title: Functioning and nonfunctioning neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas are a small subgroup of tumors characterized by a variety of biological behaviors. Recent changes in their classification should help better define the prognosis of this diverse group of tumors. With recent advances in diagnosis and staging, the treatment options for all neuroendocrine tumors have evolved. Presented here is a review of the current-day knowledge for neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A consensus by leading experts in the neuroendocrine tumors field has proposed an algorithm for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of these rare tumors. Surgical resection remains the first-line therapy. Alternative forms of cytoreduction such as radiofrequency ablation and embolization, have increased the ability of the surgeon to debulk these tumors, resulting in improved survival and better palliation. Contrary to adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, hormonal and biotherapy offer unique treatment strategies for these rare tumors. Very recent developments utilizing radionuclide therapy hold promise for not only palliation, but may prove to be a beneficial form of adjuvant therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presented here is a summary of the recent literature on the diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Oncology, University of Calgary and Tom Baker Cancer Center, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Elijah
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Janice L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pasieka
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*