title: Pregnancy plasma glucose levels exceeding the American Diabetes Association thresholds, but below the National Diabetes Data Group thresholds for gestational diabetes mellitus, are related to the risk of neonatal macrosomia, hypoglycaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a risk factor for perinatal complications. In several countries, the criteria for the diagnosis of GDM have been in flux, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) thresholds recommended in 2000 being lower than those of the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) that have been in use since 1979. We sought to determine the extent to which infants of women meeting only the ADA criteria for GDM are at increased risk of neonatal complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a multiethnic cohort of 45,245 women who did not meet the NDDG criteria and were not treated for GDM, we conducted nested case-control studies of three complications of GDM that occurred in their infants: macrosomia (birthweight >4,500 g, n = 494); hypoglycaemia (plasma glucose <2.2 mmo/l, n = 488); and hyperbilirubinaemia (serum bilirubin > or =342 micromol/l (20 mg/dl), n = 578). We compared prenatal glucose levels of the mothers of these infants and mothers of 884 control infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with GDM by ADA criteria only (two or more glucose values exceeding the threshold) had an increased risk of having an infant with macrosomia (odds ratio OR = 3.40, 95% CI = 1.55-7.43), hypoglycaemia (OR = 2.61, 95% CI = 0.99-6.92) or hyperbilirubinaemia (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 0.98-5.04). Glucose levels 1 h after the 100-g glucose challenge that exceeded the ADA threshold were particularly strongly associated with each complication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results lend support to the ADA recommendations and highlight the importance of the 1-h glucose measurement in a diagnostic test for GDM.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, USA. Assiamira.Ferrara@kp.org
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hedderson
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Quesenberry
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Selby
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Ergas
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pettitt
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sacks
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006932:Hyperbilirubinemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose