title: The effect of workload on infection risk in critically ill patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is growing evidence that low nurse staffing jeopardizes quality of patient care. The objective of the study was to determine whether low staffing level increases the infection risk in critical care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational, single-center, prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical intensive care unit of the University of Geneva Hospitals, Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients admitted over a 4-yr period.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study variables included all infections acquired in critical care, daily nurse-to-patient ratio, demographic characteristics, admission diagnosis and severity score, comorbidities, daily individual exposure to invasive devices, and selected drugs. Of a cohort of 1,883 patients totaling 10,637 patient-days, 415 (22%) developed at least one healthcare-associated infection while in critical care. Overall infection rate was 64.5 episodes per 1000 patient-days. Infected patients experienced higher mortality with a longer duration of stay both in critical care and in the hospital than noninfected patients (all p < .001). Median 24-hr nurse-to-patient ratio was 1.9. Controlling for exposure to central venous catheter, mechanical ventilation, urinary catheter, and antibiotics, we found that higher staffing level was associated with a >30% infection risk reduction (incidence rate ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.50-0.95). We estimated that 26.7% of all infections could be avoided if the nurse-to-patient ratio was maintained >2.2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Staffing is a key determinant of healthcare-associated infection in critically ill patients. Assuming causality, a substantial proportion of all infections could be avoided if nurse staffing were to be maintained at a higher level.
authors.affiliation: Infection Control Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hugonnet
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chevrolet
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pittet
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects; D015897:Comorbidity; D003422:Critical Care; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality / Q000451:nursing; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017053:Infection Control / Q000458:organization & administration; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007440:Intubation / Q000009:adverse effects; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D000078329:Workforce; D016526:Workload / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*