Menstrual symptoms: the importance of social factors in women's experiences.
BACKGROUND
Menstrual disorders are a common presentation in primary care. Heavy menstrual bleeding is the most common concern, and is often treated by medical and surgical means despite lack of pathology.


OBJECTIVE
To explore women's experiences of menstrual disorders.


METHODS
Two qualitative studies using semi-structured interviews.


METHODS
Inner-city London.


METHODS
An initial study recruited women with heavy menstrual bleeding via their GPs. A follow-up study recruited women with a variety of menstrual problems via general practice and the community. Interviews were taped and transcribed then analysed using the constant comparative method.


RESULTS
Management of menstruation was a prominent theme in interviews. Women acted to comply with a strong social message that menstruation should be concealed, although this behaviour was often 'taken for granted.' The need to conceal evidence or reminders of menstrual bleeding was particularly important. Onset of menstrual symptoms often challenged established strategies for menstrual management. Menstrual management then became a conscious problem and a source of continuing stress. The breakdown of management strategies, by real or threatened episodes of leaking or staining, influenced consultation behaviour and decisions about treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
The social pressure to maintain concealment of menstruation is a strong influence on women's health-related behaviour in response to menstrual concerns. Women's choices may be better understood if attention is paid to the social context in which they live.
O'Flynn
Norma
N
Department of Primary Care and Social Medicine, Imperial College London, London. n.oflynn@imperial.ac.uk
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008131:London; D008595:Menorrhagia / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D008598:Menstruation / Q000523:psychology*; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012923:Social Class