The importance of hormesis to public health.
BACKGROUND
Hormesis is a specific type of nonmonotonic dose response whose occurrence has been documented across a broad range of biological models, diverse types of exposure, and a variety of outcomes. The effects that occur at various points along this curve can be interpreted as beneficial or detrimental, depending on the biological or ecologic context in which they occur.


OBJECTIVE
Because hormesis appears to be a relatively common phenomenon that has not yet been incorporated into regulatory practice, the objective of this commentary is to explore some of its more obvious public health and risk assessment implications, with particular reference to issues raised recently within this journal by other authors.


CONCLUSIONS
Hormesis appears to be more common than dose-response curves that are currently used in the risk assessment process [e.g., linear no-threshold (LNT)]. Although a number of mechanisms have been identified that explain many hormetic dose-response relationships, better understanding of this phenomenon will likely lead to different strategies not only for the prevention and treatment of disease but also for the promotion of improved public health as it relates to both specific and more holistic health outcomes.


CONCLUSIONS
We believe that ignoring hormesis is poor policy because it ignores knowledge that could be used to improve public health.
Cook
Ralph
R
RRC Consulting, LLC, Midland, Michigan, USA.
Calabrese
Edward J
EJ
D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health; D018570:Risk Assessment
D004785:Environmental Pollutants