title: The Hemolymph of the ascidian Styela plicata (Chordata-Tunicata) contains heparin inside basophil-like cells and a unique sulfated galactoglucan in the plasma.
abstract: The hemolymph of ascidians (Chordata-Tunicata) contains different types of hemocytes embedded in a liquid plasma. In the present study, heparin and a sulfated heteropolysaccharide were purified from the hemolymph of the ascidian Styela plicata. The heteropolysaccharide occurs free in the plasma, is composed of glucose ( approximately 60%) and galactose ( approximately 40%), and is highly sulfated. Heparin, on the other hand, occurs in the hemocytes, and high performance liquid chromatography of the products formed by degradation with specific lyases revealed that it is composed mainly by the disaccharides DeltaUA(2SO(4))-1-->4-beta-d-GlcN(SO(4)) (39.7%) and DeltaUA(2SO(4))-1-->4-beta-d-GlcN(SO(4))(6SO(4)) (38.2%). Small amounts of the 3-O-sulfated disaccharides DeltaUA(2SO(4))-1-->4-beta-d-GlcN(SO(4))(3SO(4)) (9.8%) and DeltaUA(2SO(4))-1-->4-beta-d-GlcN(SO(4))(3SO(4))(6SO(4)) (3.8%) were also detected. These 3-O-sulfated disaccharides were demonstrated to be essential for the binding of the hemocyte heparin to antithrombin III. Electron microscopy techniques were used to characterize the ultrastructure of the hemocytes and to localize heparin and histamine in these cells. At least five cell types were recognized and classified as univacuolated and multivacuolated cells, amebocytes, hemoblasts, and granulocytes. Immunocytochemistry showed that heparin and histamine co-localize in intracellular granules of only one type of hemocyte, the granulocyte. These results show for the first time that in ascidians, a sulfated galactoglucan circulates free in the plasma, and heparin occurs as an intracellular product of a circulating basophil-like cell.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, RJ, Brasil.
authors.forename: Cintia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: de Barros
authors.forename: Leonardo R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allodi
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Viskov
authors.forename: Pierre A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Mourier
authors.forename: Moisés C M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cavalcante
authors.forename: Anita H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Straus
authors.forename: Helio K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Vitor H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Pomin
authors.forename: Vinicius F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Mauro S G
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pavão
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001491:Basophils / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005690:Galactose / Q000378:metabolism; D005936:Glucans / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000378:metabolism*; D006493:Heparin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry; D014561:Urochordata / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005936:Glucans; D011134:Polysaccharides; D013431:Sulfates; D006493:Heparin; D005947:Glucose; D005690:Galactose