title: In vivo 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging provides a noninvasive measure of carotid plaque inflammation in patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Given the importance of inflammation in atherosclerosis, we sought to determine if atherosclerotic plaque inflammation could be measured noninvasively in humans using positron emission tomography (PET).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Earlier PET studies using fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) demonstrated increased FDG uptake in atherosclerotic plaques. Here we tested the ability of FDG-PET to measure carotid plaque inflammation in patients who subsequently underwent carotid endarterectomy (CEA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen patients with severe carotid stenoses underwent FDG-PET imaging 3 h after FDG administration (13 to 25 mCi), after which carotid plaque FDG uptake was determined as the ratio of plaque to blood activity (target to background ratio, TBR). Less than 1 month after imaging, subjects underwent CEA, after which carotid specimens were processed to identify macrophages (staining with anti-CD68 antibodies).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant correlation between the PET signal from the carotid plaques and the macrophage staining from the corresponding histologic sections (r = 0.70; p < 0.0001). When mean FDG uptake (mean TBR) was compared with mean inflammation (mean percentage CD68 staining) for each of the 17 patients, the correlation was even stronger (r = 0.85; p < 0.0001). Fluorodeoxyglucose uptake did not correlate with plaque area, plaque thickness, or area of smooth muscle cell staining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We established that FDG-PET imaging can be used to assess the severity of inflammation in carotid plaques in patients. If subsequent natural history studies link increased FDG-PET activity in carotid arteries with clinical events, this noninvasive measure could be used to identify a subset of patients with carotid atherosclerosis in need of intensified medical therapy or carotid artery intervention to prevent stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Cardiac Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. atawakol@partners.org
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tawakol
authors.forename: Raymond Q
authors.initials: RQ
authors.lastname: Migrino
authors.forename: Gregory G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Bashian
authors.forename: Shahinaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bedri
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vermylen
authors.forename: Ricardo C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Cury
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: Glenn M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: LaMuraglia
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furie
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Houser
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gewirtz
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fischman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008264:Macrophages / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18