title: Chemoprophylaxis and the epidemiological characteristics of re-emergent P. vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the Republic of Korea (ROK), soldiers stationed where there is a risk of contracting malaria have received antimalarial chemoprophylaxis since 1997. However, chemoprophylaxis may facilitate the development of drug resistance, and late primary attacks in individuals who have received chemoprophylaxis are becoming more frequent. We investigated the association between chemoprophylaxis and the epidemiological characteristics and effectiveness of treatment for re-emergent Plasmodium vivax malaria, using a nationwide malaria database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among soldiers at risk of malaria between 1999 and 2001, we reviewed all P. vivax malaria cases (1158) that occurred before 31 December 2003. Early and late primary attacks were defined as cases occurring <or= 2 or > 2 months after the last day of exposure to risk of malaria, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of these cases, 634 (72.0%) had received chemoprophylaxis, and 324 (28.0%) had not. Cases occurred mostly in summer, with a peak in July-August. Stratification by chemoprophylaxis history revealed different times to onset. Early primary attacks were more prevalent in the group not receiving chemoprophylaxis, while in the group receiving chemoprophylaxis most cases were late primary attacks. Of the latter, 312 out of 461 (67.7%) did not take primaquine regularly. After treatment of the first attack, 14 (1.2%) of 1158 were re-treated; all re-treated cases were cured using the same doses and regimen used for the first treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In ROK, the increase in late primary episodes of re-emergent P. vivax malaria is associated with the use of antimalarial chemoprophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Changsoo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dong Chun
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Tai Soon
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.forename: Dae Kyu
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Rock Kwon
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Keeho
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Suh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018890:Chemoprevention; D003020:Clothing; D004351:Drug Resistance; D017050:Episode of Care; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007306:Insecticides; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008887:Military Medicine; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D026023:Permethrin; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011159:Population Surveillance; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D007306:Insecticides; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine; D026023:Permethrin