title: Sharps injuries in UK health care: a review of injury rates, viral transmission and potential efficacy of safety devices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature on sharps injuries and occupational bloodborne virus transmission in health care in the UK and the worldwide evidence for injury prevention of sharps safety devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review by online database and Internet resource search.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four relevant publications were identified regarding UK reported sharps injury rates. UK studies showed as much as a 10-fold difference between injuries reported through standard reporting systems (0.78-5.15 per 100 person-years) and rates estimated from retrospective questionnaires of clinical populations (30-284 per 100 person-years). National surveillance data from England, Wales and Northern Ireland gives a rate of 1.43 known hepatitis C virus or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmissions to health care workers per annum. When extrapolated, this suggests an approximate rate of 0.009 such viral transmissions per 1000 hospital beds per annum. Risk of infection from sources with no risk factors is extremely small (less than one in one million for HIV transmission based on Scottish data). Thirty-one studies on the efficacy of sharps safety devices showed evidence of a reduction in injuries, with the greatest reductions achieved by blunt suture needles and safety cannulae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although injuries remain common, confirmed viral transmission in the UK has been relatively rare. The degree of under-reporting of sharps injuries may be as much as 10-fold. Safety-engineered devices are likely to be effective at injury reduction.
authors.affiliation: Salus Occupational Health and Safety, NHS Lanarkshire, Centrum Park, Coatbridge, Lanarkshire, UK. sandy.elder@lanarkshire.scot.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.forename: Caron
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paterson
mesh_terms: D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D006282:Health Personnel; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017758:Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional; D008297:Male; D016602:Needlestick Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011482:Protective Devices; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission