title: Injured Fluoro-Jade-positive hippocampal neurons contain high levels of zinc after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: Hippocampal damage contributes to cognitive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We previously showed that Fluoro-Jade, a fluorescent stain that labels injured, degenerating brain neurons, quantifies the extent of hippocampal injury after experimental fluid percussion TBI in rats. Coincidentally, we observed that injured neurons in the rat hippocampus also stained with Newport Green, a fluorescent dye specific for free ionic zinc. Here, we show that, regardless of injury severity or therapeutic intervention, the post-TBI population of injured neurons in rat hippocampal subfields CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus is indistinguishable, both in numbers and anatomical distribution, from the population of neurons containing high levels of zinc. Treatment with lamotrigine, which inhibits presynaptic release of glutamate and presumably zinc that is co-localized with glutamate, reduced numbers of Fluoro-Jade-positive and Newport Green-positive neurons equally as did treatment with nicardipine, which blocks voltage-gated calcium channels through which zinc enters neurons. To confirm using molecular techniques that Fluoro-Jade and Newport Green-positive neurons are equivalent populations, we isolated total RNA from 25 Fluoro-Jade-positive and 25 Newport Green-positive pyramidal neurons obtained by laser capture microdissection (LCM) from the CA3 subfield, linearly amplified the mRNA and used quantitative ribonuclease protection analysis to demonstrate similar expression of mRNA for selected TBI-induced genes. Our data suggest that therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing neurotoxic zinc levels after TBI may reduce hippocampal neuronal injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0830, USA. hhellmic@utmb.edu
authors.forename: Helen L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Hellmich
authors.forename: Kristine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Eidson
authors.forename: Bridget A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Capra
authors.forename: Jeanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Deborah R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Boone
authors.forename: Bridget E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Dewitt
authors.forename: Donald S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Prough
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D017966:Pyramidal Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D015220:Calcium Channels; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C435731:fluoro jade; D015032:Zinc