title: A study of the glutathione metaboloma peptides by energy-resolved mass spectrometry as a tool to investigate into the interference of toxic heavy metals with their metabolic processes.
abstract: To better understand the fragmentation processes of the metal-biothiol conjugates and their possible significance in biological terms, an energy-resolved mass spectrometric study of the glutathione conjugates of heavy metals, of several thiols and disulfides of the glutathione metaboloma has been carried out. The main fragmentation process of gamma-glutamyl compounds, whether in the thiol, disulfide, thioether or metal-bis-thiolate form, is the loss of the gamma-glutamyl residue, a process which ERMS data showed to be hardly influenced by the sulfur substitution. However, loss of the gamma-glutamyl residue from the mono-S-glutathionyl-mercury (II) cation is a much more energetic process, possibly pointing at a strong coordination of the carboxylic group to the metal. Moreover, loss of neutral mercury from ions containing the gamma-glutamyl residue to yield a sulfenium cation was a much more energetic process than those not containing them, suggesting that the redox potential of the thiol/disulfide system plays a role in the formal reduction of the mercury dication in the gas phase. Occurrence of complementary sulfenium and protonated thiol fragments in the spectra of protonated disulfides of the glutathione metaboloma mirrors the thiol/disulfide redox process of biological importance. The intensity ratio of the fragments is proportional to the reduction potential in solution of the corresponding redox pairs. This finding has allowed the calculation of the previously unreported reduction potentials for the disulfide/thiol pair of cysteinylglycine, thereby confirming the decomposition scheme of bis- and mono-S-glutathionyl-mercury (II) ions. Finally, on the sole basis of the mass spectrometric fragmentation of the glutathione-mercury conjugates, and supported by independent literature evidence, an unprecedented mechanism for mercury ion-induced cellular oxidative stress could be proposed, based on the depletion of the glutathione pool by a catalytic mechanism acting on the metal (II)-thiol conjugates and involving as a necessary step the enzymatic removal of the glutamic acid residue to yield a mercury (II)-cysteinyl-glycine conjugate capable of regenerating neutral mercury through the oxidation of glutathione thiols to the corresponding disulfides.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Analytical Toxicology and Metabolomics, Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, Università degli Studi di Milano at Ospedale San Paolo, v. A. di Rudiní 8 I-20142 Milano, Italy. federico.rubino@unimi.it
authors.forename: Federico Maria
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Rubino
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pitton
authors.forename: Gabri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brambilla
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colombi
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002104:Cadmium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D004220:Disulfides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D008628:Mercury / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010455:Peptides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D004220:Disulfides; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010455:Peptides; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D002104:Cadmium; D008628:Mercury; D005978:Glutathione; D015032:Zinc