title: Minimally invasive transapical beating heart aortic valve implantation--proof of concept.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of minimally invasive transapical beating heart aortic valve implantation (TAP-AVI) for high-risk patients with aortic stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  TAP-AVI was performed via a small anterolateral minithoracotomy with or without femoral extracorporeal circulation (ECC) on the beating heart. A pericardial xenograft fixed within a stainless steel, balloon expandable stent (Cribier-Edwards, Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) was used. Thirty consecutive patients (82 +/- 5.1 years, 21 (70%) female) were operated from 02/06 until 09/06 at one center using fluoroscopic and echocardiographic visualization. Average EuroSCORE predicted risk for mortality was 27 +/- 12%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Valve positioning was successful in 29 patients and one required early conversion to full sternotomy. Implantation (8 mm x 23 mm and 22 mm x 26 mm valves) was performed on the beating heart during brief periods of rapid ventricular pacing. ECC was applied in 13 patients. Neither coronary artery obstruction nor migration of the prosthesis was observed and all valves displayed good hemodynamic function. Echocardiography revealed minor paravalvular leakage in 14 patients (trace in three, mild in nine and moderate in two). Three patients (10%) died, one on postoperative day (POD) three secondary to preoperative global myocardial failure and two on POD 18 and 86 due to abdominal complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minimally invasive beating heart TAP-AVI is feasible. Initial results are encouraging in view of the high-risk profile of the patients. Long-term studies as well as randomized protocols are required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heartcenter, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. walt@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: Volkmar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Borger
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dewey
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wimmer-Greinecker
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schuler
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: Friedrich W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Mohr
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D018579:Patient Selection; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011859:Radiography; D016896:Treatment Outcome