title: Intrauterine Neospora caninum inoculation of heifers and cows using contaminated semen with different numbers of tachyzoites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the potential of different Neospora caninum tachyzoite doses to infect heifers (experiment 1) and cows (experiment 2) when administered in utero by artificial insemination via contaminated semen.
  
  
  METHODS
  In experiment 1, five groups of 5, 7, 8, 9, and 5 cyclic heifers were hormonally synchronized and artificially inseminated with semen containing 0 (A, controls), 10(2) (B), 5 x 10(3) (C), 5 x 10(4) (D), and 5 x 10(5) (E) live N. caninum NC-1 isolate-tachyzoites, respectively. Experimental infection was followed for 100 days. Parasitaemia and specific serum IgG, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) responses were studied. In experiment 2, four groups of 9, 10, 9, and 9 adult multiparous cows with confirmed infertility problems of diverse aethiology were hormonally synchronized and artificially inseminated with semen containing 0 (a, controls), 10(2) (b), 5 x 10(3) (c), and 5 x 10(5) (d) live N. caninum NC-1 isolate-tachyzoites, respectively. Experimental infection was followed for 63 days. Parasitaemia and specific serum IgG responses were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In experiment 1, parasitaemia was detected in 1, 2, and 3 heifers from groups B, C, and D, respectively, between 9 and 23 days after insemination. Persistent specific serum antibody responses were detected in 2 and 3 heifers from groups D and E, respectively. Transient specific serum antibody responses were detected in 2, 1 and 1 heifers from groups C, D, and E, respectively. In addition, 1 heifer from group B showed a serum-specific antibody level higher than cut off value at 21 days post-insemination. Heifers seroconverted between 23 and 47 days after insemination. Specific IFN-gamma levels were detected in 1, 4, 6, and 3 heifers from groups B, C, D, and E, respectively, between 9 and 55 days after insemination. Pregnancy rate in the control group (60%) was higher than those observed in inoculated heifers (0-42.9%). Pregnancy rates in inoculated heifers were lower when the tachyzoite dose was increased (B 42.9%, C 12.5%, D 11.1%, and E 0%). In experiment 2, no Neospora DNA in blood nor specific serum IgG to N. caninum were detected in any of the cows studied, except in one cow inoculated with 5 x 10(5) tachyzoites (group d) which showed a relative index x100 (RIPC) values of 9.4, 18.9, and 18.1 at 42, 56, and 63 days after insemination, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that the intrauterine infection via contaminated semen using 5 x 10(4) and 5 x 10(5) tachyzoites caused persistent serum-specific antibody responses in some heifers. On the basis of serological data, a dose-response effect was also observed. In addition, N. caninum would be a probable cause of early foetal death in inoculated heifers. In contrast, results obtained in a similar experiment with cows showing confirmed infertility indicate that higher doses, such as of 5 x 10(5) tachyzoites, were necessary to induce seroconversion in at least one animal.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Serrano-Martínez
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ferre
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osoro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aduriz
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Del-Pozo
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ortega-Mora
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology*; D003048:Coccidiosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D018688:Neospora / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015597:Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D012661:Semen / Q000469:parasitology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014591:Uterine Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D007371:Interferon-gamma