title: [Mechanisms of removing red tide organisms by organo-clays].
abstract: We tested the influence of the preparation conditions of the quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) modified clays on their capacities to remove red tide organisms, then discussed the mechanisms of the organo-clays removing red tide organisms. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) improved the capacity of clays to flocculate red tide algae, and the HDTMA in metastable state enhanced the toxicity of the clay complexes to algae. The capacities of the organo-clays correlated with the toxicity and the adsorbed amount of the QACs used in clays modification, but as the incubation time was prolonged the stability of the organo-clays was improved and the algal removal efficiencies of the clay complexes decreased. When the adsorbed HDTMA was arranged in different clays in which the spatial resistance was different, there was more HDTMA in metastable state in the three-layer montmorillonite. Because of the homo-ion effect the bivalent or trivalent metal ions induced more HDTMA in metastable state and the corresponding organo-clays had high capacities to remove red tide organisms. When the reaction temperature was 60 degrees C the adsorbed HDTMA was easily arranged on cation exchange sites, if the temperature rose or fell the metastable HDTMA would increase so that the capacity of the clays was improved.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China. caoxh@ms.qdio.ac.cn
authors.forename: Xi-Hua
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Xiu-Xian
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Zhi-Ming
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Kui
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000077215:Clay; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C514921:hexadecyltrimethylammoniumchloride; D000077215:Clay