title: When "where" is more important than "when": birthplace and birthdate effects on the achievement of sporting expertise.
abstract: In this study, we assessed whether contextual factors related to where or when an athlete is born influence their likelihood of playing professional sport. The birthplace and birth month of all American players in the National Hockey League, National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball, and Professional Golfer's Association, and all Canadian players in the National Hockey League were collected from official websites. Monte Carlo simulations were used to verify if the birthplace of these professional athletes deviated in any systematic way from the official census population distribution, and chi-square analyses were conducted to determine whether the players' birth months were evenly distributed throughout the year. Results showed a birthplace bias towards smaller cities, with professional athletes being over-represented in cities of less than 500,000 and under-represented in cities of 500,000 and over. A birth month/relative age effect (in the form of a distinct bias towards elite athletes being relatively older than their peers) was found for hockey and baseball but not for basketball and golf. Comparative analyses suggested that contextual factors associated with place of birth contribute more influentially to the achievement of an elite level of sport performance than does relative age and that these factors are essentially independent in their influences on expertise development.
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. jc46@post.queensu.ca
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Côté
authors.forename: Dany J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abernethy
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001484:Baseball / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001490:Basketball / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002170:Canada; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D006055:Golf / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006688:Hockey / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011361:Professional Competence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D013177:Sports / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014481:United States