title: Does particulate matter modify the association between temperature and cardiorespiratory diseases?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of studies have shown that both temperature and air pollution are associated with health outcomes. In assessing air pollution effects, temperature is usually considered a confounder. However, only a few recent studies considered air pollution as confounders while assessing temperature effects. Few studies are available on whether or not air pollution modifies the temperature-disease relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we used three parallel Poisson generalized additive models to examine whether particulate matter < 10 mum in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) modified the effects of minimum temperature on cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality in Brisbane, Australia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results show that PM10 statistically significantly modified the effects of temperature on respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions, all nonexternal-cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality at different lags. The enhanced adverse temperature effects were found at higher levels of PM10, but no clear evidence emerged for interactive effects on respiratory and cardiovascular emergency visits. Three parallel models produced similar results, which strengthened the validity of findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that it is important to evaluate the modification role of air pollution in the assessment of temperature-related health impacts.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. rencizao@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Cizao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Gail M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Shilu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tong
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011793:Queensland; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter