Secular trends in patterns of self-reported food consumption of adult Americans: NHANES 1971-1975 to NHANES 1999-2002.
BACKGROUND
The contributors to trends in increasing prevalence of obesity in the US population are poorly understood.


OBJECTIVE
We examined secular trends in food consumption behaviors to understand their possible contribution to increasing energy intakes and adiposity in the American population.


METHODS
We used dietary data from 4 consecutive National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) to examine trends (1971-2002) in frequency of eating episodes, meal and snack consumption, quantity of food consumed, and the energy density of foods reported by adult Americans (n = 39 094). Logistic and linear regression methods were used to adjust for multiple covariates and survey design.


RESULTS
The reported number of all eating episodes increased slightly in women from 4.90 in 1971-1975 to 5.04 in 1999-2002 (P for trend = 0.002). The amount (in g) of foods and beverages consumed, the energy density of foods, and energy intake per eating episode increased, but the mention of breakfast declined in both sexes (P for trend < 0.0001). The observed trends in mention of a snack (in men) and percentage of energy from evening food intake (in women) were downward. The amount (in g) of foods and their energy density were independent positive correlates of obesity in combined data from all surveys (P for trend < 0.0001).


CONCLUSIONS
Our results do not support large increases in eating frequency, snacking, or evening eating by the American population from 1971 to 2002. The quantity of foods and their energy density increased beginning in NHANES III (1988-1994) with trajectories roughly parallel to the rates of prevalence of obesity in the US population. However, we urge cautious interpretation of these results because of concurrent changes in dietary methods during this period.
Kant
Ashima K
AK
Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA. ashima.kant@qc.cuny.edu
Graubard
Barry I
BI
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D004032:Diet / Q000639:trends*; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009753:Nutritive Value; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012650:Self Disclosure; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology