title: Reducing sickness absence from work due to low back pain: how well do intervention strategies match modifiable risk factors?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess, from the review literature, the extent to which effective strategies for reducing work absence after acute low back pain (LBP) match empirical risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 17 recent review articles (2000-2005), disability risk factors and interventions were cross-tabulated to assess levels of relative concordance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Potentially modifiable risk factors included 23 variables describing 3 workplace and 3 personal domains. Effective interventions included 25 strategies that were personal (physical or behavioral), engineering, or administrative in nature. There was a strong risk factor concordance for workplace technical and organizational interventions, graded activity exposure, and cognitive restructuring of pain beliefs. There was less risk factor concordance for exercise, back education, and RTW coordination. Few interventions focused on relieving emotional distress or improving job dissatisfaction, two well-supported risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gaps between the epidemiological and intervention research of back disability prevention could be reduced by testing mediators of intervention effects or by stratifying outcomes according to pre-intervention risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Center for Disability Research, 71 Frankland Road, Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA. william.shaw@libertymutual.com
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Linton
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pransky
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors