title: Maternal use of oral contraceptives and risk of hypospadias - a population-based case-control study.
abstract: The aim of this population-based case-control study was to examine the risk of isolated hypospadias in boys born to mothers who have used oral contraceptives in early pregnancy. The study was based on data from the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities from 1980 to 1996, and included 3,038 boys with hypospadias (cases), 24,799 boys without congenital abnormalities (CA-free controls), and 11,881 boys with abnormalities other than hypospadias. We used unconditional logistic regression to adjust for birth order, maternal age, maternal employment status, maternal diabetes, and pre-eclampsia. When comparing cases with CA-free controls the OR for maternal use of OC was 1.21 (95% CI: 0.67-2.17). When comparing cases with boys with other abnormalities, the OR for maternal use of OC was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.46-1.50). Our data showed that self-reported maternal use of oral contraceptives during pregnancy was not associated with an increased risk of hypospadias in the offspring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. uxpiwo@aas.nja.dk
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wogelius
authors.forename: Erzsébet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Horváth-Puhó
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nørgaard
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Czeizel
authors.forename: Henrik Toft
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Sørensen
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary / Q000453:epidemiology; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral