title: Nightmares and oxygen desaturations: is sleep apnea related to heightened nightmare frequency?
abstract: In the 19th century, several authors held the view that nightmares are caused by oxygen shortage. The present study was designed to study nightmare frequency in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and its relationship to respiratory parameters. A brief questionnaire was administered to 323 patients with sleep apnea syndrome before their first laboratory night. The reduction in nightmare frequency in the sleep apnea group was explained by the reduced dream recall frequency. Despite some illustrative examples of a correlation between oxygen desaturation and dream content, the respiratory parameters as measures of sleep apnea syndrome severity did not correlate substantially with nightmare frequency. Psychiatric comorbidity and an intake of psychotropic medication were associated with heightened nightmare frequency in this sample. It must be concluded that the oxygen hypothesis did not play a major role in explaining the occurrence of nightmares. As this might be partly explained by adaptation to the nightly desaturation periods, it will be fruitful to apply experimental procedures that interrupt airflow during (rapid eye movement) REM sleep for short periods in a systematic way without the knowledge of the sleeper and to then study their effects on dream content. Some patients reported a correlation between daytime stressors and nightmares, which is in line with modern etiological models of nightmares.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, 68072, Mannheim, Germany. Schredl@zi-mannheim.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schredl
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hein
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmoll
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eller
authors.forename: Janina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haaf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; D004325:Dreams / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D020189:Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000187:drug effects; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D010100:Oxygen