title: Social and demographic predictors of no transport prior to premature cardiac death: United States 1999-2000.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the United States, over one-third of premature cardiac deaths occur outside of a hospital, without any transport prior to death. Transport prior to death is a strong, valid indicator of help-seeking behavior. We used national vital statistics data to examine social and demographic predictors of risk of no transport prior to cardiac death. We hypothesized that persons of lower social class, immigrants, non-metropolitan residents, racial/ethnic minorities, men, and younger decedents would be more likely to die prior to transport.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study population consisted of adult residents of the United States, aged 25 to 64 years, who died from heart disease during 1999-2000 (n = 242,406). We obtained transport status from the place of death variable on the death certificate. The independent effects of social and demographic predictor variables on the risk of a cardiac victim dying prior to transport vs. the risk of dying during or after transport to hospital were modeled using logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results contradicted most of our a priori hypotheses. Persons of lower social class, immigrants, most non-metropolitan residents, and racial/ethnic minorities were all at lower risk of dying prior to transport. The greatest protective effect was found for racial/ethnic minority decedents compared with whites. The strongest adverse effect was found for marital status: the risk of dying with no transport was more than twice as high for those who were single (OR 2.35; 95% CI 2.29-2.40) or divorced (OR 2.29; 95% CI 2.24-2.34), compared with married decedents. Geographically, residents of the Western United States were at a 47% increased risk of dying prior to transport compared with residents of the metropolitan South.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that marital status, a broad marker of household structure, social networks, and social support, is more important than social class or race/ethnicity as a predictor of access to emergency medical services for persons who suffer an acute cardiac event. Future research should focus on ascertaining "event histories" for all acute cardiac events that occur in a community, with the goal of identifying the residents most susceptible to cardiac fatalities prior to medical intervention and transport.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. ebarnett@health.usf.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reader
authors.forename: Beverly G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Michele L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Casper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003710:Demography; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014187:Transportation of Patients; D014481:United States