title: Randomized trial of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy with and without hand assistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the early results of standard laparoscopic (SL) and hand-assisted laparoscopic (HAL) donor nephrectomy in a randomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty donors were randomly assigned in equal numbers to either SL or HAL. Two donors in the SL group and three patients in the HAL group underwent right nephrectomy; the others underwent left nephrectomy. In the SL group, specimen extraction was performed via a Pfannenstiel incision and in HAL group through a periumbilical midline incision. Objective intraoperative, hospital stay, and postoperative data as well as pain analog scores were collected prospectively. Patients completed the quality-of-life (QoL) SF-36 questionnaire preoperatively and at 1 month and 3 months of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a statistically significant difference in the mean operative time in the two groups (200 +/- 20.8 minutes for SL v 219 +/- 28.3 minutes for HAL; P = 0.02). There was no difference in the mean estimated blood loss (141.5 +/- 221.8 mL v 97.4 +/- 73 mL, respectively; P = 0.41), warm ischemia time (157.5 +/- 76.3 seconds v 135.5 +/- 53.7 seconds; P = 0.32), length of postoperative hospital stay (1.9 +/- 0.5 days v 2.1 +/- 0.5 days; P = 0.61), intravenous analgesia (22.1 +/- 14.0 mg v 28.3 +/- 14.8 mg of morphine sulfate equivalent; P = 0.18), or pain score on postoperative day 1 (6.1 +/- 1.0 v 6.2 +/- 1.1) and 2 (3.3 +/- 1.2 and 3.4 +/- 1.3). There were five minor complications in the SL group and three in the HAL group. The mean preoperative (89.7 +/- 4.8 v 89.2 +/- 7.4; P = 0.84), 1-month (63.4 +/- 13.9 v 64.5 +/- 12.6; P = 0.82), and 3-month (82.7 +/- 7.4 v 80.2 +/- 8.4; P = 0.41) postoperative QoL scores did not differ significantly between the groups. None of the recipients required postoperative dialysis, and there was no statistical difference between the two groups in the serum creatinine concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic and hand-assisted donor nephrectomies have similar outcomes and postoperative pain. Both approaches are well tolerated with minimal complication rates and have similar impact on patients' quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Vladislav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bargman
authors.forename: Chandru P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Sundaram
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernie
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Goggins
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay; D019520:Living Donors / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome