title: Anaerovirgula multivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel spore-forming, alkaliphilic anaerobe isolated from Owens Lake, California, USA.
abstract: A novel, alkaliphilic, obligately anaerobic bacterium, strain SCAT, was isolated from mud sediments of a soda lake in California, USA. The rod-shaped cells were motile, Gram-positive, formed spores and were 0.4-0.5x2.5-5.0 microm in size. Growth occurred within the pH range 6.7-10.0 and was optimal at pH 8.5. The temperature range for growth was 10-45 degrees C, with optimal growth at 35 degrees C. NaCl was required for growth. Growth occurred at 0.5-9.0% (w/v) NaCl and was optimal at 1-2% (w/v). The novel isolate was a catalase-negative chemo-organoheterotroph that fermented sugars, proteolysis products, some organic and amino acids, glycerol, d-cellobiose and cellulose. It was also capable of growth by the Stickland reaction. Strain SCAT was sensitive to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, rifampicin and gentamicin, but it was resistant to ampicillin and kanamycin. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 34.2 mol%. Major fatty acid components were C14:0, iso-C15:0, C16:1omega9c and C16:0. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of strain SCAT showed a similarity of approximately 97% with the type strains of Clostridium formicaceticum and Clostridium aceticum in clostridial cluster XI and a similarity of less than 94.2% to any other recognized Clostridium species and those of related genera in this cluster. Strain SCAT was clearly differentiated from C. formicaceticum and C. aceticum based on comparison of their phenotypic properties and fatty acid profiles, as well as low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain SCAT and the type strains of these two species. Therefore, strain SCAT is considered to represent a novel species of a new genus, Anaerovirgula multivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., in clostridial cluster XI. The type strain is SCAT (=ATCC BAA-1084T=JCM 12857T=DSM 17722T=CIP 107910T).
authors.affiliation: National Space Sciences and Technology Center/NASA, XD-12, 320 Sparkman Dr., Astrobiology Laboratory, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA.
authors.forename: Elena V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Pikuta
authors.affiliation: Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.affiliation: American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krader
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Monitoring Programs Office, 8609 Sudley Rd, suite 206, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2605, USA.
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Whitman
authors.affiliation: National Space Sciences and Technology Center/NASA, XD-12, 320 Sparkman Dr., Astrobiology Laboratory, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA.
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hoover
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001482:Base Composition; D002140:California; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000032:analysis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D020459:Genes, rRNA; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology*; D016937:Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Rods / Q000145:classification* / Q000166:cytology / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009068:Movement; D010802:Phylogeny; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D005227:Fatty Acids; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D002374:Catalase