title: Clinical course and outcome of children with single ventricle physiology at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with single ventricle physiology comprise 10% of all children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and one-third of children with cyanotic CHD seen at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. The prognosis of these children is generally thought to be poor but no study of the outcome has previously been done in this hospital and in Thailand.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the clinical course and outcome of children with single ventricle physiology at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital during the current era.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and seventeen patients with single ventricle physiology were initially seen at this hospital during the year 1999-2001. Retrospective chart reviews were carried out in 90 children with available medical records. The status of the patients was determined in 2003 at clinic visits, by phone calls and mail.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main diagnoses were tricuspid atresia (TA, n = 10), pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS, n = 16), single ventricle associated with cardiac malposition or heterotaxy syndrome (malposition, n = 35), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS, n = 11) and other complex single ventricle (others, n = 18). Most children did not have other major anomalies. Survival of patients with TA and PA/IVS was approximately 92 and 87% at 1 and 4 years, respectively. For patients in the other three groups, 1 and 4 year survival was 69 and 42%, respectively. Patients with HLHS had the worse survival, partly because of decisions not to pursue further treatments by the parents. Among HLHS patients who underwent Norwood procedure, the 1 and 4 year survival were 83% and 42%, respectively. Approximately 40 and 90% of all patients underwent heart surgery at 1 and 4 years follow-up, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite limited resource, the short-term outcome of Thai children with single morphologic left ventricle (TA and PA/IVS) is reasonably good. Timely evaluation and treatment of these children toward Fontan procedure should be ensured. After proper discussion with the parents, palliative care is still acceptable for patients with single morphologic right ventricle or other complex single ventricle due to poor survival in the current era. As access to health care improves, re-evaluation of these outcomes is necessary to find the best strategy for the management of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. apichaik@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Apichai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khongphatthanayothin
authors.forename: Kanokorn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rattanawilaisak
authors.forename: Vichai
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Benjacholamas
authors.forename: Chule
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Numchaisiri
authors.forename: Boonchu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sirichonkolthong
authors.forename: Pairoj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chotivitayatarakorn
authors.forename: Pornthep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lertsapcharoen
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D018729:Fontan Procedure; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013785:Thailand; D016896:Treatment Outcome