title: Economic impact of pulmonary drugs on direct costs of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of prescribing pulmonary drugs according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines on direct costs in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 560 ambulatory COPD patients completed a specific questionnaire that included data regarding drug therapy. Severity was graded according to the British Thoracic Society (BTS) criteria and appropriateness of pharmacological treatment according to GOLD guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annual direct costs were 1,657 EUR in stage I, 2,425 EUR in stage II, and 3,303 EUR in stage III. The mean direct costs was 2,061 EUR (38% corresponded to drug therapy). Medication accounted for 43%, 37.6%, and 28.4% of total direct costs for stage I, II, and III, respectively. Inhaled steroids and long-acting beta2-agonists accounted for 78%, 76%, and 75% of total drugs costs in stages I, II, and III, respectively. Drug therapy which was not in accordance with guidelines accounted for 78.7% and 54% of total drug costs in stages I and II, respectively. Most patients with severe disease were treated adequately. ANSWER TO THE QUESTION: Pharmacologic treatment has a great impact on direct medical costs in stable COPD. According to GOLD guidelines, patients with mild or moderate COPD are frequently treated with nonrecommended drugs.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pneumology, Hospital General Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain. jlizquierdo@sescam.org
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Izquierdo-Alonso
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Miguel-Díez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004180:Direct Service Costs; D016527:Drug Costs; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents