title: [Comparisons of manual and automatic refractometry with subjective results].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Refractometry is very important in everyday clinical practice. The aim of this study is to compare the precision of three objective methods of refractometry with subjective dioptometry (Phoropter). The objective methods with the smallest deviation to subjective refractometry results are evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The objective methods/instruments used were retinoscopy, Prism Refractometer PR 60 (Rodenstock) and Auto Refractometer RM-A 7000 (Topcon). The results of monocular dioptometry (sphere, cylinder and axis) of each objective method were compared to the results of the subjective method. The examination was carried out on 178 eyes, which were divided into 3 age-related groups: 6 - 12 years (103 eyes), 13 - 18 years (38 eyes) and older than 18 years (37 eyes). All measurements were made in cycloplegia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The smallest standard deviation of the measurement error was found for the Auto Refractometer RM-A 7000. Both the PR 60 and retinoscopy had a clearly higher standard deviation. Furthermore, the RM-A 7000 showed in three and retinoscopy in four of the nine comparisons a significant bias in the measurement error.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Auto Refractometer provides measurements with the smallest deviation compared to the subjective method. Here it has to be taken into account that the measurements for the sphere have an average deviation of + 0.2 dpt. In comparison to retinoscopy the examination of children with the RM-A 7000 is difficult. An advantage of the Auto Refractometer is the fast and easy handling, so that measurements can be performed by medical staff.
authors.affiliation: Augenklinik der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover. imke.wuebbolt@gmx.de
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Wübbolt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Alven
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hülssner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Erb
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D042262:Retinoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity