title: Effects of a branched p-nonylphenol isomer (4(3',6'-dimethyl-3'-heptyl)-phenol) on embryogenesis in Lymnae stagnalis L.
abstract: The tertiary branched alkyl-chain isomers of p-nonylphenol (NP) are perceived to have more estrogenic potency than its constituent secondary and primary straight alkyl-chain isomers. Investigations with single tertiary branched isomers of NP can therefore contribute toward the elucidation of the mechanisms of toxicity and estrogenicity of NP. A single tertiary branched alkyl-chain isomer (4(3',6'-dimethyl-3'-heptyl)-phenol) was used in studies to determine its effects on embryonic growth and mortality in Lymnaea stagnalis L. Egg masses were exposed to the test compound for 20 days in a static waterborne-exposure regime with an average NP concentration of 105 microg/L and water temperature range of 18-20 degrees C. Observations were made under a microscope and pictures were taken with a digital camera to determine the various developmental stages of growth, the duration of growth in each stage, embryo hatchability, and embryo mortality. The isomer was found to cause significant delay in all stages of growth and more significantly in the Morula and Veliger stages. An increase in embryo mortality, from the third day until the end of the experiment, was observed in exposed egg masses compared to controls. The hatching success of embryos was also significantly reduced by exposure, with 81% hatchability in exposed egg masses compared to 93% in the controls, after 18 days of continuous exposure. The encapsulating jelly strand that completely covers the rows of egg masses may have prevented the isomer residues from effectively penetrating into the embryos as shown by the observed low bioconcentration factors of the isomer in egg masses during exposure, resulting in unexpectedly lower observed estrogenic effects. However, this factor was not investigated. In vivo biotransformation of some of the residues of the isomer into catechol metabolites by the embryos during exposure could also result in the reduction of its estrogenic potential. To understand more fully the extent of toxicity and estrogenicity of this isomer, in vitro estrogenic assays are recommended. It would also be necessary to investigate its estrogenic effects on embryo development after in vivo maternal exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333, Maseno, Kenya. lalah64@yahoo.com
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Lalah
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Severin
authors.forename: K-W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Schramm
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lenoir
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Behechti
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Guenther
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kettrup
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D045166:Estradiol Congeners / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D008136:Longevity / Q000187:drug effects; D008195:Lymnaea / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: C516998:4-(3',6'-dimethyl-3'-heptyl)phenol; D045166:Estradiol Congeners; D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical