Changes in genetic and environmental influences on depressive symptoms across adolescence and young adulthood.
BACKGROUND
Depression rises markedly in adolescence, a time when increased and new genetic influences have been reported.


OBJECTIVE
To examine'new'and'stable' genetic and environmental factors on depressive symptoms in adolescence and young adulthood.


METHODS
A questionnaire survey investigated a sample of twin and sibling pairs at three time points over an approximately 3-year period. Over 1800 twin and sibling pairs reported depressive symptoms at the three time points. Data were analysed using multivariate genetic models.


RESULTS
Depressive symptoms at all time points were moderately heritable with substantial non-shared environmental contributions. Wave 1 genetic factors accounted for continuity of symptoms at waves 2 and 3. 'New'genetic effects at wave 2 also influenced wave 3 symptoms. New non-shared environmental influences emerged at each time point.


CONCLUSIONS
New genetic and environmental influences may explain age-related increases in depression across development.
Lau
Jennifer Y F
JY
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health,15K North Drive, Room 211, Bethesda, MD 20892-2670, USA. lauj@mail.nih.gov
Eley
Thalia C
TC
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D004777:Environment; D004782:Environmental Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D035781:Siblings; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014427:Twins