title: Global activation of primary motor cortex during voluntary movements in man.
abstract: Unilateral voluntary movements are accompanied by robust activation of contralateral primary motor cortex (M1) in a somatotopic fashion. Occasionally, coactivation of M1 (M1-CoA) ipsilateral to the movement was described. In a study with brain tumor patients, we consistently observed additional somatotopic M1-CoAs and hypothesized that they might represent a basic feature of movement execution. To test this hypothesis, we used BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy subjects and show that unilateral voluntary movements of the fingers or toes go along not only with contralateral M1 activation, but also with ipsilateral M1-CoA of the respective homotopic representation and bilateral M1-CoA of different heterotopic representations not directly involved in the executed movement. Moreover, bilateral M1-CoA of heterotopic representations was observed in tongue movements. All M1-CoAs respected the correct somatotopy; however, their Euclidean coordinates were shifted and resembled to those obtained for imagined movements rather than for actual movements. BOLD signal intensities and correlations to the applied hemodynamic reference function were lower in M1-CoAs as compared to the M1 activations driving the movement but did not differ between homo- and heterotopic M1-CoAs. Thus, we propose that specific unilateral voluntary movements are accompanied by a global activation of primary motor areas, reflecting an overall increase in neuronal activity and unraveling the fundamental principle of distributed processing in M1. Executive motor function may rely on a balance of inhibitory and excitatory neuronal activity, where actual movement would result from a shift towards excitation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stippich
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blatow
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Durst
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dreyhaupt
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sartor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D014836:Volition / Q000502:physiology*