title: Deoxynivalenol exacerbates viral bronchopneumonia induced by respiratory reovirus infection.
abstract: The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), a frequent contaminant of cereal grains, is known to dysregulate mucosal and systemic immunity. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that DON interferes with the murine immune response to viral respiratory infection. Female Balb/c mice (5 weeks old) were orally gavaged with DON (10 mg/kg body weight [bw]) or saline vehicle and then intranasally instilled with 10(7) plaque-forming units of reovirus serotype 1, strain Lang (T1/L). At 10-day postinstillation (PI), both viral titers and reovirus L(2) gene expression were 10-fold higher in lungs of DON-treated mice than in saline controls. The lowest observed effective DON dose that impaired viral clearance was 2 mg/kg bw. Although DON amplified reovirus-induced interferon (IFN)-beta and IFN-gamma mRNA responses in lung, the toxin suppressed mRNA expression for IFN-alpha, IFN-alphabeta receptor (IFNAR), and IFN-gamma receptor (IFNGR). DON also impaired induction of two type 1 IFN-dependent antiviral genes, double-stranded RNA activated protein kinase R (PKR) and oligoadenylate synthase 2 (OAS2). Respiratory reovirus infection caused a mild bronchopneumonia in mice which was markedly exacerbated by DON as evidenced by severe inflammatory cell infiltration, marked alveolar damage, and a higher volume density of intraepithelial mucosubstances in pulmonary airways. At 3- and 7-day PI, elevations in total protein, MCP-1, TNF-alpha, total cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes were observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of control mice infected with reovirus. DON markedly enhanced viral-induced elevations of protein, MCP-1, TNF-alpha, and inflammatory cells in the BALF at 3-day PI. DON exposure also upregulated induction of reovirus-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) in BALF, fecal pellets, and serum. DON's effect on BALF IgA was preceded by elevated IL-6 expression and secretion in the lung. Taken together, the results suggest that DON compromised resistance to respiratory viral infection. Reduced expression of IFNAR and type 1 IFN-mediated genes in the lung might contribute to DON impairment of pulmonary reovirus clearance, whereas exacerbation of bronchopneumonia and IgA responses corresponded to increased MCP-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Maoxiang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jack R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Harkema
authors.forename: Christopher F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Cuff
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pestka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D001996:Bronchopneumonia / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005814:Genes, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000187:drug effects; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000276:immunology; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D030102:Orthoreovirus, Mammalian / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012088:Reoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D014255:Trichothecenes; C007262:deoxynivalenol