title: Drooling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Drooling is the involuntary spillage of saliva from the mouth. It is a major morbidity associated with cerebral palsy and other neurodegenerative disorders. The consequences of drooling are not restricted to medical issues but can cause major social handicaps. Severe psycho-social consequences, such as social stigmatization and emotional devastation for the patients and their families, may result. This paper reviews recent developments in the management of drooling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent publications report encouraging results with botulinum toxin A. Several surgeons report on their long-term results. Reviews analyze anticholinergic drugs, surgical options, biofeedback, behavioral and speech therapy, and a multidisciplinary team approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A team approach is the key to successful rehabilitation. Oromotor therapy is the most useful nonsurgical option. Drugs are unsuitable for long-term use due to adverse effects causing serious medical complications or noncompliance. Botulinum toxin A injection is promising, but no data exists on optimal dosage, duration of action and frequency of repeat injections. Bilateral submandibular duct relocation with bilateral sublingual gland excision has been shown to be effective and safe in long-term follow-up of the largest series of patients. At present, it is the best available surgical option.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
authors.forename: Devyani
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hotaling
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D012798:Sialorrhea / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control