title: The development of heart failure in patients with stable angina pectoris.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To describe the clinical characteristics of patients with stable angina pectoris who develop heart failure and the events preceding its onset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 7665 patients with stable angina in the ACTION trial, which compared long-acting nifedipine to placebo, 207 (2.7%) developed heart failure (HF) during a mean follow-up of 4.9 years. Those who developed HF were significantly (P<0.05) older, more often had diabetes, had a more extensive history of cardiovascular disease, lower ejection fractions, a higher serum creatinine and glucose, a lower haemoglobin, and were more often on blood pressure lowering drugs. A cardiac event or an intervention (n=155), a significant non-cardiac infection (n=19) or poor control of hypertension (n=12) preceded the development of HF in 186/207 cases (90%). There was no obvious precipitating factor in the remaining 21 patients (10%). Myocardial infarction increased the risk of the development of new HF within one week more than 100-fold. Nifedipine reduced the incidence of HF by 29% (P=0.015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of heart failure is uncommon in patients with stable angina, and even less so in the absence of an obvious precipitating factor.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Erik Otterstad
authors.forename: Bridget-Anne
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kirwan
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Vokó
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Brouwer
authors.forename: Jacobus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lubsen
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Poole-Wilson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015985:Precipitating Factors; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009543:Nifedipine