title: Habituation to sub-lethal concentrations of tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) is associated with reduced susceptibility to antibiotics in human pathogens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of sub-lethal challenge with tea tree oil (TTO) on the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of significant human pathogens and commensals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study compared the antibiotic susceptibility (Etest) patterns of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus/methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Salmonella spp. after broth culture for 72 h in the presence or absence of sub-lethal concentrations of TTO (0.25%, 0.25% and 0.1%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All habituated cultures (exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of TTO) displayed reduced susceptibility to a range of clinically relevant antibiotics compared with non-habituated (control) cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although TTO may be an effective antimicrobial agent when appropriately used at bactericidal concentrations, its application at sub-lethal concentrations may contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Food Microbiology Research Group, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland BT37 OQB, UK. ma.mcmahon@ulster.ac.uk
authors.forename: M Ann S
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: Ian S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: McDowell
mesh_terms: D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D020947:Tea Tree Oil / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D020947:Tea Tree Oil