title: The validity and reliability of the graphic rating scale and verbal rating scale for measuring pain across cultures: a study in Egyptian and Dutch women with rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the validity and reliability of a graphic rating scale (GRS) and a verbal rating scale (VRS) for measuring pain intensity in young female Egyptian and Dutch patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained in a cross-cultural study of 42 Egyptian and 30 Dutch female outpatients with stable RA. Construct validity was assessed by correlating the scales with other core measures of disease activity in RA. Test-retest reliability was assessed over a 1-week interval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GRS and the VRS were strongly intercorrelated in the total study cohort and in the Egyptian and Dutch subgroups. In the individual subgroups, only the GRS demonstrated the expected pattern of correlations with other disease activity measures. Test-retest reliability of the GRS was adequate in both Egyptian and Dutch patients (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.78 vs. 0.83, respectively), whereas reliability of the VRS was unsatisfactory in the Egyptian subgroup (weighted kappa 0.60 vs. 0.82 in the Netherlands).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study confirmed that the GRS and VRS were reliable and valid in the total study cohort. Within the individual countries, the GRS seemed to perform better than the VRS.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Behavioral Research, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. P.M.tenKlooster@utwente.nl
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: ten Klooster
authors.forename: Alexander P J
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Vlaar
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taal
authors.forename: Rasha E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gheith
authors.forename: Johannes J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rasker
authors.forename: Ayman K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: El-Garf
authors.forename: Mart A F J
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van de Laar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires