title: Inflammatory response to a titanium surface with potential bioactive properties: an in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current hard tissue implants research aims to accelerate bone healing by designing surfaces that are bioactive. However, the role of the inflammatory response to these surfaces is so far incompletely described.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to evaluate early inflammatory response in vitro to a potentially bioactive surface--an anodized surface with Mg ions incorporated (anodized/Mg)--and to compare it to a turned, a blasted, and an anodized surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  An interferometer was used for topographical characterizations. The disks were incubated with human mononuclear cells. Adherent cells were investigated with respect to number of cells, viability, differentiation, and cytokine production with and without lipopolysaccharide stimulation after 24 and 72 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of adhered mononuclear cells differed significantly between the different modified surfaces, with the highest number on the anodized surface. However, there were no significant differences in cytokine production and differentiation between the different modified surfaces. The amount of anti-inflammatory mediator interleukin-10 remained over time, while the number of cells and pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha decreased. The cells were viable on all surfaces, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anodized surfaces with and without Mg ions showed an increased cell adherence, however, otherwise an inflammatory response similar to the turned and blasted surfaces. Furthermore, the potentially bioactive anodized/Mg surface showed a similar response to the TiUnite-like anodized surface despite the former having a surface roughness of a smoother character.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterial Science, Institute of Surgical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Sweden. anna.goransson@biomaterials.gu.se
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Göransson
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gretzer
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Young-Taeg
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Sul
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wennerberg
mesh_terms: D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008277:Magnesium Oxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; C009495:titanium dioxide; D008277:Magnesium Oxide; D014025:Titanium