title: Incomplete chest wall decompression: a clinical evaluation of CPR performance by trained laypersons and an assessment of alternative manual chest compression-decompression techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complete chest wall recoil improves hemodynamics during CPR by generating relatively negative intrathoracic pressure, which draws venous blood back to the heart, providing cardiac preload prior to the next chest compression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to assess the quality of CPR delivered by trained laypersons and to determine if a change in CPR technique or hand position would improve complete chest wall recoil, while maintaining adequate duty cycle, compression depth, and proper hand position placement. Standard manual CPR and three alternative manual CPR approaches were assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized prospective trial was performed on an electronic test manikin. Thirty laypersons (mean age of 40.6 years (range 28-55)), who were trained in CPR within the last 24 months, signed an informed consent and participated in the trial. Subjects performed 3 min of CPR on a Laerdal Skill Reportertrade mark CPR manikin using the Standard Hand Position followed by 3 min of CPR (in random order) using three alternative CPR techniques: (1) Two-Finger Fulcrum Technique - lifting the heel of the hand slightly but completely off the chest during the decompression phase of CPR using the thumb and little finger as a fulcrum; (2) Five-Finger Fulcrum Technique - lifting the heel of the hand slightly but completely off the chest during the decompression phase of CPR using all five fingers as a fulcrum; (3) Hands-Off Technique - lifting the heel and all fingers of the hand slightly but completely off the chest during the decompression phase of CPR. The participants did not know the purpose of the study prior to, or during this investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adequate compression depth was poor for all hand positions tested and ranged only from 18.6 to 35.7% of all compressions. When compared with the Standard Hand Position, the Hands-Off Technique decreased the mean compression duty cycle from 39.0 +/- 1.0 to 33.5 +/- 1.0%, (P < 0.0001) but achieved the highest rate of complete chest wall recoil (92.5% versus 24.1%, P < 0.0001) and was 46.3 times more likely to provide complete chest wall recoil (OR: 46.3; CI: 16.4-130.3). There were no significant differences in accuracy of hand placement, adequate depth of compression, or perceived discomfort with its use compared with the Standard Hand Position.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Hands-Off Technique decreased compression duty cycle but was 46.3 times more likely to provide complete chest wall recoil (OR: 46.3; CI: 16.4-130.3) compared to the Standard Hand Position without differences in accuracy of hand placement, adequate depth of compression, or perceived discomfort with its use. All forms of manual CPR tested (including the Standard Hand Position) in trained laypersons produced an inadequate depth of compression for two-thirds of the time. These data support development and testing of more effective layperson CPR training programmes and more effective means to deliver manual as well as mechanical CPR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. taufderh@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Tom P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Aufderheide
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pirrallo
authors.forename: Demetris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yannopoulos
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: von Briesen
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Sparks
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Deja
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kitscha
authors.forename: Terry A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Provo
authors.forename: Keith G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Lurie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D002568:Certification; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006336:Heart Massage / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D035441:Thoracic Wall / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014922:Wisconsin