title: Renal arterial resistive index response to intraabdominal hypertension in a porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The abdominal compartment syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition with frequent renal involvement. There are few if any means of inferring subclinical effects before organ dysfunction. Because intrarenal pressure correlates with renal sonographic indices in other renal diseases, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between increasing intraabdominal hypertension and renal vascular flow velocities in a porcine model using renal Doppler ultrasound.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, well-hydrated, 30-kg female Yorkshire pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intraabdominal hypertension was induced by instillation of warmed intraperitoneal saline through a midline laparoscopic port. Intraabdominal pressure (IAP) was continuously monitored directly from the peritoneum and indirectly from the bladder. IAP was varied from 0 to 50 mm Hg in increments of 5 mm Hg. At each IAP level, gray-scale, color, and spectral Doppler renal arcuate artery ultrasound was obtained and resistive index (RI) and peak airway pressure calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excellent agreement between direct and indirect IAP was found (bias, 0.032 mm Hg; 95% limits, -5.5 to 5.6 mm Hg). A linear relationship between RI and indirect IAP was observed and was defined by the regression equation: RI = 0.553 + 0.0104 x bladder pressure. There was a trend toward different RIs between left and right kidneys (p = .052) at the same IAP. RI varied in a linear fashion at low peak airway pressure and demonstrated an inflection point with steeper subsequent slope after peak airway pressure of 30 cm H2O. RI values rapidly returned to near baseline after abdominal decompression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this model, the renal artery RI correlated strongly and linearly with the severity of intraabdominal hypertension, making renal Doppler ultrasound a potential noninvasive screening tool for the renal effects of intraabdominal hypertension. Further studies are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Colistro
authors.forename: Kevin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Laupland
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Konkin
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kock
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mayo
authors.forename: Savvas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nicolaou
mesh_terms: D034841:Abdominal Cavity; D000818:Animals; D015982:Bias; D003161:Compartment Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D008403:Mass Screening; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012079:Renal Circulation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013552:Swine; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D014546:Urinary Catheterization; D014655:Vascular Resistance