title: Emergency air medical services for patients with head injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients suffering head injury in remote islands of Taiwan, which have a shortage of manpower and facilities, depend on EAMS for prompt and definitive treatment. Emergency air medical services are becoming an increasingly important issue in improving the quality of primary care and avoiding medicolegal problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of patients with head injury and use of EAMS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed all patients, especially head injury transported by air ambulance from a remote island, Kinmen (400 km from Taiwan Main Island), from January 2001 to December 2003. Data were collected with regard to demographics, disease classification, mechanism of injury, severity of head injury, ventilator use, and mortality rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 215 patients were transferred, of whom 57 (27%) had head injury. The mean age of patients was 48.6 +/- 23.8 years. Males accounted for 72% of the cases (male/female ratio, 2.6:1). Motor-vehicle accidents were the most common mechanism of injury (68%). There were 21 (37%), 20 (35%), and 16 (28%) patients in the minor, moderate, and severe head-injury groups, respectively. Nineteen patients (33%) received mechanical ventilation. The overall mortality rate was 14 % (8/57). In the severe head-injury group, the mortality rate was 44% (7/16).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher incidence of head injury (26.5%) in EAMS than in ground transportation (19.8%) suggests that preflight assessment and in-flight management of patients conducted by an experienced escort team following guidelines for head injury in EAMS are a very important issue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University and Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shin-Han
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Wan-Lin
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Che-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Li-Hua
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Ming-Fu
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Long-Jin
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Wen-Ta
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Chiu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017732:Air Ambulances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome