title: Hope and schizophrenia: an integrative review.
abstract: The purpose of this article is to describe the current status of research on hope and schizophrenia. The CINAHL database was used to identify the articles that met the criteria. The searches were conducted using the terms 'hope', 'hope instillation (IOWA NIC)', 'hope (IOWA NOC)', 'schizophrenia' and their combinations. The findings were limited to research articles. In addition, Pub Medical database was used by searching the words 'hope' and 'schizophrenia' from the fields 'title' or 'abstract'. Four new articles were found. The data consist of 17 articles on hope and schizophrenia published in peer-reviewed journals, which were analysed using content analysis. Existing research has focused on people with schizophrenia (n = 8), significant others (n = 4), staff (n = 2), hope-engendering interventions (n = 2) and treatment evaluation related to hope (n = 2) in the care of people with schizophrenia. Different data collection methods have been used in these studies. The most common method was interview (n = 9), followed by questionnaires (n = 8) and observation (n = 1). Most studies used quantitative methods (n = 9). Hope is considered a positive factor in the life of a person living with schizophrenia, in significant others as well as in staff members. Existing research provides evidence of the following themes: factors associated with hope and factors contributing to hope in people with schizophrenia; hope from the perspective of significant others of people with schizophrenia; staff hopefulness and factors contributing to their hope, hope-engendering interventions and treatment evaluation in regard to hope. Based on this review, research evidence of hope in the context of schizophrenia is quite scant and limited, even though the importance of hope in schizophrenia has been underlined in research reports and the literature. It is clear that hope is important to people with schizophrenia, their significant others and the healthcare personnel caring for them. It is therefore also important to study hope among these people.
authors.affiliation: University of Kuopio, Department of Nursing Science, Kuopio, Finland. jari.kylma@uku.fi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kylmä
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Juvakka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nikkonen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Isohanni
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003625:Data Collection; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D009013:Morale; D009042:Motivation; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D012107:Research Design; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires