title: Cost-effectiveness of early detection and treatment of ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma by the ophthalmologist.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the most cost-effective case-finding strategy for the ophthalmologist to detect and treat ocular hypertension (OH) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) at an early stage to prevent blindness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov cost-effectiveness simulation model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three case-finding strategies are analysed and compared. The simulated cohort consists of all initial patients of at least 40 years old visiting an ophthalmic practice. All patients undergo ophthalmoscopy, but tonometry is routinely performed to: (1) all initial patients, (2) high-risk patients only, or (3) no one. The population characteristics are based on data of 1000 initial patients. Transition probabilities are taken from the literature. The (direct) costs of diagnosis and treatment represent those for the Netherlands. The time-horizon of the model is 20 years. An annual discount rate of 4% is used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Costs, proportion of patients becoming blind, years of blindness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The costliest strategy (1) leads to least blindness. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, which shows extra costs per year of vision saved in comparison to the cheapest strategy (3), is lower for strategy (1) than for strategy (2). It amounts to euro1707, not including extra costs due to blindness (eg associated with the use of disability facilities). When such costs exceed euro1707 per patient per year, which is most likely, then strategy (1) becomes cost saving.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is most cost-effective to routinely perform tonometry to all initial ophthalmic patients to prevent blindness due to glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Maastricht University Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: J S A G
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Schouten
authors.forename: C A B
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Webers
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hendrikse
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Severens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001766:Blindness / Q000517:prevention & control; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000191:economics; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods