title: One-stage correction for blepharophimosis syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To classify the severity of blepharophimosis, describe associated features and their effects on the incidence of amblyopia and to recommend guidelines for surgical treatment and management of surgical complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The case records of 23 patients with blepharophimosis syndrome were examined retrospectively. Patients' photographs and measurements were reviewed to analyse the severity of blepharophimosis, surgical techniques undertaken, surgical outcomes, and complications. Statistical analyses were performed using paired-sample t-tests to evaluate the surgical outcome and Spearman correlation to examine the influence of blepharophimosis on the interpalpebral fissure height (PFH).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen out of 23 (78%) patients underwent one-stage surgery before the age of 5 years. About 31% of these patients had amblyopia. Only two patients had a blepharophimosis ratio greater than 1.5 as poor result. Two out of 18 (11%) patients with PFHs more than 2 mm needed a repeat operation, but all five (100%) patients with s less than 2 mm (very severe ptosis) needed repeat operations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The one-stage corrective procedure provided acceptable results both in function and cosmesis. However, patients with very severe ptosis required multiple stages of reconstruction for ptosis correction at an earlier age, after which correction of telecanthus and small horizontal palpebral fissure length followed at an older age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kewi-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: S-Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Y-J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: J Z-C
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016569:Blepharophimosis / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005143:Eyelids / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013577:Syndrome; D016896:Treatment Outcome