title: Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in Pakistan: the Pakistan National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in adults aged 30 years and older in Pakistan and to assess socio-demographic risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multistage, stratified (rural/urban), cluster random sampling, with probability proportional-to-size procedures, was used to select a nationally representative, cross-sectional sample of adults 30 years of age or older. Each subject was interviewed; had visual acuity measured (logMAR; logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution); and underwent autorefraction, biometry, and fundus-optic disc examination. Those with less than 6/12 acuity in either eye underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination, including corrected distance visual acuity measurement and dilated ophthalmoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A nationally representative sample of 16,507 adults (95.5% of those enumerated) was examined. The age- and gender-standardized prevalence of blindness was 2.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4%-2.9%). It has been estimated that there are 1,140,000 (962,000-1,330,000) blind adults in Pakistan (2003 statistics). Blindness prevalence varied throughout the country, being highest in the provinces of Punjab and Baluchistan and lowest in the North West Frontier Province. Rural areas had a higher prevalence of blindness than did urban areas (3.8% vs. 2.5%, P < 0.001). Increasing age and being female were significantly associated with presenting visual acuity of <6/60 (odds ratio [OR], 2.5; 95% CI, 2.3-2.7 and 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.5, respectively). Educational status was also associated with presenting visual acuity of <6/60. Subjects who had attended primary school were 60% (P < 0.001) less likely to have acuity of <6/60 than were subjects who had never been to school.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This comprehensive survey provides reliable estimates of the prevalence of visual impairment and blindness in Pakistan. A significant excess of visual impairment was found among the elderly and the uneducated. After adjustment for age differences, women were found to have a significant excess of severe visual impairment and blindness. Regional variations in the prevalence of blindness were also identified.
authors.affiliation: Pakistan Institute of Community Ophthalmology, Kyber Institute of Ophthalmic Medical Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Jadoon
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dineen
authors.forename: Rupert R A
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Bourne
authors.forename: Shaheen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Gordon J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Clare E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Mohammad D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001766:Blindness / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012923:Social Class; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*