title: Psychological symptoms in patients after surgery for congenital cardiac disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied a population of patients with surgically corrected congenital cardiac disease to determine whether limitations in activity, impaired cardiac performance, and perception of body image have effects on psychological symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook medical examinations, and carried out standardized interviews, in 361 patients aged between 14 and 45 years with surgically corrected congenital cardiac disease. From this data, findings from 343 patients were suitable for analysis. Subjectively reported limitations in activity were classified according to the system proposed by the New York Heart Association, while cardiopulmonary capacity was used as the indicator of cardiac performance. The Brief Symptom Inventory was used for assessing psychological symptoms, such as somatization, obsession-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. The Body Image Questionnaire was used to depict attitudes towards body image, which is assessed on the two subscales of rejection of the body and vitality. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted separately for females and males, taking into account age and socio-economic position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Impairments of everyday activities had only a few substantial associations with psychological symptoms. No significant effects of cardiac functional capacity as a standardized physiological measure emerged. Psychological symptoms were strongly influenced by perceptions of body image, particularly if they rejected it, this holding particularly for males. There were no gender differences in terms of psychological symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limitations of activity, and impaired cardiac performance, have only minor effects on psychological symptoms in patients with surgically corrected congenital cardiac disease. The perception of body image was the strongest predictor, especially if patients rejected their body as a result of disfigurement or perceived deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Medical Sociology Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. geyer.siegfried@mh.hannover.de
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Geyer
authors.forename: Kambiz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Norozi
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zoege
authors.forename: Almut
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kempa
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buchhorn
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wessel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged