Genetic and epigenetic risks of intracytoplasmic sperm injection method.
Pregnancies achieved by assisted reproduction technologies, particularly by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedures, are susceptible to genetic risks inherent to the male population treated with ICSI and additional risks inherent to this innovative procedure. The documented, as well as the theoretical, risks are discussed in the present review study. These risks mainly represent that consequences of the genetic abnormalities underlying male subfertility (or infertility) and might become stimulators for the development of novel approaches and applications in the treatment of infertility. In addition, risks with a polygenic background appearing at birth as congenital anomalies and other theoretical or stochastic risks are discussed. Recent data suggest that assisted reproductive technology might also affect epigenetic characteristics of the male gamete, the female gamete, or might have an impact on early embryogenesis. It might be also associated with an increased risk for genomic imprinting abnormalities.
Georgiou
Ioannis
I
Laboratory of Molecular Urology and Genetics of Human Reproduction, Department of Urology, Ioannina University School of Medicine, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
Syrrou
Maria
M
Pardalidis
Nicolaos
N
Karakitsios
Konstantinos
K
Mantzavinos
Themis
T
Giotitsas
Nikolaos
N
Loutradis
Dimitrios
D
Dimitriadis
Fotis
F
Saito
Motoaki
M
Miyagawa
Ikuo
I
Tzoumis
Pavlos
P
Sylakos
Anastasios
A
Kanakas
Nikolaos
N
Moustakareas
Theodoros
T
Baltogiannis
Dimitrios
D
Touloupides
Stavros
S
Giannakis
Dimitrios
D
Fatouros
Michael
M
Sofikitis
Nikolaos
N
D000818:Animals; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000635:transmission; D006238:Haploidy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000235:genetics*; D007713:Klinefelter Syndrome / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D019836:Preimplantation Diagnosis; D012306:Risk; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D014178:Translocation, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics; D014997:XYY Karyotype / Q000235:genetics