title: Tramadol/acetaminophen or hydrocodone/acetaminophen for the treatment of ankle sprain: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This randomized, multicenter study compares the analgesic efficacy and safety of tramadol/acetaminophen versus hydrocodone/acetaminophen versus placebo for the treatment of acute musculoskeletal pain caused by ankle sprain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults were enrolled with ankle sprain with a diagnosis of partial ligament tear, pain visual analog scale score of 50 to 100 mm (0="no pain," 100="extreme pain"), and pain numeric rating scale score of 2 to 3 (0="none," 3="severe"). Patients reported pain intensity on these scales and pain relief (-1="pain worse," 4="complete relief") hourly for 4 hours after the first dose of tramadol/acetaminophen 75 mg/650 mg, hydrocodone/acetaminophen 7.5 mg/650 mg, or placebo, and daily for 5 days, with as-needed dosing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tramadol/acetaminophen (n=192) and hydrocodone/acetaminophen (n=204) provided greater total pain relief than placebo (n=207; P<.001) during the first 4 hours (mean scores [95% confidence interval (CI)] 6.6 [95% CI 6.1 to 7.1], 6.8 [95% CI 6.3 to 7.3], and 5.4 [95% CI 4.9 to 5.9], respectively; possible range -4 to 16), decreased pain intensity during the first 4 hours, and increased average pain relief on days 1 to 5. No efficacy measure was significantly different between the tramadol/acetaminophen and hydrocodone/acetaminophen groups. Common adverse events included somnolence, nausea, dizziness, and vomiting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One or 2 capsules of 37.5 mg tramadol/325 mg acetaminophen and 1 capsule of 7.5 mg hydrocodone/650 mg acetaminophen were well tolerated, had comparable clinical utility, and were more effective than placebo in the management of acute musculoskeletal pain caused by ankle sprain.
authors.affiliation: PriCara, Unit of Ortho-McNeil, Inc., Raritan, NJ 08869-0602, USA. dhewitt1@ompus.jnj.com
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: Knox H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Norman R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D006853:Hydrocodone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004338:Drug Combinations; D000082:Acetaminophen; D014147:Tramadol; D006853:Hydrocodone