title: Validation of a structured questionnaire as an instrument to measure chronic pain in dogs on the basis of effects on health-related quality of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate the use of a novel questionnaire as an instrument for measurement of chronic pain in dogs through its impact on health-related quality of life (HRQL).
  
  
  METHODS
  108 dogs with chronic degenerative joint disease and 26 healthy dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaire responses were subjected to factor analysis (FA) and questionnaire scores to discriminant analysis to evaluate construct validity. Questionnaire scores were used to explore the potential of this instrument for minimizing respondent bias and for evaluative purposes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FA results revealed a sensible factor structure accounting for 65% of the variance in data, with factors identifiable as domains of HRQL in dogs affected by chronic pain. Further evidence for construct validity was provided when questionnaire scores were used to discriminate, on the basis of 218 questionnaires, between dogs with clinician-awarded pain scores of 0 and dogs with pain scores >or= 1 (88% discrimination, with 95% of no-pain group dogs and 87% of some-pain group dogs correctly categorized). Use of the questionnaire provided minimized respondent bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Validation of the questionnaire as an instrument for discriminative and evaluative measurements of orthopedic chronic pain through its impact on HRQL in dogs was provided. Use of the questionnaire, with further testing and refinement, may support improved clinical decision making, facilitate development of evidence-based therapeutic options for chronic diseases, and help veterinarians and owners define humane end points in dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Information gained here may provide improved measurements of clinical change in animal studies that use dogs with naturally occurring chronic pain to evaluate novel human treatment protocols.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Comparative Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK G61 1QH.
authors.forename: M Lesley
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wiseman-Orr
authors.forename: E Marian
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nolan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004285:Dogs; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000662:veterinary*; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires