title: c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase 2alpha2 promotes the tumorigenicity of human glioblastoma cells.
abstract: c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinases (JNK) are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family and have been implicated in the formation of several human tumors, especially gliomas. We have previously shown that a 55 kDa JNK isoform is constitutively active in 86% of human brain tumors and then showed that it is specifically a JNK2 isoform and likely to be either JNK2alpha2 or JNK2beta2. Notably, we found that only JNK2 isoforms possess intrinsic autophosphorylation activity and that JNK2alpha2 has the strongest activity. In the present study, we have further explored the contribution of JNK2 isoforms to brain tumor formation. Analysis of mRNA expression by reverse transcription-PCR revealed that JNK2alpha2 is expressed in 91% (10 of 11) of glioblastoma tumors, whereas JNK2beta2 is found in only 27% (3 of 11) of tumors. Both JNK2alpha2 and JNK2beta2 mRNAs are expressed in normal brain (3 of 3). Using an antibody specific for JNK2alpha isoforms, we verified that JNK2alpha2 protein is expressed in 88.2% (15 of 17) of glioblastomas, but, interestingly, no JNK2alpha2 protein was found in six normal brain samples. To evaluate biological function, we transfected U87MG cells with green fluorescent protein-tagged versions of JNK1alpha1, JNK2alpha2, and JNK2alpha2APF (a dominant-negative mutant), and derived cell lines with stable expression. Each cell line was evaluated for various tumorigenic variables including cellular growth, soft agar colony formation, and tumor formation in athymic nude mice. In each assay, JNK2alpha2 was found to be the most effective in promoting that phenotype. To identify effectors specifically affected by JNK2alpha2, we analyzed gene expression. Gene profiling showed several genes whose expression was specifically up-regulated by JNK2alpha2 but down-regulated by JNK2alpha2APF, among which eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) shows the greatest change. Because AKT acts on eIF4E, we also examined AKT activation. Unexpectedly, we found that JNK2alpha2 could specifically activate AKT. Our data provides evidence that JNK2alpha2 is the major active JNK isoform and is involved in the promotion of proliferation and growth of human glioblastoma tumors through specific activation of AKT and overexpression of eIF4E.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Shuang-Yin
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Congli
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wanwen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Harshyne
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holgado-Madruga
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D039561:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D039561:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E; D007527:Isoenzymes; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt