Activation of RAGE induces elevated O2- generation by mononuclear phagocytes in diabetes.
Oxidative stress has been found to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. The aim of this study was to define the oxidative burst of diabetic monocytes to characterize the phenotype associated with poor diabetic control. Superoxide (O(2)(-)) is the first molecule generated during the respiratory burst of phagocytes by NADPH oxidase, and its generation by monocytes from 26 controls and 34 diabetic subjects was evaluated in this study. Under resting states or stimulation by PMA or opsonized zymosan, diabetic monocytes produce significantly more O(2)(-) than nondiabetic cells. The increased O(2)(-) generation was found to be correlated with glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin) of patients. To clarify the effects of hyperglycemia on O(2)(-) generation, normal human monocytes were treated with receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) ligands (AGE protein and S100B) or high glucose media before stimulation. RAGE ligands and high glucose concentration increased O(2)(-) generation from human mononuclear phagocytes. RAGE ligands, specifically and potently, increased O(2)(-) generation from mononuclear phagocytes, and high-glucose effects were associated with correspondingly increased osmotic pressure. Differentiated THP-1 cells, from a human monocytic cell line, were used as a model of human monocytes to study the effects of S100B, the RAGE ligand. It was confirmed that RAGE is involved in the priming of O(2)(-) generation by S100B. This study demonstrates that RAGE ligands can contribute significantly to the hyper-responsive phenotype of diabetic monocytes, which might be reversible by blocking the RAGE or controlling the presence of RAGE ligands by controlling hyperglycemia.
Ding
Yong
Y
Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, G-107, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
Kantarci
Alpdogan
A
Hasturk
Hatice
H
Trackman
Philip C
PC
Malabanan
Alan
A
Van Dyke
Thomas E
TE
D000328:Adult; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D015054:Zymosan / Q000494:pharmacology
D005947:Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; D013481:Superoxides; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D015054:Zymosan; C579160:S100B protein, human; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human