title: Communication boards in critical care: patients' views.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some patients receiving mechanical ventilation experience an intensified need to communicate while their ability to do so is compromised as the endotracheal tube prevents speech. Although the use of a communication board to enhance communication with such patients has been suggested, few descriptive or empirical studies have addressed the content and format of these devices or of patients' perspectives on decreasing frustration with communication.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify the perceived level of frustration of patients receiving mechanical ventilation while they attempt to communicate; (2) to determine patients' perceived level of frustration if a communication board had been used; and (3) to describe patients' perceptions of the appropriate content and format of a communication board.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine critically ill patients who were extubated within the past 72 hours were included in this descriptive study. Subjects participated in a 20- to 60-minute audiotaped interview consisting of questions about their perceived level of frustration when communicating with and without a communication board and their thoughts about the appropriate content and format of a board. Transcripts were analyzed by questions for meaning and overall themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-two percent (n = 18) of patients reported a high level of frustration in communicating their needs while receiving mechanical ventilation. Patients judged that their perceived level of frustration in communicating their needs would have been significantly lower (P < .001) if a communication board had been offered (29.8%) than if not (75.8%). Most patients (69%; n = 20) perceived that a communication board would have been helpful, and they also identified specific characteristics and content for a communication board. A communication board may be an effective intervention for decreasing patients' frustration and facilitating communication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients receiving mechanical ventilation experienced a moderate to a high level of frustration when communicating their needs. In this study, a communication board, if used patiently during mechanical ventilation, has been shown to alleviate frustration with communication. Patients have specific ideas about what terms and ideograms are useful for a communication board. Further research is needed to test the effects of a communication board and other methods of facilitating communication on outcomes such as satisfaction and anxiety of patients, adequate and appropriate management of pain, and length of mechanical ventilation time and hospital stay.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Lance
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Patak
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gawlinski
authors.forename: Ng Irene
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Doering
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Henneman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003143:Communication Devices for People with Disabilities / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D005639:Frustration; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006379:Helping Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000523:psychology; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires