title: Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are associated with vascular remodeling in cardiac transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early atherosclerosis may be associated with compensatory vessel enlargement, termed positive remodeling. Enlarged brachial artery diameter has been reported in patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis and in individuals with coronary atherosclerosis, indicating that brachial artery enlargement is a marker for the presence of atherosclerotic changes. Cardiac transplant recipients often have abnormal lipid levels, but the effect of specific lipid abnormalities on vascular remodeling in this population has not been evaluated. This study examined the relationship between lipid levels and brachial artery diameter in cardiac transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five stable cardiac transplant recipients underwent high-resolution brachial artery ultrasound to evaluate resting brachial artery diameter. Levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides were determined and the presence of other cardiac risk factors was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brachial artery diameter was larger (4.3 +/- 0.1 mm) in subjects with low levels of HDL-C (< 40 mg/dL, n = 11) compared to subjects with high HDL-C (> or = 40 mg/dL, n = 24), who had a mean brachial artery diameter of 3.7 +/- 0.1 mm (P = .006). Neither high LDL-C (> or = 100 mg/dL) nor high triglycerides (> or = 200 mg/dL) were associated with differences in brachial artery diameter. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the relationship between low HDL-C and increased brachial artery diameter was independent of body surface area or statin use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low levels of HDL-C are an independent predictor of brachial artery enlargement in stable cardiac transplant recipients. These findings suggest that suboptimal HDL-C levels may be associated with the development of vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis in this population.
authors.affiliation: Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ambrose
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: DeNofrio
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kuvin
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Pandian
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Karas
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D014280:Triglycerides