title: Speech outcome after cranial-based pharyngeal flap in children born with total cleft, cleft palate, or primary velopharyngeal insufficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a cranial-based pharyngeal flap on the speech of children born with a unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), cleft palate (CP), or primary velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) without cleft.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 234 children born with clefts and 22 children born with primary VPI were evaluated. Children with associated abnormalities were excluded from this study. The Borel-Maisonny classification system was used to evaluate the velar insufficiency. The cranial-based pharyngeal flap was performed using the Sanvenero-Rosselli technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1984 and 2001, 74 children underwent pharyngeal flap for VPI. The mean follow-up period was 7 years. Borel-Maisonny scores after pharyngeal flap surgery were as follows: children with UCLP (n = 22), 59.1% type 1, 36.4% type 1/2, and 4.5% type 2; children with BCLP (n = 18), 44.4% type 1, 27.8% type 1/2, 16.7% type 2, and 11.1% type 2/3; children with CP (n = 17), 64.7% type 1, 23.5% type 1/2, and 11.8% type 2; children with primary VPI (n = 17), 29.4% type 1, 29.4% type 1/2, 29.4% type 2/3, and 11.8% type 3. There were significant differences in outcome among the 4 groups (P = .029; Fisher exact test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The positive effect on speech of a cranial-based pharyngeal flap is greater in children born with a UCLP or CP than in those born with a BCLP. In children born with primary VPI, this operation has only a slightly positive effect on speech that shows compensatory misarticulations; in such cases, alternative surgical choices or secondary procedures may be indicated. This information should be clearly conveyed to the parents in presurgical consultation so that they know what to expect from the procedure and postoperative adjuvant therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland. anthony.debuys-roessingh@Chuv.hospvd.ch
authors.forename: Anthony Stephan
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: de Buys Roessingh
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cherpillod
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trichet-Zbinden
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hohlfeld
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000601:surgery; D010614:Pharynx / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013065:Speech Intelligibility; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery