title: The effects of pulse energy variations on the dimensions of microscopic thermal treatment zones in nonablative fractional resurfacing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effects of pulse energy variations on the dimensions of microscopic thermal injury zones (MTZs) created on human skin ex vivo and in vivo using nonablative fractional resurfacing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Fraxel SR laser system emitting at 1,550 nm provided an array of microscopic spots at variable densities. Pulse energies ranging from 4.5 to 40 mJ were tested on human abdominal skin ex vivo and in vivo. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBTC) and MTZ dimensions were determined. Ex vivo and in vivo results were compared. Dosimetry analyses were made for the surface treatment coverage calculation as a function of pulse energy and collagen coagulation based on H&E stain or cell necrotic zone based on NBTC stain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each MTZ was identified by histological detection of a distinct region of loss of tissue birefringence and hyalinization, representing collagen denaturation and cell necrosis within the irradiated field immediately, 1, 3, and 7 days after treatment. At high pulse energies, the MTZ depth could exceed 1 mm and width approached 200 microm as assessed by H&E. NBTC staining revealed viable interlesional tissue. In general, no statistically significant difference was found between in vivo and ex vivo depth and width measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Fraxel SR laser system delivers pulses across a wide range of density and energy levels. We determined that increases in pulse energy led to increases in MTZ depth and width without compromising the structure or viability of interlesional tissue.
authors.affiliation: Reliant Technologies, Inc., Mountain View, California 94043, USA.
authors.forename: Vikramaditya P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Bedi
authors.forename: Kin Foong
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: R Kehl
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sink
authors.forename: Basil M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hantash
authors.forename: G Scott
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Herron
authors.forename: Zakia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Steven K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Struck
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Zachary
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000528:radiation effects*