title: Markup of temporal information in electronic health records.
abstract: Temporal information plays a critical role in the understanding of clinical narrative (i.e., free text). We developed a representation for marking up temporal information in a narrative, consisting of five elements: 1) reference point, 2) direction, 3) number, 4) time unit, and 5) pattern. We identified 254 temporal expressions from 50 discharge summaries and represented them using our scheme. The overall inter-rater reliability among raters applying the representation model was 75 percent agreement. The model can contribute to temporal reasoning in computer systems for decision support, data mining, and process and outcomes analyses by providing structured temporal information.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Sookyung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bakken
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D016519:Hospitals, Religious; D006801:Humans; D008485:Medical Audit; D008487:Medical History Taking; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D033262:Narration; D009518:New York