title: Dimensional analysis of ADHD subtypes in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a heterogeneous disorder that is classified into three subtypes in which the main symptoms, inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, are expressed with various degrees of severity. The nature of the biological dysfunction sustaining each subtype (common or distinct) is unknown, and animal models encompassing different subtypes are needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cluster analysis separated subgroups of rats on the basis of similarities in both impulsivity and attentional scores in the five-choice serial reaction time task. These subgroups were characterized behaviorally and were compared for several aspects of spontaneous hyperactivity in different environmental contexts. The dose effects of two agents used clinically (methylphenidate and atomoxetine) were tested on attention and impulsivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four distinct subgroups were demonstrated: efficient, middle, inattentive, and inattentive-impulsive. Hyperactivity expressed in a cage, characterized the last subgroup. Subgroups were differentially sensitive to environmental and pharmacologic challenges. Methylphenidate increased impulsivity mainly in the combined subgroup, whereas atomoxetine decreased impulsivity, neither with any effect on the efficient subgroup and on accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new approach is the first to demonstrate behavioral subtypes in rats that parallel those observed in human beings and is a promising tool to clarify the biological bases of these behavioral subtypes and to explain therapeutic effects.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Charles Perrens, Laboratoire de Neuropsychobiologie des Désadaptations, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 CNRS UMR 554-1, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Candice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blondeau
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dellu-Hagedorn
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis; D004777:Environment; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011437:Propylamines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D011437:Propylamines; D008774:Methylphenidate; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride