title: Development and validation of the Chinese version of the Diabetes Management Self-efficacy Scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to translate the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES) into Chinese and test the validity and reliability of the instrument within a Taiwanese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two-stage design was used for this study. Stage I consisted of a multi-stepped process of forward and backward translation, using focus groups and consensus meetings to translate the 20-item Australia/English version DMSES to Chinese and test content validity. Stage II established the psychometric properties of the Chinese version DMSES (C-DMSES) by examining the criterion, convergent and construct validity, internal consistency and stability testing. The sample for Stage II comprised 230 patients with type 2 diabetes aged 30 years or more from a diabetes outpatient clinic in Taiwan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three items were modified to better reflect Chinese practice. The C-DMSES obtained a total average CVI score of .86. The convergent validity of the C-DMSES correlated well with the validated measure of the General Self-Efficacy Scale in measuring self-efficacy (r=.55; p<.01). Criterion-related validity showed that the C-DMSES was a significant predictor of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities scores (Beta=.58; t=10.75, p<.01). Factor analysis supported the C-DMSES being composed of four subscales. Good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=.77 to .93) and test-retest reliability (Pearson correlation coefficient r=.86, p<.01) were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The C-DMSES is a brief and psychometrically sound measure for evaluation of self-efficacy towards management of diabetes by persons with type 2 diabetes in Chinese populations.
authors.affiliation: Nursing Faculty, Department of Nursing, National Taipei College of Nursing, 365, Ming Te Road, Peitou, 112 Taipei, Taiwan. shufang@ntcn.edu.tw
authors.forename: Shu-Fang
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Vivienne Wu
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Courtney
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDowell
authors.forename: Lillie M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Shortridge-Baggett
authors.forename: Pei-Jen
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011594:Psychometrics; D012648:Self Care; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013624:Taiwan; D014175:Translating