title: Cardiovascular predictors of in-patient mortality after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Whether cardiac dysfunction contributes to morbidity and mortality after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains controversial. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that cardiovascular abnormalities are independently related to in-patient mortality after SAH.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective cohort study of patients with aneurysmal SAH. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured, a blood sample was obtained, and echocardiography was performed on three study days, starting as soon after admission as possible. The cardiovascular predictor variables were heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), cardiac troponin I (cTi) level, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level, and left ventricular ejection fraction. The primary outcome measure was in-patient mortality. The association between each predictor variable and mortality was quantified by multivariate logistic regression, including relevant covariates and reporting odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 300 patients. An initial BNP level greater than 600 pg/mL was markedly associated with death (OR 37.7, p < 0.001). On the third study day (9.1 +/- 4.1 days after SAH symptom onset), a cTi level greater than 0.3 mg/L (OR 7.6, p = 0.002), a heart rate of 100 bpm or greater (OR 4.9, p = 0.009), and a SBP less than 130 mmHg (OR 6.7, p = 0.007) were significantly associated with death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular abnormalities are independent predictors of in-patient mortality after SAH. Though these effects may be explained by a reduction in cerebral perfusion pressure or other mechanisms, further research is required to determine whether or not they are causal in nature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0124, USA.
authors.forename: Sirisha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yarlagadda
authors.forename: Pam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rajendran
authors.forename: Jacob C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Miss
authors.forename: Nader M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Banki
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kopelnik
authors.forename: Alan H B
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Nerissa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Adrian W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Gelb
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lawton
authors.forename: Wade S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Jonathan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Zaroff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002319:Cardiovascular System; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D010656:Phenylephrine