title: Remote non-invasive stereoscopic imaging of blood vessels: first in-vivo results of a new multispectral contrast enhancement technology.
abstract: We describe a contactless optical technique selectively enhancing superficial blood vessels below variously pigmented intact human skin by combining images in different spectral bands. Two CMOS-cameras, with apochromatic lenses and dual-band LED-arrays, simultaneously streamed Left (L) and Right (R) image data to a dual-processor PC. Both cameras captured color images within the visible range (VIS, 400-780 nm) and grey-scale images within the near infrared range (NIR, 910-920 nm) by sequentially switching between LED-array emission bands. Image-size-settings of 1280 x 1024 for VIS & 640 x 512 for NIR produced 12 cycles/s (1 cycle = 1 VIS L&R-pair + 1 NIR L&R-pair). Decreasing image-size-settings (640 x 512 for VIS and 320 x 256 for NIR) increased camera-speed to 25 cycles/s. Contrasts from below the tissue surface were algorithmically distinguished from surface shadows, reflections, etc. Thus blood vessels were selectively enhanced and back-projected into the stereoscopic VIS-color-image using either a 3D-display or conventional shutter glasses. As a first usability reconnaissance we applied this custom-built mobile stereoscopic camera for several clinical settings:* blood withdrawal;* vein inspection in dark skin;* vein detection through iodide;* varicose vein and nevi pigmentosum inspection. Our technique improves blood vessel visualization compared to the naked eye, and supports depth perception.
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Centre Rotterdam, Office Ee 2302, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. F.Wieringa@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Wieringa
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mastik
authors.forename: F J Ten
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Cate
authors.forename: H A M
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: A F W
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: van der Steen
mesh_terms: D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods