title: Reproducible Simulation of Respiratory Motion in Porcine Lung Explants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a model for exactly reproducible respiration motion simulations of animal lung explants inside an MR-compatible chest phantom.
  
  
  METHODS
  The materials included a piston pump and a flexible silicone reconstruction of a porcine diaphragm and were used in combination with an established MR-compatible chest phantom for porcine heart-lung preparations. The rhythmic inflation and deflation of the diaphragm at the bottom of the artificial thorax with water (1 - 1.5 L) induced lung tissue displacement resembling diaphragmatic breathing. This system was tested on five porcine heart-lung preparations using 1.5T MRI with transverse and coronal 3D-GRE (TR/TE = 3.63/1.58, 256 x 256 matrix, 350 mm FOV, 4 mm slices) and half Fourier T2-FSE (TR/TE = 545/29, 256 x 192, 350 mm, 6 mm) as well as multiple row detector CT (16 x 1 mm collimation, pitch 1.5, FOV 400 mm, 120 mAs) acquired at five fixed inspiration levels. Dynamic CT scans and coronal MRI with dynamic 2D-GRE and 2D-SS-GRE sequences (image frequencies of 10/sec and 3/sec, respectively) were acquired during continuous "breathing" (7/minute). The position of the piston pump was visually correlated with the respiratory motion visible through the transparent wall of the phantom and with dynamic displays of CT and MR images. An elastic body splines analysis of the respiratory motion was performed using CT data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visual evaluation of MRI and CT showed three-dimensional movement of the lung tissue throughout the respiration cycle. Local tissue displacement inside the lung explants was documented with motion maps calculated from CT. The maximum displacement at the top of the diaphragm (mean 26.26 [SD 1.9] mm on CT and 27.16 [SD 1.5] mm on MRI, respectively [p = 0.25; Wilcoxon test]) was in the range of tidal breathing in human patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The chest phantom with a diaphragmatic pump is a promising platform for multi-modality imaging studies of the effects of respiratory lung motion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel. juergen.biederer@rad.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Plathow
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schoebinger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tetzlaff
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puderbach
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bolte
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zaporozhan
authors.forename: H-P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Meinzer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: H-U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Kauczor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000502:physiology*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D001239:Inhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013552:Swine; D035441:Thoracic Wall / Q000502:physiology; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*