title: Pharmacokinetics of the citrus flavanone aglycones hesperetin and naringenin after single oral administration in human subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hesperetin and naringenin, the aglycones of the flavanone glycosides hesperidin and naringin, occur naturally in citrus fruits. They exert interesting pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, blood lipid and cholesterol lowering and are considered to contribute to health benefits in humans. However, no information is available on the pharmacokinetics of the citrus flavanones hesperetin and naringenin after their oral administration to humans as pure aglycones. Therefore, the objective of the present investigation was the evaluation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of hesperetin and naringenin in plasma and urine, after their single oral administration in humans in the form of solid dispersion capsules, and also to improve the absorption rate of flavanones by using aglycones rather than the naturally occurring glycosides.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six healthy volunteers received orally 135 mg of each compound, hesperetin and naringenin, under fasting conditions. Blood samples were collected at 14 different time points over a 12 h period. Urine was collected over 24 h, in five sequential timed intervals. Plasma and urine hesperetin and naringenin concentrations, after enzymatic hydrolysis of their conjugated forms, were measured using validated high-pressure liquid chromatography methods. Pharmacokinetic parameters for hesperetin and naringenin, such as C(max), T(max), AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), CL/F, V/F, t(1/2), MRT, A(e), A(e)((0-24)), and R(max) were calculated from their plasma or urine concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that both hesperetin and naringenin were rapidly absorbed and their concentrations in plasma observed 20 min after dosing and reached a peak in 4.0 and 3.5 h, respectively. The mean peak plasma concentration (C(max)) for hesperetin and naringenin were 825.78+/-410.63 ng/ml (2731.8+/-1358.4 nmol/l) and 2009.51+/-770.82 ng/ml (7386.6+/-2833.4 nmol/l), respectively and the mean AUC(0-infinity) values were 4846.20+/-1675.99 ng h/ml and 9424.52+/-2960.52 ng h/ml for hesperetin and naringenin, respectively. The elimination half-life for hesperetin was found to be 3.05+/-0.91 h and for naringenin 2.31+/-0.40 h, respectively. The mean values of the relative cumulative urinary excretion, as percentage of the administered dose, for hesperetin and naringenin, were found to be 3.26+/-0.44 and 5.81+/-0.81%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral administration of the flavanone aglycones, hesperetin and naringenin, lead to their rapid absorption as their conjugated forms. The cumulative urinary recovery data indicated low bioavailability for both flavanone aglycones, owing to extensive first-pass metabolism partly by cleavage of the C-ring by the enzymes of intestinal bacteria leading to degradation products such as phenolic acids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: F I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Kanaze
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Bounartzi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Georgarakis
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Niopas
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D044950:Flavanones / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D006569:Hesperidin / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D044950:Flavanones; D006569:Hesperidin; C005273:naringenin; C013015:hesperetin; C028610:flavanone