title: Brain metabolic alterations in adolescents and young adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prenatal alcohol exposure affects brain structure and function. This study examined brain metabolism using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and searched for regions of specific vulnerability in adolescents and young adults prenatally exposed to alcohol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten adolescents and young adults with confirmed heavy prenatal alcohol exposure and a diagnosis within the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) were included. Three of them had fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 3 had partial FAS (PFAS), and 4 had alcohol-related neurobehavioral disorder (ARND). The control group consisted of 10 adolescents matched for age, sex, head circumference, handedness, and body mass. Exclusionary criteria were learning disorders and prenatal alcohol exposure. Three-dimensional (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging ((1)H MRSI) was performed in the cerebrum and cerebellum. Metabolite ratios N-acetylaspartate/choline (NAA/Cho), NAA/creatine (Cr) and Cho/Cr, and absolute metabolite intensities were calculated for several anatomic regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with FASD, lower NAA/Cho and/or NAA/Cr compared with controls were found in parietal and frontal cortices, frontal white matter, corpus callosum, thalamus, and cerebellar dentate nucleus. There was an increase in the absolute intensity of the glial markers Cho and Cr but no change in the neuronal marker NAA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that prenatal alcohol exposure alters brain metabolism in a long-standing or permanent manner in multiple brain areas. These changes are in accordance with previous findings from structural and functional studies. Metabolic alterations represent changes in the glial cell pool rather than in the neurons.
authors.affiliation: Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland. ase.fagerlund@folkhalsan.fi
authors.forename: Ase
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fagerlund
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heikkinen
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Autti-Rämö
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korkman
authors.forename: Marjut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Timonen
authors.forename: Tuomo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuusi
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lundbom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011522:Protons; D012107:Research Design; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D011522:Protons; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D000431:Ethanol; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline