title: Endometrial safety, overall safety and tolerability of transdermal continuous combined hormone replacement therapy over 96 weeks: a randomized open-label study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish whether transdermal continuous hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estrogen/progestogen provides adequate long-term endometrial protection in postmenopausal women over a period of 96 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  This multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group study evaluated the endometrial effects and overall safety and tolerability of a transdermal matrix patch delivering estradiol (E2) 50 microg/day and norethisterone acetate (NETA) 140 microg/day (Estalis; patches applied twice weekly without intermediate breaks) and a once-daily oral comparator (Kliogest; one tablet containing E2 2 mg/NETA 1 mg) in postmenopausal women. A total of 406 women with an intact uterus, aged 44-69 years, were randomized in the 48-week core phase of the study, and 239 continued into the 48-week extension phase. Subjects were randomized in the ratio 3 : 1 to transdermal or oral E2/NETA treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No cases of endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial cancer were reported with either treatment during the core or extension phase. Both treatments were generally well tolerated, with most adverse events (>90%) being mild to moderate, although minor differences in the tolerability profile were observed between treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous combined transdermal HRT with E2/NETA shows no evidence of an increased endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial cancer risk over a 96-week period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Samsioe
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boschitsch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Concin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Geyter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ehrenborg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heikkinen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hobson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arguinzoniz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ibarra de Palacios
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scheurer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004714:Endometrial Hyperplasia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000077563:Norethindrone Acetate; D017698:Postmenopause; D045167:Progesterone Congeners / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D045167:Progesterone Congeners; D004958:Estradiol; D000077563:Norethindrone Acetate; D009640:Norethindrone