title: Preliminary results of sacral neuromodulation in 23 children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sacral nerve stimulation with InterStim is approved in the United States for use in adults. Limited data on the effectiveness of sacral nerve stimulation in children are available. We report our experience with patients who underwent InterStim placement for the treatment of severe dysfunctional elimination syndrome, which is defined as a constellation of functional urinary and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients without anatomical anomalies or obvious neurological disease, in whom intensive medical and behavioral therapies have failed to improve symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 23 patients 6 to 15 years old with presenting symptoms of dysfunctional voiding, enuresis, incontinence, urinary tract infections, bladder pain, urinary retention, urgency, frequency, constipation and/or fecal soiling were followed for a mean of 13.3 months after InterStim placement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 19 patients with urinary incontinence 3 (16%) had complete resolution, 13 (68%) had improvement, 2 (11%) were unchanged and 1 (5%) was worse (sign test, p = 0.002). Among the 16 patients with nocturnal enuresis 2 (13%) had resolution, 9 (56%) improved, 4 (25%) were unchanged and 1 (6%) was worse (sign test, p = 0.0063). Of the 15 patients with urinary retention requiring intervention 9 (60%) had improvement and 1 had worsening symptoms (sign test, p = 0.022), while 2 of 6 patients (33%) on intermittent catheterization were able to stop. One patient had development of new incontinence and enuresis. Bladder pain, urgency, frequency and constipation improved in 67% (8 of 12), 75% (12 of 16), 73% (11 of 15) and 80% (12 of 15) of the patients, respectively. Medications required postoperatively decreased by an average of 3 per patient (p < 0.001). The overall patient satisfaction rate was 64%, while that of the caregiver was 67%. Two leads were explanted from the 23 patients. Complications encountered included 1 seroma, 1 episode of skin sensitivity, 2 device failures and 1 lead revision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sacral nerve stimulation in children is an option for carefully selected patients who have failed other therapies. Our results show that sacral nerve stimulation was effective in the majority of patients with the dysfunctional elimination syndrome. However, longer followup is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Mitchell R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Humphreys
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Vandersteen
authors.forename: Jeffery M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Slezak
authors.forename: Pam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hollatz
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Yuri E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Reinberg
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus; D008297:Male; D013577:Syndrome; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000628:therapy*