title: Prevalence of high--risk human papillomavirus infections in women with benign cervical cytology: a hospital based study from North India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cervical cancer is the commonest cancer among Indian women. High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) detection holds the potential to be used as a tool to identify women, at risk for subsequent development of cervical cancer. There is a pressing need for identifying prevalence of asymptomatic cervical HPV infection in the local population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of high-risk HPV DNA in women with benign cervical cytology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women visiting the gynecology outpatient with varied complaints were subjected to Pap smear. Four hundred and seventy two samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction, using consensus primers for low and high-risk HPV (types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31 and 33). The samples that were positive for HPV DNA were subsequently assessed for high-risk consensus primers, types 16, 18, 31 and 33 as well as for HPV type 16 and 18.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and seventy four (36.8%) women tested positive for HPV DNA. Thirty nine (8.2%) of the entire cohort tested positive for high-risk HPV. Fifteen samples were positive for type 16, 22 for type 18 and two for both types 16 and 18. A statistically higher prevalence of high-risk HPV was observed in poorly educated and rural groups. No association of HPV prevalence was noted with age, parity and age at marriage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study generates epidemiological data of prevalence of sub-clinical HPV in the women visiting a tertiary care institute as well as peripheral health centres. The data generated will be useful for laying guidelines for mass screening of HPV, treatment and prophylaxis in the local population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nijhawan
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Suri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhasin
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Arora
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014626:Vaginal Smears
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral