title: Sequential hemoperfusion and continuous venovenous hemofiltration in treatment of severe tetramine poisoning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It was the aim of this study to observe the effects of sequential hemoperfusion (HP) and continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) on patients with severe tetramine poisoning and to evaluate the ability of these modalities to remove tetramine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients diagnosed as having severe tetramine poisoning were treated by blood purification, additional to routine medical therapy. Blood purification procedures included HP using activated charcoal for 3-5 h and consecutive CVVH for 24-36 h. Patients' clinical conditions, blood routine tests and serum chemical tests were evaluated every day after admission. Plasma tetramine concentrations were determined before and after HP. During CVVH, tetramine concentrations in plasma before and after passing through the filter and ultrafiltration at 2 and 12 h were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients received blood purification within 12 h after onset of poisoning, and 10 patients received blood purification more than 12 h later. Early-treated patients showed a higher cure rate (100 vs. 60.0%; p < 0.05, chi(2) test) and shorter coma time than late-treated patients (26.0 +/- 23.2 h, range 5-70, vs. 59.7 +/- 27.7 h, range 20-96; p < 0.01, rank test). The mean plasma tetramine concentrations in early- and late-treated patients were comparable (0.095 +/- 0.036 vs. 0.134 +/- 0.110 mg/l; p > 0.05). Mean plasma tetramine concentration was reduced from 0.124 +/- 0.082 to 0.080 +/- 0.055 mg/l after HP. At 2 h of CVVH, mean plasma tetramine concentration was 0.078 +/- 0.064 mg/l, at 12 h of CVVH, 0.074 +/- 0.059 mg/l, and the ultrafiltration sieving coefficient at 2 and 12 h was 0.839 +/- 0.409 and 0.686 +/- 0.253 mg/l, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early sequential HP and CVVH therapy may significantly improve the outcome of patients with severe tetramine intoxication. HP can rapidly reduce the plasma concentration of tetramine, and CVVH can attenuate the plasma tetramine concentration rebound after HP by continuously removing tetramine from the plasma.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, PR China.
authors.forename: Gong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dehua
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daxi
authors.forename: Xie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Honglang
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bin
authors.forename: Liu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leishi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001952:Bridged-Ring Compounds / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003128:Coma / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006440:Hemofiltration; D006464:Hemoperfusion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001952:Bridged-Ring Compounds; C010349:tetramethylenedisulfotetramine