title: The effect of five silane coupling agents on the bond strength of a luting cement to a silica-coated titanium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The adhesive performance of five silane coupling agents in adhering resin composite cement (3M ESPE) to silica-coated titanium was evaluated. Titanium was tribochemically silica-coated by using the Rocatec system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two volume percent solutions of 3-acryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (Toray Dow Corning Silicone), N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylethylenediamine] (Dow Corning), 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (Toray Dow Corning Silicone) and bis-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]polysulfide (Dow Corning) were prepared in 95 vol.% acidified ethanol and allowed to activate (hydrolyze). A pre-activated ca. 2 vol.% 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (ESPE Sil) was used as a control. The silanes were applied onto silica-coated titanium slides. Chemical activation reactions of the silanes were monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (Perkin-Elmer Spectrum One). RelyX ARC (3M ESPE) resin composite cement stubs were applied and photo-polymerized onto silica-coated titanium. The specimens were thermo-cycled (6000 cycles, 5-55 degrees C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed that the highest shear bond strength (n=8 per group) value after thermocycling, 14.8 MPa (S.D. 3.8 MPa), was obtained with 2.0 vol.% 3-acryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. Silanization and results with 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (control, ESPE Sil) did not statistically differ from 3-acryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 14.2 MPa (S.D. 5.8). The lowest shear bond strength was 7.5 (S.D. 1.9) MPa for N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylethylenediamine] and 7.5 (S.D. 2.5) MPa for bis-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]polysulfide. Both the type of silane (p<0.001) and storage conditions affected significantly the shear bond strength values (p<0.001). All silanes became activated according to the infrared spectroscopic analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Silanization with 3-acryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane or 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane might offer an alternative for bonding a luting cement to silica-coated titanium.
authors.affiliation: University of Turku, Institute of Dentistry, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomaterials Science, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, FI-20520 Turku, Finland. jumatin@utu.fi
authors.forename: Jukka P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Matinlinna
authors.forename: Lippo V J
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Lassila
authors.forename: Pekka K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Vallittu
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D017646:Organosilicon Compounds; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D033081:Shear Strength; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D012826:Silicone Elastomers / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; D003764:Dental Materials; D017646:Organosilicon Compounds; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C462240:RelyX ARC; D019279:Resin Cements; C076811:Rocatec; D012821:Silanes; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D012997:Solvents; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; C006194:aminoethyl-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane; D000431:Ethanol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C093927:3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; C102833:(3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane; D014025:Titanium