title: Feasibility of axillary ultrasound in the quality assessment of sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of high-resolution axillary ultrasound (AU) in detecting the rate of recurrence after a negative sentinel node (SN) biopsy in patients with breast cancer and without additional axillary dissection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The operating oncologic surgeon performed 196 consequent sentinel node biopsies during surgery of breast cancer. The sentinel nodes were identified by using preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, intraoperative gamma probe and Patent Blue dye. A routine postoperative follow-up of the patients were performed every 3rd month including clinical examinations, blood chemistry and mammography. After 31 months (range 14-49 months), a high-resolution AU was performed for 107 patients with a negative sentinel node during surgery and without axillary dissection, to visualize any abnormal lymph nodes in the axilla. If necessary, large core biopsies were undertaken to obtain histology of abnormal axillary nodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SNs were visualized during preoperative lymphoscintigraphy in 167/196 (85%) and found during the surgery in 163/167 (98%) of patients. The mean number of removed SN were 1.7+/-0.8. The SN metastasis were found in 29% (56/196) of patients. During the follow-up, abnormal nodes were identified during AU in only 4/107 patients. Core biopsies confirmed benign histology in three patients and one case of lymphoma was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no axillary recurrences of breast cancer after a negative SN biopsy during the 2.6 year follow-up. Axillary ultrasound is a useful tool in the quality control of patients with negative SN biopsy and without diagnostic axillary dissection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Central Hospital of Mikkeli, Mikkeli, Finland. hannu.paajanen@esshp.fi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Paajanen
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Kilponen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heikkinen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sammalkorpi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helle
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008408:Mastectomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014463:Ultrasonography