title: Anti-apoptotic effect of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat.
abstract: We investigated the molecular mechanisms of the anti-apoptotic properties of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on neurons and whether G-CSF affects glial cell survival following focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a transient 90 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by the intraluminal occlusion technique. Rats were treated with either a single dose of G-CSF (50 microg/kg, s.c.) at the onset of reperfusion or G-CSF (50 microg/kg body weight, s.c.) was administered starting at the onset of reperfusion and followed by the administration of the same dose per day for an additional 2 days. Brains were harvested either 24 h, 72 h or 2 weeks after reperfusion for assays of infarct volume, immunohistological studies and Western blot analysis for phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3), Pim-1, bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (cIAP2), and cleaved caspase-3 levels. G-CSF significantly reduced infarct volume and ameliorated the early neurological outcome. G-CSF treatment significantly up-regulated pSTAT3, Pim-1, bcl-2 expression, and down-regulated cytochrome c release to the cytosol, Bax translocation to the mitochondria, and cleaved caspase-3 levels in neurons. The activation of the STAT3 pathway was accompanied by increased cIAP2 expression in glial cells. After MCAO, G-CSF treatment increased both neuronal and glial survival by effecting different anti-apoptotic pathways which reflects the multifactorial actions of this drug. These changes were associated with remarkable improvement in tissue preservation and behavioral outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Solaroglu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsubokawa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor