title: Variation in chemotherapy utilization in ovarian cancer: the relative contribution of geography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates geographic variation in chemotherapy utilization for ovarian cancer in both absolute and relative terms and examines area characteristics associated with this variation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Medicare data from 1990 to 2001 for Medicare patients over 65 with a diagnosis of ovarian cancer between 1990 and 1999. Chemotherapy within a year of diagnosis was identified by Medicare billing codes. The hospital referral region (HRR) represents the geographic unit of analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A logit model predicting the probability of receiving chemotherapy by each of the 39 HRRs. Control variables included medical characteristics (patient age, stage, year of diagnosis, and comorbidities) and socioeconomic characteristics (race, income, and education). The variation among HRRs was tested by the chi2 statistic, and the relative contribution was measured by the omega statistic. HHR market characteristic are then used to explain HRR-level variation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average chemotherapy rate was 56.6 percent, with a range by HRR from 33 percent to 67 percent. There were large and significant differences in chemotherapy use between HRRs, reflected by a chi2 for HRR of 146 (df = 38, p < .001). HRR-level variation in chemotherapy use can be partially explained by higher chemotherapy rates in HRRs with a higher percentage of hospitals with oncology services. However, an omega analysis indicates that, by about 15 to one, the variation between patients in use of chemotherapy reflects variations in patient characteristics rather than unexplained variation among HRRs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While absolute levels of chemotherapy variation between geographic areas are large and statistically significant, this analysis suggests that the role of geography in determining who gets chemotherapy is small relative to individual medical characteristics. Nevertheless, while variation by medical characteristics can be medically justified, the same cannot be said for geographic variation. Our finding that density of oncology hospitals predicts chemotherapy use suggests that provider supply is positively correlated with geographic variation.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Polsky
authors.forename: Katrina A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Orit
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Even-Shoshan
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: Jeffrey H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Silber
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D006278:Medicare; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011336:Probability; D044469:Racial Groups; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012306:Risk; D018426:SEER Program; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents