title: Lidocaine pretreatment for the prevention of propofol-induced transient motor disturbances in children during anesthesia induction: a randomized controlled trial in children undergoing invasive hematologic procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined the effect of lidocaine pretreatment before propofol administration on the incidence of transient motor disturbances and on propofol requirements for anesthesia induction in infants and children undergoing repeated painful diagnostic and therapeutic hematological procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 358 children subgrouped according to the presence of a peripheral-vein or central venous catheter were randomly assigned to receive an intravenous dose of 2% lidocaine (2.0 mg.kg(-1)) or an equivalent volume of saline, 1 min before propofol (1.5-3.5 mg.kg(-1)) injected for anesthesia induction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of spontaneous movements was significantly lower in patients pretreated with lidocaine than in those receiving placebo (2.5% vs 29%; P < 0.001, by chi-square test), as was the propofol induction dose (1.6 +/- 0.2 mg.kg(-1) vs 2.2 +/- 0.3 mg.kg(-1); P < 0.001) and pain at the injection site in patients peripheral-vein catheter (12% vs. 54%; P < 0.001). Lidocaine administration also improved children's acceptance as reported by parents on the Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress administered 2 h after the procedure (6.5 +/- 2.5 vs. 9.4 +/- 3.3; P < 0.001). Bouts of coughing developed significantly more frequently after lidocaine pretreatment than after placebo (62.5% vs. 17.5%; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because lidocaine pretreatment before the induction of propofol-based anesthesia decreases propofol-induced motor disturbances, lowers hypnotic requirements and reduces pain at the injection site, without inducing untoward events, thus improving children's and parental acceptance, it should become standard practice in infants and children undergoing repeated painful diagnostic and therapeutic hematological procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. bilotta@tiscali.it
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bilotta
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.forename: Sulpicio G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Soriano
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Favaro
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Annino
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosa
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000758:Anesthesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007223:Infant; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008012:Lidocaine; D015742:Propofol