title: Mortality in pharmacologically treated older adults with diabetes: the Cardiovascular Health Study, 1989-2001.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus (DM) confers an increased risk of mortality in young and middle-aged individuals and in women. It is uncertain, however, whether excess DM mortality continues beyond age 75 years, is related to type of hypoglycemic therapy, and whether women continue to be disproportionately affected by DM into older age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the Cardiovascular Health Study, a prospective study of 5,888 adults, we examined 5,372 participants aged 65 y or above without DM (91.2%), 322 with DM treated with oral hypoglycemic agents (OHGAs) (5.5%), and 194 with DM treated with insulin (3.3%). Participants were followed (1989-2001) for total, cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD), and non-CVD/noncancer mortality. Compared with non-DM participants, those treated with OHGAs or insulin had adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for total mortality of 1.33 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10 to 1.62) and 2.04 (95% CI, 1.62 to 2.57); CVD mortality, 1.99 (95% CI, 1.54 to 2.57) and 2.16 (95% CI, 1.54 to 3.03); CHD mortality, 2.47 (95% CI, 1.89 to 3.24) and 2.75 (95% CI, 1.95 to 3.87); and infectious and renal mortality, 1.35 (95% CI, 0.70 to 2.59) and 6.55 (95% CI, 4.18 to 10.26), respectively. The interaction of age (65-74 y versus > or =75 y) with DM was not significant. Women treated with OHGAs had a similar HR for total mortality to men, but a higher HR when treated with insulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DM mortality risk remains high among older adults in the current era of medical care. Mortality risk and type of mortality differ between OHGA and insulin treatment. Women treated with insulin therapy have an especially high mortality risk. Given the high absolute CVD mortality in older people, those with DM warrant aggressive CVD risk factor reduction.
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Heath Studies Coordinating Center and Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kronmal
authors.forename: Joshua I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Barzilay
authors.forename: Nicholas L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Psaty
authors.forename: Lewis H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Curt
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Furberg
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin