title: Therapeutic angiogenesis using novel vascular endothelial growth factor-E/human placental growth factor chimera genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) promotes angiogenesis but causes adverse side effects such as edema or tissue inflammation. VEGF-E, found in the genome of the Orf virus, specifically binds to VEGF receptor-2 and shows mitotic activity on endothelial cells. Recently, we created two forms of VEGF-E and human placental growth factor (PlGF) chimera genes (VEGF-E chimera #9 and VEGF-E chimera #33), which are humanized genes with VEGF-E function but showing less antigenicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined potential proangiogenic activities of these chimera genes. Four types of expression plasmids (pCDNA3.1-LacZ, phVEGF-A, pVEGF-Echimera#9, and pVEGF-Echimera#33) were administered in a rat model of hindlimb ischemia. Either pVEGF-Echimera#9, pVEGF-Echimera#33, or phVEGF-A significantly increased the ratio of ischemic/normal hindlimb blood-flow compared with the control pCDNA3.1-LacZ treated group (by 1.5-fold, 1.5-fold, and 1.4-fold, respectively, P<0.05). Histochemical staining by alkaline phosphatase also revealed that either pVEGF-Echimera#9, pVEGF-Echimera#33, or phVEGF-A increased the capillary density compared with the pCDNA3.1-LacZ treated group (1.4-fold, 1.5-fold, and 1.5-fold, respectively, P<0.05). Furthermore, immunostaining for anti-ED1 revealed that fewer macrophages had infiltrated in both pVEGF-Echimera#9 and pVEGF-Echimera#33 groups compared with the phVEGF-A group (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Novel VEGF-E/human PlGF chimera genes, pVEGF-Echimera#9, and pVEGF-Echimera#33 significantly stimulated angiogenesis in response to tissue ischemia to an almost identical extent to that induced by phVEGF-A with fewer tissue inflammation responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Natsuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Takahisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Numaguchi
authors.forename: Masabumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: Toyoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murohara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002678:Chimera / Q000235:genetics*; D004487:Edema / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C000608036:PGF protein, human; C000608038:Pgf protein, rat; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins; C084758:VEGF-like protein, Orf virus; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D014764:Viral Proteins; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor