title: A comparison of pullout strength for pedicle screws of different designs: a study using tapped and untapped pilot holes.
abstract: METHODS
  The pullout strengths of various pedicle screw designs are compared using tapped and untapped pilot holes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to compare the pullout strength of various pedicle screw designs. The designs are compared using tapped and untapped pilot holes. By using several different screw designs, it is possible to gain an understanding of whether there is a correlation between tapping a pilot hole and the ultimate pullout strength.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Most bone screws originally developed were intended to be installed in a pretapped pilot hole. This same technology has been carried over to the development of more modern bone screws for use in spinal fixation applications. Many pedicle screws in use today are still intended to be installed in a tapped hole. Preparing the vertebrae and tapping of a pilot hole involve additional trauma to the patient as well as increased operating time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pedicle screws from various manufacturers are installed in tapped and untapped pilot holes and then loaded to failure. A uniform synthetic material was used to provide a consistent test of each screw design by eliminating variability seen in bone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tapping pilot holes did not increase the pullout strength of the screws tested in this study. It was observed during testing that tapping some of the holes degraded the material. This degradation led to pullout strengths that were lower than in the untapped case, and generally larger standard deviations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pullout strength was not increased by tapping for the screws in this study. Screws placed in untapped holes generally had higher pullout strengths and lower standard deviations. The results of this study suggest that tapping does not increase pullout strength in bone with densities near 20 lb/ft3, which correlates with low density cancellous or osteoporotic bone.
authors.affiliation: Brenoak Labs LLC, Columbia, MO, USA. f.pfeiffer@brenoaklabs.com
authors.forename: Ferris M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: Dennis L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Abernathie
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes