title: Analysis of trace levels of pesticides in rainwater by SPME and GC-tandem mass spectrometry after derivatisation with PFBBr.
abstract: Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was used for the analysis of some pesticides (bromoxynil, chlorotoluron, diuron, isoproturon, 2,4-MCPA, MCPP and 2,4-D) in rainwater after derivatisation with PFBBr and gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. The derivatisation procedure was optimized by testing different methods: direct derivatisation in the aqueous phase followed by SPME extraction, on-fibre derivatisation and derivatisation in the injector. The best result was obtained by headspace coating the PDMS/DVB fibre with PFBBr for 10 min followed by direct SPME extraction for 60 min at 68 degrees C (pH 2 and 75% NaCl). Good detection limits were obtained for all the compounds: these ranged between 10 and 1,000 ng L-1 with a relatively high uncertainty due to the combination of derivatisation and SPME extraction steps. The optimized procedure was applied to the analysis of pesticides in rainwater and results obtained shows that this method is a fast and simple technique to assess the spatial and temporal variations of concentrations of pesticides in rainwater.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Centre de Géochimie de la Surface, UMR 7517 CNRS-Université Louis Pasteur, 1, rue Blessig, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheyer
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Briand
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morville
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mirabel
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Millet
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008456:2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D000478:Alkylation; D002138:Calibration; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004237:Diuron / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D005464:Fluorobenzenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005602:France; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009570:Nitriles / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011891:Rain / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D005466:Fluorocarbons
chemical_list: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D008456:2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D004237:Diuron; D005464:Fluorobenzenes; D009570:Nitriles; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010575:Pesticides; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011108:Polymers; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C025063:pentafluorobenzyl bromide; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C028904:isoproturon; C006826:bromoxynil; C007033:chlortoluron