title: Short echo time 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of childhood brain tumours.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore short echo time (30 ms) 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in children with brain tumours and determine the contributions to the characterization of these tumours of the metabolites inositol/myoinositol and glutamate/glutamine, which are not visible at long echo times (135 or 270 ms).
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a 12-month period 86 single-voxel MRS investigations were performed on 59 children with various brain tumours on a Siemens Symphony 1.5-T Magnetom using point-resolved spectroscopy and echo time of 30 ms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The procedure was well tolerated, and good-quality data were obtained. N-Acetyl aspartate (NAA)/Choline (Cho) and creatine (Cr)/Cho concentration ratios were significantly (p<0.001) lower in tumour (0.95 and 1.63, respectively) compared with non-involved brain (3.68 and 3.98, respectively) in all histological types. Inositol/Myoinositol (Inos)/Cho ratios were significantly (p<0.05) lower in untreated tumours (1.91) than in treated tumours (3.93) and in non-involved brain (3.32). Inos/Cho ratios were high in diffuse pontine gliomas and low in medulloblastomas and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumours (p<0.01). Glutamate/Glutamine (Glut)/Cho ratios were high in grade 1 astrocytomas (6.4) and unbiopsied optic gliomas (9.84) but low in diffuse pontine gliomas (2.44). Lipids and macromolecules were present in most tumours but in low quantities in non-involved brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Good-quality short echo time MRS data can be collected routinely on children with brain tumours. Inos and Glut levels show greater variability between tumour types than NAA, Cho and Cr present at long echo times, providing improved tumour characterization. Inos/Cho levels differ between untreated and treated tumours and may be useful for treatment monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Child Health, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Peet
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lateef
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: MacPherson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Natarajan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sgouros
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Grundy
mesh_terms: D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D003401:Creatine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006859:Hydrogen; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001224:Aspartic Acid; D006859:Hydrogen; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline