title: Inhibitory control in high-functioning autism: decreased activation and underconnectivity in inhibition networks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhibiting prepotent responses is critical to optimal cognitive and behavioral function across many domains. Several behavioral studies have investigated response inhibition in autism, and the findings varied according to the components involved in inhibition. There has been only one published functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study so far on inhibition in autism, which found greater activation in participants with autism than control participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study investigated the neural basis of response inhibition in 12 high-functioning adults with autism and 12 age- and intelligence quotient (IQ)-matched control participants during a simple response inhibition task and an inhibition task involving working memory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both inhibition tasks, the participants with autism showed less brain activation than control participants in areas often found to be active in response inhibition tasks, namely the anterior cingulate cortex. In the more demanding inhibition condition, involving working memory, the participants with autism showed more activation than control participants in the premotor areas. In addition to the activation differences, the participants with autism showed lower levels of synchronization between the inhibition network (anterior cingulate gyrus, middle cingulate gyrus, and insula) and the right middle and inferior frontal and right inferior parietal regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the inhibition circuitry in the autism group is activated atypically and is less synchronized, leaving inhibition to be accomplished by strategic control rather than automatically. At the behavioral level, there was no difference between the groups.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Rajesh K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kana
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Minshew
authors.forename: Marcel Adam
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Just
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003344:Cortical Synchronization; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012016:Reference Values; D012720:Severity of Illness Index