title: Using eye movements to evaluate a PC-based risk awareness and perception training program on a driving simulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of the effects of a PC-based training program on risk perception in a driving simulator.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Novice drivers have a fatality rate some eight times higher than that of the most experienced group of drivers, primarily because of the novice driver's inability to predict ahead of time the risks that will appear in the roadway. Current driver education programs, at least those in the United States, do not emphasize the teaching of risk awareness skills to novice drivers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PC-based risk awareness and perception training program was developed and evaluated. The training involved using plan (top-down) views of 10 risky scenarios that helped novice drivers identify where potential risks were located and what information should be attended. Both the 24 trained novice drivers and 24 untrained novice drivers were evaluated on an advanced driving simulator. The eye movements of both groups of drivers were measured. The evaluation on the driving simulator included both scenarios used in the training and others not used in training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The set of trained novice drivers were almost twice as likely as untrained drivers to fixate appropriately either on the regions where potential risks might appear or on signs that warned of potentially risky situations ahead, both for the scenarios they had encountered in training and for novel scenarios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PC training program developed, which is portable and can be widely used, has great promise in improving risk perception for novice drivers on the road.
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pollatsek
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Narayanaan
authors.forename: Anuj
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012449:Safety; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014481:United States; D014584:User-Computer Interface