title: The brain reserve hypothesis, brain atrophy and aging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Researchers have used the concept of brain reserve to explain the dissociation between pathological brain damage and cognitive and functional performance. A variety of brain reserve hypotheses exist, and different empirical strategies have been employed to investigate these variants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study investigates (i) the relationship between measures of brain burden (atrophy, white matter hyperintensities (WMH)) and measures of reserve (education, creativity, and intelligence); (ii) the relationship between cognitive decline and reserve; (iii) whether measures of reserve mediate the effect of atrophy on estimated cognitive change, and (iv) the association between brain risk factors, education and atrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of a sample of 446 individuals 60-64 years of age who underwent MRI scans as part of a large epidemiological study. Measures were taken of education, intelligence, creativity, cognitive speed, brain volume, WMH, estimated cognitive decline from earlier in life and brain atrophy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No association was found between estimated cognitive decline and brain burden (atrophy, WMH). Risk factors for brain insult were not associated with greater brain atrophy in the less well educated. Neither education, nor any other measure including intelligence or creativity, provided a buffer for cognitive decline in individuals with high levels of brain atrophy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Little support was found for the brain reserve hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Helen.Christensen@anu.edu.au
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Kaarin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Anstey
authors.forename: Ruth A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Parslow
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maller
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mackinnon
authors.forename: Perminder
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sachdev
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D012307:Risk Factors