title: HGF inhibits BMP-induced osteoblastogenesis: possible implications for the bone disease of multiple myeloma.
abstract: The bone disease in multiple myeloma is caused by an uncoupling of bone formation from bone resorption. A key difference between patients with and patients without osteolytic lesion is that the latter have fewer and less active osteoblasts. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is often produced by myeloma cells and is found at high concentrations in the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma. Here we show that HGF inhibited bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-induced in vitro osteoblastogenesis. Thus, HGF inhibited BMP-induced expression of alkaline phosphatase in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and the murine myoid cell line C2C12, as well as mineralization by hMSCs. Furthermore, the expression of the osteoblast-specific transcription factors Runx2 and Osterix was reduced by HGF treatment. HGF promoted proliferation of hMSCs, and the BMP-induced halt in proliferation was overridden by HGF, keeping the cells in a proliferative, undifferentiating state. BMP-induced nuclear translocation of receptor-activated Smads was inhibited by HGF, providing a possible explanation of how HGF inhibits BMP signaling. The in vitro data were supported by the observation of a negative correlation between HGF and a marker of osteoblast activity, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (rho = -0.45, P = .008), in sera from 34 patients with myeloma. These observations suggest that HGF inhibits bone formation in multiple myeloma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. therese.standal@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Standal
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abildgaard
authors.forename: Unn-Merete
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Fagerli
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stordal
authors.forename: Oyvind
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hjertner
authors.forename: Magne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borset
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sundan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000150:complications*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D000076182:Sp7 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D017931:DNA Primers; C493709:RUNX2 protein, human; C493716:Runx2 protein, mouse; D000076182:Sp7 Transcription Factor; C478163:SP7 protein, human; C479466:Sp7 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor