title: The Louisville Swim Scale: a novel assessment of hindlimb function following spinal cord injury in adult rats.
abstract: The majority of animal studies examining the recovery of function following spinal cord injury use the BBB Open-Field Locomotor Scale as a primary outcome measure. However, it is now well known that rehabilitation strategies can bring about significant improvements in hindlimb function in some animal models. Thus, improvements in walking following spinal cord injury in rats may be influenced by differences in activity levels and housing conditions during the first few weeks post-injury. Swimming is a natural form of locomotion that animals are not normally exposed to in the laboratory setting. We hypothesized that deficits in, and functional recovery of, swimming would accurately represent the locomotor capability of the nervous system in the absence of any retraining effects. To test this hypothesis, we have compared the recovery of walking and swimming in rats following a range of standardized spinal cord injuries and two different retraining strategies. In order to assess swimming, we developed a rating system we call the Louisville Swimming Scale (LSS) that evaluates three characteristics of swimming that are highly altered by spinal cord injury--namely, hindlimb movement, forelimb dependency, and body position. The data indicate that the LSS is a sensitive and reliable method of determining swimming ability and the improvement in hindlimb function after standardized contusion injury of the thoracic spinal cord. Furthermore, the data suggests that when used in conjunction with the BBB Open-field Locomotor Scale, the LSS assesses locomotor capabilities that are not influenced by a retraining effect.
authors.affiliation: The Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Darlene A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Angela D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Baldini
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shum-Siu
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baltzley
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bunger
authors.forename: David S K
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Magnuson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D051381:Rats; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology