title: The application of the herbicide bromoxynil to a model soil-derived bacterial community: impact on degradation and community structure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bromoxynil degradation by soil micro-organisms has been shown to be co-oxidative in character. In this study, we investigate both the impact of the application of increasing bromoxynil concentrations on soil-derived bacterial communities and how these changes are reflected in the degradation of the compound. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that the addition of bromoxynil to a soil-derived bacterial community, and the availability of a readily utilizable carbon source would have an impact on bromoxynil degradation, and that would be reflected in the bacteria present in the soil community.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Degradation of bromoxynil was observed in soil-derived communities containing 15 mg l(-1), but not 50 mg l(-1) of the compound, unless glucose was added. This suggests that the addition of carbon stimulates co-oxidative bromoxynil degradation by the members of the bacterial community. Measurable changes in the bacterial community indicated that the addition of bromoxynil led to deterministic selection on the bacterial population, i.e. the communities observed arise through the selection of specific micro-organisms that are best adapted to the conditions in the soil. The addition of bromoxynil was also shown to have a negative impact on the presence of alpha and gamma-proteobacteria in the soil community.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bromoxynil degradation is significantly inhibited in bacterial soil communities in the absence of readily accessible carbon. The application of bromoxynil appears to exert deterministic selection on the bacterial community.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights the effects of increasing bromoxynil concentrations on a model bacterial population derived from soil. Soil communities show qualitative and quantitative differences to bromoxynil application depending on the availability of organic carbon. These findings might have implications for the persistence of bromoxynil in agricultural soils.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Cummings
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001711:Biotransformation; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009570:Nitriles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012987:Soil; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D006540:Herbicides; D009570:Nitriles; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012987:Soil; C006826:bromoxynil