title: Collaborative care for depression: a cumulative meta-analysis and review of longer-term outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is common in primary care but is suboptimally managed. Collaborative care, that is, structured care involving a greater role of nonmedical specialists to augment primary care, has emerged as a potentially effective candidate intervention to improve quality of primary care and patient outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  To quantify the short-term and longer-term effectiveness of collaborative care compared with standard care and to understand mechanisms of action by exploring between-study heterogeneity, we conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials that compared collaborative care with usual primary care in patients with depression. We searched MEDLINE (from the beginning of 1966), EMBASE (from the beginning of 1980), CINAHL (from the beginning of 1980), PsycINFO (from the beginning of 1980), the Cochrane Library (from the beginning of 1966), and DARE (Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness) (from the beginning of 1985) databases from study inception to February 6, 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 37 randomized studies including 12 355 patients with depression receiving primary care. Random effects meta-analysis showed that depression outcomes were improved at 6 months (standardized mean difference, 0.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.18-0.32), and evidence of longer-term benefit was found for up to 5 years (standardized mean difference, 0.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.001-0.31). When exploring determinants of effectiveness, effect size was directly related to medication compliance and to the professional background and method of supervision of case managers. The addition of brief psychotherapy did not substantially improve outcome, nor did increased numbers of sessions. Cumulative meta-analysis showed that sufficient evidence had emerged by 2000 to demonstrate the statistically significant benefit of collaborative care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collaborative care is more effective than standard care in improving depression outcomes in the short and longer terms. Future research needs to address the implementation of collaborative care, particularly in settings other than the United States.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, England. sg519@york.ac.uk
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gilbody
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bower
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Alex J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sutton
mesh_terms: D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome