title: Increasing numbers of hepatic dendritic cells promote HMGB1-mediated ischemia-reperfusion injury.
abstract: Endogenous ligands released from damaged cells, so-called damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), activate innate signaling pathways including the TLRs. We have shown that hepatic, warm ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, generating local, noninfectious DAMPs, promotes inflammation, which is largely TLR4-dependent. Here, we demonstrate that increasing dendritic cell (DC) numbers enhance inflammation and organ injury after hepatic I/R. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a NF released by necrotic cells or secreted by stimulated cells, is one of a number of ligands promoting TLR4 reactivity. Augmentation of DC numbers in the liver with GM-CSF hydrodynamic transfection significantly increased liver damage after I/R when compared with controls. TLR4 engagement on hepatic DC was required for the I/R-induced injury, as augmentation of DC numbers in TLR4 mutant (C3H/HeJ) mice did not worsen hepatic damage. It is interesting that TLR4 expression was increased in hepatic DC following HMGB1 stimulation in vitro, suggesting a mechanism for the increased liver injury following I/R. It thus appears that functional TLR4 on DC is required for I/R-induced injury. Furthermore, HMGB1 may direct the inflammatory responses mediated by DC, at least in part, by enhancing TLR4 expression and reactivity to it and other DAMPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Presbyterian Hospital F1200, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsung
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Geetha
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jeyabalan
authors.forename: Kunihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Izuishi
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Klune
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lotze
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Billiar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor