title: Exploring glycopeptide-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: a combined proteomics and transcriptomics approach for the identification of resistance-related markers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To unravel molecular targets involved in glycopeptide resistance, three isogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus with different susceptibility levels to vancomycin or teicoplanin were subjected to whole-genome microarray-based transcription and quantitative proteomic profiling. Quantitative proteomics performed on membrane extracts showed exquisite inter-experimental reproducibility permitting the identification and relative quantification of >30% of the predicted S. aureus proteome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the absence of antibiotic selection pressure, comparison of stable resistant and susceptible strains revealed 94 differentially expressed genes and 178 proteins. As expected, only partial correlation was obtained between transcriptomic and proteomic results during stationary-phase. Application of massively parallel methods identified one third of the complete proteome, a majority of which was only predicted based on genome sequencing, but never identified to date. Several over-expressed genes represent previously reported targets, while series of genes and proteins possibly involved in the glycopeptide resistance mechanism were discovered here, including regulators, global regulator attenuator, hyper-mutability factor or hypothetical proteins. Gene expression of these markers was confirmed in a collection of genetically unrelated strains showing altered susceptibility to glycopeptides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our proteome and transcriptome analyses have been performed during stationary-phase of growth on isogenic strains showing susceptibility or intermediate level of resistance against glycopeptides. Altered susceptibility had emerged spontaneously after infection with a sensitive parental strain, thus not selected in vitro. This combined analysis allows the identification of hundreds of proteins considered, so far as hypothetical protein. In addition, this study provides not only a global picture of transcription and expression adaptations during a complex antibiotic resistance mechanism but also unravels potential drug targets or markers that are constitutively expressed by resistant strains regardless of their genetic background, amenable to be used as diagnostic targets.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland. ascherl@u.washington.edu <ascherl@u.washington.edu>
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scherl
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: François
authors.forename: Yvan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Charbonnier
authors.forename: Jacques M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Deshusses
authors.forename: Thibaud
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koessler
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huyghe
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bento
authors.forename: Jianru
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stahl-Zeng
authors.forename: Adrien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masselot
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaezzadeh
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gallé
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Renzoni
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaudaux
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lew
authors.forename: Catherine G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Zimmermann-Ivol
authors.forename: Pierre-Alain
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Binz
authors.forename: Jean-Charles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Denis F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Hochstrasser
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schrenzel
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D020650:Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques / Q000379:methods; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D006020:Glycopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D006020:Glycopeptides