title: Prevalence of vaccine-derived polioviruses in stools of immunodeficient children in South Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) in stool specimens of immunodeficient patients such as HIV-positive children (including those with an AIDS indicator condition, according to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention classification) by applying various molecular techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 164 stool samples from HIV-positive children and 23 stool samples from healthy immunocompetent children (the control group) were analysed during 2003 and 2004. By applying a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in combination with a nested PCR, a total of 54 enteroviruses were detected in the stool specimens of the immunodeficient children. The use of restriction enzymes and a Sabin specific RT-triplex PCR confirmed the presence of 13 polioviruses (PVs), such as seven Sabin PV type 1, four Sabin PV type 3 and two Sabin PV type 2 isolates. The 5'untranslated region and the VP1 capsid-encoding protein of the 13 PVs and the three PVs from the stools of the immunocompetent children were partially sequenced and their genetic relatedness was deduced from the constructed phylogenetic trees. The majority of the PVs isolated from the stools of the immunodeficient children (10 of 13 isolates) were classified as 'oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)-like viruses', as these isolates had close sequence relationships (>99% in VP1 nucleotide sequences) to the original Sabin PV vaccine strains. Three PVs showed < or =99% VP1 sequence identity to the Sabin PV vaccine strains and were classified as 'suspected' immunodeficient VDPVs (iVDPVs). All of the OPV-like isolates and the 'suspected' iVDPVs carried mutations at specific positions in their partially sequenced regions, which have been associated with reversion of the attenuated Sabin PV vaccine strains to increased neurovirulence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, this study adds further evidence to the observation that immunodeficient individuals may excrete OPV strains with potential neurovirulent phenotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prolonged excretion of PVs by immunodeficient individuals is of major concern, because continued replication of PVs in the human gut could result in the reversion of these viruses to greater neurovirulence. When exposed to OPV, immunodeficient patients may become chronically infected, spreading potentially neurovirulent VDPVs for many months or years to close contacts and children who are no longer being vaccinated after termination of OPV vaccination in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. dpavlov@medic.up.ac.za
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Pavlov
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Van Zyl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Heerden
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blignaut
authors.forename: W O K
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Grabow
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ehlers
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D001483:Base Sequence; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007223:Infant; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015995:Prevalence; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013019:South Africa; D013048:Specimen Handling; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; C442540:VP1 protein, Poliovirus; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated