title: Comparing the effects of sampling designs on the diagnostic accuracy of eight promising screening algorithms for pediatric bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Past studies have used markedly different inclusion and exclusion criteria to form samples used to evaluate diagnostic tests, making it difficult to compare results across studies. The present investigation compared eight screening algorithms in the same sample but under two different design strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The DSM-IV diagnoses were based on a semi-structured diagnostic interview (KSADS) with the parent and youth sequentially. Raters were blind to index test scores. Participants were 216 youths with bipolar spectrum diagnoses and 284 youths with other Axis I diagnoses or no diagnosis. T-tests evaluated whether areas under the curve (AUC) from receiver operating characteristic analyses differed under the two design conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the instruments discriminated bipolar cases better when inclusion and exclusion criteria duplicated those used in phenomenological research studies selecting narrow phenotypic cases (AUCs ranging from .90 to .81). The measures performed less well when more heterogeneous clinical presentations were included [AUCs ranging from .86 to .69, t(8) = 4.99, p = 001].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that checklists perform less well discriminating pediatric bipolar disorder under conditions that more closely resemble clinical practice. Test users must consider whether the sampling strategies and participant characteristics used to evaluate tests match the characteristics of their own patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3270, USA. eric.youngstrom@unc.edu
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Youngstrom
authors.forename: Oren
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: Jennifer Kogos
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Youngstrom
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Findling
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index