title: The pituitary tumor-transforming gene promotes angiogenesis in a mouse model of follicular thyroid cancer.
abstract: Overexpression of the pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG) has been associated with tumorigenesis. In a mouse model that spontaneously develops follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) with distant metastasis (TRbetaPV mouse), PTTG is overexpressed, similar to human thyroid cancer. To evaluate the role of PTTG in thyroid carcinogenesis, we studied the offspring of TRbetaPV mice with mice lacking PTTG (PTTG(-/-) mice). The thyroids of TRbeta(PV/PV) PTTG(-/-) mice were significantly smaller than TRbeta(PV/PV) mice. Ki-67 staining showed a decrease in thyroid proliferation in TRbeta(PV/PV) PTTG(-/-) mice. Our evaluation of the Rb-E2F pathway, a central mediator of cell growth, found that TRbeta(PV/PV) PTTG(-/-) mice exhibited a decrease in protein levels of phosphorylated Rb along with an elevation of the cdk inhibitor p21. Histological examination documented no difference in FTC occurrence between TRbeta(PV/PV) and TRbeta(PV/PV) PTTG(-/-) mice, which indicates that PTTG removal does not prevent the initiation of FTC. However, TRbeta(PV/PV) PTTG(-/-) mice had a significant decrease in vascular invasion and less development of lung metastasis as they progressively aged. CD31 staining also showed a decrease in vessel density in TRbeta(PV/PV) PTTG(-/-) versus TRbeta(PV/PV) thyroids. Given the decreased vascular invasion in the PTTG knockout mice, we studied genes involved in angiogenesis. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed a consistent decrease in pro-angiogenic factors, fibroblast growth factor (FGF2), its receptor FGFR1 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Our results highlight the dual roles of PTTG as a regulator of thyroid growth and contributor to tumor progression. The separation of the pathways regulating cell proliferation, tumor initiation and tumor progression should direct future therapeutic options.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Room 5128, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Willingham
authors.forename: Sheue-yann
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018265:Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000235:genetics*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics*; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000235:genetics; D064249:Securin; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000254:growth & development; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D064249:Securin; C578002:pituitary tumor-transforming protein 1, human