title: Parental determinants of neonatal body composition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of both childhood and adult obesity is rising in the developed world, and there is increasing interest in its underlying causes. A number of studies suggest a positive relationship between birth weight and childhood body mass index, but less is known about specific prenatal environmental influences on more direct measures of obesity. We used data from the Southampton Women's Survey to investigate parental influences on neonatal body composition ascertained by dual x-ray absorptiometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participating mothers were characterized in detail (anthropometry, lifestyle, diet) before and during pregnancy; information was also obtained on their partners. The offspring underwent assessment of fat and lean body mass by dual x-ray absorptiometry within 2 wk of birth. Linear regression methods were used to explore the parental determinants of neonatal body composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete data were available for 448 mother-offspring pairs. Taller women and those with higher parity had offspring with increased birth weight, fat, and lean mass (P < 0.05). Mothers who were taller, of greater parity, had greater fat stores, or walked more slowly also had offspring with greater proportionate body fat at birth (all P < 0.05). There was a weaker trend toward lower percentage fat and greater percentage lean in the offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal size, parity, smoking history, walking speed, and fat stores are independent determinants of neonatal body composition. If these influences are shown to have persisting effects on body composition through to adulthood, they point to novel public health interventions early in life to prevent later obesity.
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Javaid
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Dennison
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Inskip
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: A Aihie
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sayer
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D001823:Body Composition; D001827:Body Height; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology