title: Comparative assessment of doses to tumor, rectum, and bladder as evaluated by orthogonal radiographs vs. computer enhanced computed tomography-based intracavitary brachytherapy in cervical cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To carry out a comparative assessment of intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) doses to tumor, bladder, and rectum based on orthogonal films and contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five ICBT procedures with CT/MRI compatible applicator and CECT scans were evaluated. Doses to Point A, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement (ICRU) reference points for maximum bladder (B max(ICRU)) and rectum (R max(ICRU)) localized from orthogonal films were compared with CECT delineated tumor, bladder (B max(CECT)), and rectum (R max(CECT)) doses, respectively. The 95th and 90th percentile bladder (B 95(CECT) and B 90(CECT)) and rectal (R 95(CECT) and R 90(CECT)) doses based on CECT were also estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean percentage tumor volume encompassed within the prescribed dose of 600 cGy to Point A was 88.8%. Mean B max(ICRU), B max(CECT), R max(ICRU), and R max(CECT) were 631.3 cGy, 1221.4 cGy, 454.8 cGy, and 526.9 cGy, respectively. Paired mean differences were significant between B max(ICRU) and B max(CECT) or B 95(CECT) (both p < 0.001); R max(ICRU) and R max(CECT) (p = 0.005) or R 90(CECT) (p < 0.001), whereas insignificant for B max(ICRU) and B 90(CECT) (p = 0.281), and R max(ICRU) and R 95(CECT) (p = 0.372).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prescription based on Point A ICBT doses could lead to uncertainty and underdosage in tumor. ICRU 38 maximum bladder and rectal doses significantly underestimate the maximum doses to these organs and represent the 90th and 95th percentile of the maximum doses to these organs, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Regional Cancer Centre, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. nrdatta@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Niloy Ranjan
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: Anurita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Koilpillai Joseph
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Maria Das
authors.forename: Archana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rastogi
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012007:Rectum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*