title: Effect of particle size and compression force on compaction behavior and derived mathematical parameters of compressibility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the influence of inherent densification and deformation properties of paracetamol on the mathematical parameters derived from Heckel, Walker, Kawakita, and Adams equations and to correlate these with single particle nominal fracture strength and bulk compression parameters using confined compression on a fully instrumented rotary tablet press.
  
  
  METHODS
  Force-displacement data were captured during in-die compression for four different particle size fractions (150-250, 300-450, 500-650, and 700-1,000 microm) of paracetamol each at compression force of 5.2, 8.6, and 17.3 kN. Nominal single particle fracture strength was obtained by micro tensile testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apparent mean yield pressure (Py) from Heckel analysis was significantly affected by the applied pressure, and was influenced by elastic energy and Young's modulus. The single particle fracture strength correlated to parameters obtained from Heckel, Walker, Kawakita, and Adams equations. Results obtained from bulk compression and single particle measurements were consistent with, and polynomially related to Py, Kawakita (1/b), and Adams parameter (tau0').
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Values of Py, 1/b, and tau0' obtained from Heckel, Kawakita, and Adams equations, respectively, can be interpreted as a measure of single particle nominal fracture strength during confined compression loading. Walker and Adams parameters were less affected, than Heckel and Kawakita parameters, by the applied pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India.
authors.forename: Sarsvatkumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Aditya Mohan
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kaushal
authors.forename: Arvind Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bansal
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D000465:Algorithms; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000295:instrumentation; D004548:Elasticity; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010316:Particle Size; D011312:Pressure; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000082:Acetaminophen