title: Sodium arsenite affects Na+ transport in the isolated skin of the toad Pleurodema thaul.
abstract: Arsenic, applied as sodium arsenite (As(III)) to either inner or outer surfaces of the isolated toad skin, dose-dependently decreased the short-circuit current (Isc), potential difference (PD) and sodium conductance (G(Na)) in the concentration range 1-1000 microM, with effects often lasting over 3 h. Maximal inhibitory effect was over 90% with an IC(50) of about 34 microM. Applied during amiloride block, As(III) did not change this effect. However, an increase in electric parameters was noted during the initial 30 min in 22 experiments, indicating a possible translocation of cytosolic protein kinase C (PKC) to the membrane within 15 min, thus stimulating sodium transport; this is followed by a progressive inhibition of kinase activity. Comparative effects of amiloride (8 microM), As(III) (100 microM, outer surface) and noradrenaline (NA, 10 microM, inner surface) showed a significant increase in the stimulatory effect of NA on the electric parameters, which could be the result of arsenite clustering of cell surface receptors and activation of ensuing cellular signal transduction pathways. Ouabain 5 microM, followed by As(III) 100 microM, also stimulated the skin response to NA (10 microM), although the duration of the two phases of the response was markedly shortened. The exact mechanism is still in doubt: however, As(III) increases cerebral metabolites of NA and ouabain can increase NA efflux from tissue slices. The amiloride test, performed with As(III) in the outer surface, confirmed significant decrease in all the parameters: the driving force (E(Na)), sodium conductance (G(Na)), and importantly, shunt conductance (G(sh)), due to the known fact that arsenic inhibits gap junctional intercellular communication.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile. Electronic address: msuwalsk@udec.cl.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suwalsky
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
authors.forename: Beryl
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
authors.forename: Hernán
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cárdenas
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000584:Amiloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000502:physiology*; D018053:Arsenites / Q000633:toxicity*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D003600:Cytosol / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010042:Ouabain / Q000494:pharmacology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques / Q000379:methods; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D018053:Arsenites; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D017670:Sodium Compounds; C017947:sodium arsenite; D010042:Ouabain; D000584:Amiloride; D012964:Sodium; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D009638:Norepinephrine