title: In vitro model for decontamination of human skin: formaldehyde.
abstract: Decontamination of a chemical from skin is often an emergency measure. This study utilized an in vitro model to compare the decontamination capacity of three model decontaminant solutions (tap water, isotonic saline, and hypertonic saline). Human cadaver skin was dosed (approximately 0.25 microg on 3 cm(2) per skin) with radio-labeled [(14)C]-formaldehyde. After a defined exposure time (1, 3, and 30 min post-dosing, respectively), the surface skin was washed three times (4ml per time) with each solution. After washing, the skin was stripped with tape discs twice. Lastly, the wash solutions, strippings, receptor fluid, and remainder of skin were liquid scintillation analyzer counted to determine the amounts of formaldehyde. Additionally, an evaporation test at different exposure times (1min, 3min, 15min, 30min, and 60min, respectively) was conducted to monitor formaldehyde % evaporation. There were no statistical differences among these groups except isotonic saline, at 3min post-exposure (in wash solutions), showed a significantly difference (p<0.05) when compared to tap water. Formaldehyde % evaporation increased linearly with extending application times, and were 7.7%, 13.6%, 19.7%, 24.4%, and 35.9% (1min, 3min, 15min, 30min, and 60min, respectively). This data suggests that isotonic saline may be effective in removing formaldehyde from skin. However, results from this model need validation in vivo. The model may provide a facile and robust method of accelerating knowledge of decontamination mechanism and lead to enhanced efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of California, School of Medicine, Box 0989, Surge 110, 90 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143-0989, USA. zhaih@derm.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barbadillo
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Maibach
mesh_terms: D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods*; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry; D012869:Skin Absorption; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D005557:Formaldehyde