title: Household, hotel and market waste audits for composting in Vietnam and Laos.
abstract: In Da Nang and Ha Long, Vietnam and in Vientiane, Laos, there was interest by local authorities in separating and composting waste in order to reduce environmental and health problems at the local landfills and to produce a soil conditioner for local agricultural use. To assist in the planning of composting projects, three studies were carried out to estimate waste quantities and composition. 1. A 9-day audit of waste from 45 vendors in a market in Vientiane, the capital of Laos. The total quantity of waste and the quantity in each of nine categories were estimated for each of six different types of vendors. 2. A 7-day audit of waste disposed by three hotels in the tourist area of Ha Long, Vietnam. Waste quantities were estimated in total, on a per guest basis, and in three main categories: compostables, recyclables and miscellaneous. 3. A 7-day audit of waste collected from 74 households in Da Nang, the fourth largest city in Vietnam. Waste from each household was separated into compostable and non-compostable waste. Over 60% of each waste source comprised compostable waste and this was considered significant enough to warrant further planning of composting operations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. byer@ecf.utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Philip H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Byer
authors.forename: Chi Phuong
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.forename: Thi Thuc Thuy
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Sangeeta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Maclaren
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haight
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D005735:Garbage; D006795:Household Products; D007812:Laos; D008330:Management Audit; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D014675:Vegetables; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: D012987:Soil