title: Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of Solanum nigrum chloroform extract in animal models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was carried out to evaluate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of chloroform extract of Solanum nigrum leaves using various animal models.
  
  
  METHODS
  The extract was prepared by soaking (1:20; w/v) the air-dried powdered leaves (20 g) in chloroform for 72 hrs followed by evaporation (40 degrees C) under reduced pressure to dryness (1.26 g) and then dissolved (1:50; w/v) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The supernatant, considered as the stock solution with dose of 200 mg/kg, was diluted using DMSO to 20 and 100 mg/kg, and all doses were administered (s.c.; 10 ml/kg) in mice/rats 30 min prior to tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extract exhibited significant (p<0.05) antinociceptive activity when assessed using the abdominal constriction, hot plate and formalin tests. The extract also produced significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities when assessed using the carrageenan-induced paw edema and brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia tests. Overall, the activities occurred in a dose-independent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrated that the lipid-soluble extract of S. nigrum leaves possessed antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic properties and confirmed the traditional claims.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Universiti Industri Selangor, Jalan Zirkon A7/A, Seksyen 7, 40000 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. shaza8174@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Zainul Amiruddin
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.forename: Hanan Kumar
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Gopalan
authors.forename: Hairani
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zainal
authors.forename: Nur Hidayu
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Mohd Pojan
authors.forename: Nur Atiqah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Morsid
authors.forename: Anwariah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aris
authors.forename: Mohd Roslan
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sulaiman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002725:Chloroform; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005334:Fever / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D032324:Solanum nigrum / Q000737:chemistry*; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D012996:Solutions; D002725:Chloroform; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide