title: Differential sensitivities of the NCX1.1 and NCX1.3 isoforms of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger to alpha-linolenic acid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) like alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is antiarrhythmic and cardioprotective. PUFA may also be beneficial in hypertension. Altered Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) activity has been implicated in arrhythmias, hypertension and heart failure and may be a target for PUFA. Thus, we tested the effects of ALA and other distinct fatty acids on the cardiac (NCX1.1) and vascular (NCX1.3) NCX isoforms.
  
  
  METHODS
  HEK293 cells stably expressing NCX isoforms were ramped from +60 to -100 mV (over 1600 ms) in the absence and presence of 25 microM oleic acid (OA, omega-9), linoleic acid (LA, omega-6), ALA (omega-3), or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, omega-3). NiCl(2) (5 mM) was used to inhibit and therefore identify the NCX current. The effect of 25 microM ALA on NCX1.1 and NCX1.3 activity was also assessed in adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and rabbit aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) by measuring [Ca(2+)](i) following substitution of [Na(+)](o) with Li(+).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Application of Ni(2+) had no effect in non-transfected cells. ALA and EPA (25 microM) reduced the Ni(2+)-sensitive forward NCX1.1 current (at -100 mV) by 64% and reverse current (at +60 mV) by 57%, and inhibited the Ni(2+)-sensitive NCX1.3 forward and reverse currents by 79% and 76%, respectively. Neither OA nor LA (25 microM) affected the NCX1.1 currents, but both partially inhibited the forward and reverse mode NCX1.3 currents. Inhibition of NCX1.3 by ALA occurred at a much lower IC(50) ( approximately 19 nM) than for NCX1.1 ( approximately 120 nM). In cardiomyocytes and VSMC, ALA significantly reduced the Li(+)-induced rise in intracellular [Ca(2+)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NCX1.3 is more sensitive to inhibition by ALA than NCX1.1. In addition, only omega-3 PUFA inhibits NCX1.1, but several classes of fatty acids inhibit NCX1.3. The differential sensitivity of NCX isoforms to fatty acids may have important implications as therapeutic approaches for hypertension, heart failure and arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Bradley P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Ander
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hurtado
authors.forename: Carla S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Raposo
authors.forename: Thane G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Maddaford
authors.forename: Justin F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Deniset
authors.forename: Larry V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Hryshko
authors.forename: Grant N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lukas
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009532:Nickel / Q000494:pharmacology; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; C110374:sodium-calcium exchanger 1; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D019301:Oleic Acid; D009532:Nickel; D019787:Linoleic Acid; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid