title: Atherosclerotic process, renovascular disease and outcomes from bench to bedside.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis has become an important cause of secondary hypertension and renal dysfunction in the aging population. Its presence increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality independent of other atherosclerotic risk factors. Therefore, novel renoprotective strategies are needed to decrease the impact of this disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although medical therapy can be effective in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and mild renal dysfunction, revascularization is desirable for patients with target-organ injury. Technical developments (such as drug-eluting or low-profile stents and distal protection devices) have increased the safety and effectiveness of renal revascularization, but in a significant proportion of patients renal function is not fully restored. Recent experimental evidence suggests that atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is associated with the activation of intrarenal fibrogenic and inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, and microvascular remodeling, and blocking these mechanisms can improve renal hemodynamics and function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite significant advances in revascularization techniques, it remains unclear why the kidney affected by atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis often does not improve or even progressively deteriorates. In addition to the restoration of blood flow, targeted interventions to attenuate injurious intrarenal mechanisms should probably become part of a comprehensive management plan to preserve the ischemic kidney.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. lerman.lilach@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Lilach O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.forename: Alejandro R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Chade
mesh_terms: D017073:Atherectomy; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures