title: Three-year developmental outcomes in children with prenatal alcohol and drug exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to describe the performance of children whose mothers abused alcohol and drugs heavily during pregnancy, using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development Second Edition (BSID-II) at three years, and to examine the effects of study group, prenatal binge alcohol exposure, and prematurity on developmental outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children were born to mothers recruited from two large hospitals or through community referral. Hospital recruits were randomly assigned to either a three-year paraprofessional home visitation intervention program (n = 30) or a control group (n = 31). Community recruits were enrolled in the intervention program (n = 35).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among all children the mean BSID-II Mental Developmental Index (MDI) was 84.4 (SD = 14.4) and mean Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) was 84.1 (SD = 16.9). Box plots of the MDI and PDI scores by study group, maternal prenatal binge alcohol status, and a binary indicator of prematurity suggested an effect of maternal binge drinking on MDI and PDI scores: children of mothers with a history of binge alcohol consumption have, on average, slightly lower scores. We saw no evidence of a systematic effect of the maternal intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Developmental performance of preschool children exposed to alcohol and drugs prenatally was, on average, substantially lower than expected for age regardless of study group. Although this home visitation intervention has been shown to be effective in helping mothers address a wide spectrum of needs, it is unlikely sufficient to overcome complex developmental risks of children exposed to alcohol and drugs prenatally. The effect of more comprehensive, multidimensional services specifically designed for the children should be investigated within this context.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (D.K.), Fetal Alcohol and Drug Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (T.M.G., A.P.S., C.C.E.), School of Medicine, and Department of Statistics (P.D.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kartin
authors.forename: Therese M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Ann P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Streissguth
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: Cara C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ernst