title: Biliary bacterial factors determine the path of gallstone formation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacteria cause pigment gallstones and can act as a nidus for cholesterol gallstone formation. Bacterial factors that facilitate gallstone formation include beta-glucuronidase (bG), phospholipase (PhL), and slime. The current study sought to determine whether bacterial factors influence the path of gallstone formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 382 gallstones were cultured and/or examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Bacteria were tested for bG and slime production. Gallstone composition was determined using infrared spectrography. Ca-palmitate presence documented bacterial PhL production. Groups were identified based upon bacterial factors present: slime and bGPhL (slime/bGPhL), bGPhL only, and slime only. Influence of bacterial stone-forming factors on gallstone composition and morphology was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacteria were present in 75% of pigment, 76% of mixed, and 20% of cholesterol stones. Gallstones with bGPhL producing bacteria contained more pigment (71% vs. 26%, P < .0001). The slime/bGPhL group was associated (79%) with pigment stones, bGPhL was associated (56%) with mixed stones, while slime (or none) only was associated (67%) with cholesterol stones (P < .031, all comparisons).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacterial properties determined the path of gallstone formation. Bacteria that produced all stone-forming factors promoted pigment stone formation, while those that produced only bGPhL promoted mixed stone formation. Bacteria that only produced slime lacked the ability to generate pigment solids, and consequently were more common in the centers of cholesterol stones. This shows how bacterial characteristics may govern the process of gallstone formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. lygia.stewart@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Lygia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: J McLeod
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Grifiss
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: Lawrence W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Way
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000032:analysis; D018441:Biofilms; D041761:Cholecystolithiasis / Q000382:microbiology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000032:analysis; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D010861:Fimbriae, Bacterial; D042882:Gallstones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D002784:Cholesterol; D001663:Bilirubin