title: Early dysregulation of cripto-1 and immunomodulatory genes in the cerebral cortex in a macaque model of neuroAIDS.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and related primate lentiviruses are known to enter the central nervous system (CNS) during the primary phase of infection. Neuroinvasion by simian immunodeficiency virus and simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) is characterized by transient meningitis and astrocytosis. In this report, we used targeted cytokine cDNA arrays to analyze cortical brain tissue from four pig-tailed macaques inoculated for 2 weeks with pathogenic SHIV(50OLNV) and a normal age-matched pig-tailed macaque. Our results revealed that eight genes were significantly upregulated in all four macaques. These included: leukocyte interferon inducible peptide, corticotrophin releasing factor receptor 1, interleukin 6, CDW40 antigen, cysteine-rich fibroblast growth factor, neurotrophin 3, ciliary neurotrophin factor receptor and cripto-1. The upregulation of three of these genes was confirmed by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Since cripto-1 had not been previously identified within specific cell types within the primate central nervous system, we performed immunohistochemical studies, which revealed the presence of cripto-1 in neurons. RT-PCR studies demonstrated that cripto-1 mRNA was widely expressed in the CNS. These results indicate that immunomodulatory genes are upregulated during the primary phase of infection of the central nervous system. Cripto-1, which acts as a survival factor in tumor cells and may be neuroprotective, is expressed in neurons within the CNS and is upregulated during viral invasion.
authors.affiliation: University of Kansas Medical Center, Anatomy & Cell Biology, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, United States.
authors.forename: Edward B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Mollie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pacyniak
authors.forename: Rajani
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Choudhuri
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Liverman
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Salomon
authors.forename: Nancy E J
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Berman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000502:physiology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008251:Macaca; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000472:pathogenicity
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C070636:TDGF1 protein, human; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor