title: MR thermometry characterization of a hyperthermia ultrasound array designed using the k-space computational method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasound induced hyperthermia is a useful adjuvant to radiation therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer. A uniform thermal dose (43 degrees C for 30 minutes) is required within the targeted cancerous volume for effective therapy. This requires specific ultrasound phased array design and appropriate thermometry method. Inhomogeneous, acoustical, three-dimensional (3D) prostate models and economical computational methods provide necessary tools to predict the appropriate shape of hyperthermia phased arrays for better focusing. This research utilizes the k-space computational method and a 3D human prostate model to design an intracavitary ultrasound probe for hyperthermia treatment of prostate cancer. Evaluation of the probe includes ex vivo and in vivo controlled hyperthermia experiments using the noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) thermometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3D acoustical prostate model was created using photographic data from the Visible Human Project. The k-space computational method was used on this coarse grid and inhomogeneous tissue model to simulate the steady state pressure wavefield of the designed phased array using the linear acoustic wave equation. To ensure the uniformity and spread of the pressure in the length of the array, and the focusing capability in the width of the array, the equally-sized elements of the 4 x 20 elements phased array were 1 x 14 mm. A probe was constructed according to the design in simulation using lead zerconate titanate (PZT-8) ceramic and a Delrin plastic housing. Noninvasive MRI thermometry and a switching feedback controller were used to accomplish ex vivo and in vivo hyperthermia evaluations of the probe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both exposimetry and k-space simulation results demonstrated acceptable agreement within 9%. With a desired temperature plateau of 43.0 degrees C, ex vivo and in vivo controlled hyperthermia experiments showed that the MRI temperature at the steady state was 42.9 +/- 0.38 degrees C and 43.1 +/- 0.80 degrees C, respectively, for 20 minutes of heating.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike conventional computational methods, the k-space method provides a powerful tool to predict pressure wavefield in large scale, 3D, inhomogeneous and coarse grid tissue models. Noninvasive MRI thermometry supports the efficacy of this probe and the feedback controller in an in vivo hyperthermia treatment of canine prostate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. omabio@hu.edu.jo
authors.forename: Osama M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Al-Bataineh
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Eun-Joo
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hotaik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Nadine Barrie
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000465:Algorithms; D001698:Biomedical Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D005334:Fever; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D012984:Software; D014465:Ultrasonics