title: Neuroprotection targets after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The scarcity of pharmacological neuroprotective treatments for traumatic brain injury is a concern being targeted on various fronts. This review examines the latest treatments under investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the last 12-18 months, no drug has completed phase III clinical trials as a clearly proven method to treat traumatic brain injury. While the drugs work in rodents, when they make it to clinical trial they have failed primarily due to negative side-effects. Those still in trial show promise, and even those rejected have undergone modifications and now show potential, e.g. second-generation N-methyl-D-aspartic acid and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-methyl-4-isoxazolyl-propionic acid receptor antagonists, calpain inhibitors, and cyclosporine A analogues. Also, several drugs not previously given much attention, such as the antibiotic minocycline, estrogen and progesterone, and a drug already approved for other diseases, erythropoietin, are being examined. Finally, a treatment generating some controversy, but showing potential, is the application of hypothermia to the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clearly, finding treatments for traumatic brain injury is not going to be easy and is evidently going to require numerous trials. The good news is that we are closer to finding one or more methods for treating traumatic brain injury patients.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute of the University of Florida, 100 S. Newell Drive, Box 100256, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. kwang@psychiatry.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Kevin K W
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Larner
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hayes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D004921:Erythropoietin