title: NADPH oxidase subunits (NOX-1, p22phox, Rac-1) and tacrolimus-induced nephrotoxicity in a rat renal transplant model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  TGF-beta and oxidative stress are known mediators of renal injury. However, the precise mechanisms by which TGF-beta and oxidative stress may be involved in the development of nephrotoxicity are not known. We examined whether anti-TGF-beta antibody limits nephrotoxicity produced by tacrolimus (TAC) and whether this altered genes that regulate oxidative stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Renal transplants were performed in Wistar-Furth and Lewis rat strains. Groups included: isograft controls; untreated allografts; allografts treated with 0.25 mg/kg TAC till 90 days with or without 1.0 mg/kg anti-TGF-beta antibody or control antibody. Serum creatinine and BUN levels and renal histology were determined. Real time PCR and western analysis were used to quantify mRNA and protein expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BUN and creatinine were elevated in TAC-treated rats. TAC increased expression of TGF-beta (37-fold) and NADPH oxidase subunits, NOX-1 (18-fold), p22(phox) (31-fold) and Rac-1 mRNA (20-fold), respectively. Contrariwise, expression of antioxidant genes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and thioredoxin (TRX) was decreased. Anti-TGF-beta antibody but not control antibody reversed the TAC-induced changes in gene expression, renal histology and function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest a potential for anti-TGF-beta antibody as a novel adjunct therapeutic tool to prevent TAC-induced nephrotoxicity in transplant recipients. The mechanism of protection involves suppression of TGF-beta and the expression of genes that regulate oxidative stress. Moreover, the specific up-regulation of NOX-1, a non-phagocytic NADPH oxidase subunit and its reversal by anti-TGF-beta antibody strongly implicates for the first time the up-regulation of renal parenchymal cell NADPH oxidase in the aetiology of immunosuppression-induced nephrotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Maryland, 22 S. Greene Street S-3B08, Baltimore, MD-21201, USA. akhanna@medicine.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Ashwani K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: Galen M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Pieper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015870:Gene Expression; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D000074624:NADPH Oxidase 1; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D011920:Rats, Inbred WF; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; D000074624:NADPH Oxidase 1; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C515768:Cyba protein, rat; C499134:Rac1 protein, rat; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein; D016559:Tacrolimus