title: Smooth muscle caveolae differentially regulate specific agonist induced bladder contractions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Caveolae are cholesterol-rich plasmalemmal microdomains that serve as sites for sequestration of signaling proteins and thus may facilitate, organize, and integrate responses to extracellular stimuli. While previous studies in the bladder have demonstrated alterations in caveolae with particular physiologic or pathologic conditions, little attention has been focused on the functional significance of these organelles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of caveolae in the modulation of receptor-mediated signal transduction and determine the presence and localization of caveolin proteins in bladder tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Contractile responses to physiologic agonists were measured in rat bladder tissue before and after disruption of caveolae achieved by depleting membrane cholesterol with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Stimulation with agonists was repeated after caveolae were restored as a result of cholesterol replenishment. RT-PCR, immmunohistochemistry, and Western blotting were used to determine the expression and localization of caveolin mRNA and proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following caveolae disruption, contractile responses to angiotensin II and serotonin were attenuated, whereas responses to bradykinin and phenylephrine were augmented. Cholesterol replenishment restored responses towards baseline. Carbachol and KCl induced contractions were not affected by caveolae disruption. Ultrastructure analysis confirmed loss of caveolae following cholesterol depletion with cyclodextrin and caveolae restoration following cholesterol replacement. Gene and protein expression of caveolin-1, -2, and -3 was detected in bladder tissue. Immunoreactivity for all three caveolins was observed in smooth muscle cells throughout the bladder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The functional effects of cholesterol depletion on specific agonist-induced contractile events and the expression of all three caveolins in bladder smooth muscle support a central role for caveolae in regulation of selective G-protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways in bladder smooth muscle. Thus, caveolae serve to differentially regulate bladder smooth muscle by a stimulus-dependent potentiation or inhibition of bladder contraction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02132, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cristofaro
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Yalla
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D021941:Caveolae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051242:Caveolin 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051243:Caveolin 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051244:Caveolin 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000502:physiology; D012701:Serotonin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C495546:Cav2 protein, rat; C495549:Cav3 protein, rat; D051242:Caveolin 1; D051243:Caveolin 2; D051244:Caveolin 3; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; C108732:methyl-beta-cyclodextrin; D000804:Angiotensin II; D010656:Phenylephrine; D012701:Serotonin; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D002217:Carbachol; D001920:Bradykinin