title: Musculoskeletal disorders in shipyard industry: prevalence, health care use, and absenteeism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unclear whether the well-known risk factors for the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) also play an important role in the determining consequences of MSD in terms of sickness absence and health care use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted among 853 shipyard employees. Data were collected by questionnaire on physical and psychosocial workload, need for recovery, perceived general health, occurrence of musculoskeletal complaints, and health care use during the past year. Retrospective data on absenteeism were also available from the company register.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 37%, 22%, and 15% of employees reported complaints of low back, shoulder/neck, and hand/wrist during the past 12 months, respectively. Among all employees with at least one MSD, 27% visited a physician at least once and 20% took at least one period of sick leave. Various individual and work-related factors were associated with the occurrence of MSD. Health care use and absenteeism were strongest influenced by chronicity of musculoskeletal complaints and comorbidity with other musculoskeletal complaints and, to a lesser extent, by work-related factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In programmes aimed at preventing the unfavourable consequences of MSD in terms of sickness absence and health care use it is important to identify the (individual) factors that determine the development of chronicity of complaints. These factors may differ from the well-know risk factors for the occurrence of MSD that are targeted in primary prevention.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Health Department, Hellenic Shipyards SA, Athens, Greece. ecalexop@med.uoa.gr <ecalexop@med.uoa.gr>
authors.forename: Evangelos C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Alexopoulos
authors.forename: Dimitra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tanagra
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Konstantinou
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burdorf
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D009819:Office Visits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012767:Ships; D018582:Sick Leave; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires