title: High frequency distortion product otoacoustic emissions in children with and without middle ear dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) (9-16kHz) are a useful measure of the function of the cochlea, which may be damaged by ototoxic drugs during anticancer chemotherapy. As children undergoing chemotherapy may also have middle ear problems, it is necessary to know if middle ear problems would have a confounding effect on the ability of DPOAEs to assess cochlear function in the extend high frequency region (9-16kHz). The present study aimed to investigate the effect of middle ear dysfunction on DPOAEs in the extended high frequency region in young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample was comprised of 100 ears of 50 school-aged children (21 boys and 29 girls) with a mean age of 6.3 years (S.D.=0.5; range 5.3-7.3). Otoscopy, pure tone hearing screening, tympanometry, acoustic reflexes and DPOAEs for both the conventional and extended high frequencies were administered to each child under typical school screening conditions. Participants were classified into one of three groups based on immittance (tympanometry and acoustic reflex) results. They included a "pass immittance" group, a "fail immittance" group and an "undetermined" group (with a pass in either tympanometry or acoustic reflexes, but not both). DPOAE amplitudes and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) were measured and compared across the three groups of participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fail immittance group showed significantly smaller DPOAE amplitudes and SNRs when compared to the other two groups at frequencies ranging from 1 to 9.5kHz and at 13kHz, but not at 10, 11, 12 and 14kHz. There was no significant difference in DPOAE results between the pass immittance and undetermined groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the adverse effects of middle ear dysfunction, its effect on DPOAEs in the extended high frequency region was not as severe as that in the lower frequency region. Hence, assessment of cochlear function in children with a middle ear lesion in the extended high frequencies using DPOAEs should be made with caution.
authors.affiliation: Division of Audiology, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia. k.kei@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kei
authors.forename: Bronwyn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brazel
authors.forename: Kimberley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Crebbin
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Willeston
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006316:Hearing Loss, High-Frequency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006320:Hearing Tests; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous / Q000502:physiology*; D038781:Otoscopy; D012022:Reflex, Acoustic / Q000502:physiology