title: Time domain 1H NMR as a new method to monitor softening of gelatin and HPMC capsule shells.
abstract: Defined mechanical properties are an essential requirement for any pharmaceutical dosage form and this is particularly important in the case of liquid-filled capsules. Changes in the mechanical properties may be induced by exposure of the capsules to humidity or by a shift of the water equilibrium that typically occurs when hydrophilic or amphiphilic fill masses are used, for example, in self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. This study aims to characterize the softening of empty hard gelatin and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) capsules by means of mechanical tests, a Bareiss hardness test, and a stiffness test using a texture analysis method. A benchtop time domain NMR method is applied in addition to characterize the physico-chemical state of water in the capsule shells and to correlate this with the results of the mechanical tests. Hardness and stiffness measurements resulted in corresponding values, showing a softening for both capsule materials in a humid environment, which was most pronounced beyond 60% relative humidity. The capsules made of gelatin exhibited in general higher stiffness and hardness values compared to the HPMC capsules. The physico-chemical state of water in the capsule shells, as probed by a time domain NMR method, was interpreted in terms of a population balance model. Three different water populations were identified that differ in their molecular mobility, as indicated by their characteristic spin-lattice relaxation times, T1. The most loosely bound water fraction dominated in the capsule shells in the range beyond 60% relative humidity. Numerical correlation of the data led to a heuristic equation between the NMR-derived fraction of loosely bound water in the capsule shells and their mechanical stiffness and hardness. Adequate models were obtained for both capsule types, gelatin, and HPMC. Mechanical measurements of pharmaceutical capsules are generally destructive and time consuming. Testing is usually performed in an analytical laboratory, off-line from the manufacturing process, and involves only a small number of samples. Based on the here presented correlation between mechanical stiffness measurements and benchtop time domain NMR data, the latter method may be used as a nondestructive alternative for mechanical testing. This study also opens the possibility to investigate liquid-filled capsules and to establish a process analytical technology (PAT) during manufacturing.
authors.affiliation: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceutical and Analytical R & D, Basel, Switzerland. martin.kuentz@fhnw.ch
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuentz
authors.forename: Benno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rothenhäusler
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Röthlisberger
mesh_terms: D002214:Capsules / Q000737:chemistry*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004339:Drug Compounding; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry*; D006859:Hydrogen; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D019563:Mechanics; D008747:Methylcellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D014867:Water; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; D006859:Hydrogen; D005780:Gelatin; D008747:Methylcellulose