title: Clinical efficacy of lenalidomide in patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results of a phase II study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have profound immune defects and limited treatment options. Given the dramatic activity of lenalidomide in other B-cell malignancies and its pleotropic immunomodulatory effects, we conducted a phase II trial of this agent in CLL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell CLL (B-CLL) were eligible if they required treatment as per the National Cancer Institute Working Group 1996 guidelines. Lenalidomide was administered orally at 25 mg on days 1 through 21 of a 28-day cycle. Response was assessed after each cycle. Patients were to continue treatment until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or complete remission. Rituximab was added to lenalidomide on disease progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five patients were enrolled, with a median age of 64 years. Sixty-four percent of the patients had Rai stage III or IV disease, and 51% were refractory to fludarabine. The overall response rate was 47%, with 9% of the patients attaining a complete remission. Fatigue, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia were the most common adverse effects noted in 83%, 78%, and 78% of the patients, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lenalidomide is clinically active in patients with relapsed or refractory B-CLL. These findings are encouraging and warrant further investigation of this agent in the treatment of this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA. asher.chanan-khan@roswellpark.org
authors.forename: Asher
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chanan-Khan
authors.forename: Kena C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Musial
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Swaminathan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Padmanabhan
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.forename: Carl W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Goodrich
authors.forename: Zale P
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spaner
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: Catriona
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Ilizaliturri
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chrystal
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Starostik
authors.forename: Myron S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Czuczman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077269:Lenalidomide; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D012074:Remission Induction; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D013792:Thalidomide; D000077269:Lenalidomide