title: Systematic reviews and meta-analysis for the surgeon scientist.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding of data-reporting methods is imperative for correct interpretation of the medical literature as well as for proper performance of future clinical research. Recent developments in biostatistics have greatly changed the types of statistical analyses used and the minimum quality standards that must be maintained.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different types of review are described, including systematic review with and without meta-analysis. Minimum reporting standards, sources of bias, both quantitative and qualitative, and references are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Meta-analysis has become a clearly defined technique, with reporting standards for both randomized controlled trials and observational studies. It is assuming a wider role in the surgical literature. Although many sources of bias exist, there are clear reporting standards and readers should be aware of these when studying the literature.
authors.affiliation: Price Institute of Surgical Research and Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mahid
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hornung
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Minor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turina
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galandiuk
mesh_terms: D013502:General Surgery; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D033262:Narration; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D013223:Statistics as Topic