title: New thymidylate synthase inhibitors induce apoptosis in melanoma cell lines.
abstract: Malignant melanoma is particularly resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. For this reason in the past years a huge variety of new compounds has been developed with potential chemotherapeutic activity which needs to be tested in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the in vitro action of three new experimental antifolate substances (MR7, MR21 and MR36) with a critical target for thymidylate synthase (TS), an essential enzyme for DNA synthesis. The response of two melanoma cell lines (SK-MEL-2 derived from malignant melanoma metastasis and SK-MEL-28 derived from primary malignant melanoma) was examined after treatment with these substances. The antifolate agents induced apoptosis in SK-MEL-2 and SK-MEL-28 cells as confirmed by the TUNEL technique and Comet Assay. Western-blot analysis showed a down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein level and PARP cleavage, otherwise p53 and Bax expressions were not modulated. Moreover, these antifolate-induced apoptosis was accompanied by both pro-caspase-9 and -8 activations. These results were supported by the use of the pan-caspases inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK that almost completely decreased the amount of apoptosis in both the melanoma cell lines treated with antifolate. In conclusion our results show that TS inhibitors are able to induce apoptosis through a caspase-mediated pathway, but without the involvement of the p53/Bax signalling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giudice
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benassi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bertazzoni
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Costi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gelain
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Venturelli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gualdi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coppi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giannetti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magnoni
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000502:physiology; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; C494826:BAX protein, human; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C096713:benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9