title: Treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis--a critical approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the current management of proliferative lupus nephritis (PLN), with a focus on strategies to improve long-term outcome and reduce treatment toxicity while minimizing the risk of relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature on treatment strategies used in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and PLN from 1975 to 2006, using PubMed from the National Library of Medicine, was reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The high efficacy of the standard therapeutic regimen of PLN, traditionally associating cyclophosphamide (CYC) with corticosteroids (CS), has markedly ameliorated the prognosis of the disease, with more than 80% of patients achieving complete or partial remission. The ameliorated renal prognosis has positively influenced the general survival rates. Ten-year survival rates now surpass 75% and continue to improve. In view of the improved survival, the major aims of treatment now include preventing long-term organ damage and minimizing treatment toxicity, which can contribute significantly to the chronic morbidity and mortality of lupus. A number of high-quality trials have been reported, making us more confident of the value of different immunosuppressive protocols, and several novel immunosuppressive drugs are still under investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent basic and clinical research has enormously improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of SLE and has suggested new, targeted approaches to therapy. These targeted novel therapies are expected to help the patients with PLN in the next decade.
authors.affiliation: Saint Vincent Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts 01608, USA. irinabuhaescu@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Buhaescu
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covic
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deray
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055502:Secondary Prevention
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents