title: Outcome of acutely perforated colorectal cancers: experience of a single district general hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perforation of colorectal cancer (CRC) is rare and is associated with a significantly high mortality and morbidity. The aim of the current study was to evaluate various factors influencing the outcome in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of 42 patients with perforated CRC between 1999 and 2003 was performed. A number of variables including age, sex, site of perforation, presence of faecal peritonitis, grade of surgeon, presence of metastasis, stage of tumour, type of surgery, ASA grade and CR POSSUM score were analysed for their influence on the outcome in these patients using MS Excel, MS Access and Stata.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 42 patients 19 were female and 23 were male. The mean age of the patients was 70.5 (range 44-96yr). Thirty patients had perforation at the tumour, 10 proximal to the tumour, and one distal to the primary tumour. The perforation was localised in 25 patients. However, 17 patients had free perforation with frank faecal peritonitis. Twenty-one patients had resection and anastomosis, 18 patients had resection without restoration of bowel continuity and 3 had palliative colostomy. The in-hospital mortality (within 30d) was 40.5% (n=17) with only 15 patients being alive at the end of 2yr with an overall mortality of 64.3% (n=27). The outcome was not altered by variables such as sex, surgeon's grade, surgical procedure, Dukes' staging or the site of perforation (p>0.5). Univariate analysis showed that advanced age (p<0.01), higher ASA grade (p<0.001), higher CR POSSUM score (p<0.001) and degree of peritonitis (p<0.01) were strongly associated with adverse outcomes. However, in stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis ASA grade (p=0.01) and CR POSSUM score (p=0.01) were the only significant predictors of in-hospital mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcome of perforated colonic cancer continues to be poor. ASA score and CR POSSUM score are good predictors of the short-term outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Whiston Hospital, Warrington Road, Prescot, Merseyside L35 5DR, UK.
authors.forename: Muzaffar Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Anwar
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Souza
authors.forename: Rahael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coulter
authors.forename: Breda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Memon
authors.forename: Iftikhar M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Muhammed Ashraf
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Memon
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007416:Intestinal Perforation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome