title: Efficacy and mechanisms of non-antibacterial, chemical plaque control by dentifrices--an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The provision of antiplaque benefits to dentifrices assists patients in improving hygiene and reducing susceptibility to gingivitis and caries. Chemical plaque control involves different mechanisms and is mostly associated with antibacterial effects, but also includes effects on pellicle surface chemistry to improve cleansing or discourage renewed plaque formation. It is the aim of this paper to analyze in vitro detachment of co-aggregating oral actinomyces and streptococci from pellicle surfaces by dentifrice supernates and to study subsequent de novo streptococcal deposition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detachment by dentifrices of a co-adhering bacterial pair was studied in the parallel plate flow chamber on a 16 h pellicle coated surface. After detachment by perfusing the chamber with a dentifrice, re-deposition was initiated by flowing with a fresh streptococcal suspension. The dentifrices included both a regular, SLS-fluoride based formulation as well a pyrophosphate, anticalculus and antimicrobial formulations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All dentifrice supernates containing SLS were effective in detaching co-adhering bacteria from pellicles surfaces, except in combination with SnF(2). When hexametaphosphate was added immediate detachment was relatively low, but continued even during re-deposition. The re-deposition of streptococci after detachment by other, NaF containing dentifrices involved relatively few large aggregates, presumably because fluoride was able to block bi-dentate calcium binding sites on the bacterial cell surfaces, mediating co-adhesion. When pyrophosphate was present in addition to NaF, re-deposition involved significantly more large aggregates, likely because pyrophosphate served as a bi-dentate bridge between calcium bound on the bacterial cell surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Commercially available dentifrice formulations differ in their ability to stimulate bacterial detachment from pellicles and dependent on their composition yield the formation of large co-adhering aggregates of actinomyces and streptococci in de novo deposition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Busscher
authors.forename: Don J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Jelly
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atema-Smit
authors.forename: Henny C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: van der Mei
mesh_terms: D000190:Actinomyces / Q000502:physiology; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D044622:Dental Pellicle / Q000187:drug effects*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003802:Dentifrices / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008298:Maleates; D010710:Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D011095:Polyethylenes; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000494:pharmacology; D019533:Streptococcus oralis / Q000502:physiology; D014002:Tin Fluorides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014260:Triclosan / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D003802:Dentifrices; D008298:Maleates; D010710:Phosphates; D011095:Polyethylenes; D014002:Tin Fluorides; C005035:hexametaphosphate; D014260:Triclosan; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; C043105:poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride)