title: Macromolecular crystallization in microgravity generated by a superconducting magnet.
abstract: About 30% of the protein crystals grown in space yield better X-ray diffraction data than the best crystals grown on the earth. The microgravity environments provided by the application of an upward magnetic force constitute excellent candidates for simulating the microgravity conditions in space. Here, we describe a method to control effective gravity and formation of protein crystals in various levels of effective gravity. Since 2002, the stable and long-time durable microgravity generated by a convenient type of superconducting magnet has been available for protein crystal growth. For the first time, protein crystals, orthorhombic lysozyme, were grown at microgravity on the earth, and it was proved that this microgravity improved the crystal quality effectively and reproducibly. The present method always accompanies a strong magnetic field, and the magnetic field itself seems to improve crystal quality. Microgravity is not always effective for improving crystal quality. When we applied this microgravity to the formation of cubic porcine insulin and tetragonal lysozyme crystals, we observed no dependence of effective gravity on crystal quality. Thus, this kind of test will be useful for selecting promising proteins prior to the space experiments. Finally, the microgravity generated by the magnet is compared with that in space, considering the cost, the quality of microgravity, experimental convenience, etc., and the future use of this microgravity for macromolecular crystal growth is discussed.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Materials Science, 3-13 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan. wakayama.nobuko@nims.go.jp
authors.forename: N I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Wakayama
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kiyoshi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanimoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D005544:Forecasting; D018471:Hypergravity; D007328:Insulin / Q000737:chemistry; D008280:Magnetics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009113:Muramidase / Q000737:chemistry; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D018531:Spacecraft; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014893:Weightlessness
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D011506:Proteins; D009113:Muramidase