title: Determinant role of education in the ethical aspects of resuscitation: a German/Hungarian comparison.
abstract: Introduction, objectives: Bioethical principles concerning Do Not Attempt Resuscitation (DNAR) orders are connected significantly with education according to our previous investigation. In order to confirm the hypothesis, Hungarian results were compared with the data gained from a highly qualified homogeneous group of German doctors, showing similar cultural traditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The questionnaire investigated the factors influencing DNAR orders as functions of intensive medical experience, ideological view and professional education, using a 5-point visual analogue scale. Answers were assigned to categories of autonomy, futility, obtainable quality of life, resource utilization and a category of other factors detailed later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DNAR decision and termination of resuscitation are to almost the same extent determined by futility (3.29+-0.75; 3.49+-0.71) and obtainable quality of life (3.13+-1.31; 3.47+-1.34). The opinion of head of department was also important (3.24+-1.35; 3.23+-1.36). Patient's autonomy played an important role (3.15+-0.85; 2.36+-1.48) in decision making. In comparison with the Hungarian results, the only significant difference was found in the field of patient's autonomy in both not starting (p<0.0002) and terminating resuscitation (p<0.02) in favour of German doctors respecting it.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the original hypothesis that consideration of modern bioethical principles, and especially the patient's autonomy are related to the level of the doctor's education. Comparing to Hungarian data there is only a minimal difference in other bioethical points, while the population of German doctors interviewed appreciated the patient's autonomy significantly higher. There should be greater discussion of ethical considerations in cardiopulmonary resuscitation education.
authors.affiliation: Hungarian Resuscitation Society, Workshop on Ethics and Law, Hungary.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dobos
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dioszeghy
authors.forename: Balazs
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elo
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003657:Decision Making; D004501:Education, Medical; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary; D018447:Medical Futility; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life; D040841:Resource Allocation; D016414:Resuscitation Orders / Q000941:ethics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires