title: Mutations in the pfmdr1, cg2, and pfcrt genes in Plasmodium falciparum samples from endemic malaria areas in Rondonia and Pará State, Brazilian Amazon Region.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to investigate the molecular basis for Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine in isolates from the Brazilian Amazon and to identify polymorphisms in the pfmdr1 gene, codons 184, 1042, and 1246, the kappa and gamma regions of the cg2 gene, and the K76T mutation of the pfcrt gene, in order to calculate the distribution of polymorphism within each target gene, comparing samples from distinct geographic areas, using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the pfmdr gene and PCR plus restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for the cg2 and pfcrt genes. The sample consisted of 40 human blood isolates, already collected and morphologically diagnosed as carriers of P. falciparum parasites, from four localities: Porto Velho in Rondonia State and Maraba, Itaituba, and Tailandia in Pará State. Distribution of P. falciparum in vitro chloroquine resistance in the isolates was 100% for pfmdr1, cg2 gamma region, and pfcrt, except for the polymorphism in the cg2 kappa region, which was not found.
authors.affiliation: Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Brasil.
authors.forename: Giselle Maria Rachid
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Viana
authors.forename: Ricardo Luís Dantas
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Vanja Sueli Pachiano
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Calvosa
authors.forename: Marinete Marins
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Póvoa
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001938:Brazil; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000962:Antimalarials; C109422:CG2 protein, Plasmodium falciparum; D003062:Codon; D005819:Genetic Markers; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C416369:PfCRT protein, Plasmodium falciparum; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C059987:mdr gene protein, Plasmodium; D002738:Chloroquine