title: Ataxin-3 represses transcription via chromatin binding, interaction with histone deacetylase 3, and histone deacetylation.
abstract: Ataxin-3 (AT3), the disease protein in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), has been associated with the ubiquitin-proteasome system and transcriptional regulation. Here we report that normal AT3 binds to target DNA sequences in specific chromatin regions of the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) gene promoter and represses transcription by recruitment of the histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), the nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR), and deacetylation of histones bound to the promoter. Both normal and expanded AT3 physiologically interacted with HDAC3 and NCoR in a SCA3 cell model and human pons tissue; however, normal AT3-containing protein complexes showed increased histone deacetylase activity, whereas expanded AT3-containing complexes had reduced deacetylase activity. Consistently, histone analyses revealed an increased acetylation of total histone H3 in expanded AT3-expressing cells and human SCA3 pons. Expanded AT3 lost the repressor function and displayed altered DNA/chromatin binding that was not associated with recruitment of HDAC3, NCoR, and deacetylation of the promoter, allowing aberrant MMP-2 transcription via the transcription factor GATA-2. For transcriptional repression normal AT3 cooperates with HDAC3 and requires its intact ubiquitin-interacting motifs (UIMs), whereas aberrant transcriptional activation by expanded AT3 is independent of the UIMs but requires the catalytic cysteine of the ubiquitin protease domain. These findings demonstrate that normal AT3 binds target promoter regions and represses transcription of a GATA-2-dependent target gene via formation of histone-deacetylating repressor complexes requiring its UIM-associated function. Expanded AT3 aberrantly activates transcription via its catalytic site and loses the ability to form deacetylating repressor complexes on target chromatin regions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany. b.evert@uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Bernd O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Evert
authors.forename: Julieta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vieira-Saecker
authors.forename: Rob A I
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: de Vos
authors.forename: Sigrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harendza
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klockgether
authors.forename: Ullrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wüllner
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000818:Animals; D000067699:Ataxin-3; D002460:Cell Line; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism; D000099186:Histone Deacetylase 3
chemical_list: D000067699:Ataxin-3; D002843:Chromatin; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D006657:Histones; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D025801:Ubiquitin; D000099186:Histone Deacetylase 3; C092341:ATXN3 protein, human; C511593:Atxn3 protein, rat