title: Use of glycerol as an optical clearing agent for enhancing photonic transference and detection of Salmonella typhimurium through porcine skin.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate glycerol (GLY) and GLY + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to increase photonic detection of transformed Salmonella typhimurium (S. typh-lux) through porcine skin. Skin was placed on 96-well plates containing S. typh-lux, imaged (5 min) using a CCD camera, and then completely immersed in PBS, GLY, DMSO, GLY+DMSO in a dose- and time-dependent manner and re-imaged (5 min). The percent of photonic emissions detected (treated or untreated skin relative to no skin controls) was used for analysis. Treatment for 4 h with 50% GLY-PBS and 50:30:20% GLY:DMSO:PBS increased photonic detection compared to untreated skin, 100% PBS, or 30:70% DMSO:PBS. Treatment with 50% GLY in the presence of 20 and 40% DMSO (v/v with PBS) increased photonic detection compared to 50% GLY alone and in the presence of 10% DMSO: 50% GLY (v/v with PBS). Data indicate that GLY and GLY+DMSO are effective optical clearing agents on porcine skin (2-3 mm thick) when treated for 4 h to increase detection of emitted photons. Clearing agents such as GLY have the potential to minimize effects of porcine skin tissue as one of the photon transmittance barriers (i.e., skin, fat, muscle, and visceral tissues) in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Mississippi State University, Box 9815 Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA.
authors.forename: Keesla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moulton
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lovell
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Donald C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lay
authors.forename: Duco
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Willard
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods*; D005990:Glycerol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D005990:Glycerol