title: Community-acquired MRSA and pig-farming.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sporadic cases of CA-MRSA in persons without risk-factors for MRSA carriage are increasing.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a MRSA cluster among family members of a pig-farmer, his co-workers and his pigs. Initially a young mother was seen with mastitis due to MRSA. Six months later her baby daughter was admitted to the hospital with pneumococcal otitis. After staying five days in hospital, the baby was found to be MRSA positive. At that point it was decided to look for a possible source, such as other family members and house-hold animals, including pigs on the farm, since those were reported as a possible source of MRSA earlier. Swabs were taken from the throat and nares of family members and co-workers. A veterinarian obtained swabs from the nares, throat and perineum of 10 pigs. Swabs were cultured following a national protocol to detect MRSA that included the use of an enrichment broth. Animal and human strains were characterized by PFGE, spa-typing, MLST analysis, SSCmec, AGR typing, and the detection for PVL, LukM, and TSST toxin genes. Three family members, three co-workers, and 8 of the 10 pigs were MRSA positive. With the exception of the initial case (the mother) all persons were solely colonized, with no signs of clinical infections. After digestion with SmaI, none of the strains showed any bands using PFGE. All isolates belonged to spa type t108 and ST398.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1. This report clearly shows clonal spread and transmission between humans and pigs in the Netherlands. 2. MLST sequence type 398 might be of international importance as pig-MRSA, since this type was shown earlier to be present in epidemiologically unrelated French pigs and pig-farmers. 3. Research is needed to evaluate whether this is a local problem or a new source of MRSA, that puts the until now successful Search and Destroy policy of the Netherlands at risk.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Xander.Huijsdens@rivm.nl
authors.forename: Xander W
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Huijsdens
authors.forename: Beatrix J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: van Dijke
authors.forename: Emile
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spalburg
authors.forename: Marga G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: van Santen-Verheuvel
authors.forename: Max E O C
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Heck
authors.forename: Gerlinde N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Pluister
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: Wim J B
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wannet
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: de Neeling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008413:Mastitis / Q000382:microbiology; D016106:Methicillin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000382:microbiology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000662:veterinary*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology*; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D015047:Zoonoses
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins