title: Evaluation of the ultrasound influence in the cutaneous penetration of d-panthenol: test in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  d-panthenol is a popular additive in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations. However, in order for this vitamin to provide skin benefits, it must penetrate the stratum corneum.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To verify the penetrability of d-panthenol in the skin and evaluate the effect of ultrasound on the cutaneous penetration of this vitamin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The diffusion cell technique with pig skin as the membrane, distilled water as the receptor solution, and a hydrophilic d-panthenol gel were used for the research. The experimental groups were gel + d-panthenol (10%) and gel + d-panthenol (10%) + ultrasound. The receptor solution was collected at predetermined times and the amount of d-panthenol was determined by using a spectrophotometer at 406 nm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasound resulted in a statistically significant increase (P < 0.05) in the penetration of d-panthenol at 2, 60, and 240 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  d-panthenol penetration through the pig's skin is enhanced through the use of ultrasound.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sciences of the Health, Methodist University of Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zague
authors.forename: M L O
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Polacow
authors.forename: M S M
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pires-de-Campos
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Leonardi