title: Characterization and surface treatment effects on topography of a glass-infiltrated alumina/zirconia-reinforced ceramic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Characterize the microstructure, composition and some physical properties of a glass-infiltrated alumina/zirconia-reinforced ceramic (IZ) and the effect of surface treatment on topography.
  
  
  METHODS
  IZ ceramic specimens were fabricated according to ISO6872 instructions and polished through 1 microm alumina abrasive. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), backscattered imaging (BSI), electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and stereology. The elastic modulus (E) and Poisson's ratio (nu) were determined using ultrasonic waves, and the density (rho) using a helium pycnometer. The following ceramic surface treatments were used: AP-as-polished; HF-etching with 9.5% hydrofluoric acid for 90 s; SB-sandblasting with 25 microm aluminum oxide particles for 15s and SC-blasting with 30 microm aluminum oxide particles modified by silica (silica coating) for 15s. An optical profilometer was used to examine the surface roughness (Ra) and SEM-EDS were used to measure the amount of silica after all treatments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IZ mean property values were as follows: rho=4.45+/-0.01 g/cm(3); nu=0.26 and E=245 GPa. Mean Ra values were similar for AP- and HF-treated IZ but significantly increased after either SC or SB treatment (p<or=0.05). The surface concentration of Si(K) increased 76% after SC treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HF is an inadequate surface treatment for bonding resins to IZ ceramic. Treating IZ with either SB or SC produced greater Ra values and the SC showed a significant increase in the surface concentration of silica, which may enhance bonding to resin via silane coupling.
authors.affiliation: Dental School, The University of Passo Fundo, P.O. Box 611/613, Campus I, BR 285, Km171, Passo Fundo, RS 99001-970, Brazil. dbona@upf.br
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Della Bona
authors.forename: Tiago A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Donassollo
authors.forename: Flávio F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Demarco
authors.forename: Allyson A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mecholsky
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003460:Crystallization; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000379:methods; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004548:Elasticity; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid; D007811:Lanthanum; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010087:Oxides; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D013499:Surface Properties; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D010087:Oxides; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C103829:lanthanum oxide; D007811:Lanthanum; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D015040:Zirconium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid; C028541:zirconium oxide