title: Impact of diabetic and pre-diabetic state on development of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of diabetic and pre-diabetic state on the development of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing coronary angiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 421 patients with Cockcroft clearance between 15 and 60 ml/min were divided into three groups [diabetes mellitus (DM), n = 137; pre-diabetes (pre-DM), n = 140; and normal fasting glucose (NFG), n = 144]. CIN was defined as an increase of > or =25% in creatinine over baseline within 48 h of angiography, DM as glucose > or =126 mg/dl, pre-DM as glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dl and NFG as glucose <100 mg/dl.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CIN occurred in 20% of the DM [relative risk (RR) 3.6, P = 0.001], 11.4% of the pre-DM (RR 2.1, P = 0.314) and 5.5% of the NFG group. The decrease of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was higher in DM and pre-DM (P = 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). GFR < or =30 ml/min (RR 19.22), multivessel involvement (RR 7.59), hyperuricaemia (RR 3.95), use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blocker (RR 2.70) and DM (RR 2.34) were predictors of CIN. Length of hospital stay was 2.45 +/- 1.45 day in DM, 2.27 +/- 0.68 day in pre-DM and 1.97 +/- 0.45 day in NFG (P < 0.001, DM vs NFG and P = 0.032, pre-DM vs NFG). The rate of major adverse cardiac events was 8.7% in DM, 5% in pre-DM and 2.1% in NFG (P = 0.042, DM vs NFG). Haemodialysis was required in 3.6% of DM and 0.7% in pre-DM (P = 0.036, DM vs NFG), and the total number of haemodialysis sessions during 3 months was higher in DM and pre-DM (P < 0.001). Serum glucose > or =124 mg/dl was the best cut-off point for prediction of CIN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data support that patients with DM are at a higher risk of developing CIN, but patients with pre-DM are not at as high a risk for developing CIN as diabetes patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, 35360 Izmir, Turkey. info@omertoprak.com
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Toprak
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cirit
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yesil
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bayata
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanrisev
authors.forename: Umut
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Varol
authors.forename: Rifki
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ersoy
authors.forename: Ertap
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Esi
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015994:Incidence; D007472:Iohexol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D003287:Contrast Media; D014527:Uric Acid; D007472:Iohexol; D003404:Creatinine