title: Comparing patient access to pharmaceuticals in the UK and US.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The debate on access to new drugs has focused on the time lag between applications for approval and granting of marketing authorisation. This delay was identified as the first barrier with respect to patient access to new drugs, encompassing the hurdles of safety, efficacy and quality. Additional barriers have since been identified. These pertain to reimbursement and pricing of approved drugs, the so-called fourth and fifth hurdles.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 38 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance appraisals carried out between April 1999 and April 2005. These appraisals included 71 recently approved drugs considered to have either high clinical or cost impact. For each drug we first determined its marketing approval date by the British Medicines Healthcare Products Agency (MHRA) or European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA). Secondly, we determined if each drug was approved by the US FDA for marketing and, if so, the date when it was approved. Thirdly, we considered whether and when each drug was recommended for reimbursement and use by NICE, and whether conditions of reimbursement applied. Fourthly, for the subset of FDA-approved drugs, we examined formulary placement, cost sharing and conditions of reimbursement on three-tier formularies used by seven leading US third-party payers serving Medicare beneficiaries. Fifthly, we reviewed each NICE recommendation to determine if cost-effectiveness data were referred to either in the appraisal documentation or in the final recommendation. Sixthly, we asked a spokesperson from each US payer whether cost-effectiveness assessments or rebates played a role in determining formulary placement of drugs in our sample, and whether there was a lag between marketing approval and reimbursement for any of the covered drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 71 drugs contained in 38 NICE guidance appraisals, the US FDA approved 64. On average, the subset of 64 drugs received marketing authorisation in the US prior to the UK. On average, US plans covered 87% of the 64 drugs, the same percentage of drugs recommended for NHS reimbursement and use. Cost sharing in the US was significantly higher than in the UK, with wider variation across plans. On average, drugs covered in the US had fewer conditions of reimbursement (15%) than the percentage of drugs given conditions by NICE (46%). US plans were quicker to decide to reimburse drugs following marketing approval than NICE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The US provides faster, more flexible access to most, but not all, of the UK-approved pharmaceuticals in our sample. However, US patients have higher cost sharing than the UK and coverage is less evenly spread across the population. From a policy perspective, our study findings confirm the need to bolster the NICE fast-track initiative to decrease the amount of time it takes to appraise certain new pharmaceuticals. Also, the study findings point to the need in the US for careful monitoring of plan compliance with regulations pertaining to the Medicare drug benefit, particularly with respect to formulary restrictions and limits on cost sharing.
authors.affiliation: Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA. joshua.cohen@tufts.edu
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cairns
authors.forename: Cherie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paquette
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Faden
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017277:Drug Approval / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005569:Formularies as Topic; D006077:Government Agencies; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D040541:Marketing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006278:Medicare; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D010606:Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms; D013222:State Medicine; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations