title: Experimental results of mesh fixation by a manual manipulator in a laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic mesh fixation using a stapler can lead to complications such as nerve injury and bowel injury. However, mesh fixation by suturing with conventional laparoscopic instruments (CLI) is difficult because of limited degrees of freedom. A manual manipulator--Radius Surgical System (Radius)--whose tip can deflect and rotate, gives the surgeon two additional degrees of freedom. The aim of this study is to evaluate the introduction of Radius to mesh fixation in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  A model for inguinal hernia repair was prepared using animal organs in a trainer. Mesh fixation was performed using Radius, stapler, and CLI. Tensile strength during extraction of mesh toward the vertical direction, and execution time, were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean number of fixation points of Radius, stapler, and CLI was 9.3 +/- 1.5, 8.5 +/- 1.4, and 9.0 +/- 1.0, respectively. The mean tensile strength of fixation of mesh of Radius, stapler, and CLI was 140.7 +/- 48.9, 73.1 +/- 23.4, and 53.6 +/- 31.5 (N), respectively. The mean tensile strength per one fixation point by Radius, stapler, and CLI was 16.5 +/- 5.3, 8.7 +/- 2.8, and 6.3 +/- 3.6 (N), respectively. The mean execution time of Radius, stapler, and CLI was 479 +/- 108, 54 +/- 31, and 431 +/- 77 (sec), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mesh fixation by Radius was stronger than that by staples and CLI. Two additional degrees of freedom were useful in difficult angles. The introduction of Radius is feasible and facilitates the fixation of mesh with sutures in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair.
authors.affiliation: Section for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Tubingen, Tuebingen, Germany. n.inaki@viola.ocn.ne.jp
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waseda
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Schurr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Buess
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D011336:Probability; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013526:Surgical Mesh; D013528:Surgical Staplers; D017792:Surgical Stapling / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D013718:Tensile Strength