title: Benefit of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment: thirty-day mortality and duration of hospital stay.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the effect of inappropriate antibiotic treatment on mortality and duration of hospital stay in medical inpatients with bacterial infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two cohorts of febrile adult patients (excluding patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and organ transplant recipients), hospitalized in three medical centers in Israel, Italy, and Germany, were included. Patients' data were collected prospectively. Initial empirical treatment was defined as appropriate if an antibiotic prescribed within 24 hours of the first encounter with the patient matched the in vitro susceptibility of a pathogen deemed to be the likely cause of infection. The results of cultures and serologic or direct tests, and data on outcomes were collected 30 days after initiation of empirical treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 920 patients (26% of 3529 included patients) had microbiologically documented infections, and mortality data were available for 895 patients (97%). Inappropriate initial antibiotic treatment was prescribed in 36% of patients (N=319). All-cause 30-day mortality rates were 20.1% (N=64) and 11.8% (N=68) in patients who received inappropriate and appropriate treatment, respectively (odds ratio=1.88, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29-2.72, P=.001). When adjustment was made for medical center and other variables, the association between inappropriate with mortality was significant (odds ratio=1.58, 95% CI, 0.99-2.54, P=.058). In all 3 medical centers, the mean duration of hospital stay was at least 2 days longer for patients who were prescribed inappropriate antibiotic treatment (overall P=.002). This association was consistent after adjusting for other variables (P=.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with a better survival and shortened duration of hospital stay in medical patients with bacterial infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine E, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah-Tiqva, Israel.
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Mical
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Nadja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Almanasreh
authors.forename: Evelina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tacconelli
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cauda
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borok
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Steen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.forename: Anders D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leibovici
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007902:Length of Stay; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents