title: Down-regulation of CXCR2 on neutrophils in severe sepsis is mediated by inducible nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The failure of neutrophils to migrate to an infection focus during severe sepsis is an important determinant of the inability of a host to deal with an infectious insult. Our laboratory has shown that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction and NO production contribute to the failure of neutrophils to migrate in the context of sepsis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether CXCR2 expression contributed to the failure of neutrophils to migrate during severe sepsis and the role of NO in modulating CXCR2 expression on neutrophils in mice subjected to nonsevere (NS) or severe (S) cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neutrophil migration to the infection focus was deficient in S-CLP mice, a phenomenon prevented by pharmacologic (aminoguanidine, l-canavanine) or genetic (iNOS gene deletion) inhibition of iNOS. The expression of CXCR2 on neutrophils from S-CLP mice was significantly reduced when compared with neutrophils from NS-CLP or sham-operated mice. CXCR2 expression was reestablished by pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of iNOS. Immunofluorescence and confocal analysis revealed that iNOS blockade reduced neutrophil CXCR2 internalization. Adhesion and emigration of neutrophils in macrophage inflammatory protein-2-stimulated mesentery microcirculation were reduced in S-CLP mice, compared with NS-CLP mice, and reestablished by pretreatment with aminoguanidine or l-canavanine. The NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-d,l-penicillamine inhibited CXCL8-induced human neutrophil chemotaxis and CXCR2 expression on human and murine neutrophils.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results highlight evidences that the failure of neutrophils to migrate to an infection focus during severe sepsis is associated with excessive NO production and NO-dependent regulation of the expression of CXCR2 on the neutrophil surface.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Monte Alegre, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabrício
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rios-Santos
authors.forename: José C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Alves-Filho
authors.forename: Fabrício Oliveira
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Souto
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Spiller
authors.forename: Andressa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: Celina Monteiro C
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lotufo
authors.forename: Milena Botelho Pereira
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Ricardo Ribeiro
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.forename: Mauro M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Fernando de Queiroz
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Cunha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D023063:Receptors, Interleukin-8B / Q000235:genetics*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D023063:Receptors, Interleukin-8B; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II