title: Effect of organic solvent exposure on chronic kidney disease progression: the GN-PROGRESS cohort study.
abstract: It has been suggested that solvent exposure may have a role in the progression of glomerulonephritis (GN) to ESRD, but this has never been tested with an appropriate cohort study design. A total of 338 non-ESRD patients with a first biopsy for primary GN between 1994 and 2001 were included: 194 IgA nephropathies (IgAN), 75 membranous nephropathies (MN), and 69 FSGS. ESRD, defined as an estimated GFR <15 ml/min per 1.73 m2 or dialysis, was registered during a mean follow-up period of 5 yr. Patients' lifelong solvent exposures before and after diagnosis were recorded by interview and assessed by industrial hygienist experts. Cox models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of ESRD related to exposures. Overall, 15 and 14% of the patients had been exposed at a low and a high level before diagnosis, respectively. Forty-two with IgAN, 12 with MN, and 22 with FSGS reached ESRD. A graded relationship was observed for MN (age- and gender-adjusted HR [95% confidence interval] for low exposure versus none was 3.1 [0.5 to 18.2] and for high exposure versus none was 8.2 [1.9 to 34.7]) and for IgAN (1.6 [0.7 to 3.9] and 2.2 [1.0 to 4.8]) but not for FSGS. Solvent risk was mediated only partly by baseline proteinuria: Adjusted HR for high exposure versus none was 5.5 (1.3 to 23.9) for MN and 1.8 (0.8 to 3.9) for IgAN. In patients with IgAN, there was a trend in increasing HR with exposure duration before and its persistence after diagnosis. These findings support the hypothesized association of solvent exposure with the progression of GN to ESRD. They should prompt clinicians to give greater attention to patients' occupational exposures and possibly to consider professional reclassification.
authors.affiliation: INSERM Unit 780, 16, avenue Paul Vaillant-Couturier, 94807 Villejuif cedex, France. jacob-s@vjf.inserm.fr
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Héry
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Protois
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rossert
authors.forename: Bénédicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stengel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000209:etiology; D005922:Glomerulonephritis, IGA / Q000209:etiology; D015433:Glomerulonephritis, Membranous / Q000209:etiology; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D010297:Paris; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012997:Solvents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012997:Solvents