title: Relationship between smoking status and periodontal conditions: findings from national databases in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between cigarette smoking and periodontitis was examined employing two nationally representative samples of adults in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from the Survey of Dental Diseases (SDD) and the National Nutrition Survey (NNS) in 1999. In the SDD, periodontal conditions were evaluated by calibrated dentists utilizing the Community Periodontal Index (CPI), whereas in the NNS, participants were interviewed on the basis of smoking status by enumerators. Among 6805 records electronically linked via a household identification code, 4828 records of individuals aged 20 yr or older were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of periodontal disease varied significantly by smoking status (p < 0.0001): 39.3%, 49.5% and 47.3% (CPI > or = 3), and 7.9%, 11.7% and 12.4% (a more severe form of periodontitis, CPI = 4), for nonsmokers, former smokers and current smokers, respectively. In adults aged > or = 40 yr (n = 3493), logistic regression models revealed greater probabilities (approximately 1.4 times higher) of periodontitis [CPI > or = 3, odds ratio = 1.38 (1.12-1.71), p = 0.0024] and a more severe form of periodontitis [odds ratio = 1.40 (1.04-1.89), p = 0.0288] in current smokers compared with nonsmokers, following adjustment for possible confounding factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the findings of this study and other numerous reports, cigarette smoking leads to deterioration of periodontal conditions in Japanese adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ojima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hanioka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Inoshita
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aoyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation