title: Cartilage T2 assessment: differentiation of normal hyaline cartilage and reparative tissue after arthroscopic cartilage repair in equine subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively assess T2 mapping characteristics of normal articular cartilage and of cartilage at sites of arthroscopic repair, including comparison with histologic results and collagen organization assessed at polarized light microscopy (PLM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Study protocol was compliant with the Canadian Council on Animal Care Guidelines and approved by the institutional animal care committee. Arthroscopic osteochondral autograft transplantation (OAT) and microfracture arthroplasty (MFx) were performed in knees of 10 equine subjects (seven female, three male; age range, 3-5 years). A site of arthroscopically normal cartilage was documented in each joint as a control site. Joints were harvested at 12 (n = 5) and 24 (n = 5) weeks postoperatively and were imaged at 1.5-T magnetic resonance (MR) with a 10-echo sagittal fast spin-echo acquisition. T2 maps of each site (21 OAT harvest, 10 MFx, 12 OAT plug, and 10 control sites) were calculated with linear least-squares curve fitting. Cartilage T2 maps were qualitatively graded as "organized" (normal transition of low-to-high T2 signal from deep to superficial cartilage zones) or "disorganized." Quantitative mean T2 values were calculated for deep, middle, and superficial cartilage at each location. Results were compared with histologic and PLM assessments by using kappa analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T2 maps were qualitatively graded as organized at 20 of 53 sites and as disorganized at 33 sites. Perfect agreement was seen between organized T2 and histologic findings of hyaline cartilage and between disorganized T2 and histologic findings of fibrous reparative tissue (kappa = 1.0). Strong agreement was seen between organized T2 and normal PLM findings and between disorganized T2 and abnormal PLM findings (kappa = .92). Quantitative assessment of the deep, middle, and superficial cartilage, respectively, showed mean T2 values of 53.3, 58.6, and 54.9 msec at reparative fibrous tissue sites and 40.7, 53.6, and 61.6 msec at hyaline cartilage sites. A significant trend of increasing T2 values (from deep to superficial) was found in hyaline cartilage (P < .01). Fibrous tissue sites had no significant change with depth (P > .59).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Qualitative and quantitative T2 mapping helped differentiate hyaline cartilage from reparative fibrocartilage after cartilage repair at 1.5-T MR imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Mount Sinai Hospital and the University Health Network, University of Toronto, 600 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5. lwhite@mtsinai.on.ca
authors.forename: Lawrence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Marshall S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sussman
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hurtig
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Probyn
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kandel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001182:Arthroscopy; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses; D051457:Hyaline Cartilage / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016474:Weight-Bearing