Tubal pathology: the role of hormonal contraception, intrauterine device use and Chlamydia trachomatis infection.
BACKGROUND
The aim of the present study was to identify a possible association between tubal pathology and the contraceptive methods previously used, especially third generation copper intrauterine devices (IUDs).


METHODS
In this retrospective unmatched case-control study, use of contraceptive methods and Chlamydia trachomatis antibody titres were compared in women with tubal occlusion (n = 84) and infertile women with tubal patency (n = 253) demonstrated by hysterosalpingography. Contraceptive methods were also compared to primiparous women with natural pregnancy.


RESULTS
A significantly higher percentage of women with tubal occlusion had previously used an IUD. Positive C. trachomatis antibody testing was found significantly more often in women with tubal occlusion. Neither hormonal contraceptives nor condoms were associated with an increased risk for uni- or bilateral tubal occlusion.


CONCLUSIONS
In the present study, we observed an increased rate of tubal occlusions in previous IUD users. This should be considered in the contraceptive counseling of young and nulliparous women.
Merki-Feld
Gabriele S
GS
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Endocrinology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. gabriel.merki@usz.ch
Gosewinkel
Andrea
A
Imthurn
Bruno
B
Leeners
Brigitte
B
D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000150:complications*; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000276:immunology; D017280:Condoms / Q000009:adverse effects; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects; D005184:Fallopian Tube Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007047:Hysterosalpingography; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000209:etiology*; D007435:Intrauterine Devices, Copper / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies
D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal