title: Hypoxia accelerates cancer invasion of hepatoma cells by upregulating MMP expression in an HIF-1alpha-independent manner.
abstract: Tumor hypoxia has been reported to induce tumor progression in several carcinomas. Current studies have shown that hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) is stabilized under hypoxic conditions and transactivates various genes related to cancer aggressiveness. In the present study, we examined whether hypoxia affects cancer invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. We aimed to solve the molecular mechanism of tumor invasion under the hypoxic condition. We showed that tumor hypoxia accelerated cancer invasion in two hepatoma cell lines. Using Western blot and RT-PCR analyses we demonstrated striking evidence that the expression of HIF-1alpha, ETS-1, MMP-7 and MT1-MMP was strongly upregulated by hypoxic stimulation. To examine whether these invasion-related genes are regulated by HIF-1alpha, we treated hepatoma cells with TX-402, which was reported to repress HIF-1alpha expression. HIF-1alpha expression was strongly repressed by the TX-402 treatment. In contrast, the expression of ETS-1, MMP-7 and MT1-MMP mRNA was not affected by TX-402 treatment. We further established stable transfectants in which HIF-1alpha dominant negative vector was introduced into Hep3B cells (pHIF-1alphaDN). In the pHIF-1alphaDN cells, the expression of ETS-1, MMP-7 and MT1-MMP was not repressed. Moreover, the invasion activity of pHIF-1alphaDN was not altered, compared with that of the mock. In hepatoma cells, we provided evidence that hypoxic stress accelerates cancer invasion by upregulating ETS-1 and the MMP family by an HIF-1alpha-independent pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyoshi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kitajima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ide
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohtaka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagasawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000502:physiology; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1 / Q000235:genetics; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C503709:3-amino-2-quinoxalinecarbonitrile; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; C494041:ETS1 protein, human; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1; D011810:Quinoxalines; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases