title: Atherosclerotic vascular events in a single large lupus cohort: prevalence and risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine prevalence and type of atherosclerotic vascular events (AVE) occurring after entry to the University of Toronto Lupus Clinic; and to compare risk factors in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with AVE to matched SLE controls without AVE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with SLE attending the University of Toronto Lupus Clinic who did not have AVE prior to clinic entry were included. Patients have been followed at 2-6 months since 1970 according to a standard protocol. Cases with AVE were matched for sex, era at first clinic visit (1970s, 1980s, 1990s +), inception status, age at first visit, and duration of followup. Chi-square, Fisher's exact, paired T test, and McNemar test were used. Comparison of risk factors for the development of AVE was done using a stepwise conditional logistic regression model for matched pairs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a total cohort of 1087 SLE patients followed from 1970 until 2004, the prevalence of AVE was 10.9%, and in 561 inception patients it was 9.6%. In multivariate analyses, neuropsychiatric involvement was significantly associated with AVE in both the total and inception cohorts. Smoking was also associated with AVE in the inception cohort, whereas the number of coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors and vasculitis were significant in the total cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AVE are major contributors to the clinical presentation of late-stage lupus. A combination of lupus related factors and classic CAD risk factors contributed to the development of AVE.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, Centre for Prognosis Studies in The Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. m.urowitz@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Murray B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Urowitz
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ibañez
authors.forename: Dafna D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Gladman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009864:Ontario; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000209:etiology*