title: Urokinase-type plasminogen activator supports liver repair independent of its cellular receptor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The urokinase-type (uPA) and tissue-type (tPA) plasminogen activators regulate liver matrix remodelling through the conversion of plasminogen (Plg) to the active protease plasmin. Based on the efficient activation of plasminogen when uPA is bound to its receptor (uPAR) and on the role of uPA in plasmin-mediated liver repair, we hypothesized that uPA requires uPAR for efficient liver repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test this hypothesis, we administered one dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to mice with single or combined deficiencies of uPA, uPAR and tPA, and examined hepatic morphology, cellular proliferation, fibrin clearance, and hepatic proteolysis 2-14 days later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Absence of uPAR alone or the combined absence of uPAR and tPA had no impact on the resolution of centrilobular injury, but the loss of receptor-free uPA significantly impaired the clearance of necrotic hepatocytes up to 14 days after CCl4. In response to the injury, hepatocyte proliferation was normal in mice of all genotypes, except for uPAR-deficient (uPAR degrees) mice, which had a reproducible but mild decrease by 33% at day 2, with an appropriate restoration of liver mass by 7 days similar to experimental controls. Immunostaining and zymographic analysis demonstrated that uPA alone promoted fibrin clearance from centrilobular regions and efficiently activated plasminogen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  uPA activates plasminogen and promotes liver matrix proteolysis during repair via a process that neither requires its receptor uPAR nor requires a contribution from its functional counterpart tPA.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. kumar.shanmukhappa@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Kumar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shanmukhappa
authors.forename: Gregg E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Sabla
authors.forename: Jay L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Degen
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bezerra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005337:Fibrin / Q000378:metabolism; D018390:Gene Targeting; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000302:isolation & purification; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000502:physiology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008115:Liver Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000502:physiology*; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D039481:CD11b Antigen; C524899:Plaur protein, mouse; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; D005337:Fibrin; D010958:Plasminogen; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator