title: Use of mental health services and subjective satisfaction with treatment among Black Caribbean immigrants: results from the National Survey of American Life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the use rates and correlates of formal psychiatric services among the US-born and immigrant Caribbean Black population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared overall mental health service use in samples of Caribbean Blacks and African Americans and examined the within-sample ethnic variation among Caribbean Blacks, including for ethnic origin (Spanish Caribbean, Haiti, and English Caribbean), nativity status (those born in or outside the United States), number of years spent living in the United States, age at the time of immigration, and generational status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  African Americans and Caribbean Blacks used formal mental health care services at relatively low rates. Among Caribbean Blacks, generational status and nativity showed the greatest effects on rates of reported use, satisfaction, and perceived helpfulness. Of those study participants who met the criteria for disorders as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, about one third used formal mental health care services. The US-born subjects were more likely to receive care than were first-generation immigrants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study underscores the importance of ethnicity, immigration, and migration-related factors, within racial categorization, as it pertains to the use of mental health services in the United States. Our findings suggest that timing of migration and generational status of Caribbean Black immigrants and ancestry groups contribute to important differences in rates and sources of use, relative satisfaction, and perception of helpfulness, with regard to formal mental health services.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, and the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48106-1248, USA.
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Harold W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Neighbors
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000208:ethnology; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006379:Helping Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology