title: Reproductive biology and mating system estimates of two Andean melocacti, Melocactus schatzlii and M. andinus (Cactaceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The genus Melocactus comprises 36 species of globose cacti with the most derived traits in the Cereeae tribe. It is the proper study system to examine what are the most derived reproductive strategies within that tribe. This study aims to characterize the reproductive biology and to estimate the mating system parameters of two Andean melocacti, Melocactus schatzlii and M. andinus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The reproductive attributes of the two species were described, including floral morphology, anthesis patterns, floral rewards, floral visitors and visitation patterns. Levels of self-compatibility and autonomous self-pollination were estimated by hand-pollination experiments. Mating system estimates were obtained by conducting progeny array analyses using isozymes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The flowers of the two species present the typical hummingbird-pollination syndrome. Despite their morphological resemblance, the two species differ in flower size, pollen and ovule production and anthesis pattern. Their main pollinator agents are hummingbirds, four species in M. schatzlii and one species in M. andinus. Both cacti are self-compatible and capable of self-pollination without the aid of pollen vectors. Population-level outcrossing rate was higher for M. schatzlii (t(m)=0.9) than for M. andinus (t(m)=0.4). At the family level, outcrossing rates for most mothers of M. schatzlii were higher (t(m)>0.8) than for M. andinus (t(m)<0.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the two cacti are capable of selfing, M. schatzlii is a predominantly outcrossing species, while M. andinus behaves as a mixed-mating cactus. Hummingbirds are the only pollinators responsible for outcrossing and gene flow events in these species. In their absence, both melocacti set seeds by selfing. Based on its low population size, restricted distribution in Venezuela, low rates of floral visits, and high levels of inbreeding, M. andinus is considered to be an endangered species deserving further study to define its conservation status.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Ecología, Aptdo. 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela. jnassar@ivic.ve
authors.forename: Jafet M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nassar
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramírez
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lampo
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casado
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nava
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology; D029421:Cactaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D003105:Colombia; D017753:Ecosystem; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D007178:Inbreeding; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000502:physiology; D014687:Venezuela