title: Detection and measurement of benzimidazole resistance alleles in Haemonchus contortus using real-time PCR with locked nucleic acid Taqman probes.
abstract: Benzimidazole resistance is a common problem in parasitic nematodes of ruminants and early detection is vital if its spread is to be monitored and controlled. Real time PCR offers a fast and reliable method for rapid detection and measurement of resistance allele frequencies. In Haemonchus contortus a single nucleotide polymorphism at codon 200 of the beta-tubulin gene (TTC to TAC), causing a phenylalanine to tyrosine amino acid substitution, has been shown to be involved in many cases of resistance. Locked nucleic acid (LNA) Taqman probes have been used in this work to detect and measure the frequency of resistance alleles in individual and multiple H. contortus. Detection of resistant genotypes using LNA Taqman probes in individual H. contortus is simpler and more reliable than with previously described assays. Measurement of the frequency of resistant alleles in populations of H. contortus was achieved by using the cycle threshold (C(t)) values and a standard curve derived from populations with known allele frequencies. Results using the LNA probes on individual and multiple worms gave similar results to the allele specific PCR. The sensitivity of the LNA assay on multiple nematodes allowed reliable detection of > or = 10% resistance allele frequency. Using the final fluorescence method, it was possible to differentiate populations with approximately 0, 5 and 10% resistance allele frequencies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Alison A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Donnan
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Skuce
authors.forename: Adrian J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wolstenholme
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000235:genetics*; D006189:Haemonchus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014404:Tubulin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D014404:Tubulin; C477371:locked nucleic acid