title: X-34 labeling of abnormal protein aggregates during the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Postmortem pathological diagnosis and basic research investigations of neurodegenerative disorders rely on histochemical staining procedures developed specifically to visualize abnormal protein conformation. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), two major pathological hallmarks are required to confirm the clinical diagnosis. Both consist of abnormally aggregated proteins that share the structural and histological properties common to all amyloid deposits. Amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) of extracellular senile plaques (SP) and hyperphosphorylated tau of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) are assembled in the abnormal beta-pleated sheet (amyloid-like) structural conformation that can be visualized with histological staining procedures using Congo red or its derivatives. These histochemical dyes bind amyloid with high affinity and allow easy detection of amyloid structure in postmortem brain samples. This chapter focuses on the development and application of a histological protocol using the compound X-34, a highly fluorescent derivative of Congo red, for sensitive detection of pathological amyloid structures in histopathological investigations of postmortem brain tissue. This procedure provides a simple and effective method for detailed fluorescent visualization of the localization and distribution of the majority of currently known major histopathological structures in AD, including compact cored, neuritic, and diffuse-appearing SP, NFT, dystrophic neurites, neuropil threads, and cerebrovascular amyloidosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Milos D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ikonomovic
authors.forename: Eric E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Abrahamson
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Isanski
authors.forename: Manik L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Debnath
authors.forename: Chester A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mathis
authors.forename: Steven T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Dekosky
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Klunk
mesh_terms: D000475:Alkenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D001565:Benzoates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006801:Humans; D016874:Neurofibrillary Tangles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D058225:Plaque, Amyloid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C413183:1,4-bis(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylethenyl)-benzene; D000475:Alkenes; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D001565:Benzoates; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes