title: Molecular modeling of purinergic receptor P2Y12 and interaction with its antagonists.
abstract: Purinergic receptors are a class of cell surface receptors for purines that prefer ATP or ADP over adenosine. The surface receptors for extracellular nucleotides are called P2 receptors. They are activated by both pyrimidine and purine nucleotides. ADP initiates platelet aggregation by 'simultaneous activation of two G protein-coupled receptors, P2Y1 and P2Y12. P2Y12 has been shown to be the target of the thienopyridine drugs, ticlopidine and clopidogrel. Here, the active sites of P2Y12 for ATP as well as ADP are predicted by bioinformatics and molecular modeling. First, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of P2Y12 was constructed by InsightII/Homology module using the corresponding bovine rhodopsin (PDB code: 1HZX) as the template. Then the primary structures were optimized by energy minimization that has been successfully accepted by the Protein Data Bank (PDB code: 1VZ1). Second, a simple scoring matrix was built up based on the analysis of 13 known ATP-binding proteins. And the most probable active sites of P2Y12 were predicted using the scoring matrix, which include three distant areas: "head area" (LGTGPLRTFV, 87-96), "middle area" (VGLITNGLAM, 38-47, and LGAKILSVVI, 139-148), and "bottom area" (RTRGVGKVPR, 222-231). Subsequently the structural model of P2Y12 was docked with ATP/ADP in comparison with P2Y1 (PDB code 1ddd). As a comparison, we docked its antagonists, such as ticlopidine and clopidogrel, to the most probable sites and calculated their intermolecular energy. Our results imply that P2Y12 has the potential to be inhibited by ADP/ATP analogs, and it suggests that P2Y12 acts as a target of new drugs that inhibit platelet aggregation.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Life College, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
authors.forename: Chenyang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xian-Chi
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Yue-Lan
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000737:chemistry; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000737:chemistry; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D019295:Computational Biology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011487:Protein Conformation; D058919:Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D058472:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1; D058925:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013816:Thermodynamics; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C546382:P2RY1 protein, human; C548576:P2RY12 protein, human; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D058919:Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2; D058472:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1; D058925:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D012243:Rhodopsin; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine