title: Effectiveness of bifenthrin (Onyx) and carbaryl (Sevin SL) for protecting individual, high-value conifers from bark beetle attack (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in the Western United States.
abstract: High-value trees, such as those located in residential, recreational, or administrative sites, are particularly susceptible to bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) attack as a result of increased amounts of stress associated with drought, soil compaction, mechanical injury, or vandalism. Tree losses in these unique environments generally have a substantial impact. The value of these individual trees, cost of removal, and loss of esthetics may justify protection until the main thrust of a bark beetle infestation subsides. This situation emphasizes the need for ensuring that effective insecticides are available for individual tree protection. In this study, we assess the efficacy of bifenthrin (Onyx) and carbaryl (Sevin SL) for protecting: ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws., from western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, in California; mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins in South Dakota; and Ips spp. in Arizona; lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud., from D. ponderosae in Montana; pinyon, Pinus edulis Engelm. in Colorado and Pinus monophylla Torr. and Frem. in Nevada from pinyon ips, Ips confusus (LeConte); and Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelm. from spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) in Utah. Few trees were attacked by Ips spp. in Arizona and that study was discontinued. Sevin SL (2.0%) was effective for protecting P. ponderosa, P. contorta, and P. monophylla for two field seasons. Estimates of efficacy could not be made during the second field season in P. edulis and P. engelmannii due to insufficient mortality in untreated, baited control trees. Two field seasons of efficacy was demonstrated in P. ponderosa/D. brevicomis and P. monophylla for 0.06% Onyx. We conclude that Onyx is an effective individual tree protection tool, but repeated annual applications may be required in some systems if multiyear control is desired.
authors.affiliation: Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA-Forest Service, Davis, CA 95616, USA. cfettig@fs.fed.us
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fettig
authors.forename: Kurt K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Borys
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Christopherson
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Dabney
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Eager
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Hebertson
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: A Steven
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Munson
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: Sheri L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Haverty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012721:Carbaryl; D001517:Coleoptera; D007306:Insecticides; D009009:Montana; D028223:Pinus / Q000469:parasitology*; D011722:Pyrethrins; D013023:South Dakota; D015206:Southwestern United States
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C099952:bifenthrin; D012721:Carbaryl