title: Regulatory constraints in the evolution of the tetrapod limb anterior-posterior polarity.
abstract: The anterior to posterior (A-P) polarity of the tetrapod limb is determined by the confined expression of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) at the posterior margin of developing early limb buds, under the control of HOX proteins encoded by gene members of both the HoxA and HoxD clusters. Here, we use a set of partial deletions to show that only the last four Hox paralogy groups can elicit this response: that is, precisely those genes whose expression is excluded from most anterior limb bud cells owing to their collinear transcriptional activation. We propose that the limb A-P polarity is produced as a collateral effect of Hox gene collinearity, a process highly constrained by its crucial importance during trunk development. In this view, the co-option of the trunk collinear mechanism, along with the emergence of limbs, imposed an A-P polarity to these structures as the most parsimonious solution. This in turn further contributed to stabilize the architecture and operational mode of this genetic system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Animal Biology and National Research Centre Frontiers in Genetics, University of Geneva, Sciences III, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Basile
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tarchini
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duboule
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kmita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005121:Extremities / Q000196:embryology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005801:Genes, Homeobox / Q000235:genetics; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018878:Limb Buds; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins