title: Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathologically advanced prostate cancer: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite a stage-shift to earlier cancer stages and lower tumor volumes for prostate cancer, pathologically advanced disease is detected at radical prostatectomy in 38% to 52% of patients. However, the optimal management of these patients after radical prostatectomy is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether adjuvant radiotherapy improves metastasis-free survival in patients with stage pT3 N0 M0 prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, prospective, multi-institutional, US clinical trial with enrollment between August 15, 1988, and January 1, 1997 (with database frozen for statistical analysis on September 21, 2005). Patients were 425 men with pathologically advanced prostate cancer who had undergone radical prostatectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men were randomly assigned to receive 60 to 64 Gy of external beam radiotherapy delivered to the prostatic fossa (n = 214) or usual care plus observation (n = 211).
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome was metastasis-free survival, defined as time to first occurrence of metastatic disease or death due to any cause. Secondary outcomes included prostate-specific antigen (PSA) relapse, recurrence-free survival, overall survival, freedom from hormonal therapy, and postoperative complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 425 men, median follow-up was 10.6 years (interquartile range, 9.2-12.7 years). For metastasis-free survival, 76 (35.5%) of 214 men in the adjuvant radiotherapy group were diagnosed with metastatic disease or died (median metastasis-free estimate, 14.7 years), compared with 91 (43.1%) of 211 (median metastasis-free estimate, 13.2 years) of those in the observation group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.75; 95% CI, 0.55-1.02; P = .06). There were no significant between-group differences for overall survival (71 deaths, median survival of 14.7 years for radiotherapy vs 83 deaths, median survival of 13.8 years for observation; HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.58-1.09; P = .16). PSA relapse (median PSA relapse-free survival, 10.3 years for radiotherapy vs 3.1 years for observation; HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.31-0.58; P<.001) and disease recurrence (median recurrence-free survival, 13.8 years for radiotherapy vs 9.9 years for observation; HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.46-0.82; P = .001) were both significantly reduced with radiotherapy. Adverse effects were more common with radiotherapy vs observation (23.8% vs 11.9%), including rectal complications (3.3% vs 0%), urethral strictures (17.8% vs 9.5%), and total urinary incontinence (6.5% vs 2.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In men who had undergone radical prostatectomy for pathologically advanced prostate cancer, adjuvant radiotherapy resulted in significantly reduced risk of PSA relapse and disease recurrence, although the improvements in metastasis-free survival and overall survival were not statistically significant. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00394511.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, MC-7845, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA. thompsoni@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tangen
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paradelo
authors.forename: M Scott
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lucia
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Troyer
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Messing
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Canby-Hagino
authors.forename: E David
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Crawford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen