title: Psychiatric manifestations and personality traits associated with compliance with glaucoma treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the impact of psychological distress and personality traits on self-rated compliance with glaucoma treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred patients with primary open-angle glaucoma participated in the study. General Health Questionnaire, Symptom Distress Checklist, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Defense Style Questionnaire, and Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two percent of patients with glaucoma classified as "noncompliers," those who omitted more than two doses per week. Noncompliers presented more severe symptoms of glaucoma. Depression was found to be associated with poor compliance, whereas adoption of immature defensive style further increased the risk for noncompliance with glaucoma treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression is associated with self-reported noncompliance with glaucoma treatment, whereas certain personality traits are involved in the increased risk for noncompliance. Further assessment of the depressive feelings by an ophthalmologist and treatment of depression as well as proper psychotherapeutic approaches for maladaptive personality features could be an essential strategy to diminish compliance problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Chrisavgi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pappa
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hyphantis
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pappa
authors.forename: Miltiadis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aspiotis
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stefaniotou
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kitsos
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Psilas
authors.forename: Venetsanos
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mavreas
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002605:Character; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D017889:Exfoliation Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012803:Sick Role; D016312:Treatment Refusal / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents