title: Expression of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in different lung compartments of smokers and nonsmokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP) play an important role in the defense against inhaled toxicants, and expression of CYP enzymes may differ among various lung cells and tissue compartments.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the effects of tobacco smoke in volunteers and investigated gene expression of 19 CYPs and 3 flavin-containing monooxygenases, as well as isoforms of glutathione S-transferases (GST) and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) and the microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1) in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and bronchial biopsies derived from smokers (n = 8) and nonsmokers (n = 10). We also investigated gene expression of nuclear transcription factors known to be involved in the regulation of xenobiotic metabolism enzymes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene expression of CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2S1, GSTP1, and EPHX1 was induced in bronchoalveolar lavage cells of smokers, whereas expression of CYP2B6/7, CYP3A5, and UGT2A1 was repressed. In bronchial biopsies of smokers, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2C9, GSTP1, and GSTA2 were induced, but CYP2J2 and EPHX1 were repressed. Induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 transcript abundance resulted in increased activity of the coded enzyme. Finally, expression of the liver X receptor and the glucocorticoid receptor was significantly up-regulated in bronchoalveolar lavage cells of smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found gene expression of pulmonary xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and certain key transcription factors to be regulated in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and bronchial biopsies of smokers. The observed changes demonstrate tissue specificity in xenobiotic metabolism, with likely implications for the metabolic activation of procarcinogens to ultimate carcinogens of tobacco smoke.
authors.affiliation: Drug Research and Medical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Instituteof technology and Experimental Medicien, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thum
authors.forename: Veit J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Erpenbeck
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.forename: Jens M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hohlfeld
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krug
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borlak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001980:Bronchi / Q000378:metabolism*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000090702:Constitutive Androstane Receptor; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D010105:Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000090702:Constitutive Androstane Receptor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D014157:Transcription Factors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D010105:Oxygenases; C020066:dimethylaniline monooxygenase (N-oxide forming)