title: Prevalence of the white-coat effect at multiple visits before and during treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence and persistence of the white-coat effect (WCE) and white-coat hypertension (WCH) on multiple blood pressure measurement occasions in hypertensive patients with and without treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Essential hypertensive patients in whom we took office blood pressure measurements (OBPM) at eight visits (three readings per visit) performed self blood pressure measurements (SBPM) for 1 week prior to each visit (42 readings per week) over a period of 1 year. All measurements were performed with the same automatic device (Omron 705CP). In addition, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed at the start and at the end of the study. At the start, patients did not use any medication but on subsequent visits they were treated on the basis of their SBPM values. WCH was defined as an OBPM-value > or = 140 and/or 90 mmHg and a SBPM or daytime ABPM value < 135/85 mmHg. This definition was used irrespective of treatment. We also determined the prevalence of a substantial WCE (OBPM 20 mmHg systolic or 10 mmHg diastolic higher than SBPM or daytime ABPM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were recruited at hospital or general practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 163 mild-to-moderate essential hypertensive patients with a mean age of 56 years (56% males).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At eight blood pressure (BP) measurement occasions, 75% of all patients had a substantial WCE at least once, while 57% had WCH at least once. One-third of the patients consistently had a substantial WCE and 14% consistently had WCH on three or more occasions The magnitude of the WCE was significantly related to the height of blood pressure in treated but not in untreated patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In some patients, WCH or a substantial WCE occurs consistently on multiple OBPM visits. Especially in untreated patients, the magnitude of the WCE varies widely among individuals. These results support the incorporation of SBPM and/or ABPM into optimal management of hypertension, not only to prevent misdiagnosis in untreated patients but also to determine the need for adjusting antihypertensive therapy in treated subjects.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University and Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willem J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Verberk
authors.forename: Abraham A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kroon
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thien
authors.forename: Jacques W M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lenders
authors.forename: Gert A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: van Montfrans
authors.forename: Andries J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: de Leeuw
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence