title: Regional trabecular morphology assessed by micro-CT is correlated with failure of aged thoracic vertebrae under a posteroanterior load and may determine the site of fracture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spinal mobilization is commonly used in the treatment of patients with back pain, including individuals with osteoporosis. Previous data indicated that traditional predictors of skeletal failure-lateral or anteroposterior bone mineral density (BMD) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or geometry of the spinous process or vertebral body-do not predict failure load during posteroanterior spinal mobilization. Morphological differences and inhomogeneities in BMD may have important effects on vertebral strength but integral BMD values by DXA cannot reflect these potentially important differences. We investigated the determinants of spinal fracture using muCT.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured failure load and failure site in 11 T5-8 cadaveric specimens (mean age 78 years) when a posteroanterior load was applied at the spinous process of T6 using a servohydraulic material testing machine. Radiography and CT scan were used to verify failure site. We observed no damage to the adjacent T7 vertebrae following the T6 posteroanterior failure test. The T7 vertebrae were sectioned to produce regional samples of the spinous process, the lamina and a vertebral body core. Each sample was scanned with muCT to measure bone microarchitectural parameters. We segmented and analysed four trabecular regions (spinous process base and middle, central lamina and central vertebral body). We used one-way repeated measures ANOVA to compare regions and computed Pearson correlations to assess the relation between PA failure load of T6 and the morphological parameters of T7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BV/TV at the base or middle of the T7 spinous process (fracture sites), Tb.N and Tb.Th at the base were significantly correlated with posteroanterior failure load of T6 (BV/TV base: r=0.74, p=0.01; BV/TV middle: r=0.73, p=0.01; Tb.N base: r=0.64, p=0.03; Tb.Th base: r=0.65, p=0.03). The Tb.Th of the lamina was significantly greater than Tb.Th of the spinous process base (p=0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas previous data indicated that BMD by DXA was not a good predictor of posteroanterior failure load, regional BV/TV of the spinous process base and middle regions, the sites of fracture, are correlated with posteroanterior failure load. Trabecular thickness differed significantly between the base of the spinous process and the lamina, and may have influenced the site of fracture.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Engineering Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. msran@cw.bc.ca
authors.forename: Meena M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sran
authors.forename: Steven K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: David M L
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Karim M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Ron F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Zernicke
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Oxland
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D020393:Manipulation, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000209:etiology*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*