title: Adverse effects of risperidone on spatial working memory in first-episode schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Working memory impairments are a central neurocognitive feature of schizophrenia. The nature of these impairments early in the course of illness and the impact of antipsychotic drug treatment on these deficits are not well understood. The oculomotor delayed response task is a translational spatial working memory paradigm used to characterize the neurophysiologic and neurochemical aspects of working memory in the primate brain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine oculomotor delayed response task performance in patients with first-episode schizophrenia before and after antipsychotic drug treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five antipsychotic drug-naive, acutely ill patients with first-episode schizophrenia performed an oculomotor delayed response task at baseline before any drug treatment and again after 6 weeks of risperidone treatment. Twenty-five matched healthy controls were studied in parallel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Accuracy for remembered spatial locations on an oculomotor delayed response task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before treatment, patients demonstrated baseline impairment in the ability to maintain spatial location information in working memory at longer delay-period durations (8 seconds), when maintenance demands on working memory were greatest. After 6 weeks of risperidone treatment and significant clinical improvement, this pretreatment impairment worsened such that patients were uniformly impaired across all delay period durations (1-8 seconds). This occurred in the absence of any generalized adverse effect on oculomotor systems or significant extrapyramidal adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deficits in the maintenance of spatial information in working memory are present early in the course of illness. Risperidone treatment exacerbated these deficits, perhaps by impairing the encoding of information into working memory. Studies with nonhuman primates performing oculomotor delayed response tasks suggest that the apparent adverse effect of risperidone might result from treatment-related changes in modulatory functions of prefrontal D1 receptor systems.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Margret S H
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Matcheri S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Keshavan
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sweeney
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009802:Oculomotor Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018967:Risperidone / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012438:Saccades / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013028:Space Perception / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018967:Risperidone