title: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cyxlooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors (coxibs) and gastrointestinal harm: review of clinical trials and clinical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastrointestinal harm, known to occur with NSAIDs, is thought to be lower with NSAID and gastroprotective agent, and with inhibitors selective to cyclooxygenase-2 (coxibs) at usual plasma concentrations. We examine competing strategies for available evidence of reduced gastrointestinal bleeding in clinical trials and combine this evidence with evidence from clinical practice on whether the strategies work in the real world, whether guidance on appropriate prescribing is followed, and whether patients adhere to the strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a series of systematic literature searches to find full publications of relevant studies for evidence about the efficacy of these different gastroprotection strategies in clinical trials, and for evidence that they worked and were adhered to in clinical practice--whether they were effective. We chose to use good quality systematic reviews and meta-analyses when they were available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence of efficacy of coxibs compared to NSAIDs for upper gastrointestinal bleeding was strong, with consistent reductions in events of about 50% in large randomised trials (34,460 patients), meta-analyses of randomised trials (52,474 patients), and large observational studies in clinical practice (3,093 bleeding events). Evidence on the efficacy of NSAID plus gastroprotection with acid suppressants (proton pump inhibitors, PPIs, and histamine antagonists, H2As) was based mainly on the surrogate measure of endoscopic ulcers. The limited information on damage to the bowel suggested that NSAID plus PPI was more damaging than coxibs. Eleven observational studies studied 1.6 million patients, of whom 911,000 were NSAID users, and showed that 76% (range 65% to 90%) of patients with at least one gastrointestinal risk factor received no prescription for gastroprotective agent with an NSAID. The exception was a cohort of US veterans with previous gastrointestinal bleeding, where 75% had gastroprotection with an NSAID. When gastroprotection was prescribed, it was often described as inadequate. A single study suggested that patient adherence to prescribed gastroprotection was low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence for efficacy of gastroprotection strategies with NSAIDs is limited. In clinical practice few patients who need gastroprotection get it, and those who get it may not take it. For coxibs, gastroprotection is inherent, although probably not complete.
authors.affiliation: Pain Research and Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford, The Churchill, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK. andrew.moore@pru.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: R Andrew
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Sheena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Derry
authors.forename: Ceri J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Henry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: McQuay
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D006633:Histamine Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D016595:Misoprostol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017494:Proton Pumps / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D006633:Histamine Antagonists; D017494:Proton Pumps; D016595:Misoprostol