title: Acidic cesium salts of 12-tungstophosphoric acid as catalysts for the dehydration of xylose into furfural.
abstract: Cesium salts of 12-tungstophosphoric acid, Cs(x)H(3-x)PW(12)O(40) (Cs(x)PW), in the bulk form or supported on medium-pore MCM-41 (3.7 nm) or large-pore (9.6 nm) micelle-templated silicas are active solid acid catalysts for the cyclodehydration of xylose into furfural, in a toluene/water solvent system (T/W) or in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The catalytic results are comparable to those obtained using sulfuric acid, under similar reaction conditions. The initial activities increase in the order H(3)PW(12)O(40)<Cs(2.0)PW<Cs(2.5)PW<silica-supported CsPW catalysts (15, 34wt% PW). Higher HPA loadings, larger pore diameter of the parent silica support, and higher reaction temperatures lead to higher furfural yields. The stability and reusability of the MCM-41-supported CsPW is higher in DMSO than in T/W.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Sérgio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Martyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pillinger
authors.forename: Anabela A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Valente
mesh_terms: D002384:Catalysis; D002586:Cesium / Q000737:chemistry; D003890:Desiccation; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide; D005662:Furaldehyde / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D007700:Kinetics; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents; D017973:Tungsten Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D014994:Xylose / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D012997:Solvents; D017973:Tungsten Compounds; D002586:Cesium; D014994:Xylose; D005662:Furaldehyde; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide