title: [A Hebrew version of the FLACC scale: measurement of pain in non-verbal children].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Israeli Ministry of Health requires that every patient have their pain routinely and systematically measured when there are treated in any of the country's medical institutions. Measurement guides treatment and enables follow-up of pain over time. Self-assessment of pain is the gold standard. Measurement is standardized by using scales representing intensity from "no pain" to "unbearable pain". Three-year-olds can assess their own pain, but younger children, or those who are non-verbal due to a medical procedure, cannot. Scales for this population rely on behavioral and physiological parameters, with assessment conducted by caretakers. Of the scales reviewed by the authors, the "FLACC" was chosen as appropriate for routine use due to its brevity and simplicity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Translation and establishment of reliability and validity of the Hebrew version of the FLACC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included 53 children aged 2 months to 8 years, who could not communicate verbally. Observations were conducted in the post-anesthesia care unit and the Intensive Care Unit. The FLACC was translated by the translation-back-translation technique. Inter-rater reliability was tested by two independent observers, and validity was assessed before and after provision of intravenous morphine or ketorolac.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inter-rater reliability was high for the total FLACC score (r = 0.94, p < 0.001), as well as for the separate items (kappa 0.5-0.85). The FLACC was considered valid, as the change in scores paralleled the known pharmacological effect of the medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Hebrew version of the FLACC was found reliable and valid for caretakers to use with children who cannot communicate verbally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Gertner Institute.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zaslansky
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glasser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Golobov
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Keidan
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D007802:Language; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013222:State Medicine