title: The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic literature review in order to estimate the prevalence and odds ratio of clinically relevant depression in adults with Type 2 diabetes compared with those without.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE and PSYCINFO databases were searched using MeSH terms and free text to identify relevant controlled studies. Published reference lists were also examined. Study selection and appraisal were conducted independently by two reviewers and a meta-analysis was performed to synthesize and analyse the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten controlled studies including a total of 51 331 people were published between January 1980 and May 2005. The prevalence of depression was significantly higher in patients with Type 2 diabetes compared with those without [17.6 vs. 9.8%, OR = 1.6, 95%, confidence interval (CI) 1.2-2.0]. However, in most studies, patients with diabetes differed from those without on variables known to be associated with an increased risk of depression. The prevalence of depression was higher in females with diabetes (23.8%) compared with males (12.8%); however, the odds ratio for depression in patients with Type 2 diabetes compared with those without was higher in males (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.7-2.1) than females (OR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.2-1.4). Failure to report potential confounders prevented a more rigorous meta-analysis of risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified raised rates of depression in people with Type 2 diabetes, however, there is a need for well-controlled and better-reported studies to inform the development of effective treatments for depression in these patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. sa81@le.ac.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khunti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged