title: The liver X receptor (LXR) and hepatic lipogenesis. The carbohydrate-response element-binding protein is a target gene of LXR.
abstract: The liver X receptors, LXRalpha (NR1H3) and LXRbeta (NR1H2), are ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. LXRs play a critical role in cholesterol homeostasis and bile acid metabolism. In addition, oral administration of LXR agonists to mice results in elevated hepatic fatty acid synthesis and steatosis and increased secretion of triglyceride-rich very low density lipoprotein resulting in hypertriglyceridemia. This increased hepatic lipogenesis has been largely attributed to the LXR-dependent up-regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) expression. However, it has been reported that treating Srebp-1c null mice with the synthetic LXR agonist T0901317 still results in enhanced expression of many lipogenic genes, suggesting additional mechanisms by which LXR can enhance hepatic lipogenesis. In this report, we identify the carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) as an LXR target that independently enhances the up-regulation of select lipogenic genes. The ChREBP promoter contains functional LXR-binding sites that confer receptor-dependent binding and transactivation. We show that T0901317 treatment of mice is associated with up-regulation of the ChREBP target gene, liver-type pyruvate kinase. Therefore, activation of LXR not only increases ChREBP mRNA via enhanced transcription but also modulates ChREBP activity. This establishes LXR as a master lipogenic transcription factor, as it directly regulates both SREBP-1c and ChREBP to enhance hepatic fatty acid synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Touchstone Center for Diabetes Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Ji-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Joyce J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Repa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D020218:Response Elements; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000737:chemistry; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014280:Triglycerides; C506001:Mlxipl protein, mouse; C000605210:NR1H2 protein, human; C000605213:NR1H3 protein, human; C000605211:Nr1h2 protein, mouse; C000605214:Nr1h3 protein, mouse; C423915:T0901317; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides