title: Impact of visual impairment on service and device use by individuals with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the patient-reported use of services, supplements, and devices among individuals with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and evaluate the impact of visual impairment level on this use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for this study were collected using two instruments, the AMD Health and Impact Questionnaire and the Daily Living Tasks Dependent on Vision questionnaire (DLTV). Both questionnaires were mailed to members of the Macular Degeneration Partnership. The study was approved by an IRB and respondents provided consent before participating. Respondents' visual acuity (VA) was estimated using scores from the DLTV, while use of services and devices was collected from the AMD Questionnaire. De-identified data were analysed in SAS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 803 respondents, 56% were male and the mean age was 73 years. Use of services (e.g., counseling, rehabilitation), and devices significantly increased as VA decreased. Using standard US costs, costs for services, supplements, and devices ranged from 506-1619 US dollars depending on VA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are substantial differences in service and device use with increased AMD severity. Delaying progression of AMD could result in considerable cost savings.
authors.affiliation: Exponent Inc., Alexandria, Virginia 22314, USA. jschmier@exponent.com
authors.forename: Jordana K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Schmier
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Halpern
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Covert
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002183:Canes; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D012682:Sensory Aids; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014792:Visual Acuity