title: Coeliac disease and risk of tuberculosis: a population based cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coeliac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease often characterised by malnutrition and linked to a number of complications such as an increased risk of lymphoma, adverse pregnancy outcome, and other autoimmune diseases. Tuberculosis (TB) affects a large proportion of the world population and is more common in individuals with malnutrition. We investigated the risk of TB in 14 335 individuals with CD and 69 888 matched reference individuals in a general population based cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cox proportional hazards method was used to calculate the risk of subsequent TB in individuals with CD. In a separate analysis, the risk of CD in individuals with prior TB was calculated using conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD was associated with an increased risk of subsequent TB (hazard ratio (HR) 3.74, 95% CI 2.14 to 6.53; p < 0.001). Similar risk estimates were seen when the population was stratified for sex and age at CD diagnosis. Individuals with CD were also at increased risk of TB diagnosed in departments of pulmonary medicine, infectious diseases, paediatrics, or thoracic medicine (HR 4.76, 95% CI 2.23 to 10.16; p < 0.001). The odds ratio for CD in individuals with prior TB was 2.50 (95% CI 1.75 to 3.55; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CD is associated with TB. This may be due to malabsorption and lack of vitamin D in persons with CD. Individuals with TB and gastrointestinal symptoms should be investigated for CD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Orebro University Hospital, Sweden. jonasludvigsson@yahoo.com
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wahlstrom
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grunewald
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekbom
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Montgomery
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology