title: Non-invasive routes for insulin administration: current state and perspectives.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that usually requires multiple insulin injections to achieve adequate glycaemic control. This represents a major cause of reduced compliance to treatment. Consequently, other routes for insulin administration have been explored. During recent years, much progress in the development of inhaled insulin has been made. Inhaled insulin has shown favourable properties, such as a rapid onset of action, improved bioavailability and good tolerability; thereby providing satisfaction and ease of administration. However, long-term safety of inhaled insulin needs to be assessed, and the cost would be higher than injectable insulin. Nasal, oral and transdermal insulins are undergoing early phases of pharmacological development. The purpose of this review is to describe the latest developments in the area of non-invasive routes for insulin delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Instituto Universitario, CEMIC, Galvan 4102, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kanevsky
authors.forename: Rubén
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Marco
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Girolamo
authors.forename: Silvina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santoro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin