Methods and applications of diffusion imaging of vertebral bone marrow.
Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is an MRI technique that is sensitive to random water movements at spatial scales far below typical MRI voxel dimensions. DWI is a valuable tool for the diagnoses of diseases that involve alterations in water mobility. In the spine, DWI has proven to be a highly useful method for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant compression fractures. In these pathologies, the microscopic structure of bone marrow is altered in a very different ways, leading to different water mobility, which can be depicted by DWI. Most of the pulse sequences developed for MRI can be adapted for DWI. However, these DWI-adapted sequences are frequently affected by artifacts, mostly caused by physiological motion. Therefore, the introduction of additional correction techniques, or even the development of new sequences is necessary. The first part of this article describes the principles of DWI and the sequences used for DWI of the spine: spin echo (SE), turbo spin echo (TSE), single-shot echo planar imaging (EPI), and steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequences. In the second part, clinical applications of DWI of the spinal bone marrow are extensively discussed.
Raya
José G
JG
Department of Clinical Radiology-Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany. Jose.Raya@med.uni-muenchen.de
Dietrich
Olaf
O
Reiser
Maximilian F
MF
Baur-Melnyk
Andrea
A
D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology*; D001855:Bone Marrow Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013131:Spine / Q000473:pathology*