title: Macrovascular disease in a Japanese-Brazilian population of high prevalence of metabolic syndrome: associations with classical and non-classical risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Japanese-Brazilian Diabetes Study detected high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in a population of Japanese ancestry living in Brazil. We describe the prevalence of macrovascular disease (MVD) and its association with classical and non-classical cardiovascular risk factors in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  An overall of 1163 individuals were studied; diagnosis of MVD was based on a score obtained from medical history, ankle-brachial pressure index and electrocardiogram, defining three groups: no MVD, possible MVD and definite MVD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of MVD was 14.3% (possible MVD: 11.2%; definite MVD: 3.1%). Individuals with MS had higher rates of MVD (16.9% versus 11.2%; p<0.05). Comparing to no MVD, age, 2 h plasma glucose, anti-LDL(+) and anti-LDL(-) levels, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio were higher in both categories with MVD; waist-to-hip ratio, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio and triglycerides were higher in that with definite MVD; systolic blood pressure and homocysteine were higher in that with possible MVD. Using logistic regression, systolic blood pressure, smoking habit and anti-LDL(+) were independently associated with MVD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MVD is highly prevalent in Japanese-Brazilians and its association with MS was confirmed. A novel marker of lipoprotein modifications--anti-LDL(+) antibody--could be useful in identifying individuals at higher risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonela F A
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Siqueira
authors.forename: Laercio J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: Suely G A
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Gimeno
authors.forename: Luiza K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.forename: Dulcinéia S P
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.forename: Newton
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: de Barros
authors.forename: Sandra R G
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human