title: Relationship of vascular risk to the progression of Alzheimer disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) who have vascular risk factors have a worse prognosis over 18 months vs those without such risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 224 people with AD and their caregivers were recruited purposively to be representative of people with dementia in terms of cognition, sex, and living situations in a longitudinal study of AD. Standardized instruments measuring cognition, functional status, and neuropsychiatric symptoms were used to collect data. Physical examination and relevant blood tests were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in rate of deterioration between people with and without vascular risk factors, except in those who had a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) during the 18-month follow-up (p < 0.001). We considered possible confounders of outcome: sex, age, years of education, severity of dementia, depression, taking cholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), and whether those with vascular risk factors were more likely to die, but the results remained unchanged. Stopping AChEIs during the study was associated with cognitive and functional decline (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vascular risk factors as measured clinically and biochemically do not significantly increase deterioration at 18 months in people with Alzheimer disease who have a low burden of cerebrovascular risk factors. However, cerebrovascular events are associated with more rapid decline. Vascular risk factors may contribute to the expression of Alzheimer disease initially but are not part of the underlying etiologic process.
authors.affiliation: Royal Free & University College Medical School, UCL, Department of Mental Health Sciences, Holborn Union Building, Archway Campus, Highgate Hill, London N19 5LW UK. ciaran.regan@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Regan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Katona
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Livingston
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003071:Cognition; D018450:Disease Progression; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors