title: Duration of nonmethadone outpatient treatment: results from a national survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined organizational trends from 1990 to 2000 and unit characteristics associated with the duration of nonmethadone outpatient addiction treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Program directors and clinical supervisors from a nationally representative panel of nonmethadone outpatient units in the United States were surveyed in 1990, 1995, and 2000. Treatment duration was measured from clinical supervisors' reports of the average length of stay. Negative binominal regression models controlled for multivariate effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment duration modestly declined between 1990 and 2000 while addiction severity increased. Affiliation with a mental health center, older program age, JCAHO accreditation-ostensibly a marker for structural quality-and serving more clients with prior authorization requirements- a measure of managed care stringency-were associated with shorter treatment durations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that treatment duration did not increase between 1990 and 2000 despite clients' worsening addiction severity and growing evidence that longer duration of formal treatment improves treatment outcome. In addition, programs with JCAHO accreditation and stronger managed care oversight appeared to seek efficiencies through reductions in treatment duration.
authors.affiliation: Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA. pfriedmann@lifespan.org
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Friedmann
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Yining
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yey
authors.forename: Tammie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nahra
authors.forename: Soheil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soliman
authors.forename: Harold A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Pollack
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010352:Patient Dropouts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011329:Prisoners / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone