title: The effect of unrestrained rear-seat passengers on driver mortality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is well documented that seat belt usage effectively reduces the severity of motor vehicle occupant injuries and fatalities in roadway crashes. This research examines how the presence of an unrestrained rear-seat passenger seated directly behind an airbag and/or belt-restrained driver affects the driver's risk of injury in two different idealized crash scenarios. Empirical data used in the study was obtained from four sled tests conducted with various size Hybrid III crash test dummies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three tests simulated a frontal (head-on) impact between two vehicles. The first established the baseline condition: a driver dummy restrained by a belt and an airbag system, with an identical belt-restrained dummy seated directly behind. The other two frontal-mode tests involved different size driver dummies restrained in the same manner, with different size unrestrained dummies behind them. A fourth test featured an angled driver-side impact crash with a restrained driver and unrestrained rear seat passenger.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both of the latter cases the driver incurred a high likelihood of severe head and chest injuries relative to that inferred in the baseline exposure. The last test featured two identical dummies in a simulated lateral (driver-side) inter-vehicular impact using a belt-restrained (only) driver and an unrestrained rear-seat passenger. Driver mortality was not significantly affected in this configuration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unrestrained rear-seat passengers place themselves as well as their driver at great risk of serious injury when involved in a head-on crash.
authors.affiliation: State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Emergency Medicine, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA. mayrose@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mayrose
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blatt
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kilgallon
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jehle
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Galganski
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality*; D049628:Body Size; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D012307:Risk Factors; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology