title: Effect of 17beta-estradiol on apoptosis, IGF system components and gelatinases A and B in prostate cancer cells (PC-3).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have indicated that estrogen administration in the advanced stage of prostate cancer provide some benefits to the patients. Estrogen action was thought to be mediated via the blockade of the pituitary-testicular axis that effectively lowered the circulating levels of androgen and, thus, results in tumor regression; however, the effect of estrogens on prostate epithelial cells is still unclear. We investigated the effects of estradiol on insulin-like growth factor type I receptor (IGF-IR), IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), IGFBP-4, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells (PC-3).
  
  
  METHODS
  The cells were treated with different concentrations of estradiol (1, 10 and 100 nmol/l) for different time periods (24, 48, 72 and 96 h). Cell proliferation was assessed using MTT assay, and IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4 were assessed using immunoradiometric and enzyme immunoassays, respectively. MMP-2, MMP-9 and IGF-IR expression levels were analyzed using western-blot analysis, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were analyzed using gelatin zymography. Apoptosis was confirmed by Annexin V-FITC and acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining methods. DNA fragmentation studies were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell proliferation assay revealed that 10 and 100 nmol/l estradiol concentrations inhibit the proliferation of PC-3 cells when incubated for 48-96 h. The secretory levels of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4 were increased significantly. The western-blot results showed that estradiol is capable of decreasing the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 significantly. Gelatin zymography showed that activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 are decreased in estradiol-treated cells. Estradiol-induced apoptosis was studied using annexin V-binding and propidium iodide influx. Estradiol also induced nuclear fragmentation in higher doses (100 nmol/l) in PC-3 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibition of MMPs in cancer cells and increased levels of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4 associated with apoptosis may be one of the targets for anticancer function of estradiol. Estradiol inhibits the proliferation of prostate cancer cells by inducing apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kanagaraj
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Vijayababu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ilangovan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Senthilkumar
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Venkataraman
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Aruldhas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arunakaran
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013002:Somatomedins; D004958:Estradiol; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9