title: In vitro tests to evaluate immunotoxicity: a preliminary study.
abstract: The implementation of Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of new and existing Chemicals (REACH) will increase the number of laboratory animals used, if alternative methods will not be available. In the meantime, REACH promotes the use of in vitro tests and, therefore, a set of appropriated alternative testing methods and assessment strategies are needed. The immune system can be a target for many chemicals including environmental contaminants and drugs with potential adverse effects on human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictivity of a set of in vitro assays to detect immunosuppression. The tests have been performed on human, rat and murine cells. Different endpoints have been assessed: cytotoxicity, cytokine release, myelotoxicity and mitogen responsiveness. For each of these endpoints IC50s values have been calculated. Six chemical substances, representative of the full range of in vivo responses and for which good human and/or animal data are available either from databases or literature, have been selected: two chemicals classified as not immunotoxic (Urethane and Furosemide), and four (tributyltin chloride (TBTC), Verapamil, Cyclosporin A, Benzo(a)pyrene) with different effect on immune system. All the tests confirmed the strong immunotoxic effect of TBTC as well as they confirmed the negative controls. For one chemical (Verapamil) the IC50 is similar through the different tests. The IC50s obtained with the other chemicals depend on the endpoints and on the animal species. The clonogenic test (CFU-GM) and the mitogen responsiveness showed similar IC50s between human and rodent cells except for Cyclosporin A and TBTC. All different tests classified the compounds analyzed in the same way.
authors.affiliation: ECVAM, IHCP, JRC, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy. maria.carfi@jrc.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carfi'
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gennari
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Malerba
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corsini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pallardy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pieters
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Loveren
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Vohr
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hartung
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gribaldo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000633:toxicity; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000276:immunology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000633:toxicity; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005665:Furosemide / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D000922:Immunotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D014520:Urethane / Q000633:toxicity; D014700:Verapamil / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D017252:CD3 Complex; D016207:Cytokines; D000922:Immunotoxins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; D014520:Urethane; C011559:tributyltin; D005665:Furosemide; D016572:Cyclosporine; D014700:Verapamil