title: Bid-independent mitochondrial activation in tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis and liver injury.
abstract: The death receptor apoptosis pathway is intimately connected with the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Bid is a BH3-only pro-death Bcl-2 family protein and is the major molecule linking the two pathways. Bid-mediated mitochondrial activation occurs early and is responsible for the prompt progress of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced apoptosis. However, in both cultured cells and animal models of TNF-alpha-induced injury, later-phase Bid-independent mitochondrial activation could be demonstrated. Consequently, bid-deficient mice are still susceptible to endotoxin-induced liver injury and mortality. Notably, embryonic hepatocyte apoptosis and lethality caused by TNF-alpha in the absence of p65relA cannot be rescued by the simultaneous deletion of bid. Further studies indicate that multiple mechanisms including reactive oxygen species, JNK, and permeability transition are critically involved in Bid-independent mitochondrial activation. Inhibition of these events suppresses TNF-alpha-induced mitochondrial activation and apoptosis in bid-deficient cells. These findings thus indicate that there are at least two sets of mechanisms of mitochondrial activation upon TNF-alpha stimulation. While the Bid-mediated mechanism is rapid and potent, the Bid-independent mechanism progresses gradually and involves multiple players. The critical involvement of Bid-independent mitochondrial activation in TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis demands the intervention of TNF-alpha-mediated tissue injury via multiple avenues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Scaife Hall, 7th Floor, Room S739, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wen-Xing
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Hong-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Wentao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Ying-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Andrea A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gambotto
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Amer A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Beg
authors.forename: Xiao-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D020964:Embryo Loss; D005260:Female; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology*; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein; C494815:Bid protein, mouse; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C498144:Rela protein, mouse; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4