title: The effect of hydroxyethylstarch infusion on bupivacaine pharmacokinetics in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bupivacaine is the agent most often used for labor analgesia. However, the risk of accidental intravascular injection of this drug and consequent acute systemic toxicity is ever-present. Although hydroxyethylstarch (HES) is preferred over crystalloid for prevention of hypotension during regional anesthesia, the pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine during fluid preloading has not been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four awake Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to receive the continuous intravenous infusion of HES 70K, 200K or 400K, or normal saline (NS). After 1 hour of prehydration all animals received bupivacaine, 1mg kg(-1), bolus, followed by a continuous infusion, 0.4mg kg(-1) min(-1) for 15 minutes. After the completion of bupivacaine infusion serial arterial blood samples to determine the plasma bupivacaine concentration were obtained. The plasma concentration-time profile of bupivacaine was fitted to a two-compartment open model, and the estimated intercepts and slopes were used for calculation of standard pharmacokinetic parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean peak bupivacaine concentration during HES 400K infusion was significantly lower than during NS infusion (1488 +/- 302 ng ml(-1) vs 2388 +/- 582 ng ml(-1)). Mean volume of distribution in each of the three HES groups was greater than in NS group. Mean area under curves (AUC) during HES 200K and HES 400K infusions were significantly lower than during NS infusion (32534 +/- 4180 and 29619 +/- 4431 min ng ml(-1), respectively, vs 39802 +/- 6268 min ng ml(-1)). Mean total clearance of bupivacaine during HES 200K and HES 400K infusions was significantly higher than during NS infusion (115 +/- 14 and 132 +/- 15 ml min(-1) kg(-1), respectively, vs 92 +/- 14 ml min(-1) kg(-1)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the increased volume of distribution during HES infusion could be counterbalanced by the increased total clearance, resulting in unchanged half-life or elimination rate constant of bupivacaine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan. toshiyukiokutomi@hotmail.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okutomi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoka
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kuczkowski
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D002045:Bupivacaine