title: Controlled study of switching from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder to a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar I disorder phenotype during 6-year prospective follow-up: rate, risk, and predictors.
abstract: Rate, risk, and predictors of switching from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar I disorder phenotype (PEA-BP-I) were examined in a blindly rated, controlled, prospective 6-year follow-up that included assessments at 2-year intervals. Subjects were outpatients obtained by consecutive new case ascertainment. There were 81 subjects who were 9.7 +/- 2.0 years. Subjects had DSM-IV ADHD (hyperactive or combined subtypes); a Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) score of < or =60, consistent with moderate-severe impairment; and no BP or major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnoses. PEA-BP-I was defined as DSM-IV BP I (manic or mixed phase), with cardinal symptoms (elation and/or grandiosity), to avoid diagnosing mania by symptoms that overlapped with those of ADHD, and by a CGAS score of < or =60. Morbid risk of switching to PEA-BP-I was 28.5%. Significant predictors of switching in a multivariate Cox model were more severe baseline CGAS, paternal recurrent MDD, and less stimulant use. BP I in first-degree relatives, antidepressants, psychosocial measures, and life events were not predictive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA. gellerb@beckermail.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tillman
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Geller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009679:Nuclear Family; D010045:Outpatients; D010641:Phenotype; D011627:Puberty; D012919:Social Behavior
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants