title: The role of allergic rhinitis in nasal responses to sudden temperature changes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Air conditioning-induced rhinitis in allergic individuals is a common epidemiologic finding, but its physiopathology is still controversial. The aim of this study was to describe and compare the effects of experimental air conditioning temperature changes on the nasal mucosa of individuals with persistent allergic rhinitis compared with a control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control challenge study was performed in a laboratory of thermal comfort with experimental twin challenge chambers set at a 12 degrees C difference in temperature. A group of 32 patients with persistent allergic rhinitis and a group of 16 control subjects were exposed for 30 minutes, 3 times alternately in each chamber. Nasal symptom scores were recorded and nasal samples collected before, immediately after, and 24 and 48 hours after the challenge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rhinitis group showed a higher symptom score, epithelial shedding, percentage of eosinophils, total inflammatory cells, leukotriene C(4), eosinophil cationic protein, albumin, and tryptase levels compared with controls. There was also a significant increase in symptom score, total cells recovered, percentage of eosinophils, epithelial shedding, albumin, myeloperoxidase, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in both groups compared with baseline levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sudden temperature changes led to a more pronounced inflammatory nasal response in the rhinitis group with the recruitment and activation of eosinophils.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persistent allergic rhinitis is a risk factor for developing sudden temperature change-related rhinitis even in the absence of allergen exposure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunology and Clinical Allergy, Internal Medicine Department, Polytechnical Institute, State University of São Paulo, Brazil. gustavog@usp.br <gustavog@usp.br>
authors.forename: Gustavo Silveira
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Graudenz
authors.forename: Richardt G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Landgraf
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jancar
authors.forename: Arlindo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tribess
authors.forename: Simone G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Kellen Cristhina
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Faé
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kalil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D007073:Immunoglobulin E