title: Thyroid disorders in patients treated with radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer: a retrospective analysis of seventy-three patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence of thyroid disorders and dose distribution to the thyroid in patients treated with radiotherapy for head-and-neck carcinomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective evaluation of data from 73 patients treated for head-and-neck cancers in our department was performed. Thyroid function was evaluated mainly by the measurement of thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH]). A retrospective analysis of treatment plans was performed for 57 patients. Percentages of thyroid glandular volume absorbing 10, 30, and 50 Gy (V10, V30, and V50 respectively) were considered for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A majority of patients (61%) had a normal thyroid function whereas 19 patients (26%) had hypothyroidism. Mean thyroid volume was 30.39 cc. Point 3 (located at isthmus) absorbed lower doses compared with other points (p < 0.0001). Median values of V10, V30, and V50 were 92% (range, 57-100%), 75% (range, 28.5-100%), and 35% (range, 3-83%) respectively. Gender was associated with toxicity (presence of any kind of thyroid disorders) (p < 0.05), with females displaying higher levels of TSHr (relative TSH = patient's value/maximum value of the laboratory range) (p = 0.0005) and smaller thyroid volume (p = 0.0012) compared with male population. TSHr values were associated with thyroid volume, and the presence of midline shielding block in the anterior field was associated with relative free thyroxine (FT4r = patient's value/maximum value of the laboratory range) values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender and thyroid volume seem to play an important role in the occurrence of thyroid toxicity, but further studies on dose-effect relationship for radiotherapy-induced thyroid toxicity are needed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy. daniela.alterio@ieo.it
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alterio
authors.forename: Barbara Alicja
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Jereczek-Fossa
authors.forename: Benedetta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franchi
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Onofrio
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Piazzi
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rondi
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciocca
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gibelli
authors.forename: Enrica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grosso
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tradati
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: Genoveva Ionela
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Boboc
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Orecchia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood*; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D013972:Thyrotropin; D013974:Thyroxine