title: Cervical epidural analgesia via a thoracic approach using nerve-stimulation guidance in adult patients undergoing total shoulder replacement surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Continuous cervical epidural anesthesia can provide excellent peri- and post-operative analgesia, although several factors prevent its widespread use. Advancing catheters from thoracic levels to the cervical region may circumvent these barriers, provided they are accurately positioned. We hypothesize that guiding catheters from thoracic to cervical regions using low-current epidural stimulation will have a high success rate and enable excellent analgesia in adults undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  After Institutional Review Board approval, adult patients were studied consecutively. A 17-G Tuohy needle was inserted into the thoracic epidural space using a right paramedian approach with loss of resistance. A 20-G styletted epidural catheter, with an attached nerve stimulator, was primed with saline and a 1-10 mA current was applied as it advanced in a cephalad direction towards the cervical spine. Muscle twitch responses were observed and post-operative X-ray confirmed final placement. After a test dose, an infusion (2-8 ml/h) of ropivacaine 2 mg/ml and morphine 0.05 mg/ml (or equivalent) was initiated. Verbal analog pain scale scores were collected over 72 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cervical epidural anesthesia was performed on 10 patients. Average current required to elicit a motor response was 4.8 +/- 2.0mA. Post-operative X-ray of catheter positions confirmed all catheter tips reached the desired region (C4-7). The technical success rate for catheter placement was 100% and excellent pain control was achieved. Catheters were positioned two to the left, four to the right and four to the midline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This epidural technique provided highly effective post-operative analgesia in a patient group that traditionally experiences severe post-operative pain and can benefit from early mobilization.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. btsui@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: B C H
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bury
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouliane
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ganapathy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000577:Amides; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement / Q000379:methods*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine