The feasibility of a school-based VI polysaccharide vaccine mass immunization campaign in Hue City, central Vietnam: streamlining a typhoid fever preventive strategy.
We report the coverage, safety, and logistics of a school-based typhoid fever immunization campaign that took place in Hue City, central Vietnam; a typhoid fever endemic area. A cluster-randomized evaluation-blinded controlled trial was designed where 68 schools (cluster) were randomly allocated the single dose Vi polysaccharide vaccine (Typherix) or the active control hepatitis A vaccine (Havrix). A safety surveillance system was implemented. A total of 32,267 children were immunized with a coverage of 57.5%. Strong predictors for vaccination were attending primary schools, peri-urban location of the school, and low family income. Human resources were mainly schoolteachers and the campaign was completed in about 1 month. Most adverse events reported were mild. Safe injection and safe sharp-waste disposal practices were followed. A typhoid fever school-based immunization campaign was safe and logistically possible. Coverage was moderate and can be interpreted as the minimum that could have been achievable because individual written informed consent procedures were sought for the first time in Hue City and the trial nature of the campaign. The lessons learned, together with cost-effectiveness results to be obtained by the end of follow-up period, will hopefully accelerate the introduction of Vi typhoid fever vaccine in Vietnam.
Thiem
Vu Dinh
VD
National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, People's Republic of Vietnam.
Danovaro-Holliday
M Carolina
MC
Canh
Do Gia
DG
Son
Nguyen Dinh
ND
Hoa
Nyugen Thai
NT
Thuy
Dang Thi Dieu
DT
Ochiai
R Leon
RL
Lan
Nguyen Thi
NT
Hop
Tran Quang
TQ
Ali
Mohammad
M
Park
Jin Kyung
JK
Abu-Elyazeed
Remon
R
Holliday
Kris
K
Ivanoff
Bernard
B
Anh
Dang Duc
DD
Pang
Tikki
T
Donner
Allan
A
Galindo
Claudia M
CM
Trach
Dang Duc
DD
Clemens
John D
JD
Acosta
Camilo J
CJ
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008297:Male; D032541:Mass Vaccination; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000009:adverse effects; D012572:School Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects; D014744:Vietnam
D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines; C057664:Vi polysaccharide vaccine, typhoid