title: The use of celecoxib and dexamethasone for the prevention and control of postoperative pain after periodontal surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been widely used in the control of postoperative pain, but sparse information is available on the efficacy of celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, or dexamethasone, a steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, after periodontal surgeries. The purpose of the present study was to compare the use of celecoxib and dexamethasone in the management of pain after mucoperiosteal flap surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized double-masked cross-over clinical trial was conducted on 20 patients from 27 to 52 years old with generalized moderate to advanced chronic periodontitis. Mucoperiosteal flap surgeries for scaling and root planing were performed under local anesthesia on at least three quadrants, with a 4-week interval between. Each quadrant was randomly assigned to one of the following medication protocols: placebo, 4 mg dexamethasone 1 hour before surgery and 8 hours after the first dose, and 200 mg celecoxib 1 hour before surgery and 12 hours after the first dose. Postoperative pain was accessed during the first 8 hours and on the following 3 days using the visual analog scale (VAS), the 101-point numerical rate scale (NRS-101), and the four-point verbal rating scale (VRS-4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain perception was statistically significantly lower in the celecoxib group than in the placebo group during the first 4 hours using VAS (P = 0.01) and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 hours using NRS-101 (P = 0.03). The level of pain was lower in the dexamethasone group than in the placebo only at the 3-hour period (P = 0.001). Statistically significant differences could be found among the groups at 1 hour (P = 0.015), 3 hours (P = 0.004), 4 hours (P = 0.02), and 7 hours (P = 0.05) using VRS-4. There was no statistically significant difference between the celecoxib and dexamethasone groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study suggest that the preemptive and postoperative use of celecoxib or dexamethasone were effective in the management of postoperative pain following open-flap debridement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Ponta Grossa State University, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil. gibson@tudoparana.com
authors.forename: Gibson Luiz
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Pilatti
authors.forename: Fábio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: André dos Santos
authors.forename: Audilene
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cavassim
authors.forename: Claudinéia W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Tozetto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000601:surgery*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D003907:Dexamethasone; D000068579:Celecoxib