Gender differences in work-home interplay and symptom perception among Swedish white-collar employees.
OBJECTIVE
To analyse gender differences in paid and unpaid workload and symptoms in matched groups of Swedish white-collar workers with children.


METHODS
Paid and unpaid workload and perceived stress from paid work, conflict between demands and control over household work were measured by a total workload (TWL) questionnaire. Some symptoms were rated with regard to frequency and severity as a measure of health. Cross-sectional analyses were performed.


METHODS
Matched groups of male (n = 440) and female (n = 529) well-educated white-collar workers in full-time employment, aged 32-58 years and living with children in the home.


RESULTS
Women in higher positions in Sweden are healthier than the average population of women, but report more symptoms than men in the same position as well as more stress from paid work, more conflict between demands and a greater TWL. However, women also reported more control over household duties and TWL was not associated with more symptoms. The men were mainly focused on their paid work role and perhaps even more so than men in the general population as they were fairly resistant to feelings of conflicting demands.


CONCLUSIONS
Even among matched groups of full-time employed, well-educated men and women, traditional gender differences in division of responsibilities and time allocation were found. Even though the women were healthy at this stage, they might risk future ill health, owing to high workload, stress and feelings of conflicting demands.
Berntsson
L
L
Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden. leeni.berntsson@fhs.gu.se
Lundberg
U
U
Krantz
G
G
D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006796:Household Work / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014931:Women, Working / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016526:Workload / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*