title: Outcomes of HIV-infected orphaned and non-orphaned children on antiretroviral therapy in western Kenya.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determine outcome differences between orphaned and non-orphaned children receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of prospectively recorded electronic data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine HIV clinics in western Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  279 children on ART enrolled between August 2002 and February 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orphan status, CD4%, sex- and age-adjusted height (HAZ) and weight (WAZ) z scores, ART adherence, mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median follow-up was 34 months. Cohort included 51% males and 54% orphans. At ART initiation (baseline), 71% of children had CDC clinical stage B or C disease. Median CD4% was 9% and increased dramatically the first 30 weeks of therapy, then leveled off. Parents and guardians reported perfect adherence at every visit for 75% of children. Adherence and orphan status were not significantly associated with CD4% response. Adjusted for baseline age, follow-up was significantly shorter among orphaned children (median 33 vs. 41 weeks, P = 0.096). One-year mortality was 7.1% for orphaned and 6.6% for non-orphaned children (P = 0.836). HAZ and WAZ were significantly below norm in both groups. With ART, HAZ remained stable, while WAZ tended to increase toward the norm, especially among non-orphans. Orphans showed identical weight gains as non-orphans the first 70 weeks after start of ART but experienced reductions afterwards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Good ART adherence is possible in western rural Kenya. ART for HIV-infected children produced substantial and sustainable CD4% improvement. Orphan status was not associated with worse short-term outcomes but may be a factor for long-term therapy response. ART alone may not be sufficient to reverse significant developmental lags in the HIV-positive pediatric population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health and Pediatrics, Moi University School of Medicine, PO Box 2582-30100, Eldoret, Kenya. nyandikom@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Winstone M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Nyandiko
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ayaya
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nabakwe
authors.forename: Constance
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tenge
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sidle
authors.forename: Constantin T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Yiannoutsos
authors.forename: Beverly
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Musick
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wools-Kaloustian
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Tierney
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005581:Foster Home Care; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents