title: Sex- and age-specific reference curves for serum markers of bone turnover in healthy children from 2 months to 18 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to establish sex- and age-specific reference curves enabling the calculation of z-scores and to examine correlations between bone markers and anthropometric data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Morning blood samples were obtained from 572 healthy children and adolescents (300 boys) aged 2 months to 18 yr. Height, weight, and pubertal stage were recorded. Serum osteocalcin (OC), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), type-1 collagen degradation markers [carboxyterminal telopeptide region of type I collagen (ICTP), carboxyterminal telopeptide alpha1 chain of type I collagen (CTX)], and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP5b) were measured. Cross-sectional centile charts were created for the 3rd, 50th, and 97th centiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apart from TRAP5b, all bone markers were nonnormally distributed, requiring logarithmic (BALP, OC, ICTP) or square root (CTX) transformation. Back-transformed centile curves for age and sex are presented for practical use. All bone markers varied with age and pubertal stage (P < 0.001). Significant correlations were found between sd score (SDS) for bone formation markers BALP and OC (r = 0.13; P = 0.004), SDS for collagen degradation markers ICTP and CTX (r = 0.14; P = 0.002), and SDS for the phosphatases (r = 0.34, P < 0.001). Height and weight SDS correlated weakly with some bone marker SDS, particularly with lnBALP SDS (r = 0.20 and 0.24, respectively; both P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides reference curves for OC, BALP, CTX, ICTP, and TRAP5b in healthy children. Taller and heavier individuals for age had greater bone marker concentrations, likely reflecting greater growth velocity. SDS for markers of bone formation, collagen degradation, and phosphatases were each independently correlated, suggesting they derive from the same biological processes. The possibility of calculating SDS will facilitate monitoring of antiresorptive therapy or disease progression in children with metabolic bone disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics 1, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rauchenzauner
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heinz-Erian
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kapelari
authors.forename: Gerda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Falkensammer
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Griesmacher
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Finkenstedt
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Högler
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000886:Anthropometry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000097:blood; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D002624:Chemistry, Clinical / Q000592:standards*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000097:blood; D004704:Endocrinology / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D010455:Peptides / Q000097:blood; D011347:Procollagen / Q000097:blood; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D024042:Collagen Type I; D007527:Isoenzymes; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010455:Peptides; D011347:Procollagen; C052929:collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide; D015675:Osteocalcin; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase