title: Watching your foot move--an fMRI study of visuomotor interactions during foot movement.
abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate brain areas involved in distinguishing sensory events caused by self-generated movements from similar sensory events caused by externally generated movements using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects performed 4 types of movements: 1) self-generated voluntary movement with visual feedback, 2) externally generated movement with visual feedback, 3) self-generated voluntary movement without visual feedback, and 4) externally generated movement without visual feedback, this design. This factorial design makes it possible to study which brain areas are activated during self-generated ankle movements guided by visual feedback as compared with externally generated movements under similar visual and proprioceptive conditions. We found a distinct network, comprising the posterior parietal cortex and lateral cerebellar hemispheres, which showed increased activation during visually guided self-generated ankle movements. Furthermore, we found differential activation in the cerebellum depending on the different main effects, that is, whether movements were self- or externally generated regardless of visual feedback, presence or absence of visual feedback, and activation related to proprioceptive input.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, DK-2200 København N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mark Schram
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lundbye-Jensen
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Svend Sparre
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Geertsen
authors.forename: Olaf B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Paulson
authors.forename: Jens Bo
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen