title: A biomechanical comparison of single and double-row fixation in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The optimal method for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is not yet known. The hypothesis of the present study was that a double-row repair would demonstrate superior static and cyclic mechanical behavior when compared with a single-row repair. The specific aims were to measure gap formation at the bone-tendon interface under static creep loading and the ultimate strength and mode of failure of both methods of repair under cyclic loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standardized tear of the supraspinatus tendon was created in sixteen fresh cadaveric shoulders. Arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs were performed with use of either a double-row technique (eight specimens) or a single-row technique (eight specimens) with nonabsorbable sutures that were double-loaded on a titanium suture anchor. The repairs were loaded statically for one hour, and the gap formation was measured. Cyclic loading to failure was then performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gap formation during static loading was significantly greater in the single-row group than in the double-row group (mean and standard deviation, 5.0 +/- 1.2 mm compared with 3.8 +/- 1.4 mm; p < 0.05). Under cyclic loading, the double-row repairs failed at a mean of 320 +/- 96.9 N whereas the single-row repairs failed at a mean of 224 +/- 147.9 N (p = 0.058). Three single-row repairs and three double-row repairs failed as a result of suture cut-through. Four single-row repairs and one double-row repair failed as a result of anchor or suture failure. The remaining five repairs did not fail, and a midsubstance tear of the tendon occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although more technically demanding, the double-row technique demonstrates superior resistance to gap formation under static loading as compared with the single-row technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A double-row reconstruction of the supraspinatus tendon insertion may provide a more reliable construct than a single-row repair and could be used as an alternative to open reconstruction for the treatment of isolated tears.
authors.affiliation: The Shoulder Unit, Hospital of St. John and St. Elizabeth, 60 Grove End Road, London NWB 9NH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Pol E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Huijsmans
authors.forename: Anthony M J
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bull
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Amis
authors.forename: Joe F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: De Beer
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000601:surgery*; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D013536:Suture Techniques