title: Expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in human hepatocytes during hepatocarcinogenesis.
abstract: Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) plays a role as a genome mutator in activated B cells, and inappropriate expression of AID has been implicated in the immunopathological phenotype of human B-cell malignancies. Notably, we found that the transgenic mice overexpressing AID developed lung adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), suggesting that ectopic expression of AID can lead to tumorigenesis in epithelial tissues as well. To examine the involvement of AID in the development of human HCC, we analyzed the AID expression and its correlation with mutation frequencies of the p53 gene in liver tissues from 51 patients who underwent resection of primary HCCs. The specific expression, inducibility by cytokine stimulation and mutagenic activity of AID were investigated in cultured human hepatocytes. Only trace amounts of AID transcripts were detected in the normal liver; however, endogenous AID was significantly upregulated in both HCC and surrounding noncancerous liver tissues with underlying chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis (p < 0.05). Most liver tissues with underlying chronic inflammation with endogenous AID upregulation already contained multiple genetic changes in the p53 gene. In both hepatoma cell lines and cultured human primary hepatocytes, the expression of AID was substantially induced by TGF-beta stimulation. Aberrant activation of AID in hepatocytes resulted in accumulation of multiple genetic alterations in the p53 gene. Our findings suggest that the aberrant expression of AID is observed in human hepatocytes with several pathological settings, including chronic liver disease and HCC, which might enhance the genetic susceptibility to mutagenesis leading to hepatocarcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kou
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Marusawa
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Il-Mi
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Okazaki
authors.forename: Yoshihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Yuzo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: Hironori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haga
authors.forename: Iwao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ikai
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chiba
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000503:physiopathology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase