title: Patterns of growth among children who later develop type 2 diabetes or its risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied fetal and childhood growth patterns that are associated with IGT and type 2 diabetes in adult life.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined clinically 2,003 subjects born in Helsinki between 1934 and 1944. They had on average 11 measurements of height and weight between birth and 2 years of age, and seven measurements between 2 and 11 years of age. Glucose tolerance in adult life was assessed by a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 311 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 496 with IGT. Both IGT and type 2 diabetes were associated with low birthweight (p < 0.0001 adjusting for current BMI). The risk of these conditions was increased by low weight gain between birth and 2 years. A 1 SD increase in weight at 2 years was associated with an odds ratio for either type 2 diabetes or IGT of 0.76 (95% CI 0.69-0.84). This effect was greatest in people who had low birthweight. Low growth in the first 6 months after birth was a critical period for the development of insulin resistance in later life; other critical periods were associated with slow fetal growth and rapid increase in BMI between age 2 and 11 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low weight gain during infancy increases the risk of IGT and type 2 diabetes. The effect is greater in people who had low birthweight. The first 6 months after birth may be the most critical period for growth, in relation to development of glucose intolerance.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. johan.eriksson@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osmond
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kajantie
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Forsén
authors.forename: D J P
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Barker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001724:Birth Weight; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006128:Growth / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin