title: Disturbed in vitro adrenergic modulation of cytokine production in inflammatory bowel diseases in remission.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Psychological stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of both inflammatory and functional gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. The goal of this study was to address neuroendocrine modulation of cytokine production by peripheral blood cells in GI diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the in vitro effects of the beta-adrenergic agonist terbutaline and the glucocorticoid agonist dexamethasone on TNF-alpha and IL-10 production by LPS-stimulated monocytes in whole cell blood cultures in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in remission (N=10), diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS, N=12), patients with a recent gastroenteritis (post-infectious group, N=10), and healthy controls (N=15).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In response to terbutaline, there was a significant increase in IL-10 production (concentration effect: p<0.05), which was diminished in IBD (group effect: p<0.01), comparable in IBS and controls, but enhanced in the post-infectious group (group x concentration effect: p<0.05). In contrast, terbutaline resulted in a concentration-dependent suppression of TNF-alpha production, which was comparable in all groups. Dexamethasone suppressed TNF-alpha production in a dose-dependent manner in all groups, but this effect was significantly more pronounced in post-infectious subjects (group effect: p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In IBD, disturbed adrenergic regulation of IL-10 could be part of the mechanism(s) underlying the modulation of disease activity by psychological stress. Diarrhoea-predominant IBS was not associated with altered adrenergic or glucocorticoid regulation of cytokine production by peripheral blood cells, whereas a recent history of gastroenteritis was associated with disturbed neuroendocrine modulation of cytokine production, which may play role in the pathophysiology of post-infectious IBS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Essen Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Cobelens
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kavelaars
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Heijnen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holtmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haag
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerken
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langhorst
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Dobos
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schedlowski
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elsenbruch
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000209:etiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000097:blood / Q000382:microbiology; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007239:Infections; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012074:Remission Induction; D013726:Terbutaline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D003907:Dexamethasone; D013726:Terbutaline