title: Combined breast ductal lavage and ductal endoscopy for the evaluation of the high-risk breast: a feasibility study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of the ductal epithelium of the breast at increased risk for breast cancer is needed to define the carcinogenic pathway, for risk assessment, and to improve selection of women for chemoprevention therapy. We studied the feasibility of combining breast ductal endoscopy with ductal lavage in the high-risk contralateral breast of women with ipsilateral breast cancer for the evaluation of high-risk ducts and acquisition of ductal epithelial cells for analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Breast ducts were studied by ductal lavage and ductal endoscopy, and epithelial cell content studied cytologically and quantitatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five subjects and 44 ducts, including 22 (50.0%) which did not produce nipple aspirate fluid (NAF), were studied. Cellular atypia was present in five subjects. Ductal endoscopy was performed on 1 or more ducts in 24 subjects. Structural changes were noted in 63.6% of the ducts, most commonly fibrous stranding or bridging. Ductal sampling with endoscopic brush and coil sampling devices provided additional cellular samples of relatively pure ductal epithelial content (> or = 91% purity) in 8/11 subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breast ductal endoscopy combined with ductal lavage represents a feasible approach for characterizing the ducts and ductal epithelium of the high-risk breast, especially in a research setting.
authors.affiliation: Surgery Branch, The Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. david_danforth@nih.gov
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Danforth
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abati
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Filie
authors.forename: Shiela A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Prindiville
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ried
authors.forename: Patricia S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Steeg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000166:cytology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000473:pathology; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000473:pathology; D002452:Cell Count; D003581:Cytodiagnosis; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation