title: Influence of instrument compliance and specimen thickness on the polymerization shrinkage stress measurement of light-cured composites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of instrument compliance and specimen geometry on the polymerization shrinkage stress measurements of composites.
  
  
  METHODS
  A custom designed stress-strain analyzer was made using a linear variable differential transformer probe and a cantilever load cell. A sandblasted glass rod was fixed at the free end of the load cell, and another glass rod was located on a base plate. A composite was placed between the two rods and light cured. The end displacement of the load cell during polymerization was recorded for 10 min. A flowable (Filtek Flow), a universal hybrid (Z100), and a packable (P60) composite were studied. To investigate the effect of specimen geometry and instrument compliance, specimen thickness was varied between 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mm, and three load cells with maximum capacities of 20, 100, and 500kgf were used. Ten maxillary premolars were prepared with two sizes of MOD cavities; the bucco-lingual widths and depths of the cavities were 1.5 mm x 2 mm and 3 mm x 2 mm, and the cusp compliance and deflection were measured before and during composite polymerization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measured polymerization stress decreased in the order of Filtek Flow, Z100, and P60 for all measurement conditions. As the specimen thickness was increased, the shrinkage stress per unit thickness (mm) decreased. The measured stress decreased with increasing instrument compliance. The cusp compliance (3.32 microm/N) of the 3 mm x 2 mm cavities was similar to that of instrument with a 20 kgf load cell (3.34 microm/N).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For determining the most clinically relevant values for shrinkage stress of dental composites, the instrument compliance should closely match that of the tooth walls in the cavity geometry to be tested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28-2 Yeongeon-Dong, Jongro-Gu, Seoul 110-749, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sue Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Juhea
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferracane
authors.forename: In Bog
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid; D003187:Compliance; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D003737:Dental Cavity Preparation / Q000145:classification; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000145:classification; D004867:Equipment Design; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000295:instrumentation; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; C467913:Filtek Flow; C438835:Filtek P60 Composite Resin; D011108:Polymers; C083568:Z100 composite resin; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D015040:Zirconium