title: Transglutaminase 2 inhibitor, KCC009, disrupts fibronectin assembly in the extracellular matrix and sensitizes orthotopic glioblastomas to chemotherapy.
abstract: Transglutaminase 2 (TG2, a.k.a. tissue transglutaminase) belongs to a family of transglutaminase enzymes that stabilize proteins by affecting covalent crosslinking via formation of amide bonds. Cell surface TG2 is directly involved as an adhesive receptor in cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Here, we show that TG2 activity is elevated in glioblastomas compared with non-neoplastic brain. Immunofluorescent studies showed increased staining of fibronectin colocalized with TG2 in the ECM in glioblastomas. In addition, small clusters of invading human glioblastoma cells present in non-neoplastic brain parenchyma secrete high levels of TG2 and fibronectin that distinguish them from normal brain stroma. Downregulation of TG2 in U87MG glioblastoma cells with RNAi demonstrated decreased assembly of fibronectin in the ECM. Treatment with KCC009 blocked the remodeling of fibronectin in the ECM in glioblastomas in both in vitro and in vivo studies. KCC009 treatment in mice harboring orthotopic glioblastomas (DBT-FG) sensitized the tumors to N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea chemotherapy, as measured by reduced bioluminescence, increased apoptosis and prolonged survival. The ability of KCC009 to interfere with the permissive remodeling of fibronectin in the ECM in glioblastomas suggests a novel target to enhance sensitivity to chemotherapy directed not only at the tumor mass, but also invading glioblastoma cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Khosla
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Piwnica-Worms
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D002330:Carmustine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D015996:Survival Rate; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005353:Fibronectins; D007555:Isoxazoles; C510621:KCC 009; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D002330:Carmustine