title: The association between exercise participation and well-being: a co-twin study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the association between leisure time exercise participation and well-being (i.e., life satisfaction and happiness) and examined the causality underlying this association.
  
  
  METHODS
  The association between exercise participation and well-being was assessed in around 8000 subjects, (age range 18-65 years) from The Netherlands Twin Registry (NTR). Causality was tested with the co-twin control method in 162 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs, 174 dizygotic (DZ) twin and sibling pairs, and 2842 unrelated individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exercisers were more satisfied with their life and happier than non-exercisers at all ages. The odds ratio for life satisfaction given exercise participation was significantly higher than unity in unrelated pairs, and a trend was visible in DZ pairs. In MZ pairs, the odds ratio was close to unity. The pattern of odds ratios for happiness given exercise participation was similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise participation is associated with higher levels of life satisfaction and happiness. This association is non-causal and appears to be mediated by genetic factors that influence both exercise behavior and well-being.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. jh.stubbe@psy.vu.nl
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Stubbe
authors.forename: M H M
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: de Moor
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Boomsma
authors.forename: E J C
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: de Geus
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D014427:Twins / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic