title: CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite declines in morbidity and mortality with the use of combination antiretroviral therapy, its effectiveness is limited by adverse events, problems with adherence, and resistance of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned persons infected with HIV who had a CD4+ cell count of more than 350 per cubic millimeter to the continuous use of antiretroviral therapy (the viral suppression group) or the episodic use of antiretroviral therapy (the drug conservation group). Episodic use involved the deferral of therapy until the CD4+ count decreased to less than 250 per cubic millimeter and then the use of therapy until the CD4+ count increased to more than 350 per cubic millimeter. The primary end point was the development of an opportunistic disease or death from any cause. An important secondary end point was major cardiovascular, renal, or hepatic disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 5472 participants (2720 assigned to drug conservation and 2752 to viral suppression) were followed for an average of 16 months before the protocol was modified for the drug conservation group. At baseline, the median and nadir CD4+ counts were 597 per cubic millimeter and 250 per cubic millimeter, respectively, and 71.7% of participants had plasma HIV RNA levels of 400 copies or less per milliliter. Opportunistic disease or death from any cause occurred in 120 participants (3.3 events per 100 person-years) in the drug conservation group and 47 participants (1.3 per 100 person-years) in the viral suppression group (hazard ratio for the drug conservation group vs. the viral suppression group, 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9 to 3.7; P<0.001). Hazard ratios for death from any cause and for major cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic disease were 1.8 (95% CI, 1.2 to 2.9; P=0.007) and 1.7 (95% CI, 1.1 to 2.5; P=0.009), respectively. Adjustment for the latest CD4+ count and HIV RNA level (as time-updated covariates) reduced the hazard ratio for the primary end point from 2.6 to 1.5 (95% CI, 1.0 to 2.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Episodic antiretroviral therapy guided by the CD4+ count, as used in our study, significantly increased the risk of opportunistic disease or death from any cause, as compared with continuous antiretroviral therapy, largely as a consequence of lowering the CD4+ cell count and increasing the viral load. Episodic antiretroviral therapy does not reduce the risk of adverse events that have been associated with antiretroviral therapy. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00027352 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Harlem Hospital Center and Columbia University, New York, NY 10037, USA. wme1@columbia.edu
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: El-Sadr
authors.forename: J  D
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lundgren
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Neaton
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gordin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Arduino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Babiker
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Burman
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Clumeck
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Darbyshire
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fätkenheuer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gazzard
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grund
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoy
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klingman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Losso
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rappoport
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral