title: Comparison of a flexible laryngoscope with calibrated sizing function to intraoperative measurements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives were to assess the clinical performance and accuracy of a prototype fiberoptic transnasal laryngeal endoscope with an auxiliary optical system that allows images to be spatially calibrated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A novel fiberoptic endoscope was developed that projects green laser beams across the field of view from a separate optical channel. According to the location of the spots in the field of view, the images can be calibrated with a software routine. To assess its performance, we compared measurements of 14 lesions imaged with the calibrated endoscope and during microlaryngoscopy, where a calibration instrument was placed next to the lesions. Four clinicians measured lesion length, width, and area from the collected images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The calibrated endoscope performed as well as current flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopes in terms of image quality and patient comfort. For lesions with well-defined borders, the error ranged from 14% to 23% for length, from 20% to 30% for width, and from 33% to 50% for area across observers. Factors contributing to larger errors in some subjects were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The calibrated endoscope is capable of providing useful sizing information for laryngeal structures, and these measures correspond quite well to more direct measurements in the operating room. Objective sizing of laryngeal lesions is complicated by subjective judgments of lesion boundaries, which can be indistinct in many cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kobler
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Lee M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Akst
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Broadhurst
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zeitels
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hillman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002138:Calibration; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006801:Humans; D007818:Laryngeal Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D020704:Laryngoscopes; D007830:Larynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014741:Video Recording