title: The association between rainfall rate and occurrence of an enterovirus epidemic due to a contaminated well.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between rainfall rate and occurrence of enterovirus infection related to contamination of drinking water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One fatality case and three cases of severe illness were observed during the enterovirus epidemic in a village in southern Taiwan from 16 September to 3 October 1998. Groundwater samples were collected from the public well in the village after heavy rainfall to test for enterovirus using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. The RT-PCR assay detected the enterovirus in the groundwater sample collected on 26 September 1998. The logistic regression model also revealed a statistically significant association between the rainfall rate and the observation of cases of enterovirus infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the fitted logistic regression model, the probability of detecting cases of enterovirus infection was greater than 50% at rainfall rates >31 mm h(-1). The higher the rainfall rate, the higher the probability of enterovirus epidemic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contamination of drinking water by the enterovirus may lead to epidemics that cause deaths and severe illness, and such contamination may be caused by heavy rainfall. The major finding in this study is that the enterovirus could be flushed to groundwater in an unconfined aquifer after a heavy rainfall. This work allows for a warning level so that an action can be taken to minimize future outbreaks and so protect public health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. jiinshuh@mail.ncku.edu.tw
authors.forename: J-S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jean
authors.forename: H-R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: S-H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: C-C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: W-T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Y-J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: M-C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000235:genetics; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005814:Genes, Viral; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D011634:Public Health; D011891:Rain; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*