title: Essential requirement of toll-like receptor 4 expression on CD11c+ cells for locoregional immunotherapy of malignant ascites using a streptococcal preparation OK-432.
abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important molecules that stimulate the innate immunity in order to eradicate microbial pathogens, after which the adaptive immunity emerges. The involvement of TLRs in the action mechanism of OK-432, a bacterial preparation, was investigated in the locoregional treatment of malignant ascites from gastric cancer. The expression of TLRs in ascites cells was analyzed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction specific for TLRs and by flow cytometry using anti-TLR2, -TLR4, -CD4, -CD8, and -CD11c antibodies. These measurements were compared with the locoregional response of OK-432 immunotherapy for malignant ascites, as well as TNF-alpha producing potential, which was measured by ELISA, of ascites cells stimulated in vitro with OK-432. It was observed that OK-432 immunotherapy for malignant ascites showed 8 positive (67%) and 4 negative responses with the tolerable adverse effects of fever elevation and abdominal pain. The TNF-alpha production of ascites cells by in vitro OK-432 stimulation was significantly higher in responder patients than in non-responders. The clinical responses were correlated with the expression of the TLR4 gene of ascites cells. The TNF-alpha-producing potential of ascites cells by in vitro OK-432 stimulation was dependent on the existence of a CD11c + TLR-4+ cell population in ascites cells. OK-432 was highly stimulatory for TNF-alpha production of ascites cells compared with other biological response modifiers of PSK and LEM. These results suggest that TLR-4 expression on ascites cells of a macrophage lineage is essential for ascites cells to produce TNF-alpha in relation to OK-432 stimulation and for subsequent positive clinical responses in locoregional immunotherapy using OK-432 for malignant ascites from gastric cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hironaka
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Riki
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Okita
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okawaki
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nagamine
mesh_terms: D001201:Ascites / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D001483:Base Sequence; D039521:CD11c Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D010844:Picibanil / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D039521:CD11c Antigen; D017931:DNA Primers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D010844:Picibanil