title: Chronic intermittent but not constant hypoxia decreases NAA/Cr ratios in neonatal mouse hippocampus and thalamus.
abstract: Chronic constant hypoxia (CCH) and chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) are known to have deleterious effects on the central nervous system. Because of the difference in the pattern of hypoxic exposure, it is possible that the pathological outcome would vary. The N-acetyl aspartate/creatine (NAA/Cr) ratio is a reliable marker of neuronal integrity, and this can be noninvasively measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. P2 CD1 mouse pups with their dams were exposed to either CCH, where the Fi(O(2)) was maintained at 11% continuously or to CIH, where the Fi(O(2)) was varied between 21 and 11% every 4 min. P30 mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia for 4 wk demonstrated a significant decrease in the NAA/Cr ratio in the hippocampus and thalamus, which was reversed by a subsequent exposure to 4 wk of normoxia. Meanwhile, mice exposed to 4 wk of constant hypoxia did not demonstrate any differences in their NAA/Cr ratios from controls in these brain regions. These results indicate that an intermittent pattern of hypoxic exposure may have a more adverse effect on neuronal function and integrity than a continuous one. The reversal of NAA/Cr levels to baseline during the return to normoxia indicates that therapeutic strategies targeted at alleviating the intermittent hypoxic stress in diseases, such as obstructive sleep apnea, have the potential for inducing significant neurocognitive recovery in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. rdouglas@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyasaka
authors.forename: Kan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Adrianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Latuszek-Barrantes
authors.forename: Gabriel G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Hoby P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hetherington
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D003401:Creatine / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D011247:Pregnancy; D013788:Thalamus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001224:Aspartic Acid; D003401:Creatine