title: High serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-8 in severe asthma: markers of systemic inflammation?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe asthma is characterized by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutrophilic inflammation in the airways. Blood cytokines, markers of 'systemic' inflammation, may be a feature of amplified inflammation in severe asthma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To detect differences in IL-8, TNF-alpha, IL-16 and IL-13 levels in the serum(s) of stable severe and mild-moderate asthmatics related to blood leucocytes proportion, airway calibre and exhaled nitric oxide (NO) levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed cytokine serum levels by ELISA and blood leucocyte counts by an alkaline peroxidase method in 20 healthy controls, 22 mild-moderate [forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)(%pred): 89+/-3] and 14 severe asthmatics [FEV1(%pred): 49+/-2].
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-8 and TNF-alpha levels were higher in severe asthmatics than in mild-moderate asthmatics or in controls (P<0.05). No differences in IL-16 and IL-13 levels were detected. Severe asthmatics showed higher circulating neutrophil and eosinophil number than controls (P<0.05). In severe asthmatics, exhaled NO levels were superior than in controls (P<0.05), but inferior than in mild-moderate asthmatics (P<0.05). We found positive correlation between TNF-alpha levels and exhaled NO (r=0.67; P=0.01) or circulating neutrophil counts (r=0.57; P=0.03) in severe asthmatics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  sTNF-alpha and sIL-8 are markers of 'systemic' inflammation in severe asthmatics, in conjunction with augmented circulating neutrophils, suggesting the involvement of neutrophil-derived cytokine pattern in severe asthma.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Disease Unit, G Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silvestri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bontempelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giacomelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malerba
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Stefano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: F L M
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Ricciardolo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001944:Breath Tests; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000097:blood; D019410:Interleukin-16 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018793:Interleukin-13; D019410:Interleukin-16; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide