title: The health-care environment on a locked psychiatric ward: an ethnographic study.
abstract: Recent changes in psychiatric hospital care involving a reduction in the number of beds and time spent in hospital motivated the study of conditions of inpatient care on such wards. An ethnographic study of a locked, acute psychiatric ward in a department of psychiatry was performed with the aim of describing the health-care environment in such a ward. The ward admitted patients on both a voluntarily and involuntarily basis. Data were collected by means of 3.5 months of participant observations. The results showed a health-care environment that was overshadowed by control. Staff were in control but they also lacked control; they attempted to master the situation in line with organizational demands and they sometimes failed. At the same time, the staff tried to share the responsibility of caring for patients and next of kin. Patients were controlled by staff; they were the underdogs and dependent on staff for their care and the freedom to leave the ward. Patients tried to make themselves heard and reacted to the control by developing counter-strategies. What this study adds to earlier research is patients' pressure on staff and sometimes quite an open struggle for more control, which may be an expression for an unacceptable imbalance in power between patients and staff.
authors.affiliation: The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Göteborg, Sweden. inger.x.johansson.vgregion.se
authors.forename: Inger M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Ingela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skärsäter
authors.forename: Ella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Danielson
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003142:Communication; D005610:Freedom; D006272:Health Facility Environment / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006757:Hospital Units / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000523:psychology; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011568:Psychiatric Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013548:Sweden