title: The ethical education of ophthalmology residents: an experiment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the effect of ethics education on a resident's ability to answer questions that relate to moral dilemmas and on the clinical evaluations of residents by faculty.
  
  
  METHODS
  The curriculum for the ethics education that was used for this study was designed by the author and consisted of 10 lectures of 1.5 hours each. Five residencies were included in the project. One residency received one lecture, two residencies received three lectures, and two residencies received 10 lectures. To evaluate the moral skills of the residents at the beginning of the course and at the end, the residents were given the Defining Issues Test (DIT-2) developed by James Rest, which involves answering standardized questions about four moral dilemmas. Faculty evaluations were completed before and after the ethics lectures were given. At the beginning of the ethics course, each resident was given a social survey that was designed to assess participation in community, religious, political, and societal activities as well as attitudes about these activities. All residents were also asked demographic information, including their age, gender, and year of residency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the DIT-2 taken before and after the ethics lectures were compared. No correlations were found in faculty evaluations of clinical performance of the residents before and after the course (P = .052). Associations between DIT-2 scores and questions on community and religion in the social survey were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding that the effect of an ethics course on residents' ability to answer moral dilemmas did not achieve statistical significance should be accepted with the understanding that this was a first attempt at standardization of many variables, especially the format of the curriculum and materials used. The use of faculty evaluations to assess clinical performance needs to be standardized, and the faculty members need additional training to ensure validity of the results. The social survey was also the first attempt to assess an association between a resident's response to moral dilemmas, attending evaluations, and residents' opinions that relate to community, society, politics, and religion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, North Shore University Hospital, Great Neck, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Packer
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003479:Curriculum / Q000592:standards; D003625:Data Collection; D004521:Educational Measurement; D004992:Ethics, Medical / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D009014:Morals; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000193:education*