title: Construction and evaluation of multitracer small-animal PET probabilistic atlases for voxel-based functional mapping of the rat brain.
abstract: Automated voxel-based or predefined volume-of-interest (VOI) analysis of rodent small-animal PET data is necessary for optimal use of information because the number of available resolution elements is limited. We have mapped metabolic ((18)F-FDG), dopamine transporter (DAT) (2'-(18)F-fluoroethyl(1R-2-exo-3-exe)-8-methyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]-octane-2-carboxylate [(18)F-FECT]), and dopaminergic D(2) receptor ((11)C-raclopride) small-animal PET data onto a 3-dimensional T2-weighted MRI rat brain template oriented according to the rat brain Paxinos atlas. In this way, ligand-specific templates for sensitive analysis and accurate anatomic localization were created. Registration accuracy and test-retest and intersubject variability were investigated. Also, the feasibility of individual rat brain statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was explored for (18)F-FDG and DAT imaging of a 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) model of Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten adult Wistar rats were scanned repetitively with multitracer small-animal PET. Registrations and affine spatial normalizations were performed using SPM2. On the MRI template, a VOI map representing the major brain structures was defined according to the stereotactic atlas of Paxinos. (18)F-FDG data were count normalized to the whole-brain uptake, whereas parametric DAT and D(2) binding index images were constructed by reference to the cerebellum. Registration accuracy was determined using random simulated misalignments and vectorial mismatching.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Registration accuracy was between 0.24 and 0.86 mm. For (18)F-FDG uptake, intersubject variation ranged from 1.7% to 6.4%. For (11)C-raclopride and (18)F-FECT data, these values were 11.0% and 5.3%, respectively, for the caudate-putamen. Regional test-retest variability of metabolic normalized data ranged from 0.6% to 6.1%, whereas the test-retest variability of the caudate-putamen was 14.0% for (11)C-raclopride and 7.7% for (18)F-FECT. SPM analysis of 3 individual 6OHDA rats showed severe hypometabolism in the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex (P </= 0.0004) and a striatal decrease in DAT availability (P </= 0.0005, corrected).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI-based small-animal PET templates facilitate accurate assessment and spatial localization of rat brain function using VOI or voxel-based analysis. Regional intersubject and test-retest variations found in this study, as well as registration errors, indicate that accuracy comparable to the human situation can be achieved. Therefore, small-animal PET with advanced image processing is likely to play a useful role in detailed in vivo molecular imaging of the rat brain.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Gasthuisberg and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. cindy.casteels@uz.kuleuven.ac.be
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casteels
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vermaelen
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nuyts
authors.forename: Annemie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Der Linden
authors.forename: Veerle
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baekelandt
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mortelmans
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bormans
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Laere
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008024:Ligands; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D011336:Probability; D011859:Radiography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals