title: Development of passive haemagglutination (PHA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) technique for potency estimation of Cobra Antisnake Venom Serum (ASVS).
abstract: Antibodies against snake venom or antivenom potency are assayed quantitatively by in-vivo neutralization test in mice, which requires large number of laboratory animals. In potency assays of biological substances such as antivenoms, it is highly desirable to avoid suffering and death of animals by substituting in-vivo method with in-vitro methods, provided such methods measure life-saving capability with precision similar to that of in-vivo method. The in-vitro tests determine the neutralizing power of antivenom by permitting the evaluation of a particular biological activity of the venom and its neutralization after mixing the venom with the antivenom [Theakston RDG, Reid HA. Development of simple standard assay procedures for the characterization of snake venom. Bull WHO 1983;61:949-956; Gutierrez JM, Rojas G, Lomonte B, Gene JA, Chaves F, Alvarado J, et al. Standardizing of assays for testing the neutralizing ability of antivenoms. Toxicon 1990;28:1127-1129; Theakston R.D.G. Comments on letter of Gutierrez et al. on standardization of assays for testing the neutralizing ability of antivenoms. Toxicon 1990;28:1131-1132; Harvey AL, Barfaraz A, Thomson E, Faiz A, Preston S, Harris JB. Screening of snake venom for neurotoxic and myotoxic effects using simple in-vitro preparation from rodents and chicks. Toxicon 1994;32:257-265; World Health Organization Progress in characterization of venom and standardization of anti-venoms. Geneva: WHO offset publication; 1981. p. 58.]. Hence, the ideal requirements for an assay in detecting venom and venom antibody include high level of sensitivity, specificity (ability to differentiate between venom and venom antibody produced by closely related species of snakes), reproducibility and simplicity. A new in-vitro procedure for quantitative analysis of potency of ASVS by passive haemagglutination (PHA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) has been explored. The methods described are simple, rapid, economical, reproducible and useful in replacing the more expensive in-vivo neutralization assays. Moreover, it also eliminates the use of laboratory animals.
authors.affiliation: Antisera Division, Central Research Institute, Kasauli (H.P), Himachal Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sehgal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004546:Elapid Venoms / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000276:immunology; D005404:Fixatives; D005976:Glutaral; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006386:Hemagglutination Tests / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009500:Neutralization Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011817:Rabbits; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012756:Sheep; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000628:therapy; D013634:Tannins
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D004546:Elapid Venoms; D005404:Fixatives; D013634:Tannins; D005976:Glutaral