title: Reduction in preterm delivery and neonatal mortality after the introduction of antenatal cotrimoxazole prophylaxis among HIV-infected women with low CD4 cell counts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis is recommended for subgroups of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults and children to reduce all-cause morbidity and mortality. We investigated whether antenatal cotrimoxazole prophylaxis begun during pregnancy for HIV-infected pregnant women with low CD4 cell counts would affect birth outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis was introduced as a routine component of antenatal care for HIV-infected women with CD4 cell counts <200 cells/ micro L during the course of a trial of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Lusaka, Zambia. Rates of preterm delivery, low birth weight, and neonatal mortality were compared for women with low CD4 cell counts before and after its introduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 255 women with CD4 cell counts <200 cells/ micro L, the percentage of preterm births (< or =34 weeks of gestation) was lower (odds ratio [OR], 0.49 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.24-0.98]) after cotrimoxazole prophylaxis was introduced than before; there was a significant decrease in neonatal mortality (9% to 0%; P=.01) and a trend toward increased birth weight ( beta =114 g [95% CI, -42 to 271 g]). In contrast, there were no significant changes in these parameters over the same time interval among women with CD4 cell counts > or =200 cells/ micro L.Conclusion. Antenatal provision of cotrimoxazole for HIV-infected pregnant women with low CD4 cell counts may have indirect benefits for neonatal health.
authors.affiliation: Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Mwiya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mwiya
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Prisca
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kasonde
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sinkala
authors.forename: Chipepo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kankasa
authors.forename: Shuaib
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kauchali
authors.forename: Grace M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Aldrovandi
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Thea
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuhn
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015024:Zambia
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination