title: Acute toxicity of pyrithione antifouling biocides and joint toxicity with copper to red sea bream (Pagrus major) and toy shrimp (Heptacarpus futilirostris).
abstract: We evaluated the median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of the pyrithione (PT) antifoulants copper pyrithione (CuPT) and zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) to a teleost, red sea bream (Pagrus major), and a crustacean, toy shrimp (Heptacarpusfutilirostris). The 96-h LC50 values of CuPT and ZnPT, on the basis of actual concentrations, were 9.3 and 98.2 R.g/L, respectively, for red sea bream and 2.5 and 120 microg/L, respectively, for toy shrimp. Histological observations revealed that the secondary lamellae of the gill filaments of the experimental fish were heavily damaged after exposure to the PTs, suggesting that fatal hypoxemia was one cause of death. Because CuPT and ZnPT are usually used in combination with Cu, we also estimated the joint toxicities of the PTs with Cu using the LC50 values of the PTs and those of Cu (84.4 and 113 microg/L for red sea bream and toy shrimp, respectively). The results suggested that the joint toxicity of the ZnPT and Cu mixture is more than the additive toxicities of CuPT and Cu, especially in toy shrimp. The enhancement of toxicity in the mixture was inferred to be caused by conversion of ZnPT to the more toxic CuPT in the presence of Cu.
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan. kmochida@fra.affrc.go.jp
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mochida
authors.forename: Katsutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Hiroya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Harino
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kakuno
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujii
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity; D033364:Decapoda; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000633:toxicity*; D021541:Sea Bream; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011725:Pyridines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C487833:copper pyrithione; D003300:Copper; C010423:pyrithione zinc