title: Pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary malignancies: the effect of bile colonization on the postoperative outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The presence of bacteria in the bile of patients undergoing biliary tract surgery has been proposed as associated to an increased incidence of postoperative complications. The present study was designed to determine whether colonization of the bile has an adverse effect in terms of postoperative infectious or noninfectious complications and mortality in a homogenous population of patients suffering from periampullary region malignancies, who all underwent resectional (curative) procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1997 and December 2002, 115 patients (n = 115) suffering from periampullary region malignancies underwent resectional procedures. Fifty-two of the above patients were referred having undergone preoperative internal biliary drainage. During the operation, bile was routinely isolated from the common bile duct and was sent for culture and sensitivity. Based on the bile culture results, the patients were divided in sterile and colonized group and were retrospectively compared in terms of postoperative outcome and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 115 bile cultures, 67 were colonized with bacteria and 48 were sterile. Postoperatively, 40 patients developed 35 noninfectious and 21 infectious complications. Univariate analysis did not disclose statistically significant differences in overall, noninfectious or infectious morbidity and mortality between the two groups of patients. Although not statistically significant, a higher incidence (22 vs 10%) of postoperative leaks in the colonized group of patients was noticed. Multiple regression analysis disclosed that colonized bile was independently related to the advanced age, preoperative biliary drainage presence, elevated preoperative serum bilirubin levels and low preoperative serum albumin levels but did not predispose to an increased postoperative morbidity, mortality, or reoperation rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study did not conclude in any statistically significant differences in the postoperative infectious and noninfectious morbidity as well as mortality, between colonized and sterile groups of patients who underwent resectional procedures for malignancies of the periampullary region. Although internal biliary drainage introduces microorganisms into the biliary tree, this colonization does not increase the risk of either infectious or noninfectious complications or postoperative death. Thus, the likelihood of bacterobilia should not contraindicate the procedure in selected cases.
authors.affiliation: Upper GI and Laparoscopic Unit, Ealing Hospital, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW London, UK.
authors.forename: Alberto M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Isla
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Griniatsos
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riaz
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karvounis
authors.forename: Robin C N
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Williamson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001646:Bile / Q000382:microbiology*; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001663:Bilirubin