title: Arabidopsis HAP2 (GCS1) is a sperm-specific gene required for pollen tube guidance and fertilization.
abstract: In flowering plants, sperm cells develop in the pollen cytoplasm and are transported through floral tissues to an ovule by a pollen tube, a highly polarized cellular extension. After targeting an ovule, the pollen tube bursts, releasing two sperm that fertilize an egg and a central cell. Here, we identified the gene encoding Arabidopsis HAP2, demonstrating that it is allelic to GCS1. HAP2 is expressed only in the haploid sperm and is required for efficient pollen tube guidance to ovules. We identified an insertion (hap2-1) that disrupts the C-terminal portion of the protein and tags mutant pollen grains with the beta-glucuronidase reporter. By monitoring reporter expression, we showed that hap2-1 does not diminish pollen tube length in vitro or in the pistil, but it reduces ovule targeting by twofold. In addition, we show that the hap2 sperm that are delivered to ovules fail to initiate fertilization. HAP2 is predicted to encode a protein with an N-terminal secretion signal, a single transmembrane domain and a C-terminal histidine-rich domain. These results point to a dual role for HAP2, functioning in both pollen tube guidance and in fertilization. Moreover, our findings suggest that sperm, long considered to be passive cargo, are involved in directing the pollen tube to its target.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Il 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Kiera
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: von Besser
authors.forename: Aubrey C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Preuss
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D005306:Fertilization / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D053205:Pollen Tube / Q000254:growth & development; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018744:DNA, Plant; C114160:HAP proteins, Arabidopsis; C548817:HAP2 protein, Arabidopsis; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors