title: Bound homocysteine, cysteine, and cysteinylglycine distribution between albumin and globulins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major portions of homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys), cysteinylglycine (CysGly), and glutathione in serum are covalently bound to proteins via disulfides. Albumin has been considered the dominant binding protein.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pooled serum and plasma from healthy adults were fractionated into albumin and globulins by affinity columns. Content of Hcy, Cys, CysGly, and glutathione was determined for serum and plasma fractions and purified proteins by an HPLC method before and after incubation with excess CysGly, Hcy, or glutathione
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of protein-bound amino acids in pooled serum, 12% of Hcy, 21% of Cys, and 33% of CysGly were bound to globulins, with the remainder bound to albumin. Slightly higher proportions were bound to globulins in pooled plasma. Globulins had approximately 16% of total exchangeable disulfide and thiol groups in serum based on results of loading with CysGly. These results agree with expected abundance of unpaired Cys residues in globulins relative to albumin. Significant amounts of disulfide-linked amino acids were detected for HDL and alpha1-acid glycoprotein but not for transferrin. Exchange of disulfide-linked amino acids on exposure to excess Hcy or glutathione was much faster for albumin than for alpha1-acid glycoprotein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately 10%-30%, of protein-bound Hcy, Cys, and CysGly are disulfide-linked to globulins. Amino acids disulfide-linked to albumin are rapidly exchangeable, while exchange of disulfide-linked amino acids from globulins, such as alpha1-acid glycoprotein, is much slower. Consequently, the pools of Hcy, Cys, and CysGly bound to albumin and globulin may represent kinetically and functionally distinct pools. Plasma concentrations of total Hcy and Cys, which are dominated by albumin-bound pools, may not reflect the abundance of functionally significant modifications of globulins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Warren Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. ghortin@mail.cc.nih.gov
authors.forename: Glen L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Hortin
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seam
authors.forename: Gerard T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Hoehn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003545:Cysteine / Q000097:blood*; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000097:blood*; D004220:Disulfides / Q000097:blood; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D010949:Plasma; D011485:Protein Binding; D044967:Serum; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012712:Serum Globulins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D004220:Disulfides; D012709:Serum Albumin; D012712:Serum Globulins; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D006710:Homocysteine; C028505:cysteinylglycine; D003545:Cysteine