title: Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
abstract: A reduced ability of insulin to activate glucose transport in skeletal muscle, termed insulin resistance, is a primary defect leading to the development of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase with important roles in the regulation of glycogen synthesis, protein synthesis, gene transcription, and cell differentiation in various cell types. An emerging body of evidence has implicated GSK-3 in the multifactorial etiology of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in obese animal models and in obese human type 2 diabetic subjects. Overexpression and overactivity of GSK-3 in skeletal muscle of rodent models of obesity and obese type 2 diabetic humans are associated with an impaired ability of insulin to activate glucose disposal and glycogen synthase. New insights into the importance of GSK-3 as a regulator of insulin action on glucose transport activity in muscle have come from studies utilizing selective and sensitive inhibitors of GSK-3. These studies have demonstrated that selective inhibition of GSK-3 in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle causes improvements in insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity that are likely caused by enhanced post-insulin receptor insulin signaling and GLUT-4 glucose transporter translocation. An additional important action of these GSK-3 inhibitors in the context of obese-associated type 2 diabetes is a reduction of hepatic glucose production, likely via downregulation of genes associated with gluconeogensis. It is clear from these studies that selectively targeting GSK-3 in skeletal muscle may be an important new strategy for the treatment of obesity-associated insulin-resistant states characterized by GSK-3 overactivity in insulin-sensitive tissues.
authors.affiliation: Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85721-0093, USA. ejhenrik@u.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: Betsy B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Dokken
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology*; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3