title: Comparison of helical, maximum intensity projection (MIP), and averaged intensity (AI) 4D CT imaging for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) planning in lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare helical, MIP and AI 4D CT imaging, for the purpose of determining the best CT-based volume definition method for encompassing the mobile gross tumor volume (mGTV) within the planning target volume (PTV) for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in stage I lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with medically inoperable peripheral stage I lung cancer were planned for SBRT. Free-breathing helical and 4D image datasets were obtained for each patient. Two composite images, the MIP and AI, were automatically generated from the 4D image datasets. The mGTV contours were delineated for the MIP, AI and helical image datasets for each patient. The volume for each was calculated and compared using analysis of variance and the Wilcoxon rank test. A spatial analysis for comparing center of mass (COM) (i.e. isocenter) coordinates for each imaging method was also performed using multivariate analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MIP-defined mGTVs were significantly larger than both the helical- (p=0.001) and AI-defined mGTVs (p=0.012). A comparison of COM coordinates demonstrated no significant spatial difference in the x-, y-, and z-coordinates for each tumor as determined by helical, MIP, or AI imaging methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In order to incorporate the extent of tumor motion from breathing during SBRT, MIP is superior to either helical or AI images for defining the mGTV. The spatial isocenter coordinates for each tumor were not altered significantly by the imaging methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. jbradley@wustl.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Ahmed N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Nofal
authors.forename: Issam M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: El Naqa
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jubei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hubenschmidt
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Drzymala
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Khullar
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D012119:Respiration; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed