title: Clindamycin-induced enrichment and long-term persistence of resistant Bacteroides spp. and resistance genes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to study the long-term consequences of 1 week clindamycin administration regarding selection and persistence of resistance, resistance determinants and diversity of the Bacteroides spp. in the intestinal microflora.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1306 Bacteroides isolates were collected from constitutively cultured faecal samples during a 2 year period from eight healthy volunteers. The strains were identified by biochemical and genotyping methods. MIC values were determined by the agar dilution method and presence of resistance genes was screened by real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ecological changes in the intestinal microflora persisting up to 24 months were recorded after a 7 day clindamycin administration to four healthy volunteers. Compared to a control group, not exposed to clindamycin, an enrichment and stabilization of resistant Bacteroides strains and resistance determinants were discovered up to 2 years after clindamycin exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that even a short-term antibiotic administration can cause long-term alterations in the commensal microbiota of individual subjects, detectable 2 years after dosing. The recorded selection and persistence of resistant strains and resistance genes, illustrates the importance of increasing our knowledge of the role of the abundant intestinal microbial community as a reservoir for spread of resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Löfmark
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jernberg
authors.forename: Janet K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: Charlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Edlund
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001442:Bacteroides Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D002981:Clindamycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D017753:Ecosystem; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D002981:Clindamycin