A membrane-bound NAC transcription factor regulates cell division in Arabidopsis.
Controlled release of membrane-tethered, dormant precursors is an intriguing activation mechanism that regulates diverse cellular functions in eukaryotes. An exquisite example is the proteolytic activation of membrane-bound transcription factors. The proteolytic cleavage liberates active transcription factors from the membranes that can enter the nucleus and evokes rapid transcriptional responses to incoming stimuli. Here, we show that a membrane-bound NAC (for NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2) transcription factor, designated NTM1 (for NAC with transmembrane motif1), is activated by proteolytic cleavage through regulated intramembrane proteolysis and mediates cytokinin signaling during cell division in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cell proliferation was greatly reduced in an Arabidopsis mutant with retarded growth and serrated leaves in which a transcriptionally active NTM1 form was constitutively expressed. Accordingly, a subset of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor genes (the KIP-related proteins) was induced in this mutant with a significant reduction in histone H4 gene expression and in CDK activity. Consistent with a role for NTM1 in cell cycling, a Ds element insertional mutant was morphologically normal but displayed enhanced hypocotyl growth with accelerated cell division. Interestingly, cytokinins were found to regulate NTM1 activity by controlling its stability. These results indicate that the membrane-mediated activation of NTM1 defines a molecular mechanism by which cytokinin signaling is tightly regulated during cell cycling.
Kim
Youn-Sung
YS
Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
Kim
Sang-Gyu
SG
Park
Jung-Eun
JE
Park
Hye-Young
HY
Lim
Mi-Hye
MH
Chua
Nam-Hai
NH
Park
Chung-Mo
CM
D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000378:metabolism; D003583:Cytokinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D018546:Hypocotyl / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D003583:Cytokinins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C517316:NTM1 protein, Arabidopsis; D014157:Transcription Factors