title: Detection of multiple noroviruses associated with an international gastroenteritis outbreak linked to oyster consumption.
abstract: An international outbreak linked to oyster consumption involving a group of over 200 people in Italy and 127 total subjects in 13 smaller clusters in France was analyzed using epidemiological and clinical data and shellfish samples. Environmental information from the oyster-producing area, located in a lagoon in southern France, was collected to investigate the possible events leading to the contamination. Virologic analyses were conducted by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) using the same primer sets for both clinical and environmental samples. After sequencing, the data were analyzed through the database operated by the scientific network FoodBorne Viruses in Europe. The existence of an international collaboration between laboratories was critical to rapidly connect the data and to fully interpret the results, since it was not obvious that one food could be the link because of the diversity of the several norovirus strains involved in the different cases. It was also demonstrated that heavy rain was responsible for the accidental contamination of seafood, leading to a concentration of up to hundreds of genomic copies per oyster as detected by real-time RT-PCR.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Institut Français pour la Recherche et l'Exploitation de la Mer, Nantes, France. sleguyad@ifremer.fr
authors.forename: Françoise S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Le Guyader
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bon
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: DeMedici
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parnaudeau
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bertone
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crudeli
authors.forename: Aoife
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zidane
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suffredini
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kohli
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maddalo
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monini
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallay
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pommepuy
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pothier
authors.forename: Franco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Ruggeri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029322:Norovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000821:virology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction