title: NSAIDs and cancer prevention: targets downstream of COX-2.
abstract: Preclinical and clinical studies have clearly shown a benefit of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use in reducing cancer risk. However, the adverse gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects associated with NSAIDs and COX-2 selective inhibitors (coxibs) have provoked more scrutiny of the precise role of specific downstream mediators in the prostaglandin (PG) signaling cascade. NSAIDs and coxibs inhibit PG biosynthesis. One of the PGs produced at high levels in the tumor microenvironment is PGE(2), which is thought to play a major role in cancer progression. Thus, a better understanding of PGE(2) signaling could enable identification of novel and safer therapeutic targets downstream of the cyclooxygenase enzymes. We review the emerging molecular mechanisms by which COX-2-derived PGE(2) is involved in cancer progression and delineate potential opportunities for development of novel pharmacologic approaches utilizing this pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cell and Developmental Biology and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6838, USA.
authors.forename: Yong I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Raymond N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: DuBois
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2