title: Late-onset acute rejection after living donor liver transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the incidence and risk factors of late-onset acute rejection (LAR) and to clarify the effectiveness of our immunosuppressive regime consisting of life-long administration of tacrolimus and steroids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult living donor liver transplantation recipients (n=204) who survived more than 6 mo after living donor liver transplantation were enrolled. Immunosuppression was achieved using tacrolimus and methylprednisolone. When adverse effects of tacrolimus were detected, the patient was switched to cyclosporine. Six months after transplantation, tacrolimus or cyclosporine was carefully maintained at a therapeutic level. The methylprednisolone dosage was maintained at 0.05 mg/kg per day by oral administration. Acute rejections that occurred more than 6 mo after the operation were defined as late-onset. The median follow-up period was 34 mo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LAR was observed in 15 cases (7%) and no chronic rejection was observed. The incidence of hyperlipidemia, chronic renal failure, new-onset post-transplantation diabetes, and deep fungal infection were 13%, 2%, 24%, and 17%, respectively. Conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporine was required in 38 patients (19%). Multivariate analysis revealed that a cyclosporine-based regimen was significantly associated with LAR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both LAR and drug-induced adverse events happen at a low incidence, supporting the safety and efficacy of the present immunosuppression regimen for living donor liver transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Artificial Organ and Transplantation Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuhisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akamatsu
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: Sumihito
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keneko
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makuuchi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015994:Incidence; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D016559:Tacrolimus; D008775:Methylprednisolone