title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha protects against glomerulonephritis induced by long-term exposure to the plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.
abstract: Safety concerns about di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer and a probable endocrine disruptor, have attracted considerable public attention, but there are few studies about long-term exposure to DEHP. DEHP toxicity is thought to involve peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), but this contention remains controversial. For investigation of the long-term toxicity of DEHP and determination of whether PPARalpha mediates toxicity, wild-type and PPARalpha-null mice were fed a diet that contained 0.05 or 0.01% DEHP for 22 mo. PPARalpha-null mice that were exposed to DEHP exhibited prominent immune complex glomerulonephritis, most likely related to elevated glomerular oxidative stress. Elevated NADPH oxidase, low antioxidant enzymes, and absence of the PPARalpha-dependent anti-inflammatory effects that normally antagonize the NFkappaB signaling pathway accompanied the glomerulonephritis in PPARalpha-null mice. The results reported here indicate that PPARalpha protects against the nephrotoxic effects of long-term exposure to DEHP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan. yujibeat@hsp.md.shinshu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamijo
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hora
authors.forename: Tamie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Kendo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kiyosawa
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shigematsu
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004032:Diet; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007105:Immune Complex Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047493:PPAR alpha; D010968:Plasticizers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate; C016599:mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate