title: Environmental factors as predictors of smoking among ninth-grade adolescents in Pitkäranta (Russian Karelia) and in eastern Finland.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess whether similar environmental factors predict adolescents' smoking in two different cultures: in the Pitkäranta district in Russian Karelia and in eastern Finland. The data were gathered by self-administered questionnaires from ninth-grade students in 10 comprehensive schools in Pitkäranta (n = 385) and from age-matched students in 24 schools in eastern Finland (n = 2,098). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test whether similar path structures fit for boys and for girls in Pitkäranta and in eastern Finland, and to test whether regression coefficients were similar between the cultures by sex. Smoking by family members and best friends was positively related to adolescents' smoking both directly and indirectly. Environmental factors were similar predictors of smoking between the cultures for boys. For girls, different regression coefficients in Pitkäranta and in eastern Finland were found. Best friend's smoking was the most important predictor of adolescents' own smoking in every sub-sample. When indirect relationships were identified, the significance of parents' and siblings' smoking, in addition to smoking by best friends, was strongly supported.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, University of Kuopio, PL 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kemppainen
authors.forename: Kerttu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tossavainen
authors.forename: Erkki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vartiainen
authors.forename: Veikko
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jokela
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puska
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pantelejev
authors.forename: Mihail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uhanov
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005190:Family / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D033062:Friends / Q000208:ethnology; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010379:Peer Group; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012931:Social Environment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires