title: Emerging tick-borne disease in African vipers caused by a Cowdria-like organism.
abstract: Heartwater is a tick-borne infectious disease caused by the rickettsial organism Cowdria ruminantium, currently Ehrlichia ruminantium. It poses an imminent threat to the Western Hemisphere, where it could cause mortality in cattle and other ruminant livestock in excess of 70%. It has been reported in the Caribbean; and its vector, Amblyomma sparsum, has been found on imported African spurred tortoises (Geochelone sulcata) and leopard tortoises (Geochelone pardalis) in southern Florida in the United States, leading to an importation ban on these reptiles. Symptoms have not been previously reported in reptiles. Here, we report peracute and acute deaths in African vipers imported from Africa through Florida. Signs included vomiting mucoid fluid, diarrhea, emaciation, convulsions, and death. Postmortem showed few gross lesions. The most consistent peracute and acute lesions were the pulmonary lesions and pericarditis with considerable bloody fluid in the pericardial sac (hydropericardium). These lesions strongly resembled the lesions of heartwater and a coccobacillus of less than 1-micron diameter was isolated in viper cell culture. The outbreak was brought to a halt by tick control and treatment of all exposed snakes with tetracycline. This isolation, tetracycline sensitivity, clinical signs, preliminary results with polymerase chain reaction of pCS20 ORF, and the viper preference of the disease may indicate a Cowdria-related attenuated species that has adapted to infect reptiles or an emerging new form of this group of microbes.
authors.affiliation: Air Force Research Laboratory, Brooks City-Base, TX 78235-5107, USA. Johnathan.Kiel@brooks.af.mil
authors.forename: Johnathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kiel
authors.forename: Rodolfo M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Alarcon
authors.forename: Jill E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Jeeva
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vivekananda
authors.forename: Yvette B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Lucille J V
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Stribling
authors.forename: Carrie J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001096:Arachnid Vectors / Q000382:microbiology*; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000662:veterinary; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000662:veterinary; D016995:Ehrlichia ruminantium / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D006357:Heartwater Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D013983:Tick Control / Q000379:methods; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013987:Ticks / Q000382:microbiology*; D014426:Turtles / Q000382:microbiology; D017819:Viperidae / Q000382:microbiology*