title: A single injection of D-amphetamine facilitates improvements in motor training following a focal cortical infarct in squirrel monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is growing interest in the use of D-amphetamine (D-AMPH) as a pharmacological treatment to supplement rehabilitative therapy following stroke. Based on the success of earlier animal models, several clinical studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of applying physical rehabilitation while stroke patients are under the influence of D-AMPH. To begin to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this promising adjuvant therapy, the authors examined the effects of a single pairing of D-AMPH and rehabilitative training on motor performance after cortical infarct in squirrel monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microelectrode stimulation techniques were used to delineate hand movement areas in the primary motor cortex prior to delivering a unilateral infarct to the complete hand representation. Postinfarct recovery was assessed for 3 groups of monkeys: D-AMPH + training, saline + training, and spontaneous recovery (SR). Postinfarct training groups received 14 consecutive days of motor skill training on a reach and retrieval task. A single injection of D-AMPH (0.25 mg/kg) or saline was given only on the 1st day of training (postinfarct day 10). Monkeys in the SR group had only minimal exposure to the training task once per week to monitor recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that a single coupling of D-AMPH + training initiated 10 days after cortical infarct facilitated the rate of recovery and improved performance (68% improvement from 1st day of training) beyond the level achieved by the monkeys in the saline + training group (27% improved from 1st day of training).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  D-AMPH is a potent modulator of behavioral recovery following an ischemic infarct in nonhuman primates.
authors.affiliation: Landon Center on Aging and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. sbarbay@kumc.edu
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barbay
authors.forename: Elena V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Zoubina
authors.forename: Numa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dancause
authors.forename: Shawn B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eisner-Janowicz
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stowe
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Plautz
authors.forename: Randolph J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Nudo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012453:Saimiri; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003913:Dextroamphetamine