title: Measurement of preoperative and postoperative nasal tip projection and rotation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the effect of columellar struts and cephalic trim on tip projection and tip rotation using digitized photographs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using photographs of 62 patients who underwent external rhinoplasty, we retrospectively analyzed nasal tip projection (the Goode method) and rotation (nasolabial angle) before and after surgery. A cartilaginous strut was used in 36 patients, whereas 26 patients did not receive a strut. Patients were categorized into 4 subgroups, depending on the placement of a strut (placement, strut+ vs nonplacement, strut-) and the removal of the cephalic margin (removal, cephalic+ vs nonremoval, cephalic-) of the lateral crus: strut-/cephalic-, n = 17; strut+/cephalic-, n = 23; strut-/cephalic+, n = 9; strut+/cephalic+, n = 12.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nasal tip projection, measured with the Goode method, increased from 0.58 to 0.60 (P = .02) in the strut+ group; in the strut- group, nasal tip projection did not change significantly. Nasolabial angle increased from 93.96 degrees to 100.92 degrees in the strut+/cephalic- group and from 88.30 degrees to 95.06 degrees in the strut+/cephalic+ group. Removal of the cephalic margin alone (strut-/cephalic+) hardly affected tip rotation (P = .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The external rhinoplasty approach did not lead to a decrease in nasal tip projection. A cartilaginous strut slightly increased nasal tip projection and also increased nasal tip rotation. This effect was accentuated by the removal of the cephalic margin of the lateral crus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. K.Ingels@kno.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ingels
authors.forename: Kadir S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Orhan
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D010781:Photography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome