title: Sodium citrate 4% locking solution for central venous dialysis catheters--an effective, more cost-efficient alternative to heparin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thrombosis of the central venous haemodialysis catheter compromises dialysis adequacy and catheter survival. Heparin containing catheter-locking solution has been associated with bleeding, interferes with INR (prothrombin time/international normalized ratio) measurements and is costly. Sodium citrate has been used successfully as a catheter-locking solution, but long-term experience with its use as the exclusive locking solution has not been published.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our haemodialysis unit converted to locking all central venous haemodialysis catheters with sodium citrate 4% instead of heparin 10 000 U/ml. A retrospective analysis compared the outcomes of the year prior and after the conversion. Flow-related catheter exchange rate, prevalence of INR assay interference, tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) utilization rate, rate of bacteraemias and annual cost of locking agent were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 30 925 and 37 139 catheter days were identified during the heparin and citrate years, respectively. The rate of flow-related catheter exchange was not different during the two periods (1.81 vs 1.88 per 1000 catheter days, P = 0.89). Falsely elevated INR values were eliminated with citrate and the rate of rt-PA treatments was similar during the two periods (4.1 vs 3.23 per 1000 catheter days respectively, P = 0.07). The number of bacteraemias was similar during the two periods (0.77 vs 0.94 per 1000 catheter days respectively, P = 0.36) There was an 85% reduction in the costs associated with catheter-locking therapy during the citrate period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pharmaco-economic benefits of sodium citrate 4% are well supported by this analysis. Furthermore, citrate offers several clinical advantages over concentrated heparin: citrate lock avoids heparin-associated bleeding complications, improves reliability of INR assays and provides an effective alternative for patients with suspected or confirmed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Humber River Regional Hospital, 200 Church Street, Weston, Ontario, Canada, M9N 1N9.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grudzinski
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quinan
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pierratos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology; D002021:Buffers; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002951:Citrates / Q000191:economics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006493:Heparin / Q000191:economics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D002021:Buffers; D002951:Citrates; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D006493:Heparin