title: Enhancement of the bulbocavernosus reflex during intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring through the use of double train stimulation: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Electrophysiological bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) testing, during surgeries in which the constituent neural components are at risk, might supplement other low sacral (S2-4) stimulation/recording techniques. However, intraoperative BCR is not always reliably implemented. We proposed to analyze BCR signals in five surgical patients monitored with the novel application of double train stimulation (DTS) to determine if the potential could be enhanced.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively planned a regime of DTS BCR with a series of intertrain delays in five monitored patients at risk for low sacral neural injury. Patients were maintained with propofol, opiate infusion, and low inhalant anesthesia without muscle relaxant. Cutaneous sensory nerves of the penis (or clitoris) were stimulated using two consecutive pulse trains (DTS). Intertrain delays were 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, and 250 ms. For BCR recording, uncoated paired wires were inserted into the external anal sphincter (EAS) bilaterally. For each trial, waveform amplitude, duration, and turn count measures for the first (single train) and second (double train) response were recorded. Percent increase/decrease of the second train response compared to the first train response was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was at least a 30% increase in measures of amplitude, turn count, and duration of the second train response in 22/28, 22/28, and 14/28 of the total trials respectively. There was an insufficient number of independent observations to determine statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative BCR is currently obtained with some difficulty using pulse train stimulation. Our preliminary evidence has identified BCR waveform enhancement using DTS and suggests that the reliability of intraoperative BCR acquisition may be further improved by the addition of this technique. Our data are insufficient to define the best intertrain interval.
authors.affiliation: Minneapolis Neuroscience Institute, 800 East 28th Street, Minneapolis, MN 55407-3799, USA. drskinnermd@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: Chala A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Chiri
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wroblewski
authors.forename: Ensor E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Transfeldt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods*; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D009482:Neurophysiology / Q000379:methods; D010413:Penis / Q000473:pathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012018:Reflex