title: Buffered papaverine facilitates passage of intratympanic dexamethasone to the inner ear.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that when papaverine is intratympanically administered together with dexamethasone after buffering, passage of dexamethasone to the inner ear is increased.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the influences of papaverine and buffered papaverine on passage of dexamethasone administered intratympanically to the inner ear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven Vienna white rabbits were divided into five groups: eight received intratympanic dexamethasone (4 mg/ml) (group 1), seven received intratympanic papaverine (10 mg/ml) + dexamethasone (2 mg/ml) (group 2), six received buffered (with sodium bicarbonate 8.4%) intratympanic papaverine (7.5 mg/ml) + dexamethasone (1.5 mg/ml) (group 3), three had basal cortisol levels in venous blood and perilymph measured (group 4), and three received intravenous papaverine + dexamethasone (group 5). At 1 h after the administration of the drugs, dexamethasone levels in ipsilateral and contralateral perilymph and venous blood were measured by radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animals in group 3 demonstrated the highest levels of ipsilateral perilymph dexamethasone. Ipsilateral perilymph levels were significantly higher in groups 1 and 3 than they were in the other groups (p<0.05). Although the perilymph levels observed in animals in group 2 were slightly higher than those in group 4, no significant difference existed (p = 0.160).
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Başkent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Naci Ozluoglu
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: Babur
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akkuzu
authors.forename: Ayşegul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haberal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D010208:Papaverine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010498:Perilymph / Q000378:metabolism; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D014432:Tympanic Membrane; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D003907:Dexamethasone; D010208:Papaverine