title: Monte Carlo generated conversion factors for the estimation of average glandular dose in contact and magnification mammography.
abstract: Magnification mammography is a special technique used in the cases where breast complaints are noted by a woman or when an abnormality is found in a screening mammogram. The carcinogenic risk in mammography is related to the dose deposited in the glandular tissue of the breast rather than the adipose, and average glandular dose (AGD) is the quantity taken into consideration during a mammographic examination. Direct measurement of the AGD is not feasible during clinical practice and thus, the incident air KERMA on the breast surface is used to estimate the glandular dose, with the help of proper conversion factors. Additional conversion factors adapted for magnification and tube voltage are calculated, using Monte Carlo simulation. The effect of magnification degree, tube voltage, various anode/filter material combinations and glandularity on AGD is also studied, considering partial breast irradiation. Results demonstrate that the estimation of AGD utilizing conversion factors depends on these parameters, while the omission of correction factors for magnification and tube voltage can lead to significant underestimation or overestimation of AGD. AGD was found to increase with filter material's k-absorption edge, anode material's k-emission edge, tube voltage and magnification. Decrease of the glandularity of the breast leads to higher AGD due to the increased penetrating ability of the photon beam in thick breasts with low glandularity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 265 00 Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koutalonis
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Delis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spyrou
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Costaridou
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tzanakos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Panayiotakis
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008403:Mass Screening; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens