title: Distribution of nanoparticles in the see-through medaka (Oryzias latipes).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because the environmental fate of manufactured nanoparticles is considered an emerging environmental concern, I used water-suspended fluorescent nanoparticles (solid latex solution) to investigate the distribution of nanoparticles in the eggs and bodies of see-through medaka (Oryzias latipes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Particles 39.4-42,000 nm in diameter were adsorbed to the chorion of medaka eggs and accumulated in the oil droplets; 474-nm particles had the highest bioavailability to eggs. Particles 39.4 nm in diameter shifted into the yolk and gallbladder during embryonic development. Adult medaka accumulated 39.4-nm nanoparticles mainly in the gills and intestine when exposed to a 10-mg/L nanoparticle solution. Nanoparticles were also detected in the brain, testis, liver, and blood. Concentrations of nanoparticles in the blood of male and female medaka were 16.5 and 10.5 ng/mg blood protein, respectively. These results suggest that nanoparticles are capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier and that they eventually reach the brain. Salinity-dependent acute toxicity was observed in medaka eggs exposed for 24 hr to nanoparticles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bioavailability and toxicity of nanoparticles depend on environmental factors and multiple physicochemical properties. Further studies on the toxic effects of nanoparticles used in commercial products and their environmental relevance, are necessary to define the risks and benefit of nanomaterial applications.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Environmental Chemical Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan. shosaku@nies.go.jp
authors.forename: Shosaku
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kashiwada
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D005453:Fluorescence; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D009990:Oryzias; D010316:Particle Size; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D015053:Zygote / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical