title: Template properties of mutagenic cytosine analogues in reverse transcription.
abstract: We have studied the mutagenic properties of ribonucleotide analogues by reverse transcription to understand their potential as antiretroviral agents by mutagenesis of the viral genome. The templating properties of nucleotide analogues including 6-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-3,4-dihydro-8H-pyrimido[4,5-c](1,2)oxazin-7-one, N4-hydroxycytidine, N4-methoxycytidine, N4-methylcytidine and 4-semicarbazidocytidine, which have been reported to exhibit ambiguous base pairing properties, were examined. We have synthesized RNA templates using T3 RNA polymerase, and investigated the specificity of the incorporation of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates opposite these cytidine analogues in RNA by HIV and AMV reverse transcriptases. Except for N4-methylcytidine, both enzymes incorporated both dAMP and dGMP opposite these analogues in RNA. This indicates that they would be highly mutagenic if present in viral RNA. To study the basis of the differences among the analogues in the incorporation ratios of dAMP to dGMP, we have carried out kinetic analysis of incorporation opposite the analogues at a defined position in RNA templates. In addition, we examined whether the triphosphates of these analogues were incorporated competitively into RNA by human RNA polymerase II. Our present data supports the view that these cytidine analogues are mutagenic when incorporated into RNA, and that they may therefore be considered as candidates for antiviral agents by causing mutations to the retroviral genome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Okayama University Advanced Science Research Center, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Otsuka
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Loakes
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Negishi
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D003562:Cytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D003854:Deoxyribonucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D016296:Mutagenesis; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000378:metabolism; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics; D048348:Reverse Transcription; D012265:Ribonucleotides / Q000737:chemistry*; D013698:Templates, Genetic
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D003854:Deoxyribonucleotides; D012265:Ribonucleotides; D003562:Cytidine; D012319:RNA Polymerase II; C081591:bacteriophage T3 RNA polymerase; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases