title: Safety and efficacy of therapeutic early onset granulocyte transfusions in pediatric patients with neutropenia and severe infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial and fungal infections in profound neutropenia after chemotherapy are associated with high mortality despite appropriate antibacterial and antifungal treatment. Granulocyte transfusions are used as a therapeutic addendum, but concern regarding pulmonary reactions often results in delayed use in clinical practice. Accordingly, many patients are already at advanced stages of their infectious disease once granulocytes are transfused. Thus, a prospective Phase II trial was conducted to test the safety and efficacy of therapeutic early-onset granulocyte transfusions in immunocompromised children with neutropenia and severe infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven children with hematologic disorder or malignancy and severe neutropenia with clinically and/or microbiologically documented severe infection unresponsive to standard treatment were included. They received granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-elicited, crossmatched granulocyte concentrates every other day until complete recovery from infection was documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A median of two granulocyte transfusions with a median of 8 x 10(8) granulocytes per kilogram of body weight were administered. All transfusions were well tolerated, and no pulmonary symptoms were observed. A total of 92.6 percent of our patients were able to clear their initial infection, and 81.5 percent were alive and without signs or symptoms of their infection 1 month later. All six children with aspergillosis cleared their infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  G-CSF-elicited, crossmatched granulocyte concentrates are a safe and efficient therapeutic addendum in immunocompromised children with prolonged neutropenia and severe infections. Early transfusion of granulocyte concentrates can lead to an overall response rate of 92.6 percent without adverse events. Randomized clinical trials with an early-onset design are required to determine appropriate clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany. ulrich.sachs@med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: Ulrich J H
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reiter
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bein
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Woessmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000637:transplantation*; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017708:Leukocyte Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009181:Mycoses / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor