title: Impact of comorbid psychiatric disorders on the outcome of substance abusers: a six year prospective follow-up in two Norwegian counties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most help-seeking substance abusers have comorbid psychiatric disorders. The importance of such disorders for the long-term course of substance abuse is, however, still unclear. The aim of this paper is to describe six-year outcomes regarding death and relapse among alcoholics and poly-substance abusers and to analyse the predictive value of lifetime psychiatric disorders on relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive sample of substance-dependent patients who received treatment in two counties in Norway (n = 287) was followed up after approximately six years. Information on socio-demographics, Axis I (CIDI) and II disorders (MCMI-II) and mental distress (HSCL-25) was gathered at baseline. At follow-up, detailed information regarding socio-demographics, use of substances (AUDIT and DUDIT) and mental distress (HSCL-25) was recorded (response rate: 63%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At six-year follow-up, 11% had died, most often male alcoholics (18%). Among the surviving patients, 70% had drug or alcohol related problems the year prior to follow-up. These patients were, classified as "relapsers". There were no significant differences in the relapse rate between women and men and among poly-substance abusers and alcoholics. The relapsers had an earlier onset of a substance use disorder, and more frequently major depression and agoraphobia. Multivariate analysis indicated that both psychiatric disorders (major depression) and substance use factors (early onset of a substance use disorder) were independent predictors of relapse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For reducing the risk of long-term relapse, assessment and treatment of major depression (and agoraphobia) are important. In addition, we are in need of a comprehensive treatment and rehabilitation program that also focuses on the addictive behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction Issues, Department for Substance Abuse, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Norway. anne.landheim@sykehuset-innlandet.no
authors.forename: Anne Signe
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Landheim
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bakken
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaglum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome