title: Body dysmorphic disorder and cosmetic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Body dysmorphic disorder is a relatively common psychiatric disorder among persons who seek cosmetic surgical and minimally invasive treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article reviews the history of the diagnosis and the current diagnostic criteria. Etiologic theories, clinical and demographic characteristics, and comorbidity, including the relationship of body dysmorphic disorder to obsessive-compulsive spectrum and impulse control disorders, are discussed. The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in cosmetic populations is highlighted. Treatments for body dysmorphic disorder, including medical, psychiatric, and psychological interventions, are reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body dysmorphic disorder is an often severe, impairing disorder. Among patients presenting for cosmetic treatments, 7 to 15 percent may suffer from the condition. Retrospective outcome studies suggest that persons with body dysmorphic disorder typically do not benefit from cosmetic procedures. Pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, in contrast, appear to be effective treatments for body dysmorphic disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the frequency with which persons with body dysmorphic disorder pursue cosmetic procedures, providers of cosmetic surgical and minimally invasive treatments may be able to identify and refer these patients for appropriate mental health care. Directions for future research are suggested.
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia, Pa. From the Department of Psychology, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety, and Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; and Department of Psychiatry, Weight and Eating Disorders Program, Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance.
authors.forename: Canice E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Crerand
authors.forename: Martin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Sarwer
mesh_terms: D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D006801:Humans; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy