title: Maternal hyperhomocysteinaemia is a risk factor for congenital heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the inter-relation between mother and infant homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 status and the risk of a child with congenital heart disease (CHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 149 case-mothers and their children with CHD (n = 151) and 183 control-mothers with their children (n = 175).
  
  
  METHODS
  Approximately 17 months after the index-pregnancy maternal fasting, children's random venous blood samples were drawn to measure plasma total homocysteine, serum and red blood cell (RBC) folate, and serum vitamin B12 concentrations. Data were compared between cases and controls using the Mann-Whitney U test. The biochemical parameters were dichotomised according to the cutoff value of the 10th percentile of vitamin concentrations and the 90th percentile of homocysteine concentrations based on control data. Risk estimates for the association between CHD and the biochemical parameters were estimated in a logistic regression model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medians (minimum-maximum) and odds ratios (OR) (95% confidence intervals [CI]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The OR (95% CI) of having a child with CHD was 2.9 (1.4-6.0) for maternal hyperhomocysteinaemia (>14.3 micromol/l). This finding is substantiated by a significant concentration-dependent risk (Ptrend = 0.004). Hyperhomocysteinaemic case-mothers showed significantly lower serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations than normohomocysteinaemic case-mothers. Serum and RBC folate concentrations were significantly higher in case-children than that in control-children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal hyperhomocysteinaemia is associated with an increased risk of CHD, partially due to low folate and vitamin B12 status. The folate status of children warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Verkleij-Hagoort
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verlinde
authors.forename: N T C
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Ursem
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindemans
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Helbing
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ottenkamp
authors.forename: F M H
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Siebel
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gittenberger-de Groot
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Jonge
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bartelings
authors.forename: E A P
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Steegers
authors.forename: R P M
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Steegers-Theunissen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000151:congenital*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000150:complications*; D007223:Infant; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12