title: In vivo analysis of the anatomical relationship of coronary sinus to mitral annulus and left circumflex coronary artery using cardiac multidetector computed tomography: implications for percutaneous coronary sinus mitral annuloplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine the in vivo anatomical relationships between mitral annulus (MA) and coronary sinus (CS) as well as CS and left circumflex coronary artery using cardiac computed tomography.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous treatment of mitral regurgitation (MR) by annuloplasty via CS is under development. Success of such treatment depends on the close anatomical proximity of the MA to the CS. The in vivo data regarding this anatomical relationship in humans are scant. We investigated this relationship using contrast multidetector computed tomography.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 25 normal individuals and 11 patients with severe MR (3 to 4+) due to mitral valve prolapse. Separation between MA and CS was measured in standard planes, in 4-chamber (4C), 2-chamber (2C), and 3-chamber views. Distance from ostium of CS to the intersection with left circumflex (LCX), and anatomical relation of LCX and CS were determined using 3-dimensional mapping (Philips Brilliance, Philips Medical Systems, Amsterdam, the Netherlands).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant variance of CS to MA separation at all planes. Separation of CS and MA was increased in lateral location (4C) and decreased in posterior location (2C) in the MR group with increase in MA size. Left circumflex artery crossed between CS and MA in 80% of patients. The LCX crossed CS at a variable distance from the ostium of CS (86.5 +/- 21 mm, range 37 to 123 mm)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is significant variability in the relation of CS to MA in humans. Coronary sinus to MA distance increases in patients with severe MR and annular dilation, mainly in the posterolateral location. The left circumflex crosses under the CS the majority of times, but with a significant variability in the location where it crosses the CS. These anatomical features should be taken into consideration while selecting percutaneous treatment strategies for mitral valve repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Arti J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Choure
authors.forename: Mario J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sevensma
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maly
authors.forename: Neil L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Borzi
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: E Murat
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Tuzcu
authors.forename: Samir R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kapadia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D008945:Mitral Valve Prolapse / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*