title: Thermophysiological responses caused by ballistic bullet-proof vests.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little data is available concerning the heat stress experienced by members of staff who wear bullet-proof vests in a warm or hot environment. For this reason, knowledge is limited and, consequently, preventative advice on how to avoid heat sickness or hyperthermia is required.
  
  
  METHODS
  Skin and body temperatures, fluid loss and the heart rate of 30 persons (15 test persons versus 15 control persons) were measured in three situations typical of the test participants' job situations. Environmental data (wind velocity, air humidity, air temperature) were measured during the tests as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas there was a significant increase in skin temperatures, there was no difference in the core body temperatures of both groups. Maximum core body temperature remained well below 38 degrees C in all subjects. Test persons wearing vests showed a fluid loss of 1.1 l on average (non-vest wearers in the control group 1.0 l).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no increased risk of heat stroke or hyperthermia for employees wearing bullet-proof vests in comparison with employees who do not wear them. Both groups, however, should be advised to ensure an adequate intake of fluid to maintain a healthy body fluid balance when working in hot environments.
authors.affiliation: BAD Preventive Health Care and Safety Engineering GmbH, Bonn, Germany. lehmacher@bad817.bad-gmbh.de
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lehmacher
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jansing
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Küpper
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006339:Heart Rate; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016495:Police; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012881:Skin Temperature; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000517:prevention & control*