title: Immunological consequences of using three different clinical/laboratory techniques of emulsifying peptide-based vaccines in incomplete Freund's adjuvant.
abstract: Incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) serves as a carrier for water-in-oil emulsion (W/O) vaccines. The stability of such emulsions greatly affects vaccine safety and efficacy since continued presence of antigen depots at lymphoid organs releasing low-level antigens is known to stimulate a potent immune response and high-level systemic release of antigens can lead to tolerance. W/O emulsions for the purpose of clinical and laboratory peptide-based vaccinations have been prepared using the techniques of syringe extrusion, vortex or high-speed homogenization. There is no consensus in the field over which technique would be best to use and no immunological data are available that compare the three techniques. In this study, we compared the immune responses induced by a peptide-based vaccine prepared using vortex, syringe-extrusion and homogenization. The vaccination led to tumor rejection by mice vaccinated with the peptide-based vaccine prepared using all three techniques. The immunological data from the in vivo cytotoxicity assay showed a trend for lower responses and a higher variability and greater range in the immune responses induced by a vaccine that was emulsified by the vortex or homogenizer techniques as compared to the syringe-extrusion technique. There were statistically significant lower numbers of IFNgamma-secreting cells induced when the mice were vaccinated with a peptide-based vaccine emulsion prepared using the vortex compared to the syringe-extrusion technique. At a suboptimal vaccine dose, the mice vaccinated with a peptide-based vaccine emulsion prepared using the vortex technique had the largest tumors compared to the syringe-extrusion or the homogenizer technique. In the setting of a busy pharmacy that prepares peptide-based vaccine emulsions for clinical studies, the vortex technique can still be used but we urge investigators to take special care in their choice of mixing vessels for the vortex technique as that can influence the stability of the emulsion. However, in instances where the optimal dose is unknown, we caution investigators against using the vortex technique to prepare the peptide-based vaccine emulsions. Overall, we report that all three techniques can be used to prepare peptide-based vaccine emulsions under optimal dose conditions and we discuss important details regarding the proper preparation of the emulsions.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. ytk@usc.edu
authors.forename: Yi T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Sean A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: W Martin
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Kast