title: Nitrogen metabolism and excretion in the aquatic chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, exposed to a progressive increase in ambient salinity.
abstract: This study aimed to determine effects of 6-day progressive increase in salinity from 1 per thousand to 15 per thousand on nitrogen metabolism and excretion in the soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis. For turtles exposed to 15 per thousand water on day 6, the plasma osmolality and concentrations of Na+, Cl- and urea increased significantly, which presumably decreased the osmotic loss of water. Simultaneously, there were significant increases in contents of urea, certain free amino acids (FAAs) and water-soluble proteins that were involved in cell volume regulation in various tissues. There was an apparent increase in proteolysis, releasing FAAs as osmolytes. In addition, there might be an increase in catabolism of certain amino acids, producing more ammonia. The excess ammonia was retained as indicated by a significant decrease in the rate of ammonia excretion on day 4 in 15 per thousand water, and a major portion of it was converted to urea. The rate of urea synthesis increased 1.4-fold during the 6-day period, although the capacity of the hepatic ornithine urea cycle remained unchanged. Urea was retained for osmoregulation because there was a significant decrease in urea excretion on day 4. Increased protein degradation and urea synthesis implies greater metabolic demands, and indeed turtles exposed to 15 per thousand water had significantly higher O2 consumption rate than the freshwater (FW) control. When turtles were returned from 15 per thousand water to FW on day 7, there were significant increases in ammonia (probably released through increased amino acid catabolism) and urea excretion, confirming that FAAs and urea were retained for osmoregulatory purposes in brackish water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: Serene Min Lin
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Wai Peng
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Kum Chew
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Hiong
authors.forename: Ai May
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Loong
authors.forename: Shit Fun
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Yuen Kwong
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Ip
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism; D006400:Hematocrit; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008296:Malaysia; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000032:analysis*; D014426:Turtles / Q000378:metabolism*; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D002712:Chlorides; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D000641:Ammonia; D014508:Urea; D009584:Nitrogen