title: Chemoinformatics-based classification of prohibited substances employed for doping in sport.
abstract: Representative molecules from 10 classes of prohibited substances were taken from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list, augmented by molecules from corresponding activity classes found in the MDDR database. Together with some explicitly allowed compounds, these formed a set of 5245 molecules. Five types of fingerprints were calculated for these substances. The random forest classification method was used to predict membership of each prohibited class on the basis of each type of fingerprint, using 5-fold cross-validation. We also used a k-nearest neighbors (kNN) approach, which worked well for the smallest values of k. The most successful classifiers are based on Unity 2D fingerprints and give very similar Matthews correlation coefficients of 0.836 (kNN) and 0.829 (random forest). The kNN classifiers tend to give a higher recall of positives at the expense of lower precision. A naïve Bayesian classifier, however, lies much further toward the extreme of high recall and low precision. Our results suggest that it will be possible to produce a reliable and quantitative assignment of membership or otherwise of each class of prohibited substances. This should aid the fight against the use of bioactive novel compounds as doping agents, while also protecting athletes against unjust disqualification.
authors.affiliation: Unilever Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Edward O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: John B O
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004300:Doping in Sports; D006801:Humans; D048088:Informatics / Q000379:methods*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D011381:Programming Languages; D012984:Software; D013256:Steroids / Q000737:chemistry; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D013256:Steroids