title: A randomized controlled trial of telephone calls to young patients with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if scheduled telephone calls from a pediatric diabetes educator to children who have type 1 diabetes improve hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level, hospital admissions, diabetes knowledge, compliance, and psychological well-being.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial of 123 young subjects (mean age 11.9 yr, 69 male) with type 1 diabetes (mean duration 3.65 yr). For 7 months, the intervention group held bimonthly 15-30 min scheduled supportive telephone discussions. The primary outcome was change in the HbA1c level. Admission rates and changes in diabetes knowledge, psychological parameters, compliance, and patient perception were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference between the treatment and control groups either before or after the intervention. The mean HbA1c level in the control group increased from 8.32 to 8.82% and in the intervention group from 8.15 to 8.85% (p = 0.24). Both groups showed an increase in admissions of 0.2 per yr (p = 0.57). There was no improvement in diabetes knowledge (p = 0.34), compliance, or psychological function. The intervention group viewed their contact with the clinic as more helpful (p = 0.003). Analysis of family function did not reveal subgroups with statistically significant differences. A mean of 13 calls was made to each subject at a cost of 36 Australian dollars per child per month.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scheduled bimonthly phone support does not improve the HbA1c level, admission rates, diabetes knowledge, psychological function, or self-management but is perceived by patients as helpful. Further study into the effects of more frequent but shorter periods of support for patients experiencing specific difficulties is needed.
authors.affiliation: John Hunter Children's Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nunn
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Carmel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smart
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000191:economics; D013689:Telephone
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin