title: Backpack use in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article describes backpack use and incidence of back pain in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 345 children, grades five through eight, served as subjects. A written questionnaire was developed to gather information on demographics, leisure activity level, bag type, locker use, students' perceptions of bag weight and comfort, and students' reports of history of back pain. Scales were provided for students to weigh themselves with and without backpacks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Younger children carried proportionally greater backpack loads. Percentage of body weight by grade was as follows: fifth grade = 19%, sixth grade = 21%, seventh grade = 14%, and eighth grade = 15% body weight. Fifty-five percent of all subjects carried a load greater than 15% of their body weight, and one third of students reported a history of back pain. Percentage of body weight carried, however, was not significantly related to history of back pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concerns raised by parents and professionals that children are carrying heavy loads are justified; however, the relationship between heavy carrying load and back pain needs further elucidation. Recommendations for physical therapy, backpack safety, and injury prevention are provided.
authors.affiliation: Simmons College, Boston, Mass (S.G.); Porter Adventist Hospital, Denver, Colo (M.C.); Healthsouth Rehabilitation Hospital, Concord, NH (D.G.); RehabWorks Warren General Hospital, Warren, PA (J. Gillis); Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, Mass (J. Guerin); and Health South Hunt Center, Danvers, Mass (J.Q.C.).
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goodgold
authors.forename: Moira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corcoran
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gamache
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gillis
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guerin
authors.forename: Jennifer Quinn
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Coyle