title: Human SHPRH suppresses genomic instability through proliferating cell nuclear antigen polyubiquitination.
abstract: Differential modifications of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) determine DNA repair pathways at stalled replication forks. In yeast, PCNA monoubiquitination by the ubiquitin ligase (E3) yRad18 promotes translesion synthesis (TLS), whereas the lysine-63-linked polyubiquitination of PCNA by yRad5 (E3) promotes the error-free mode of bypass. The yRad5-dependent pathway is important to prevent genomic instability during replication, although its exact molecular mechanism is poorly understood. This mechanism has remained totally elusive in mammals because of the lack of apparent RAD5 homologues. We report that a putative tumor suppressor gene, SHPRH, is a human orthologue of yeast RAD5. SHPRH associates with PCNA, RAD18, and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC13 (E2) and promotes methyl methanesulfonate (MMS)-induced PCNA polyubiquitination. The reduction of SHPRH by stable short hairpin RNA increases sensitivity to MMS and enhances genomic instability. Therefore, the yRad5/SHPRH-dependent pathway is a conserved and fundamental DNA repair mechanism that protects the genome from genotoxic stress.
authors.affiliation: Genome Instability Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Motegi
authors.forename: Raman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moinova
authors.forename: Sanford D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: Pu Paul
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kyungjae
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Myung
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004265:DNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D042822:Genomic Instability; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D025821:Polyubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; C063607:RAD18 protein, S cerevisiae; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D025821:Polyubiquitin; C471610:UBC13 protein, S cerevisiae; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes; C516226:SHPRH protein, human; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D004265:DNA Helicases