title: Preemptive analgesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized controlled study.
abstract: In pain control after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, subhepatic administration of bupivacaine immediately after the creation of pneumoperitoneum has been shown to be more effective than administration before the withdrawal of the trocars. We aimed to investigate the effect of intraperitoneal bupivacaine administration to the subhepatic area before the creation of the pneumoperitoneum. Eighty patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia were included in a prospective, randomized study. Patients received 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine in the subhepatic area just after intubation, before pneumoperitoneum (group 1), immediately after the creation of the pneumoperitoneum (group 2), just before the removal of the trocars (group 3), or received no local anesthetic (group 4). The degree of the postoperative pain was assessed at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after the surgery. The consumption of analgesics (diclofenac sodium) was also recorded. The pain scores and analgesic consumption did not differ among groups 1, 3, and 4. The pain scores of group 2 were lower at each time point compared to the other groups (P < 0.001). Postoperative analgesic consumption in group 2 was reduced compared to the other groups (23.4 +/- 35.9 mg vs. 80.0 +/- 66.3 mg, P = 0.005 [group 1], 69.6 +/- 62.2 mg, P = 0.026 [group 3], and 70.0 +/- 59.9 mg, P = 0.022 [group 4]). The subhepatic infiltration of 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine offers good postoperative analgesia when applied just after the creation of the pneumoperitoneum, not before the pneumoperitoneum or after the termination of the pneumoperitoneum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey. dilek@med.sdu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Dilek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karaaslan
authors.forename: Remziye Gül
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Sivaci
authors.forename: Gökhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Akbulut
authors.forename: Osman Nuri
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Dilek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac; D002045:Bupivacaine