title: Modulation of glutaredoxin in the lung and sputum of cigarette smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One typical feature in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the disturbance of the oxidant/antioxidant balance. Glutaredoxins (Grx) are thiol disulfide oxido-reductases with antioxidant capacity and catalytic functions closely associated with glutathione, the major small molecular weight antioxidant of human lung. However, the role of Grxs in smoking related diseases is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses were conducted with lung specimens (n = 45 and n = 32, respectively) and induced sputum (n = 50) of healthy non-smokers and smokers without COPD and at different stages of COPD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Grx1 was expressed mainly in alveolar macrophages. The percentage of Grx1 positive macrophages was significantly lower in GOLD stage IV COPD than in healthy smokers (p = 0.021) and the level of Grx1 in total lung homogenate decreased both in stage I-II (p = 0.045) and stage IV COPD (p = 0.022). The percentage of Grx1 positive macrophages correlated with the lung function parameters (FEV1, r = 0.45, p = 0.008; FEV1%, r = 0.46, p = 0.007, FEV/FVC%, r = 0.55, p = 0.001). Grx1 could also be detected in sputum supernatants, the levels being increased in the supernatants from acute exacerbations of COPD compared to non-smokers (p = 0.013) and smokers (p = 0.051).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present cross-sectional study showed that Grx1 was expressed mainly in alveolar macrophages, the levels being decreased in COPD patients. In addition, the results also demonstrated the presence of Grx1 in extracellular fluids including sputum supernatants. Overall, the present study suggests that Grx1 is a potential redox modulatory protein regulating the intracellular as well as extracellular homeostasis of glutathionylated proteins and GSH in human lung.
authors.affiliation: Biocenter Oulu and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. mirva.peltoniemi@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Mirva J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Peltoniemi
authors.forename: Paula H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rytilä
authors.forename: Terttu H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Harju
authors.forename: Ylermi M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Soini
authors.forename: Kaisa M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Salmenkivi
authors.forename: Lloyd W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Ruddock
authors.forename: Vuokko L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Kinnula
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D054477:Glutaredoxins; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking; D013183:Sputum / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C516005:GLRX protein, human; D054477:Glutaredoxins; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D005978:Glutathione