title: Smokers living in deprived areas are less likely to quit: a longitudinal follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To follow up smokers to examine whether the likelihood of quitting smoking varied by area deprivation, and whether smoking history, health status, personality characteristics, social support and stressful situations contributed to differences in area deprivation in quit rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal data with a 6-year follow-up period were analysed using multilevel logistic regression. Area-level deprivation was characterised by a composite measure that was the sum of the proportion of unemployed residents, the percentage of residents in blue-collar occupations and the proportion with only elementary-level education. Previously established predictors of smoking cessation, including education, age at smoking initiation, self-assessed health, chronic illness, locus of control, neuroticism, negative life events, longlasting relationship difficulties, emotional social support and negative neighbourhood conditions were examined separately and in a combined model to assess whether they contributed to neighbourhood deprivation differences in quitting.
  
  
  METHODS
  404 participants (residing in 83 areas) identified as smokers at baseline and who did not change their residential address over the follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Being a non-smoker at follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Odds ratios of quitting decreased with greater area-level deprivation, but differences reached significance only between the most and least deprived quartiles. Smoking history, health status, personality characteristics, social support and stressful situations did not contribute to the lower quitting rates seen among smokers in deprived areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Living in a deprived area seems to reduce the likelihood of quitting smoking; hence individual-level tobacco control efforts should be complemented with area-based interventions. However, we need to identify and understand the underlying factors associated with living in a deprived area that contributes to lower quitting rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. k.giskes@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Giskes
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Lenthe
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Turrell
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brug
authors.forename: Johan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mackenbach
mesh_terms: D004522:Educational Status; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012307:Risk Factors; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support