title: IPCS framework for analyzing the relevance of a cancer mode of action for humans.
abstract: The use of structured frameworks can be invaluable in promoting harmonization in the assessment of chemical risk. IPCS has therefore updated and extended its mode of action (MOA) framework for cancer to address the issue of human relevance of a carcinogenic response observed in an experimental study. The first stage is to determine whether it is possible to establish an MOA. This comprises a series of key events along the causal pathway to cancer, identified using a weight-of-evidence approach based on the Bradford Hill criteria. The key events are then compared first qualitatively and then quantitatively between the experimental animals and humans. Finally, a clear statement of confidence, analysis, and implications is produced. The IPCS human relevance framework for cancer provides an analytical tool to enable the transparent evaluation of the data, identification of key data gaps, and structured presentation of information that would be of value in the further risk assessment of the compound, even if relevancy cannot be excluded. This might include data on the shape of the dose-response curve, identification of any thresholds and recognition of potentially susceptible subgroups, for example, the basis of genetic or life-stage differences.
authors.affiliation: Section of Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Boobis
authors.forename: Samuel M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Vicki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dellarco
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McGregor
authors.forename: M E Bette
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Meek
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vickers
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Willcocks
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Farland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests / Q000592:standards*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens