title: Incorporation of photodynamic therapy as an induction modality in non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Incorporation of photodynamic therapy (PDT) into the induction therapy regimen utilized for treatment of locally advanced primary non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma (NSCLC) is explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a retrospective review of 41 patients diagnosed with non-metastatic NSCLC who underwent induction PDT with chemotherapy and/or radiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty percent of patients initially deemed unresectable, were able to undergo definitive surgical resection after trimodality induction therapy. Twenty-seven percent of patients considered to require pneumonectomy were able to have a lobectomy. The pathological stage was less than the preinduction clinical stage in 14 of 22 cases; of which four patients had no residual tumor. There was no 30/90-day postoperative mortality. Mean survival was 35.9 months (lobectomy), 25.5 months (pneumonectomy) and 14.7 months (no surgery). Median survival was 78% (12 months) and 46% (36 months). The main postoperative complication following pneumonectomy was bronchopleural fistula formation. All patients who developed this complication had undergone trimodality induction therapy. Incorporation of PDT into the induction arsenal for patients with loco-regionally advanced NSCLC may be safely performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PDT may define an alternative induction strategy for patients requiring pneumonectomy; further studies exploring the true efficacy of PDT as an induction modality are encouraged.
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University Medical Center, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grecula
authors.forename: Tanios
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bekaii-Saab
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villalona-Calero
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Otterson
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006415:Hematoporphyrins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006415:Hematoporphyrins; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents