title: Nucleus pulposus notochord cells secrete connective tissue growth factor and up-regulate proteoglycan expression by intervertebral disc chondrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the components of conditioned medium obtained from intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus-derived canine notochord cells, and to evaluate the capacity of such factors to affect disc-derived chondrocyte gene expression of aggrecan, versican, and hyaluronic acid synthase 2 (HAS-2) as a function of culture conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canine notochord cells obtained from nonchondrodystrophic dogs were cultured within alginate beads under conditions of serum deficiency (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium [DMEM]) to produce notochord cell-conditioned medium (NCCM). NCCM was evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. Bovine disc-derived chondrocytes were cultured with serum-deficient medium (DMEM) and NCCM and assayed for the effect of tissue culture conditions on aggrecan, versican, and HAS-2 gene expression. Next, chondrocyte gene expression for aggrecan was evaluated using DMEM containing recombinant connective tissue growth factor (rCTGF), and the results compared with those obtained using NCCM and DMEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NCCM contained aggrecan, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, fibronectin, and CTGF precursor. Culture with NCCM caused an up-regulation of aggrecan, versican, and HAS-2 gene expression. NCCM induced aggrecan gene expression in chondrocytes at a level similar to that induced by 100-200 ng/ml rCTGF. Nonchondrodystrophic and chondrodystrophic canine notochord cells exhibited similar levels of CTGF gene expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nucleus pulposus-derived notochord cells secrete CTGF (CCN2), a recently discovered multifunctional growth factor. There is no difference between CTGF gene expression in nonchondrodystrophic and chondrodystrophic canine notochord cells, suggesting a possible role of CTGF as an anabolic factor within the disc nucleus that is, to at least some degree, dependent on the population of notochord cells within the disc nucleus.
authors.affiliation: Toronto Western Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: W Mark
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Erwin
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ashman
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Donnel
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Inman
mesh_terms: D053674:Aggrecans / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004285:Dogs; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000076002:Hyaluronan Synthases; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009672:Notochord / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D053675:Versicans / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011509:Proteoglycans; D053675:Versicans; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase; D000076002:Hyaluronan Synthases