title: Self-expanding versus balloon-mounted stents for vessel recanalization following embolic occlusion in the canine model: technical feasibility study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite advances in mechanical thrombolysis for acute stroke, recanalization rates remain approximately 50%-60%. Technologic improvements allowed safe intracranial delivery of stents. To study the feasibility of stent-assisted recanalization for acute stroke, we deployed self-expanding or balloon-mounted stents in 2- to 3.5-mm canine vessels acutely occluded with clot emboli.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six mongrel dogs were placed under general anesthesia. A guiding catheter was placed in the distal vertebral artery or an external carotid artery branch. A 7 x 3 mm (length x diameter) soft or hard clot was injected into the catheter and allowed to embolize distally; 20 vessels were successfully occluded. After systemic heparin anticoagulation, recanalization with a self-expanding stent was attempted in 11 vessels (5 occluded with soft clot; 6, with hard clot). Balloon-mounted stents were placed in an attempt to revascularize 9 vessels (4 occluded with soft clot; 5, with hard clot). Vessel recanalization was assessed as the primary end point. Side-branch occlusion and stent-induced vasospasm were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction/Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction flow for 11 vessels treated with self-expanding stents versus 9 treated with balloon-mounted stents was as follows: grade 3, 91% of vessels versus 78% of vessels; grade 2, 0% versus 11%; grade 1, 9% versus 0%; grade 0, 0% versus 11%. Lower rates of spasm and side-branch occlusion were noticed with self-expanding stents. Grade 2/3 flow was achieved in 18/20 vessels (90%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excellent recanalization was demonstrated with both stents. Recanalization in self-expanding stents was achieved without pre- or post-balloon dilation. Stents may prove to be a useful adjunct for intra-arterial acute stroke treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery and Toshiba Stroke Research Center, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA.
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sauvageau
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hanel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Hopkins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D017128:Embolectomy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000601:surgery*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D015607:Stents