title: Photocatalytic treatment of RDX wastewater with nano-sized titanium dioxide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The polynitramines, hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), are important military explosives and regulated toxic hazardous compounds. Production, testing and use of the compounds has resulted in numerous acres of contaminated soils and groundwater near many munitions facilities. Economical and efficient methods for treatment of wastewater and cleanup of soils or groundwater containing RDX and HMX are needed. This study focuses on the photocatalytic treatment of RDX wastewater with nano-sized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) under simulated sunlight, whose intensity and wavelength are similar to that of the real sunlight in Xi'an at noon. The objective is to determine the potential for RDX destruction with nano-TiO2 in aqueous solution.
  
  
  METHODS
  An activated carbon fiber (ACF) cloth-loaded with nano-TiO2 was put into the RDX containing solution, and the concentration of RDX was measured (by HPLC-UV) at regular time intervals under simulated sunlight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RDX degradation percentage of the photocatalytic process is higher than that of Fenton oxidation before 80 min, equivalent after 80 min, and it reaches 95% or above after 120 min. The nano-TiO2 catalyst can be used repeatedly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of RDX under simulated sunlight can be described by a first-order reaction kinetics equation. The possible degradation mechanism of RDX was presented and the degradation performance was compared with that of biological method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was demonstrated that the degradation of RDX wastewater is very effective with nano-TiO2 as the photocatalytic catalyst under simulated sunlight. The efficiency of the nano-TiO2 catalyst for RDX degradation under simulated sunlight is nearly identical to that of Fenton oxidation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date, a number of catalysts show poor absorption and utilization of sunlight, and still need ultraviolet light irradiation during wastewater degradation. The nano-TiO2 used in the described experiments features very good degradation of RDX under simulated sunlight, and the manufacturing costs are rather low (around 10 Euro/m2). Moreover, the degradation efficiency is higher compared to that of the biological method. This method exhibits great potential for practical applications owing to its easiness and low cost. If it can be applied extensively, the efficiency of wastewater treatment will be enhanced greatly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, PR China. zkliu@mail.xjtu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Zongkuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yanling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yonghong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D001392:Azocines / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D008027:Light; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D010777:Photochemistry; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
chemical_list: D001392:Azocines; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; C007950:octogen; C009160:cyclonite