title: Targeting prostaglandin E EP receptors to inhibit metastasis.
abstract: It is well established that high cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression contributes to the aggressive behavior of breast and other malignancies. Due to concerns regarding the safety of long-term use of COX-2 inhibitors as well as a desire to seek more effective alternatives to prevent and treat metastatic disease, we tested the hypothesis that inhibition of downstream signaling by the COX-2 product prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) would be as effective as inhibiting global prostaglandin synthesis. PGE(2) acts through four G-protein-coupled receptors designated EP1-4. Here, we summarize data from many laboratories regarding the role of individual E-series of prostaglandin (EP) receptors on cancer behavior and we discuss our own recent findings that antagonists of the PGE receptor subtype 4, EP4, inhibit experimental metastasis in a murine model of hormone-resistant, metastatic breast cancer. These initial results indicate that selective targeting of individual EP receptors should be investigated as an approach to exploit the high COX-2 activity in many epithelial malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. afulton@umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fulton
authors.forename: Xinrong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Namita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kundu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
chemical_list: C545650:PTGER4 protein, human; C545651:Ptger4 protein, mouse; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2