title: Inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta1 signaling attenuates ataxia telangiectasia mutated activity in response to genotoxic stress.
abstract: Ionizing radiation causes DNA damage that elicits a cellular program of damage control coordinated by the kinase activity of ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM). Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-1, which is activated by radiation, is a potent and pleiotropic mediator of physiologic and pathologic processes. Here we show that TGFbeta inhibition impedes the canonical cellular DNA damage stress response. Irradiated Tgfbeta1 null murine epithelial cells or human epithelial cells treated with a small-molecule inhibitor of TGFbeta type I receptor kinase exhibit decreased phosphorylation of Chk2, Rad17, and p53; reduced gammaH2AX radiation-induced foci; and increased radiosensitivity compared with TGFbeta competent cells. We determined that loss of TGFbeta signaling in epithelial cells truncated ATM autophosphorylation and significantly reduced its kinase activity, without affecting protein abundance. Addition of TGFbeta restored functional ATM and downstream DNA damage responses. These data reveal a heretofore undetected critical link between the microenvironment and ATM, which directs epithelial cell stress responses, cell fate, and tissue integrity. Thus, Tgfbeta1, in addition to its role in homoeostatic growth control, plays a complex role in regulating responses to genotoxic stress, the failure of which would contribute to the development of cancer; conversely, inhibiting TGFbeta may be used to advantage in cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirshner
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Jobling
authors.forename: Maria Jose
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pajares
authors.forename: Shraddha A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ravani
authors.forename: Adam B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Glick
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lavin
authors.forename: Sergei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koslov
authors.forename: Yosef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shiloh
authors.forename: Mary Helen
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Barcellos-Hoff
mesh_terms: D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; C576325:Atm protein, mouse; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I