title: "Everyone knew but no one had proof": tobacco industry use of medical history expertise in US courts, 1990-2002.
abstract: Historians have played an important role in recent tobacco litigation, helping the industry with its defence of "common knowledge" and "open controversy". Historians re-narrate the past, creating an account for judges and juries that makes it appear that "everyone has always known" that cigarettes are harmful, meaning that smokers have only themselves to blame for their illnesses. Medical historians are also employed to argue that "honest doubts" persisted in the medical community long past the 1950s, justifying as responsible the industry's longstanding claim of "no proof" of hazards. The industry's experts emphasise the "good science" supported by the industry, and ignore the industry's role in spreading doubts about the reality of tobacco hazards.
authors.affiliation: History Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. rproctor@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Proctor
mesh_terms: D005104:Expert Testimony; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000266:history* / Q000523:psychology; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014481:United States