title: Does bisphenol A induce superfeminization in Marisa cornuarietis? Part II: toxicity test results and requirements for statistical power analyses.
abstract: This study presents results of the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on adult egg production, egg hatchability, egg development rates and juvenile growth rates in the freshwater gastropod, Marisa cornuarietis. We observed no adult mortality, substantial inter-snail variability in reproductive output, and no effects of BPA on reproduction during 12 weeks of exposure to 0, 0.1, 1.0, 16, 160 or 640 microg/L BPA. We observed no effects of BPA on egg hatchability or timing of egg hatching. Juveniles showed good growth in the control and all treatments, and there were no significant effects of BPA on this endpoint. Our results do not support previous claims of enhanced reproduction in Marisa cornuarietis in response to exposure to BPA. Statistical power analysis indicated high levels of inter-snail variability in the measured endpoints and highlighted the need for sufficient replication when testing treatment effects on reproduction in M. cornuarietis with adequate power.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, PO Box 260, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark. vforbes@ruc.dk
authors.forename: Valery E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aufderheide
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Warbritton
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van der Hoeven
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Caspers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D005260:Female; D005262:Feminization / Q000139:chemically induced; D007753:Laboratories; D008297:Male; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012908:Snails / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds