title: Targeting gonadotropins: an alternative option for Alzheimer disease treatment.
abstract: Recent evidence indicates that, alongside oxidative stress, dysregulation of the cell cycle in neurons susceptible to degeneration in Alzheimer disease may play a crucial role in the initiation of the disease. As such, the role of reproductive hormones, which are closely associated with the cell cycle both during development and after birth, may be of key import. While estrogen has been the primary focus, the protective effects of hormone replacement therapy on cognition and dementia only during a crucial period led us to expand the study of hormonal influences to other members of the hypothalamic pituitary axis. Specifically, in this review, we focus on luteinizing hormone, which is not only increased in the sera of patients with Alzheimer disease but, like estrogen, is modulated by hormone replacement therapy and also influences cognitive behavior and pathogenic processing in animal models of the disease. Targeting gonadotropins may be a useful treatment strategy for disease targeting multiple pleiotropic downstream consequences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casadesus
authors.forename: Emma Ramiro
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Puig
authors.forename: Kate M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Webber
authors.forename: Craig S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Atwood
authors.forename: Margarida Castell
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Escuer
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Smith