title: How the health belief model helps the tobacco industry: individuals, choice, and "information".
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse trial and deposition testimony of tobacco industry executives to determine how they use the concepts of "information" and "choice" and consider how these concepts are related to theoretical models of health behaviour change.
  
  
  METHODS
  We coded and analysed transcripts of trial and deposition testimony of 14 high-level executives representing six companies plus the Tobacco Institute. We conducted an interpretive analysis of industry executives' characterisation of the industry's role as information provider and the agency of tobacco consumers in making "choices".
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tobacco industry executives deployed the concept of "information" as a mechanism that shifted to consumers full moral responsibility for the harms caused by tobacco products. The industry's role was characterised as that of impartial supplier of value-free "information", without regard to its quality, accuracy and truthfulness. Tobacco industry legal defences rely on assumptions congruent with and supported by individual rational choice theories, particularly those that emphasise individual, autonomous decision-makers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tobacco control advocates and health educators must challenge the industry's preferred framing, pointing out that "information" is not value-free. Multi-level, multi-sectoral interventions are critical to tobacco use prevention. Over-reliance on individual and interpersonal rational choice models may have the effect of validating the industry's model of smoking and cessation behaviour, absolving it of responsibility and rendering invisible the "choices" the industry has made and continues to make in promoting the most deadly consumer product ever made.
authors.affiliation: Community Health Program, Tufts University, 112 Packard Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA. edith.balbach@tufts.edu
authors.forename: Edith D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Balbach
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Malone
mesh_terms: D002755:Choice Behavior; D015438:Health Behavior; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012941:Social Responsibility; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States