title: Detection of alpha2-adrenergic receptors in brain of living pig with 11C-yohimbine.
abstract: There have been few radiotracers for imaging adrenergic receptors in brain by PET, but none has advanced for use in human studies. We developed a radiosynthesis for the alpha(2)-adrenergic antagonist (11)C-yohimbine and characterized its binding in living pigs. As a prelude to human studies with (11)C-yohimbine, we determined the whole-body distribution of (11)C-yohimbine and calculated its dosimetry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Yorkshire x Landrace pigs weighing 35-40 kg were used in the study. Baseline and postchallenge PET recordings of (11)C-yohimbine in pig brain were conducted for 90 min, concurrent with arterial blood sampling, and with yohimbine and RX821002 as pharmacologic interventions. (15)O-Water scans were performed to detect changes in cerebral perfusion. The PET images were manually coregistered to an MR atlas of the pig brain. Maps of the (11)C-yohimbine distribution volume ([V(d)] mL g(-1)) in brain were calculated relative to the arterial input function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whole-body scans with (11)C-yohimbine revealed high accumulation of radioactivity in kidney, intestine, liver, and bone. The estimated human dose was 5.6 mSv/GBq, a level commonly accepted in human PET studies. Brain imaging showed baseline values of V(d) ranging from 1.9 in medulla, 3.0 in cerebellum, and to 4.0 in frontal cortex. Coinjection with nonradioactive yohimbine (0.07 mg/kg) reduced V(d) globally to approximately 1.5-2 mL g(-1). A higher yohimbine dose (1.6 mg/kg) was without further effect on self-displacement. Very similar results were obtained by displacement with the more selective alpha(2)-adrenergic antagonist RX821002 at doses of 0.15 and 0.7 mg/kg. Cerebral blood flow was globally increased 43% after administration of RX821002. Notable features of (11)C-yohimbine are a lack of plasma metabolism over 90 min and a rapid approach to equilibrium binding in brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new radiotracer (11)C-yohimbine seems well suited for PET investigations of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors in brain and peripheral structures, with the caveat that displaceable binding was present in cerebellum and throughout the brain.
authors.affiliation: Aarhus University PET Centre and Centre for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus, Denmark. steen@pet.auh.dk
authors.forename: Steen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.forename: Kasper
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Donald F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Svend B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Ole L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Munk
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cumming
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014915:Whole-Body Counting; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; D015016:Yohimbine