title: Use of genetically engineered bone-marrow stem cells to treat femoral defects: an experimental study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment of osteonecrosis continues to be a challenging problem. The replacement of necrotic bone with graft materials that promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis may provide better outcomes for early stage disease. In this study, genetically engineered bone-marrow stem cells were used to enhance repair of a defect in the distal aspect of the femur.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cloned bone-marrow stem cells were transfected with traceable genes. Osteoblastic and angiogenic properties of the cells were analyzed. A defect was created bilaterally in the distal portion of the femur of twenty-four mice to mimic a core decompression procedure. The cloned cells were transplanted into each defect of the right femur while the left femur served as control. Bone formation was evaluated radiographically and histomorphometrically. In addition, in twenty-four additional mice, the cells were injected into subcutaneous sites, muscles, and into the renal capsule (eight mice in each group) to evaluate ectopic osteogenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiopaque tissue appeared two weeks after the cells were transplanted into bone defects and at ectopic sites. Histologic analysis demonstrated that these tissues consisted of newly formed bone from transplanted cells that expressed traceable genes. Four of six bone defects that received cell transplantation were filled with new bone at four weeks, and all of the defects (n = 6) demonstrated complete healing at six weeks. On the control side, complete repair was seen in only two of six bone defects at four weeks and in three of six defects at six weeks. Histomorphometric analysis showed that transplantation of marrow stem cells into bone defects produced more bone at an earlier time-point than occurred in the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that cloned bone-marrow stem cells can directly form bone after transplantation into bone defects and at ectopic sites, indicating that the in vitro expanded bone-marrow stem cells can serve as a graft material to enhance bone repair and to treat osteonecrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As an alternative graft material, bone-marrow stem cells may provide new and as yet technologically unachievable solutions to many clinical problems in the areas of musculoskeletal reconstruction and tissue regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 800159, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. qc4q@hscmail.mcc.virginia.edu
authors.forename: Quanjun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Zengming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Xudong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Khaled J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Balian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D002999:Clone Cells; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005271:Femur Head Necrosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010012:Osteogenesis