title: Improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin action induced by increasing energy expenditure or decreasing energy intake: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Weight loss, through calorie restriction or increases in energy expenditure via exercise, improves glucose tolerance and insulin action. However, exercise-induced energy expenditure may further improve glucoregulation through mechanisms independent of weight loss.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to assess the hypothesis that weight loss through exercise-induced energy expenditure improves glucoregulation and circulating factors involved in insulin action to a greater extent than does similar weight loss through calorie restriction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sedentary men and women aged 50-60 y with a body mass index (kg/m(2)) of 23.5-29.9 were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 weight-loss interventions [12 mo of exercise training (EX group; n = 18) or calorie restriction (CR group; n = 18)] or to a healthy lifestyle (HL) control group (n = 10). The insulin sensitivity index and areas under the curve for glucose and insulin were assessed with an oral-glucose-tolerance test. Adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations were measured in fasting serum. Fat mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Yearlong energy deficits were not significantly different between the EX and CR groups, as evidenced by body weight and fat mass changes. The insulin sensitivity index increased and the glucose and insulin areas under the curve decreased in the EX and CR groups, remained unchanged in the HL group, and did not differ significantly between the EX and CR groups. Marginally significant increases in adiponectin and decreases in the ratio of tumor necrosis factor alpha to adiponectin occurred in the EX and CR groups but not in the HL group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Weight loss induced by exercise training or calorie restriction improves glucose tolerance and insulin action in nonobese, healthy, middle-aged men and women. However, it does not appear that exercise training-induced weight loss results in greater improvements than those that result from calorie restriction alone.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Racette
authors.forename: Dennis T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Villareal
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steger-May
authors.forename: Kenneth B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Schechtman
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: John O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Holloszy
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D006854:Hydrocortisone