title: The effect of coronoid fractures on elbow kinematics and stability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronoid fractures often occur in the setting of more complex elbow trauma. Little is known about the influence of coronoid fracture size on elbow kinematics, particularly in the setting of concomitant ligament injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of coronoid fractures on elbow kinematics and stability in ligamentously intact and medial collateral ligament deficient elbows and to determine the effect of forearm position on elbow stability in the setting of coronoid fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight cadaveric arms were tested during simulated active dependent elbow motion and gravity-loaded passive elbow motion. Kinematic data were collected from an electromagnetic tracking system. The protocol was performed in ligament origin repaired and medial collateral ligament deficient elbows with radial head arthroplasty. Testing was carried out with the coronoid intact, and with 10% (Type I), 50% (Type II), and 90% (Type III) removed. Varus-valgus angulation of the ulna relative to the humerus and maximum varus-valgus laxity were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With repaired ligament origins and medial collateral ligament deficiency, there was increased varus angulation and increased maximum varus-valgus laxity following simulation of a Type II and Type III coronoid fracture. There was less kinematic change with the forearm in supination than in pronation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elbow kinematics are altered with increasing coronoid fracture size. Repair of Type II and Type III coronoid fractures as well as lateral ligament repair is recommended where possible. Forearm supination may be considered during rehabilitation following coronoid repair. Valgus elbow positioning should be avoided if the medial collateral ligament is not repaired.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359798, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. daphneb@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Daphne M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Beingessner
authors.forename: Cynthia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Dunning
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stacpoole
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Graham J W
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000379:methods*; D002102:Cadaver; D004550:Elbow / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D010027:Osteotomy; D012399:Rotation