title: Pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in pediatric patients.
abstract: The use of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) in infants, children, and patients with congenital heart disease presents unique challenges and considerations. They include uncommon indications for device implantation, innovative approaches to lead implantation and configuration, and age-dependent and disease-specific aspects of device programming. In this review, the current indications for pacemaker and ICD implantation in young patients are discussed, followed by consideration of the approaches to lead and device placement in very small patients and those with complex congenital heart disease, in whom unique problems may be encountered. The limitations of programmability of current pacemakers and ICDs when used in young patients are discussed, followed by an analysis of long-term device follow-up and potential late complications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA. msilka@chla.usc.edu
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Silka
authors.forename: Yaniv
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bar-Cohen
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004867:Equipment Design; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome