title: Imidacloprid residues in fruits, vegetables and water samples from Palestine.
abstract: The aim of this work was to report on imidacloprid [IUPAC name 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine] residues in some vegetables, fruits, and water samples collected from the West Bank, Palestine, in 1998 and 1999. Imidacloprid and its derivatives in the study samples were extracted by methanol/water and oxidized into 6-chloronicotinic acid and subsequently derivatized into 6-chloronicotinic acid trimethylsilyl ester before being determined by GC/MS. Imidacloprid residues were detected in more than half of the analyzed samples. The highest and lowest imidacloprid concentrations were found in eggplant (0.46 mg/kg) and green beans (0.08 mg/kg), respectively. An increase of 11-120% in imidacloprid concentration in the 1999 samples was observed when compared with those of 1998. This may suggest imidacloprid accumulation in the soil and/or increased use by local farmers. The imidacloprid residue concentrations in several crops were found to exceed the CODEX maximum residue limit.
authors.affiliation: Central Public Health Laboratory, Ramallah, West Bank, Palestine.
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daraghmeh
authors.forename: Amjad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shraim
authors.forename: Sameer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abulhaj
authors.forename: Ramzi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sansour
authors.forename: Jack C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005506:Food Contamination; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008877:Middle East; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D014867:Water; C082359:imidacloprid