title: Sacral nerve neuromodulation for the treatment of lower bowel motility disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Incontinence and constipation are common and cause a high degree of physical, social and psychological impairment. Maximal conservative therapy may improve some patients but many remain symptomatic. Surgical options are often unsatisfactory, with variable result and further options are limited. Sacral nerve stimulation uses electrical stimulation applied to the sacral nerves, eliciting a physiological effect on the lower bowel, anal sphincter and pelvic floor, resulting in clinical benefit. The objective of this study was to investigate whether sacral nerve neuromodulation can improve patients with disorders of bowel motility, when current maximal treatment has failed and to investigate the underlying physiological mechanism of action.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incontinence: Nineteen patients, age 58 years (range, 37-71 years), with resistant incontinence for 6 years (range, 2-21 years) underwent stimulation. Continence improved in all at 24 months (range, 3-60 months), fourteen fully continent. Incontinent episodes decreased; 12 (range, 2-30) versus 0 (range, 0-4), P < 0.001. Urgency (P < 0.01) and quality of life improved (P < 0.05). Anal squeeze pressure (P = 0.001) and rectal sensation (P < 0.01) improved. Constipation: Four women, (aged 27-36 years) with resistant idiopathic constipation for 8-32 years underwent the first worldwide implants. Symptoms improved in all with temporary, and in three with permanent, stimulation at 8 months (range, 1-11 months). Bowel frequency increased: 1-5 versus 6-28 evacuations/3-weeks. Symptom scores and quality of life improved. Placebo effect: A double-blind, cross-over study was performed to examine placebo effect and efficacy. Once stimulation was removed, in a blinded manner, symptoms, physiological parameters and quality of life measures rapidly returned to baseline levels. Autonomic neuromodulation: Sixteen patients, median age 59 years (range, 38-71 years), were studied at 27 months (range, 2-62 years) using laser Doppler flowmetry. Chronic stimulation was at 2.8 V (range, 0.3-3.9 V). Median flux differed between none and chronic stimulation (P = 0.001). Step-wise increments caused an immediate, dose-dependent rise in flux (P < 0.0001) up to 1.0 V.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research provides strong evidence that sacral nerve stimulation can improve patients with resistant incontinence and shows proof-of-concept for the treatment of constipation. The effect is unlikely to be due to placebo and the mechanism is rapidly reversible and involves a dose-dependent effect on the autonomic nerves.
authors.affiliation: St Mark's Hospital, London, UK. nickkenefick@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Kenefick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000503:physiopathology; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D003248:Constipation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry / Q000379:methods; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome