title: HIV among pregnant women in Moshi Tanzania: the role of sexual behavior, male partner characteristics and sexually transmitted infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women continue to be disproportionately affected by HIV in Tanzania, and factors contributing to this situation need to be identified. The objective of this study was to determine social, behavioral and biological risk factors of HIV infection among pregnant women in Moshi urban, Tanzania. In 2002-2004, consenting women (N = 2654), attending primary health clinics for routine antenatal care were interviewed, examined and biological samples collected for diagnosis of HIV and other sexually transmitted/reproductive tract infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of HIV was 6.9%. The risk for HIV was greater among women whose male partner; had other sexual partners (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 15.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.39-27.20), traveled frequently (AOR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.22-2.65) or consumed alcohol daily (AOR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.06-2.67). Other independent predictors of HIV were age, number of sex partners, recent migration, and presence of bacterial vaginosis, genital ulcer, active syphilis and herpes simplex virus type 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Development of programs that actively involve men in HIV prevention is important in reducing transmission of HIV in this population. Further, interventions that focus on STI control, the mobile population, sexual risk behavior and responsible alcohol use are required.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway. siamsuya@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Sia E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Msuya
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mbizvo
authors.forename: Akhtar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uriyo
authors.forename: Noel E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Sam
authors.forename: Babill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stray-Pedersen