title: Differentiation of group I and group II strains of Clostridium botulinum by focal plane array Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: A method was developed for whole-organism fingerprinting of Clostridium botulinum isolates by focal plane array Fourier transform infrared (FPA-FTIR) spectroscopy. A database of 150,000 infrared spectra of 44 strains of C. botulinum was acquired using a FPA-FTIR imaging spectrometer equipped with a 16 x 16 array detector to evaluate the ability of FTIR spectroscopy to differentiate the 44 strains. The database contained strains from C. botulinum groups I and II producing botulinum neurotoxin of serotypes A, B, E, and F. All strains were grown on each of three agar media (brain heart infusion, McClung Toabe agar base, and universal) prior to spectral acquisition. Given the dependence of the infrared spectra of microorganisms on the composition of the growth medium, the spectra were initially separated into three subsets corresponding to the three growth media employed. However, the replicate spectra of all strains, regardless of growth medium, were properly clustered by hierarchical cluster analysis based on differences in their infrared spectral profiles in three narrow spectral regions (1,428 to 1,412, 1,296 to 1,284, and 1,112 to 1,100 cm(-1)). The dendrogram generated from the FTIR data revealed complete separation between group I and group II strains. The spectral differences between group I and group II strains allowed accurate classification of C. botulinum strains at the group level in two blind validation studies (n = 40). These results demonstrate that FPA-FTIR spectroscopy has the potential for rapid discrimination of group I and group II C. botulinum strains in less than 3 min per sample.
authors.affiliation: McGill IR Group, Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9.
authors.forename: Jonah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirkwood
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghetler
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sedman
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leclair
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pagotto
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Ashraf A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ismail
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting / Q000379:methods*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D010802:Phylogeny; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013045:Species Specificity; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial