title: Social status, risky health behaviors, and diabetes in middle-aged and older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article investigates: (a) how social status influences diabetes prevalence and incidence; (b) how risky health behaviors contribute to the prediction of incident diabetes; (c) if the effects of health behaviors mediate the effects of social status on incident diabetes; and (d) if these effects differ in midlife and older age.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined nationally representative data from the 1992/1993-1998 panels of the Health and Retirement Study for middle-aged and older adults using logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The odds of prevalent diabetes were higher for people of older age, men, Black adults, and Latino adults. Higher early-life social status (e.g., parental schooling) and achieved social status (e.g., respondent schooling, economic resources) reduced the odds in both age groups. We observed similar patterns for incident diabetes in midlife but not in older age. Risky health behaviors--particularly obesity--increased the odds of incident diabetes in both age groups independent of social status. The increased odds of incident diabetes in midlife persisted for Black and Latino adults net of other social status factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risky health behaviors are key predictors of incident diabetes in both age groups. Economic resources also play an important protective role in incident diabetes in midlife but not in older age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, 315 East Health and Human Development, University Park, PA 16802, USA. law30@psu.edu
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wray
authors.forename: Duane F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Alwin
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McCammon
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: Latrica E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Best
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012919:Social Behavior; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires