title: Indoor heated swimming pools: the vulnerability of some infants to develop spinal asymmetries years later.
abstract: Evidence reported in an earlier paper suggests that infants introduced to indoor heated swimming pools in the first year of life show an association with spinal asymmetries including progressive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and in normal subjects vertical spinous process asymmetry. Indoor heated swimming pools may contain a risk factor that predisposes some infants to develop such spinal asymmetries years later. What the risk factor(s) may be and its possible portal of entry into the infant's body are unknown and possibilities are examined. New teenage controls were obtained after mothers of AIS patients mentioned that they had taken their child to an infant swim class. In a further group of 18 normal teenagers introduced to an indoor heated swimming pool in the first year of life, 15 had vertical spinous process asymmetry. This prevalence of 83% of those at risk confirms our previous observation of vertical spinous process asymmetry in 61% of teenagers who were introduced to indoor heated swimming pools in the first year of life. Subject to confirmation of our observations consideration should be given to chemical risk factors, possible portals of entry, toxicology, environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility to altered spinal development. If the risk factor is confirmed there may ultimately be a place for the prevention of AIS in some subjects.
authors.affiliation: Scottish National Paediatric Spine Centre, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Marianne E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McMaster
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Burwell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D012606:Scotland; D013121:Spinal Curvatures / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013551:Swimming Pools