title: The feasibility of a school-based VI polysaccharide vaccine mass immunization campaign in Hue City, central Vietnam: streamlining a typhoid fever preventive strategy.
abstract: We report the coverage, safety, and logistics of a school-based typhoid fever immunization campaign that took place in Hue City, central Vietnam; a typhoid fever endemic area. A cluster-randomized evaluation-blinded controlled trial was designed where 68 schools (cluster) were randomly allocated the single dose Vi polysaccharide vaccine (Typherix) or the active control hepatitis A vaccine (Havrix). A safety surveillance system was implemented. A total of 32,267 children were immunized with a coverage of 57.5%. Strong predictors for vaccination were attending primary schools, peri-urban location of the school, and low family income. Human resources were mainly schoolteachers and the campaign was completed in about 1 month. Most adverse events reported were mild. Safe injection and safe sharp-waste disposal practices were followed. A typhoid fever school-based immunization campaign was safe and logistically possible. Coverage was moderate and can be interpreted as the minimum that could have been achievable because individual written informed consent procedures were sought for the first time in Hue City and the trial nature of the campaign. The lessons learned, together with cost-effectiveness results to be obtained by the end of follow-up period, will hopefully accelerate the introduction of Vi typhoid fever vaccine in Vietnam.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, People's Republic of Vietnam.
authors.forename: Vu Dinh
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Thiem
authors.forename: M Carolina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Danovaro-Holliday
authors.forename: Do Gia
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Canh
authors.forename: Nguyen Dinh
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: Nyugen Thai
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Hoa
authors.forename: Dang Thi Dieu
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Thuy
authors.forename: R Leon
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ochiai
authors.forename: Nguyen Thi
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: Tran Quang
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Hop
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Jin Kyung
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Remon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abu-Elyazeed
authors.forename: Kris
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holliday
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ivanoff
authors.forename: Dang Duc
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Anh
authors.forename: Tikki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Donner
authors.forename: Claudia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Galindo
authors.forename: Dang Duc
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Trach
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.forename: Camilo J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Acosta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008297:Male; D032541:Mass Vaccination; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000009:adverse effects; D012572:School Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines; C057664:Vi polysaccharide vaccine, typhoid