title: Comparison of topical tacrolimus 0.1 % in pectin ointment with clobetasol 0.5% ointment in adults with moderate to severe desquamative gingivitis: A 4-week, randomized, double-blind clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Desquamative gingivitis (DG) is a clinical condition characterized by red, painful, glazed, and friable gingiva, which might be a manifestation of some autoimmune mucocutaneous diseases. The time from the development of initial signs of DG to diagnosis can vary from months to years. Based on a literature search, no data concerning patients with DG without signs of autoimmune disease were available.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this trial was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of monotherapy with topical tacrolimus 0.1% in pectin ointment versus clobetasol propionate 0.5% ointment in adults affected by DG.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted at the Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Universita di Verona, Verona, Italy. Patients aged > or =18 years were selected using the department's electronic medical records based on a clinical diagnosis of moderate to severe DG. After a 2-week washout period, patients were randomly assigned to receive 2 mL of tacrolimus 0.1% in pectin (equivalent to 0.2 mg of tacrolimus) or 2 mL of clobetasol propionate 0.5% ointment (equivalent to 1 mg of clobetasol) QD for 4 weeks. Evaluations were performed before treatment (baseline), after the treatment period (week 4), and at 2 follow-up visits at weeks 6 and 8. The signs of DG (ie, erythema [atrophy] and desquamation [erosions/ulceration]) were quantified by a blinded investigator using a calculated score based on their surface extension, using a drawing in which the areas of various zones of the mouth were indicated as a percentage of the whole oral mucosa. Severity of erythema and desquamation was rated on a 4-point scale (0 = absent; 1 = involvement of <5% of surface [mild]; 2 = 5%-15% [moderate]; and 3 = >15% [severe]). The primary end point was the number of patients who achieved remission (severity score of 0) in either sign; the secondary end point was the proportions of patients achieving improvement (severity score of 0 or 1) in either sign. Before and after treatment, we measured the serum concentrations of tacrolimus and its metabolites with an immunoenzymatic assay kit. Tolerability was assessed using hematology, biochemistry, urinalysis, measurements of systolic/diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, patient interview, and spontaneous reporting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 24 patients (18 women, 6 men; all white of Italian origin; age range, 21-65 years; 12 patients per treatment group) were enrolled in the study. In the tacrolimus group, 11 (91.7%) patients achieved remission of erythema and/or desquamation at weeks 4 and 6; at week 8, these rates were 9 (75.0%) and 8 (66.7%), respectively; none of the patients in the clobetasol group achieved remission of either sign at any time point (all, P < 0.001). At weeks 4, 6, and 8, significantly greater proportions of patients treated with tacrolimus had improved erythema and desquamation compared with those treated with clobetasol (all, P < 0.001). At week 4, all patients had undetectable serum tacrolimus concentrations (<1.5 microg/L). Six (50.0%) patients in the tacrolimus group reported a mild oral burning sensation, and 6 (50.0%) patients in the clobetasol group reported mild mouth dryness. No other adverse events were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this small study suggest that topical tacrolimus 0.1 % in pectin was more effective compared with clobetasol propionate 0.5% ointment in the treatment of DG. Both treatments were generally well tolerated in the population studied.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Chirurgia Maxillo-Facciale e Odontostomatologia, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Corrocher
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mansueto
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esposito-Pellitteri
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gelio
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lombardo
authors.forename: Maria Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pacor
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002990:Clobetasol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009824:Ointments; D010368:Pectins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009824:Ointments; D010368:Pectins; D002990:Clobetasol; D016559:Tacrolimus