title: Paraoxonase-1 concentrations in end-stage renal disease patients increase after hemodialysis: correlation with low molecular AGE adduct clearance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic heart disease continue to be key problems in patients with end stage renal failure. Reduced serum paraoxonase (PON-1) activity has been described in these patients, which could contribute to the accelerated development of atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that retention of uremic toxins and or "middle molecules" including advanced glycation (AGE) free adducts and peptides could play a mechanistic role in decreasing PON-1 activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 22 ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis in whom paired pre- and post-dialysis samples were studied along with 30 age-matched control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ESRD patients showed a 76% decrease in PON-1 activity. As expected, ESRD patients had an increase in lipoperoxides and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). Our patients had a 3-fold increase in serum AGEs and a striking 10-fold increase in low molecular weight (<10 kDa) AGEs. Post-dialysis samples in all patients displayed an increase in PON-1 activity, which ranged from 4 to 40% of the predialysis value. HDL-cholesterol, apoAI, free cholesterol (as a LCAT surrogate), HDL-subclasses and TG did not change significantly after dialysis. Changes in PON-1 activity display a good correlation (r=0.66, p<0.001) with rates in which creatinine and urea are cleared. Clearance of low molecular weight AGEs after hemodialysis explains 79% of the changes in PON-1 activity and are hence a much better predictor than creatinine changes (r=0.89, p<0.00). In vitro incubation of paraoxonase with serum ultrafiltrates show a time and concentration dependent inhibition of PON-1 by the ultrafiltrates, an inhibition that is up to 3 times higher (from 8 to 24%) when chronic renal failure patients are the source of the ultrafiltrate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We showed that HD results in a significant, consistent increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme PON-1. The effect, correlates with the effectiveness of dialysis to clear creatinine and urea, and with the clearance of AGE adducts of low molecular weight. This effect was replicated in vitro, showing time and dose dependency. Our results suggest that another cause for the observed lower PON-1 concentrations in CRF are the retention of low-middle molecules and demonstrate a positive effect of hemodialysis in the delicate oxidant-antioxidant state of these patients, that should be weighted against other pro-oxidant effects that have also been shown to occur previously. If the hypothesis that AGEs are the main culprits is proved in further research, this opens a putative therapeutic avenue for AGE blockers in ESRD.
authors.affiliation: Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Touro University-California, Vallejo, CA, USA, and Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama City, Japan. agugliuc@touro.edu
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gugliucci
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mehlhaff
authors.forename: Eriko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kinugasa
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hermo
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008970:Molecular Weight; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase