title: Local facilitation, bistability and transitions in arid ecosystems.
abstract: Arid ecosystems are liable to undergo sudden discontinuous transitions from a vegetated to a desert state as a result of human pressure and climate change. A predictive framework about the conditions under which such transitions occur is lacking. Here, we derive and analyze a general model describing the spatial dynamics of vegetation in arid ecosystems considering local facilitation as an essential process. We investigate the conditions under which continuous or discontinuous transitions from a vegetated to a desert state are likely to occur. We focus on arid ecosystems but our approach is sufficiently general to be applied to other ecosystems with severe environmental conditions. The model exhibits bistability and vegetation patchiness. High local facilitation decreases the risk of discontinuous transitions. Moreover, for arid ecosystems where local facilitation is a driving process, vegetation patchiness indicates proximity to a transition point, but does not allow distinguishing between continuous and discontinuous transitions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands. kefi@geo.uu.nl <kefi@geo.uu.nl>
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kéfi
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rietkerk
authors.forename: Minus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Baalen
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loreau
mesh_terms: D003889:Desert Climate; D017753:Ecosystem; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D008954:Models, Biological; D063245:Plant Development; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D013037:Spatial Behavior