title: Novel adenine adducts, N7-guanine-AFB1 adducts, and p53 mutations in patients with schistosomiasis and aflatoxin exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most frequent mutation in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in populations exposed to a high dietary intake of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mutation in codon 249 of the p53 gene. Schistosomiasis is known to cause p53 mutation. We hypothesized that the combination of schistosomiasis and aflatoxin B1 increases the incidence of p53 gene mutation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Liver tissue from 21 patients with schistosomiasis and 5 patients without schistosomiasis were analyzed for occurrence of mutations of the p53 gene and levels of N7-guanine-AFB1 adducts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of mutations in codon 249 of p53 gene was higher in patients infected with Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) than in those infected with Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) or a combination of both strains (p < 0.01), compared to control subjects. No mutations were detected in p53 gene in liver DNA from schistosomiasis-free patients. Significant amounts of N7-guanine-AFB1 adducts and novel adenine-adducts (p < 0.01) were detected in patients with schistosomiasis, mostly in patients infected with S. haematobium or a combination of both strains, compared to control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that schistosomiasis and exposure to aflatoxin B1 act synergistically to increase the incidence of p53 gene mutation. The increase in p53 mutations may enhance progression of HCC at an early age in patients with schistosomiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. habib@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Samy L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Habib
authors.forename: Boctor
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: Ahmed T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Awad
authors.forename: Mostafa H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mostafa
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Shank
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D016158:Genes, p53; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018736:DNA Adducts; D016604:Aflatoxin B1