title: Economics methods in Cochrane systematic reviews of health promotion and public health related interventions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Provision of evidence on costs alongside evidence on the effects of interventions can enhance the relevance of systematic reviews to decision-making. However, patterns of use of economics methods alongside systematic review remain unclear. Reviews of evidence on the effects of interventions are published by both the Cochrane and Campbell Collaborations. Although it is not a requirement that Cochrane or Campbell Reviews should consider economic aspects of interventions, many do. This study aims to explore and describe approaches to incorporating economics methods in a selection of Cochrane systematic reviews in the area of health promotion and public health, to help inform development of methodological guidance on economics for reviewers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was searched using a search strategy for potential economic evaluation studies. We included current Cochrane reviews and review protocols retrieved using the search that are also identified as relevant to health promotion or public health topics. A reviewer extracted data which describe the economics components of included reviews. Extracted data were summarised in tables and analysed qualitatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one completed Cochrane reviews and seven review protocols met inclusion criteria. None incorporate formal economic evaluation methods. Ten completed reviews explicitly aim to incorporate economics studies and data. There is a lack of transparent reporting of methods underpinning the incorporation of economics studies and data. Some reviews are likely to exclude useful economics studies and data due to a failure to incorporate search strategies tailored to the retrieval of such data or use of key specialist databases, and application of inclusion criteria designed for effectiveness studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a need for consistency and transparency in the reporting and conduct of the economics components of Cochrane reviews, as well as regular dialogue between Cochrane reviewers and economists to develop increased capacity for economic analyses alongside such reviews. Use of applicable economics methods in Cochrane reviews can help provide the international context within which economics data can be interpreted and assessed as a preliminary to full economic evaluation.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Health Policy & Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. i.shemilt@uea.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shemilt
authors.forename: Miranda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mugford
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drummond
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eisenstein
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mallender
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McDaid
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health / Q000191:economics*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012196:Review Literature as Topic