title: Influence of the initial rectal distension on posterior margins in primary and postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to define the effect of different rectum fillings in the planning CT study on the posterior clinical target volume (CTV) displacements (PD) in primary and postoperative radiotherapy (RT) for prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients underwent CT scans in supine position with a full bladder and an empty bladder before RT and at several points in time during the treatment. PD were determined depending on the initial rectum volume (RV), average cross-sectional rectal area (CSA), and the rectal diameter at the level of the bladder neck (RD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Posterior CTV motion was not found to be minimal with a particularly small initial rectum filling. Steeply increasing PD resulted for patients with RV>120cm(3), CSA>12cm(2), and RD>4.5cm. While below these critical values a posterior margin of 6mm/9mm allowed to cover 80%/90% of displacements, 18mm/24mm were needed for patients with larger rectum fillings. No correlation of increasing rectum distension with increasing PD was found at the apex level. PD could not be reduced by voiding the bladder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Defining the posterior margin in prostate RT, the initial rectum distension and the superior-inferior CTV level has to be considered. Patients with large initial rectum fillings have preferentially the need for repeated planning CT scans or image-guided RT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. MPinkawa@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pinkawa
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siluschek
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gagel
authors.forename: Cengiz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Demirel
authors.forename: Branka
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Asadpour
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holy
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Eble
mesh_terms: D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D012007:Rectum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016683:Supine Position; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed