title: Cardiac and skin xenograft survival in different recipient mouse strains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are conflicting reports on the importance of antibody and cell-mediated mechanisms and the influence of TH1 or TH2 cytokines on acute vascular xenograft rejection. We sought to resolve some of the recent discrepancies in the rat-to-mouse xenograft model where different recipient strains are used and investigated the TH1/TH2 influence on rejection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lewis rat heart xenograft survival was compared between BALB/c and C57BL/6 recipients. Antigraft antibody deposition, serum anti-rat antibody levels and B-cell deficient recipients were used to examine the contribution of antibody to rejection. To further investigate a TH1 or TH2 bias effect in vivo, we used BALB/c STAT4 knockout (KO) and STAT6 KO recipient mice. Experiments were repeated with rat skin xenografts to examine TH1/TH2 influences on cell-mediated rejection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median survival (MS) of rat heart xenografts in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice was five and eight days, respectively (P = 0.002). The MS in B-cell deficient mice was 16 days (P < 0.001). The MS in STAT4 KO and STAT6 KO mice was six and seven days respectively (P = 0.009). All non-B-cell deficient recipients showed strong IgM deposition and histological features of both cellular and antibody-mediated rejection. There was no correlation between serum anti-rat antibody levels and graft outcome or graft deposition. There was no survival difference of skin xenografts in BALB/c, C57BL/6, B-cell deficient, STAT6 KO, or STAT4 KO mice (8-9 days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity have significant roles in vascularized heart xenograft rejection. TH1/TH2 biases minimally affect rejection through humoral but not cellular immunity.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Research Centre, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Hilton
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gock
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Murray-Segal
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salvaris
authors.forename: Nella
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fisicaro
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: Anthony J F
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: d'Apice
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000276:immunology*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor; C494091:Stat4 protein, mouse; C494100:Stat6 protein, mouse