title: Factors affecting fertility in loosely housed sows and gilts: vulvar discharge syndrome, environment and acute-phase proteins.
abstract: The effect of vulvar discharge syndrome (VDS) on sow and gilt fertility was studied on 26 farms. Of 824 animals inspected in 21 randomly selected and five VDS problem farms, 19 (2.3%) were afflicted with VDS. Altogether 542/799 of the examined animals (67.8%) farrowed thereafter. Nine of the 19 VDS animals (47.4%) and 533/780 non-VDS animals (68.3%) farrowed at the first chance after the examination (p = 0.05). None of the unmated gilts in this study had VDS. Environmental and individual factors likely to be associated with fertility and VDS were tested. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with farrowing were VDS, reproductive status, availability of roughage and confinement to individual stalls. None of the variables tested was associated with VDS. However, all of the VDS problem farms were overcrowded and had concrete, partly slatted floors with little or no bedding. The median value of haptoglobin (Hp) was 2.5 (range 1.3-3.1) g/l in VDS animals and 2.3 (0.5-4.3) g/l in controls (p = 0.6). The median C-reactive protein (CRP) in VDS animals was 30.3 (3.3-171.3) mg/l and in controls 25.9 (3.3-361.1) mg/l (p = 0.7). In conclusion, VDS decreased fertility of gilts and sows in the absence of a systemic acute-phase response, as indicated by stable concentrations of Hp and CRP.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oravainen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heinonen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Seppä-Lassila
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Orro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tast
authors.forename: Jv
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virolainen
authors.forename: Oat
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Peltoniemi
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology*; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000592:standards; D011156:Population Density; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology*; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019522:Vaginal Discharge / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary; D014845:Vulvar Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins