title: Study of biodegradation products from azo dyes in fungal degradation by capillary electrophoresis/electrospray mass spectrometry.
abstract: Biodegradation products from four model sulfonated azo dyes Orange II, Acid Orange 8, Food Yellow 3, and 4-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)azo]-benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt (4HABA), during fungal degradation were determined by capillary electrophoresis coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry (CE-MS) with electrospray ionization and a coaxial sheath flow interface. The development and optimization of this analytical method including the sheath liquid composition and flow rate, nebulizing gas flow rate, carrier electrolyte, and MS voltage are described herein. Detection of unknown biodegradation products was carried out under negative ion mode with base peak electrophorogram (BPE) or extractive ion electrophorogram (EIE) monitoring. A volatile ammonium acetate buffer (10 mM) without organic modifier and a shealth liquid made from 2-propanol and water (80:20, v/v) were suited for the separation and ESI interface. The sulfonated ion was the base peak for model azo dyes and their metabolites containing sulfonic group. Results showed that the tested azo dyes were degraded quickly in the culture of white rot fungus, Pleurotus ostreatus in 3 days with the major biodegradation products being 4-hydroxy-benzenesulfonic acid, 3-methyl-4-hydroxy-benzenesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 1,2-naphthoquinone-6-sulfonic acid and 3-methyl-benzenesulfonic acid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA. xueheng.zhao@jsums.edu
authors.forename: Xueheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yiping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Dennis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Huey-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Ian R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Hardin
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001711:Biotransformation; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D020076:Pleurotus / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D004396:Coloring Agents; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C014722:2-naphthol orange