title: Evaluation of primary and secondary treated and disinfected wastewater irrigation of tomato and cucumber plants under greenhouse conditions, regarding growth and safety considerations.
abstract: Tomato and cucumber seedlings were distributed into 10 groups (five for each plant) of 15 plants each. The plants were irrigated for 10 weeks with primary treated wastewater (group A), secondary treated wastewater (group B), chlorinated secondary treated wastewater (group C), a fertilizer dilution (group F), and tap water (group M). All precautions were taken to secure that there was no direct contact between the wastewater and the edible portions of the crops. During this period and on a weekly basis, the height and number of leaves was monitored, while, at the end, the dry weight of leaves, stems, and roots for each plant of each group was measured. Based on these growth parameters, both types of plant in groups A and F recorded the most significant development compared to the other three groups. The plants irrigated with tap water recorded the smallest development, in every case. Plants in groups B and C were similar, with a slight (but not significant) superiority for the plants irrigated with secondary treated wastewater, probably as a result of some phytotoxic effects of residual chloride in the chlorinated wastewater. The presence of nutrients and specifically nitrogen in the various solutions explains the differences satisfactorily. The vegetables grown on the plants of each group were harvested, and their surface tissue analyzed for total coliforms (TC) and enterococci (EC). Tomatoes grown on the plants of groups A and B recorded the highest values for TC, with 505 and 490 cfu/g, respectively, whereas, for cucumbers, those values were 342 and 450 cfu/g, respectively. Enterococci were detected on the surface of harvested vegetables from groups A and B, but the small number of cases and their random character cannot support any strong relations between the used wastewater and their presence. The TC values in group C were very low, far lower than those if group F. No EC were found in either group C or group F. These primary results suggested that irrigation with appropriate disinfected wastewater, even of such high-risk cultivations of vegetables eaten raw, should not be discarded completely as unsafe, but be reconsidered and studied further. However, the use of undisinfected wastewater in such greenhouse cultivations, where all safety precautions have been taken to prevent any contact of the fruits with the soil or the wastewater, does not prove to be 100% safe.
authors.affiliation: School of Agricultural Technology, Technological Education Institute of Crete, Greece. tmanios@steg.teiher.gr
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Papagrigoriou
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Daskalakis
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sabathianakis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Terzakis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maniadakis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Markakis
mesh_terms: D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D018553:Cucumis sativus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000009:adverse effects; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004780:Environment, Controlled; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009584:Nitrogen