title: Psychometric analysis of a scale assessing self-efficacy for cultural competence in patient counseling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education adopted revised accreditation standards and guidelines for the PharmD degree program in January 2006. The revised standards mandate the inclusion of cultural competence in pharmacy curricula. Assessment tools to evaluate the impact of training are needed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the psychometric properties of a 12 item scale designed to estimate the impact of cultural competence training on pharmacy students' self-efficacy in providing culturally appropriate patient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 12 item scale to assess the impact of an elective course on pharmacy students' (N = 175; 173 analyzable) perceived self-efficacy in providing culturally competent patient care was used before and after students completed the training. Principal components analysis was conducted to examine the underlying structure of the scale, and the Cronbach alpha statistic was computed as an estimate of internal consistency. Pre-versus posttraining responses for each item and for the total scale scores were compared as an indicator of concurrent validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The principal components analysis yielded a one-component solution, "self-efficacy for cultural competence," which included all 12 contributing items and accounted for 46% of the total variance. Item communalities ranged from 0.25 to 0.58. Component loadings ranged from 0.50 to 0.76. Overall, the scale exhibited a Cronbach alpha estimate of internal consistency of 0.89. Posttraining scores were significantly higher than pretraining scores for both the total scale scores (posttest and pretest mean +/- SD score = 47.96 +/- 5.15 and 34.21 +/- 6.19, respectively; p < 0.001) and for each item (p values < 0.001). These comparisons provide evidence of concurrent validity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that our 12 item scale exhibits acceptable psychometric properties and is a useful tool for estimating the impact of cultural competence training on pharmacy students' perceived self-efficacy for providing culturally competent care and services.
authors.affiliation: UCSF Fresno Pharmacy Education Program, Fresno, CA 93701-2302, USA. assemim@pharmacy.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Mitra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Assemi
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cullander
authors.forename: Karen Suchanek
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hudmon
mesh_terms: D018864:Cultural Diversity; D004512:Education, Pharmacy / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011594:Psychometrics; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013339:Students, Pharmacy