title: Psychophysical assessment of spatial spread of excitation in electrical hearing with single and dual electrode contact maskers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate psychophysically the spatial spread of excitation in electrical hearing with a new dual contact masker and to investigate under which conditions it is possible to stimulate fibers in the immediate neighborhood of an electrode contact, which were not excited by neighboring electrode contacts.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study a psychophysical forward masking paradigm with a dual contact masker was used to avoid off-site listening, the electrical analogue of off-frequency listening. The masker stimulus (300 msec) is presented nonsimultaneously on two electrode contacts, one on the apical side and another on the basal side of the probe contact, followed by a probe stimulus of 20 msec.Unmasked probe thresholds were compared with masked ones at a number of masker-probe distances, whereas growth of masking curves were measured for a fixed masker contact pair. Standard selectivity measurements (single contact masking) and the recovery of forward masking with one masker contact were included for comparison with existing methods. All experiments were carried out with six participants who use the Clarion CII device with a HiFocus I electrode array.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For dual contact masking the amount of masking was significantly greater than for single contact masking and the width of the masking patterns was on average 1.1 mm broader than for single contact masking, resulting in a broad region of excitation, with masker-probe overlap for distances greater than 3 mm. Masking widths for dual and single contact masking were highly correlated. Growth of masking curves were highly nonlinear. They showed a strong elevation of the slope that starts for most subjects around the middle of the dynamic range or above. For 4 out of 6 subjects, no probe threshold was found above a masker amplitude of about 400-500 microA. The ratio of the maximum measurable masked probe thresholds and unmasked probe threshold ranged from 1.7 to 2.6 (S4 excluded). Recovery of masking functions follow an exponential decay. Time constants tau for the recovery process ranged from 21.6 msec to 114.9 msec.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With a dual contact masker (1) off-site listening can be avoided, leading to larger estimates of the width of excitation patterns than in single contact masking, (2) it can be estimated for which stimulation level there is complete overlap of excitation patterns of adjacent electrode contacts, (3) it can be shown that stimulation of nerve fibers in the immediate neighborhood of an electrode contact which were not excited by neighboring electrode contacts is only possible if the probe stimulation amplitude is sufficiently high in comparison with amplitudes on neighboring contacts.
authors.affiliation: ENT Department, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J Gertjan
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Dingemanse
authors.forename: Johan H M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Frijns
authors.forename: Jeroen J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Briaire
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010470:Perceptual Masking; D011571:Psychoacoustics; D013997:Time Factors