title: The development of emotion-processing in children: effects of age, emotion, and intensity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examined the effects of age and two novel factors (intensity and emotion category) on healthy children's developing emotion-processing from 4 to 15 years using two matching paradigms.
  
  
  METHODS
  An explicit emotion-matching task was employed in which children matched the emotion of a target individual, and an implicit task whereby participants ignored the emotive facial stimulus and matched identity. Four intensities (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) for each of five emotion categories (sad, anger, happy, fear, and disgust) were included and provided a novel avenue of emotion-processing exploration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing age significantly improved children's performance on both tasks, particularly for fear and disgust. Age was not associated with more subtle processing (i.e., lower intensity of expression). When explicitly matching emotion expressions, increasing intensity was associated with improved performance. When matching identities (implicit emotion-matching), emotion category and intensity influenced task performance. Sex effects were minimal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children, age, facial expression intensity and emotion category are important for predicting accuracy on emotion-processing tasks. Emotion category and expression intensity differentially affect performance on explicit and implicit emotion-processing tasks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, KCL, UK. c.herba@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Herba
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Landau
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ecker
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D004644:Emotions; D005149:Facial Expression; D006801:Humans; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D012660:Semantics; D012737:Sex Factors