title: Niflumic acid inhibits chloride conductance of rat skeletal muscle by directly inhibiting the CLC-1 channel and by increasing intracellular calcium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Given the crucial role of the skeletal muscle chloride conductance (gCl), supported by the voltage-gated chloride channel CLC-1, in controlling muscle excitability, the availability of ligands modulating CLC-1 are of potential medical as well as toxicological importance. Here, we focused our attention on niflumic acid (NFA), a molecule belonging to the fenamates group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat muscle Cl(-) conductance (gCl) and heterologously expressed CLC-1 currents were evaluated by means of current-clamp (using two-microelectrodes) and patch-clamp techniques, respectively. Fura-2 fluorescence was used to determine intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca(2+)](i), in native muscle fibres.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NFA inhibited native gCl with an IC(50) of 42 muM and blocked CLC-1 by interacting with an intracellular binding site. Additionally, NFA increased basal [Ca(2+)](i) in myofibres by promoting a mitochondrial calcium efflux that was not dependent on cyclooxygenase or CLC-1. A structure-activity study revealed that the molecular conditions that mediate the two effects are different. Pretreatment with the Ca-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine partially inhibited the NFA effect. Therefore, in addition to direct channel block, NFA also inhibits gCl indirectly by promoting PKC activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These cellular effects of NFA on skeletal muscle demonstrate that it is possible to modify CLC-1 and consequently gCl directly by interacting with channel proteins and indirectly by interfering with the calcium-dependent regulation of the channel. The effect of NFA on mitochondrial calcium stores suggests that NSAIDs, widely used drugs, could have potentially dangerous side-effects.
authors.affiliation: Unità di Farmacologia, Dipartimento Farmacobiologico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Bari, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liantonio
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giannuzzi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Picollo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Babini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pusch
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Conte Camerino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D018118:Chloride Channels / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009544:Niflumic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009865:Oocytes / Q000502:physiology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; C086321:CLC-1 channel; D018118:Chloride Channels; D009544:Niflumic Acid; D002118:Calcium