title: Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products triggers a proinflammatory cytokine cascade via beta2 integrin Mac-1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a cell surface molecule that binds a variety of ligands, including high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB-1), a potent proinflammatory cytokine. RAGE-ligand interaction leads to an inflammatory response. A truncated form of the receptor, soluble RAGE (sRAGE), has been suggested to function as a decoy abrogating cellular activation, but its endogenous activity is not fully understood. We undertook this study to assess the properties of sRAGE in vivo and in vitro and to analyze the role of sRAGE in HMGB-1-induced arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were injected intraarticularly with HMGB-1 and treated systemically with sRAGE prior to histologic joint evaluation. All animals were subjected to peritoneal lavage to assess the local effect of sRAGE treatment. For in vitro studies, mouse splenocytes were incubated with sRAGE followed by assessment of NF-kappaB activation and cytokine production. The chemotactic properties of sRAGE were investigated using in vitro migration assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Soluble RAGE was determined to have proinflammatory properties since it gave rise to production of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2. This effect was triggered by interaction with leukocyte beta2 integrin Mac-1 and was mediated via NF-kappaB. Systemic treatment with sRAGE significantly down-regulated HMGB-1-triggered arthritis, but the observed effect was due to a deviation of the inflammatory response from the joint to the peritoneal cavity rather than a genuine antiinflammatory effect. Apart from its proinflammatory properties, sRAGE was proven to act as a chemotactic stimulus for neutrophils.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that sRAGE interacts with Mac-1, thereby acting as an important proinflammatory and chemotactic molecule.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden. Rille.Pullerits@rheuma.gu.se
authors.forename: Rille
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pullerits
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brisslert
authors.forename: Ing-Marie
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tarkowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen; D016328:NF-kappa B; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic