title: Monoaminergic agonists for acute traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although there have been considerable gains in understanding the cascade of events that lead to secondary injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI), efforts to translate this understanding into new therapeutic, so-called neuroprotective approaches, have so far proven disappointing. As an alternative, there is growing interest in approaches to enhance brain repair after injury. Animal models suggest that agents enhancing monoaminergic (MA) transmission, particularly amphetamines, promote motor recovery from focal brain injury and it is proposed that this might represent a complementary means of therapeutic intervention in the later post-injury phase.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the evidence that MAs improve final outcome after TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2005), the Cochrane Injuries Group's Specialised Register (to May 2005), MEDLINE (1966 to May 2005), EMBASE (1980 to May 2005) and the Science Citation Index (1992 to June 2005). We contacted researchers and authors of published and unpublished trials. Searches were updated in May 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials comparing the use of a MA (together with conventional non-pharmacological rehabilitative therapy) versus conventional non-pharmacological rehabilitative therapy alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently screened records, extracted data and assessed trial quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although there is a limited clinical literature addressing this topic, none of the studies identified fully met inclusion criteria for this review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At present there is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of MAs to promote recovery after TBI.
authors.affiliation: University of Newcastle upon Tyne, School of Clinical Medical Sciences (Child Health), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, UK. r.j.forsyth@newcastle.ac.uk
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Forsyth
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jayamoni
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Paine
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000662:Amphetamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000819:agonists*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000662:Amphetamines; D009638:Norepinephrine