title: Microbial isolates in early swabs of open musculoskeletal injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infections of open musculoskeletal injuries, especially open fractures, continue to pose a challenge to the Orthopaedic and Trauma surgeons. There is a dearth of information on the early bacterial contaminants of these open wounds and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns in our environment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the bacteriology of open wounds of the musculoskeletal system at initial presentation in hospital and their antibiotic susceptibility profile in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study of 86 consecutive patients over an eight-month period (March to October 2002). Eighty-six patients with 96 open wounds of the musculoskeletal system admitted to the Accident and Emergency unit of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife. Bacteria were isolated from swabs taken from the depth of the wounds and their antibiotic susceptibility determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 126 bacterial isolates were recovered from 96 wounds in 86 patients (61 males and 25 females) with mean age of 31.4 years +/- SD. About 73.3% of the wounds were from road traffic accidents and 72.3% of the wounds were severe open fractures (Grades IIIA to C). Staphylococcus aureus constituted 22.2% while coagulase negative Staphylococci (CONS) accounted for 21.4% with Staphylococcus. epidermidis leading the group with 13.5%. Gram negative rods constituted 40.5% of the isolates with Pseudomonas aeruginosa accounting for 11.1%. Antibiotic sensitivity profile revealed that many of the isolates were multiply resistant to the antimicrobials employed but were sensitive to Ofloxacin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has shown that open wounds of the musculoskeletal system are usually contaminated at presentation with pathogenic organisms. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates shows that the quinolones, represented by Ofloxacin, is the most effective antibiotic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Akinyoola
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ako-Nai
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dosumu
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Aboderin
authors.forename: O O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Kassim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D005597:Fractures, Open / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000293:injuries*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D015363:Quinolones