title: Estimation of the species-specific mutation rates at the DRB1 locus in humans and chimpanzee.
abstract: To estimate the species-specific mutation rates at the DRB1 locus in humans and chimpanzee, we analyzed the nucleotide sequence of a 37.6-kb chimpanzee chromosomal segment containing the entire Patr-DRB1*0701 allele and the flanking nongenic region and we compared it with two corresponding human sequences containing the HLA-DRB1*070101 allele using the sequence of HLA-DRB1*04011 as an outgroup. Because the allelic pair of HLA-DRB1*070101 and Patr-DRB1*0701 shows the lowest number of substitutions between the two species, it appears that these sequences diverged close to the time of the humans-chimpanzee divergence (6 million years ago). Alignment of the nucleotide sequences for HLA-DRB1*070101 and Patr-DRB1*0701 alleles showed that they share a high degree of similarity, suggesting that the studied chromosomal segments with these sequences have not been subjected to recombination since the humans-chimpanzee divergence. Comparison of the flanking 10.6 kb of nongenic sequences revealed an average of 41.5 and 83 single nucleotide substitutions in humans and chimpanzee, respectively. Thus, the species-specific nucleotide substitution rates in the flanking nongenic region were estimated to be 6.53 x 10(-10) and 1.31 x 10(-9) per site per year in humans and chimpanzee, respectively. Unexpectedly, the estimated rate in humans was twofold lower than in chimpanzee (P < 10(-3), Tajima's relative rate test) and lower than the average substitution rate in the human genome. Because the nucleotide substitution rate in nongenic regions free from selection is expected to be equal to the mutation rate, the estimated substitution rate should correspond to the species-specific mutation rate at the DRB1 locus. Our results strongly suggest that the mutation rate at DRB1 locus differs among species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. juno-tky@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Naka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takasu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tokunaga
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hohjoh
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains