title: Neurologic and histologic outcome after intraneural injections of lidocaine in canine sciatic nerves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inadvertent intraneural injection of local anesthetics may result in neurologic injury. We hypothesized that an intraneural injection may be associated with higher injection pressures and an increase in the risk of neurologic injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of laboratory animal care, and was approved by the Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee. Fifteen dogs of mixed breed (16-21 kg) were studied. After general endotracheal anesthesia, the sciatic nerves (n= 30) were exposed bilaterally. Under direct vision, a 25-gauge, long-beveled needle (30 degrees) was placed either epineurally (n= 10) or intraneurally (n= 20), and 4 ml of preservative-free lidocaine 20 mg/ml was injected using an automated infusion pump (4 ml/min). Injection pressure data were acquired using an in-line manometer coupled to a computer via an analog-to-digital conversion board. After injection, the animals were awakened and subjected to serial neurologic examinations. One week later, the dogs were killed, the sciatic nerves excised and histologic examination was performed by pathologists blind to the purpose of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All perineural injections resulted in low pressures (< or = 5 psi). In contrast, eight of 20 intraneural injections resulted in high pressures (20-38 psi) at the beginning of the injection. Twelve intraneural injections, however, resulted in pressures of less than 12 psi. Neurologic function returned to baseline within 3 h after perineural injections and within 24 h after intraneural injections, when the measured injection pressures were less than 12 psi. Neurologic deficits persisted throughout the study period after all eight intraneural injections that resulted in high injection pressures. Histologic examination of the affected nerves revealed fascicular axonolysis and cellular infiltration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data in our canine model of intraneural injection suggest that intraneural injections do not always lead to nerve injury. High injection pressures during intraneural injection may be indicative of intrafascicular injection and may predict the development of neurologic injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kapur
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vuckovic
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dilberovic
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaciragic
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cosovic
authors.forename: K-A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Divanovic
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mornjakovic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Babic
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borgeat
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Thys
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hadzic
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019300:Medical Errors; D009407:Nerve Block; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010291:Paresis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology; D012021:Reflex, Abnormal; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine