title: Combined treatments of spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl for management of resistant psocid pests (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) of stored grain.
abstract: The combined efficacy of spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl was determined against four storage psocid pests belonging to genus Liposcelis. This research was undertaken because of the increasing importance of these psocids in stored grain and the problem of finding grain protectants to control resistant strains. Firstly, mortality and reproduction were determined for adults exposed to wheat freshly treated with either spinosad (0.5 and 1 mg kg(-1)) or chlorpyrifos-methyl (2.5, 5 and 10 mg kg(-1)) or combinations of spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl at 30 degrees C and 70% RH. There were significant effects of application rate of spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl, both individually and in combination, on adult mortality and progeny reduction of all four psocids. Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel and L. decolor (Pearman) responded similarly, with incomplete control of adults and progeny at both doses of spinosad but complete control in all chlorpyrifos-methyl and combined treatments. In L. entomophila (Enderlein) and L. paeta Pearman, however, complete control of adults and progeny was only achieved in the combined treatments, with the exception of spinosad 0.5 mg kg(-1) plus chlorpyrifos-methyl 2.5 mg kg(-1) against L. entomophila. Next, combinations of spinosad (0.5 and 1 mg kg(-1)) and chlorpyrifos-methyl (2.5, 5 and 10 mg kg(-1)) in bioassays after 0, 1.5 and 3 months storage of treated wheat were evaluated. The best treatment was 1 mg kg(-1) of spinosad plus 10 mg kg(-1) of chlorpyrifos-methyl, providing up to 3 months of protection against infestations of all four Liposcelis spp. on wheat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia. manoj.nayak@dpi.qld.gov.au
authors.forename: Manoj K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Daglish
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004357:Drug Synergism; D016266:Food Parasitology; D007313:Insecta; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014908:Triticum / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; C007031:chlorpyrifos-methyl; C415329:spinosad