title: Contribution of ethylamine degrading bacteria to atrazine degradation in soils.
abstract: Bacterial communities that cooperatively degrade atrazine commonly consist of diverse species in which the genes for atrazine dechlorination and dealkylation are variously distributed among different species. Normally, the first step in degradation of atrazine involves dechlorination mediated by atzA, followed by stepwise dealkylation to yield either N-ethylammelide or N-isopropylammelide. As the liberated alkylamine moieties are constituents of many organic molecules other than atrazine, it is possible that a large number of alkylamine-degrading bacteria other than those previously described might contribute to this key step in atrazine degradation. To examine this hypothesis, we isolated 82 bacterial strains from soil by plating soil water extracts on agar media with ethylamine as a sole carbon source. Among the relatively large number of isolates, only 3 were able to degrade N-ethylammelide, and in each case were shown to carry the atzB gene and atzC genes. The isolates, identified as Rhizobium leguminosarum, Flavobacterium sp., and Arthrobacter sp., were all readily substituted into an atrazine-degrading consortium to carry out N-ethylammelide degradation. The distribution of these genes among many different species in the soil microbial population suggests that these genes are highly mobile and over time may lead to generation of various atrazine-degrading consortia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Crowley
mesh_terms: D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000235:genetics; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001173:Arthrobacter / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D001280:Atrazine / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005021:Ethylamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005417:Flavobacterium / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D016961:Rhizobium leguminosarum / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D005021:Ethylamines; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D000581:Amidohydrolases; D001280:Atrazine; C041564:ethylamine