title: Compliance with American Academy of Pediatrics and American Public Health Association illness exclusion guidelines for child care centers in Maryland: who follows them and when?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 1992, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Public Health Association jointly published guidelines for temporary exclusion of sick children from child care. However, little is known about key stakeholders' compliance with these guidelines.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to compare pediatricians', parents', and child care providers' compliance with American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines and determine predictors for higher rates of compliance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 215 randomly selected Maryland pediatricians, 223 parents, and 192 child care providers from 22 Baltimore, Maryland, child care centers from January to July 2004. Questionnaires contained the following 6 case vignettes depicting common child care illnesses: upper respiratory infection, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, mild febrile illness, tinea capitis, and atopic dermatitis. The instrument measured the correctness of exclusion and inclusion decisions (using American Academy of Pediatrics/American Public Health Association guidelines as gold standard) according to varying levels of fever, disease severity (eg, clear versus yellow eye discharge), familiarity with the child, and parent work schedule flexibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Response rates were 71% for pediatricians, 56% for parents, and 85% for child care providers. Guideline compliance was higher for pediatricians (74%) than for child care providers (60%) and parents (61%). Only 23% of pediatricians and parents and 29% of child care providers reported familiarity with American Academy of Pediatrics/American Public Health Association guidelines by name. In general, child care providers and parents had lower false-negative rates (allowed fewer children to attend who met criteria for exclusion) than pediatricians, suggesting that pediatricians may underexclude. Child care providers and parents correctly excluded in 65%-98% of cases requiring exclusion, whereas pediatricians correctly excluded 31%-86% of cases requiring exclusion, depending on the vignette. Yet pediatricians were much more specific about which children met criteria (pediatricians correctly included 61%-93% of cases requiring inclusion versus child care providers and parents who correctly included 20%-75% of such cases), suggesting that child care providers and parents may overexclude. Compliance rates varied significantly by stakeholder, vignette (disease), level of fever, and disease severity but did not vary with the stakeholder's familiarity with the child or the flexibility of the parent's work schedule.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatricians, parents, and child care providers were unfamiliar with American Academy of Pediatrics/American Public Health Association illness exclusion guidelines by name but moderately compliant with them. When noncompliant, child care providers and parents generally overexcluded, and pediatricians underexcluded. Stakeholder- and disease-specific predictors for noncompliance gleaned from this study suggest how educational interventions aiming to increase guideline compliance could be individually tailored to child care providers, parents, and pediatricians.
authors.affiliation: General and Community Pediatrics Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC 7035, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. kristen.copeland@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Kristen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: Emily N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Nae-Yuh
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tina L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000047:Academies and Institutes; D017028:Caregivers; D002656:Child Day Care Centers / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland; D010290:Parents; D010372:Pediatrics; D011634:Public Health; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States