title: Anisotropic ion diffusivity in intervertebral disc: an electrical conductivity approach.
abstract: METHODS
  Investigation of the transport behavior of ions in intervertebral disc using an electrical conductivity method.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the electrical conductivity and ion diffusivity of nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus in 3 major directions (axial, circumferential, and radial).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Knowledge of diffusivity of small molecules is important for understanding nutrition supply in intervertebral disc and disc degeneration. However, little is known on the anisotropic behaviors of ion diffusivity and of electrical conductivity in intervertebral disc.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electrical conductivity measurement was performed on 24 axial, circumferential, and radial anulus fibrosus specimens and 24 axial nucleus pulposus specimens from bovine coccygeal discs. The diffusivity of Na and Cl were estimated by the analysis of conductivity data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The electrical conductivity (mean +/- standard deviation; n = 24) of the bovine anulus fibrosus was 4.70 +/- 1.08 mS/cm in the axial, 2.86 +/- 0.83 mS/cm in the radial, and 4.38 +/- 1.25 mS/cm in the circumferential direction. For nucleus pulposus, the electrical conductivity (mean +/- standard deviation; n = 24) was 8.95 +/- 0.89 mS/cm. The mean value for nucleus pulposus was significantly higher than that of anulus fibrosus (t test, P < 0.05). For anulus fibrosus, the conductivity in the radial direction was significantly lower than in axial or circumferential directions. Similar trends were found for both Na and Cl diffusivities. Both electrical conductivity and ion diffusivity were highly sensitive to water content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrical conductivity and ion diffusivity of anulus fibrosus are anisotropic.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Biomechanics Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124-0621, USA.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yong Gu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D001834:Body Water; D002417:Cattle; D003050:Coccyx; D004058:Diffusion; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000378:metabolism*; D008433:Mathematics