title: Immunomodulation of allergic responses by targeting costimulatory molecules.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review focuses on putative targets, including costimulatory and additional pathways involving T regulatory cells, that may be critical for modifying allergic responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple costimulatory signals including CD28/CTLA4: CD80/CD86, ICOS: ICOSL, OX40:OX40L and PD-1: PD-L1/PD-L2 have been identified and implicated in the regulation of immune disorders. Recent studies indicate that T regulatory cells may also suppress T cell costimulation by the secretion of TGF-beta and IL-10, suggesting an important role of T regulatory cells in the regulation of allergic disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immune-mediated disorders, including allergic diseases, have been increasing in prevalence. Unravelling these immune pathways may suggest new targets for immunomodulation.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kai Yu
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Jen
authors.forename: Vipul V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Makani
authors.forename: Patricia W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Finn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015995:Prevalence; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000819:agonists / Q000276:immunology*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic