title: Increase in skin temperature after spinal anesthesia in infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relatively stable hemodynamics during spinal anesthesia in infants have been attributed to a less active sympathetic nervous system in comparison with adults. Thus, the authors evaluated sympathetic block primarily by measurement of skin temperature and secondarily by determination of noninvasive blood pressure as an indirect sign of sympatholysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 15 infants (postconceptual age: 45.0 +/- 4.8 weeks; weight: 4.0 +/- 1.2 kg) scheduled for repair of inguinal hernia under spinal anesthesia, skin temperature at the T4 level and at the plantar foot was measured before and after spinal anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia was induced at the L4/L5 interspace with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 1 mg/kg with 10 microg/kg adrenaline added.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Temperature at the plantar foot after spinal anesthesia rose significantly from 33.0 degrees C +/- 1.3 degrees C to 34.7 degrees C +/- 1.4 degrees C within 10 minutes and to 35.6 degrees C +/- 0.9 degrees C after 20 minutes (P < .0001), whereas the temperature at the thorax remained constant at 35 degrees C to 36 degrees C. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 15.9 +/- 11.4 mm Hg and 9.0 +/- 9.2 mm Hg, respectively (P < .01), but remained within normal range in all cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors found a significant increase in skin temperature of the feet within 10 minutes as a sign of sympatholysis, whereas trunk temperature remained constant. Blood pressure decreased but remained within the normal range, despite the observed sympatholysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jetzek-Zader
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hermanns
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freynhagen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lipfert
authors.forename: Markus F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Stevens
mesh_terms: D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000098:blood supply; D005865:Gestational Age; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000187:drug effects*; D013565:Sympatholytics / Q000494:pharmacology; D013909:Thorax / Q000098:blood supply; D013997:Time Factors; D014666:Vasomotor System / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D013565:Sympatholytics; D002045:Bupivacaine