title: Effects of human immunodeficiency virus on protracted amenorrhea and ovarian dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize ovarian failure and prolonged amenorrhea from other causes in women who are both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive and seronegative.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cohort study nested in the Women's Interagency HIV Study, a multicenter U.S. study of HIV infection in women. Prolonged amenorrhea was defined as no vaginal bleeding for at least 1 year. A serum follicle stimulating hormone more than 25 milli-International Units/mL and prolonged amenorrhea were used to define ovarian failure. Logistic regressions, chi2, and t tests were performed to estimate relationships between HIV-infection and cofactors with both ovarian failure and amenorrhea from other causes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results were available for 1,431 women (1,139 HIV seropositive and 292 seronegative). More than one half of the HIV positive women with prolonged amenorrhea of at least 1 year did not have ovarian failure. When adjusted for age, HIV seropositive women were about three times more likely than seronegative women to have prolonged amenorrhea without ovarian failure. Body mass index, serum albumin, and parity were all negatively associated with ovarian failure in HIV seropositive women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV serostatus is associated with prolonged amenorrhea. It is difficult to ascertain whether the cause of prolonged amenorrhea is ovarian in HIV-infected women without additional testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  II-2.
authors.affiliation: John H. Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois 60626, and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. hcejtin@gmail.com
authors.forename: Helen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Cejtin
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalinowski
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bacchetti
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: D Heather
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: Seijeoung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: L Stewart
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Massad
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Preston-Martin
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anastos
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moxley
authors.forename: Howard L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Minkoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000150:complications*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016649:Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors