title: Effect of a clinical stroke on the risk of dementia in a prospective cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the risk and determinants of dementia following a clinically overt stroke in a prospectively followed cohort of elderly subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effect of a clinically detectable stroke on the risk of dementia using prospective data from 335 subjects in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, all of whom were cognitively and neurologically normal at entry into the study (mean age at entry 75.1 +/- 4.2 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinically overt strokes are common in our cohort (cumulative risk by age 90, 15.4%; 95% CI: 10 to 22%) and confer an increased risk of dementia compared to subjects without stroke (odds ratio [OR] 5.55; 95% CI: 2.76 to 11.4). The majority of patients who became demented after a stroke had evidence of mild cognitive impairment preceding the stroke (14 of 19). Moreover, a clinically symptomatic stroke was a major risk factor for the conversion of mild cognitive impairment to dementia (OR 12.4; 95% CI: 1.5 to 99). When cognitive impairment did not precede the stroke, there was no increase in the risk of subsequent dementia. Pathologic data indicate that both vascular and Alzheimer pathology leads to the prestroke impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dementia after stroke may be determined by cognitive impairments that exist prior to the stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gamaldo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moghekar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kilada
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Zonderman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*