title: Albuminuria as risk factor for initiation and progression of carotid atherosclerosis in non-diabetic persons: the Tromsø Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High levels of microalbuminuria have been associated with severe atherosclerosis. In this prospective, population-based study, we examined whether urinary albumin-to-creatinine-ratios (ACR) in the lower range were associated with the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carotid ultrasonography and measurements of ACR, fibrinogen, monocytes, white cell count, and well-established cardiovascular risk factors were performed in 4037 non-diabetic subjects, 2203 without, and 1834 with pre-existing plaques at baseline. After 7 years new ultrasound measurements were performed. In subjects without pre-existing plaques, 884 had developed at least one plaque during follow-up. Baseline ACR was significantly related to the area of the novel plaques (P for linear trend = 0.009 over the baseline ACR quartiles, after multiple adjustments). The relationship with ACR was clearly modified by fibrinogen (P = 0.001, for the interaction ACR x fibrinogen). Subjects with high levels of both ACR and fibrinogen developed plaques with the largest area. In subjects with pre-existing plaques, ACR was related to plaque-progression (P for linear trend = 0.026, after multiple adjustments). In these individuals, the interaction between fibrinogen and ACR on plaque-growth appeared only in those with minimal atherosclerosis at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ACR is positively related to plaque-initiation and plaque-growth. This relationship is substantially modified by fibrinogen in previously plaque-free subjects.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway. lone.jorgensen@ism.uit.no
authors.forename: Lone
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Trond
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jenssen
authors.forename: Stein Harald
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: Ellisiv B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Mathiesen
authors.forename: Ivar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heuch
authors.forename: Oddmund
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Joakimsen
authors.forename: Einar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fosse
authors.forename: Bjarne K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology*; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005340:Fibrinogen