title: Formation of high levels of acrylamide during the processing of flour derived from sulfate-deprived wheat.
abstract: When wheat was grown under conditions of severe sulfate depletion, dramatic increases in the concentration of free asparagine were found in the grain of up to 30 times as compared to samples receiving the normal levels of sulfate fertilizer. The effect was observed both in plants grown in pots, where the levels of nutrients were carefully controlled, and in plants grown in field trials on soil with poor levels of natural nutrients where sulfate fertilizer was applied at levels from 0 to 40 kg sulfur/Ha. Many of the other free amino acids were present at higher levels in the sulfate-deprived wheat, but the levels of free glutamine showed increases similar to those observed for asparagine. In baked cereal products, asparagine is the precursor of the suspect carcinogen acrylamide, and when flours from the sulfate-deprived wheat were heated at 160 degrees C for 20 min, levels of acrylamide between 2600 and 5200 microg/kg were found as compared to 600-900 microg/kg in wheat grown with normal levels of sulfate fertilization.
authors.affiliation: Crop Performance and Improvement Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nira
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muttucumaru
authors.forename: Nigel G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Halford
authors.forename: J Stephen
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Elmore
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Dodson
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parry
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Shewry
authors.forename: Donald S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Mottram
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D001216:Asparagine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005433:Flour / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013431:Sulfates; D020106:Acrylamide; D001216:Asparagine