title: c-Myc overexpression and endocrine resistance in breast cancer.
abstract: The oncoprotein c-Myc is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer and ectopic expression in breast cancer cell lines attenuates responses to antiestrogen treatment. Here, we review preliminary data aimed at further elucidating a potential role for c-Myc in clinical endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Immunohistochemical and semi-quantitative PCR revealed that c-Myc protein and c-myc mRNA were frequently overexpressed in both ER-positive and ER-negative breast carcinoma. Furthermore, both constitutive and inducible c-Myc overexpression in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines markedly reduced their sensitivity to the growth inhibitory effects of the pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780. In order to identify potential downstream targets of c-Myc that mediate this effect, Affymetrix microarrays were employed to examine the patterns of gene expression shared by MCF-7 cells stimulated by estrogen, or by induction of c-Myc. Approximately 50% of estrogen target genes identified 6h after treatment were also regulated by c-Myc. One novel target, EMU4, was transcriptionally regulated by c-Myc. In addition, there was a strong correlation between c-myc and EMU4 mRNA expression in a battery of breast cancer cell lines. These data confirm that c-Myc overexpression is a common event in breast cancer, and that this is associated with resistance to antiestrogens in vitro. Furthermore, the development of an experimental paradigm for the discovery of c-Myc and estrogen target genes associated with endocrine resistance provides a framework for the discovery and validation of genes involved in estrogen signalling, and c-Myc-mediated-antiestrogen resistance.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
authors.forename: Catriona M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McNeil
authors.forename: C Marcelo
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sergio
authors.forename: Luke R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Claire K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Inman
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Eggleton
authors.forename: Niamh C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Ewan K A
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Millar
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crea
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kench
authors.forename: M Chehani
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Alles
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gardiner-Garden
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ormandy
authors.forename: Alison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Butt
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Henshall
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Musgrove
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sutherland
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D004967:Estrogens; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen