title: Manual transmission enhances attention and driving performance of ADHD adolescent males: pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inattention is a major contributor to driving mishaps and is especially problematic among adolescent drivers with ADHD, possibly contributing to their 2 to 4 times higher incidence of collisions. Manual transmission has been demonstrated to be associated with greater arousal. This study tests the hypotheses that manual transmission, compared to automatic transmission, would be associated with better attention and performance on a driving simulator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten adolescent drivers with ADHD practice driving on the simulator in the manual and automatic mode. Employing a single-blind, cross-over design, participants drive the simulator at 19:30 and 22:30 hr for 30 min in both transmissions and rate their attention to driving.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjectively, participants report being more attentive while driving in manual transmission mode. Objectively, participants drive safer in the manual transmission mode.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although in need of replication, this pilot study suggests a behavioral intervention to improve driving performance among ADHD adolescents.
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. djc4f@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Punja
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: R Lawrence
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Merkel
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burket
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thorndike
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kovatchev
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal; D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D001336:Automobiles; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014584:User-Computer Interface