title: Trabecular and cortical bone as risk factors for orthodontic relapse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dental relapse of the mandibular incisors after orthodontic treatment is a common problem, and few risk factors have been identified. The purpose of this case-control study was to evaluate whether the amount or the structure of mandibular bone affects the potential for postorthodontic mandibular incisor relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subject sample was selected from the postretention database at the University of Washington. Subjects were chosen based on the availability of lateral cephalograms and mandibular periapical radiographs taken approximately 10 years postretention (T3). The mandibular incisor irregularity index (II) was measured on the T3 casts. Two groups were identified: subjects with the II greater than 6 mm (relapse or case) and those with the II less than 3.5 mm (stable or control). Once the case/control status was determined, the II was measured on models taken at the initial orthodontic examination (T1) and at the end of treatment (T2). Sixty relapse and 263 stable subjects were identified. Mandibular cortical thickness measured on both panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs was used to assess the amount of mandibular bone, and fractal analysis was used to analyze the trabecular bone structure around the mandibular incisors on the periapical radiographs. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between dental relapse and significant bone parameters. The models were adjusted for potentially confounding variables (initial II, sex, age, and postretention time).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relapse subjects had a larger mean II at T1 and a longer postretention time than the stable subjects. The mean cephalometric mandibular cortical thickness was significantly smaller in the relapse group than in the stable group at T1, T2, and T3. There were no statistically significant differences in the trabecular structure of bone, as measured with fractal analyses, between the relapse and stable groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that patients with thinner mandibular cortices are at increased risk for dental relapse.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Rothe
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bollen
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Susan W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Herring
authors.forename: Jeremy B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Chaison
authors.forename: Curtis S-K
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lars G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Hollender
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017709:Fractals; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000503:physiopathology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors