title: Upregulation of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta in activated astrocytes and microglia.
abstract: The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) regulates the expression of key genes in inflammation but little is known about the involvement of C/EBPbeta in glial activation. In this report, we have studied the patterns of astroglial and microglial C/EBPbeta expression in primary mouse cortical cultures. We show that both astrocytes and microglia express C/EBPbeta in untreated mixed glial cultures. C/EBPbeta is upregulated when glial activation is induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The LPS-induced upregulation of glial C/EBPbeta is rapid (2 h at mRNA level, 4 h at protein level). It is elicited by low concentrations of LPS (almost maximal effect at 1 ng/mL) and it is reversed by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. C/EBPbeta nuclear levels increase both in astrocytes and microglia after LPS treatment, and the response is more marked in microglia. The LPS-induced increase in microglial C/EBPbeta is prevented by coadministration of the MAP kinase inhibitors SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) + SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) or SB203580 + U0126 (ERK inhibitor). Systemic injection of LPS also increases brain nuclear levels of C/EBPbeta as shown by Western blot, and this increase is localized in microglial cells as shown by double immunofluorescence, in the first report to our knowledge of C/EBPbeta expression in activated glial cells in vivo. These findings support a role for C/EBPbeta in the activation of astrocytes and, particularly, microglia. Given the nature of the C/EBPbeta-regulated genes, we hypothesize that this factor participates in neurotoxic effects associated with glial activation. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Aroa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ejarque-Ortiz
authors.forename: Manel G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: Josep M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tusell
authors.forename: Anna P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Pérez-González
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Serratosa
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005911:Gliosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger