title: Plasma homocysteine and hematological factors in patients with venous thromboembolic diseases in Kuwait.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) is a common cause of morbidity in Kuwait, but the risk factors have not been studied. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been suggested as one of the risk factors. We postulate that hyperhomocysteinemia acts synergistically with hematological variables to increase VTE risk. This study evaluates the roles of hyperhomocysteinemia and hematological variables in patients with VTE.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured fasting plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), activated protein C resistance, protein C (PC), protein S (PS) and antithrombin (AT) in 201 patients with VTE and 166 healthy controls. We also measured factor VIII, factor II, lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, serum vitamin B12, folate, creatinine, lipid profile, glucose, full blood count and red cell folate. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated from creatinine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When patients on warfarin were excluded, 13.1% of patients (18 out of 137) had a deficiency in PC, 16.8% (23 out of 137) had a deficiency in PS, and when patients on heparin were excluded, 8.3% of patients (14 out of 168) had low AT. Spearman's rank correlation analysis showed that tHcy had significant correlations with age, creatinine and PS, and significant inverse correlations with GFR, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and serum folate. Partial correlation analysis after correcting for age and sex showed that tHcy retained a significant correlation with creatinine, GFR and serum folate. Binary logistic regression analyses of the determinants of hyperhomocysteinemia included age, creatinine, GFR and serum folate. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed significant association of tHcy with VTE (OR = 5.6; p < 0.0001) in the presence of known risk factors for VTE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that elevated tHcy is a significant risk factor for the development of VTE, and therefore, it should be included in the workup for patients at risk of VTE, but the determinants of tHcy should be kept in mind.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait. r-marouf@hsc.edu.kw
authors.forename: Rajaa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marouf
authors.forename: Olusegun
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mojiminiyi
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qurtom
authors.forename: Nabila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abdella
authors.forename: Hanan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al Wazzan
authors.forename: Salah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al Humood
authors.forename: Madeeha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al Mazeedy
mesh_terms: D020016:Activated Protein C Resistance / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007730:Kuwait; D008297:Male; D011486:Protein C / Q000032:analysis*; D017293:Protein S / Q000032:analysis*; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000097:blood*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D011486:Protein C; D017293:Protein S; D006710:Homocysteine; D003404:Creatinine