title: Factors associated with loss to follow-up in a large tuberculosis treatment trial (TBTC Study 22).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Loss to follow-up in clinical trials compromises achievement of study goals. We evaluated factors associated with loss to follow-up after completion of treatment phase in a large tuberculosis treatment trial (TBTC/USPHS Study 22) in the U.S. and Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who were lost to follow-up were compared to those who reached a study end-point or successfully completed follow-up. A generalized estimating equation model was used to combine patient-specific and site-specific factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1075 patients enrolled, 965 (89.8%) reached a study end-point, died, or completed the 2 year post-treatment follow-up phase, and 110 (10.2%) did not. Multivariate analysis showed the following factors to be independently associated with loss to follow-up: birth outside USA/Canada (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.25-3.40, p=0.005), history of homelessness (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.00-3.80, p=0.05), enrollment at a health department (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.27-5.79, p=0.010), and use of any kind of incentive (cash/cash equivalent) during treatment phase (OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.73-5.33 p=0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cultural or linguistic factors and lack of stable housing contribute to loss to follow-up. Attention to these factors could improve long-term retention in clinical trials. Enrollment at a health department and use of incentives during treatment phase may be markers for other factors leading to loss to follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Section 151B, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA. donna.sepulveda@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Donna Sepulveda
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Conwell
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mosher
authors.forename: Awal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tapy
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sandman
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vernon
authors.forename: C Robert
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Horsburgh
mesh_terms: D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D005006:Ethnicity; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons; D006801:Humans; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012201:Reward; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular