title: Outcome of traumatic extradural haematoma in Hong Kong.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traumatic extradural haematoma (EDH) is a neurosurgical emergency and timely surgical intervention for significant EDH is the gold standard. This study aims to determine the incidence and mortality of consecutive patients with traumatic EDH admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) of Prince of Wales Hospital (PWH), a University Hospital Trauma Centre in Hong Kong.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data for all consecutive trauma cases admitted through the ED during 2001-2004. EDH was diagnosed by CT in all cases. Both primary and delayed onset EDH were included, as were patients with combined EDH and other intracranial lesions (e.g. subdural haematoma). Age, sex, cause of injury, associated intracranial lesions, skull fracture, Glasgow Coma Scale, pupil reactivity, treatment, length of stay and clinical outcome were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two thousand and two hundred and eight patients were in the trauma registry for 2001-2004. Total 1080 head injured patients; 89 patients had traumatic EDH, mean of 1.9 patients per month. Seventy (79%) patients were male, with a mean age of 37.7 years. Fifty (56%) patients were from road traffic crashes, 27 (30%) sustained falls, 10 (11%) had direct head trauma. On admission, 62 (70%) patients were GCS 13-15, 9 (10%) GCS 9-12 and 18 (20%) GCS 3-8. Sixty-six (74%) patients had a skull fracture. Thirty (34%) patients underwent neurosurgical operation. Overall, nine patients (10%) died; eight patients were GCS<8; five had bilateral fixed and dilated pupils; one had a single fixed and dilated pupil. Four patients died after neurosurgical operation, three of whom had fixed dilated pupils and were GCS 3 prior to surgery. Median length of hospital stay for survivors was 10.4 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survival from traumatic EDH was 90% (80/89) and 91% (73/80) of survivors had a Glasgow Outcome Score of 4 or 5 (good or moderate). The combination of bilateral fixed dilated pupils and GCS 3 suggests severe primary brain injury. Emergency evacuation of intracranial haematomas is unlikely to improve the outcome for these patients. Even in an urban environment with short prehospital times and rapid access to neurosurgery, outcome in patients who are GCS 3 following EDH is likely to be poor.
authors.affiliation: Trauma & Emergency Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
authors.forename: Phoebe S Y
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Jenny M Y
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Janice H H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: Colin A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Timothy H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Rainer
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006407:Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012025:Reflex, Pupillary; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome