title: Determination of membrane lipid differences in insulin resistant diabetes mellitus type 2 in whites and blacks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) can result from membrane lipid alterations. Blacks are at a higher risk of developing DM2; therefore, we investigated whether membrane lipid differences exist between blacks and whites and if differences contribute to impaired insulin binding in diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were recruited from four groups: white control (n = 10), black control (n = 10), white diabetic (n = 5), and black diabetic (n = 10). Diabetic subjects who had DM2 with insulin resistance on insulin monotherapy were matched by age and sex. The following determinations were made: fasting serum glucose, fasting serum insulin, plasma lipid profile, red blood cell (RBC) membrane lipids and cholesterol, and RBC insulin binding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The membrane lipid analysis showed racial differences in phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidyl choline (PC). The plasma membrane of whites showed higher PE and lower PC levels than that in blacks. The RBC rheologic (PE/phosphatidyl serine) properties (deformability) were lower in diabetics and black subjects. The saturated nature of RBC ([sphingomyelin + PC)/(PE + phosphatidyl serine]) was the lowest in white control subjects (P < 0.056).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of increased saturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids, increased saturated nature, and increased cholesterol/phospholipid can contribute to decreased membrane fluidity, resulting in insulin resistance. Also, decreased RBC deformability can make oxygen delivery through the capillaries difficult, create tissue hypoxia, and contribute to some of the known complications of diabetes. Membrane lipid alteration may be one of the reasons for a higher incidence of diabetes among blacks.
authors.affiliation: Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. hgallen@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: Hengameh G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Leon C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Brenda P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Alston-Mills
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Fenner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D002784:Cholesterol