title: Deficient orthographic and phonological representations in children with dyslexia revealed by brain activation patterns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current study examined the neuro-cognitive network of visual word rhyming judgment in 14 children with dyslexia and 14 age-matched control children (8- to 14-year-olds) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to manipulate the difficulty of mapping orthography to phonology, we used conflicting and non-conflicting trials. The words in conflicting trials either had similar orthography but different phonology (e.g., pint-mint) or similar phonology but different orthography (e.g., jazz-has). The words in non-conflicting trials had similar orthography and phonology (e.g., gate-hate) or different orthography and phonology (e.g., press-list).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences in brain activation between the controls and children with dyslexia in the easier non-conflicting trials. However, the children with dyslexia showed less activation than the controls in left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 45/44/47/9), left inferior parietal lobule (BA 40), left inferior temporal gyrus/fusiform gyrus (BA 20/37) and left middle temporal gyrus (BA 21) for the more difficult conflicting trials. For the direct comparison of conflicting minus non-conflicting trials, controls showed greater activation than children with dyslexia in left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 9/45/46) and medial frontal gyrus (BA 8). Children with dyslexia did not show greater activation than controls for any comparison.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced activation in these regions suggests that children with dyslexia have deficient orthographic representations in ventral temporal cortex as well as deficits in mapping between orthographic and phonological representations in inferior parietal cortex. The greater activation for the controls in inferior frontal gyrus could reflect more effective top-down modulation of posterior representations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Tali
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bitan
authors.forename: Tai-Li
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Douglas D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Burman
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Booth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000098:blood supply; D010700:Phonetics; D011930:Reaction Time; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology