Neuroprotective effect of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor.
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a growth factor which stimulates proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic progenitor cells. G-CSF is being used extensively in clinical practice to accelerate recovery of patients from neutropenia after cytotoxic therapy. However, growing evidences have suggested that G-CSF has important non-hematopoietic functions in central nervous system. Recent studies have shown the presence of G-CSF/G-CSF-receptor (G-CSFR) system in the brain, and their roles in neuroprotection and neural tissue repair as well as improvement in functional recovery. The increased expression of G-CSF/G-CSFR on neurons subjected to hypoxia provides evidence that G-CSF may have an autocrine protective signaling mechanism in response to neural injury. G-CSF exerts neuroprotective actions through the inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation and the stimulation of neurogenesis. Moreover, G-CSF has been shown to mobilize bone marrow stem cells into the injured brain improving neural plasticity. In this review, we summarize some of the recent studies on G-CSF and the corresponding signal transduction pathways regulated by G-CSF in neuroprotection.
Solaroglu
Ihsan
I
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
Jadhav
Vikram
V
Zhang
John H
JH
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000502:physiology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016188:Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy
D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D016188:Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor