Kinetic and proteomic analyses of S-nitrosoglutathione-treated hexokinase A: consequences for cancer energy metabolism.
Mammalian hexokinase (HXK) is found at the outer mitochondrial membrane, exposed to mitochondrial oxygen- and nitrogen-radicals. Given the important role of this enzyme in metabolic pathways and diseases, the effect of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) on HXK A structure and activity was studied. To focus on the catalytic domain, yeast HXK A was used because it has a significant homology to the mammalian domain that contains both the regulatory and catalytic sites. Biologically relevant [GSNO]/[HXK] caused a significant decrease in V(max) with glucose (but not with fructose), along with oxidation of 5 Met and nitration of 4 Tyr. Preincubation of HXK with glucose abrogated the effect of GSNO whereas fructose was ineffective. These results are interpreted by considering the tight binding of glucose to the enzyme as opposed to that of fructose. The segment comprised from amino acids 304 to 306 contained the most modifications. Given that this sequence is highly conserved in HXK from various species, a decline in activity is expected when a high-affinity substrate is presented. Considering that changes in primary structure are envisioned at high [GSNO]/[HXK] ratios, like those present under normal conditions, it could be hypothesized that the high concentration of hexokinase present in fast growing tumors may serve not only to sustain high glycolysis rates, but also to minimize protein damage that might result in activity decline, compromising energy metabolism.
Miller
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S
Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A.
Ross-Inta
C
C
Giulivi
C
C
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D006593:Hexokinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment
D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione; D006593:Hexokinase