title: Country-wide distribution of the nitrile female condom (FC2) in Brazil and South Africa: a cost-effectiveness analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cost-effectiveness and potential impact of expanded female condom distribution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-effectiveness analysis assessing HIV infections averted annually and incremental cost per HIV infection averted for country-wide distribution of the nitrile female condom (FC2) among sexually active individuals, 15-49 years, with access to publicly distributed condoms in Brazil and South Africa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Brazil, expansion of FC2 distribution to 10% of current male condom use would avert an estimated 604 (5-95th percentiles, 412-831) HIV infections at 20,683 US dollars (5-95th percentiles, 13,497-29,521) per infection averted. In South Africa, 9577 (5-95th percentiles, 6539-13,270) infections could be averted, at 985 US dollars (5-95th percentiles, 633-1412) per infection averted. The estimated cost of treating one HIV-infected individual is 21,970 US dollars (5-95th percentiles, 18,369-25,719) in Brazil and 1503 US dollars (5-95th percentiles, 1245-1769) in South Africa, indicating potential cost savings. The incremental cost of expanded distribution would be reduced to 8930 US dollars (5-95th percentiles, 5864-13,163) per infection averted in Brazil and 374 US dollars (5-95th percentiles, 237-553) in South Africa by acquiring FC2s through a global purchasing mechanism and increasing distribution threefold. Sensitivity analyses show model estimates to be most sensitive to the estimated prevalence of sexually transmitted infections, total sexual activity, and fraction of FC2s properly used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expanded distribution of FC2 in Brazil and South Africa could avert substantial numbers of HIV infections at little or no net cost to donor or government agencies. FC2 may be a useful and cost-effective supplement to the male condom for preventing HIV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dowdy
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sweat
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Holtgrave
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D019111:Single-Use Internal Condom / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017059:Models, Econometric; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology