title: Orbital fractures: a new classification and staging of 190 patients.
abstract: The orbit is located in the middle third of the face, composed of several bones and surrounded by complex anatomic structures so that orbital fractures (OF) often involve other parts of the face. A staging system for classifying OF is of paramount importance in order to exchange information between trauma centers. Several classifications have been proposed for describing OF but they have not a single method applicable to the whole orbit. Here, a classification for OF that can be summarized with four abbreviations is proposed. Four letters define the localization (F = frontal, N = nasal, M = maxillary and Z = zygomatic bone fracture), two acronyms describe fragment shift (in = blow-in or out = blow-out), four numbers define ocular movement impairment (1 = superior, 2 = internal, 3 = inferior, and 4 = external extrinsic muscular deficit) and two acronyms describe eye position (EX = exophthalmos and ENO = enophthalmos). To evaluate the suitability of the proposed classification a retrospective study on a series of 190 OFs is performed. Age, gender, new stage, clinical diagnosis at admission, type of surgery, and need for graft for orbital reconstruction are considered. A good correlation between the proposed classification and the studied variables is detected. In conclusion, the proposed classification is a simply and precise method to stage OF. It can summarize OF and be used in the daily practice. However, it is our belief that a multi-center study should be performed before the effectiveness of the proposed classification can be clearly stated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy. crc@unife.it
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carinci
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zollino
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brunelli
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cenzi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000145:classification* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies