title: Retinal disease expression in Bardet-Biedl syndrome-1 (BBS1) is a spectrum from maculopathy to retina-wide degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the retinal phenotype in patients with the Bardet-Biedl syndrome and mutations in the BBS1 gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients (age range, 16-48 years), representing eight pedigrees, with BBS1 gene mutations were studied clinically and with kinetic perimetry, chromatic static perimetry, electroretinography (ERG), and optical coherence tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 10 patients, 8 were M390R homozygotes and 2 were compound heterozygotes with one allele also M390R. A spectrum of retinal disease expression was present. The mildest disease was a subtle maculopathy with relatively limited peripheral retinal dysfunction. Moderate disease showed retina-wide rod > cone dysfunction, and often there was a negative ERG waveform. More severe disease expression had different patterns: either loss of central function but retained abnormal peripheral function or a retained small central island of impaired function only. Moderate and severe disease showed loss of retinal and photoreceptor layer thickness across wide expanses of retina. Severity differed in family members and was independent of age. In addition, severity was not explained by genotype at a recently reported BBS epistatic gene, MGC1203.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cardinal feature of retinal degeneration in BBS1 can show a wide spectrum of disease expression.
authors.affiliation: Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, 51 North 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Amir A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Azari
authors.forename: Tomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Aleman
authors.forename: Artur V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Cideciyan
authors.forename: Sharon B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Elizabeth A M
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Windsor
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sumaroka
authors.forename: Andy Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Janet D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Alejandro J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: Edwin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Val C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Sheffield
authors.forename: Samuel G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Jacobson
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D020788:Bardet-Biedl Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012160:Retina / Q000503:physiopathology; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields
chemical_list: C464790:Bbs1 protein, human; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D011506:Proteins