title: Direct dating of human fossils.
abstract: The methods that can be used for the direct dating of human remains comprise of radiocarbon, U-series, electron spin resonance (ESR), and amino acid racemization (AAR). This review gives an introduction to these methods in the context of dating human bones and teeth. Recent advances in ultrafiltration techniques have expanded the dating range of radiocarbon. It now seems feasible to reliably date bones up to 55,000 years. New developments in laser ablation mass spectrometry permit the in situ analysis of U-series isotopes, thus providing a rapid and virtually non-destructive dating method back to about 300,000 years. This is of particular importance when used in conjunction with non-destructive ESR analysis. New approaches in AAR analysis may lead to a renaissance of this method. The potential and present limitations of these direct dating techniques are discussed for sites relevant to the reconstruction of modern human evolution, including Florisbad, Border Cave, Tabun, Skhul, Qafzeh, Vindija, Banyoles, and Lake Mungo.
authors.affiliation: Research School of Earth Sciences, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia. Rainer.Grun@anu.edu.au
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grün
mesh_terms: D000591:Amino Acid Isomerases / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001272:Atmosphere; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry; D002138:Calibration; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D005580:Fossils; D015186:Hominidae; D006801:Humans; D010163:Paleontology / Q000379:methods*; D012016:Reference Values; D013995:Time; D014070:Tooth / Q000737:chemistry; D014462:Ultrafiltration / Q000379:methods; D014501:Uranium / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D014501:Uranium; D000591:Amino Acid Isomerases