title: Eye-closure-triggered paroxysmal activity and cognitive impairment: a case report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the neuropsychological status of an epileptic patient presenting with epileptic activity triggered by eye closure in a 14-year follow-up period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patient was studied at 12 and 26 years of age; during this period he underwent periodical clinical evaluations and EEG investigations; brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at 12 years of age. A neuropsychological assessment was carried out both at 12 years of age (T0) and at 26 years of age. At T0 and T1, neuropsychological tests (digits and words span, graphoestesia, reactions time to auditory stimuli, sentences repetition, words repetition, digital gnosis, backward counting [i.e.,100-0]) were performed during video-EEG monitoring either with eyes closed or with eyes open, to evaluate possible transitory effects related to ongoing epileptic activity. Moreover, at T0 the patient underwent Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, and at T1 to Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EEG recordings showed continuous epileptic activity triggered by eye closure, disappearing only with eyes opening, both at T0 and T1 (in this latter case, anteriorly predominant). The results of neuropsychological assessment during eyes closed as compared to performances with eyes open did not show significant differences, at T0 as well as at T1. Wechsler Intelligence scales showed a deterioration of performances at T1 with respect to T0; in addition, at T1, attention and short-term memory abnormalities, impairment in facial recognition and block design, and defective results in Continuous Performance Test and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of differences between the results of neuropsychological tests performed with eyes closed as compared to the eyes open condition suggests that in our patient epileptic activity did not cause transitory cognitive abnormalities. Deterioration of Wechsler Intelligence Scales in the follow-up period might be interpreted as the result of a disruption of cognitive processes possibly related to the persistence of a continuous epileptic activity during eye closure over the years. We speculate whether a dysfunction in posterior cortical areas involved in visual processing might be related to the impairment in face recognition and block design tests as well to eye closure sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy. cristiano.termine@uninsubria.it
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Termine
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rubboli
authors.forename: Pierangelo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veggiotti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020195:Epilepsy, Reflex / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D005143:Eyelids / Q000502:physiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014743:Videotape Recording; D014888:Wechsler Scales