title: Obstetric-induced incontinence: a black hole of preventable morbidity.
abstract: There is a detailed literature comprising clinical and anorectal physiological studies linking faecal incontinence to vaginal delivery. Specific risk factors are high infant birthweight, forceps delivery and prolonged second stage of labour. The onset of symptoms may be delayed for many years. Faecal incontinence occurs in more than 10% of adult females and urinary incontinence in about a third of multiparous women. This places a very large economic burden on the Australian health system. A conservative estimate for overall management of incontinence would be in excess of $A700 million but the actual amount is unknown. Preventative measures for avoiding pelvic floor injuries need to be established, and safe obstetric practice needs to be redefined in the light of current knowledge about incontinence. Outcome measures for safe birthing should not only include infant and maternal mortality and infant morbidity, but should also include the long-term effects of vaginal delivery on the pelvic floor, particularly urinary and faecal incontinence. Several state reports and one federal senate report on safe birthing have been lacking in this area. The safety of birthing centres and home birthing needs to be examined to provide birthing mothers with complete and appropriate information about safety in order that they may consider their options. Appropriate Caesarean section rates for optimal birthing safety are unknown and need to be re-examined. Calls for overall reduction in Caesarean section rates in Australia are inappropriate and cannot be justified until the effects of pelvic floor injury are added to the overall assessment.
authors.affiliation: St George Hospital - Colorectal Surgery, St George Medical Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Michelle J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.forename: David Z
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Lubowski
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D001724:Birth Weight; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007748:Labor Stage, Second; D009772:Obstetrical Forceps; D036801:Parturition; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000293:injuries / Q000294:innervation; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*