title: Prevalent pain and pain level among torture survivors: a follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate change over nine months and over two years, as concerns the prevalence and level of pain in the head, back and feet, among previously tortured refugees settled in Denmark, and to compare associations between torture methods and the prevalence of pain at baseline and at follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-nine refugees previously exposed to torture in their home country were interviewed at a Danish rehabilitation clinic. Fifty-four accepted to be re-interviewed after nine months, and 47 were interviewed again 14 months later. Interviews focussed on the history of exposure to physical and mental torture and on pain in the head, back and feet at baseline and at follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean cumulative duration of imprisonment was 1.7 years, and on the average more than 10 years elapsed between torture and examination. The most frequent physical torture method reported was beating (97%), whereas the main mental torture method was threats of death (97%). The prevalence of pain reported at the follow-up interviews did not differ significantly from that reported at baseline (pain in the head, 81% at baseline and 77% at 23-month follow-up; back, 78% and 81%; feet, 59% and 70%). The same pattern was found when examining the level of pain as indicated by Visual Analogue Scales. Pain in the feet at follow-up was associated with previous exposure to beating against the feet. Pain in the back at baseline and pain in the head at follow-up were associated with suffocation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than ten years after the torture took place, survivors of torture continue to suffer from pain associated with the type of torture they had been subjected to. This presents a considerable challenge to future evidence-based development of effective treatment programmes.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims, Borgergade 13, P.O.Box 2107, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark. dortereff@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Dorte Reff
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Foldspang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015995:Prevalence; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012036:Refugees / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017741:Survivors; D014104:Torture / Q000706:statistics & numerical data