title: Recirculatory pharmacokinetic model of the uptake, distribution, and bioavailability of prochlorperazine administered as a thermally generated aerosol in a single breath to dogs.
abstract: A thermal aerosol generation process is capable of delivering pure drug reliably to the alveoli where it is absorbed systemically. Although deep lung absorption of drugs administered as an aerosol has been shown to be rapid, detailed characterization of their absorption and distribution has not been reported. The present study describes the pharmacokinetics of prochlorperazine from the moment of administration as either a rapid intravenous infusion or a thermally generated aerosol and determines the bioavailability of the aerosol by two independent methods. Prochlorperazine disposition was determined in four anesthetized dogs after a 5-s intravenous infusion and after thermally generated aerosol administration in one breath. Venous blood samples were collected frequently from the time of drug administration to 24 h and left ventricular blood samples were drawn more often until 10 min after drug administration. Prochlorperazine disposition after intravenous and aerosol administration was characterized by fitting a recirculatory model to left ventricular and venous drug concentration data simultaneously. Prochlorperazine aerosol administration produced plasma drug concentrations similar to those after rapid intravenous administration of the same nominal dose, with peak left ventricular concentrations achieved in less than 30 s. Plasma concentration profiles of prochlorperazine administered by both routes were well described by the recirculatory model. Bioavailability of the thermally generated aerosol was consistent and averaged more than 80% of emitted dose. Pulmonary administration of a thermally generated drug aerosol in one breath may be a viable alternative to rapid intravenous administration of drugs requiring rapid and predictable production of effective plasma concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Mary Beth Donnelley Clinical Pharmacology Core Facility, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA. mja190@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Avram
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Henthorn
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Spyker
authors.forename: Tom C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Krejcie
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: James V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Cassella
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rabinowitz
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008954:Models, Biological; D011346:Prochlorperazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D011346:Prochlorperazine