Proteomic analysis of phosphorylation, oxidation and nitrosylation in signal transduction.
Signal transduction pathways control cell fate, survival and function. They are organized as intricate biochemical networks which enable biochemical protein activities, crosstalk and subcellular localization to be integrated and tuned to produce highly specific biological responses in a robust and reproducible manner. Post translational Modifications (PTMs) play major roles in regulating these processes through a wide variety of mechanisms that include changes in protein activities, interactions, and subcellular localizations. Determining and analyzing PTMs poses enormous challenges. Recent progress in mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics have enhanced our capability to map and identify many PTMs. Here we review the current state of proteomic PTM analysis relevant for signal transduction research, focusing on two areas: phosphorylation, which is well established as a widespread key regulator of signal transduction; and oxidative modifications, which from being primarily viewed as protein damage now start to emerge as important regulatory mechanisms.
Spickett
Corinne M
CM
Department of Bioscience, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK.
Pitt
Andrew R
AR
Morrice
Nicholas
N
Kolch
Walter
W
D000818:Animals; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D008715:Methionine / Q000378:metabolism; D009603:Nitroso Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010748:Phosphopeptides / Q000032:analysis; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein / Q000379:methods; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
D009603:Nitroso Compounds; D010748:Phosphopeptides; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014157:Transcription Factors; D008715:Methionine; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; D018631:ras Proteins; D003545:Cysteine