Immunomodulation of allergic responses by targeting costimulatory molecules.
OBJECTIVE
This review focuses on putative targets, including costimulatory and additional pathways involving T regulatory cells, that may be critical for modifying allergic responses.


RESULTS
Multiple costimulatory signals including CD28/CTLA4: CD80/CD86, ICOS: ICOSL, OX40:OX40L and PD-1: PD-L1/PD-L2 have been identified and implicated in the regulation of immune disorders. Recent studies indicate that T regulatory cells may also suppress T cell costimulation by the secretion of TGF-beta and IL-10, suggesting an important role of T regulatory cells in the regulation of allergic disorders.


CONCLUSIONS
Immune-mediated disorders, including allergic diseases, have been increasing in prevalence. Unravelling these immune pathways may suggest new targets for immunomodulation.
Jen
Kai Yu
KY
Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
Jain
Vipul V
VV
Makani
Samir
S
Finn
Patricia W
PW
D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015995:Prevalence; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000819:agonists / Q000276:immunology*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology*
D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic