title: Protection of RPE cells from oxidative injury by 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 by augmenting GSH and activating MAPK.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to identify the mechanisms by which 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (dPGJ(2)) protects RPE cells from oxidative injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Protein expression and activation of signaling molecules were detected by Western blot. Reduced glutathione (GSH) was determined by a colorimetric assay kit. PPARgamma expression was knockdown by small interfering (si)RNA technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  dPGJ(2) protected ARPE19 cells from oxidative injury, whereas the synthetic PPARgamma agonists AGN195037 and rosiglitazone had no effect. PPARgamma knockdown also did not affect dPGJ(2)'s protective activity. dPGJ(2) upregulated GSH synthesis via induction of glutamylcysteine ligase. GSH depletion sensitized cells to oxidative stress and completely reversed the protective effect of dPGJ(2). dPGJ(2) activated ERK, JNK, and p38; GSH induction by dPGJ(2) depended partially on JNK and p38. In addition, dPGJ(2) significantly extended hydrogen peroxide-induced activation of JNK and p38, but not of Akt. Inhibition of MEK, JNK, and p38 abolished dPGJ(2)'s protection of ARPE19 cells from oxidative injury, whereas inhibiting PI3K/Akt pathway failed to affect dPGJ(2)'s protective effect. Heme oxygenase-1 was strongly induced by dPGJ(2) but was not associated with protection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Independent of its PPARgamma activity, dPGJ(2) protected cells from oxidative stress by elevating GSH and enhancing MAPK activation. Thus, dPGJ(2) may delay the development of dry-type age-related macular degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, USA. qin_suofu@allergan.com
authors.forename: Suofu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Anne P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: Gerald W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: De Vries
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C097240:15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D047495:PPAR gamma; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D005978:Glutathione; D015230:Prostaglandin D2