title: Arginine and urea metabolism in the liver graft: A study using microdialysis in human orthotopic liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arginine is an amino acid having a central role in the metabolism of urea and nitric oxide in the liver. We present our findings of the behavior of these metabolites during the process of transplantation of the liver.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urea, arginine, ornithine, citrulline, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and glutamine levels in 15 livers were studied during the process of retrieval, following storage during the backtable procedure, and for 48 hours postreperfusion using microdialysis. Arginase levels in donor and recipient serum were also analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for type I human arginase. Data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, with post-hoc comparison to the value at two hours using Dunnett's test (P < 0.05 significant).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of metabolites measured in the donor liver were seen to decline significantly in the stored liver. Immediately postreperfusion, there was a significant rise in arginase I levels in the recipient serum with low arginine levels recorded in the liver. The high arginase I levels significantly reduced six hours postreperfusion with a corresponding rise in extracellular arginine levels. Urea levels in the graft increased significantly immediately postreperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arginine levels were found to be low with correspondingly high serum arginase I levels in the early postreperfusion phase. High serum arginase I levels in early postreperfusion may influence nitric oxide production in this phase since considering Vmax and Km values, arginase I could compete with inducible nitric oxide synthase for arginine. Urea metabolism in the liver recommences immediately postreperfusion.
authors.affiliation: The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Darius F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.forename: John A C
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Buckels
authors.forename: Simon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bramhall
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wigmore
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001120:Arginine / Q000378:metabolism*; D001926:Brain Death; D002102:Cadaver; D002956:Citrulline / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D017551:Microdialysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009952:Ornithine / Q000378:metabolism; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine; D002956:Citrulline; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D014508:Urea; D001120:Arginine; D009952:Ornithine