title: Effects of local administration of vascular endothelial growth factor on mechanical characteristics of the semitendinosus tendon graft after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in sheep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent mediator of angiogenesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  An application of VEGF may enhance angiogenesis in the grafted tendon in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, and the application may affect mechanical characteristics of the ACL graft.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen sheep were divided into groups I and II. In group I, the harvested semitendinosus tendon was soaked in VEGF solution, and the right knee then underwent ACL reconstruction using this tendon. In group II, the right knee underwent identical procedures to those of group I except that the harvested tendon was soaked in phosphate-buffered saline. All animals were sacrificed 12 weeks after ACL reconstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histologic findings showed that newly formed vessels and infiltrative fibroblasts were more abundant in group I than in group II. The anterior-posterior translation of the knee during an anterior-posterior force of +/- 100 N was significantly larger in group I than in group II by 2.58 mm (95% confidence interval, -1.76 mm to 1.76 mm) (P = .002). The linear stiffness of the femur-graft-tibia complex in group I was significantly lower than that in group II by 41.5 N/mm (95% confidence interval, -32.2 N/mm to 32.2 N/mm) (P = .017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has revealed that VEGF as administered in this study promotes angiogenesis in the ACL graft and significantly reduces the stiffness of the ACL graft with increased knee laxity at 12 weeks after ACL reconstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exogenous VEGF application for ACL reconstruction can induce an increase in knee laxity and a decrease in the stiffness of the grafted tendon at least temporarily after ACL reconstruction. These potentially negative mechanical effects need to be taken into account when considering clinical use of VEGF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshikazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.forename: Harukazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tohyama
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katsura
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kotani
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Toyama
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
mesh_terms: D043924:Angiogenesis Modulating Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D010865:Pilot Projects; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012756:Sheep; D013710:Tendons / Q000637:transplantation*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D043924:Angiogenesis Modulating Agents; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A