title: Associations of adiponectin levels with incident impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes in older men and women: the hoorn study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adiponectin is an adipose tissue-derived protein. Low levels are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Our objective was to investigate the prospective association between adiponectin levels and the 6.4-year risk of type 2 diabetes and of impaired glucose metabolism (IGM).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Hoorn Study is a cohort study among Caucasians, aged 50-75 years. BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fasting glucose, 2-h glucose, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, leptin, and adiponectin were measured at baseline. Lifestyle (alcohol intake, smoking, and physical activity) was assessed by questionnaires. After a mean follow-up of 6.4 years, glucose tolerance was assessed by a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Analyses were performed in 1,264 subjects (584 men and 680 women) without type 2 diabetes at baseline. For analyses of incident IGM, 239 subjects with IGM at baseline and/or type 2 diabetes at follow-up were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age- and lifestyle-adjusted odds ratios and 95% CIs comparing highest with lowest adiponectin quartile were 0.52 (0.23-1.18) in men and 0.15 (0.06-0.39) in women for type 2 diabetes and 0.90 (0.51-1.61) and 0.28 (0.16-0.48) for IGM, respectively. The risks were only slightly reduced after adjustment for WHR and leptin as markers of (abdominal) adiposity. Adjustment for baseline fasting and postload glucose levels (potential mediators) substantially diminished these inverse associations with type 2 diabetes (0.79 [0.32-1.91] and 0.62 [0.21-1.81]) and with IGM (1.20 [0.61-2.35] and 0.48 [0.26-0.90]), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high adiponectin level was strongly associated with a lower risk of IGM and type 2 diabetes, particularly in women. These results suggest that adiponectin is involved in the pathophysiology linking obesity to type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. marieke.snijder@falw.vu.nl
authors.forename: Marieke B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Snijder
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: Jacob C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Seidell
authors.forename: Lex M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bouter
authors.forename: Coen D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
authors.forename: Giel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nijpels
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Funahashi
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuzawa
authors.forename: Iichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shimomura
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dekker
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose