title: The tumor-promoting effect of TNF-alpha involves the induction of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor.
abstract: According to the cancer immunoediting concept, inflammatory mediators play not only a critical role in promoting host protection against cancer but also contribute to cancer cell growth and survival. TNF-alpha is a critical factor in this network. However, the mechanisms underlying the tumor-promoting effect of TNF-alpha have not been fully elucidated yet. We previously reported that in vitro culture of Lewis lung carcinoma 3LL cells with TNF-alpha-producing macrophages resulted in enhanced resistance toward TNF-alpha-mediated lysis and increased malignancy of the 3LL cells. In this study, we analyzed the effects of endogenous TNF-alpha on TNF-alpha resistance and malignant behavior in vivo of low-malignant/TNF-alpha-sensitive 3LL-S cells and cancer cells derived from 3LL-S tumors that developed in wild-type or TNF-alpha(-/-) mice. Interestingly, 3LL-S cells acquired a malignant phenotype in vivo depending on the presence of host TNF-alpha, whereas acquisition of TNF-alpha resistance was TNF-alpha-independent. This result suggested that malignancy-promoting characteristics of 3LL-S cells other than TNF-alpha resistance are influenced in vivo by TNF-alpha. We previously identified the malignancy-promoting genes, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) and S100A4, as being up-regulated in 3LL-S cells upon their s.c. growth in wild-type mice. In this study, we show that SLPI, but not S100A4, was induced in 3LL-S cells both in vitro and in vivo by TNF-alpha, and that silencing of in vivo induced 3LL-S SLPI expression using RNA interference abrogated in vivo progression but did not influence TNF-alpha resistance. These data indicate that SLPI induction may be one mechanism whereby TNF-alpha acts as an endogenous tumor promoter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Gebouw E, niveau 8, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. ndevoogd@vub.ac.be
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Devoogdt
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Revets
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kindt
authors.forename: Yuan Qing
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Baetselier
authors.forename: Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Ghassabeh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018827:Carcinoma, Lewis Lung / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D051379:Mice; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000276:immunology*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D053481:Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D053481:Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor; C506815:Slpi protein, mouse; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha