title: Comparison of serum markers in first-trimester down syndrome screening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate patterns of total hCG and inhibin A levels in the late first trimester of Down syndrome pregnancies, compare them with that of free beta-hCG, and assess screening performance of these markers individually and in combination with pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and nuchal translucency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine matched case-control sets of maternal serum samples (each Down syndrome case matched to 5 controls) from 11 through 13 completed weeks of gestation were taken from the sample bank of the First and Second Trimester Evaluation of Risk Consortium, a population-based study, and assayed for levels of free beta-hCG, total hCG, and inhibin A. Distribution characteristics and correlations of the multiples of the median values were estimated in cases and controls. Screening performance for each marker, alone and in combination with PAPP-A, nuchal translucency, and maternal age, was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median multiples of the median levels of free beta-hCG, total hCG, and inhibin A in cases were more elevated as gestation increased from 11 to 13 weeks, with univariate detection rates of 31%, 23%, and 29%, respectively, at a 5% false-positive rate. At 12 weeks, the multivariate detection rates at a 5% false-positive rate for nuchal translucency and PAPP-A (with maternal age) with either free beta-hCG, total hCG, or inhibin A were 84%, 83%, and 85%, respectively. The improvement in performance from nuchal translucency and PAPP-A to any of the three-marker tests was significant, while performance of any of the three-marker combinations was not significantly different from each other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although levels of free beta-hCG in affected pregnancies were higher earlier than the levels of either total hCG or inhibin A, there was no significant difference in screening performance when either of the three markers was used with nuchal translucency and PAPP-A at 11-13 weeks of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  II-2.
authors.affiliation: Women and Infants Hospital and Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: Jacob A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Canick
authors.forename: Geralyn M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lambert-Messerlian
authors.forename: Glenn E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Palomaki
authors.forename: Louis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Neveux
authors.forename: Fergal D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.forename: Christine H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Comstock
authors.forename: Radek
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bukowski
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Saade
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.forename: Pe'er
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dar
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dugoff
authors.forename: Sabrina D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Craigo
authors.forename: Ilan E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Timor-Tritsch
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Honor M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: D'Alton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000097:blood*; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000097:blood; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007265:Inhibins / Q000097:blood*; D048208:Nuchal Translucency Measurement; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A / Q000032:analysis*; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; C422362:inhibin A; D007265:Inhibins; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A