title: Measurement of skin temperature after infrared laser stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several types of lasers are available for eliciting laser evoked responses (LEPs). In order to understand advantages and drawbacks of each one, and to use it properly, it is important that the pattern of skin heating is known and duly considered. This study was aimed at assessing the skin temperature during and immediately after irradiation with pulses by Nd:YAP and CO(2) lasers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The back of the non-dominant hand was irradiated in 8 subjects. Temperatures were measured by a fast analogical pyrometer (5 ms response time). Stimuli were tested on natural colour (white) and blackened skin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nd:YAP pulses yielded temperatures that were correlated with pulse energy, but not with pulse duration; much higher temperatures were obtained irradiating blackened skin than white skin (ranges 100-194 degrees C vs 35-46 degrees C). Temperature decay was extremely slow in white skin, reaching its basal value in more than 30 s. CO(2) pulses delivered with power of 3W and 6W yielded temperatures of 69-87 degrees C on white skin, and 138-226 degrees C on blackened skin. Temperature decay was very fast (4-8 ms).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in peak temperatures and decay times between lasers and tested conditions depend on energy and volume of heated skin. The highest temperatures are reached with lesser degree of penetration, as in the case of CO(2) laser and blackened skin. Taking into account the temperature decay time of the skin, the minimum interstimulus interval to get reliable LEPs should be no less than 10 s for Nd:YAP and 100 ms for CO(2) laser. Another important practical consequence of the heating pattern is that the Nd:YAP pulses will activate warmth receptors more easily than CO(2).
authors.affiliation: Interuniversity Centre for Pain Neurophysiology, University of Genova, via Dodecaneso 35, 16146 Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leandri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saturno
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spadavecchia
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Iannetti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cruccu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Truini
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D007834:Lasers; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012880:Skin Pigmentation; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide