title: Evidence that C-reactive protein or IL-6 are not surrogates for all inflammatory cardiovascular risk factors in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In otherwise healthy adults, high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are associated with cardiovascular disease and have been linked to an inflammatory state. The presence of vascular disease is also associated with increased expression of adhesion molecules, including soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and leukocyte-derived myeloperoxidase (MPO). These associations suggest potential mechanisms whereby inflammation may injure the vascular endothelium, but the recognition of how these mediators act in concert remain poorly characterized. That the prevalence of atherosclerosis and markers of inflammation are increased in renal failure patients suggests that inflammation causes accelerated vascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  In hemodialysis patients, we examined the relationships between plasma CRP and sICAM, VEGF and MPO longitudinally. We determined whether episodes of a high CRP value were paralleled by simultaneous increases in mediators of inflammatory injury or molecules associated with endothelial cell adhesion or growth and whether CRP levels correlated with those of VEGF and MPO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Episodic increases in CRP were accompanied by higher levels of VEGF, sICAM and MPO. However, there was no correlation between serum CRP levels or other acute phase proteins and either MPO or VEGF, nor was there a constant temporal relationship between MPO and CRP. By contrast, MPO and VEGF levels were closely correlated with one another during episodes of inflammation (p = 0.0001), and CRP and interleukin-6 levels were also correlated. Increases in MPO tended to be restricted to patients with grafts or catheters, and not those with AV fistulas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that high plasma levels of CRP or other acute phase proteins in cross-sectional studies should be interpreted cautiously when defining mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease in the hemodialysis patient population. One, or more than one inflammatory repertoire may be activated, one involving hepatic acute phase proteins and the other neutrophil activation and each may contribute separately to outcomes. Better prognostic information may be obtained by measurement of more markers than CRP alone, such as MPO and VEGF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Davis, CA, USA. gakaysen@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kaysen
authors.forename: Nathan W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Mitch
authors.forename: Anna L P
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kubala
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Eiserich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D015850:Interleukin-6; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D002097:C-Reactive Protein