title: Static versus dynamic loading in the mechanical modulation of vertebral growth.
abstract: METHODS
  Measures of absolute and relative growth modulation were used to determine the effects of static and dynamic asymmetric loading of vertebrae in the rat tail.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the differences between static and dynamic asymmetric loading in vertebral bone growth modulation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The creation and correction of vertebral wedge deformities have been previously described in a rat-tail model using static loading. The effects of dynamic loading on growth modulation in the spine have not been characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 36 immature Sprague-Dawley rats were divided among four different groups: static loading (n = 12, 0.0 Hz), dynamic loading (n = 12, 1.0 Hz), sham operated (n = 6), and growth controls (n = 6). An external fixator was placed across the sixth and eighth caudal vertebrae as the unviolated seventh caudal vertebra was evaluated for growth modulation. Static or dynamic asymmetric loads were applied at a loading magnitude of 55% body weight. After 3 weeks of loading, growth modulation was assessed using radiographic measurements of vertebral wedge angles and vertebral body heights.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dynamically loaded rats had a final average wedge deformity of 15.2+/- 6.4 degrees, which was significantly greater than the statically loaded rats whose final deformity averaged 10.3 degrees +/- 3.7 degrees (P < 0.03). The deformity in both groups was statistically greater than the sham-operated (1.1+/- 2.0 degrees) and growth control rats (0.0+/- 1.0 degrees) (P < 0.001). The longitudinal growth was significantly lower on the concavity compared with the convexity in both the dynamically (0.34 +/- 0.23 mm vs. 0.86 +/- 0.23 mm) and statically (0.46 +/- 0.19 mm vs. 0.83 +/- 0.32 mm) loaded rats (P < 0.001). These growth rates were significantly less than the sham operated and growth control rats (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A variety of fusionless scoliosis implant strategies have been proposed that use both rigid and flexible implants to modulate vertebral bone growth. The results from this study demonstrate that dynamic loading of the vertebrae provides the greatest growth modulation potential.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Ephraim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Akyuz
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Nicholas A T
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Kent N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Bachus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology; D016267:External Fixators; D005260:Female; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000254:growth & development; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013131:Spine / Q000254:growth & development*; D013623:Tail / Q000254:growth & development*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology