title: Etiology of respiratory disease in non-vaccinated, non-medicated calves in rearing herds.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of bacterial, mycoplasmal and viral pathogens in the lower respiratory tract of calves in all-in all-out calf-rearing units. According to clinical status, non-medicated calves with and without respiratory disease signs were selected of the 40 herds investigated to analyse the micro-organisms present in healthy and diseased calves. Tracheobronchial lavage (TBL) and paired serum samples were analysed for bacteria, mycoplasmas, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV3), bovine corona virus (BCV) and bovine adenovirus (BAV). Pasteurella multocida was the most common bacterial pathogen. It was isolated from 34% of the TBL samples in 28 herds and was associated with clinical respiratory disease (p < 0.05) when other pathogenic bacteria or mycoplasma were present in the sample. Mannheimia spp. and Histophilus somni were rarely found. Mycoplasma bovis was not detected at all. Ureaplasma diversum was associated with clinical respiratory disease (p < 0.05). TBL samples from healthy or suspect calves were more often negative in bacterial culture than samples from diseased calves (p < 0.05). No viral infections were detected in six herds, while 16-21 herds had RSV, BCV, BAV or PIV3. In the herds that had calves seroconverted to BCV, respiratory shedding of BCV was more frequently observed than faecal shedding. This study showed that the microbial combinations behind BRD were diverse between herds. M. bovis, an emerging pathogen in many countries, was not detected.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Department of Animal Diseases and Food Safety Research, Kuopio Research Unit, PO Box 92, 70701 Kuopio, Finland. tiina.autio@evira.fi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Autio
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pohjanvirta
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holopainen
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rikula
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pentikäinen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huovilainen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rusanen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soveri
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sihvonen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pelkonen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D005387:Finland; D008168:Lung / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D016978:Mannheimia haemolytica / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009174:Mycoplasma / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010326:Pasteurella Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D016979:Pasteurella multocida / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011019:Pneumonia, Mycoplasma / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014509:Ureaplasma / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016869:Ureaplasma Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary