title: A systematic review finds that methodological quality is better than its reputation but can be improved in physiotherapy trials in childhood cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify critical issues in performing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on complex interventions such as physiotherapy in multifaceted disabilities like cerebral palsy (CP); to systematically assess how well trials handled patient characteristics, key components of complex interventions, and outcome assessments; to make suggestions for improving the effectiveness of physiotherapy research.
  
  
  METHODS
  A methodological review. An ongoing metareview served as sampling frame. RCTs on physiotherapy in children with CP published after 1990 were eligible. The main outcome measures were sampling, recruitment, and comparability of groups; defined components of a complex intervention; outcome measures according to the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning and clinical interpretation of score change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-seven clinical trials were identified, of which 14 RCTs were included. Most studies used simple randomization, complemented by balancing techniques such as matching or stratification. Only three of 14 studies specified concealed allocation. Numerous studies provided sufficient details on components of a complex intervention (e.g., 'standardized intervention' (12/14); 'the active therapeutic ingredient' (8/15). Overlap of instruments across studies was poor, only instruments on activity endpoints were more homogeneous. The clinical interpretation of observed score changes was mostly missing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found good to fair methodological quality in a considerable number of RCTs on physiotherapy in CP children. Nevertheless, improvement is indicated for certain areas in design and performance of future studies. This review shows that informative RCTs on complex interventions for multifaceted disabilities are feasible.
authors.affiliation: Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital of Basel, Hebelstrasse 10, 4031 Basel, Switzerland. rkunz@uhbs.ch
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kunz
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Autti-Rämö
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Anttila
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malmivaara
authors.forename: Marjukka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
mesh_terms: D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D018579:Patient Selection; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D012107:Research Design; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome