title: Mechanized applicator for large-scale field deployment of paraffin-wax dispensers of pheromone for mating disruption in tree fruit.
abstract: A tractor-mounted mechanized applicator was developed for large-scale deployment of paraffin-wax dispensers of pheromone for mating disruption of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck). The wax formulation was mostly water and emulsified paraffin wax containing 5% (by weight) pheromone [93:6:1 blend of (Z)-8-dodecen-1-yl-acetate:(E)-8-dodecen-1-yl-acetate: (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol]. Ten milliliters of wax was applied per tree as approximately 160 deposits (0.04 ml of wax per drop). An average of 23 min was required to treat 1 ha of crop. Disruption efficacy of mechanically applied wax was measured relative to an untreated control in replicated 0.4-ha blocks within a recently abandoned apple orchard. From 6 May to 27 June, 100% disruption of tethered virgin females and 97% inhibition of pheromone traps was achieved for 52 d with two applications of wax. However, during mid- to late summer (July-August), this level of efficacy was maintained for only approximately 1 wk after each of two applications. Higher temperatures later in the season may have accounted for abbreviated efficacy of the applied small drops. Mechanically applied paraffin-wax technology may increase adoption of mating disruption given that a higher level of efficacy was achieved despite deploying less active ingredient per hectare relative to that used with reservoir dispensers. The savings in labor by not requiring hand application of reservoir dispensers could be directed toward cost of machinery. However, the short duration of efficacy obtained with the current wax formulation and mechanical applicator is judged uneconomical given the eight or more applications that would have been required for high-performance disruption over the full season. Larger drops with lower surface area-to-volume ratios are expected to prolong pheromone release for extended efficacy and desirable overall economics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. stelinsk@msu.edu
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Stelinski
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ledebuhr
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Gut
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007300:Insect Control / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000469:parasitology; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects*; D010232:Paraffin; D012724:Sex Attractants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D012724:Sex Attractants; D010232:Paraffin