title: Rapid and simultaneous quantification of 4 urinary proteins by piezoelectric quartz crystal microbalance immunosensor array.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary proteins are predictive and prognostic markers for diabetes nephropathy. Conventional methods for the quantification of urinary proteins, however, are time-consuming, and most require radioactive labeling. We designed a label-free piezoelectric quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) immunosensor array to simultaneously quantify 4 urinary proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  We constructed a 2 x 5 model piezoelectric immunosensor array fabricated with disposable quartz crystals for quantification of microalbumin, alpha1-microglobulin, beta2-microglobulin, and IgG in urine. We made calibration curves after immobilization of antibodies at an optimal concentration and then evaluated the performance characteristics of the immunosensor with a series of tests. In addition, we measured 124 urine samples with both QCM immunosensor array and immunonephelometry to assess the correlation between the 2 methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the QCM immunosensor array, we were able to quantify 4 urinary proteins within 15 min. This method had an analytical interval of 0.01-60 mg/L. The intraassay and interassay imprecisions (CVs) were <10%, and the relative recovery rates were 90.3%-109.1%. Nonspecificity of the immunosensor was insignificant (frequency shifts <20 Hz). ROC analyses indicated sensitivities were > or =95.8% and, specificities were > or =76.3%. Bland-Altman difference plots showed the immunosensor array to be highly comparable to immunonephelometry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The QCM system we designed has the advantages of being rapid, label free, and highly sensitive and thus can be a useful supplement to commercial assay methods in clinical chemistry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Qianjun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Tianlun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Guoru
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Weiling
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000510:Alpha-Globulins / Q000652:urine*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002138:Calibration; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000652:urine*; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000652:urine*; D011791:Quartz; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000510:Alpha-Globulins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D012709:Serum Albumin; C025500:alpha(2)-microglobulin; C016001:alpha-1-microglobulin; D011791:Quartz