title: Prolyl hydroxylase-1 negatively regulates IkappaB kinase-beta, giving insight into hypoxia-induced NFkappaB activity.
abstract: Hypoxia is a feature of the microenvironment of a growing tumor. The transcription factor NFkappaB is activated in hypoxia, an event that has significant implications for tumor progression. Here, we demonstrate that hypoxia activates NFkappaB through a pathway involving activation of IkappaB kinase-beta (IKKbeta) leading to phosphorylation-dependent degradation of IkappaBalpha and liberation of NFkappaB. Furthermore, through increasing the pool and/or activation potential of IKKbeta, hypoxia amplifies cellular sensitivity to stimulation with TNFalpha. Within its activation loop, IKKbeta contains an evolutionarily conserved LxxLAP consensus motif for hydroxylation by prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). Mimicking hypoxia by treatment of cells with siRNA against PHD-1 or PHD-2 or the pan-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor DMOG results in NFkappaB activation. Conversely, overexpression of PHD-1 decreases cytokine-stimulated NFkappaB reporter activity, further suggesting a repressive role for PHD-1 in controlling the activity of NFkappaB. Hypoxia increases both the expression and activity of IKKbeta, and site-directed mutagenesis of the proline residue (P191A) of the putative IKKbeta hydroxylation site results in a loss of hypoxic inducibility. Thus, we hypothesize that hypoxia releases repression of NFkappaB activity through decreased PHD-dependent hydroxylation of IKKbeta, an event that may contribute to tumor development and progression through amplification of tumorigenic signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: Eoin P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Cummins
authors.forename: Edurne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berra
authors.forename: Katrina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Comerford
authors.forename: Amandine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ginouves
authors.forename: Kathleen T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Fergal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Seeballuck
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Godson
authors.forename: Jens E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moynagh
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pouyssegur
authors.forename: Cormac T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D011393:Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D011393:Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase