title: Effects of estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate on morphology, proliferation and apoptosis of human breast tissue in organ cultures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human breast tissue undergoes phases of proliferation, differentiation and regression regulated by changes of the levels of circulating sex hormones during the menstrual cycle or aging. Ovarian hormones also likely play a key role in the etiology and biology of breast cancer. Reports concerning the proliferative effects of steroid hormones on the normal epithelium of human breast have been conflicting. Some studies have shown that steroid hormones may predispose breast epithelial cells to malignant changes by stimulating their proliferation, which is known to be regulated tightly by stromal cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 17beta-estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate on proliferation, apoptosis, expression of differentiation markers and steroid hormone receptors in breast epithelium using an in vitro model of freshly isolated human breast tissue, in which a proper interaction of breast epithelium and stroma has been maintained.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human breast tissues were obtained from women undergoing surgery for breast tumours. Peritumoral tissues were excised and explants were cultured for 3 weeks in medium supplemented with E2 or MPA or with E2+MPA. Endpoints included histopathological, histomorphometric and immunohistochemical assessment of the breast explants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Culture of breast explants for 14 or 21 days with steroid hormones increased proliferative activity and the thickness of acinar and ductal epithelium. E2-treatment led to hyperplastic epithelial morphology, MPA to hypersecretory single-layered epithelium and E2+MPA to multilayered but organised epithelium. The proliferative response to E2 in comparison to control (p < 0.001) was more pronounced than to MPA (p < 0.05) or E2+MPA (p < 0.05) at 7 and 14 days for Ki-67 and PCNA. E2 treatment also decreased the proportion of apoptotic cells after 7 (p < 0.01) and 14 (p < 0.01) days. In addition, the relative number of ERalpha, ERbeta and PR positive epithelial cells was decreased by all hormonal treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Organ culture system provides a model for studying the direct effects of steroid hormones and their analogues on postmenopausal human breast tissue. Addition of E2 or MPA or E2+MPA to breast explants caused characteristic changes in morphology, stimulated epithelial proliferation, lowered apoptosis ratio and decreased the relative number of epithelial cells expressing ERalpha, ERbeta and PR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Central Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland. nateig@utu.fi
authors.forename: Natalija
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eigeliene
authors.forename: Pirkko
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Härkönen
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Erkkola
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001940:Breast / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000032:analysis; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000032:analysis; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate