title: Morphological muscle and joint parameters for musculoskeletal modelling of the lower extremity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To assist in the treatment of gait disorders, an inverse and forward 3D musculoskeletal model of the lower extremity will be useful that allows to evaluate if-then scenarios. Currently available anatomical datasets do not comprise sufficiently accurate and complete information to construct such a model. The aim of this paper is to present a complete and consistent anatomical dataset, containing the orientations of joints (hip, knee, ankle and subtalar joints), muscle parameters (optimum length, physiological cross sectional area), and geometrical parameters (attachment sites, 'via' points).
  
  
  METHODS
  One lower extremity, taken from a male embalmed specimen, was studied. Position and geometry were measured with a 3D-digitizer. Optotrak was used for measurement of rotation axes of joints. Sarcomere length was measured by laser diffraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 38 muscles were measured. Each muscle was divided in different muscle lines of action based on muscle morphology. 14 Ligaments of the hip, knee and ankle were included.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented anatomical dataset embraces all necessary data for state of the art musculoskeletal modelling of the lower extremity. Implementation of these data into an (existing) model is likely to significantly improve the estimation of muscle forces and will thus make the use of the model as a clinical tool more feasible.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Technology (BMTI), Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. m.d.kleinhorsman@utwente.nl
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Klein Horsman
authors.forename: H F J M
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Koopman
authors.forename: F C T
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: van der Helm
authors.forename: L Poliacu
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Prosé
authors.forename: H E J
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Veeger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007596:Joints / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D007834:Lasers; D007866:Leg; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008954:Models, Biological; D009132:Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000473:pathology; D010388:Pelvis / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000473:pathology*