title: Effects of cadmium and tributyltin on development and reproduction of the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius (Diptera): baseline experiments for future multi-generation studies.
abstract: In this study the effects of tributyltin (TBT) and cadmium (Cd) were tested on the freshwater arthropod Chironomus riparius (Diptera) in life-cycle experiments. To this end, the OECD guideline 218 was extended with reproduction relevant parameters (e.g. number of fertile egg masses per female). Based on these reproduction data the number of larvae for next generation and the population growth rate were calculated. Experiments were performed using environmentally relevant concentrations of the test substances in the sediment (nominal ranges: 50-200 micro g Sn/kg and 0.2-2.1 mg Cd/kg, on a dry weight basis). Quartz sand was used as sediment in order to develop a test system for a following research project, focusing on the effects of TBT and Cd as model stressors on C. riparius populations in multi-generation studies. Both model stressors caused significant effects on development and reproduction of C. riparius. Larval mortality proved to be a sensitive parameter and a clear concentration-response relationship was observed with a significant increase (P < 0.001) at the highest TBT concentration and at a Cd concentration of 1.17 mg Cd/kg dw (P < 0.05). The two highest TBT concentrations emergence was significantly (P < 0.05) delayed compared to the solvent control. For Cd a clear prolonged average main emergence interval was observed, but not for TBT. TBT and Cd inhibited also oviposition. These effects resulted in a concentration-depended reduction of the population growth rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. vogt@zoology.uni-frankfurt.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Belz
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galluba
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oetken
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oehlmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D002683:Chironomidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D011158:Population Growth; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; D002104:Cadmium; C011559:tributyltin