title: Complex host-pathogen coevolution in the Apterostigma fungus-growing ant-microbe symbiosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fungus-growing ant-microbe symbiosis consists of coevolving microbial mutualists and pathogens. The diverse fungal lineages that these ants cultivate are attacked by parasitic microfungi of the genus Escovopsis. Previous molecular analyses have demonstrated strong phylogenetic congruence between the ants, the ants-cultivated fungi and the garden pathogen Escovopsis at ancient phylogenetic levels, suggesting coevolution of these symbionts. However, few studies have explored cophylogenetic patterns between these symbionts at the recent phylogenetic levels necessary to address whether these parasites are occasionally switching to novel hosts or whether they are diversifying with their hosts as a consequence of long-term host fidelity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, a more extensive phylogenetic analysis of Escovopsis lineages infecting the gardens of Apterostigma ants demonstrates that these pathogens display patterns of phylogenetic congruence with their fungal hosts. Particular clades of Escovopsis track particular clades of cultivated fungi, and closely-related Escovopsis generally infect closely-related hosts. Discordance between host and parasite phylogenies, however, provides the first evidence for occasional host-switches or acquisitions of novel infections from the environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fungus-growing ant-microbe association has a complex coevolutionary history. Though there is clear evidence of host-specificity on the part of diverse Escovopsis lineages, these pathogens have switched occasionally to novel host fungi. Such switching is likely to have profound effects on how these host and parasites adapt to one another over evolutionary time scales and may impact how disease spreads over ecological time scales.
authors.affiliation: Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. ngerardo@email.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Gerardo
authors.forename: Ulrich G
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Cameron R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Currie
mesh_terms: D000363:Agaricales / Q000145:classification; D000818:Animals; D001000:Ants / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D001118:Argentina; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003364:Costa Rica; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006999:Hypocreales / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010176:Panama; D020648:Peptide Elongation Factor 1 / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017385:Sequence Homology; D013045:Species Specificity; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D020648:Peptide Elongation Factor 1