title: Pharmacological Induction of Ischemic Tolerance by Glutamate Transporter-1 (EAAT2) Upregulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Astrocytic glutamate transporter protein, GLT-1 (EAAT2), recovers extracellular glutamate and ensures that neurons are protected from excess stimulation. Recently, beta-lactam antibiotics, like ceftriaxone (CTX), were reported to induce the upregulation of GLT-1. Here, we investigated ischemic tolerance induction by CTX in an experimental model of focal cerebral ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  CTX (200 mg/kg per day, IP) was administered for 5 consecutive days before transient focal ischemia, which was induced by intraluminal thread occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 90 minutes or permanently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated CTX injections enhanced GLT-1 mRNA and protein expressions after 3 and 5 days of treatment, respectively. CTX-pretreated animals showed a reduction in infarct volume by 58% (reperfusion) and 39% (permanent), compared with the vehicle-pretreated animals at 24 hours postischemia (P<0.01). Lower doses of CTX (20 mg/kg per day and 100 mg/kg per day) reduced infarct volumes to a lesser degree. The injection of GLT-1 inhibitor (dihydrokainate) at 30 minutes before ischemia ameliorated the effect of CTX pretreatment. However, CTX administration at 30 minutes after ischemia produced no significant reduction in infarct volume. CTX reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, FasL), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and activated caspase-9 (P<0.01). In addition, CTX-pretreated animals showed better functional recovery at day 1 to week 5 after ischemia (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents evidence that CTX induces ischemic tolerance in focal cerebral ischemia and that this is mediated by GLT-1 upregulation.
authors.affiliation: Stroke &Neural Stem Cell Laboratory in the Clinical Research Institute, Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Soon-Tae
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dong-In
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sinn
authors.forename: Song-Yi
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Eun-Hee
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jeong-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Se-Jeong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dong-Kyu
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Keun-Hwa
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Eun-Cheol
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Sang Kun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Manho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jae-Kyu
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Roh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D027342:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D027342:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D002443:Ceftriaxone