title: Computed tomography-diagnosed emphysema, not airway obstruction, is associated with the prognostic outcome of early-stage lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because both emphysema and lung cancer can arise from biological damage caused by cigarette smoking, we investigated if the development of emphysema is associated with the clinical features of smoker's lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were a consecutive series of 100 smokers who underwent lobectomy with hilar and mediastinal dissection for clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer. We studied the relationship between the presence or absence of emphysema at the onset of the lung cancer and clinicopathologic features. Emphysema was diagnosed by measuring the low-attenuation area using computed tomography densitometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences in clinicopathologic variables, including the degree of smoking exposure between the patients with (n=58) and those without (n=42) emphysema, although male gender and airflow limitation were predominant in the patients with emphysema. The presence of emphysema, but neither male gender nor airflow limitation, adversely affected both overall and disease-specific survival. According to Cox regression analysis, emphysema was an independent prognosticator among age, gender, degree of smoking exposure, tumor size, nodal status, histologic subtype, histologic grade, and microvessel invasion. These results were stabilized by a bootstrap sampling model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Computed tomography-diagnosed emphysema, but not airway obstruction, is associated with poor prognosis in smokers with early-stage lung cancer. Thus, routine computed tomography densitometry in smokers with lung cancer should be mandatory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Division of Chest Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan. kaueda@c-able.ne.jp
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Mitsutaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jinbo
authors.forename: Tao-Sheng
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Takaharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suga
authors.forename: Kimikazu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods