title: Determinants of bone mineral density in Chinese-American women.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Few data are available regarding bone mineral density (BMD) and its determinants among Chinese Americans. We identified determinants of BMD among 359 Chinese-American women in order to identify risk factors for low BMD in this burgeoning population. BMD in Chinese-American women is influenced by a number of factors, including immigration.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Osteoporosis and low BMD are common among Chinese women, including Chinese Americans, who are a growing population at risk for osteoporosis in the US. Few data are available regarding BMD and its determinants among Chinese-American women.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we examined predictors of BMD in 359 ambulatory Chinese-American women, ages 20-90, using stepwise multiple regression analysis. Variables in the model included age, weight, height, menarche age, years since menopause, immigration age, years in US, percentage of life in US, number of pregnancies, oral contraceptive use, family history of osteoporosis, family history of hip fracture, daily calcium intake, exercise, time outdoors, alcohol consumption and tobacco use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among premenopausal women, weight was the strongest predictor of BMD, accounting for 10.5% of the variance at the lumbar spine (LS), 15.2% at the total hip (TH) and 16.6% at the femoral neck (FN). Time outdoors was also a positive predictor of BMD (1.4% at LS, 2.8% at TH and 1.6% at FN), while family history of osteoporosis (1.4% at TH) and age (3.7% at FN) were negative predictors. Among postmenopausal women, greater BMD at the LS and TH was associated with greater weight and earlier immigration age. Weight accounted for 16.4% of the variance at the LS and 19.8% at the TH; immigration age accounted for 3.1% of the variance at the LS and 4.1% at the TH. At the FN, years since menopause and weight were predictors of BMD, accounting for 14.4% and 8.7% of the variance, respectively. While older age at immigration had a negative effect on BMD, years in and proportion of life in the United States were not significant predictors of BMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bone mineral density in Chinese-American women is influenced by a number of biological and lifestyle factors, including immigration. The results of this study provide new insights into risk factors for low bone density as they relate to environmental determinants in the growing population of Chinese-American women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8W-864, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. mad2037@columbia.edu
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Babbar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Opotowsky
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bilezikian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001213:Asian; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000502:physiology; D006615:Hip; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology; D017697:Premenopause / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States