title: A meta-analysis of literature data relating to the relationships between cadmium intake and toxicity indicators in humans.
abstract: The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between cadmium (Cd) intake and cadmium toxicity indicators by meta-analysis of literature data, in particular beta2-microglobulin (beta2MC), and to compare the results with the current Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) set by FAO/WHO. The literature survey identified 79 feeding trials involving 27,537 people that were suitable for extraction of cadmium intake, levels in blood and urine and beta2-microglobulin in urine. There was an exponential increase in beta2-microglobulin with increases in cadmium intake above 302 micro g/day, which corresponds to a PTWI of 3.02 micro g/kg of body weight, when a safety margin of 10 is included. This compares with the current level set by FAO/WHO of 7 micro g/kg of body weight. Cadmium in blood and urine were also positively related to cadmium intake and participants' age. There were two principal components of variation in the data set, first: cadmium intake, concentrations of cadmium in blood, urine and beta2-microglobulin in urine, and second: duration and age of exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Omarova
authors.forename: C J C
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001835:Body Weight; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D002104:Cadmium