title: Design and validation of a medication assessment tool for cancer pain management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A clinical tool to examine prescribing in cancer pain management may provide a means to help establish acceptable standards of adherence to treatment guidelines. The study aim was to design and validate a Medication Assessment Tool for Cancer Pain Management (MAT-CP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospitals in Northern Norway
  
  
  METHODS
  The MAT-CP was designed from guideline criteria based on a previously developed method. The tool was validated by peer review before and during field-testing on a study sample of cancer patients experiencing pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perceived relevance, utility, and clarity of individual criteria, and reliability of their application to clinical documentation. Frequency of adherence to agreed definitions of guideline criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final tool comprised 36 criteria covering six different aspects of cancer pain management: (1) pain assessment and information transfer, (2) start of strong opioid therapy; (3) current continuous analgesia; (4) current intermittent analgesia; (5) follow-up of therapy, and; (6) other care issues. The tool was tested on 109 cancer patients experiencing pain (57 males), mean (SD) age 60.8 (11.5) years. Guideline adherence overall was 61% (n=1704 applicable criteria). The field-testing informed the modification of the MAT-CP to optimise its clarity and utility when applied to patients' clinical documentation. Good inter- and intra-rater reliability (Cohen's kappa kappa=0.86 and kappa=0.95, respectively) were demonstrated in the application. The preliminary application of the tool during field-testing has highlighted the following for further study: (a) Low adherence <50%) to 14 standards concerning start of opioid treatment and pain therapy follow-up, clinical assessment of risk of gastro-intestinal adverse effects among patients on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), current treatment of breakthrough pain, management of nausea/vomiting; (b) High adherence (>75%) to standards of prescribing of continuous analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A clinical tool to examine prescribing in cancer pain management has been designed. Face and content validity have been informed by field-testing. The tool requires further study among palliative care specialists as part of the validation required before it can be recommended for clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway. gro.hakonsen@farmasi.uit.no
authors.forename: Gro Dahlseng
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Håkonsen
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: Thrina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Loennechen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification* / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D010166:Palliative Care; D010380:Peer Review; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid