title: Use of inhaled corticosteroids during the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of congenital malformations among women with asthma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the maternal use of different doses of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) during the first trimester of pregnancy for the treatment of asthma increases the risk of congenital malformations in the offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the linkage of three administrative Canadian databases, a cohort of 4561 pregnancies from women with asthma who delivered between 1990 and 2000 was reconstructed. A two-stage sampling cohort design was used to acquire additional data from the woman's medical chart. Cases of congenital malformation were identified from the medical services database or the hospital database. Using refill patterns of medications, the average daily dose of ICSs used during the first trimester was calculated and categorised as follows: 0, 1-500, 500-1000 and >1000 microg/day in beclomethasone-chlorofluorocarbon equivalent. A Generalized Estimation Equation model was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio of congenital malformation as a function of ICS daily dose. All analyses were performed for all malformations and major malformations separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within the cohort 418 babies were identified with a congenital malformation (9.2%), 278 of which had a major malformation. About 40% of women used ICSs during the first trimester, but only 5.3% of women used >500 microg/day. The adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for all malformations associated with the use of ICSs during the first trimester was: 0.77 (0.53 to 1.13) for 1-500, 0.41 (0.19 to 0.92) for 501-1000 and 1.00 (0.42 to 2.36) for >1000 microg/day. The corresponding figures for major malformations were 0.90 (0.64 to 1.24), 0.56 (0.22 to 1.43) and 1.67 (0.56 to 5.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study adds evidence to the safety of ICSs for the treatment of asthma during pregnancy, with regard to the likelihood of congenital malformation.
authors.affiliation: Université de Montréal, Faculté de Pharmacie, CP 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7. lucie.blais@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blais
authors.forename: Marie-France
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Beauchesne
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rey
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Malo
authors.forename: Amélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forget
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents