title: Reinforcing effects of central ethanol injections in newborn rat pups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Newborn rat pups readily ingest ethanol of low to moderate concentrations and are sensitive to its reinforcing effects. Given that early ethanol exposure can promote its future abuse, it is vital to discover the mechanisms behind reinforcing effects of ethanol at this stage of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cesarean-delivered 3- to 4-hour-old rat pups were exposed to lemon odor (unconditioned stimulus) either paired or explicitly unpaired with central injections of saline or ethanol (25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg%) in a volume of 1 muL. One hour following conditioning subjects were tested on a surrogate nipple providing water in the presence of lemon odor. Reinforcement from ethanol's central effects was indexed by significantly greater attachment time on a lemon-scented nipple in paired subjects than in unpaired or saline controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rats centrally injected with 25 to 200 mg% ethanol in the presence of lemon odor spent significantly more time attached to a lemon-scented surrogate nipple providing water than did their saline-injected or unpaired counterparts. Those injected with 400 mg% ethanol did not differ from their corresponding controls. No detectable brain alcohol content was found in the assay of whole brain for ethanol levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that 3- to 4-hour-old rat pups find central injections of 25 to 200 mg% ethanol reinforcing. This procedure virtually eliminates ethanol's chemosensory or caloric attributes as the source of ethanol reinforcement. The present classical olfactory conditioning paradigm can be used to further study mechanisms of this apparently pharmacological reinforcement by ethanol in newborn rat pups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Center for Developmental Psychobiology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA. mnizhnikov@binghamton.edu
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Nizhnikov
authors.forename: Elena I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Varlinskaya
authors.forename: Norman E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Spear
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001245:Association Learning; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007267:Injections / Q000379:methods; D023421:Models, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012903:Smell; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol