title: The fight against stigma: an overview of stigma-reduction strategies and interventions.
abstract: In many health conditions, people are severely affected by health-related stigma and discrimination. A literature review was conducted to identify stigma-reduction strategies and interventions in the field of HIV/AIDS, mental illness, leprosy, TB and epilepsy. The review identified several levels at which interventions and strategies are being implemented. These are the intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational/institutional, community and governmental/structural level. Although a lot of work has been carried out on stigma and stigma reduction, far less work has been done on assessing the effectiveness of stigma-reduction strategies. The effective strategies identified mainly concentrated on the individual and the community level. In order to reduce health-related stigma and discrimination significantly, single-level and single-target group approaches are not enough. What is required is a patient-centred approach, which starts with interventions targeting the intrapersonal level, to empower affected persons to assist in the development and implementation of stigma-reduction programmes at other levels.
authors.affiliation: Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), DEV/Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. M.Heijnders@kit.nl
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heijnders
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Der Meij
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D011287:Prejudice