title: Amphotericin B nasal lavages: not a solution for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most common chronic diseases. Recently, it has been suggested that an exaggerated immune response to fungi is crucial in the pathogenesis of the disease. On the basis of this hypothesis, intranasal treatment with amphotericin B should benefit patients with CRS. Data from 2 uncontrolled and 2 controlled trials are conflicting, however.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the role of intranasal antifungal drugs in the treatment of CRS, we conducted a large, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study comparing the effectiveness of amphotericin B nasal lavages with placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 116 randomly selected patients with CRS were instructed to instill 25 mL amphotericin B (100 microg/mL) or placebo to each nostril twice daily for 3 months. Primary outcomes included a reduction in total visual analog scale (VAS) score and nasal endoscopy score. Secondary outcome measures included peak nasal inspiratory flow, polyp score, quality of life (Short Form-36, Rhinosinusitis Outcome Measure-31), and individual VAS scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis was based on intention to treat and involved all patients randomly assigned. Mean VAS scores, Short Form-36 and Rhinosinusitis Outcome Measure-31 data, peak nasal inspiratory flow values, nasal endoscopy scores, and polyp scores were similar in both treatment groups at the time of randomization, and no significant differences were observed after 13 weeks of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amphotericin B nasal lavages in the described dosing and time schedule do not reduce clinical signs and symptoms in patients with CRS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amphotericin B nasal lavages in the described dosing and time schedule are ineffective and therefore not advised in the treatment of patients with CRS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. f.a.ebbens@amc.uva.nl <f.a.ebbens@amc.uva.nl>
authors.forename: Fenna A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Ebbens
authors.forename: Glenis K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Scadding
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Badia
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hellings
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jorissen
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mullol
authors.forename: Alda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cardesin
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bachert
authors.forename: Thibaut P J
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: van Zele
authors.forename: Marcel G W
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Dijkgraaf
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Wytske J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Fokkens
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000666:Amphotericin B