title: Lower birth weight of Dutch neonates who were in utero at the time of the 9/11 attacks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maternal stress during pregnancy has been reported to have an adverse influence on fetal growth. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, on the United States have provoked feelings of insecurity and stress worldwide. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that maternal exposure to these acts of terrorism via the media had an unfavorable influence on mean birth weight in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared birth weights of 1885 Dutch neonates who were in utero during the attacks with those of 1258 neonates who were in utero exactly 1 year later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the exposed group, birth weight was lower than in the nonexposed group (difference, 48 g; 95% confidence interval=13.6, 82.9; P=.006). The difference in birth weight could not be explained by tobacco use, maternal age, parity, or other potential confounders or by shorter pregnancy durations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that exposure of Dutch pregnant women to the 9/11 events via the media has had an adverse effect on the birth weight of their offspring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. luc.smits@epid.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krabbendam
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Bie
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Essed
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009426:Netherlands; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks / Q000523:psychology*