title: African-American and Hispanic ethnicities, renal involvement and obesity predispose to hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from LUMINA, a multiethnic cohort (LUMINAXLV).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the predictors of the occurrence of hypertension in a large multiethnic US cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 614 patients with systemic lupus erythematoses (SLE; > or = 4 American College of Rheumatology revised criteria) with < or = 5 years of disease duration at entry into the cohort (T0) and of Hispanic (Texan or Puerto Rican), African-American or Caucasian ethnicity. T0 variables were compared between patients who did and did not develop hypertension (blood pressure > or = 140/90 mm Hg on at least two occasions and/or the use of antihypertensive drugs) after T0. Significant and clinically relevant variables were then examined by a stepwise logistic regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 379 patients without hypertension at T0 were included (patients who developed hypertension prior to SLE diagnosis (n = 126) or before T0 (n = 109) were excluded). Predictors of hypertension were African-American and Texan-Hispanic ethnicities, renal involvement and a higher body mass index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, disease-related factors and ethnicity play a role in the occurrence of hypertension in patients with SLE. Controlling renal involvement and optimising body weight may prevent the occurrence of hypertension.
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Sumapa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaiamnuay
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bertoli
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Roseman
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McGwin
authors.forename: Mandar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Apte
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Durán
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Vilá
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Reveille
authors.forename: Graciela S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Alarcón
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000032:analysis; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000032:analysis; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004247:DNA / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004247:DNA