title: Long-term efficacy of reverse pull headgear therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To add to the data for long-term reverse pull headgear (RPHG) outcomes and further explore possible variables that could be predictors of long-term failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cephalometric radiographs of 41 Class III malocclusion children treated with RPHG (face mask) were evaluated before and immediately after treatment; at 5 years posttreatment; and, for 18 patients, at 10 years posttreatment. Patients were assigned to success or failure groups according to positive or negative overjet at the longest available recall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-five percent of the patients maintained positive overjet, whereas 25% outgrew the correction. In a stepwise discriminant analysis, a large mandible and vertical positioning of the maxilla and mandible so that mandibular growth would be projected more horizontally were the major indicators of unfavorable later mandibular growth. Patients who experienced downward-backward rotation of the mandible during RPHG treatment were more likely to be categorized in the failure group. The age at which treatment began had no effect on long-term success and failure for patients younger than 10 years, but the percentage of successful treatment decreased after that age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When RPHG treatment is used for all but the most obviously prognathic children to correct anterior cross-bite in the early mixed dentition, positive overjet is maintained long-term in 70%-75% of cases, whereas 25%-30% of cases relapse into reverse overjet mainly because of increased horizontally directed and often late mandibular growth. Up to age 10, the time at which RPHG treatment began does not appear to be a major factor in long-term success in maintaining positive overjet.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sarver
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Proffit
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D005115:Extraoral Traction Appliances; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000628:therapy*; D008334:Mandible / Q000254:growth & development; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D017211:Treatment Failure