title: The open abdomen in trauma: do infectious complications affect primary abdominal closure?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One of the primary goals of damage control surgery in the trauma patient is primary closure of the abdomen. We hypothesized that extra-abdominal infections, such as those complicating injuries to the thorax, diaphragm, long bones, or musculoskeletal system, would decrease the likelihood of primary abdominal closure and increase hospital resource utilization in patients requiring open abdominal management.
  
  
  METHODS
  The trauma registry of the American College of Surgeons (TRACS) was reviewed retrospectively from 1995-2002 for open abdomen technique and damage control surgery. The outcome was primary fascial closure or delayed closure. Patients who died prior to closure were excluded. We evaluated infectious complications, including ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), blood stream infection (BSI), and surgical site infection (SSI). Other parameters studied were multiple rib fractures, long bone fractures, chest injuries, diaphragm injuries, empyema, and transfusion requirements. Hospital charges were obtained from the hospital administrative database. Univariate, multivariate, and regression analyses were performed to identify the effects of infectious complications on primary abdominal closure, length of stay, total hospital charges, and disposition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred forty-four patients required the open abdomen technique: 67% received damage control laparotomy and 33% decompression of abdominal compartment syndrome. Two hundred seventy-six patients (80%) went on to abdominal closure of some form and constituted the primary study group. Primary abdominal closure was achieved in 180 (65%) with a mean time to closure of 3.5 days. Ventilator-associated pneumonia, BSI, and SSI were associated with lack of primary closure (p < 0.05). Increased blood transfusions also were associated with failure of primary closure (p < 0.05). Ventilator-associated pneumonia and BSI were associated with significantly greater lengths of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) (24.2 days vs. 12.6 days and 30.5 days vs. 17.9 days; both p < 0.0001) and significantly greater total hospital charges (232,080 US dollar vs. 142,893 US dollar; 247,440 US dollar vs. 160,940 US dollar; and 264,778 US dollar vs. 170,447 US dollar; all p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inability to achieve primary abdominal closure was associated with infectious complications (VAP, BSI, and SSI) and large transfusion requirements. Infectious complications also significantly increased ICU utilization and hospital charges. Death was associated with BSI, femur fractures, and large transfusion requirements, whereas infectious complications did not have a significant impact on discharge disposition.
authors.affiliation: Section of Surgical Sciences, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
authors.forename: Todd R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Jose J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Addison K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Oscar D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Guillamondegui
authors.forename: Jeffery S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents