title: Nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and nephropathy in Asians with Type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies on Caucasians have reported an association between diabetic microvascular complications and polymorphisms in the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene. In view of the differences in the pattern of diabetic complications in Asians, we studied these iNOS polymorphisms in Asians with Type 2 diabetes who do and those who do not have nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred fifty-eight Asians who have had Type 2 diabetes for at least 10 years, with overt nephropathy or with normoalbuminuria, were genotyped for the (AAAT)(n) and (CCTTT)(n) polymorphisms in the promoter region of the iNOS gene. A subanalysis was made of the findings from the three ethnic groups (Chinese, Malays, and Indians).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The (AAAT)(3) polymorphism, which is the most common allele in Caucasians, was completely absent in our entire cohort of 258 Asian diabetics. The (AAAT)(4) polymorphism was the commonest, with a frequency of 0.984 as compared with 0.2 in Caucasians. We also found previously unreported alleles: (AAAT)(5) in 6 patients and (AAAT)(6) in 1 patient. There was no statistically significant association with nephropathy, in view of the highly skewed distribution of the alleles. However, the higher repeats (AAAT)(5) and (AAAT)(6) were found in the patients with a very rapid onset of severe nephropathy. The (CCTTT)(n) polymorphism also showed significant differences in allele distribution between the Asian and the Caucasian and African populations (P=.001). However, there was also no significant association with nephropathy and no significant difference in the ethnic distribution of alleles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified significant differences in the (AAAT)(n) and (CCTTT)(n) polymorphisms in Asian diabetics. We have shown that there are significant differences in the overall allele distribution between the Asian and the Caucasian and African populations. However, our study did not demonstrate an association between iNOS gene polymorphisms and diabetic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119074 Singapore; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Min-Chin
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Shzu-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Jia-Jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Kok-Onn
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II