title: Early adverse experience and risk for chronic fatigue syndrome: results from a population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an important public health problem. The causes of CFS are unknown and effective prevention strategies remain elusive. A growing literature suggests that early adverse experience increases the risk for a range of negative health outcomes, including fatiguing illnesses. Identification of developmental risk factors for CFS is critical to inform pathophysiological research and devise targets for primary prevention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between early adverse experience and risk for CFS in a population-based sample of clinically confirmed CFS cases and nonfatigued control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study of 43 cases with current CFS and 60 nonfatigued controls identified from a general population sample of 56 146 adult residents from Wichita, Kan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported childhood trauma (sexual, physical, and emotional abuse and emotional and physical neglect) and psychopathology (depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder) by CFS status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CFS cases reported significantly higher levels of childhood trauma and psychopathology compared with the controls. Exposure to childhood trauma was associated with a 3- to 8-fold increased risk for CFS across different trauma types. There was a graded relationship between the degree of trauma exposure and CFS risk. Childhood trauma was associated with greater CFS symptom severity and with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The risk for CFS conveyed by childhood trauma increased with the presence of concurrent psychopathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence of increased levels of multiple types of childhood trauma in a population-based sample of clinically confirmed CFS cases compared with nonfatigued controls. Our results suggest that childhood trauma is an important risk factor for CFS. This risk was in part associated with altered emotional state. Studies scrutinizing the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms that translate childhood adversity into CFS risk may provide direct targets for the early prevention of CFS.
authors.affiliation: Viral Exanthems and Herpesvirus Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. cmheim@emory.edu
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heim
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maloney
authors.forename: Dimitris A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Papanicolaou
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Reeves
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015673:Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007615:Kansas / Q000453:epidemiology; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires