title: An anthropometric study of relationships between the clival angle and craniofacial measurements in adult human skulls.
abstract: STATING BACKGROUND: The clival angle, between the ethmoidal plane and the clival plane, measures the cranial base angulation. Relations between cranial base angulation and facial patterns have been discussed and present contradictory evidence. The aim of this study is to determine whether correlations could be found between the clival angle and craniofacial measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was carried out on a sample of 235 human skulls. Twenty landmarks were marked. The clival angle and 16 other variables were measured and compared using analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis showed a relationship between the clival angle and six measurements (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the clival angle and the cranial lengths, the nasomaxillary sagittal measurements and palatal length but the width of the foramen magnum had a negative correlation. No significant relationship was found between the clival angle and the cranial height and widths, the palatal width, the length of the foramen magnum and the mandibular measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The trends found in this study with regard to the craniofacial lengths show that the nasomaxillary complex in humans has a stable position lying beneath the anterior cranial base. Transversal, vertical and mandibular variables have a more independent relationship.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, North University Hospital, Marseille, France. laurentguyot@neuf.fr
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guyot
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adalian
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bartoli
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dutour
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leonetti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods*; D001837:Body Weights and Measures / Q000379:methods*; D003388:Cranial Fossa, Posterior / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*