title: [Distinction, limits and complementarity between efficacy and effectiveness studies: new perspectives for psychotherapy research].
abstract: Perron et al. (2004) criticize the collective expertise conducted by the INSERM on the efficacy of different psychotherapy methods for different mental disorders. They say the work is biased in favour of Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies (CBT), while there is a negative bias regarding other methods, in particular psychodynamic therapies. Philippe Cialdella, a specialist of methodology and quantitative analysis in psychiatry, exposes an counter-argument in 10 points and brings welcome clarifications on the methodology and statistics. There is neither statistical bias in the INSERM report (which anyway is not a meta-analysis, but a literature analysis), nor in the first or second level studies on which it is based, mainly Randomised Controlled Trials (RCT). Though some arguments of P. Cialdella could be discussed in detail, his work comes to the conclusion that we can thus trust the results of the INSERM on one point: positive results can be obtained by psychotherapy with the experimental patients involved in the RCTs, and these findings are reliable. This is an important result in favour of psychotherapy, but it does not answer a very fundamental question: do we have reliable evidence that there is no systematic difference between the population constituted of patient-treatment-therapist (as a whole) found in RCTs, and the population constituted of patient-treatment-therapist (as a whole) in real contexts? A detailed analysis of what are efficacy studies and their methodology shows that this is not the case, and that it is hence not possible to generalize the results obtained by RCTs to clinical practice in real situations. Comorbidities and complex pathologies, choice of the therapist by the patient, interpersonal factors, conditions of use of manuals, contextual and social parameters, amongst other parameters make the real situation radically different from the RCT one, and the results impossible to generalize. Effectiveness studies in real situations do not solve the problem either. They have low internal validity, and though the population studied is close to a real one, too many uncontrolled parameters make the results unreliable. Moreover, outcome studies, whether they are efficacy or effectiveness studies, generally test a therapy "as a whole" versus another one, as defined in a manual, or by psychotherapy "trademarks". This design totally fails to offer a detailed view of what really happens during the therapy between the patient and the therapist, and it gives no possible insights into the change process elements. Only clinically highly representative quasi-experimental prospective studies can help us to understand change processes in real situations and incrementally improve treatment procedures. Daniel B. Fishman in the year 2000 made an ambitious and really interesting proposal about using pragmatic case studies in a systematic and scientific manner. Numerous reliable methodological tools, such as the Psychotherapy Process Q-Sort for example, as well as the tremendous innovations made in information and communication technologies make it possible today to implement such a proposal. It will enable us to really compare the resulting differences between the different approaches used in clinical settings, in relations with the type of intervention carried or in the real therapies, during clinically significant periods of time, and with various and ecologically valid samples. This is a possible solution to the difficult question of the use of outcome research to improve psychotherapy practice.
authors.affiliation: Ecole de Psychosomatique, Association Psychanalyse et Psychothérapies, 9, rue Brantôme, 75003 Paris. jmthurin@techniques-psychotherapiques.org
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thurin
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Briffault
mesh_terms: D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D012944:Social Support; D016896:Treatment Outcome