title: Differential effects of cyclic and static pressure on biochemical and morphological properties of chondrocytes from articular cartilage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mechanical stresses are known to play important role on articular cartilage functions in vivo and also on cartilage explants and chondrocytes monolayer culture. This study examined the differential effect of cyclic and static pressures on chondrocytes cultured in alginate matrix, which is physiologically closer to the in vivo environment of cells in cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Goat knee joint articular cartilage chondrocytes cultured in alginate beads were exposed to 1.2 and 2.4 MPa cyclic and static loadings via a custom-made cam/follower based machine. Biochemical contents (glycosaminoglycan, collagen, DNA) and protease activity of cells were analyzed separately in cellular matrix, further removed matrix and in culture medium. Morphology of chondrocytes was studied under transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls (unloaded cells), cyclic loading increased the glycosaminoglycan content of cells at 1.2 and 2.4 MPa in cellular matrix and further removed matrix (P<0.001) whereas it decreased at similar static loads (P<0.001). In alginate matrix, chondrocytes released a metalloprotease, which required Mn(2+) for activity. Both cyclic load levels inhibited its specific activity in cellular matrix but increased it at static loading (P<0.001). The protease specific activity in further removed matrix increased at both cyclic and static loadings (P<0.001). Transmission electron microscopy data showed improved cells ultrastructure and cell-matrix interactions under cyclic load whereas these deteriorated under static loadings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study suggests that cyclic load has a positive effect on chondrocytes metabolism and morphology whereas static load has a degenerative effect.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India.
authors.forename: Garima
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mishra
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000379:methods*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000737:chemistry; D006041:Goats; D007596:Joints / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010206:Papain / Q000737:chemistry; D011312:Pressure; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D003094:Collagen; D010206:Papain