title: Family physicians and youth tobacco-free education: outcomes of the Colorado Tar Wars program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tar Wars is a national school-based tobacco-free education program operated by the American Academy of Family Physicians. The Tar Wars lesson uses an interactive 45-min session taught by volunteer family physicians in 4th- and 5th-grade classrooms and focuses on the short-term image-based consequences of tobacco use. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of the Tar Wars program in Colorado with both quantitative and qualitative measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Students participating in the quantitative evaluation were tested before and after a Tar Wars teaching session using a 14-question test covering the short-term and image-based consequences of tobacco use, cost of smoking, tobacco advertising, and social norms of tobacco use. Qualitative evaluation of the program included guided telephone interviews and focus groups with participating students, teachers, and presenters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quantitative evaluation showed statistically significant improvement in correct responses for the 14 questions measured with an average increase in correct responses from 8.95 to 10.23. Three areas recommended by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for youth tobacco prevention showed greater change in correct responses, including cost of smoking, truth of tobacco advertising, and peer norms of tobacco use. Qualitative evaluation found that the overall message of the session was well received, that previously known tobacco information was reinforced by its presentation in a novel format, and that new information learned included cost of smoking, truth of tobacco advertising, and peer norms of tobacco use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Tar Wars lesson plan is effective in increasing students' understanding about the short-term consequences of tobacco use, cost of tobacco use, truth of tobacco advertising, and peer norms. Tar Wars meets the CDC guidelines as one component of effective comprehensive youth tobacco prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO. cain.jeffrey@tchden.org
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.forename: W Perry
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fernald
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bublitz
authors.forename: L Miriam
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003120:Colorado; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010821:Physicians, Family; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012574:Schools; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires