title: Independent versus substance-induced major depressive disorder in substance-dependent patients: observational study of course during follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinicians frequently encounter patients presenting with both depression and substance abuse, and their diagnosis has been a source of controversy. The authors examined whether baseline and past diagnoses of DSM-IV primary (independent) or substance-induced depression or other psychiatric syndromes predict 1-year course of depression in substance-dependent patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatients with current DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD) and DSM-IV alcohol, cocaine, or opiate dependence (N = 110) were evaluated with the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM) and followed for 12 months after discharge. Logistic regression for repeated measures modeled the odds of MDD and depressed mood over time as a function of baseline diagnoses and past independent depression, controlling for demographics, substance use, and antidepressant treatment during the follow-up. Subject recruitment was conducted from July 25, 1995 to May 14, 1997.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 12 months, 88% of the patients experienced depressed mood for at least 1 week, and 57% experienced MDD. Depression during follow-up was equally likely among patients with current (baseline) DSM-IV independent or substance-induced MDD; in the latter group, past independent MDD increased the likelihood of MDD during the follow-up. Panic attacks, posttraumatic stress disorder (trend), borderline personality, and antisocial personality also significantly predicted depression during the follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In substance-dependent patients, both DSM-IV primary and substance-induced MDD predict future depression, warranting consideration for specific treatment. The data suggest the importance of a careful psychiatric history that includes attention to past episodes of independent depression as well as anxiety and cluster B personality syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, USA. nunesed@pi.cpmc.columbia.edu
authors.forename: Edward V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Xinhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samet
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matseoane
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hasin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology