title: The POLARIS peptide of Arabidopsis regulates auxin transport and root growth via effects on ethylene signaling.
abstract: The rate and plane of cell division and anisotropic cell growth are critical for plant development and are regulated by diverse mechanisms involving several hormone signaling pathways. Little is known about peptide signaling in plant growth; however, Arabidopsis thaliana POLARIS (PLS), encoding a 36-amino acid peptide, is required for correct root growth and vascular development. Mutational analysis implicates a role for the peptide in hormone responses, but the basis of PLS action is obscure. Using the Arabidopsis root as a model to study PLS action in plant development, we discovered a link between PLS, ethylene signaling, auxin homeostasis, and microtubule cytoskeleton dynamics. Mutation of PLS results in an enhanced ethylene-response phenotype, defective auxin transport and homeostasis, and altered microtubule sensitivity to inhibitors. These defects, along with the short-root phenotype, are suppressed by genetic and pharmacological inhibition of ethylene action. PLS expression is repressed by ethylene and induced by auxin. Our results suggest a mechanism whereby PLS negatively regulates ethylene responses to modulate cell division and expansion via downstream effects on microtubule cytoskeleton dynamics and auxin signaling, thereby influencing root growth and lateral root development. This mechanism involves a regulatory loop of auxin-ethylene interactions.
authors.affiliation: Integrative Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Chilley
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Casson
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tarkowski
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: Kevin L-C
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hussey
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beale
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ecker
authors.forename: Göran K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Sandberg
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lindsey
mesh_terms: D000598:Amino Acids, Cyclic / Q000494:pharmacology; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D017343:Genes, Plant; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000598:Amino Acids, Cyclic; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D005030:Ethylenes; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D010455:Peptides; D014404:Tubulin; C469251:polaris protein, Arabidopsis; C023863:1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; C036216:ethylene