title: Sperm characteristics and DNA integrity of Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) epididymal spermatozoa frozen in the presence of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants.
abstract: The main goal of this study was to investigate the potential protective effects of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants on cryopreservation injuries to red deer epididymal spermatozoa. In Experiment 1, the effects on sperm freezability of the enzymatic antioxidants catalase, superoxide dismutase, and a combination thereof were studied. In Experiment 2, sperm cryoresistance was evaluated when different nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as vitamin E, vitamin C, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), were added to the freezing extender. Sperm quality was judged in vitro by microscopic assessments of individual sperm motility (SMI), viability, and acrosome (ie, spermatozoa with normal apical ridges; % NAR) and membrane (by means of the HOS test) integrity. To address fully these topics, we incorporated a new set of functional sperm tests for mitochondrial function, membrane phospholipid disorder, and sperm chromatin stability. Samples were evaluated after freezing and thawing, and after a 2-hour period of incubation at 37 degrees C. The present study demonstrates that the addition of enzymatic antioxidants to freezing extenders improves sperm viability after cooling, and improves sperm motility, acrosome integrity, and mitochondrial status (P<.05) after thawing. After a 2-hour incubation period at 37 degrees C in the presence of enzymatic antioxidants, an improvement in membrane integrity (P<.05) was observed. However, when nonenzymatic antioxidants were present in the freezing diluents, no positive effects on thawed sperm parameters were noted. The chromatin stability test did not show significant differences between the treatments. We conclude that enzymatic antioxidants should be present in the early steps of cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa from red deer, so as to improve motility and acrosome integrity.
authors.affiliation: Biology of Reproduction Group, Department of Game Resources (IDR), Castilla-La Mancha University (UCLM), Albacete, Spain.
authors.forename: María R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Fernández-Santos
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martínez-Pastor
authors.forename: Vanesa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: García-Macías
authors.forename: Milagros C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Esteso
authors.forename: Ana J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Soler
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Anel
authors.forename: José J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Garde
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene / Q000494:pharmacology; D002374:Catalase / Q000494:pharmacology; D015925:Cryopreservation; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D003670:Deer / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000494:pharmacology; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014810:Vitamin E; D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D001205:Ascorbic Acid