title: Seasonal infertility in Kenyan pig breeding units.
abstract: Reproductive performance of 12 Kenyan pig breeding units (56-299 sows per unit) of similar feeding, genetics and health status were evaluated from October 2003 to October 2004 during hot and cooler periods. Sows during cooler months of the year (April to October, average temperature between 08:00 and 17:00: 25.2 +/- 2.2 degrees C) had shorter (P < 0.01) weaning to service intervals (7.9 +/- 2.2 days vs. 12.7 +/- 2.7 days, respectively), less (P < 0.01) regular returns to service (5.7 +/- 1.9% vs. 9.9 +/- 1.9%, respectively), higher (P < 0.01) farrowing rates (80.1 +/- 4.4% vs. 70.8 +/- 3.8%, respectively), and larger born (10.0 +/- 1.1 vs 9.1 +/- 1.7, P < 0.05) and weaned litter sizes (9.2 +/- 1.2 vs. 8.0 + 1.3, P < 0.05) compared with the time periods of high ambient temperature (November to March, between 08:00 and 17:00: 37.2 +/- 3.3 degrees C). It was concluded that a high ambient temperature is a risk factor for reproductive performance in pig breeding units.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Consulting, Bahnhofstrasse 42, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Boma
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bilkei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002980:Climate; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D008098:Litter Size; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014886:Weaning