title: Calcific aortic valve stenosis in old hypercholesterolemic mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypercholesterolemia and old age are clinical risk factors for development of aortic valve stenosis, and hypercholesterolemia is a putative therapeutic target. We tested the hypothesis that calcification and aortic valve stenosis would develop in genetically hypercholesterolemic old mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient apolipoprotein B-100-only (LDLr(-/-)ApoB(100/100)) mice were fed normal chow from weaning until age 20.1+/-0.5 months (mean+/-SE; range 17 to 22 months). Twenty-one age-matched (20.8+/-0.9 months, range 17 to 25 months) C57Bl/6 mice served as controls. Echocardiographic imaging was used to assess morphology and function of the aortic valve and left ventricle. A subset of 12 mice underwent invasive hemodynamic assessment of aortic valve function. Functionally significant aortic stenosis, with >75% reduction in valve area, occurred in 8 of 24 LDLr(-/-)ApoB(100/100) mice and in 0 of 21 controls (P=0.01). In the subset that underwent catheterization, mice with echocardiographic evidence of aortic stenosis had a systolic transvalvular gradient of 57+/-6 mm Hg. In the group of all LDLr(-/-)ApoB(100/100) mice with aortic stenosis, left ventricular mass was increased by 67% (P=0.001) and ejection fraction was decreased by 30% (P=0.004) compared with LDLr(-/-)ApoB(100/100) without aortic stenosis. Von Kossa staining of the aortic valve demonstrated abundant mineralization in LDLr(-/-)ApoB(100/100) mice but not in control mice. Superoxide (oxyethidium fluorescence) was present in valve tissue from all 3 groups of mice and was more abundant in mice with aortic stenosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypercholesterolemic LDLr(-/-)ApoB(100/100) mice are prone to develop calcification and oxidative stress in the aortic valve, with functional valvular heart disease, mimicking the clinical syndrome. This discovery holds promise for elucidation of the pathophysiology of aortic valve disease mechanisms and for the design of effective nonsurgical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Room E317-A GH, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. robert-weiss@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Masuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: Jordan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Donald D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Heistad
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D011973:Receptors, LDL