title: Haloperidol treatment induces tissue- and sex-specific changes in DNA methylation: a control study using rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously found that there is a subtle difference in the global methylation state of blood leukocyte DNA between male subjects with and without schizophrenia. The aim of the current study was to determine whether this difference was a primary effect of the disease state, or a secondary effect of antipsychotics administered to these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the methyl cytosine (mC) content of DNA from the leukocytes, brain, and liver of rats using high performance liquid chromatography. A total of 40 male and female rats received for 21 days daily injection of haloperidol or vehicle solution alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In control rats injected with buffer only, there was a sex-dependent difference in mC content in leukocyte DNA (male > female; P = 0.028, n = 10), similar to our previous observations in human peripheral leukocytes. No difference in mC content between the sexes was observed in the brain or liver in buffer-treated animals. Haloperidol treatment slightly decreased the mC content of leukocytes in male rats, but unexpectedly, increased the mC content of leukocytes in females. We observed a trend toward a higher level of mC in the liver in both sexes following haloperidol treatment, compared to buffer-treated animals. In contrast, haloperidol treatment resulted in a decrease in mC content in the brain in females, and this difference was statistically significant (P = 0.026).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that haloperidol can affect DNA methylation states in the brain, as well as in certain other tissues, and raise the possibility that antipsychotic drugs play a role in the observed disparity in mC content in male subjects with and without schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Ryukyu University School of Medicine, Okinawa, Japan. kurukuru123452002@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: Morihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimabukuro
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jinno
authors.forename: Chiaki
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fuke
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okazaki