title: The influence of mode of delivery and ACE genotype on serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in the mother and infant at term.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and its genotype have been shown to play a role in the pathophysiology of pregnancy complications such as pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction and possibly in adult onset chronic diseases. The physiological changes of ACE and the influence of its genotype during the intrapartum period are not well known. Hence the aim of this study was to assess serum ACE activity and its genotype in mothers and infants at term in relation to labour and mode of delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional study of 99 women who laboured and 27 women who delivered by elective caesarean section after 36 completed weeks gestation with uncomplicated pregnancies. Venous cord bloods were obtained immediately after delivery of the placenta for serum ACE activity, ACE genotype and acid-base status. Maternal venous samples were obtained just after delivery for analysis of ACE activity and ACE genotype. Univariate analyses were performed using parametric tests for normally distributed data and nonparametric tests for the data that were not normally distributed. A multiple regression model was developed to adjust for potential confounding factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The umbilical venous ACE activity was similar for infants delivered following labour compared to those delivered by elective caesarean section, 47.2 U/L (35-64) versus 40.1 U/L (31-60) (adjusted p=0.21). Maternal ACE activities were 28.9 U/L (22-35) and 32.1 U/L (22-40) respectively (adjusted p=0.17). The ACE activity in infants was higher than that of mothers 46 U/L versus 22 U/L, respectively (p= or <0.001). Neither the mode of delivery nor the presence of suspected fetal compromise influenced maternal or infant ACE activity. There was no influence of the infants' genotype on ACE activity in relation to mode of delivery. The DD genotype was associated with higher ACE activity in mothers (p=0.001) but not in infants (p=0.56).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that intrapartum events do not affect ACE activity. These results will enhance our ability to investigate the role of ACE and its genotype in abnormal fetal growth and in subsequent adult onset chronic disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal and Child Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom. r.uma@dundee.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ramalingam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uma
authors.forename: J Stewart
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Forsyth
authors.forename: Allan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Struthers
authors.forename: Callum G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Deirdre J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000235:genetics; D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A