title: An optimized grapevine RNA isolation procedure and statistical determination of reference genes for real-time RT-PCR during berry development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accuracy in quantitative real-time RT-PCR is dependent on high quality RNA, consistent cDNA synthesis, and validated stable reference genes for data normalization. Reference genes used for normalization impact the results generated from expression studies and, hence, should be evaluated prior to use across samples and treatments. Few statistically validated reference genes have been reported in grapevine. Moreover, success in isolating high quality RNA from grapevine tissues is typically limiting due to low pH, and high polyphenolic and polysaccharide contents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We describe optimization of an RNA isolation procedure that compensates for the low pH found in grape berries and improves the ability of the RNA to precipitate. This procedure was tested on pericarp and seed developmental series, as well as steady-state leaf, root, and flower tissues. Additionally, the expression stability of actin, AP47 (clathrin-associated protein), cyclophilin, EF1-alpha (elongation factor 1-alpha), GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase), MDH (malate dehydrogenase), PP2A (protein phosphatase), SAND, TIP41, alpha-tubulin, beta-tubulin, UBC (ubiquitin conjugating enzyme), UBQ-L40 (ubiquitin L40) and UBQ10 (polyubiquitin) were evaluated on Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon pericarp using three different statistical approaches. Although several of the genes proved to be relatively stable, no single gene outperformed all other genes in each of the three evaluation methods tested. Furthermore, the effect of using one reference gene versus normalizing to the geometric mean of several genes is presented for the expression of an aquaporin and a sucrose transporter over a developmental series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In order to quantify relative transcript abundances accurately using real-time RT-PCR, we recommend that combinations of several genes be used for normalization in grape berry development studies. Our data support GAPDH, actin, EF1-alpha and SAND as the most relevant reference genes for this purpose.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. kereid@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Niclas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schlosser
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Steven T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Lund
mesh_terms: D020346:Aquaporins / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D027843:Vitis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D020346:Aquaporins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D018749:RNA, Plant; C078729:sucrose transport protein, plant