title: Resource consumption and management associated with monitoring of warfarin treatment in primary health care in Sweden.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Warfarin is used for the prevention and treatment of various thromboembolic complications. It is an efficacious anticoagulant, but it has a narrow therapeutic range, and regular monitoring is required to ensure therapeutic efficacy and at the same time avoid life-threatening adverse events. The objective was to assess management and resource consumption associated with patient monitoring episodes during warfarin treatment in primary health care in Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Delphi technique was used to systematically explore attitudes, demands and priorities, and to collect informed judgements related to monitoring of warfarin treatment. Two separate Delphi-panels were performed in three and two rounds, respectively, one concerning tests taken in primary health care centres, involving 34 GPs and 10 registered nurses, and one concerning tests taken in patients' homes, involving 49 district nurses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the primary health care panel 10 of the 34 GPs regularly collaborated with a registered nurse. Average time for one monitoring episode was estimated to 10.1 minutes for a GP and 21.4 minutes for a nurse, when a nurse assisted a doctor. The average time for monitoring was 17.6 minutes for a GP when not assisted by a nurse. Considering all the monitoring episodes, 11.6% of patient blood samples were taken in the individual patient's home. Average time for such a monitoring episode was estimated to 88.2 minutes. Of all the visits, 8.2% were performed in vain and took on average 44.6 minutes. In both studies, approximately 20 different elements of work concerning management of patients during warfarin treatment were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monitoring of patients during treatment with warfarin in primary health care in Sweden involves many elements of work, and demands large resources, especially when tests are taken in the patient's home.
authors.affiliation: AstraZeneca Sverige AB, Södertälje, Sweden. stina.andersson@astrazeneca.com
authors.forename: Stina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Ingela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Björholt
authors.forename: Gunnar H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Ingvar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Krakau
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D032921:Consensus; D003697:Delphi Technique; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017050:Episode of Care; D005194:Family Practice / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D013548:Sweden; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin