title: Sensitivity and specificity of the Clock Drawing Test, incorporating Rouleau scoring system, as a screening instrument for questionable and mild dementia: scale development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to validate the Rouleau scoring system for the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) in northern Taiwan, a non-English speaking area, to increase its generalization by detecting subjects with questionable dementia (QD) from normal controls (NC) and subjects with mild dementia (AD). The system consists of two parts: a 10-point scoring and error types. A cross-sectional design was used. One hundred and sixteen subjects were recruited from a memory disorder clinic (n=40 NC; n=34 QD; n=42 AD). Reliability and validity were estimated, the predictive accuracy was calculated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and the error types were counted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that most of the error types committed were conceptual deficiencies and graphic difficulties; more errors were found in the command condition (CDT-command) than in the copy condition (CDT-copy); 15% of the subjects drew smaller clock circles in CDT-command, which did not relate to any other errors. No small clock was found in CDT-copy because a pre-dawn circle was provided. The inter-rater reliability of the Rouleau scoring system was .87 and .83 for the CDT-command and -copy, respectively, while the discriminate accuracy of the scoring system was relatively low in detecting QD vs. NC, QD vs. AD, but somewhat better in distinguishing AD vs. NC groups for the areas under the ROC curves was equal to .72 for the CDT-command, and .73 for the CDT-copy. Visuospatial construction and executive functioning explained the largest score variance of the CDT in both conditions, while depressive symptoms were not significantly associated with the CDT performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CDT using the Rouleau scoring system has been validated in mild AD subjects in Taiwan; however, to screen for QD sufferers, alternative scoring systems emphasizing hands or combining CDT with different neuropsychological tests such as the Clinical Abilities Screening Instrument are recommended.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. yulandac@mail.cgu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Yi-Chen
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Chia-Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ker-Neng
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yen-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Hsiu-Chiu
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D015588:Observer Variation; D011594:Psychometrics; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013624:Taiwan