title: Simple kinetic relationships and nonspecific competition govern nuclear import rates in vivo.
abstract: Many cargoes destined for nuclear import carry nuclear localization signals that are recognized by karyopherins (Kaps). We present methods to quantitate import rates and measure Kap and cargo concentrations in single yeast cells in vivo, providing new insights into import kinetics. By systematically manipulating the amounts, types, and affinities of Kaps and cargos, we show that import rates in vivo are simply governed by the concentrations of Kaps and their cargo and the affinity between them. These rates fit to a straightforward pump-leak model for the import process. Unexpectedly, we deduced that the main limiting factor for import is the poor ability of Kaps and cargos to find each other in the cytoplasm in a background of overwhelming nonspecific competition, rather than other more obvious candidates such as the nuclear pore complex and Ran. It is likely that most of every import round is taken up by Kaps and nuclear localization signals sampling other cytoplasmic proteins as they locate each other in the cytoplasm.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology and Laboratory of Gaseous Ion Chemistry, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Timney
authors.forename: Jaclyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tetenbaum-Novatt
authors.forename: Diana S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Agate
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Wenzhu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Brian T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Chait
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Rout
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D028884:Karyopherins / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals / Q000737:chemistry; D022022:Nuclear Pore / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D028961:beta Karyopherins
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; C101820:KAP104 protein, S cerevisiae; C109173:Kap123 protein, S cerevisiae; D028884:Karyopherins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; C483822:PSE1 protein, S cerevisiae; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D028961:beta Karyopherins; C031127:ribosomal protein L25