title: The auxin-like activity of humic substances is related to membrane interactions in carrot cell cultures.
abstract: A detailed characterization of two humic fractions was performed: One with low relative molecular mass (LMr<3,500 Da) and one with high relative molecular mass (HMr>3,500 Da). Distinct (1)H NMR spectroscopic patterns were observed for the two fractions. HMr showed an aromatic proton region, an intense and broad region (3.0-5.0 ppm) attributed to sugar-like and polyether components, and an intense doublet at 1.33 ppm (identified as protons of the beta-CH(3) in lactate). In contrast, LMr did not show resonances due to aromatic protons and was characterized by a broad unresolved region, assigned to sugar-like components. The (13)C NMR spectra showed that the LMr humic fraction was richer in carboxylic and aliphatic C groups compared to HMr fraction. These substances were fluorescein-labeled [fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)], and their interaction with carrot cells in culture was monitored for 10 d, and compared to FITC-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to clarify their mechanisms of biological activity. After different incubation times, fluorescein staining of carrot cells and decrease of fluorescein concentration in the culture medium were evaluated. Fluorescent membrane staining was only present in IAA and the LMr humic fraction treated cell cultures. A consequential decrease of fluorescein concentration in the culture media was also observed. Pretreatment of carrot cells with unconjugated IAA or LMr humic fraction markedly reduced fluorescein staining of both FITC-IAA and FITC-LMr humic fraction. Blocking tests gave indirect evidence of possible binding of the LMr humic fraction to IAA cell membrane receptors. These results indicate that the two humic fractions behave differently. Only LMr humic fraction, like IAA, interacts with cellular membranes in carrot cell cultures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems Management, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito-89100, Reggio Calabria, Italy. amuscolo@unirc.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muscolo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sidari
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Francioso
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tugnoli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nardi
mesh_terms: D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000166:cytology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006812:Humic Substances; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
chemical_list: D006812:Humic Substances; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids