title: Photosensitizing properties of protein hydrolysate-based fertilizers.
abstract: The use of protein hydrolysate-based fertilizers (PHF) as adjuvant for pesticides or herbicides has been proposed; however, the behaviors of mixtures of PHFs and pesticides under solar light are not known, and various photochemical reactions may occur. The photosensitizing properties of PHFs were investigated in water solutions (0.8 g of total organic carbon L(-1)) within the wavelength range of 300-450 nm, using furfuryl alcohol (FA) as a probe to test the involvement of singlet oxygen and Irgarol 1051 as an example of organic pollutant. Two commercial PHFs and one standard PHF were studied, all of the products being of animal origin. PHFs photosensitize the transformation of FA (10(-4) M), and the kinetics of FA disappearance follows an apparent first-order rate law. Through the use of sodium azide (1 x 10(-3) M) as singlet oxygen scavenger and deuterium oxide (D2O) for increasing the singlet oxygen lifetime it was shown that singlet oxygen contributes largely to the phototransformation of FA. The replacement of water by D2O increases the apparent first-order rate constant 6 times, whereas the addition of sodium azide reduces it by approximately 90%. These results are confirmed using Irgarol 1051 (10(-5) M). The photosensitizing properties of PHFs might be due to pigments naturally present in tissues from which they are extracted or to compounds generated during the production processes.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroambientali, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 40, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. lcavani@agrsci.unibo.it
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cavani
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ter Halle
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ciavatta
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis*; D005663:Furans / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates / Q000737:chemistry*; D013472:Sunlight; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005308:Fertilizers; D005663:Furans; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates; D014227:Triazines; C103341:irgarol 1051; C012986:furfuryl alcohol