title: Alcohol use before and during pregnancy: a population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few population-based studies have estimated alcohol consumption and binge drinking before and during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study is a longitudinal questionnaire study. In Norway, virtually 100% attend an ultrasound screening at 17-18 weeks of pregnancy. In Oslo, a representative sample attending this between June 2000 and May 2001 were invited to join the study, accepted by 92%. Non-Norwegian-speaking and/or immigrants from non-Western countries were not invited; 1,749 (93%) completed the first questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  T-ACE (screening for pregnancy risk drinking), frequency of alcohol use, Standard Units (SU) per occasion, SU/week, and binge drinking (>or=5 SU per occasion). Binary logistic regression analyses, Student's t-test and Pearson's chi square were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol use was reported by 89% pre-pregnancy and by 23% after pregnancy week 12. Binge drinking was reported by 59% pre-pregnancy and by 25% during weeks 0-6. Change of drinking pattern occurred at pregnancy recognition for 85%, although 78% had planned the pregnancy, fetal welfare being the main reason. Participants reporting alcohol use during pregnancy were older, smokers, with more SU/week pre-pregnancy, had some elevated anxiety score, higher income, and a partner with higher education. However, mental health, high income, or education were not predictive of usually drinking 1 SU per occasion or more, and not of binge drinking. The latter was predicted mainly by smoking during pregnancy and being T-ACE positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows a drinking pattern before pregnancy recognition that, according to other studies, in 25% or more may cause suboptimal fetal development.
authors.affiliation: Sogn Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ulleval University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. astrid.alvik@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alvik
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heyerdahl
authors.forename: Tor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haldorsen
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lindemann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires