title: Is it possible to predict the clinical course of gallstone disease? Usefulness of gallbladder motility evaluation in a clinical setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A knowledge of the predictive factors of the development and persistence of symptoms in gallstone patients (GS) plays a key role in clinical decision making. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of predictive factors for biliary pain development in GS, stressing the role of gallbladder motility.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 153 (104 women, 49 men) consecutive GS were enrolled. Gallbladder motility (%Emptying [%E], residual volume [RV]) was evaluated by ultrasonography and biliary symptoms were evaluated using a specific questionnaire in all GS at baseline and after 4 yr of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At enrolment, 61 GS reported recent (GSr) and 31 GS remote (GSo) (>2 yr before) episodes of biliary pain, and 61 were asymptomatic (GSa). At baseline, GSr showed a greater %E and a smaller RV than both GSo and GSa (p < 0.001). After follow-up, biliary pain developed more frequently in GSr (33.3%) than in GSo (16%) and GSa (15%) (p= 0.04). The search for predictive factors of biliary pain development (by univariate and multivariate analyses) revealed a high %E, a small RV, and a history of biliary pain as risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Efficient gallbladder motility is present in symptomatic GS and it represents a risk factor for biliary pain development while sluggish motility seems to play a protective role. Thus, gallbladder motility evaluation is a useful diagnostic tool in clinical decision making for GS; in symptomatic GS, a progressive reduction of gallbladder motility could suggest a "wait and see" management policy instead of an immediate surgical approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colecchia
authors.forename: Lorenza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sandri
authors.forename: Maria Letizia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bacchi-Reggiani
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Portincasa
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palasciano
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzella
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roda
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Festi
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D042882:Gallstones / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D009929:Organ Size; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography