title: Trust relations in health care: developing a theoretical framework for the "new" NHS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper seeks to address how and why trust relations in the NHS may be changing and presents a theoretical framework for exploring them in future empirical research.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper provides a conceptual analysis. It proposes that public and patient trust in health care in the U.K. appears to be shaped by a variety of factors. From a macro perspective, any changes in levels of public trust in health care institutions appear to derive partly from top-down policy initiatives that have altered the way in which health services are organised and partly from broader social and cultural processes. A variety of policy initiatives, including the introduction of clinical governance and the resulting use of performance management to scrutinise and change clinical activity, increasing patient choice and involvement in decision-making regarding their care, are examined for how they have changed the context for trust relations within the NHS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It is argued that these policy initiatives have produced a new context for trust relations within the NHS, shifting the inter-dependence and distribution of power between patients, clinicians, and mangers and changing their vulnerability to each other and to health care institutions. The paper presents a theoretical framework based on current policy discourses which illustrates how new forms of trust relations may be emerging in this new context of health care delivery, reflecting a change in motivations for trust from affect based to cognition based trust as patients, clinicians and managers become more active partners in trust relations. The framework suggests that trust relations in all three types of relationship in the "new" modernised NHS might, in general, be particularly characterised by an emphasis on communication, providing information and the use of "evidence" to support decisions in a reciprocal, negotiated alliance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The paper examines the drivers for change in trust in health care relations in the U.K. and develops a theoretical framework for the emergence of new trust relations that can be subsequently explored through empirical research.
authors.affiliation: MRC HSRC, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. m.w.calnan@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calnan
mesh_terms: D018166:Health Care Reform; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011050:Policy Making; D011639:Public Opinion; D013222:State Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration*; D035502:Trust; D006113:United Kingdom