title: Risk factors for heart failure in survivors after first myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the prevalence and risk factors of heart failure among 25- to 64-year-old men treated in hospitals for first-time myocardial infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nested case-control study included 448 men with first-time myocardial infarction, treated in Kaunas hospitals during 1997-2000. Questionnaires elicited information on demographic characteristics and health problems of respondents, psychological stress, and other risk factors. A multivariate logistic regression was used to determine adjusted risk factors for heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjustment for age, education, smoking, blood pressure, body mass index, psychological stress, and impaired glucose tolerance showed that main risk factors for development of chronicle heart failure among myocardial infarction patients were impaired glucose tolerance (OR=2.32; 95% CI 1.38-3.88), hypertension (OR=1.51; 95% CI 1.01-2.25), and overweight (OR=1.60; 95% CI 1.00-2.57). Psychological stress and smoking also tended to increase the risk for heart failure. Acute heart failure was significantly associated with impaired glucose tolerance (OR=3.15; 95% CI 1.27-7.84).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk factors for heart failure were similar to those for coronary heart disease, and their combinations significantly increased the heart failure risk.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Cardiology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Sukileliu 17, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania. r.grazuleviciene@gmf.vdu.lt
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grazuleviciene
authors.forename: Virginija
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dulskiene
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004493:Education; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D050177:Overweight; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors