title: Stronger symptoms of depression predict high coronary heart disease mortality in older men and women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most cohort studies have found depressive symptoms to be associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in the elderly, but follow-up times have often been short and study populations small.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe associations between stronger symptoms of depression and the risk of death from coronary heart disease (CHD) or myocardial infarction (MI) in elderly Finnish subjects free of CHD at the baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is a prospective population-based epidemiological and clinical twelve-year follow-up study in Lieto Health Centre, Finland. The basic population consisted of 1196 elderly (64 years of age or older) persons who lived in the municipality of Lieto in southwestern Finland in 1990. The occurrence of CHD was determined on the basis of electrocardiographic (ECG) findings, Rose questionnaire and the diagnoses in medical records. The persons with CHD were excluded from the study population. Symptoms of depression at the baseline were measured with the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (ZSDS). Mortality was followed up for about 12 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed stronger symptoms of depression to be related to high risks of mortality from CHD or MI among men and women. According to the Cox model for men significant predictors for higher risk of CHD or MI mortality were stronger symptoms of depression, higher age and a large number of medications in use. When women were examined, significant predictors were stronger symptoms of depression and a large number of medications in use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stronger symptoms of depression are an independent risk factor for high CHD or MI mortality in aged Finnish men and women free of CHD at baseline.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. merahto@utu.fi
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahto
authors.forename: Raimo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Isoaho
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Puolijoki
authors.forename: Tero
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vahlberg
authors.forename: Sirkka-Liisa
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kivelä
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors