title: Direct sample injection for capillary electrophoretic determination of organic acids in cerebrospinal fluid.
abstract: Organic acids in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are potential diagnostic markers for neurological diseases and metabolic disorders. A capillary electrophoretic (CE) method for the direct analysis, i.e., without any sample preparation, of six organic acids in CSF was developed. A capillary coating consisting of a triple layer of charged polymers (polybrene-dextran sulfate-polybrene) was used in combination with a negative separation voltage, providing fast and efficient analysis of acidic compounds. Separation conditions, such as background electrolyte (BGE) concentration and pH were optimized, and the influence of albumin and sodium chloride was systematically studied using a set of test compounds. With injection volumes of ca. 44 nL, plate numbers of up to ca. 150,000 were obtained with a BGE of 200 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.0). It appeared that high sodium chloride concentrations in the sample hardly affected the peak width and shape of the organic acids, most probably due to transient isotachophoresis effects occurring in the sample zone. Adverse effects of CSF proteins, which frequently compromise the CE performance, could be effectively minimized by the triple layer coating in combination with rinses of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. Overall, the developed CE system allowed direct injections of CSF samples, yielding good separation efficiencies and stable migration times (RSDs<2%) for organic acids. Validation of the method with artificial and real CSF samples showed good linear responses (r>0.99), and LODs for the organic acids were in the range of 2-8 microg/mL when applying UV detection. RSDs for migration times and peak areas were <2% and <7%, respectively. The applicability of the CE system is shown for the determination of organic acids in CSF samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands. R.Ramautar@pharm.uu.nl
authors.forename: Rawi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramautar
authors.forename: Govert W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Somsen
authors.forename: Gerhardus J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: de Jong
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D002021:Buffers; D002138:Calibration; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D053841:Electroosmosis; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D006016:Glycolates / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D006801:Humans; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D019815:Oxalic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000737:chemistry; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D006016:Glycolates; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D010710:Phosphates; D012709:Serum Albumin; C031149:glycolic acid; D019343:Citric Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D019815:Oxalic Acid; C031570:2-hydroxybutyric acid; C018279:sodium phosphate; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid