title: Optimal bandaging of smallpox vaccination sites to decrease the potential for secondary vaccinia transmission without impairing lesion healing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the optimal method for covering smallpox vaccination sites to prevent transmission of vaccinia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, nonblinded clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vaccinia-naive and vaccinia-experienced volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  After vaccination, study participants were randomized to receive 1 of 3 types of bandage: gauze, occlusive with gauze lining, or foam. Vaccination sites were assessed every 3 to 5 days until the lesion healed. During each visit, specimens were obtained from the vaccination site, the bandage surface before removal, and the index finger contralateral to the vaccination site and were cultured for vaccinia. Time to lesion healing was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 48 vaccinia-naive and 47 (87%) of 54 vaccinia-experienced participants developed a vesicle or pustule at the injection site 6-11 days after vaccination. Fourteen (14%) of 102 participants had bandage cultures positive for vaccinia. All but 1 of these vaccinia-positive cultures were of a bandage from participants randomized to the gauze bandage group, and all but 3 were of bandages from vaccinia-naive participants. No finger-specimen cultures were positive for vaccinia. One episode of neck autoinoculation occurred in a vaccinia-naive individual who had vaccinia recovered from his gauze bandage on multiple visits. The foam bandage was associated with more local adverse effects (skin irritation and induration). The time to healing did not differ among the bandage groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potential for transmission of vaccinia from a vaccination site is greater if the site is covered by gauze than if it is covered by occlusive or foam bandages. Use of an occlusive bandage with a gauze lining is the best choice for coverage of smallpox vaccination sites because of a reduced potential for vaccinia transmission and a lower reactogenicity rate. Bandage choice did not affect vaccination lesion healing.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. tom.talbot@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Talbot
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Lihan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001458:Bandages / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009779:Occlusive Dressings / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000821:virology; D012899:Smallpox / Q000517:prevention & control; D012900:Smallpox Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects; D014615:Vaccinia / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012900:Smallpox Vaccine