title: Long-term results of endobronchial brachytherapy: A curative treatment?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate outcomes after high-dose-rate endobronchial brachytherapy (HDR-EBBT) for limited lung carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 106 patients with endobronchial lung cancer and not eligible for surgery or external beam radiotherapy, without nodal or visceral metastases, were treated with HDR-EBBT. They had developed disease relapse after surgery (n = 43) or external beam radiotherapy (n = 27) or had early lung cancer with respiratory insufficiency (n = 36). Treatment consisted of six fractions of 5 or 7 Gy, usually delivered 1 cm from the source.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The complete histologic response rate, evaluated at 3 months after HDR-EBBT, was 59.4%. At 3 and 5 years, the local control, overall survival, and cause-specific survival rates were 60.3% and 51.6%, 47.4 and 24%, and 67.9 and 48.5%, respectively. Factors significantly associated with local failure were high tumor volume (tumor length >2 cm, bronchial obstruction >25%, tumor visibility on CT scan) and previous endoscopic treatment. Cause-specific survival, but not overall survival, was significantly associated with local control, probably because of the high rate of deaths not related to lung cancer. Five deaths were attributed to the HDR-EBBT procedure (two from fatal hemoptysis and three from bronchial necrosis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-dose-rate-EBBT achieved a long-term cause-specific survival rate of 50% of the patients with localized endobronchial carcinoma and could be considered curative.
authors.affiliation: Service de Cancérologie-Radiothérapie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France. christophe.hennequin@sls.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hennequin
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bleichner
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trédaniel
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quero
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sergent
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zalcman
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maylin
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012074:Remission Induction