title: Report of the IWGT working group on strategy/interpretation for regulatory in vivo tests II. Identification of in vivo-only positive compounds in the bone marrow micronucleus test.
abstract: A survey conducted as part of an International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT) has identified a number of compounds that appear to be more readily detected in vivo than in vitro. The reasons for this property varies from compound to compound and includes metabolic differences; the influence of gut flora; higher exposures in vivo compared to in vitro; effects on pharmacology, in particular folate depletion or receptor kinase inhibition. It is possible that at least some of these compounds are detectable in vitro if a specific in vitro test is chosen as part of the test battery, but the 'correct' choice of test may not always be obvious when testing a compound of unknown genotoxicity. It is noted that many of the compounds identified in this study interfere with cell cycle kinetics and this can result in either aneugenicity or chromosome breakage. A decision tree is outlined as a guide for the evaluation of compounds that appear to be genotoxic agents in vivo but not in vitro. The regulatory implications of these findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Molecular Genetics and Toxicology, University of Wales Swansea, UK. djtweats@fish.co.uk
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tweats
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blakey
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Heflich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nohmi
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: O'Donovan
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sofuni
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tice
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001554:Benzene / Q000633:toxicity; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000187:drug effects*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D005971:Glutamates / Q000633:toxicity; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015162:Micronucleus Tests / Q000379:methods*; D009020:Morphine / Q000633:toxicity; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D012377:Rodentia; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013427:Sulfapyridine / Q000633:toxicity; D012460:Sulfasalazine / Q000633:toxicity; D014520:Urethane / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005971:Glutamates; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D014520:Urethane; D012460:Sulfasalazine; D006147:Guanine; D009020:Morphine; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; D001554:Benzene; D013427:Sulfapyridine