title: Atrial electrical and structural abnormalities in an ovine model of chronic blood pressure elevation after prenatal corticosteroid exposure: implications for development of atrial fibrillation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elevated blood pressure (EBP) is the most prevalent and potentially modifiable risk factor for AF, yet little is known of its atrial effects. We aimed to characterize the atrial electrical and structural changes in a chronic ovine model of EBP after prenatal corticosteroid exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve sheep with chronically EBP (mean arterial pressure 94+/-3 mmHg) and six controls (71+/-4 mmHg, P<0.01) underwent acute open chest electrophysiologic and pathologic studies. We measured refractoriness at the atrial appendages at 3 cycle lengths (CL); conduction velocities at Bachmann's bundle, both atrial appendages and free walls at 4 CLs; conduction heterogeneity; atrial wavelength and AF duration. We performed light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) and collagen and apoptosis studies. EBP was associated with widespread conduction abnormalities, shortening of atrial wavelength, and increased AF. There was no significant change in refractoriness. LM demonstrated atrial myocyte hypertrophy and myolysis in all EBP sheep and focal scarring in six. EM demonstrated mitochondrial and nuclear enlargement and increased collagen fibrils in EBP sheep, findings not present in any controls. Atrial collagen and apoptosis were increased in EBP animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that chronically, EBP is associated with significant atrial electrical and structural remodelling. These changes may explain the increased propensity to atrial arrhythmias observed with long-standing EBP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3050, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kistler
authors.forename: Prashanthan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Miodrag
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dodic
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.forename: Chrishan S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.forename: Chongxin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.forename: Glenn A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kalman
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D016275:Atrial Function; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology; D008853:Microscopy; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D003094:Collagen