title: Glucose and cardiac risk factor control in individuals with type 2 diabetes: implications for patients and providers.
abstract: The purpose of this descriptive study was to describe attainment of glucose and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factor goals and to identify factors that were associated with successful goal achievement.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional survey enrolled 110 subjects with type 2 diabetes undergoing screening for asymptomatic myocardial ischemia.
  
  
  
  Many participants had HbA1c levels > or =7% (45%), and 46% to 79% were not meeting goals for CHD risk reduction. Individual factors of age, gender, and anxiety; the illness-related factor of lipid-lowering therapy; and the family-related factor of living alone were independently associated with 1 of the 7 outcomes under study. Illness-related factors of a longer duration of diabetes were strongly associated with glucose and blood pressure control, insulin use with glucose control and waist circumference, and antihypertensive use with blood pressure, triglycerides, and body mass index. Family-related factors of higher income were significantly associated with poorer glucose control and higher body mass index, while higher levels of perceived support by family and friends were associated with a lower risk of not meeting lipid goals. However, individual factors, represented by several aspects of personal model beliefs (exercising regularly, testing glucose, and checking one's feet) and physical activity, were consistently related to lipid and weight control.
  
  
  
  A variety of factors were associated with control of blood glucose and CHD risk factors, suggesting that a one-size-fits-all approach to multiple risk factor reduction efforts may not result in goal attainment.
authors.affiliation: The Yale University School of Nursing, New Haven, Connecticut (Dr Chyun, Ms Lacey, Dr Talley, Dr Melkus)
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chyun
authors.affiliation: The Yale University School of Nursing, New Haven, Connecticut (Dr Chyun, Ms Lacey, Dr Talley, Dr Melkus)
authors.forename: Kimberly O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Lacey
authors.affiliation: Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut (Ms Katten)
authors.forename: Deborah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Katten
authors.affiliation: The Yale University School of Nursing, New Haven, Connecticut (Dr Chyun, Ms Lacey, Dr Talley, Dr Melkus)
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Talley
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia Medical System, Charlottesville (Ms Price)
authors.forename: Wendie J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Ms Davey)
authors.forename: Janice A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.affiliation: The Yale University School of Nursing, New Haven, Connecticut (Dr Chyun, Ms Lacey, Dr Talley, Dr Melkus)
authors.forename: Gail D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Melkus
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000451:nursing; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006306:Health Surveys; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin