title: Adenovirus-mediated expression of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 inhibits endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling during angiogenesis is accomplished through plasmin-dependent pericellular proteolysis and through the action of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Because tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2), a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor with prominent ECM localization, inhibits plasmin and MMPs activity, we investigated the role of TFPI-2 in endothelial cell (EC) migration and angiogenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining showed that the expression of TFPI-2 mRNA and protein was upregulated in migrating ECs. The effect of TFPI-2 on angiogenesis was studied in mouse models of Matrigel and polyvinylalcohol sponge implants by overexpressing TFPI-2 through infection with a replication-deficient adenovirus (AdTFPI-2). Using (immuno)fluorescence and confocal microscopy we observed that TFPI-2 reduced neovascularization and promoted ECM deposition. Lateral cell migration and capillary tube formation in vitro also were impaired by TFPI-2, a process reversed by anti-TFPI-2 antibodies. Increased apoptosis occurred both in AdTFPI-2-treated ECs and in the mouse implants. Zymography and assays in the absence of plasminogen confirmed plasmin inhibition as a main mechanism through which TFPI-2 inhibits EC migration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that TFPI-2 may be an important regulator of aberrant angiogenesis associated with tumor growth/metastasis, cardiovascular diseases, chronic inflammation, or diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Lacramioara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ivanciu
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gerard
authors.forename: Haiwang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Florea
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lupu
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lupu
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D019556:COS Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C021240:tissue-factor-pathway inhibitor 2