title: Involvement of human basal ganglia in offline feedback control of voluntary movement.
abstract: Practice makes perfect, but the neural substrates of trial-to-trial learning in motor tasks remain unclear. There is some evidence that the basal ganglia process feedback-related information to modify learning in essentially cognitive tasks , but the evidence that these key motor structures are involved in offline feedback-related improvement of performance in motor tasks is paradoxically limited. Lesion studies in adult zebra finches suggest that the avian basal ganglia are involved in the transmission or production of an error signal during song . However, patients with Huntington's disease, in which there is prominent basal ganglia dysfunction, are not impaired in error-dependent modulation of future trial performance . By directly recording from the subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson's disease, we demonstrate that this nucleus processes error in trial performance at short latency. Local evoked activity is greatest in response to smallest errors and influences the programming of subsequent movements. Accordingly, motor parameters are least likely to change after the greatest evoked responses so that accurately performed trials tend to precede other accurate trials. This relationship is disrupted by electrical stimulation of the nucleus at high frequency. Thus, the human subthalamic nucleus is involved in feedback-based learning.
authors.affiliation: Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom. p.brown@ion.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Chiung Chu
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shouyan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Andrea A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kühn
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: Kielan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yarrow
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nuttin
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Tipu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aziz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*