title: Evaluation of oral rehydration solution by whole-gut perfusion in rats: effect of osmolarity, sodium concentration and resistant starch.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution (ORS) improved small bowel absorption of fluid and electrolytes in segmental perfusion in experimental animals; this was borne out in clinical practice. Adding amylase-resistant starch (RS) to ORS is expected to increase colonic fluid absorption. This study used combined small and large bowel perfusion to evaluate combinations of reduced osmolarity and starch in ORS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-pass steady-state perfusions of the whole gut at 30 mL/h, using the nonabsorbable marker C-polyethylene glycol 4000, were performed in Wistar rats after exposure to cholera toxin or Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (STa).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Steady state was established within 90 minutes after commencing perfusion. Net secretion of water, sodium and chloride induced by cholera toxin was partially reversed by standard glucose-ORS (G-ORS). Substituting glucose in G-ORS with RS (RS-ORS) substantially increased net water absorption (P < 0.001) as did reduced osmolarity ORS (RO-ORS) (P < 0.001); addition of RS to RO-ORS further increased water absorption (P < 0.001). In STa-treated intestine, RO-ORS and RS-ORS significantly improved water absorption compared to G-ORS (P < 0.005). RO- and RS-RO-ORS did not significantly augment net electrolyte absorption compared with G-ORS. RS-ORS was associated with highest net absorption of sodium and chloride compared with all other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RS increased net water (and sodium) absorption from isosmolar and reduced osmolar ORS consistent with increased absorption by the colon. RS in reduced osmolar ORS may have advantages to reduce severity of diarrhea and prevent hyponatremia in severe diarrhea and may be applicable to diarrhea of different etiologies.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subramanya
authors.forename: Balakrishnan S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Ramakrishna
authors.forename: Henry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Farthing
authors.forename: Graeme P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007422:Intestines; D008954:Models, Biological; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010477:Perfusion; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015532:Rehydration Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012964:Sodium; D013213:Starch
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D015532:Rehydration Solutions; D013213:Starch; D012964:Sodium