title: Periodontal infection profiles in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the levels of subgingival plaque bacteria and serum IgG responses in patients with type 1 diabetes and non-diabetic controls of comparable periodontal status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty type 1 diabetes patients (mean duration 20.3 years, range 6-41) were age-and gender-matched with 50 non-diabetic individuals with similar levels of periodontal disease. Full-mouth clinical periodontal status was recorded, and eight plaque samples/person were collected and analysed by checkerboard hybridization with respect to 12 species. Homologous serum IgG titres were assessed by checkerboard immunoblotting. In a sub-sample of pairs, serum cytokines and selected markers of cardiovascular risk were assessed using multiplex technology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the investigated species, only levels of Eubacterium nodatum were found to be higher in diabetic patients, while none of the IgG titres differed between the groups, both before and after adjustments for microbial load. Patients with diabetes had significantly higher serum levels of soluble E-selectin (p=0.04), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1; p=0.0008), adiponectin (p=0.01) and lower levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1; p=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After controlling for the severity of periodontal disease, patients with type 1 diabetes and non-diabetic controls showed comparable subgingival infection patterns and serum antibody responses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. EL94@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Evanthia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lalla
authors.forename: Selma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Shu-mei J
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Georg A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Romanita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Celenti
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hinckley
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Panos N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Papapanou
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D005051:Eubacterium / Q000145:classification; D005260:Female; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D019040:E-Selectin; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1