title: Frequent epigenetic inactivation of spleen tyrosine kinase gene in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of present study was to investigate the methylation and expression status of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to evaluate this information for its ability to predict disease prognosis. E-cadherin and TIMP-3 methylation was also analyzed here as control because both were associated with poor prognosis in some types of tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the methylation status of SYK, E-cadherin, and TIMP-3 in 124 cases of HCC and assessed the correlation of such methylations with clinicopathologic variables and prognosis after tumor resection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that SYK, E-cadherin, and TIMP-3 genes were methylated in 27%, 27%, and 42% of HCC neoplastic tissues, respectively. The loss of SYK mRNA or Syk protein expression was highly correlated with SYK gene methylation. The patients with methylated SYK in neoplastic tissues had a significantly lower overall survival rate after hepatectomy than those with unmethylated SYK. No significant difference in overall survival rates, however, was found between groups of patients with methylated and unmethylated E-cadherin or TIMP-3. Patients with negative Syk protein expression had a significantly lower overall survival rate than those with positive Syk protein expression. Multivariate analyses indicated that factors affecting overall survival were tumor-node-metastasis stage, Child-Pugh classification, SYK methylation, or Syk protein status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that SYK methylation and loss of Syk expression in HCC neoplastic tissues are independent biomarkers of poor patient outcome and that determination of SYK methylation or Syk expression status may offer guidance for selecting appropriate treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China. yuanyf@mail.sysu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Yunfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jinqing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Meixiang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zuli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Changqing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jia Le
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D000072377:Syk Kinase; D019717:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D015820:Cadherins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C088390:TIMP3 protein, human; D019717:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C000606896:SYK protein, human; D000072377:Syk Kinase