title: Hypoxia inhibits TRAIL-induced tumor cell apoptosis: involvement of lysosomal cathepsins.
abstract: Tumor hypoxia interferes with the efficacy of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand) is a potent apoptosis inducer that limits tumor growth without damaging normal cells and tissues in vivo. We present evidence for a central role of lysosomal cathepsins in hypoxia and/or TRAIL-induced cell death in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. Hypoxia or TRAIL-induced activation of cathepsins (B, D and L), caspases (-3 and -9), Bid cleavage, release of Bax and cytochrome c, and DNA fragmentation were blocked independently by zVAD-fmk, CA074Me or pepstatin A, consistent with the involvement of lysosomal cathepsin B and D in cell death. Lysosome stability and mitochondrial membrane potential were reduced in hypoxia and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. However, TRAIL treatment under hypoxic condition resulted in diminished apoptosis rates compared to treatment under normoxia. This inhibitory effect of hypoxia on TRAIL-induced apoptosis may be based on preventing Bax activation and thus protecting mitochondria stability. Our data show that TRAIL or hypoxia independently triggered activation of cathepsin B and D leading to apoptosis through Bid and Bax, and suggest that hypoxic tissue regions provide a selective environment for highly apoptosis-resistant clonal cells. Molecular therapy approaches based on cathepsin inhibitors need to address this novel tumor-preventing function of cathepsins in OSCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
authors.forename: Nagathihalli S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Nagaraj
authors.forename: Nadarajah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vigneswaran
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zacharias
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008954:Models, Biological; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; D002403:Cathepsins