title: PCDD/F in source-sorted waste fractions and emissions from their co-combustion with reed canary-grass.
abstract: The dry combustible fraction of source-sorted household waste, including material that would otherwise be recycled, was mixed with the energy crop reed canary-grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and combusted as briquettes in 150 and 600 kW biofuel-boilers without advanced cleaning systems. The source-sorted waste was further sorted and characterized according to its material and chemical contents. The bulk of the waste's chlorine content came from the non-package plastic fraction, whereas 90-95% of summation operator PCDD/F (74-90% of WHO-TEQ) originated from the textile fraction. The sources of the dioxins in the waste fractions are discussed. The balance of dioxin levels was negative, i.e., the amounts of dioxins output in the flue gas were lower than those input in the fuel, except when there were operational disturbances in the combustion. In one of the combustion trials the total levels of dioxins in the flue-gas and ashes were also lower than the input levels. The use of additional cleaning equipment will be needed to ensure that emissions of dioxins and hydrochloric acid will be below legal limits.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Biomass Technology and Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 4097, SE-904 03 Umeå, Sweden. bjorn.hedman@btk.slu.se
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hedman
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burvall
authors.forename: Calle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Stellan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marklund
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001966:Bromine / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002713:Chlorine / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D031783:Phalaris / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014866:Waste Products
chemical_list: D005579:Fossil Fuels; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D014866:Waste Products; D002713:Chlorine; D001966:Bromine