title: Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography provides novel and useful anatomic insights of perimembranous ventricular septal aneurysm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) is a new image modality, and it can display a unique image reconstruction in a variety of heart diseases. However, clinical assessment of ventricular septal aneurysm (VSA) by RT3DE has not been reported. This pilot prospective study is to survey what kinds of new insights of VSA can be provided by RT3DE as compared with conventional 2-dimensional echocardiography (2DE).
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the diagnostic value of RT3DE and 2DE in 60 consecutive patients with VSA. From different transthoracic windows, structures of interest can be displayed from any orientation through adjusting cropping and slicing the RT3DE datasets. The results were compared with those in 2DE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RT3DE reconstruction of VSA was feasible in 56 of 60 patients (93%). When compared with 2DE, additional information provided by RT3DE included blood flow through left ventricle to right ventricle, visualization of VSD enface border in 56 patients (93%), morphology of the VSA from apical short axis view in 48 patients (86%), hypertrophied margin of the interventricular septum in 26 patients (43%), dynamic changes of VSA and tricuspid valve in 18 patients (30%), adhesion of chordae tendineae in VSA in 16 patients (26%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Structures of interest can be evaluated from unique RT3DE in any orientation during scanning. RT3DE offers additional novel views and has the advantages of not only displaying better visualization of VSA, but also adequately showing the spatial relationship with its adjacent structures. It can provide novel and useful anatomic insights than 2DE while assessing patients with VSA.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University and Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jong-Hau
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Jiunn-Ren
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Zen-Kong
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Meng-Hsun
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006322:Heart Aneurysm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index