title: Pentoxifylline attenuation of experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome.
abstract: Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) following rat common bile duct ligation results from pulmonary molecular changes that may be influenced by circulating TNF-alpha and increased vascular shear stress, through activation of NF-kappaB or Akt. Increased pulmonary microvascular endothelin B (ET(B)) receptor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) levels contribute to nitric oxide production and the development of experimental HPS. Pentoxifylline (PTX), a phosphodiesterase and nonspecific TNF-alpha inhibitor, ameliorates experimental HPS when begun before hepatic injury. However, how PTX influences the molecular events associated with initiation of experimental HPS after liver injury is established is unknown. We assessed the effects of PTX on the molecular and physiological features of HPS in vivo and on shear stress or TNF-alpha-mediated events in rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. PTX significantly improved HPS without altering portal or systemic hemodynamics and downregulated pulmonary ET(B) receptor levels and eNOS expression and activation. These changes were associated with a reduction in circulating TNF levels and NF-kappaB activation and complete inhibition of Akt activation. In rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, PTX inhibited shear stress-induced ET(B) receptor and eNOS expression and eNOS activation. These effects were also associated with inhibition of Akt activation and were reproduced by wortmanin. In contrast, TNF-alpha had no effects on endothelial ET(B) and eNOS alterations in vitro. PTX has direct effects in the pulmonary microvasculature, likely mediated through Akt inhibition, that ameliorate experimental HPS.
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA.
authors.forename: Junlan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yiqun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Bao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Balu K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Chacko
authors.forename: Rakesh P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Fallon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003135:Common Bile Duct; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020065:Hepatopulmonary Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000187:drug effects; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044023:Receptor, Endothelin B / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D044023:Receptor, Endothelin B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D010431:Pentoxifylline