Effector and memory CTL differentiation.
Technological advances in recent years have allowed for an ever-expanding ability to analyze and quantify in vivo immune responses. MHC tetramers, intracellular cytokine staining, an increasing repertoire of transgenic and "knockout" mice, and the detailed characterization of a variety of infectious models have all facilitated more precise and definitive analyses of the generation and function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Understanding the mechanisms behind the differentiation of effector and memory CTL is of increasing importance to develop vaccination strategies against a variety of established and emerging infectious diseases. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of how effector and memory CTL differentiate and survive in vivo in response to viral or bacterial infection.
Williams
Matthew A
MA
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. mawilli@u.washington.edu
Bevan
Michael J
MJ
D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control
D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D016207:Cytokines; D014765:Viral Vaccines