title: Apoptosis as a creative agent of embryonic development of bucca, mentum and nasolacrimal duct. An in vivo study in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For embryonal facial development several fusion processes between different facial prominences are necessary. If fusion fails to appear, various facial clefts may occur, known as median (e.g. lower median cleft lip), oblique (e.g. open nasolacrimal duct) or lateral facial clefts (macrostomia, lateral cleft).
  
  
  METHODS
  The development of 3 different facial regions (bucca, mentum, and nasolacrimal duct) was examined in rats using serial histological sections on day 13.5 after conception. Common procedures were used (staining for active caspase-3 and for Ki-67) for histological assessment about the role of apoptotic and proliferative processes in the fusion zones of buccal, mental and nasolacrimal areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple apoptotic events were detected in epithelial cells of the respective regions, the proliferative centers were located in the mesenchymal surroundings of fusion zones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A substantial precondition for fusion of facial prominences are proliferative and apoptotic processes in epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Apoptosis contributes to the development of bucca, mentum and the nasolacrimal duct. Absence of apoptoses may be responsible for facial clefts.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany. kri.lotz@web.de
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lotz
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Proff
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bienengraeber
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fanghaenel
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gedrange
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weingaertner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000032:analysis; D002610:Cheek / Q000196:embryology*; D002680:Chin / Q000196:embryology*; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000196:embryology; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000196:embryology; D005260:Female; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D009301:Nasolacrimal Duct / Q000196:embryology* / Q000201:enzymology; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D053148:Caspase 3