiology in light of the rationale behind pudendal nerve stimulation to treat lower urinary tract disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cadavers of four women aged 78-87 yr were studied. After placing the cadavers in prone position with a 40 degrees -60 degrees flexion of the hips and determining anatomic landmarks, a 20-G insulated needle was inserted close to the pudendal nerve. Then the topographic relationships of the puncture with the pudendal canal were explored by dissection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean points of insertion of the needle were 14 cm inside the great trochanter, 9 cm above the ischiatic tuberosity, and 6 cm outside the gluteal fold. If the needle was inserted 6.5 cm under the previous with an orifice of 60 degrees and this route was followed, the needle could have a contact area with the pudendal nerve larger, leading to a greater stimulation efficacy with less stimulation intensities. The rectum was so far away that a rectal injury with the needle seemed unlikely. No vascular structure was at the contact of the nerve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described new puncture technique to reach the pudendal nerve provides easy and safe accessibility of the nerve for stimulation. In light of our increasing understanding of the rationale behind neuromodulative stimulation, the pudendal nerve could be a promising target for continuous lower urinary tract neuromodulation by implant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris VI, France.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reitz
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gobeaux
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mozer
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Delmas
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chartier-Kastler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011677:Punctures / Q000379:methods; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation*; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000628:therapy*