title: [Care of military and civilian casualties during the war in Croatia].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Yugoslav People's Army as aggressor on Croatia was well organized and equipped with weapons and medical supplies. On the other hand, the Republic of Croatia as a new country had no army of nor medical corps of its own. At the beginning of aggression we decided to establish an integrated civilian-military medicine system. This system started as a civilian organization, to develop along with the army structure. The aim of the study was to analyze the overall result of such organization all over the Croatian territory throughout war period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on 30,520 wounded were collected from all military and civilian hospitals. The registration of information on all hospitalized wounded was established at the beginning of war. For this analysis, a questionnaire was structured consisting of 150 data per person. Data were entered in digital form and analyzed by surgeons and general medicine specialists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The wounded were hospitalized at 58 institutions, 43 of them civilian hospitals adjusted to military purposes. In total, there were 7 163 wounded civilians (23.5%) and 23,351 wounded soldiers. Only 613 (2%) soldiers were registered as members of enemy units, most of them treated as civilians because they had enough time to remove their uniforms. Among civilian casualties, there were 1132 (15.8%) children and 1 985 (27.7%) women. The wounds were inflicted by artillery (n = 9 652, 31.6%), small arms (n = 7 302, 23.9%) and mines (n = 4587, 15.0%). First aid was administred at frontline to 5065, 25.5% soldiers), at echelon II-IV to the majority of them, while there are no data on 10,644 wounded. Among the wounded, 61.1% were evacuated within one hour and 76.3% within two hours. On admission, 313 patients were unconscious, and 1913 somnolent or disoriented. Pneumothorax was present in 740, respiratory insufficiency in 1570, and pulmonary edema in 48 patients. Hemorrhage of varying grade was present in 11,967 and hemodynamic shock in 1802 patients. The most common injuries were those involving the muscles in 26,339 (37.7%), bones in 19,452 (27.9%), abdominal region in 4312 (6.2%), neural system in 3809 (5.5%), thoracic organs in 2443 (3.5%) and cardiovascular system in 2164 (3.1%) patients. Only very simple diagnostic procedures were used. Standard radiography was performed in 25403 (83,2%) and contrast medium examination in 790 (2.6%) patients. Very useful methods in traumatology like CT and US were only used in 1277 (84.2%) and 1103 (3.6%) patients, respectively, due to the lack of modern diagnostic equipment. In total, 25,745 (84.4%) patients were surgically treated. A total of 42,239 operations were performed including one per patient in 15,611 cases, two per patient in 6 184 cases, and three per patient in 23,380 cases. Hospital treatment resulted in recovery or improvement in 20,777 (79.8%) patients, whereas 334 patients were transferred to another hospital. Data were not recorded for 1688 patients. In total, good results were achieved in 81% of all treated cases. The mortality was 3.9% (n = 284) in hospitalized civilians and 1.95% (n = 395) in soldiers, yielding a mean mortality of 2.22%. The mortality of enemy soldiers was similar (2.85%). Taking into account 15 000 wounded persons treated on outpatient basis, total mortality was 1.49%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high number of civilian casualties (23.5%) was the result of the aggressor's war strategy. They surrounded a number of civil settlements including large towns bombing them for months or even years. The enemy strategy is best illustrated by the number of wounded children and women. Unfortunately, the mortality in civilians (3.9%) exceeded that in soldiers (1.95%), for several reasons, primarily age, distance from surrounded villages and number of destroyed hospitals. The favorable aspect of the organization was cooperation of the first aid teams at the battle field and transportation organized by medical corps, and excellent definitive treatment at the adapted civilian hospitals to serve as military hospitals. The relatively good status on the admission was the result of good preparation for transport performed by high qualified doctors dislocated very close to the frontline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the lack of diagnostic equipment and medical vehicles, and the availability of improvised military hospitals, good results were achieved in overall patient survival. The very high rate of success in hospital treatment and very low mortality rate were the result of excellent medical staff and integrated civilian-military medical service.
authors.affiliation: Klinicki zavod za dijagnosticku i intervencijsku radiologiju, Klinicka bolnica Merkur, Zagreb, Hrvatska.
authors.forename: Andrija
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hebrang
authors.forename: Neven
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Henigsberg
authors.forename: Ante Zvonimir
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Golem
authors.forename: Vinko
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vidjak
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Brnić
authors.forename: Pero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hrabac
mesh_terms: D017523:Croatia; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel; D014857:Warfare; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*