title: Weight training in youth-growth, maturation, and safety: an evidence-based review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the effects of resistance training programs on pre- and early-pubertal youth in the context of response, potential influence on growth and maturation, and occurrence of injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evidence-based review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two reports dealing with experimental resistance training protocols, excluding isometric programs, in pre- and early-pubertal youth, were reviewed in the context of subject characteristics, training protocol, responses, and occurrence of injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental programs most often used isotonic machines and free weights, 2- and 3-day protocols, and 8- and 12-week durations, with significant improvements in muscular strength during childhood and early adolescence. Strength gains were lost during detraining. Experimental resistance training programs did not influence growth in height and weight of pre- and early-adolescent youth, and changes in estimates of body composition were variable and quite small. Only 10 studies systematically monitored injuries, and only three injuries were reported. Estimated injury rates were 0.176, 0.053, and 0.055 per 100 participant-hours in the respective programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experimental training protocols with weights and resistance machines and with supervision and low instructor/participant ratios are relatively safe and do not negatively impact growth and maturation of pre- and early-pubertal youth.
authors.affiliation: Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX, USA. rmalina@wcnet.net
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Malina
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D048788:Growth and Development / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D014891:Weight Lifting / Q000293:injuries*