title: Role of ammonia and nitric oxide in the decrease in plasma prolactin levels in prehepatic portal hypertensive male rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since very little is known about neuroendocrine changes that occur in portal-systemic hepatic encephalopathy, we studied plasma prolactin (PRL) levels and the involvement of hyperammonemia, nitric oxide (NO) and dopaminergic and adrenergic systems in the control of this hormone secretion in a male rat model of prehepatic portal hypertension (PH).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted in vivo studies to determine plasma ammonia and PRL levels. Dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), epinephrine and norepinephrine content in medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and anterior pituitary (AP) were measured. In addition, NO synthase (NOS) activity and protein expression were evaluated in APs. In in vitro studies, the APs from intact rats were incubated with different doses of ammonia and PRL secretion was determined. In ex vivo studies, the APs from normal and PH rats were incubated in the presence of ammonia and/or a NOS inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) and PRL secretion was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PH rats had a significant increase in plasma ammonia levels (p < 0.001) and a decrease in plasma PRL levels (p < 0.05). Neither DA nor DOPAC content or DOPAC/DA ratios were modified in both MBH and APs; however, we observed a significant increase in norepinephrine content in both MBH and AP (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively) and a significant increase in epinephrine in APs (p < 0.001). Moreover, PH produced an increase in NOS activity (p < 0.01) and NOS protein expression (p < 0.0001) in APs. The ammonia (100 microM) significantly reduced PRL secretion from APs in vitro (p < 0.05). The presence of L-NAME, an inhibitor of NOS, abrogated the inhibitory effect of ammonia on PRL secretion from APs from control and PH rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that plasma PRL levels were decreased in PH rats probably due to the high ammonia levels. The central noradrenergic system could also mediate this decrease. Also, the increase in NOS activity and/or content in AP induced NO production that directly inhibited PRL secretion from the AP, without the participation of the dopaminergic system.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scorticati
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Perazzo
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rettori
authors.forename: Samuel M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: McCann
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Laurentiis
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D011167:Portacaval Shunt, Surgical; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000641:Ammonia; D011388:Prolactin; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase