title: The scent of urine spots of male mice, Mus musculus: Changes in chemical composition over time.
abstract: A dominant male mouse scent-marks his territory very frequently by emitting small urinary spots. The urine spots release in the air a variety of odorants that transmit different information to other mice, especially those concerning the time of deposition. To investigate this effect, small spots of urine of a dominant male mouse were left to freely release the odorants in the air for time intervals ranging from 0 min to 24 h prior to sampling. Thereupon, the odorants remaining in the spot were sampled at diffusion equilibrium (45 degrees C) in a small vial by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to flame ionisation detection and mass spectrometry. Thirteen odorants were consistently found. Nine odorants were identified and four were matched. The rate of release of each odorant was characteristic and was described using principal component analysis. A first principal component was based on nine early odorants that showed a decreasing release over time. The odorants were 2,4-dehydro-exo-brevicomin, an unknown with 78% matching to 4-acetonilcycloheptanone, linalool, 2,4-dimethyl-phenol, 4-ethylphenol, indole, 2-butyl-1-octanol, an unknown with 83% matching to 2-ethyl-1-decanol, and 2,4-bis-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol. A second principal component, based on two unknowns with 73% matching to yohimban-17-one and 71% matching to the 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethyl ester of propanoic acid, had an irregular release after deposition. A third principal component of late odorants, based on 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole and 6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecaden-2-one, had a peak of release at about 22 min. In conclusion, the release of the odorants in the headspace of a urine spot may code and transmit information on the deposition time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Human Physiology, University of Padua, Italy. andrea.cavaggioni@unipd.it
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavaggioni
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mucignat-Caretta
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Redaelli
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zagotto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D013997:Time Factors; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*