title: Comparative study of the quality and efficacy of originator and generic albendazole for mass treatment of soil-transmitted nematode infections in Nepal.
abstract: The quality and efficacy of two locally manufactured generic albendazole (ABZ) products (Curex and Royal Drug) used for deworming children in Nepal since 1999 were tested against the originator product (GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)). The study included disintegration and dissolution testing according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) and the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), respectively, as well as a randomised controlled clinical trial comparing cure rates (CR) and egg reduction rates (ERR) for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infections. Stool samples from 1277 children were examined before and 21 days after treatment. For A. lumbricoides, GSK (97.0%) and Royal Drug (95.0%) ABZ achieved significantly higher CRs than Curex ABZ (82.6%); however, all products achieved ERRs >90%. For T. trichiura, Curex ABZ showed significantly lower ERRs (63.2%). For hookworms, GSK ABZ performed significantly better (CR 74.3%, ERR 87.1%) than Royal Drug ABZ (CR 53.3%, ERR 80.8%) and Curex ABZ (CR 50.7%, ERR 73.1%). Only the GSK product passed both disintegration and dissolution tests according to the IP and USP. Both generic products failed the dissolution tests. Curex ABZ showed poor disintegration. Despite its lower efficacy, the cheaper Curex product achieved good results in controlling morbidity due to soil-transmitted helminth infections. This study shows that the cost effectiveness of drugs used in mass deworming campaigns should not be inferred on the basis of a single quality testing parameter.
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Ivo de Carneri, Via IV Marzo 14, 10122 Torino, Italy. albonico@tin.it
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albonico
authors.forename: Pragya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mathema
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montresor
authors.forename: Balkrishna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Khakurel
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Reggi
authors.forename: Sharada
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Savioli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015766:Albendazole / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D003153:Community Health Services; D004355:Drug Stability; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007753:Laboratories / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000635:transmission; D009390:Nepal; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D011786:Quality Control; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012987:Soil / Q000469:parasitology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D016568:Drugs, Generic; D012987:Soil; D015766:Albendazole