title: Medical preparedness against chemical and biological incidents for the NATO Summit in Istanbul and lessons learned.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the 2004 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Summit, essential counter-measures, including medical preparedness, were taken to cope with any suspected terrorist case or events including the use of chemical or biological (CB) weapons. The Summit was held in Istanbul, a city that bridges two continents, and involved the participation of many Heads of State, Prime Ministers, and Defense Ministers from 26 NATO countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  First responders, including medical Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) teams, received special training. Essential equipment, including drugs, antidotes, detectors, etc., was provided and stock-piled. Medical authorities augmented the capacity for identifying and controlling the injuries and any emerging CB incident through the set-up of decontamination units and the procurement of medical devices, antidotes, drugs, and personal protective suits. Additionally, a small part of the recently established NATO-CBRN battalion was welcomed to the Summit and was prepared to perform detection and identification of the agent found in suspicious appearing samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although no CB incident was reported during the Summit, extensive experience was gained with respect to medical preparedness against CB terrorism. Sampling, detection, and analysis of toxic materials were taken into account in the medical management. Much laboratory-related work was conducted in the following time period. The laboratory work involved the standardization of sampling and transportation procedures, development of both mobile and reference laboratories, and performing research activities aimed to make the CB analysis more efficient. Although the training of the medical staff was advanced, training should be continuous and supported with educational programs, conferences, meetings, and tabletop and hospital medical exercises throughout the country.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multidisciplinary cooperation, training, and preparedness should be provided to basic medical care units and centers as part of the medical planning aimed at perfect detection and surveillance, laboratory analysis, and emergency response.
authors.affiliation: Department of NBC Defense, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey. lkenar@gara.edu.tr
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kenar
authors.forename: Turan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karayilanoglu
mesh_terms: D023482:Bioterrorism; D051337:Chemical Terrorism; D003226:Congresses as Topic; D004189:Disaster Planning; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel; D014421:Turkey