title: Bovine and water buffalo Mx2 genes: polymorphism and antiviral activity.
abstract: Millennia-long selective pressure of single-strand RNA viruses on the bovine Mx locus has increased the advantages of using the bovine Mx protein to evaluate the ultimate significance of the antiviral role of Mx proteins. The conclusions of research based only on the bovine Mx1 protein showed the need for comprehensive studies that demonstrate the role of all isoforms, individually or together, especially in the presence of a second isoform, the bovine Mx2 gene. This study provides information about bovine and water buffalo Mx2 genes, as well as their allelic polymorphism and basic antiviral potential. Observation of an Mx2 cDNA sequence (2,381 bp) obtained from 15 animals from 11 breeds using primers based on a previous sequence (NCBI accession no. AF335147) revealed several nucleotide substitutions, with eight different alleles and two amino acid exchanges: Gly to Ser at position 302 and Ile to Val at position 354, though the latter was found only in the NCBI database. A water buffalo Mx2 cDNA sequence was identified for the first time, revealing 46 nucleotide substitutions with 12 amino acid variations, in addition to a 9-bp insertion in the 5' untranslated region UTR, compared with the bovine Mx2 cDNA. Transfected 3T3 cells expressing bovine Mx2 mRNAs coding Gly or Ser at position 302, water buffalo Mx2 mRNA, positive control bovine Mx1 mRNA-expressing cells, and negative control parental 3T3 were subjected to infection with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVDeltaG*-G), as were empty pCI-neo vector-transfected cells. The positive control and all cells expressing Mx2 mRNAs displayed significantly higher levels of antiviral activity against VSVDeltaG*-G (P < 0.01) than did the negative controls.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
authors.forename: H A E
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Babiker
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakatsu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoneda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D002020:Buffaloes / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D064547:Myxovirus Resistance Proteins; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012328:RNA Viruses / Q000276:immunology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D014721:Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C579070:Mx1 protein, mouse; C579067:Mx2 protein, mouse; D064547:Myxovirus Resistance Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins