title: Failure mode and effects analysis as a performance improvement tool in trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Performance improvement (PI) in the multiple systems injured patient frequently highlights areas for improvement in overall hospital care processes. Failure mode effects analysis (FMEA) is an effective tool to assess and prioritize areas of risk in clinical practice. Failure mode effects analysis is often initiated by a "near-miss" or concern for risk as opposed to a root cause analysis that is initiated solely after a sentinel event. In contrast to a root cause analysis, the FMEA looks more broadly at processes involved in the delivery of care. The purpose of this abstract was to demonstrate the usefulness of FMEA as a PI tool by describing an event and following the event through the healthcare delivery PI processes involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  During routine chart abstraction, a trauma registrar found that an elderly trauma patient admitted with a subdural hematoma inadvertently received heparin during the course of a dialysis treatment. Although heparin use was contraindicated in this patient, there were no sequelae as a result of the error. This case was reviewed by the trauma service PI committee and the quality improvement team, which initiated FMEA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An FMEA of inpatient dialysis process was conducted following this incident. The process included physician, nursing, and allied health representatives involved in dialysis. As part of the process, observations of dialysis treatments and staff interviews were conducted. Observation revealed that nurses generally left the patient's room and did not involve themselves in the dialysis process. A formal patient "pass-off" report was not done. Nurses did not review dialysis orders or reevaluate the treatment plan before treatment. We found that several areas of our current practice placed our patients at risk. 1. The nephrology consult/dialysis communication process was inconsistent. 2. Scheduling of treatments for chronic dialysis patients could occur without a formal consult or order. 3. RNs were not consistently involved in dialysis scheduling, setup, or treatment. 4. Dialysis technicians may exceed scope of practice (taking telephone orders) when scheduling of treatment occurred before consult and written orders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Near-miss events may be overlooked as opportunities for improvement in cases where no harm has come to the patient. As a result of our FMEA investigation, the following recommendations were made to improve hospital care delivery in those trauma patients who require inpatient dialysis: 1. Education of RNs about the dialysis process. 2. Implementation of a formal reporting process between the RN and the dialysis technician before the procedure is initiated. 3. RN supervision of dialysis treatments. 4. Use of a preprinted inpatient dialysis form. 5. Education of dialysis technicians regarding their scope of practice. 6. Improve notification process for scheduling dialysis procedures between units and dialysis coordinator (similar to x-ray scheduling). Our performance improvement focus has broadened to include all reported "near-miss" events in order to improve our healthcare delivery process before an event with sequelae occurs. We have found that using FMEA has greatly increased our ability to facilitate change across all services and departments within the hospital.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Services, LDS Hospital, Eighth Avenue and C Street, Salt Lake City, UT 84143, USA. sue.day@intermountainmail.org
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dalto
authors.forename: Jolene
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turpin
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000925:Anticoagulants; D015984:Causality; D003142:Communication; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D000075202:Contraindications; D003663:Decision Trees; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020380:Needs Assessment / Q000458:organization & administration; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000458:organization & administration; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000451:nursing / Q000592:standards; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012308:Risk Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014194:Traumatology / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014589:Utah
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants