title: Nightmare complaints in treatment-seeking patients in clinical sleep medicine settings: diagnostic and treatment implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop clinical guideposts to identify patients with salient nightmare conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence data from a retrospective chart review on a consecutive series of sleep patients to assess how or whether those with nightmares (1) rank nightmare complaints compared to other sleep complaints, (2) link nightmares to disrupted sleep, (3) report worse sleep symptoms and health outcomes compared to other sleep patients, and (4) endorse criteria for a salient nightmare condition on the Disturbing Dream and Nightmare Severity Index.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two community sleep facilities: private sleep medical center and a hospital-based sleep lab.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven hundred eighteen patients presenting at intake: sleep center (n = 620); sleep lab (n = 98).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Standard sleep parameters and various health outcomes were assessed with self-report measures. Of 718 sleep patients, 186 ranked a nightmare complaint among their sleep problems, of whom 117 linked their bad dreams to disrupted sleep, suggesting a potential salient nightmare condition. Compared to all other sleep patients, these 117 cases demonstrated consistent significant patterns of worse or more prevalent problems with self-reported sleep indexes, insomnia, sleep quality, sleep-fragmentation factors, sleep-related daytime impairment, psychiatric history, medical comorbidity, and parasomnias. The Disturbing Dream and Nightmare Severity Index identified those with salient nightmare complaints and correlated with worse sleep and health outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At 2 sleep medical facilities, 16% of patients presented with an apparent salient nightmare condition, and these patients were identified with simple clinical guideposts, which could be incorporated at intake in various sleep medicine settings.
authors.affiliation: Sleep & Human Health Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA. bkrakow@sleeptreatment.com
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krakow
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D004325:Dreams; D005260:Female; D006272:Health Facility Environment; D006304:Health Status; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017286:Polysomnography; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome