title: Psychological problems in children with daytime wetting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This population-based study investigated the psychological problems associated with daytime wetting in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 8213 children (age range: 7 years 6 months to 9 years 3 months) who were enrolled in the population-based Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children participated in this study. Parents completed a postal questionnaire asking about their children's toileting behavior and assessing psychological problems, including childhood emotional and behavioral problems (99% completed the questionnaire by the time their child was 8 years 3 months of age). The rate of psychological problems was compared in children with daytime wetting and in those with no daytime wetting. Analyses adjusted for developmental delay, gender, sociodemographic background, stressful life events, and soiling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chi2 tests of association and multivariable logistic regression indicate that children with daytime wetting have a higher rate of parent-reported psychological problems than children who have no daytime wetting. It is particularly notable that the reported rates of attention and activity problems, oppositional behavior, and conduct problems in daytime wetting children were around twice the rates reported in children with no daytime wetting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased vulnerability to psychological problems in children as young as 7 years of age with daytime wetting highlights the importance of parents seeking early intervention for the condition to help prevent later psychological problems. Although treatment in a pediatric setting is often successful, clinicians should be aware of the increased risk of disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, in children with daytime wetting, because this is likely to interfere with treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. Carol.Joinson@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joinson
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heron
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Gontard
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000150:complications*