title: Candidate protein biodosimeters of human exposure to ionizing radiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a literature review of candidate protein biomarkers for individual radiation biodosimetry of exposure to ionizing radiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reviewed approximately 300 publications (1973 - April 2006) that reported protein effects in mammalian systems after either in vivo or in vitro radiation exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 261 radiation-responsive proteins including 173 human proteins. Most of the studies used high doses of ionizing radiation (>4 Gy) and had no information on dose- or time-responses. The majority of the proteins showed increased amounts or changes in phosphorylation states within 24 h after exposure (range: 1.5- to 10-fold). Of the 47 proteins that are responsive at doses of 1 Gy and below, 6 showed phosphorylation changes at doses below 10 cGy. Proteins were assigned to 9 groups based on consistency of response across species, dose- and time-response information and known role in the radiation damage response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ATM (Ataxia telengiectasia mutated), H2AX (histone 2AX), CDKN1A (Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A), and TP53 (tumor protein 53) are top candidate radiation protein biomarkers. Furthermore, we recommend a panel of protein biomarkers, each with different dose and time optima, to improve individual radiation biodosimetry for discriminating between low-, moderate-, and high-dose exposures. Our findings have applications for early triage and follow-up medical assessments.
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marchetti
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Irene M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wyrobek
mesh_terms: D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins