title: Smoke from traditional commercial, harm reduction and research brand cigarettes impairs oviductal functioning in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoke from 2R1 research brand cigarettes and specific toxicants in smoke inhibit oviductal functioning. Our purpose was to test the hypothesis that smoke from commercial cigarettes, including harm reduction cigarettes, inhibits oviductal functioning and to measure the concentration of previously identified toxicants in smoke from research and commercial cigarettes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mainstream (MS) and sidestream (SS) smoke solutions from two research, six traditional commercial and three harm reduction brands were tested in vitro using an oviductal assay that measures ciliary beat frequency, oocyte retrieval rate and smooth muscle contraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Generally, smoke from each brand of cigarette was inhibitory in the three oviductal bioassays. SS, the major component of environmental tobacco smoke, was usually more inhibitory than MS, the smoke inhaled by active smokers. Nine cigarette toxicants, previously shown to be highly inhibitory in the oviductal bioassays, were quantified in MS and SS. 4-Methylpyridine, which was inhibitory by itself in picomolar doses, was present in the highest concentration in MS and SS solutions from all brands tested. In general, toxicant concentrations were higher in SS than in MS solutions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that commercial brands of cigarettes, including harm reduction cigarettes, contain toxicants that inhibit biological processes in the oviduct and could affect reproductive outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Riveles
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roza
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Talbot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002923:Cilia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003408:Cresols / Q000633:toxicity; D006224:Cricetinae; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007211:Indoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D008647:Mesocricetus; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D010847:Picolines / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D011725:Pyridines / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D011804:Quinolines / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D003408:Cresols; D007211:Indoles; D010636:Phenols; D010847:Picolines; D011719:Pyrazines; D011725:Pyridines; D011804:Quinolines; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; C051672:2-ethylpyridine; C032538:4-cresol; C030374:indole; C039675:3-ethylpyridine; C042291:4-ethylphenol; C037219:quinoline; C515325:4-methylpyridine