title: Screening for breast cancer with mammography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A variety of estimates of the benefits and harms of mammographic screening for breast cancer have been published and national policies vary.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of screening for breast cancer with mammography on mortality and morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PubMed (June 2005).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised trials comparing mammographic screening with no mammographic screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both authors independently extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven completed and eligible trials involving half a million women were identified. We excluded a biased trial from analysis. Two trials with adequate randomisation did not show a significant reduction in breast cancer mortality, relative risk (RR) 0.93 (95% confidence interval 0.80 to 1.09) at 13 years; four trials with suboptimal randomisation showed a significant reduction in breast cancer mortality, RR 0.75 (0.67 to 0.83) (P = 0.02 for difference between the two estimates). RR for all six trials combined was 0.80 (0.73 to 0.88). The two trials with adequate randomisation did not find an effect of screening on cancer mortality, including breast cancer, RR 1.02 (0.95 to 1.10) after 10 years, or on all-cause mortality, RR 1.00 (0.96 to 1.04) after 13 years. We found that breast cancer mortality was an unreliable outcome that was biased in favour of screening, mainly because of differential misclassification of cause of death. Numbers of lumpectomies and mastectomies were significantly larger in the screened groups, RR 1.31 (1.22 to 1.42) for the two adequately randomised trials; the use of radiotherapy was similarly increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening likely reduces breast cancer mortality. Based on all trials, the reduction is 20%, but as the effect is lower in the highest quality trials, a more reasonable estimate is a 15% relative risk reduction. Based on the risk level of women in these trials, the absolute risk reduction was 0.05%. Screening also leads to overdiagnosis and overtreatment, with an estimated 30% increase, or an absolute risk increase of 0.5%. This means that for every 2000 women invited for screening throughout 10 years, one will have her life prolonged. In addition, 10 healthy women, who would not have been diagnosed if there had not been screening, will be diagnosed as breast cancer patients and will be treated unnecessarily. It is thus not clear whether screening does more good than harm. Women invited to screening should be fully informed of both benefits and harms.
authors.affiliation: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Rigshospitalet, Dept. 7112, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen Ø 2100 Denmark. pcg@cochrane.dk
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Gøtzsche
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000009:adverse effects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic