title: Diabetes and arterial stiffening.
abstract: Type 2 diabetes (DM-2) has become a major global health problem that has been fueled mainly by increasing obesity and aging of the population. Most studies show that arterial stiffening occurs across all age groups in both type 1 diabetes and DM-2, and among those with impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and the metabolic syndrome. Arterial stiffening in DM-2 results, in part, from the clustering of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension, all of which may promote insulin resistance, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and advanced glycosylation end-products. Likewise, aging may increase arterial stiffening by altering the proportions of elastin and collagen in the aorta. The consequences of arterial stiffening are increased pulse pressure, hypertension, and a greater risk of cardiovascular disease. Treatment strategies to reduce or prevent arterial stiffening include pharmacologic agents that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, relax vascular smooth muscle, enhance release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells, and break glycosylation end-product cross-links, and fish oil supplementation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, N.Y. , USA.
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Winer
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sowers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin