title: Chemotherapy disrupts activity of translational regulatory proteins in bone marrow stromal cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bone marrow stromal cell function is a critical influence on hematopoietic reconstitution following progenitor or stem cell transplantation. Stromal cells support hematopoietic cell migration, survival, and proliferation. We have previously reported that stromal cell matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is necessary for optimal support of pro-B-cell chemotaxis through its regulation of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12) release. Following exposure to the topoisomerase II inhibitor, etoposide (VP-16), stromal cell MMP-2 protein expression is reduced. The current study investigated the mechanism by which VP-16 may alter translation of MMP-2 in bone marrow stromal cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bone marrow stromal cells were exposed to chemotherapeutic agents etoposide, melphalan, and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4HC) and evaluated for MMP-2 expression by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and support of pro-B-cell chemotaxis by chemotaxis assay. Western blot analyses were completed to evaluate phosphorylation of stromal cell translational regulatory proteins 4E binding protein-1 (4EBP-1), P70(S6K), and S6 or MMP-2 in the presence of chemotherapy, or the chemical inhibitors rapamycin or LY294002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rapid dephosphorylation of 4EBP-1, P70(S6K), and S6 following VP-16 exposure was observed, consistent with blunted translational efficiency. We also observed that inhibition of stromal cell mammalian target of rapamycin with rapamycin, or phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase with LY294002, resulted in inhibition of stromal cell MMP-2 protein. In addition we found that the chemotherapeutic agents melphalan and 4HC disrupt bone marrow stromal cell MMP-2 protein expression and support of chemotaxis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that one mechanism by which chemotherapy may alter stromal cells of the bone marrow microenvironment is through disrupted translation of proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Clutter
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fortney
authors.forename: Laura F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Gibson
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005047:Etoposide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008558:Melphalan / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D038601:Ribosomal Protein S6 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005047:Etoposide; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D008558:Melphalan; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D038601:Ribosomal Protein S6; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa; D020123:Sirolimus; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C087000:EIF4EBP1 protein, human; C546842:MTOR protein, human; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse; C011272:perfosfamide