title: Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.
abstract: Numerous studies report an increased frequency of minor physical anomalies (MPAs) in schizophrenic individuals compared with controls. However, these studies vary considerably regarding the magnitude of the case-control disparity and the topographical distribution of the anomalies. A meta-analysis was carried out on the existing MPA literature in an effort to better understand the relationship between MPAs and schizophrenia. Following a literature search, 13 studies were identified that met our inclusion criteria. Mean total MPA scores were available for 11 of these studies, whereas only seven studies provided regional MPA scores. For both the total MPA and regional MPA analyses, pooled effect sizes (Hedges' g and pooled odds ratios, respectively) were calculated along with tests of heterogeneity. For the total MPA analyses, a meta-regression approach was used to explore the relationship between possible moderator variables (e.g., number of MPA scale items) and effect size heterogeneity. The magnitude of the pooled effect size for the total MPA scores was high (1.131; p<0.001), indicating significantly more overall MPAs in schizophrenic individuals. Significant effect size heterogeneity was present (p<0.001); however, this heterogeneity could not be explained by any of the included moderator variables. The regional MPA analysis revealed significantly increased MPAs in all six anatomical regions (p<0.05), although the pooled odds ratios for these regions did not differ significantly from one another. These results suggest a lack of regional specificity for MPAs in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA. smwst46@sdmgenetics.pitt.edu
authors.forename: Seth M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Marazita
authors.forename: Brion S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Maher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors