title: Early microcirculatory perfusion derangements in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: relationship to hemodynamics, oxygen transport, and survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study early microcirculatory perfusion indices in patients with severe sepsis/septic shock, compare early microcirculatory indices in sepsis survivors versus nonsurvivors, and identify systemic hemodynamic/oxygen transport variables that correlate with early microcirculatory perfusion indices.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective observational study used orthogonal polarization spectral imaging to directly visualize the sublingual microcirculation in patients with severe sepsis/septic shock treated with early goal-directed therapy. We performed initial imaging within 6 hours of early goal-directed therapy initiation and late follow-up studies at 24-hour intervals until death or resolution of organ dysfunction. We imaged 5 sublingual sites and analyzed the data offline in a blinded fashion. We calculated 3 microcirculatory perfusion indices: flow velocity score, flow heterogeneity index, and capillary density. We analyzed early data to compare survivors versus nonsurvivors and examine correlations with systemic hemodynamic measurements. We used a linear mixed-effects model for longitudinal analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed 66 orthogonal polarization spectral studies in 26 sepsis patients. Early microcirculatory indices were more markedly impaired (lower flow velocity and more heterogeneous perfusion) in nonsurvivors compared with survivors. These same early indices, flow velocity and heterogeneity, were also more markedly impaired with increasing severity of systemic cardiovascular dysfunction (lower arterial pressure or increasing vasopressor requirement).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early microcirculatory perfusion indices in severe sepsis and septic shock are more markedly impaired in nonsurvivors compared with survivors and with increasing severity of global cardiovascular dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Disease and Critical Care Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Camden, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ 08103, USA. trzeciakstephen@cooperhealth.edu
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trzeciak
authors.forename: R Phillip
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Dellinger
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Parrillo
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guglielmi
authors.forename: Jasmeet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bajaj
authors.forename: Nicole L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Abate
authors.forename: Ryan C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colilla
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zanotti
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hollenberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002196:Capillaries / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology*; D008859:Microscopy, Polarization; D018715:Microscopy, Video / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009060:Mouth Floor / Q000098:blood supply; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen