title: The craniofacial phenotype of the Crouzon mouse: analysis of a model for syndromic craniosynostosis using three-dimensional MicroCT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the craniofacial phenotype of a mouse model for Crouzon syndrome by a quantitative analysis of skull morphology in mutant and wild-type mice and to compare the findings with skull features observed in humans with Crouzon syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  MicroCT scans and skeletal preparations were obtained on previously described Fgfr2(C342Y/+) Crouzon mutant mice and wild-type mice at 6 weeks of age. Three-dimensional coordinate data from biologically relevant landmarks on the skulls were collected. Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis was used to quantify and compare skull shapes using these landmark data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obliteration of bilateral coronal sutures was observed in 80% of skulls, and complete synostosis of the sagittal suture was observed in 70%. In contrast, fewer than 40% of lambdoid sutures were found to be fully fused. In each of the 10 Fgfr2(C342Y/+) mutant mice analyzed, the presphenoid-basisphenoid synchondrosis was fused. Skull height and width were increased in mutant mice, whereas skull length was decreased. Interorbital distance was also increased in Fgfr2(C342Y/+) mice as compared with wild-type littermates. Upper-jaw length was shorter in the Fgfr2(C342Y/+) mutant skulls, as was mandibular length.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skulls of Fgfr2(C342Y/+) mice differ from normal littermates in a comparable manner with differences between the skulls of humans with Crouzon syndrome and those of unaffected individuals. These findings were consistent across several regions of anatomic interest. Further investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying the anomalies seen in the Crouzon mouse model is currently under way.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. cperlyn@molcool.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Chad A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Perlyn
authors.forename: Valerie B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: DeLeon
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Babbs
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Govier
authors.forename: Lance
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burell
authors.forename: Tron
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Darvann
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kreiborg
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morriss-Kay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002508:Cephalometry; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003394:Craniofacial Dysostosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008437:Maxilla / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009915:Orbit / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010294:Parietal Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2