title: Timely administration of prophylactic antibiotics for major surgical procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prophylactic antibiotics (PA) given within 60 minutes before surgical incision decrease risk of subsequent surgical site infection. Nationwide quality improvement initiatives have focused on improving the proportion of patients who receive timely prophylactic antibiotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cohort study of major surgical procedures performed in 108 Veterans Affairs hospitals between January and December 2005. Using data from the External Peer Review Program and the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, we examined factors associated with timely PA administration. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 8,137 major surgical procedures: cardiac (2,664), hip and knee arthroplasty (3,603), colon (1,142), arterial vascular (606), and hysterectomy (122). Timely PA occurred in 76.2% of patients, 18.2% received them too early, and 5.4% received them too late. Early administration accounted for 79% of untimely PA. Differences in timeliness were seen by procedure type (68% to 87%; p < 0.0001), admission status (67% to 80%; p < 0.0001), and antibiotic class (65% to 89%; p < 0.0001). PA administration occurred in the operating room for 63.5% of patients. When PA administration occurred in the operating room, they were timely in 89% of patients, compared with 54% of patients where administration was outside the operating room (odds ratio, 7.74; 95% CI = 6.49 to 9.22).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early PA administration accounted for the majority of inappropriately timed PA. Efforts to improve performance on this measure should focus on administering antibiotics in the operating room.
authors.affiliation: Deep South Center for Effectiveness Research, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. mhawn@uab.edu
authors.forename: Mary T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hawn
authors.forename: Stephen H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Catherine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Vick
authors.forename: Kamal M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Itani
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Diana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ordin
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Houston
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014481:United States; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014640:Vancomycin