title: Anatomy and ultrasonographic appearance of the tympanic bulla and associated structures in the rabbit.
abstract: Otitis media is a relatively common condition in the rabbit although it can be difficult to evaluate clinically. Diagnostic imaging of the rabbit has traditionally involved radiography and there are few reports regarding the use of ultrasound. The aim of this study was to determine if the tympanic bulla (TB) and associated structures could be evaluated in the rabbit using currently available ultrasound equipment. The normal anatomy of the region was established using gross dissection and emascerated specimens and compared with the dog and cat. Ten New Zealand white rabbit cadavers were examined using two ultrasound machines and four transducers from a variety of locations. A 12 MHz linear transducer was found to be most appropriate. From a lateral approach the external ear canal could be visualized to the level of the external acoustic meatus while the TB itself could only be visualized from a ventral approach. The jugular and mastoid processes in the rabbit are very prominent and interfered with imaging of the TB from all approaches. Water-soluble lubricant introduced into the TB could be identified through the ventral bone wall of the TB and allowed the lumen and far wall to be visualised. Further work is required to determine whether ultrasound examination of the TB can be performed in live rabbits and to evaluate its benefits in the evaluation of clinical cases of otitis media.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, United Kingdom. A.King@vet.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cranfield
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D011817:Rabbits / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography