title: Influence of endurance exercise training and sex on intramyocellular lipid and mitochondrial ultrastructure, substrate use, and mitochondrial enzyme activity.
abstract: Impaired mitochondrial function and structure and intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) accumulation have been associated with obesity and Type 2 diabetes. We examined whether endurance exercise training and sex influenced IMCL and mitochondrial morphology using electron microscopy, whole-body substrate use, and mitochondrial enzyme activity. Untrained men (n = 5) and women (n = 7) were tested before and after 7 wk of endurance exercise training. Testing included 90 min of cycle ergometry at 60% Vo(2 peak) with preexercise muscle biopsies analyzed for IMCL and mitochondrial size/area using electron microscopy and short-chain beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD) and citrate synthase (CS) enzyme activity. Training increased the mean lipid area density (P = 0.090), the number of IMCL droplets (P = 0.055), the number of IMCL droplets in contact with mitochondria (P = 0.010), the total mitochondrial area (P < 0.001), and the size of individual mitochondrial fragments (P = 0.006). Women had higher mean lipid area density (P = 0.030) and number of IMCL droplets (P = 0.002) before and after training, but higher individual IMCL area only before training (P = 0.013), compared with men. Women oxidized more fat (P = 0.027) and less carbohydrate (P = 0.032) throughout the study. Training increased Vo(2 peak) (P < 0.001), %fat oxidation (P = 0.018), SCHAD activity (P = 0.003), and CS activity (P = 0.042). In summary, endurance exercise training increased IMCL area density due to an increase in the number of lipid droplets, whereas the increase in total mitochondrial area was due to an increase in the size of individual mitochondrial fragments. In addition, women have higher IMCL content compared with men due mainly to a greater number of individual droplets. Finally, endurance exercise training increased the proportion of IMCL in physical contact with mitochondria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Rm. 2H26, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada. tarnopol@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tarnopolsky
authors.forename: Courtney D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Rennie
authors.forename: Holly A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Robertshaw
authors.forename: Stephanie N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Fedak-Tarnopolsky
authors.forename: Michaela C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Devries
authors.forename: Mazen J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hamadeh
mesh_terms: D015094:3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D002950:Citrate (si)-Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D015094:3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases; D002950:Citrate (si)-Synthase