title: Predictors of onset of facial pain and temporomandibular disorders in early adolescence.
abstract: There are few prospective studies assessing risk factors for onset of temporomandibular (TMD) pain disorders in any age group. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to identify risk factors for onset of clinically significant TMD pain (i.e., pain meeting research diagnostic criteria for myofascial pain and/or arthralgia) during early adolescence. Subjects were 1,996 boys and girls, initially 11 years old, randomly selected from a large nonprofit health care system. Subjects completed a baseline telephone interview and were followed up with mailed questionnaires every 3 months for 3 years. At baseline and all follow ups, subjects were asked to report the presence of facial pain in the past 3 months. Subjects reporting a first onset of facial pain received a standardized clinical examination. In multivariate analyses, baseline predictors of clinically significant pain included female gender [Odds Ratio (OR)=2.0, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=1.2-3.3] and negative somatic and psychological symptoms including somatization (OR=1.8, CI=1.1-2.8), number of other pain complaints (OR=3.2, CI=1.7-6.1) and life dissatisfaction (OR=4.1, CI=1.9-9.0). Many of the risk factors for onset of clinically significant TMD pain in adolescents are similar to risk factors for onset of TMD and other pain problems in adults, as well as risk factors for onset of other pain conditions in adolescents. These findings suggest that the development of TMD pain in adolescence may reflect an underlying vulnerability to musculoskeletal pain that is not unique to the orofacial region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6370, USA Department of Dental Public Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7475, USA Department of Orthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7446, USA Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative, 1730 Minor Avenue, Suite 1600, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: LeResche
authors.forename: Lloyd A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mancl
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Drangsholt
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Von Korff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology