title: A pilot study of ice-slurry application for inducing laparoscopic renal hypothermia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess, in a pilot study, the feasibility of delivering a microparticulate ice slurry (MPS) to provide regional hypothermia, as renal cooling during laparoscopic procedures is cumbersome and inefficient.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ex vivo preparation was used to simulate the boundary conditions of a kidney. Four pig kidneys were placed onto a thin membrane overlying a constant temperature bath (37 degrees C) with parenchymal thermocouples. Renal surfaces were coated with MPS and temperatures recorded. In an in vivo pig model we assessed laparoscopic delivery and cooling ability of the MPS under physiological conditions. Kidneys in two pigs were laparoscopically exposed; thermocouple probes were placed throughout the kidney and the hilum was clamped. MPS was delivered through a modified 5-mm laparoscopic suction/irrigation cannula. Cortical and core body temperatures were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the ex vivo study, the mean (sd) initial temperature was 37.1 (0.4) degrees C; the mean time to reach 15 degrees C was 10.3 (2.6) min and the mean nadir temperature was 13.0 (1.5) degrees C. In vivo, the MPS was delivered with no technical difficulty; the mean renal unit starting temperature and core body temperature were 37.2 degrees C and 37.0 degrees C, respectively. The mean (range) time to reach 15 degrees C was 16.5 (5.5-28.6) min. The mean nadir core body temperature was 34.0 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This initial study showed efficient and rapid induction of renal hypothermia using MPS delivered through 5-mm laparoscopic ports, with no technical difficulty. These exploratory pilot findings support further, larger scale, histopathological and renal functional investigations of topical ice slurries as a means of providing renal hypothermia in laparoscopic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. blaven@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Brett A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Laven
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Kasza
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: Marcelo A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Orvieto
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Lyon
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Oras
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Beiser
authors.forename: Terry L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Vanden Hoek
authors.forename: Hyunjin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: Arieh L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shalhav
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D007053:Ice; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D007053:Ice