title: Ambient pressure upregulates nitric oxide synthase in a phosphorylated-extracellular regulated kinase- and protein kinase C-dependent manner.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using endothelial cell/smooth muscle cell (SMC) cocultures, we have demonstrated that pressurized endothelial cell coculture inhibits SMC proliferation and promotes apoptosis, and that this effect is transferable through pressurized endothelial medium. We now hypothesized that endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) plays a significant role in mediating these pressure-induced effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conditioned media from endothelial cells and SMCs exposed to ambient and increased pressure were transferred to recipient SMCs. We counted cells after 5 days of incubation with these media and evaluated eNOS and inducible NOS (iNOS) levels by Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conditioned media from pressurized endothelial cells significantly decreased recipient SMC counts. This effect was sustained when N-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) was added to recipient cells but abolished when L-NAME was added to donor cells. SMCs were then exposed to control and pressurized conditions in monoculture or in coculture with endothelial cells. Pressure and coculture caused similar increase in iNOS levels but had no additive effect in combination. Finally, endothelial cells were exposed to control and pressurized environments. Pressure caused a 24% +/- 1.6% increase in eNOS protein (P = .04, n = 12). This effect was sustained when cells were treated with L-NAME (32% +/- 1.6% increase, P = .02) but abolished when endothelial cells were treated with calphostin C or PD98059 to block protein kinase C (PKC) or extracellular regulated kinase (ERK). Pressure also increased endothelial phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) by 1.8-fold to 2.6-fold compared with control conditions after exposure of 2, 4, and 6 hours (P = .02, n = 4). This increase was sustained after pretreatment with calphostin C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pressure modulates endothelial cell effects on SMC growth by increasing eNOS in an ERK-dependent and PKC-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intimal hyperplasia is the main cause for restenosis that complicates 10% to 30% of all such vascular procedures and 30% to 40% of endovascular procedures. This article provides some novel information about smooth muscle cell/endothelial cell interaction, one of the main regulators of vascular remodeling and intimal hyperplasia. The role of endothelial cell/smooth muscle cell interaction cannot be studied well in vivo because these interactions cannot be distinguished from other factors that coexist in vivo, such as flow dynamics, matrix proteins, inflammatory factors, and interactions with other cells in the vascular wall and in the bloodstream. In this work, we use pressure as a triggering stimulus to alter in vitro endothelial behavior and identify important changes in endothelial regulation of smooth muscle cell biology. The pathways involved in this process and discussed in this article could ultimately be used to manipulate endothelial cell/smooth muscle cell interaction in clinical disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and General Surgery, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201-1932, USA. Angela.Vouyouka@va.gov
authors.forename: Angela G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Vouyouka
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Ruchi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rastogi
authors.forename: Marc D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Basson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D009281:Naphthalenes; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; C058819:calphostin C; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester