title: Effect of multiple micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy on inflammatory markers in Nepalese women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple micronutrient supplementation of Nepalese women during pregnancy is associated with a significant increase in birth weight.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that improved birth weight in infants of mothers supplemented with micronutrients is associated with a decrease in inflammatory responses and an increase in the production of T helper 1 cells and T helper 2 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was embedded in a randomized controlled trial of 15 micronutrients, compared with iron-folate supplementation (control), given during pregnancy with the aim of increasing birth weight. Blood samples were collected at 32 wk of gestation, 12-20 wk after supplementation began, for the measurement of inflammatory markers. Breast-milk samples were collected 1 mo after delivery for the measurement of the ratio of milk sodium to potassium (milk Na:K). In an opportunistically selected subgroup of 70 women, mitogen-stimulated cytokine production was measured ex vivo in whole blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood eosinophils; plasma concentrations of the acute phase reactants C-reactive protein, alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP), neopterin, and ferritin; milk Na:K; and the production of interleukin (IL) 10, IL-4, interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in whole blood did not differ significantly between the supplemented and control groups. Plasma C-reactive protein and AGP were higher in women who had a preterm delivery, and AGP was higher in women who delivered a low-birth-weight term infant than in women who delivered a normal-birth-weight term infant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate an association between systemic inflammation in late pregnancy and compromised delivery outcome in Nepalese women but do not support the hypothesis that multiple micronutrient supplementation changes cytokine production or inflammatory markers.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hindle
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gitau
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Filteau
authors.forename: Katie J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Newens
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Osrin
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tomkins
authors.forename: Anjana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaidya
authors.forename: Raj Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Mahato
authors.forename: Birendra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: Dharma S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Manandhar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008413:Mastitis / Q000276:immunology; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D009390:Nepal; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D009961:Orosomucoid; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium