title: The influence of secondary gain on surgical outcome: a comparison between cervical and lumbar discectomy.
abstract: Although the expectation of monetary compensation has been associated with failures in lumbar discectomy, the issue has not been investigated in patients undergoing cervical disc surgery. The authors analyzed the relationship between economic forms of secondary gain and surgical outcome in a group of patients with a common pay scale, retirement plan, and disability program. All procedures were performed at the Portsmouth Naval Medical Center between 1993 and 1995; active-duty military servicepersons treated for cervical radiculopathy were prospectively included. Clinical, demographic, and financial factors were analyzed to determine which were predictive of outcome. Financial data were used to create a compensation incentive, which is proportional to the patient's rank, years of service, potential disability, retirement eligibility, and base pay and reflects the monetary incentive of disability. The results of cervical surgery were compared to a previously reported companion population of patients treated for lumbar disc disease. A good outcome was defined as a return to active duty, whereas a referral for disability was considered a poor surgical result. A 100% follow-up rate was obtained for 269 patients who underwent 307 cervical operations. Only 16% (43 of 269) of patients who underwent cervical operation received disability, whereas 24.7% (86 of 348) of patients who underwent lumbar discectomy obtained a poor result (p = 0.0082). Although economic forms of secondary gain were not associated with a poor outcome in cervical disease, both the rank (p = 0.002) and duration (p = 0.03) of an individual's military career were significant factors (p = 0.02). Of the medical variables tested, multilevel surgery (p = 0.03) and revision operations at the same level (p = 0.03) were associated with referral for medical discharge. Secondary gain in the form of economic compensation influences outcome in lumbar but not cervical disc surgery patients; the increased rate of disability referral in patients who underwent lumbar discectomy may reflect an expectation of economic compensation. Social factors that are independent of the anticipation of economic compensation seem to influence the outcome in cervical disc surgery patients.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosurgery and Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Neurosurgery, Portsmouth Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, Virginia; Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; and Northwest Neurological Surgery, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kaptain
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Shaffrey
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Alden
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whitehill