title: The age at which young deaf children receive cochlear implants and their vocabulary and speech-production growth: is there an added value for early implantation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The age at which a child receives a cochlear implant seems to be one of the more important predictors of his or her speech and language outcomes. However, understanding the association between age at implantation and child outcomes is complex because a child's age, length of device use, and age at implantation are highly related. In this study, we investigate whether there is an added value to earlier implantation or whether advantages observed in child outcomes are primarily attributable to longer device use at any given age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using hierarchical linear modeling, we examined latent-growth curves for 100 children who had received their implants when they were between 1 and 10 yr of age, had used oral communication, and had used their devices for between 1 and 12 yr. Children were divided into four groups based on age at implantation: between 1 and 2.5 yr, between 2.6 and 3.5 yr, between 3.6 and 7 yr, and between 7.1 and 10 yr.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Investigation of growth curves and rates of growth over time revealed an additional value for earlier implantation over and above advantages attributable to longer length of use at any given age. Children who had received their implants before the age of 2.5 yr had exhibited early bursts of growth in consonant-production accuracy and vocabulary and also had significantly stronger outcomes compared with age peers who had received their implants at later ages. The magnitude of the early burst diminished systematically with increasing age at implantation and was not observed for children who were older than 7 yr at implantation for consonant-production accuracy or for children who were over 3.5 yr old at implantation for vocabulary. The impact of age at implantation on children's growth curves differed for speech production and vocabulary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There seems to be a substantial benefit for both speech and vocabulary outcomes when children receive their implant before the age of 2.5 yr. This benefit may combine a burst of growth after implantation with the impact of increased length of use at any given age. The added advantage (i.e., burst of growth) diminishes systematically with increasing age at implantation.
authors.affiliation: Florida State University and the Florida Center for Reading Research, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA. cconnor@fcrr.org
authors.forename: Carol McDonald
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: Holly K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Raudenbush
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heavner
authors.forename: Teresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Zwolan
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003638:Deafness / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007804:Language Development; D008297:Male; D010700:Phonetics; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013065:Speech Intelligibility; D013067:Speech Perception; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014825:Vocabulary