Dysgraphia in elderly delirious medical inpatients.
OBJECTIVE
Dysgraphia is a recognized clinical finding in delirium, but few studies have evaluated handwriting, and results have been inconsistent. In particular, handwritten signatures, which may be a motor automatism, have not been previously evaluated in delirious patients. The aim was to assess abnormalities of signature and spontaneous writing in delirious patients and to investigate their clinical utility in the detection of delirium.


METHODS
Secondary analysis of data was collected from a prospective observational study of acutely ill inpatients 70 years or older. Mini-Mental State Examination, Confusion Assessment Method, Delirium Rating Scale, Activities of Daily Living, and APACHE II were administered to each subject, their signatures were evaluated from the consent form, and their handwriting from the spontaneous sentence written as part of the MMSE.


RESULTS
The signatures of patients with delirium were significantly more impaired than those without (Chi-square= 14.749, df=1, p<0.0001). The sensitivity of the signature for delirium as defined by CAM was 0.54, with specificity of 0.88. Handwriting abnormalities of omission (p=0.018), illegibility (p=0.034) and spelling (p=0.035) were significantly more common in delirious patients than others (Chi-square with Fisher's Exact tests. This difference was mainly attributable to the fact that a large number of delirious patients were unable to provide any response to the handwriting questions.


CONCLUSIONS
An abnormal signature may be an indicator of delirium. People with delirium have handwriting problems, which may be partly caused by cognitive impairment but also by disorders of motor function.
Adamis
Dimitrios
D
Department of Ageing and Health, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
Reich
Shuli
S
Treloar
Adrian
A
Macdonald
Alastair J
AJ
Martin
Finbarr C
FC
D018806:APACHE; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000381:Agraphia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D003693:Delirium / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007297:Inpatients; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity