title: Efficacy of SSG and SSG/IFNalpha2 against human prostate cancer xenograft tumors in mice: a role for direct growth inhibition in SSG anti-tumor action.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pre-clinical activity of SSG against melanoma and renal cancer has been identified recently although the drug's mechanism of action and activity against tumors of additional histological-types remain undefined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of SSG and SSG combination with other agents on DU145 human prostate carcinoma xenograft tumors in mice and on DU145 cell subpopulations of differential SSG sensitivities were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DU145 tumor growth was inhibited by SSG (69%), IFNalpha2 (33%) or the combination (80%) that induced complete regression of WM9 human melanoma tumors. DU145 cells in culture were also partially growth inhibited by SSG at killing doses (200-800 mug/ml) for WM9 cells, indicating a correlation of SSG inhibition of cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. DU145 cells formed multiple micro tumors in mice treated with SSG or SSG/IFNalpha2 in contrast to the single large tumors in the control or IFNalpha2-treated mice, suggesting the existence of an SSG-resistant subpopulation in DU145 cells. Indeed, DU145 but not WM9 cells formed colonies (approximately 4% frequency) when cultured in the presence of SSG. Single cell clone (DU145-7) isolated from DU145 cells showed SSG-resistant growth in culture, unassociated with cross-resistance to IFNalpha2 and converted to SSG-responsive cells by BSO that inhibited intracellular glutathione levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results implicate a role for direct growth inhibition in SSG anti-tumor action, provide novel insights into the mechanism of tumor resistance to the drug and suggest a therapeutic potential for SSG and its combinations with IFNalpha2 or BSO for prostate cancer that warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NB4-67, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Farver
authors.forename: Ernest C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Borden
authors.forename: Taolin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000967:Antimony Sodium Gluconate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D016898:Interferon-alpha; D000967:Antimony Sodium Gluconate