title: Temperature dependence of nitrate reductase in the psychrophilic unicellular alga Koliella antarctica and the mesophilic alga Chlorella sorokiniana.
abstract: Temperature responses of nitrate reductase (NR) were studied in the psychrophilic unicellular alga, Koliella antarctica, and in the mesophilic species, Chlorella sorokiniana. Enzymes from both species were purified to near homogeneity by Blue Sepharose (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) affinity chromatography and high-resolution anion-exchange chromatography (MonoQ; Pharmacia; Uppsala, Sweden). Both enzymes have a subunit molecular mass of 100 kDa, and K. antarctica NR has a native molecular mass of 367 kDa. NR from K. antarctica used both NADPH and NADH, whereas NR from C. sorokiniana used NADH only. Both NRs used reduced methyl viologen (MVH) or benzyl viologen (BVH). In crude extracts, maximal NADH and MVH-dependent activities of cryophilic NR were found at 15 and 35 degrees C, respectively, and retained 77 and 62% of maximal activity, respectively, at 10 degrees C. Maximal NADH and MVH-dependent activities of mesophilic NR, however, were found at 25 and 45 degrees C, respectively, with only 33 and 23% of maximal activities being retained at 10 degrees C. In presence of 2 microM flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), activities of cryophilic NADH:NR and mesophilic NADH:NR were stable up to 25 and 35 degrees C, respectively. Arrhenius plots constructed with cryophilic and mesophilic MVH:NR rate constants, in both presence or absence of FAD, showed break points at 15 and 25 degrees C, respectively. Essentially, similar results were obtained for purified enzymes and for activities measured in crude extracts. Factors by which the rate increases by raising temperature 10 degrees C (Q10) and apparent activation energy (E(a)) values for NADH and MVH activities measured in enzyme preparations without added FAD differed slightly from those measured with FAD. Overall thermal features of the NADH and MVH activities of the cryophilic NR, including optimal temperatures, heat inactivation (with/without added FAD) and break-point temperature in Arrhenius plots, are all shifted by about 10 degrees C towards lower temperatures than those of the mesophilic enzyme. Transfer of electrons from NADH to nitrate occurs via all three redox centres within NR molecule, whereas transfer from MVH requires Mo-pterin prosthetic group only; therefore, our results strongly suggest that structural modification(s) for cold adaptation affect thermodynamic properties of each of the functional domains within NR holoenzyme in equal measure.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Montesano 49 I-80131 Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Vittoria Martino
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: di Rigano
authors.forename: Vincenza
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vona
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lobosco
authors.forename: Petronia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carillo
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lunn
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carfagna
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caiazzo
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rigano
mesh_terms: D002708:Chlorella / Q000201:enzymology*; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000201:enzymology*; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D004583:Electrons; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005182:Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D050895:Nitrate Reductase (NADH) / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D010269:Paraquat / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D045424:Complex Mixtures; D005182:Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide; D050895:Nitrate Reductase (NADH); D010269:Paraquat