title: The mutant selection window in rabbits infected with Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mutant selection window hypothesis, originally based on agar plate assays, may lead to new antimicrobial dosing strategies that severely restrict the acquisition of resistance. However, it has not been directly tested in an animal model of infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Local infection with Staphylococcus aureus was established in rabbits, and the infected animals were treated orally with various doses of levofloxacin. Changes in levofloxacin concentration, levofloxacin susceptibility, and counts of total and resistant viable bacteria were monitored at the site of infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S. aureus lost levofloxacin susceptibility when drug concentrations at the site of infection fluctuated between the lower and upper boundaries of the window, defined in vitro as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)(99) and the mutant prevention concentration (MPC), respectively. The upper boundary of the selection window in vivo was estimated as an AUC(24)/MPC value of ~25 h, where AUC(24) is the area under the drug concentration time curve in a 24-h interval. The lower boundary was estimated as an AUC(24)/MIC value of ~20 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mutant selection window exists in vivo, and its boundaries fit well with those determined in vitro. Maintenance of antimicrobial concentrations above the window is expected to suppress the outgrowth of resistant mutant subpopulations.
authors.affiliation: PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Junchang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Youning
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Weihang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Drlica
authors.forename: Xilin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D064704:Levofloxacin; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D064704:Levofloxacin; D015242:Ofloxacin