Treatment-related osteoporosis in men with prostate cancer.
The intended therapeutic effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists is hypogonadism, a major cause of acquired osteoporosis in men. Consistent with this observation, GnRH agonists increase bone turnover and decrease bone mineral density, a surrogate for fracture risk. Large claims-based analyses and other retrospective studies provide compelling evidence that GnRH agonists increase risk of clinical fractures. Estrogens play a central role in homeostasis of the normal male skeleton, and estrogen deficiency rather than testosterone deficiency seems to be primarily responsible for the adverse skeletal effects of GnRH agonists. In randomized controlled trials, bisphosphonates (pamidronate and zoledronic acid) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (raloxifene and toremifene) increased bone mineral density in GnRH agonist-treated men. Two ongoing large randomized placebo-controlled studies will prospectively define fracture outcomes in men with prostate cancer and assess the efficacy of novel pharmacologic interventions (AMG162, toremifene) during GnRH agonist treatment.
Smith
Matthew R
MR
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. smith.matthew@mgh.harvard.edu
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents