title: Ecstasy-induced reduction of the availability of the brain serotonin transporter as revealed by [11C](+)McN5652-PET and the multi-linear reference tissue model: loss of transporters or artifact of tracer kinetic modelling?
abstract: In a previous positron emission tomography (PET) study with the serotonin transporter (SERT) ligand [(11)C](+)McN5652, we found protracted reduction of the availability of the brain SERT in users of the drug ecstasy. However, the multi-linear reference tissue method for the quantification of SERT availability used in this study is prone to effects of altered levels of statistical noise that could simulate reduction of SERT. The aim of the present study was to take into account this confound by re-evaluation of the data now using a modelling approach that is rather insensitive to alterations in the level of statistical noise. A total of 116 subjects (30 current, 29 former ecstasy users, 29 drug-naive, 28 polydrug controls) in whom [(11)C](+)McN5652-PET had been performed previously were re-evaluated. The equilibrium specific-to-non-specific partition coefficient V"( 3) was obtained voxel-wise by application of the simplified reference tissue method (SRTM), which provides quite unbiased results up to rather large noise levels. Voxel-based comparisons between the groups were performed using statistical parametric mapping. V"(3) was reduced in the striatum and in the thalamus in current ecstasy users. This was confirmed by volume-of-interest-based analysis. This result suggests that the ecstasy-induced reduction of SERT availability in SERT-rich brain regions reported previously indicates reduced SERT binding potential rather than being an artifact of tracer kinetic modelling. SRTM analysis did not confirm previous findings in neocortical brain areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany. buchert@uke.uni
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buchert
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thiele
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomasius
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wilke
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: Janos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mester
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spies
authors.forename: Malte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clausen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011485:Protein Binding; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D006213:Hallucinogens; D007546:Isoquinolines; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C493230:SLC6A4 protein, human; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; C058079:McN 5652; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine