title: Voriconazole concentration in human aqueous humor and plasma during topical or combined topical and systemic administration for fungal keratitis.
abstract: Voriconazole (VRC) is an antifungal drug that effectively treats keratitis caused by yeasts and molds when administered orally. We retrospectively evaluated clinical outcomes and plasma and aqueous humor drug concentrations in five patients with fungal keratitis and one patient with posttraumatic endophthalmitis who were treated with VRC. VRC was administered either topically (1% eye drops every hour) or orally (400 mg twice a day). Plasma and aqueous humor samples from affected eyes were taken 12 h after oral administration or 1 h after eye drop application. The drug concentration was measured by liquid chromatography with UV or mass spectrometric detection. All six patients responded well to VRC treatment. The VRC concentration ranged from 2.93 to 3.40 mg/liter in the aqueous humor and from 3.20 to 4.20 mg/liter in the plasma after combined oral and topical treatment. Topical administration alone resulted in highly variable trough VRC concentrations of 0.61 to 3.30 mg/liter in the aqueous humor. VRC concentrations were above the MIC for Candida albicans Aspergillus fumigatus and clinical improvement was seen in all four patients with C. albicans and A. fumigatus keratitis. Combined orally and topically administered VRC resulted in aqueous humor drug concentrations of > or =2.93 mg/liter, which is above the VRC MIC for most fungi. Topical VRC treatment resulted in an aqueous humor drug concentration >0.61 mg/liter, which is above the MIC for most Candida species. The results from this small series of patients suggest that both topical and combined systemic and topical VRC therapy can be effective in treating fungal keratitis. Furthermore, the data provide preliminary support for initiation of VRC treatment with a combined topical and systemic administration until the causative fungus and its MIC are identified.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, UCSD School of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine East, Room 1088, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0687, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA. azinkernagel@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Thiel
authors.forename: Annelies S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Zinkernagel
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burhenne
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: Walter E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Haefeli
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus / Q000187:drug effects; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007634:Keratitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009181:Mycoses / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014230:Triazoles / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D065819:Voriconazole
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D011743:Pyrimidines; D014230:Triazoles; D065819:Voriconazole