title: Genetic and epigenetic risks of intracytoplasmic sperm injection method.
abstract: Pregnancies achieved by assisted reproduction technologies, particularly by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedures, are susceptible to genetic risks inherent to the male population treated with ICSI and additional risks inherent to this innovative procedure. The documented, as well as the theoretical, risks are discussed in the present review study. These risks mainly represent that consequences of the genetic abnormalities underlying male subfertility (or infertility) and might become stimulators for the development of novel approaches and applications in the treatment of infertility. In addition, risks with a polygenic background appearing at birth as congenital anomalies and other theoretical or stochastic risks are discussed. Recent data suggest that assisted reproductive technology might also affect epigenetic characteristics of the male gamete, the female gamete, or might have an impact on early embryogenesis. It might be also associated with an increased risk for genomic imprinting abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Urology and Genetics of Human Reproduction, Department of Urology, Ioannina University School of Medicine, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Syrrou
authors.forename: Nicolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pardalidis
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karakitsios
authors.forename: Themis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mantzavinos
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giotitsas
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Loutradis
authors.forename: Fotis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dimitriadis
authors.forename: Motoaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Miyagawa
authors.forename: Pavlos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tzoumis
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sylakos
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kanakas
authors.forename: Theodoros
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moustakareas
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baltogiannis
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Touloupides
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giannakis
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fatouros
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sofikitis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000635:transmission; D006238:Haploidy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000235:genetics*; D007713:Klinefelter Syndrome / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D019836:Preimplantation Diagnosis; D012306:Risk; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D014178:Translocation, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics; D014997:XYY Karyotype / Q000235:genetics