title: Protective effect of ethanolic and water extracts of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) against the toxic effects of mustard gas.
abstract: Ethanolic extract of H. rhamnoides L. leaf (HL-EOH), water and ethanolic extract of H. rhamnoides fruit (HF-W and HF-EOH), and H. rhamnoides flavone from fruit (HR-flavone) were evaluated against percutaneously administered sulphur mustard (SM), a chemical warfare agent. The animals administered with SM (9.7, 19.3 and 38.7 mg/kg) died at various days depending upon the dose and there was a significant reduction in the body weight. The H. rhamnoides extracts (1 g/kg; 3 doses; po) significantly protected the lethality, with a protective index of 2.4, 1.7, 1.7 and 2.2 for HL-EOH, HF-W, HF-EOH and HR-flavone respectively. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutalthione (GSSG) levels were reduced, and malondialdehyde (MDA) was elevated after percutaneous administration of SM. Oral administration of HL-EOH and HR-flavone significantly protected the body weight loss. Recovery in the levels of GSH, GSSG and MDA were also observed following oral administration of HL-EOH and HR-flavone. All the extracts were non-toxic and the LD50 was more than 5 g/kg. The present study shows that percutaneous administration of SM induces oxidative stress and ethanolic extract of leaf of H. rhamnoides and H. rhamnoides flavone from fruit can significantly protect it.
authors.affiliation: Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474 002, India. vijayjai@sancharnet.in
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vijayaraghavan
authors.forename: Anshoo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gautam
authors.forename: Om
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Pant
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: H T Satish
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Anand Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Manisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nivsarkar
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kaushik
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Sawhney
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Chaurasia
authors.forename: G B K S
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Prasad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D000431:Ethanol; D005260:Female; D047309:Flavones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D031281:Hippophae; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009151:Mustard Gas / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D047309:Flavones; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014867:Water; D000431:Ethanol; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005978:Glutathione; D009151:Mustard Gas; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide