title: Consequences of subchronic and chronic exposure to intermittent hypoxia and sleep deprivation on cardiovascular risk factors in rats.
abstract: Since studies suggest that both hypoxia and sleep fragmentation are related to cardiovascular alterations induced by obstructive sleep apnea, the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of hypoxia, sleep deprivation, and their combination on biochemical blood parameters in rats. In subchronic experiments (4 days), rats were exposed to intermittent hypoxia (IH) during the light period (2min room air-2min 10% O(2) for 12h/day) and/or paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD, 24h/day). Consequences of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) exposure were examined after 21 consecutive days of hypoxia protocol from 10:00 to 16:00 followed by a sleep restriction (SR) period of 18h (16:00-10:00). Rats were randomly assigned to seven treatment groups: (1) control (2) IH (3) PSD (4) IH-PSD (5) SR (6) CIH and (7) CIH-SR. PSD reduced triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol concentrations and increased total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. IH did not alter any of these parameters. The combination of IH-PSD did not modify the values of total cholesterol and HDL compared to control group. In the chronic experiment, the animals exposed to CIH displayed a reduction of Vitamin B(6) and an increase of triglycerides and VLDL. Our findings show a duration-dependent effect of hypoxia on triglycerides. Rats in the SR and CIH-SR groups showed a diminished concentration of triglycerides and VLDL. SR rats showed a reduction in the concentration of homocysteine but the animals in the CIH-SR treatment condition did not display any alterations in this parameter. In this latter group, an augmentation of cysteine concentration was observed. These results suggest that sleep deprivation and hypoxia modify biochemical blood parameters in distinct ways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil. jperry@psicobio.epm.br
authors.forename: Juliana C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Vânia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: D'Almeida
authors.forename: Fernanda G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Guus H M
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Schoorlemmer
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Colombari
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tufik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003545:Cysteine / Q000097:blood; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012307:Risk Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D002784:Cholesterol; D003545:Cysteine; D014805:Vitamin B 12