title: The initial fetal human retinal vasculature develops by vasculogenesis.
abstract: There is increasing evidence that the hemangioblast, a common progenitor for hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells, participates in embryonic and extra-embryonic vasculogenesis in some organs. Whether resident angioblasts or endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to human retinal vasculogenesis is still a matter of controversy. To address this controversy, fetal human retinas of 6-23 weeks gestation (WG) were examined using immunohistochemistry and a panel of antibodies against endothelial cell markers (CD34, CD31), a marker for retinal angioblasts and endothelium (CD39/ecto-ADPase), and a marker for precursors and hemangioblasts (CXCR4). Confocal microscopic spectral analysis and double labeling with Ki67 was used to identify the proliferating cell types. In the inner neuroblastic layer of the 6-8 WG retina and in the putative ganglion cell layer in avascular regions of older eyes (14 WG-20 WG), scattered CD39+ angioblasts were well in advance of forming vasculature. There was a layer of CXCR4+ cells in the inner retina that was reduced in size with development. As blood vessels formed, CD39+ cells were always well in advance of the vascular front and they expressed CXCR4. This demonstrates that a pool of resident angioblasts express CD39 and CXCR4 as they differentiate and participate in vasculogenesis in the fetal human. They retain expression of CD39 as endothelial cells in the newly formed retinal vasculature but they down-regulate CXCR4 expression.
authors.affiliation: The Wilmer Ophthalmologic Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-9115, USA.
authors.forename: D Scott
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Tarl
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Prow
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Merges
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lutty
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000378:metabolism; D001081:Apyrase / Q000378:metabolism; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D018952:Antigens, CD34; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D001081:Apyrase; C067869:CD39 antigen