title: Combined chloroquine, sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine and primaquine against Plasmodium falciparum in Central Java, Indonesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chloroquine (CQ) or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) monotherapy for Plasmodium falciparum often leads to therapeutic failure in Indonesia. Combining CQ with other drugs, like SP, may provide an affordable, available and effective option where artemisinin-combined therapies (ACT) are not licensed or are unavailable.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study compared CQ (n = 29 subjects) versus CQ + SP (with or without primaquine; n = 88) for clinical and parasitological cure of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in the Menoreh Hills region of southern Central Java, Indonesia. Gametocyte clearance rates were measured with (n = 56 subjects) and without (n = 61) a single 45 mg dose of primaquine (PQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 28 days, 58% of subjects receiving CQ had cleared parasitaemia and remained aparasitaemic, compared to 94% receiving CQ combined with SP (p < 0.001). Msp-2 genotyping permitted reinfection-adjusted cure rates for CQ and CQ combined with SP, 70% and 99%, respectively (p = 0.0006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primaquine exerted no apparent affect on cure of asexual stage parasitaemia, but clearly accelerated clearance of gametocytes. CQ combined with SP was safe and well-tolerated with superior efficacy over CQ for P. falciparum parasitaemia in this study.
authors.affiliation: US Naval Medical Research Unit No.2, Jakarta, Indonesia. erlederman@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Edith R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Lederman
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.forename: Iwa W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Sumawinata
authors.forename: Krisin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chand
authors.forename: Iqbal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Elyazar
authors.forename: Lusi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Estiana
authors.forename: Priyanto
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sismadi
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bangs
authors.forename: J Kevin
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Baird
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum; D011319:Primaquine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D004338:Drug Combinations; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D002738:Chloroquine; D011319:Primaquine; D011739:Pyrimethamine