title: Poland's syndrome: different clinical presentations and surgical reconstructions in 18 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The literature reports many variations of Poland's syndrome. This article describes 18 cases of Poland's syndrome in different stages of treatment, with variable clinical presentations and reconstructive techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study evaluated 15 females and 3 males, ages 2 to 43 years, for breast deformity, nipple-areolar complex position, pectoralis muscle malformation, thoracic deformities, and the presence of brachysyndactyly. Surgical treatment was performed for 14 patients, individualized for each case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the women, the hypoplastic breast was treated with a latissimus dorsi muscular flap associated with silicone gel implant in five cases. Two other patients still are receiving tissue expansion for a future muscular and prosthetic reconstruction. Prosthetic implants alone were used on the affected side in four cases. The nipple-areolar complex was reconstructed for two patients. Seven women underwent contralateral breast surgery: reduction mammoplasty in three cases, mastopexy in two cases, and prosthetic implants in two cases. The only man who underwent surgery was treated with endoscopic rotation of the latissimus dorsi muscle flap.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated several breast reconstruction options for patients with Poland's syndrome, reinforcing the importance of an individualized treatment to achieve complete and adequate rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Hospital de Clínicas of Federal University of Paraná, R. General Carneiro, Curitiba-PR, Brazil 80060-900. dr.renato.freitas@gmail.com
authors.forename: Renato da Silva
authors.initials: Rda S
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: André Ricardo Dall'Ogli
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: o Tolazzi
authors.forename: Vanessa Dello Mônaco
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Breno Albuquerque
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Knop
authors.forename: Ruth Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Gilvani Azor de Oliveira E
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Cruz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001940:Breast / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D019928:Breast Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019091:Critical Pathways; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011045:Poland Syndrome / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D012826:Silicone Elastomers