title: Diabetes impairs progenitor cell mobilisation after hindlimb ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A reduction in the number of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is considered a plausible cause of increased cardiovascular risk in diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that weak bone marrow mobilisation is responsible for the decrease in circulating EPCs in diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We employed a model of hindlimb ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury to study mobilisation of EPCs in control and streptozotocin diabetic rats. EPCs were defined by flow cytometry as Sca-1(+) and Sca-1(+)c-kit(+) peripheral blood cells and further characterised by the expression of CD31, von Willebrand factor and fetal liver kinase-1. Capillary density was evaluated by immunofluorescent staining of vWF. We also determined plasma levels of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by ELISA and muscle expression of hypoxia-induced factor (HIF-1alpha) by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In control rats, EPCs showed a mobilisation curve within 7 days, while diabetic rats were completely unable to mobilise EPCs after I/R injury. As a consequence, diabetic rats showed no compensatory increase in muscle capillary density. Defective EPC mobilisation in diabetes was associated with altered release of SDF-1 and VEGF and inability to upregulate muscle HIF-1alpha. Both insulin administration and premedication with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and stem cell factor led to partial recovery in post-ischaemic mobilisation of EPCs in diabetic rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Defective ischaemia-induced bone marrow mobilisation of EPCs impedes compensatory angiogenesis in ischaemic tissues of diabetic animals. Growth factor administration together with blood glucose control may offer a rational therapeutic strategy for diabetic ischaemic syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Division, University of Padua Medical School, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, Italy. gianpaolofadini@hotmail.com
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Fadini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sartore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schiavon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albiero
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baesso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cabrelle
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agostini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avogaro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002196:Capillaries / Q000502:physiology; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D019650:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization; D006614:Hindlimb; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019089:Stem Cell Factor / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019089:Stem Cell Factor; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor