title: Tubal pathology: the role of hormonal contraception, intrauterine device use and Chlamydia trachomatis infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to identify a possible association between tubal pathology and the contraceptive methods previously used, especially third generation copper intrauterine devices (IUDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective unmatched case-control study, use of contraceptive methods and Chlamydia trachomatis antibody titres were compared in women with tubal occlusion (n = 84) and infertile women with tubal patency (n = 253) demonstrated by hysterosalpingography. Contraceptive methods were also compared to primiparous women with natural pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significantly higher percentage of women with tubal occlusion had previously used an IUD. Positive C. trachomatis antibody testing was found significantly more often in women with tubal occlusion. Neither hormonal contraceptives nor condoms were associated with an increased risk for uni- or bilateral tubal occlusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study, we observed an increased rate of tubal occlusions in previous IUD users. This should be considered in the contraceptive counseling of young and nulliparous women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Endocrinology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. gabriel.merki@usz.ch
authors.forename: Gabriele S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Merki-Feld
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gosewinkel
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Imthurn
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leeners
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000150:complications*; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000276:immunology; D017280:Condoms / Q000009:adverse effects; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects; D005184:Fallopian Tube Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007047:Hysterosalpingography; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000209:etiology*; D007435:Intrauterine Devices, Copper / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal