title: Prediction of coronary artery calcium in young adults using the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) risk score: the CARDIA study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Using data from autopsied young people aged 15 to 34 years, the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study developed a risk score based on age, sex, smoking status, high-density lipoprotein and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and the presence of obesity, hyperglycemia, and hypertension to predict advanced coronary artery atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study assessed coronary artery calcium (CAC) by computed tomography in young adults participating in the 15-year examination. The PDAY risk score was calculated from risk factors measured at the CARDIA examinations at years 0, 5, 10, and 15.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Odds ratios for amount of CAC (6 ordinal categories) for a 1-point increase in risk score computed from the modifiable risk factors ranged from 1.10 to 1.16 (all statistically significant). Odds ratios for presence of any amount of CAC ranged from 1.09 to 1.15 (all statistically significant), with the highest odds ratio for the risk score at year 0. An increase in risk score between years 0 and 15 increased the odds of CAC, and a decrease in risk score decreased the odds of CAC. A positive family history of cardiovascular disease increased the odds of CAC. The c statistics ranged from 0.752 to 0.770, with the highest discrimination based on the year 0 revised PDAY risk score that included family history and increased the points for the sex differential.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PDAY risk score predicts CAC up to 15 years before its assessment, and risk score change during 15 years affects the risk of CAC.
authors.affiliation: Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19899, USA. sgidding@nemours.org
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gidding
authors.forename: C Alex
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: McMahan
authors.forename: Henry C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Colangelo
authors.forename: Pamela J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.forename: O Dale
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Kiang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001344:Autopsy; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds