title: Shortening induced effects on force (re)development in pig urinary smooth muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When muscle is allowed to shorten during an active contraction, the maximum force that redevelops after shortening is smaller than the isometric force at the same muscle length without prior shortening. We studied the course of force redevelopment after shortening in smooth muscle to unravel the mechanism responsible for this deactivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a first series of measurements the shortening velocity was varied resulting in different shortening amplitudes. In a second series, the duration of stimulation before shortening (shortening delay) was varied. In a third series, the stimulation was interrupted for a certain duration immediately after shortening. Force, muscle length and stimulation were continuously recorded. Time constants were calculated to describe the rate of force development before and after shortening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With increasing shortening amplitude and with increasing shortening delay, force redevelopment decreased. Redevelopment increased with an increase in the interruption time. After stimulus interruption force redeveloped mono-exponentially with a time constant similar to that of isometric contractions (approximately 3s). Without the interruption of stimulation, the redevelopment of force immediately after shortening was best described by two time constants; one similar to and one about 3-5 times faster than the isometric time constant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Force (re)development is caused by a cascade of events leading to the cycling of cross-bridges. In smooth muscle, isometric force development is described by a time constant of about 3s. Force redevelopment immediately after shortening involves a second process which takes place at a faster rate (time constant about 1s). We assume that this process is faster due to the immediate availability of cytoplasmic calcium released during active shortening. Deactivation presumably is caused by disorganization of filaments during shortening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sector Furore, Room Ee 1630, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands. e.vanasselt@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Asselt
authors.forename: J J M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Mastrigt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D007700:Kinetics; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine; D001743:Urinary Bladder