title: Human coronavirus infection among children with acute lower respiratory tract infection in Thailand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to further identify the previously uncharacterized human coronavirus 229E (hCoV-229E) and human coronavirus OC43 (hCoV-OC43) in Thailand by using the RT-PCR technique. In addition, we performed this study in order to delineate the prevalence, the potential clinical impacts and evaluation of the genetic characterization of this pathogen in young children who presented with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained nasopharyngeal secretions (NPs) from 226 children <5 years of age who were either attending the outpatient department or hospitalized with ALRI from March 2002 to July 2003. All clinical, laboratory, RT-PCR, direct sequencing and phylogenetic analysis data were collected and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 226 NPs samples from infants and young children presented with ALRI, 8 (3.54%) were positive for hCoV-229E, 2 (0.88%) were positive for hCoV-OC43, and 1 (0.44%) had co-infection. The following clinical presentations were noted: fever (100%), rhinitis (44%), acute bronchiolitis (44%), viral pneumonia (33%), viral pneumonia triggering asthma exacerbation (11%) as well as viral pneumonia causing BPD exacerbation (11%). All positive samples were subjected to direct sequencing. The amino acid sequences had 82-99% similarity to previous sequences stored in the GenBank database.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The molecular technique we applied to detect human coronavirus appears justified as a valuable diagnostic approach to elucidate the prevalence, cause and clinical implications of ALRI among infants and young children.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Viral Hepatitis Research, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Apiradee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Theamboonlers
authors.forename: Rujipat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Samransamruajkit
authors.forename: Chittima
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thongme
authors.forename: Alongkorn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amonsin
authors.forename: Voranush
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chongsrisawat
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Poovorawan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D028941:Coronavirus 229E, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D028962:Coronavirus OC43, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011024:Pneumonia, Viral / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral