title: Oxidative burden in prediabetic and diabetic individuals: evidence from plasma coenzyme Q(10).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals with diabetes and prediabetes are at risk of vascular injury. However, the exact mechanisms are unclear. The mitochondria mobile electron carrier coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) is a potent lipophilic antioxidant. We hypothesize that oxidative stress, detectable as changes in plasma CoQ(10) concentrations and composition, plays an important role in vascular disease in diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured plasma CoQ(10) concentrations (including reduced ubiquinol and oxidized ubiquinone subfractions) in 60 subjects with normal glucose tolerance [NGT; fasting plasma glucose (FPG) < 5.5 mmol/l], 63 with impaired fasting glucose (IFG; FPG 5.6-6.9 mmol/l) and 69 with Type 2 diabetes (DM; FPG > 6.9 mmol/l).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men and women, the total CoQ(10)/total cholesterol ratio was reduced in DM (mean +/-sd) [male (M) 0.09 +/- 0.04; female (F) 0.07 +/- 0.04] compared with NGT (0.29 +/- 0.08; 0.21 +/- 0.07) and IFG (0.27 +/- 0.07; 0.23 +/- 0.07) (DM vs. NGT and IFG P = 0.001). A stepwise reduction in the plasma ubiquinol fraction (ubiquinol/total CoQ10) was observed from NGT (M 0.93 +/- 0.06; F 0.95 +/- 0.06) compared with IFG (0.43 +/- 0.25; 0.41 +/- 0.15) and DM (0.24 +/- 0.11; F 0.29 +/- 0.16) (DM vs. IFG vs. NGT P = 0.001). In contrast, the plasma ubiquinone/ubiquinol ratio increased from NGT (M 0.08 +/- 0.07, F 0.06 +/- 0.08) to IFG (2.14 +/- 1.84, 1.75 +/- 1.04) to DM (4.77 +/- 4.88, 3.81 +/- 3.71) (DM vs. IFG vs. NGT P = 0.001). These differences remained after adjusting for age, body mass index and FPG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The change in CoQ(10) with increasing FPG concentration suggests an increase in oxidative burden, already evident in the prediabetic IFG individuals. This increase in oxidative stress might contribute to the increased risk of vascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, Singapore 159964, Republic of Singapore. su_chi_lim@alexhosp.com.sg
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Sum
authors.forename: I K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Ong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003067:Coenzymes; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000201:enzymology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D003067:Coenzymes; D014451:Ubiquinone; C024989:coenzyme Q10