title: Analysis of a mammography teaching program based on an affordance design model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The wide use of computer technology in education, particularly in mammogram reading, asks for e-learning evaluation. The existing media comparative studies, learner attitude evaluations, and performance tests are problematic. Based on an affordance design model, this study examined an existing e-learning program on mammogram reading.
  
  
  METHODS
  The selection criteria include content relatedness, representativeness, e-learning orientation, image quality, program completeness, and accessibility. A case study was conducted to examine the affordance features, functions, and presentations of the selected software. Data collection and analysis methods include interviews, protocol-based document analysis, and usability tests and inspection. Also some statistics were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The examination of PBE identified that this educational software designed and programmed some tools. The learner can use these tools in the process of optimizing displays, scanning images, comparing different projections, marking the region of interests, constructing a descriptive report, assessing one's learning outcomes, and comparing one's decisions with the experts' decisions. Further, PBE provides some resources for the learner to construct one's knowledge and skills, including a categorized image library, a term-searching function, and some teaching links. Besides, users found it easy to navigate and carry out tasks. The users also reacted positively toward PBE's navigation system, instructional aids, layout, pace and flow of information, graphics, and other presentation design.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The software provides learners with some cognitive tools, supporting their perceptual problem-solving processes and extending their capabilities. Learners can internalize the mental models in mammogram reading through multiple perceptual triangulations, sensitization of related features, semantic description of mammogram findings, and expert-guided semantic report construction. The design of these cognitive tools and the software interface matches the findings and principles in human learning and instructional design. Working with PBE's case-based simulations and categorized gallery, learners can enrich and transfer their experience to their jobs.
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Down, Tampa, FL 33612-9497, USA.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Eikman
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kealy
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qian
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016251:CD-ROM; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008327:Mammography; D018794:Problem-Based Learning; D011871:Radiology / Q000193:education*; D012984:Software