title: Early home-based recognition of anaemia via general danger signs, in young children, in a malaria endemic community in north-east Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ethnographic studies from East Africa suggest that cerebral malaria and anaemia are not classified in local knowledge as malaria complications, but as illnesses in their own right. Cerebral malaria 'degedege' has been most researched, in spite of anaemia being a much more frequent complication in infants, and not much is known on how this is interpreted by caretakers. Anaemia is difficult to recognize clinically, even by health workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ethnographic longitudinal cohort field study for 14 months, with monthly home-visits in families of 63 newborn babies, identified by community census, followed throughout April - November 2003 and during follow-up in April-May 2004. Interviews with care-takers (mostly mothers) and observational studies of infants and social environment were combined with three haemoglobin (Hb) screenings, supplemented with reports from mothers after health facility use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  General danger signs, reported by mothers, e.g. infant unable to breast-feed or sit, too weak to be carried on back - besides of more alarming signs such as sleeping all time, loosing consciousness or convulsing - were well associated with actual or evolving moderate to severe anaemia (Hb </= 5-8 g/dl). By integrating the local descriptions of danger symptoms and signs, and comparing with actual or evolving low Hb, an algorithm to detect anaemia was developed, with significant sensitivity and specificity. For most danger signs, mothers twice as often took young children to traditional healers for herbal treatment, rather than having their children admitted to hospital. As expected, pallor was more rarely recognized by mothers, or primary reason for treatment seeking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mothers do recognize and respond to symptoms and danger signs related to development of anaemia, the most frequent complication of malaria in young children in malaria endemic areas. Mothers' observations and actions should be reconsidered and integrated in management of childhood illness programmes.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 5, Øster Farimagsgade, DK-1410 Copenhagen K, Denmark. fringsted@yahoo.dk
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Ringsted
authors.forename: Ib C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Bygbjerg
authors.forename: Helle
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Samuelsen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000740:Anemia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008288:Malaria / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009035:Mothers; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology