title: Postretirement earnings relative to preretirement earnings: gender and racial differences.
abstract: As the social security program comes under increasing financial pressure in the coming decades, the federal government will encourage elderly people to continue to work. Data from the Social Security Administration indicate that earnings are already a sizable component of retirement income. But there is public concern about how women and minorities will fare economically in this changing policy environment. To what extent can women and minorities keep earning money after they reach retirement age? This article presents the results of a study that investigated the postretirement earnings, relative to the preretirement earnings, of women and minorities, and compared the results with those for men and whites. The major finding, based on regression analyses, was that women's postretirement earnings, relative to their preretirement earnings, were greater than those of men. Furthermore, the regression results indicate that nonwhites' postretirement earnings could not be predicted by their preretirement earnings or by any of the independent variables used in the study, including age, gender, education, marital status, number of children, occupation, and preretirement earnings.
authors.affiliation: George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA.
authors.forename: Martha N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.forename: Baeg-Eui
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003625:Data Collection; D004651:Employment / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000193:education; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000193:education; D010415:Pensions; D012179:Retirement / Q000191:economics*; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D012737:Sex Factors; D012943:Social Security / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000193:education; D014930:Women / Q000193:education