title: Pigment pattern in jaguar/obelix zebrafish is caused by a Kir7.1 mutation: implications for the regulation of melanosome movement.
abstract: Many animals have a variety of pigment patterns, even within a species, and these patterns may be one of the driving forces of speciation. Recent molecular genetic studies on zebrafish have revealed that interaction among pigment cells plays a key role in pattern formation, but the mechanism of pattern formation is unclear. The zebrafish jaguar/obelix mutant has broader stripes than wild-type fish. In this mutant, the development of pigment cells is normal but their distribution is altered, making these fish ideal for studying the process of pigment pattern formation. Here, we utilized a positional cloning method to determine that the inwardly rectifying potassium channel 7.1 (Kir7.1) gene is responsible for pigment cell distribution among jaguar/obelix mutant fish. Furthermore, in jaguar/obelix mutant alleles, we identified amino acid changes in the conserved region of Kir7.1, each of which affected K(+) channel activity as demonstrated by patch-clamp experiments. Injection of a bacterial artificial chromosome containing the wild-type Kir7.1 genomic sequence rescued the jaguar/obelix phenotype. From these results, we conclude that mutations in Kir7.1 are responsible for jaguar/obelix. We also determined that the ion channel function defect of melanophores expressing mutant Kir7.1 altered the cellular response to external signals. We discovered that mutant melanophores cannot respond correctly to the melanosome dispersion signal derived from the sympathetic neuron and that melanosome aggregation is constitutively activated. In zebrafish and medaka, it is well known that melanosome aggregation and subsequent melanophore death increase when fish are kept under constant light conditions. These observations indicate that melanophores of jaguar/obelix mutant fish have a defect in the signaling pathway downstream of the alpha2-adrenoceptor. Taken together, our results suggest that the cellular defect of the Kir7.1 mutation is directly responsible for the pattern change in the jaguar/obelix mutant.
authors.affiliation: RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Motoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwashita
authors.forename: Masakatsu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kurachi
authors.forename: Norihiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kondo
mesh_terms: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018674:Adrenergic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008547:Melanophores / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020460:Melanosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D018674:Adrenergic Antagonists; D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; C489477:Kir7.1 channel; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2