title: Measurements of in-air output ratios for a linear accelerator with and without the flattening filter.
abstract: The in-air output ratio (Sc) for photon beams from linear accelerators describes the change of in-air output as a function of the collimator settings. The physical origin of the Sc is mainly due to the change in scattered radiation that can reach the point of measurement as the geometry of the head changes. The flattening filter (FF) and primary collimator are the major sources of scattered radiation. The change in amount of backscattered radiation from the collimator into the beam-monitoring chamber also contributes to the variation of output. In this work, we measured the Sc and backscatter factors (Sb) into the beam-monitoring chamber for a linear accelerator with and without the FF. We measured the Sc with a Farmer-type chamber in a miniphantom at the depth of 10 g/cm2 for 6- and 18-MV x-ray beams from a Varian Clinac 2100EX linear accelerator. The Sb were measured with a universal pulse counter and a diode array with build-in counting hardware and software. The head scatter component (Sh) was then derived from the relationship Sc= Sh x Sb, where Sb was the linear fit of measured results. Significant differences were observed for Sc with and without the FF. Within the range of experimental uncertainty, the Sb was similar with and without the FF. The variations in Sh differed significantly over the range of field sizes of 3 X 3 to 40 X 40 cm2 with and without the FF; for the 6-MV beam, it was 8% vs 3%, and for the 18-MV beam, 7% vs 1%. By analyzing the contributions of backscatter factor and total in-air output ratios with and without the FF, we directly gained insight into the contributions of different components to the total variations in Sc of a linear accelerator. Sc, Sb, and Sh are basic and useful dosimetric quantities for delivery of intensity-modulated radiation therapy using a linear accelerator operating in a mode without the FF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, Unit 94, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. xrzhu@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: X R
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Gillin
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D004867:Equipment Design; D005374:Filtration; D007477:Ions; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017785:Photons; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D007477:Ions