title: Evidence for persistent, occult infection in neonatal macaques following perinatal transmission of simian-human immunodeficiency virus SF162P3.
abstract: To model human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) perinatal transmission, we studied infection of simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) SF162P3 in 10 pregnant Macaca nemestrina females and their offspring. Four of nine infants born to and suckled by these dams had evidence of infection, a transmission rate of 44.4% (95% confidence interval, 13.7% to 78.8%). We quantified transplacentally acquired and de novo Env-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and neutralizing antibodies in newborns. Transmission of escape variants was confirmed. In utero infection (n = 1) resulted in high viremia, depletion of peripheral CD4+ T cells, and rapid evolution of env in blood and tissues. Peripartum or postpartum SHIV infection (n = 3) resulted in postacute viral control that was undetectable by very sensitive multiplex PCR, despite increasing antibodies. Seropositive infants with highly controlled viremia had homogeneous peripheral blood env sequences, and their tissues had <3 copies per million cells. A high incidence of seropositive virus-low or -negative SHIV infection in infant macaques has implications for HIV type 1 perinatal transmission and detection.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathobiology, National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Pushpa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jayaraman
authors.forename: Tuofu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Lynda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Misher
authors.forename: Deepika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: LaRene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Polacino
authors.forename: Barbra A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Helle
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bielefeldt-Ohmann
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Shiu-Lok
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Haigwood
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D015686:Gene Products, env / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008254:Macaca nemestrina; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000821:virology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014766:Viremia / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D015686:Gene Products, env; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M