title: Iontophoretic drug delivery across human nail.
abstract: Topical trans-nail delivery of antifungal drugs is limited by several physicochemical and physiological factors. Use of chemical permeation enhancers has been a common approach for enhancing trans-nail delivery of drugs. The potential of physical permeation enhancement techniques has been found to be higher than the potential of chemical permeation enhancers in transdermal delivery of hydrophilic drugs and macromolecular therapeutic agents. However, application of physical permeation enhancement techniques has not been explored for trans-nail drug delivery. In the current work, iontophoresis was applied across human nail in vitro to assess its efficiency in enhancing drug delivery. Salicylic acid (SA) was used as test diffusant. The influence of pH, ionic strength, and current density was studied. Obviously, increase in current density increased the trans-nail transport flux. It appears that about 50-100 mM ionic strength is required for optimal conduction of electric current across nail. The flux enhancement factor (iontophoretic flux/passive flux) also increased with increase in pH due to increased ionization of SA. This study demonstrates the efficacy of iontophoresis in enhancing the trans-nail delivery of drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, USA. murthy@olemiss.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narasimha Murthy
authors.forename: Dora E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wiskirchen
authors.forename: Christopher Paul
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Bowers
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007478:Iontophoresis; D009262:Nails / Q000378:metabolism*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D020156:Salicylic Acid