title: Long-term exposure to elevated zinc concentrations induced structural changes and zinc tolerance of the nitrifying community in soil.
abstract: A series of long-term Zn-contaminated soils was sampled around a galvanized pylon. The potential nitrification rate (PNR) was unaffected by the soil total Zn concentrations up to 25 mmol Zn kg(-1) whereas spiking the uncontaminated control soil with ZnCl(2) to identical total concentrations completely eliminated nitrification. The larger sensitivity of the PNR to spiked ZnCl(2) than to the Zn added in the field was equally found when relating the PNR to the Zn concentrations in the pore water of these soils, suggesting differences in Zn tolerance of the nitrifying communities. Zinc tolerance in the long-term Zn-contaminated soil was demonstrated by showing that (i) the nitrifying community of long-term Zn-contaminated soil samples was less sensitive to Zn than that of the uncontaminated control soil when both communities were inoculated in sterile ZnCl(2)-contaminated soil samples, and, that (ii) addition of ZnCl(2) to the long-term Zn-contaminated soil samples affected nitrification less than equal additions of ZnCl(2) to uncontaminated control samples. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting of polymerase chain reaction amplified 16SrRNA gene fragments of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria showed that the community structure in uncontaminated and long-term contaminated soil samples was different and could be related to soil Zn concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Soil and Water Management, KULeuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium. jelle.mertens@biw.kuleuven.be
authors.forename: Jelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Springael
authors.forename: Inne
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Troyer
authors.forename: Karlien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cheyns
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wattiau
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smolders
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D017753:Ecosystem; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D000641:Ammonia; D015032:Zinc; D009584:Nitrogen