title: Dual-axes confocal reflectance microscope for distinguishing colonic neoplasia.
abstract: A dual-axes confocal reflectance microscope has been developed that utilizes a narrowband laser at 1310 nm to achieve high axial resolution, image contrast, field of view, and tissue penetration for distinguishing among normal, hyperplastic, and dysplastic colonic mucosa ex vivo. Light is collected off-axis using a low numerical aperture objective to obtain vertical image sections, with 4- to 5-microm resolution, at tissue depths up to 610 microm. Post-objective scanning enables a large field of view (610 x 640 microm), and balanced-heterodyne detection provides sensitivity to collect vertical sections at one frame per second. System optics are optimized to effectively reject out-of-focus scattered light without use of a low-coherence gate. This design is scalable to millimeter dimensions, and the results demonstrate the potential for a miniature instrument to detect precancerous tissues, and hence to perform in vivo histopathology.
authors.affiliation: Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. jonliu@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan T C
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mandella
authors.forename: Shai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Friedland
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soetikno
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Contag
authors.forename: Gordon S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Kino
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity