title: Orientation discrimination and contrast detection thresholds in migraine for cardinal and oblique angles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether orientation discrimination deficits in migraine, which have been found to depend on the spatial frequency of the stimulus, are due to precortical dysfunction or to abnormal patterns of orientation tuning at cortical loci. Further, to assess whether any cortical involvement is restricted to the striate cortex or whether higher cortical areas are also involved. Orientation-specific abnormalities would provide evidence of cortical dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orientation-discrimination and contrast-detection thresholds were assessed at cardinal (0 degrees) and oblique (45 degrees) orientations using explicit lines defined by Gabor patches. To test for extrastriate dysfunction, participants made orientation judgments using virtual lines defined by two widely spaced circles. Migraine history, migraine triggers, and pattern sensitivity were also assessed. Twenty migraineurs (10 with visual aura, 10 without) and 20 control participants were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Orientation-discrimination thresholds were lower for discriminations made about the cardinal axis than for discriminations made about the oblique axis, a well-documented phenomenon known as the oblique effect. Relative to the control group, the migraine group exhibited orientation-specific sensitivity losses on explicit and virtual judgments. Orientation-discrimination thresholds about the oblique axis were significantly elevated in the migraine group. In contrast, the migraine and control groups' detection thresholds did not differ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings reflect abnormal function of striate and extrastriate cortex in migraine. In addition, the discrimination data are consistent with wider orientation-tuning curves for orientation-sensitive cells in migraine, whereas the detection data suggest peak sensitivity does not differ between the groups.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marc S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Tibber
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guedes
authors.forename: Alex J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Shepherd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020325:Migraine with Aura / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020326:Migraine without Aura / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009949:Orientation; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*