The risk for cardiovascular disease in women: from estrogens to selective estrogen receptor modulators.
Cardiovascular disease, a generic denomination including coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and venous thromboembolic disease (VTED), has shown sensitivity to estrogens. The relative protection of women as compared with men has nourished a debate about a possible protective role for estrogens, but the prejudicial effects detected in clinical trials has created confusion on the risk/benefit ratio induced by hormone administration. The hypothesis that agonists distinct to estrogens might improve the effects associated with estrogens is at the base of the increasing interest on the role of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). There is a lack of definitive clearcut clinical data on the effects of SERMs in CVD, although the available information suggests a neutral balance on CHD and stroke and an increase in risk similar to estrogens for VTED. Research on pathogenetic mechanisms concentrates in atherosclerosis as the main determinant of the arterial forms of the disease and in hypercoagulability as the counterpart for venous disease. The different experimental models used up to the present moment suggest that, compared with estrogens, SERMs play a less active protection against atherogenesis but do not increase vulnerability of unstable plaques. There is not a clear notion on the mechanisms promoted by SERMs to increase risk for VTED.
Cano
Antonio
A
Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain. Antonio.Cano@uv.es
Hermenegildo
Carlos
C
Oviedo
Pilar
P
Tarín
Juan Jose
JJ
D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051381:Rats; D012307:Risk Factors; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000453:epidemiology; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health
D004967:Estrogens; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators