title: Determinants of cockroach and mouse exposure and associations with asthma in families and elderly individuals living in New York City public housing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Asthma prevalence is high in the inner city, and morbidity has been associated with cockroach and mouse allergens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the relationships among pests, allergens, pesticides, and asthma in New York City public housing.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 324 apartments, dust samples collected from beds and kitchens were analyzed for cockroach (Bla g 2) and mouse (mouse urinary protein [MUP]) allergens, pest populations were monitored, and residents were interviewed about home characteristics and asthma symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cockroaches were found in 77% of the apartments, and evidence of mice was found in 13%. Allergens and pesticide use were associated with pest infestation, and 15% of residents reported using illegal pesticides. The percentage of apartments with high allergen levels varied significantly by building (Bla g 2: P = .002; MUP: P = .03), as did the percentage of apartments with cockroaches (P = .002) and daily mouse sightings (P = .02). Thirty-seven percent of the apartments had at least 1 resident with physician-diagnosed asthma. In family buildings, apartments with high Bla g 2 levels had 1.7 times greater odds of having an asthmatic resident (95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.3). In senior citizen buildings, apartments with high MUP levels had 6.6 times greater odds of having an asthmatic resident (95% confidence interval, 1.4-31.7), controlling for smoking and other potential confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous studies have identified home characteristics associated with the presence of cockroaches and mice, but the present findings suggest that building-level characteristics can affect high pest exposure. Furthermore, the high asthma prevalence in residents and the use of illegal pesticides highlight the need for safe and effective building-wide pest control strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. cg288@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Ginger L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Carlton
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kass
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tiven
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garfinkel
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagle
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000485:Allergens / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D003058:Cockroaches; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005190:Family; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011638:Public Housing
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens