title: Up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in perennial allergic rhinitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) messenger RNA and protein and to localize the PPAR-gamma protein in the nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis and control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary academic institution. Patients Twenty patients with perennial allergic rhinitis and 20 matched nonallergic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inferior turbinate mucosa samples were obtained from 20 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis and 20 matched nonallegic patients. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma messenger RNA was extracted from the inferior turbinate mucosae, and then reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed. Western blot testing was used to analyze differences in PPAR-gamma protein expression levels between patients with allergic rhinitis and normal controls, and the PPAR-gamma protein was localized immunohistochemically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression levels of PPAR-gamma messenger RNA and protein in the nasal mucosa was significantly increased in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis compared with controls. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma protein was expressed in the epithelium, infiltrating inflammatory cells, and submucosal glands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is expressed in the human nasal mucosa and is up-regulated in perennial allergic rhinitis. These results suggest a possible contribution for PPAR-gamma in chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa in perennial allergic rhinitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hee Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Young-Gi
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Cinn
authors.forename: Soon Jae
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Sung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Won Chae
authors.forename: Jeong-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Sang Hag
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Heung-Man
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D047495:PPAR gamma; D012333:RNA, Messenger