title: Implication of the anatomy of the pericardial reflection on positioning of central venous catheters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Central venous catheterization is associated with a significant incidence of complications (5%-20%). The incidence of perforation is approximately 0.25% to 0.4%. To prevent cardiac tamponade associated with a high risk of death, Food and Drug Administration guidelines state that the tip of a central venous catheter (CVC) should not be placed in, or allowed to migrate into, the heart. Therefore, in order to prevent cardiac tamponade, a catheter should be placed above the pericardial reflection. Thus, the intrapericardial length of the superior vena cava (SVC) was studied. Neither the pericardial reflection nor the exact entrance to the right atrium (RA) can be identified by chest x-ray. The goal of this study was to evaluate the variability of the intrapericardial section in relation to the SVC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The absolute length of the SVC, the upper edge of the pericardial reflection on the SVC, and the lateral and the medial intrapericardial sections of the SVC were recorded and statistically analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical school: dissecting room at the Department of Anatomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen formalin-preserved adult cadavers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median lengths measured were as follows: total SVC, 61 mm; intrapericardial section of the medial SVC, 32.5 mm; and lateral SVC, 20.5 mm. The intrapericardial section was related to the total length of the SVC on both sides (Spearman rank order, p < 0.05). The median difference of the SVC covered with pericardium between the lateral and medial side was 11 mm (range, 5-21). In 15 of 18 cadavers, the pericardial reflection ran within the medial third of the SVC. The lower third of the SVC was regularly covered by the pericardium. The duplication of the pericardium crossed the SVC in the medial third at a diagonal to horizontal angle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Catheters ending below the pericardial reflection, hence positioned in the caudal third of the SVC, are likely to run along the long axis of the vein and the risk for perforation is minimized. Therefore, the authors recommend placing all catheters below the pericardial reflection. According to the present data, CVCs placed approximately 30 mm above the RA border, thus complying with the Food and Drug Administration guidelines, still may have their tips positioned below the pericardial reflection. In this position, pericardial tamponade still may occur. Perforation above the pericardial reflection will result in a hemo- or hydrothorax/mediastinum. A bedside method to determine the position of the CVC with respect to the pericardial reflection (eg, electrocardiographic guidance) should be used.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bayer
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schummer
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Rosemarie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fröber
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schummer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001837:Body Weights and Measures / Q000379:methods; D002102:Cadaver; D002305:Cardiac Tamponade / Q000517:prevention & control; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008488:Medical Illustration; D010496:Pericardium / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000033:anatomy & histology*