title: Derivation of the children's head injury algorithm for the prediction of important clinical events decision rule for head injury in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A quarter of all patients presenting to emergency departments are children. Although there are several large, well-conducted studies on adults enabling accurate selection of patients with head injury at high risk for computed tomography scanning, no such study has derived a rule for children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a prospective multicentre diagnostic cohort study to provide a rule for selection of high-risk children with head injury for computed tomography scanning.
  
  
  METHODS
  All children presenting to the emergency departments of 10 hospitals in the northwest of England with any severity of head injury were recruited. A tailor-made proforma was used to collect data on around 40 clinical variables for each child. These variables were defined from a literature review, and a pilot study was conducted before the children's head injury algorithm for the prediction of important clinical events (CHALICE) study. All children who had a clinically significant head injury (death, need for neurosurgical intervention or abnormality on a computed tomography scan) were identified. Recursive partitioning was used to create a highly sensitive rule for the prediction of significant intracranial pathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  22,772 children were recruited over 2 1/2 years. 65% of these were boys and 56% were <5 years old. 281 children showed an abnormality on the computed tomography scan, 137 had a neurosurgical operation and 15 died. The CHALICE rule was derived with a sensitivity of 98% (95% confidence interval (CI) 96% to 100%) and a specificity of 87% (95% CI 86% to 87%) for the prediction of clinically significant head injury, and requires a computed tomography scan rate of 14%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A highly sensitive clinical decision rule is derived for the identification of children who should undergo computed tomography scanning after head injury. This rule has the potential to improve and standardise the care of children presenting with head injuries. Validation of this rule in new cohorts of patients should now be undertaken.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK. joeldunning@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dunning
authors.forename: J Patrick
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lomas
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lecky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Batchelor
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mackway-Jones
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000592:standards*