title: Effects of physical activity on evolution of proximal femur structure in a younger elderly population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For a fixed weight, a wider bone of standardised length is stiffer. But moving the cortices away from the centre of mass risks creating structural (elastic) instability, and hip fractures have been postulated to occur as a consequence of buckling of the thinned supero-lateral femoral neck cortex during a fall. We hypothesised that stereotyped physical activity (e.g., walking) may help conserve bending resistance (section modulus, Z) through redistribution of bone tissue, but it might be at the expense of supero-lateral cortical stability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hip structural analysis (HSA) software applied to DXA scans was used to derive measurements of section modulus and distances of a cross-section's centre of mass from the supero-lateral cortical margin (lateral distance, in cm). DXA scans were obtained on 1361 men and women in the EPIC-Norfolk population-based prospective cohort study. Up to 4 repeat DXA scans were done in 8 years of follow-up. Weight, height and activities of daily living were assessed on each occasion. A detailed physical activity and lifestyle questionnaire was administered at baseline. The lateral distance was measured on three narrow cross-sections with good precision: narrow neck (NN, coefficient of variation 2.6%), intertrochanter (IT) and shaft (S). A linear mixed model was used to assess associations with predictors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ageing was associated with medial shifting of the centre of mass, so that lateral distance increased. Both greater weight and height were associated with greater lateral distance (P<0.0001). Among physical activity-related variables, walking/cycling for >1 h/day (P=0.025), weekly time spent on moderate impact activity (P=0.003), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (NN and IT, P<0.026) and lifetime physical activity (IT, P<0.0001) were associated with higher lateral distance. However, after adjusting for these variables, activities of daily living scores (NN, P<0.0001) and weekly time spent on low impact hip flexing activities were associated with shorter lateral distance (P=0.001). Greater baseline lateral distance was significantly associated with increased risk of subsequent hip fracture (n=26) in females (P<0.05, all regions) independently of age, height and bone mineral content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The age-related shift medially of the centre of mass of the femoral neck and trochanter may have adverse effects on fracture resistance in the event of a fall, so compromising the beneficial effects of walking on fitness, strength and risk of falling. The role of more diverse physical activity patterns in old age that impose loading on the supero-lateral cortex of the femur, involving for example hip flexion and stretching, needs investigation for their ability to correct this medial shifting of the centre of mass.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. stephen@srl.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaptoge
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Jakes
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dalzell
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Loveridge
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reeve
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D001835:Body Weight; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000502:physiology*; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies