title: NK cells promote peritoneal xenograft rejection through an IFN-gamma-dependent mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Natural killer (NK) cells have emerged as major players in anti-viral and anti-tumour immune responses. Like cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), they express perforin and are potent secretors of gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma). However, there is conflicting evidence about their role in mediating rejection of xenogeneic tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pig-to-mouse peritoneal cell model of xenotransplantation was used to investigate the effect of NK deficiency on xenograft recovery and the possible mechanisms behind this NK-mediated graft rejection. gamma c(-/-)RAG(-/-) mice were used as a model of NK deficiency. Additionally, NK cells were depleted in RAG(-/-) mice using anti-asialo GM1. The contributions of IFN-gamma, perforin and NKT cells were studied using knock-out mice that were depleted in vivo of T cells. Mice were injected with 10(7) pig cells intraperitoneally and peritoneal fluid was assessed 5 days later for xenograft recovery and phenotypic analysis. The requirement for NK cells for xenograft rejection was also assessed using luciferase-transfected porcine cells in a renal subcapsular model of transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pig cell recovery was enhanced in both gamma c(-/-)RAG(-/-) and NK-depleted RAG(-/-) mice when compared with RAG(-/-) control mice. IFN-gamma(-/-) mice depleted of T cells also demonstrated superior graft survival compared with their B6 counterparts. However, there were minimal graft survival differences between Pfp(-/-) and B6 control mice. Similarly, a deficiency in NKT cells did not improve pig xenograft recovery from the peritoneum of these mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, we conclude that NK cells, but not NKT cells, are important mediators of xenograft rejection in the peritoneal cavity, and that their role may be unmasked in the absence of T cells. The mechanism for this xenorejection appears to involve IFN-gamma but is perforin independent.
authors.affiliation: Autoimmunity and Transplantation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: Ming-Lee
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yifan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Nutt
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wojtasiak
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lew
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D054353:Perforin; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D052899:Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D052899:Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins; D054353:Perforin; D007371:Interferon-gamma