title: Transperitoneal and retroperitoneal laparoscopic heminephrectomy--what approach for which patient?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report our experience with laparoscopic heminephrectomy using the transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches in 48 pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 48 laparoscopic heminephrectomies were performed in 35 girls and 13 boys 45 days to 17 years old (mean 4.08 years) between September 1998 and March 2005. The procedures consisted of 44 upper pole heminephrectomies with partial or total ureterectomies and 4 lower pole heminephroureterectomies. Surgeries were performed using a transperitoneal approach in 32 patients (67%) and a retroperitoneal approach in 16 (33%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Followup ranged from 0.75 to 7.25 years (mean 3.53). In the retroperitoneal group 2 procedures required conversion, 1 to open heminephrectomy and 1 to a transperitoneal laparoscopic approach. Complications were seen in 5 of 48 patients (10%). Complications in the retroperitoneal group were seen in 2 patients. One patient had a postoperative urinary leak that resolved spontaneously. Another patient had development of a urinoma that was treated conservatively. Complications in the transperitoneal group were seen in 3 patients. One patient required an intraoperative chest tube due to pneumothorax, 1 had recurrent urinary tract infection that required excision of a short ureteral remnant and 1, 6-month-old boy had development of postoperative hypertension. Four of the 5 complications (80%) were seen in patients younger than 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transperitoneal and retroperitoneal laparoscopic heminephrectomy can be performed for benign disease in children with minimal morbidity, improved cosmesis and short hospital stay. Complication rate does not depend on the surgical approach, but rather on the age of the patient.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Miami Children's Hospital and Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castellan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gosalbez
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Carmack
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Prieto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perez-Brayfield
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Labbie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space; D014546:Urinary Catheterization