title: Polyurethane elastomer: a new material for the visualization of cadaveric blood vessels.
abstract: A multitude of various materials are available for the visualization of cadaveric vessels, ranging from natural materials like gelatin and latex to synthetic materials like silicone rubber or acrylates. To achieve a detailed overview of the vascular architecture in microvascular studies in experimental flap surgery, the injected material should have low viscosity to assure perfusion of even the smallest vessels. In addition, the material ideally should have either no or only minimal shrinkage, and should harden within a reasonable time, but retain sufficient elasticity and resistance to withstand tearing off the delicate vessels during subsequent dissection or casting. Because none of the available injection materials adequately combines these attributes, we evaluated the polyurethane elastomer "PU4ii" in latissimus dorsi muscles as a new material for the visualization of cadaveric vessels in comparison with the frequently used silicone rubber. The dissection of vessels injected with PU4ii proved easy largely because of its exceptional hardness. Even if not visible before dissection, the completely perfused vessels were easily palpated in the surrounding fat or muscle tissue of the microsurgical latissimus dorsi model. Despite the significantly higher hardness of PU4ii over silicone rubber (98 Sh-A vs. 12 Sh-A), PU4ii proved enough elasticity (20-25 N/mm(2) E modulus) and a high tear resistance (64-68 N/mm vs. 15 N/mm) preventing breakage during dissection even within the smallest vessels. In contrast to silicone rubber (and latex or gelatin), the high corrosion resistance and form stability of PU4ii also allowed building of casts for qualitative examination by scanning electron microscopy and quantitative analysis of the vessel density using micro-computed tomography with accurate 3D representation. In this study we show that PU4ii has physical characteristics that make it a multi-purpose material that allows at the same breath an excellent gross visualization of the architecture of cadaveric blood vessels as well as a detailed evaluation of casts by modern microscopic and or radiologic tools. Thus, the new polyurethane elastomer PU4ii is in many respects superior to the widely used silicone rubber and can be strongly recommended as a visualization material for a comprehensive evaluation of cadaveric blood vessels in microsurgery.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Gertrude M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Beer
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Mirjana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manestar
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krucker
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mihic-Probst
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Groscurth
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002102:Cadaver; D016319:Corrosion Casting; D020724:Elastomers; D004615:Embalming / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply; D011140:Polyurethanes; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D013524:Surgical Flaps
chemical_list: D020724:Elastomers; D011140:Polyurethanes; D012826:Silicone Elastomers