title: Proteolytic maturation of replicase polyprotein pp1a by the nsp4 main proteinase is essential for equine arteritis virus replication and includes internal cleavage of nsp7.
abstract: The positive-stranded RNA genome of the arterivirus Equine arteritis virus (order Nidovirales) encodes the partially overlapping replicase polyproteins pp1a (1727 aa) and pp1ab (3175 aa). Previously, three viral proteinases were reported to cleave these large polyproteins into 12 non-structural proteins (nsps). The chymotrypsin-like viral main proteinase residing in nsp4 is responsible for eight of these cleavages. Processing of the C-terminal half of pp1a (the nsp3-8 region) was postulated to occur following either of two alternative proteolytic pathways (the 'major' and 'minor' pathways). Here, the importance of these two pathways was investigated by using a reverse-genetics system and inactivating each of the cleavage sites by site-directed mutagenesis. For all of these pp1a cleavage sites, mutations that prevented cleavage by the nsp4 proteinase were found to block or severely inhibit EAV RNA synthesis. Furthermore, our studies identified a novel nsp4 cleavage site (Glu-1575/Ala-1576) that is located within nsp7 and is conserved in arteriviruses. The N-terminal nsp7 fragment (nsp7alpha) derived from this cleavage was detected in lysates of both EAV-infected cells and cells transiently expressing pp1a. Mutagenesis of the novel cleavage site in the context of an EAV full-length cDNA clone proved to be lethal, underlining the fact that the highly regulated, nsp4-mediated processing of the C-terminal half of pp1a is a crucial event in the arterivirus life cycle.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, LUMC E4-P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Danny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Aken
authors.affiliation: Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, LUMC E4-P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jessika
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zevenhoven-Dobbe
authors.affiliation: Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, LUMC E4-P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alexander E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Gorbalenya
authors.affiliation: Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, LUMC E4-P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Snijder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D007240:Equartevirus / Q000502:physiology*; D015684:Gene Products, pol / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015684:Gene Products, pol; D012367:RNA, Viral; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases