title: A review of human and analogue insulin trials.
abstract: A recent meta-analysis evaluated trials of the rapid-acting analogues insulin lispro and insulin aspart, performed before the introduction of the basal analogues, insulin glargine and insulin detemir. This article reviews the effect of rapid-acting and basal insulin analogues separately and in combination, relative to human insulin. Outcomes evaluated include HbA(1c), hypoglycaemia, postprandial glucose (PPG), and weight changes. Results from trials that matched defined criteria are presented in tables. In type 1 diabetes, compared with human insulin, the rapid-acting analogues generally reduced hypoglycaemia and postprandial glucose, whereas the basal analogues tended to reduce hypoglycaemia -- particularly nocturnal hypoglycaemia. Weight gain may also be reduced with basal analogues, compared with human basal insulin. In type 2 diabetes, premix rapid-acting analogues controlled postprandial glucose better than human insulin mixes; basal analogues used as basal-only therapy reduced hypoglycaemia compared with NPH insulin; and some advantages were apparent with analogues in basal-bolus therapy. Whilst the benefits on individual metabolic and clinical outcomes appear modest, almost all studies report some advantage when using insulin analogues in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Significant benefits, including PPG lowering with the rapid-acting analogues and the potential for reduction in cardiovascular risk, should be investigated further.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. s.c.gough@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Stephen C L
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gough
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061267:Insulin Aspart; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D007336:Insulin, Isophane / Q000627:therapeutic use; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D019518:Postprandial Period; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; D061267:Insulin Aspart; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D007336:Insulin, Isophane; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human; C479079:insulin glulisine