title: Continuous monitoring of penicillin G and gentamicin in allantoic fluid of pregnant pony mares by in vivo microdialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most current treatments for placentitis in mares are empirical with few control studies to evaluate their effectiveness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To monitor drug concentrations in allantoic fluid of pregnant pony mares using in vivo microdialysis and establish if this method would be useful for determining allantoic concentrations of drugs in normal mares and those with placentitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five late gestational pony mares had microdialysis probes inserted into the allantoic fluid using transabdominal ultrasound-guided allantocentesis. Single injections of penicillin G (22,000 u/kg), gentamicin (6.6 mg/kg bwt) and flunixin meglumine (1 mg/kg bwt) were administered i.v. and dialysate samples collected continuously for 24 h. In a separate study, drug concentrations were monitored in allantoic fluid of 2 mares with experimental placentitis induced by intracervical inoculation with Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus. Drug concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (penicillin G, flunixin meglumine) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (gentamicin).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Penicillin G and gentamicin achieved average peak concentrations of 9.8+/-2.2 and 8.5+/-3.1 microg/ml, respectively, in allantoic fluid of noninfected mares. Pharmacokinetic comparisons indicate that penicillin G persists much longer in allantoic fluid than blood, whereas gentamicin exhibited similar profiles in the 2 compartments. Flunixin meglumine was not detected in allantoic fluid. In infected mares, penicillin G achieved a similar peak concentration in allantoic fluid (11.2 microg/ml) whereas peak gentamicin concentration (3.9 microg/ml) appeared to be reduced relative to drug concentrations in noninfected mares.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microdialysis is a useful technique for continuous in vivo monitoring of drugs in equine allantoic fluid. Our results indicate that penicillin G and gentamicin undergo effective placental transfer in pregnant mares and in 2 mares that transplacental drug transfer may be altered selectively if active placental infection is present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further studies are needed to evaluate the feasibility of using increased dose intervals for penicillin G and an increased dose rate of gentamicin to effectively combat placental infections in mares.
authors.affiliation: Western University of Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, California 91766, USA.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Murchie
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Macpherson
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: LeBlanc
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luznar
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Vickroy
mesh_terms: D000482:Allantois / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D005260:Female; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006736:Horses; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D010400:Penicillin G / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins; D010400:Penicillin G