title: Glutathione ester protects against hydroxynonenal-induced loss of auditory hair cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Test the ability of glutathione monoethyl ester (GSH(e)) to protect auditory hair cells against the ototoxic effects of 4-hydroxy-2,3-nonenal (HNE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Organ of Corti explants were either untreated or treated with one of a series of four concentrations of GSH(e) for one day, then exposed to HNE. Counts of FITC-phalloidin-labeled hair cells determined both HNE ototoxicity and GSH(e) otoprotection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HNE was toxic to hair cells at physiologically relevant levels, eg, 400 muM, and GSH(e) provided a significant level of protection against HNE ototoxicity (P < 0.05) at all levels tested, ie, 1.16 to 9.3 mM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSH(e) protects auditory hair cells from damage and loss initiated by a naturally occurring ototoxic molecule, ie, HNE (a by-product of oxidative stress).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with GSH(e) may be an effective therapy to protect the cochlea against the adverse effects of traumas (eg, electrode insertion) that generate oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: University of Miami Ear Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Jose W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.forename: Adrien A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Eshraghi
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Balkany
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Van De Water
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006198:Hair Cells, Auditory / Q000187:drug effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; C042431:S-ethyl glutathione; D005978:Glutathione; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal