Noninvasive methods for the detection of upper and lower airway inflammation in atopic children.
BACKGROUND
Exhaled nitric oxide (FE(NO)) and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) are noninvasive methods to assess inflammation.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the role of the FE(NO) and of the EBC pH and IL-5 levels in atopic children.


METHODS
We evaluated oral and nasal FE(NO) and the pH and IL-5 of oral and nasal EBC in children with atopic dermatitis (AD; n = 18), allergic rhinitis (AR; n = 18), intermittent asthma (n = 21), moderate persistent asthma (n = 18), and healthy controls (HCs; n = 16).


RESULTS
Oral FE(NO) was significantly increased in asthma, whereas the nasal values were increased in AR and asthma in comparison with HCs. The pH of oral EBC was lower in AD and asthma than in AR and HCs, whereas the nasal levels were lower in AD, AR, and asthma than in HCs. The oral IL-5 was higher in AD, AR, and asthma in comparison with HCs, whereas the nasal IL-5 concentrations were higher in asthma and AR than in HCs. In AR, the nasal FE(NO) correlated with the IL-5 values and with the disease duration. In intermittent asthma, oral and nasal pH inversely correlated with the exacerbations, whereas in moderate asthma, the nasal IL-5 positively correlated with exacerbations. In AD, the oral and nasal IL-5 positively correlated with the serum IgE.


CONCLUSIONS
These markers of nasal and bronchial inflammation, accessible with noninvasive techniques, might be useful to identify patients with uncontrolled diseases and to verify the usefulness of new therapeutic approaches.


CONCLUSIONS
These markers are useful tools to monitor the upper and lower airway inflammation in atopic children.
Profita
Mirella
M
Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Section of Immunopathology and Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology of the Respiratory System, Italian National Research Council, Palermo, Italy. profita@ibim.cnr.it <profita@ibim.cnr.it>
La Grutta
Stefania
S
Carpagnano
Elisiana
E
Riccobono
Loredana
L
Di Giorgi
Rossana
R
Bonanno
Anna
A
Pace
Elisabetta
E
Bonsignore
Giovanni
G
Bousquet
Jean
J
Vignola
Antonio Maurizio
AM
Gjomarkaj
Mark
M
D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D045853:Exhalation / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D015848:Interleukin-5 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015848:Interleukin-5; D009569:Nitric Oxide