title: Haematological and biochemical indices in young African children: in search of reference intervals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reference intervals of haematological and biochemical indices currently used in Africa are derived from data collected from populations living in industrialized countries. Few studies have been performed in Africa questioning the validity of these values when applied to local African populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide reference intervals of haematological [haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBC), haematocrit (Htc) and platelets] and biochemical indices (ALT, creatinine and bilirubin) for children aged 1-4 from a rural area of southern Mozambique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reference intervals were developed using the 2.5 and 97.5 centiles. Partition tests were performed to evaluate age and gender differences. Quantile regression models were estimated for those variables in which age partition was recommended. Deviances from linearity in the estimated models were evaluated using fractional polynomials of first or second degree. Agreement to classify normality, using the estimated reference intervals or values in use in a western paediatric hospital, was made using the kappa statistic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reference intervals for Hb, WBC, Htc, platelets, ALT and creatinine show significant differences by age. Gender differences were observed for creatinine values, while for bilirubin there were no significant differences for age or gender. Estimated Hb and Htc reference intervals in African children were lower than the accepted western ones, while ALT values were higher in the former. Agreement between normal classification, using the estimated intervals or the western values, was from slight to fair.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reference intervals of haematological and biochemical indices based on results from western individuals of the same age are not in agreement with the estimated values for African children. These observed values should not be used as a rule to define normality, but are the ones usually found in this population where anaemia, malaria and high mortality rates are also common.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Salut Internacional, Hospital Clinic IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. lquinto@clinic.ub.es
authors.forename: Llorenç
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quintó
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Aponte
authors.forename: Jahit
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sacarlal
authors.forename: Mateu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Espasa
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aide
authors.forename: Inacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mandomando
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guinovart
authors.forename: Eusebio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Macete
authors.forename: Margarita M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Navia
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menéndez
authors.forename: Pedro L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Alonso
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006400:Hematocrit; D006403:Hematologic Tests; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D009073:Mozambique; D010976:Platelet Count; D012015:Reference Standards; D012423:Rural Health; D017678:Sex Distribution
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D003404:Creatinine; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D001663:Bilirubin