title: Usage of saccharin in food products and its intake by the population of Lucknow, India.
abstract: A survey of the usage patterns of the artificial sweetener, saccharin, in edible products and a study of its intake pattern in different population groups has been carried out. Of the different edible commodities, ice candy (87 samples) and crushed ice (14 samples), commonly consumed by children, and pan masala (16 samples) and pan flavourings (10 samples), consumed by the habitual population, were collected from different areas of Lucknow, India. Saccharin was extracted from the samples according to an AOAC method and analysed by HPLC. The consumption pattern of ice candy and crushed ice was determined for 6-20 year olds from a household dietary survey using the food frequency recall method (414 families having 1039 subjects). The consumption of pan masala and pan was assessed by a survey of habitual adult consumers comprising 782 and 1141 subjects, respectively. The average and maximum amounts of saccharin in pan masala samples were 12 750 and 24 300 mg kg-1, respectively, which are 1.6- and 3-fold higher than the maximum permitted levels allowed under Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) Act of India. In pan flavourings, the average and maximum amount of saccharin was 12.2 and 20.1%, i.e. 1.52- and 2.5-fold higher than the permissible limits of the PFA Act. The samples of ice candy and crushed ice showed average and maximum levels of 200 and 700 mg kg-1 and 280 and 460 mg kg-1, respectively. The average intake of saccharin through ice candy and crushed ice was less than 21% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) (5 mg kg-1 body weight (bw) day-1). However, the maximum intake of saccharin, especially in the 6-10-year age group, contributed 57 and 68% of the ADI through ice candy and crushed ice, respectively. Maximum consumption of saccharin in all the age groups, if consuming both ice candy and crushed ice, results in exceeding the ADI by 54% for subjects in the 6-10-year age group. Hence, the 6-10-year age group population may be at risk of exceeding the ADI for saccharin. The average and maximum theoretical daily intake of saccharin through pan masala alone was 1.84 and 13.33 mg kg-1 bw day-1, contributing 37 and 267% of the ADI, whereas the estimated (maximum) daily intake was 810% of the ADI. The estimated maximum daily intake (EDI) of saccharin through pan was 6.87 mg kg-1 bw day-1, which was 137% of the ADI. Thus, individuals in the maximum consumption group for pan masala or pan may be susceptible to toxic effects of saccharin, including bladder distention, elevated urine osmolality and bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Food Toxicology Laboratory, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, , P.O. Box 80, Lucknow 226001, India.
authors.forename: Meenakshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.forename: Subhash K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: Mukul
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Das
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D012439:Saccharin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D013549:Sweetening Agents; D012439:Saccharin