title: Imperforate anus: A relatively common anomaly rarely diagnosed prenatally.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the relatively common occurrence of imperforate anus, prenatal diagnosis is rarely reported. In this study, we investigated the presence and diagnosis of imperforate anus along with strategies for improving prenatal diagnosis of the condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetuses and infants with imperforate anus who had been examined prenatally by ultrasound at the National Center for Fetal Medicine (NCFM) from 1987 to 2004, were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 69 cases with imperforate anus, only 11 (15.9%) were diagnosed prenatally, at a median gestation of 18 + 4 (range, 15 + 6 to 35 + 6) weeks. In all 11, dilatations of the rectum or lower part of the bowel were seen. Additional anomalies, most of them diagnosed prenatally, were present in 59/69 (85.5%) of the cases. The most frequent additional anomalies were urogenital (53.6%). The karyotype was abnormal in nine cases (13.0%). A retrospective evaluation of available videotapes of 22 cases of imperforate anus that were not diagnosed prenatally revealed that it was possible to suspect the diagnosis in 11/22 (50%) cases. Sixteen infants were born with imperforate anus without prenatal diagnosis of any abnormality. In total, 31/69 (44.9%) cases were terminated, two (2.9%) died in utero and 12 (17.4%) died postnatally. Twenty-four (34.8%) infants survived, including all 10 with isolated imperforate anus and seven of eight cases with only one additional anomaly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prenatal detection rate of imperforate anus was only 15.9%. Imperforate anus is often associated with other anomalies; in this study, 85.5% had additional anomalies. Prenatal diagnosis makes prenatal counseling possible and facilitates optimized postnatal care. We believe that the prenatal detection rate of imperforate anus could be improved. Examiners should intensify their search for typical findings of imperforate anus especially when other anomalies that frequently accompany this condition are present.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. anne.brantberg@ntnu.no
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brantberg
authors.forename: H-G K
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Blaas
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Haugen
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Isaksen
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Eik-Nes
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D000025:Abortion, Eugenic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001006:Anus, Imperforate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*