title: Sensory and affective aspects of dyspnea contribute differentially to the Borg scale's measurement of dyspnea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent research has shown that distinct dimensions in the perception of dyspnea can be differentiated; however, most studies to date have only used a global rating scale for the measurement of this sensation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the different influence of sensory and affective aspects of perceived dyspnea on the commonly used Borg scale, which measures the global perception of dyspnea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dyspnea was induced in 16 healthy volunteers (mean age 26.2 +/- 6.3 years) by breathing through an inspiratory resistive load (3.57 kPa/l/s) in two experimental conditions (attention and distraction). After each of the two conditions the experienced intensity (i.e., sensory dimension) and unpleasantness (i.e., affective dimension) of dyspnea were rated on separate visual analog scales (VAS), followed by a global rating of dyspnea on the Borg scale. Hierarchical multiple linear regression models were calculated to analyze the predictive validity of VAS ratings of intensity and unpleasantness on the Borg scale ratings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When subjects attended to their breathing, only VAS intensity scores showed a significant influence on Borg scale ratings (p < 0.05). In contrast, only the VAS unpleasantness scores showed a significant influence on Borg scale ratings (p < 0.05) when subjects were distracted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show that sensory and affective aspects of perceived dyspnea differentially influence the global measure of dyspnea as determined by the Borg scale. A differentiation between these aspects in future studies through the use of separate rating scales could yield more detailed information on the perception and report of dyspnea.
authors.affiliation: Psychological Institute III, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. andreas.vonleupoldt@uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Leupoldt
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ambruzsova
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nordmeyer
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jeske
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dahme
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012119:Respiration; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013147:Spirometry