title: Management of an outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease among geriatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a nosocomial outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A traditional outbreak investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Geriatric department of a tertiary care teaching hospital from March through April 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outbreak was detected by the C. difficile surveillance program of the infection control unit. CDAD was diagnosed by stool culture and fecal toxin A detection with a qualitative rapid immunoassay. Isolates of C. difficile were serotyped and genotyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of CDAD increased from 27 cases per 100,000 patient-days in the 6-month period before the outbreak to 99 cases per 100,000 patient-days during the outbreak. This outbreak involved 21 of 92 patients in 4 geriatric wards, which were located at 2 geographically distinct sites and staffed by the same medical team. The mean age of patients was 83 years (range, 71-100 years). Five (24%) of the 21 patients had community-acquired diarrhea, and secondary hospital transmission resulted in 3 clusters involving 16 patients. Serotyping and genotyping were performed on isolates in stool specimens from 19 different patients; 16 of these isolates were serotype A1, whereas 3 displayed profiles different from the outbreak strain. Management of this outbreak consisted in reinforcement of contact isolation precautions for patients with diarrhea, cohorting of infected patients in the same ward, and promotion of hand hygiene. Relapses occurred in 6 (29%) of 21 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Control of this rapidly developing outbreak of CDAD was obtained with early implementation of cohorting and ward closure and reinforcement of environmental disinfection, hand hygiene, and enteric isolation precautions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium. soraya.cherifi@chu-brugmann.be
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cherifi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delmee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Broeck
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Byl
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mascart
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005853:Geriatrics; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006757:Hospital Units; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012440:Saccharomyces; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D008795:Metronidazole; D014640:Vancomycin