title: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with low mood and worse cognitive performance in older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D deficiency is common in older adults and has been implicated in psychiatric and neurologic disorders. This study examined the relationship among vitamin D status, cognitive performance, mood, and physical performance in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional group of 80 participants, 40 with mild Alzheimer disease (AD) and 40 nondemented persons, were selected from a longitudinal study of memory and aging. Cognitive function was assessed using the Short Blessed Test (SBT), Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR; a higher Sum of Boxes score indicates greater dementia severity), and a factor score from a neuropsychometric battery; mood was assessed using clinician's diagnosis and the depression symptoms inventory. The Physical Performance Test (PPT) was used to measure functional status. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured for all participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean vitamin D level in the total sample was 18.58 ng/mL (standard deviation: 7.59); 58% of the participants had abnormally low vitamin D levels defined as less than 20 ng/mL. After adjusting for age, race, gender, and season of vitamin D determination, vitamin D deficiency was associated with presence of an active mood disorder (odds ratio: 11.69, 95% confidence interval: 2.04-66.86; Wald chi(2) = 7.66, df = 2, p = 0.022). Using the same covariates in a linear regression model, vitamin D deficiency was associated with worse performance on the SBT (F = 5.22, df = [2, 77], p = 0.044) and higher CDR Sum of Box scores (F = 3.20, df = [2, 77], p = 0.047) in the vitamin D-deficient group. There was no difference in performance on the MMSE, PPT, or factor scores between the vitamin D groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a cross-section of older adults, vitamin D deficiency was associated with low mood and with impairment on two of four measures of cognitive performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA. cwilkins@im.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Consuelo H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: Yvette I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Sheline
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Roe
authors.forename: Stanley J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Birge
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008487:Medical History Taking; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009043:Motor Activity; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D