title: Evaluation of anaemia in patients with multiple myeloma and lymphoma: findings of the European CANCER ANAEMIA SURVEY.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Until recently, no prospective epidemiologic survey of lymphoma and multiple myeloma (L/MM) in European cancer patients had been conducted; furthermore, data on prevalence, incidence, and treatment patterns of L/MM were limited or unavailable. Here we define anemia prevalence, incidence, and treatment patterns, and identify anemia risk factors in European L/MM patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for a subgroup of 2360 L/MM patients in the European Cancer Anaemia Survey (ECAS) were analyzed; variables included age, gender, tumor type/stage, cancer and anemia treatment, WHO performance status, and hemoglobin (Hb) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2316 patients were evaluable (1612 L and 704 MM). Anemia rate at enrollment was 52.5%. At enrollment, Hb levels correlated significantly with WHO scores (r = -0.306, P < 0.001). Anemia prevalence during ECAS was 72.9% (MM, 85.3%; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 77.9%; Hodgkin's disease, 57.4%); incidence in chemotherapy patients was 55.4%. Only 47.3% of patients anemic any time during ECAS received anemia treatment; overall Hb nadir for initiating treatment was 8.9 g/dL (epoetin, 9.5 g/dL; transfusion, 8.2 g/dL). Factors found to significantly (P < 0.03) increase anemia risk were low initial Hb, female gender, persistent/resistant disease, and platinum chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  L/MM patients have a high prevalence and incidence of anemia; however, anemia is not optimally treated. Anemia is common in L/MM patients and, given its known adverse impact on physical functioning and quality-of-life variables including fatigue and cognitive function, anemia management should be an integral part of their care. Predictive factors identified by ECAS may help clinicians develop optimal anemia treatment strategies for L/MM patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. gunnar.birgegard@medsci.uu.se
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Birgegård
authors.forename: Pere
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gascón
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ludwig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005060:Europe; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins