title: The automaticity of emotional Stroop: a meta-analysis.
abstract: An automatic bias to threat is often invoked to account for colour-naming interference in emotional Stroop. Recent findings by McKenna and Sharma [(2004). Reversing the emotional Stroop effect reveals that it is not what it seems: The role of fast and slow components. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 382-392], however, cast doubt on the fast and non-conscious nature of emotional Stroop. Interference by threat words only occurred with colour naming in the trial subsequent to the threat trial (i.e., a "slow" effect), but not immediately (i.e., a "fast" effect, as would be predicted by the bias hypothesis). In a meta-analysis of 70 published emotional Stroop studies the largest effects occurred when presentation of threat words was blocked, suggesting a strong contribution by slow interference. We did not find evidence; moreover, for interference in suboptimal (less conscious) presentation conditions and the only significant effects were observed in optimal (fully conscious) conditions with high-anxious non-clinical participants and patients. The emotional Stroop effect seems to rely more on a slow disengagement process than on a fast, automatic, bias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychonomics, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. r.h.phaf@uva.nl <r.h.phaf@uva.nl>
authors.forename: R Hans
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Phaf
authors.forename: Kees-Jan
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kan
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001288:Attention; D001332:Automatism / Q000523:psychology*; D001364:Awareness; D003118:Color Perception; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D004644:Emotions; D006801:Humans; D011930:Reaction Time; D011932:Reading; D012660:Semantics