title: Adenovirus infection triggers a rapid, MyD88-regulated transcriptome response critical to acute-phase and adaptive immune responses in vivo.
abstract: Nearly 50 years ago, the discovery of interferon prompted the notion that host cells innately respond to viral invasion. Since that time, technological advances have allowed this response to be extensively characterized and dissected in vitro. However, these advances have only recently been applied to highly complex, in vivo biological systems. To this end, we exploited high-titer adenovirus (Ad) vectors to globally investigate the innate immune response to nonenveloped viral infection in vivo. Our results indicated a potent cellular transcriptome response shortly after infection, with global assessments revealing significant dysregulation in approximately 15% of the measured transcripts derived from Ad vector-transduced tissue. Bioinformatics-based transcriptome analysis revealed a complex innate response to Ad infection, with induction of proinflammatory responses (and suppression of metabolism and mitochondrial genes) akin to those observed when mice are challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Despite this commonality, there were many unique aspects of the Ad-dependent transcriptome response, including the upregulation of several RNA regulatory mechanisms and apoptosis-related pathways, accompanied by the suppression of lysosomal and endocytic genes. Our results also implicated the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in these responses, prompting specific investigations into this pathway. By using MyD88KO mice, our results confirmed that Ad-induced dysregulation of five functionally related gene clusters are significantly dependent on this TLR adaptor gene. MyD88 deficiency also resulted in significantly diminished, although not abolished, adaptive and acute-phase immune responses to Ad, confirming the transcriptome data, as well as specifically identifying MyD88 as a significant Ad immunity amplifier and regulator in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Zachary C
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiang
authors.forename: Ruth S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Everett
authors.forename: Delila
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: Xiao Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Clay
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amalfitano
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000276:immunology*; D000257:Adenoviridae Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D017209:Apoptosis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D007110:Immunity, Active; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008099:Liver; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000502:physiology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D016207:Cytokines; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors