title: Global and regional mortality from ischaemic heart disease and stroke attributable to higher-than-optimum blood glucose concentration: comparative risk assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular mortality risk increases continuously with blood glucose, from concentrations well below conventional thresholds used to define diabetes. We aimed to quantify population-level effects of all higher-than-optimum concentrations of blood glucose on mortality from ischaemic heart disease and stroke worldwide.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used population distribution of fasting plasma glucose to measure exposure to higher-than-optimum blood glucose. We collated exposure data in 52 countries from individual-level records in population health surveys, systematic reviews, and data provided by investigators. Relative risks for ischaemic heart disease and stroke mortality were from a meta-analysis of more than 200,000 participants in the Asia-Pacific region, with adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to 959,000 deaths directly assigned to diabetes, 1 490,000 deaths from ischaemic heart disease and 709,000 from stroke were attributable to high blood glucose, accounting for 21% and 13% of all deaths from these conditions. 1.8 million of these 2.2 million cardiovascular deaths (84%) were in low-and-middle-income countries (1,224,000 for ischaemic heart disease, 623,000 for stroke). 792,000 (53%) of deaths from ischaemic heart disease and 345,000 (49%) from stroke that were attributable to high blood glucose were in men. Largest numbers of deaths attributable to this risk factor from ischaemic heart disease were in low-and-middle-income countries of South Asia (548,000) and Europe and Central Asia (313,000), and from stroke in South Asia (215,000) and East Asia and Pacific (190,000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher-than-optimum blood glucose is a leading cause of cardiovascular mortality in most world regions. Programmes for cardiovascular risk and diabetes management and control at the population level need to be more closely integrated.
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Goodarz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Danaei
authors.forename: Carlene M M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lawes
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vander Hoorn
authors.forename: Christopher J L
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ezzati
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose