title: Evaluation of 384-well formatted sample preparation technologies for regulated bioanalysis.
abstract: The capabilities and limitations of 384-well formatted sample preparation technologies applied to regulated bioanalysis were evaluated by developing two assays for the simultaneous quantitation of lopinavir and ritonavir, the active ingredients of Kaletra. One method used liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), and the other used solid-phase extraction (SPE). The steps and apparatuses employed by the two methods covered most of those used for bioanalysis. Briefly, the previously validated 96-well formatted assays were adapted to the 384-format with minor modifications. Because the wells of a 384-well plate are clustered together, cross-contamination between adjacent wells was evaluated critically, along with sensitivity, assay throughput, and ruggedness. Samples (35 microL) containing plasma samples (15 microL), internal standard (10 microL), and sodium carbonate (0.5 M, 10 microL to basify the sample) were placed in a 384-well microtiter plate that may contain saquinavir or amprenavir as contamination markers. For LLE preparation, the samples were placed in a deep 384-well plate (300-microL well volume) and extracted with 150 microL of ethyl acetate. Approximately 50 microL of the extracts were removed from each well after phase separation for analysis. For SPE preparation, the fortified samples were transferred to a 384-formatted SPE plate (C18, 5 mg packing). The extracts were eluted from the plate with basified 2-propanol. The LLE or SPE extracts were dried and reconstituted for column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection (HPLC/MS/MS). The lower limit of quantitation and the assay range were the same as the 96-well formatted assay. If combined with appropriate automation, sample preparation in the 384-well format would be up to five times more efficient than the 96-well format.
authors.affiliation: Global Drug Analysis, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, IL 60064-6126, USA. min.chang@abbott.com
authors.forename: Min S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Elaine J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tawakol A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: El-Shourbagy
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D061466:Lopinavir; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D061466:Lopinavir; D019438:Ritonavir