title: [Experimental evaluation of microscan assessment of bone fusion].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Certain confirmation of bone fusion remains difficult to obtain after arthrodesis despite progress in imaging techniques. Microscanning enables both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the bone microarchitecture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate this technique using a cervical arthrodesis with an intersomatic cage on an animal model and to validate results with histological analysis and electron scan microscopy (SEM).
  
  
  METHODS
  C3-C4 discectomy was performed in 8 goats divided into two groups. In group 1 (3 animals), PEEK cages were inserted without bone graft. In group 2 (5 goats) the same cage was inserted and filled with an autologous iliac graft. The animals were sacrificed at six months. The instrumented levels were analyzed with a microscan. Histological slides were obtained and SEM performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nonunion was observed in the three animals with an empty cage (group 1) while only one animal in group 2 presented nonunion. Histology and SEM confirmed the diagnosis established with the microscan which also enabled a 3D analysis of the sample and study of the trabecular architecture of the intersomatic graft.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The microscan enabled a micrometric analysis of the sample. This is the only technique enabling 3D analysis (slices can be obtained in the three planes for 3D reconstruction) for both qualitative and quantitative assessment. Analysis of the trabecular microstructure constitutes a major progress in evaluating the mechanical value of the fusion. The sample is not destroyed and can be studied further with other biomechanical techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microscanning is an important technical advancement for the analysis of bone fusion. Future applications will undoubtedly be numerous (follow-up after arthrodesis, analysis of the mechanical quality of a graft). In vivo applications will probably be adapted soon.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Orthopédie, Pavillon Gaston-Cordier, CHU Pitié-Salpétrière, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris. hugues.moussellard@psl.aphp.fr
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pascal-Moussellard
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunet-Imbault
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aguado
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pilet
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Delplace
authors.forename: C-L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Benhamou
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Daculsi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006041:Goats; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*