title: Nanoparticle multilayers: surface modification of photosensitive drug microparticles for increased stability and in vitro bioavailability.
abstract: The results of this study report the novel use of electrostatic layer-by-layer nanoassembly of biocompatible nanoparticulate TiO2 multilayers to coat irregular nifedipine (NF) microcrystals to increase the photostability of the drug when exposed to simulated sunlight and to increase the dissolution rate and possibly the bioavailability of the drug after oral administration. The photostability of NF microcrystals (35 microm) coated with multiple bilayers of positively charged PDDA and negatively charged nanosized TiO2 particles (20-25 nm) was measured when exposed to an illuminance of 12 W/m2 corresponding to a light dose of 30 k lux or 25 W/m2 corresponding to light dose of 60 k lux. The dissolution rate of nifedipine from the coated microcrystals was measured in simulated gastric fluid containing 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80. Coating with one TiO2 layer increased the shelf life of nifedipine by 30 hours independent of the intensity of the light exposure. With an increase in the number of TiO2 layers; the photostability of the drug was enhanced even more. A TiO2 monolayer decreased the contact angle by 20 degrees for water and 33 degrees for the dissolution medium as compared with uncoated NF surfaces. This increase in wettability due to a decrease in contact angle increased the dissolution rate of nifedipine microcrystals coated with 1 PDDA/TiO2 bilayer 13-fold after 10 minutes, 5-fold after 1 hour, and 2-fold after 12 hours when compared to uncoated microcrystals. It is assumed that TiO2 increased the photostability because the nanoparticulate multilayers acts as a potential filter protecting the drug from damaging light rays reaching the drug crystals. The dissolution rate was increased because the hydrophilic TiO2 nanoparticles increased the aqueous wettability of the drug crystals thereby preventing aggregation in the dissolution medium. This ensured that the maximum drug surface area was exposed to the dissolution medium.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Dinesh S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kommireddy
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lvov
authors.forename: Wilna
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liebenberg
authors.forename: Louwrens R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Tiedt
authors.forename: Melgardt M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: De Villiers
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D004058:Diffusion; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D004355:Drug Stability; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D008027:Light; D008422:Materials Testing; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D010777:Photochemistry / Q000379:methods; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005079:Excipients; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D009543:Nifedipine