title: Short communication: phase I clinical and gene modulatory evaluation of tamoxifen and IFN-alpha2b.
abstract: Preclinical studies had determined that tamoxifen and interferon-alpha2b (IFN-alpha2b) synergistically inhibited growth of both estrogen-receptor positive and negative murine tumor xenografts and had combined antiangiogenic effects and that tamoxifen potentiated IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. A phase I trial in 26 patients was conducted using the combination to define tolerance and potentiation of ISG expression. IFN- alpha2b at a dose of 3 x 10(6) units/m(2) daily was given subcutaneously (s.c.), and tamoxifen was initiated as a loading dose of 150 mg/m(2) and then 60 mg/m(2) twice daily on day 8. At this initial dose, reduction of dose of IFN- alpha2b was required in 4 of 11 patients, primarily because of fatigue. Another group of patients was treated with an identical tamoxifen dose but with IFN-alpha2b reduced to 2 x 10(6)/m(2) U; this was better tolerated. As the projected serum tamoxifen level to reduplicate preclinical effects was 300 mg/m(2), dose escalation in a third cohort was undertaken; it had to be discontinued secondary to grade III or IV toxicity in 2 of 2 patients. Increases in products of transcriptionally regulated ISGs, beta (2)-microglobulin, neopterin, and ISG15 were assessed. All ISGs increased after IFN-alpha2b, but only ISG15 had a further significant rise after initiation of tamoxifen. Because at doses not limited by unacceptable toxicities, no marked potentiation of ISGs by tamoxifen could be identified, clinical evaluation of the combination was terminated.
authors.affiliation: Center for Hematology and Oncology Molecular Therapeutics and Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Snehal G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Thakkar
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peereboom
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Olencki
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elson
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rybicki
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: Ernest C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Borden
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013629:Tamoxifen