title: Role of import and export regulatory animal health officials in international control and surveillance for animal diseases.
abstract: The challenges to those who regulate the import and export of animals and animal products are escalating, due to the evolving nature of animal and human disease agents. The diseases and agents of interest may include low pathogenic avian influenza, bluetongue, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and foot-and-mouth disease. Fear of an incursion of an unknown or incompletely understood threat can significantly limit risk tolerance. The fear may be that an incursion will affect export trade or tourism. An incomplete knowledge of the animal health situation in the exporting country, due to insufficient surveillance for the disease agent of concern, may limit the application of science in import decisions. In addition, the disease agent may be inappropriately considered exotic if it has not been described. As a result, excessive safeguards for disease agents that do not present any new threat may be employed. To confront these challenges, we are striving toward transparency in international reporting. Moreover, regulatory import decisions exceeding the recommendations of the Terrestrial Animal Health Code and the Aquatic Animal Health Code of the World Organization for Animal Health must be fair and science-based.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Riverdale, MD 20737, USA. Bob.H.Bokma@aphis.usda.gov
authors.forename: Bob H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Bokma
mesh_terms: D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D000818:Animals; D003132:Commerce / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D018563:Disease Notification / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D007886:Legislation, Veterinary; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance / Q000662:veterinary