title: Intravesical injection of botulinum toxin type A: management of neuropathic bladder and bowel dysfunction in children with myelomeningocele.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of children with detrusor hyperreflexia caused by myelomeningocele and the effects of this treatment on neuropathic bladder and bowel dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study, 26 children with myelomeningocele (20 boys and 6 girls, mean age 6.9 years) were included. All patients had been nonresponders to medical treatment and required clean intermittent catheterization. Under cystoscopic guidance, 10 IU/kg of botulinum toxin A was injected into the detrusor muscle, sparing the trigone and ureteral orifices. In each patient, urinary incontinence grade and improvement in parameters of interest in the evaluation of bowel dysfunction were assessed before and 4 months after injection. Conventional urodynamic studies to determine maximal bladder capacity and maximal detrusor pressure and voiding cystoureterography were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four months after procedure, 19 patients (73%) had become completely dry between clean intermittent catheterizations, and the total improvement in urine incontinence was 88%. The mean maximal detrusor pressure was decreased to 83.2 +/- 4.6 cm H2O from the baseline of 139.3 +/- 11.2 (P <0.01). The average maximal bladder capacity increased from 102.8 +/- 6.3 mL to 270.2 +/- 9.5 mL (P <0.01). Of the 15 patients who had varying degrees of vesicoureteral reflux before the procedure, 11 (73%) had decrease in the vesicoureteral reflux grade. Also, bowel dysfunction improved in 10 (66%) of the 15 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botulinum toxin A appears to be a safe, minimally invasive procedure for the management of neuropathic bladder and bowel dysfunction in children with myelomeningocele.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. kajbafzd@sina.tums.ac.ir
authors.forename: Abdol-Mohammad
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kajbafzadeh
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moosavi
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tajik
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arshadi
authors.forename: Seyedmehdi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Payabvash
authors.forename: Amirali H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Salmasi
authors.forename: Hamid R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Akbari
authors.forename: Farideh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nejat
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000293:Adolescent; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000150:complications*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A