title: Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defects.
abstract: Isolated ventricular septal defect is the most common form of congenital heart disease. Surgery has been performed for many years and is considered the gold standard for the treatment of ventricular septal defects. However, it is associated with morbidity and mortality. Less invasive techniques have been developed and currently percutaneous closure of muscular and perimembranous ventricular septal defects has to be considered a possible alternative to the standard surgical approach.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Policlinico San Donato, Pediatric Cardiology, Via Morandi, 30--20097 San Donato, Milanese, Italy. gianfra.but@lycos.com
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Butera
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chessa
authors.forename: Luciane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Piazza
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Negura
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Micheletti
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carminati
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000601:surgery*; D006346:Heart Septum; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications