title: Parental reactions to information about increased genetic risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus in infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the anxiety, emotions, thoughts, and coping behaviors of parents 1 week after they receive the results of screening of their infant's genetic risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  The population-based Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention project conducted in Turku.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents of 443 consecutive high-risk infants and 506 next-born low-risk infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  An infant's genetic risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus was measured from cord blood. High-risk information was delivered by telephone and low-risk information by mail 4 weeks later.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anxiety measured using the state anxiety scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and feelings, thoughts, and coping behaviors extracted from the questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One week after obtaining the results, 67% of mothers and 63% of fathers of high-risk children and 58% of mothers and 54% of fathers of low-risk children had returned the questionnaire. Anxiety levels of parents of high-risk infants were similar to those of parents of low-risk infants (P = .86). More than 90% of the parents thought that it was good to know about the risk. Fifty-five percent of mothers and 37% of fathers of high-risk infants expressed modest worry. Increased anxiety was connected with other stressful life events, catastrophizing thoughts of diabetes mellitus risk, and emotion-focused or avoiding coping attitudes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Learning about their infant's genetic diabetes mellitus risk induces only mild anxiety in most parents. Identifying the few parents with stronger anxiety helps focus intensified counseling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simonen
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keskinen
authors.forename: Maarit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kärkkäinen
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012306:Risk; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires