title: In vitro assessment of antimicrobial activity of carvacrol, thymol and cinnamaldehyde towards Salmonella serotype Typhimurium DT104: effects of pig diets and emulsification in hydrocolloids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of pig diets in vitro on the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol, thymol and cinnamaldehyde, and to identify an emulsifier/stabilizer that can stabilize the essential oil (EO) components in aqueous solution and retain their antimicrobial activity in the presence of the diets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Emulsification of essential oil components with hydrocolloid solution was achieved by blending with a Polytron. Antimicrobial activity was measured through in vitro assays to determine the inhibition of bacterial growth by measuring the optical density at 600 nm or plating on nutrition agar after incubation of the mixtures of an EO component with the culture of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium DT104 in the presence or absence of pig diets. The results generated through the in vitro assays indicated that pig diets were able to abolish the antimicrobial activity of EOs. Xanthan, fenugreek and yellow mustard gums were the best in forming stable emulsions of five different EO components among ten different plant polysaccharides and surfactants examined. Emulsification of all the EO components in the fenugreek gum solution did not alter their antimicrobial activity. However, the antimicrobial activity of geraniol was significantly reduced when emulsified with other polysaccharides and surfactants. Both fenugreek and xanthan gum solutions were unable to protect the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol and thymol when mixed with the diets. Although cinnamaldehyde required no emulsification, but a high concentration (equivalent to at least three times of minimum bactericidal concentration for cinnamon oil) to inhibit Salmonella growth significantly in the presence of the diets, emulsification in fenugreek gum appeared to be essential for cinnamaldehyde solution to retain its antimicrobial activity during storage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diets for newly weaned pigs were a significant factor limiting the antimicrobial activity of EOs and their components. Cinnamaldehyde required a high concentration to retain its antimicrobial activity in the diets, in addition to its requirement for emulsification to stabilize its activity during the storage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The assay with the diets used in this study for measuring the antimicrobial activity can be used in vitro for rapid and effective screening of potential antimicrobials for swine production. This study has identified polysaccharides that are able to stabilize EO component solutions. It has also identified cinnamaldehyde for further in vivo studies that may have potential in future application in controlling Salmonella and possibly other enteric pathogens in swine production.
authors.affiliation: Food Research Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Si
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chanas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caballero
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Friendship
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000081007:Cymenes; D004655:Emulsions; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005519:Food Preservation; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects*; D013552:Swine; D013943:Thymol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000081007:Cymenes; D004655:Emulsions; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D013943:Thymol; D000171:Acrolein; C073316:carvacrol; C012843:cinnamaldehyde