title: Dietary intake of fruit and vegetable and lung cancer risk: a case-control study in Harbin, northeast China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We studied the relationship between dietary intake of vegetables and fruit and lung cancer risk in Harbin, Heilongjiang province, northeast China, an area with a very high baseline risk of lung cancer in both sexes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from a case-control study, conducted from 1987 to 1990, among 218 cases with incident, histologically confirmed lung cancer and 436 controls admitted to the same hospitals as cases with non-neoplastic, non-lung diseases unrelated to smoking and other potential risk factors for lung cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the lowest tertile of intake of vegetables, fruit or both, the multivariate odds ratios (ORs) for the highest tertile of intake were 0.39 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25-0.62], 0.73 (95% CI 0.48-1.11) and 0.40 (95% CI 0.25-0.63), respectively. In particular, high intake of Chinese cabbage (OR = 0.53), chives (OR = 0 .54), carrots (OR = 0.51) and celery (OR = 0.40) was inversely associated with lung cancer. The OR was more than six-fold elevated for smokers reporting low intake of vegetables, and more than four-fold elevated for smokers reporting low intake of fruit, as compared with never smokers reporting high intake of these items.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In agreement with previous studies, we found an inverse relation between vegetable and fruit intake and lung cancer risk in both strata of current and never smokers.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy. galeone@marionegri.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Galeone
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pelucchi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bosetti
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D014675:Vegetables