title: Effect of electrical stimulation waveform on healing of ulcers in human beings with spinal cord injury.
abstract: Various electrical stimulation waveforms have been used to enhance wound healing, with little consideration for potential differences in their physiologic effect. The present study evaluated the effect of stimulation waveform and electrode placement on wound healing. Eighty patients with spinal cord injury and one or more pressure ulcers were treated. A total of 185 ulcers received 45 minutes of stimulation daily. Each ulcer was subjected to one of four treatment protocols: asymmetric biphasic waveform, symmetric biphasic waveform, microcurrent stim-ulation, or a sham control protocol. Electrodes were placed outside the wounds, over intact skin and surrounding the area of the ulcer. Data were categorized by ulcers which healed during the protocol and those which did not. Analysis of the "good response" ulcers (n = 104) showed significantly better healing rates for those receiving stimulation with the asymmetric biphasic waveform, compared with the control and microcurrent groups. Mean healing rates from the present study were similar to previously reported measures. The waveforms studied possessed minimal polar capabilities, and the electrodes were placed outside the wound. These data show that electrical stimulation clearly enhanced healing of pressure ulcers in a significant number of individuals with spinal cord injury; the physiologic implications of these findings relative to the mechanism(s) by which electrical stimulation enhances wound healing are discussed. However, extrapolation of these results to patients with other types of wounds must await further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rubayi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Villar
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Demuth