title: Three-dimensional quantification of cardiac surface motion: a newly developed three-dimensional digital motion-capture and reconstruction system for beating heart surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate our newly developed 3-dimensional digital motion-capture and reconstruction system in an animal experiment setting and to characterize quantitatively the three regional cardiac surface motions, in the left anterior descending artery, right coronary artery, and left circumflex artery, before and after stabilization using a stabilizer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six pigs underwent a full sternotomy. Three tiny metallic markers (diameter 2 mm) coated with a reflective material were attached on three regional cardiac surfaces (left anterior descending, right coronary, and left circumflex coronary artery regions). These markers were captured by two high-speed digital video cameras (955 frames per second) as 2-dimensional coordinates and reconstructed to 3-dimensional data points (about 480 xyz-position data per second) by a newly developed computer program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The remaining motion after stabilization ranged from 0.4 to 1.01 mm at the left anterior descending, 0.91 to 1.52 mm at the right coronary artery, and 0.53 to 1.14 mm at the left circumflex regions. Significant differences before and after stabilization were evaluated in maximum moving velocity (left anterior descending 456.7 +/- 178.7 vs 306.5 +/- 207.4 mm/s; right coronary artery 574.9 +/- 161.7 vs 446.9 +/- 170.7 mm/s; left circumflex 578.7 +/- 226.7 vs 398.9 +/- 192.6 mm/s; P < .0001) and maximum acceleration (left anterior descending 238.8 +/- 137.4 vs 169.4 +/- 132.7 m/s2; right coronary artery 315.0 +/- 123.9 vs 242.9 +/- 120.6 m/s2; left circumflex 307.9 +/- 151.0 vs 217.2 +/- 132.3 m/s2; P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This system is useful for a precise quantification of the heart surface movement. This helps us better understand the complexity of the heart, its motion, and the need for developing a better stabilizer for beating heart surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan. watatoshi@mua.biglobe.ne.jp
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Sadao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Omata
authors.forename: Motoki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Odamura
authors.forename: Masahumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003201:Computers; D003331:Coronary Vessels; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D023421:Models, Animal; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009068:Movement; D013552:Swine; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014741:Video Recording