title: (+/-)-Naringenin as large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ (BKCa) channel opener in vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to investigate, in vascular smooth muscle cells, the mechanical and electrophysiological effects of (+/-)-naringenin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aorta ring preparations and single tail artery myocytes were employed for functional and patch-clamp experiments, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (+/-)-Naringenin induced concentration-dependent relaxation in endothelium-denuded rat aortic rings pre-contracted with either 20 mM KCl or noradrenaline (pIC(50) values of 4.74 and 4.68, respectively). Tetraethylammonium, iberiotoxin, 4-aminopyridine and 60 mM KCl antagonised (+/-)-naringenin-induced vasorelaxation, while glibenclamide did not produce any significant antagonism. Naringin [(+/-)-naringenin 7-beta-neohesperidoside] caused a concentration-dependent relaxation of rings pre-contracted with 20 mM KCl, although its potency and efficacy were significantly lower than those of (+/-)-naringenin. In rat tail artery myocytes, (+/-)-naringenin increased large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK(Ca)) currents in a concentration-dependent manner; this stimulation was iberiotoxin-sensitive and fully reversible upon drug wash-out. (+/-)-Naringenin accelerated the activation kinetics of BK(Ca) current, shifted, by 22 mV, the voltage dependence of the activation curve to more negative potentials, and decreased the slope of activation. (+/-)-Naringenin-induced stimulation of BK(Ca) current was insensitive either to changes in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration or to the presence, in the pipette solution, of the fast Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA. However, such stimulation was diminished when the K(+) gradient across the membrane was reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vasorelaxant effect of the naturally-occurring flavonoid (+/-)-naringenin on endothelium-denuded vessels was due to the activation of BK(Ca) channels in myocytes.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saponara
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Testai
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Iozzi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martinotti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martelli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chericoni
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sgaragli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fusi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Calderone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002469:Cell Separation; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004594:Electrophysiology; D044950:Flavanones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D024681:Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated / Q000819:agonists*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D044950:Flavanones; D024681:Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated; D004533:Egtazic Acid; C005273:naringenin; C025603:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; D002118:Calcium