title: Vestibular impairment and cochlear implantation.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Cochlear implantation (CI) may induce vestibular impairment soon after surgery as well as after implant activation. This impairment seems to be independent from the cause of deafness and can be considered a possible complication from the intra-operative trauma and, to minor degree, from the ongoing electric stimulation. It would also seem that vestibular damage occurs independently from the likelihood of post-operative hearing deterioration. In unilateral selected CI cases, vestibular examination can be proposed as additional pre-operative exam for selection of the ear to be implanted.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study has been planned in order to get evidence of eventual impairment of the vestibular apparatus after cochlear implantation as well as to verify whether the impairment could be related to different variables, such as cause of deafness, concomitant hearing deterioration, surgical trauma and duration of electrical stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Charts from two different populations of implantees have been reviewed, 21 from a prospective, 72 from a retrospective study, respectively. All the patients were implanted with Clarion(R) devices of different generation. Vestibular testing was based on rotatory, caloric (when possible) and stabilometric measurements, which were carried out pre-operatively and at the following different times: 5 weeks after CI surgery, and 30, 60 and 90 days after CI activation. Hearing thresholds were also assessed in those patients who showed signs of vestibular impairment as well as in a group of patients without vestibular disorders (control). Patients belonging to the retrospective group were all asked to fill a questionnaire regarding their balance condition. Results. In 14.3% of the prospective study group, a grade I and II spontaneous nystagmus was evidenced pre-operatively and remained unchanged during the whole assessment period. A grade II spontaneous nystagmus was present in 3 patients (21.4%) of the same group after surgery. In the immediate post-operative period, vestibular impairment was displayed as true rotational vertigo in 21.4% and unsteadiness in 42.8% of the study group. Severe unsteadiness was present during the first 2 days after activation in 14.3% of the subjects. In 21.4% of the patients a VPPB episode occured. In the retrospective study group, 26.4% of the subjects referred pre-operative dizziness and 25 patients (34.7%) referred immediate post-operative vertigo episodes, which remained in a milder form after CI activation in 12% of them. The hearing threshold showed to deteriorate in both vestibular-impaired and control CI population without significant difference.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Otorhinolaryngology, I Medical School, University of Rome La Sapienza, via Grottarossa, Rome Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Filipo
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patrizi
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: La Gamma
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: D'Elia
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: La Rosa
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barbara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D002150:Caloric Tests; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic; D014717:Vertigo / Q000209:etiology; D015837:Vestibular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014724:Vestibular Function Tests