title: Metrology for ultrasonic applications.
abstract: This paper provides a review of current metrological capability applied to the characterisation of the acoustic output of equipment used within medical ultrasonic applications. Key measurement devices, developed to underpin metrology in this area, are the radiation force balance, used to determine total output power, and the piezo-electric hydrophone, used to resolve the spatial and temporal distribution of acoustic pressure. The measurement infrastructure in place within the United Kingdom ensuring users are able to carry out traceable measurements of these quantities in a meaningful way, is described. This includes the relevant primary standards, the way international equivalence of national standards is demonstrated and the routes by which the standards are disseminated to the user community. Emerging measurement techniques that may in future lead to improved measurement capability, are also briefly discussed.
authors.affiliation: Acoustics Team, Quality of Life Division, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK. bajram.zeqiri@npl.co.uk
authors.forename: Bajram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zeqiri
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration / Q000592:standards; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D038622:Internationality; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012016:Reference Values; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*