title: Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori vacA, cagA, cagE, iceA, babA2 genotypes and correlation with clinical outcome in Turkish patients with dyspepsia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Distinct virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori have been associated with clinical outcome of the infection; however, considerable variations have been reported from different geographic regions and data on genotypes of Turkish H. pylori isolates are sparse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of specific genotypes of H. pylori in Turkish patients with dyspepsia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-three H. pylori-positive patients [30 with non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), 30 with duodenal ulcer (DU), and 33 with gastric cancer (GC)] who were admitted to our endoscopy unit due to dyspepsia were enrolled in the study. H. pylori infection was confirmed in all patients by histology and rapid urease test (RUT). The presence of vacA alleles, cagA, cagE, iceA, and babA2 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test were used for statistical comparisons and multivariate regression analysis was performed to find out independent predictors of different clinical outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Turkish strains examined predominantly possessed the vacA s1,m2 (48.4%) and s1,m1 (40.7%) genotypes. The vacA s1a genotype was detected in 66.7, 96.4, and 87.9% of isolates from patients with NUD, DU, and GC, respectively, and its presence was significantly associated with that of DU (p = .004), GC (p = .043), and cagA gene (p = .021). None of the cases was found to harbor the s1c genotype. The frequencies of the cagA and cagE genes among studied isolates were 73.6 and 59.3%, respectively. The cagA gene was significantly associated with the presence of DU (p = .004) and GC (p = .003), and the cagE gene, too, was significantly associated with the presence of DU (p = .002) and GC (p = .000). All H. pylori isolates possessed the iceA gene. In all, 68 isolates (74.7%) were positive for iceA1 and 23 (25.3%) for iceA2. The frequency of icea1 gene was significantly higher in cases with GC (85%) than in cases with NUD (60%) (p = .026). The frequency of babA2 gene was 23.3, 46.4, and 87.9% in isolates of patients with NUD, DU, and GC, respectively. When compared to cases with NUD (p = .000) and DU (p = .000), the presence of babA2 gene was significantly higher in cases with GC. Multivariate regression analysis disclosed cagE (p = .006) and vacA s1a (p = .027) genotypes to be independent predictors of DU and babA2 (p = .000) and cagE (p = .013) genotypes to be independent predictors of GC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  H. pylori vacA s1a, cagA, cagE genotypes have significant relations with the presence of DU and GC, and iceA1, babA2 with GC in Turkish patients with dyspepsia, whereas cagE and vacA s1a genotypes are independent predictors of DU, and babA2 and cagE genotypes are independent predictors of GC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Erzin
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Koksal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Altun
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobrucali
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aslan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erdamar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dirican
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kocazeybek
mesh_terms: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000209:etiology; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013045:Species Specificity; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; C400429:BabA protein, Helicobacter pylori; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C103937:PicB protein, Helicobacter pylori; C074689:VacA protein, Helicobacter pylori; C080866:cagA protein, Helicobacter pylori; C063113:ice nucleation protein