title: Growth hormone favorably affects bone turnover and bone mineral density in patients with short bowel syndrome undergoing intestinal rehabilitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) have a high prevalence of metabolic bone disease due to nutrient malabsorption and potential effects of parenteral nutrition (PN). Human growth hormone (hGH) has been shown in some studies to have anabolic effects on bone, but hGH effects on bone in patients with SBS are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults with PN-dependent SBS underwent a 7-day period of baseline studies while receiving usual oral diet and PN and then began receiving modified diets designed to improve nutrient absorption and daily oral calcium/vitamin D supplements (1500 mg elemental calcium and 600 IU vitamin D, respectively). Subjects were randomized to receive in a double-blind manner either subcutaneous (sc) saline placebo as the control or hGH (0.1 mg/kg/d for 3 weeks, then 0.1 mg/kg 3 days a week for 8 subsequent weeks). Open-label hGH was given from week 13 to week 24 in subjects who required PN after completion of the 12-week double-blind phase. Markers of bone turnover (serum osteocalcin and urinary N-telopeptide [NTX]), vitamin D nutriture (serum calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-OH D] and parathyroid hormone [PTH] concentrations), and intestinal calcium absorption were measured at baseline and at weeks 4 and 12. Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the hip and spine was performed to determine bone mineral density (BMD) at baseline and weeks 12 and 24.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of subjects in each group exhibited evidence of vitamin D deficiency at baseline (25-OH D levels<30 ng/mL; 78% and 79% of control and hGH-treated subjects, respectively). Subjects treated with hGH demonstrated a significant increase from baseline in serum osteocalcin levels at 12 weeks (+62%; p<.05). The levels of NTX were increased over time in the hGH-treated group; however, this did not reach statistical significance. Both NTX and osteocalcin remained unchanged in control subjects. BMD of the spine and total hip was unchanged in subjects treated with placebo or hGH at 24 weeks. However, femoral neck BMD was slightly but significantly decreased in the placebo group at this time point but remained unchanged from baseline in the hGH-treated subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  hGH therapy significantly increased markers of bone turnover during the initial 3 months of therapy and stabilized femoral neck bone mass over a 6-month period in patients with severe SBS undergoing intestinal rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Emory Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Vin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tangpricha
authors.forename: Menghua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernández-Estívariz
authors.forename: Li H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Niloofar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bazargan
authors.forename: Jan-Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Klapproth
authors.forename: Shanthi V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Sitaraman
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.forename: Lorraine M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Leader
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Ziegler
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000652:urine; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods; D010455:Peptides / Q000652:urine; D012778:Short Bowel Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D010455:Peptides; C052929:collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide; D015675:Osteocalcin; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium