title: SmTRC1, a novel Schistosoma mansoni DNA transposon, discloses new families of animal and fungi transposons belonging to the CACTA superfamily.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The CACTA (also called En/Spm) superfamily of DNA-only transposons contain the core sequence CACTA in their Terminal Inverted Repeats (TIRs) and so far have only been described in plants. Large transcriptome and genome sequence data have recently become publicly available for Schistosoma mansoni, a digenetic blood fluke that is a major causative agent of schistosomiasis in humans, and have provided a comprehensive repository for the discovery of novel genes and repetitive elements. Despite the extensive description of retroelements in S. mansoni, just a single DNA-only transposon belonging to the Merlin family has so far been reported in this organism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We describe a novel S. mansoni transposon named SmTRC1, for S. mansoni Transposon Related to CACTA 1, an element that shares several characteristics with plant CACTA transposons. Southern blotting indicates approximately 30-300 copies of SmTRC1 in the S. mansoni genome. Using genomic PCR followed by cloning and sequencing, we amplified and characterized a full-length and a truncated copy of this element. RT-PCR using S. mansoni mRNA followed by cloning and sequencing revealed several alternatively spliced transcripts of this transposon, resulting in distinct ORFs coding for different proteins. Interestingly, a survey of complete genomes from animals and fungi revealed several other novel TRC elements, indicating new families of DNA transposons belonging to the CACTA superfamily that have not previously been reported in these kingdoms. The first three bases in the S. mansoni TIR are CCC and they are identical to those in the TIRs of the insects Aedes aegypti and Tribolium castaneum, suggesting that animal TRCs may display a CCC core sequence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DNA-only transposable element SmTRC1 from S. mansoni exhibits various characteristics, such as generation of multiple alternatively-spliced transcripts, the presence of terminal inverted repeats at the extremities of the elements flanked by direct repeats and the presence of a Transposase_21 domain, that suggest a distant relationship to CACTA transposons from Magnoliophyta. Several sequences from other Metazoa and Fungi code for proteins similar to those encoded by SmTRC1, suggesting that such elements have a common ancestry, and indicating inheritance through vertical transmission before separation of the Eumetazoa, Fungi and Plants.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. rdemarco@iq.usp.br <rdemarco@iq.usp.br>
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: DeMarco
authors.forename: Thiago M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Venancio
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verjovski-Almeida
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D018509:DNA, Helminth / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018628:Gene Dosage; D049751:Genome, Helminth; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000235:genetics*; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D019895:Transposases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D014231:Tribolium / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D018509:DNA, Helminth; D019895:Transposases