title: Effect of DC/mDC iontophoresis and terpenes on transdermal permeation of methotrexate: in vitro study.
abstract: The systemic toxicity caused by methotrexate limits its use and transdermal delivery would be a possible alternative. Transdermal permeation of methotrexate loaded into polyacrylamide-based hydrogel patch, across mice skin was studied in vitro after pretreatment with terpenes and ethanol, alone or in combination with iontophoresis (DC/mDC). Polyacrylamide patches gave the maximum flux as compared to the copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid. Of the terpenes used, pure menthol showed maximum enhancement (38%), whereas pure limonene elicited a minimum of 9.9% enhancement. Binary combination of menthol and ethanol increased the permeation to 54.9%, which was further enhanced to 93.69% and 117% when used in combination with DC and square wave (mDC) iontophoresis, respectively. ATR-FTIR of the stratum corneum treated with terpenes showed a split in the asymmetric C-H stretching vibrations along with decrease in peak heights and areas of asymmetric, symmetric C-H stretching, C=O stretching and amide bands. A split in amide II band was observed with iontophoresis. ATR-FTIR studies suggest conformational changes in the lipid-protein domains thereby increasing permeation. Histopathological studies on treated skin samples, gave an insight about the anatomical changes brought by the application of various enhancers. Binary mixture of menthol and ethanol in combination with square wave gave best results.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Koul
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Khar
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000494:pharmacology; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D004337:Drug Carriers; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077591:Eucalyptol; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D000077222:Limonene; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008610:Menthol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008055:Lipids; D039821:Monoterpenes; D011506:Proteins; D013729:Terpenes; C016680:polyacrylamide gels; D008610:Menthol; D000431:Ethanol; D000077222:Limonene; D000077591:Eucalyptol; D008727:Methotrexate