title: Tapered cages in anterior lumbar interbody fusion: biomechanics of segmental reactions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro biomechanical responses of lumbar spinal segments after implantation of tapered cages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Range of motion (ROM)- and stiffness-related data were determined in 10 human cadaveric T12-S1 columns subjected to flexion, extension, and lateral bending modes before and after anterior lumbar interbody fusion in which stand-alone LT-CAGE devices were used. The overall column showed no significant changes in ROM or stiffness. At the instrumented level, stiffness increased significantly (p < 0.05) in flexion and lateral bending modes. Indications of instability in extension were present, but these values were not statistically significant. There was no evidence of adjacent-level instability at any level in any mode, except for the segment superior to the fixation level in flexion; here there was a significant increase in ROM (p < 0.05) and a decrease in stiffness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anatomical conformity and bilateral placement of cages provide ample stability and rigidity at the treated level, comparable to that of other cage systems. Because hypermobility is traditionally related to early degenerative changes, the present results appear to suggest that cages do not significantly contribute to such alterations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Narayan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoganandan
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Pintar
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lifshutz
authors.forename: Dennis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Maiman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*