title: Radiation proctopathy in the treatment of prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compile and review data on radiation proctopathy in the treatment of prostate cancer with respect to epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, risk factors, and treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical literature databases including PubMed and Medline were screened for pertinent reports, and critically analyzed for relevance in the scope of our purpose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rectal toxicity as a complication of radiotherapy has received attention over the past decade, especially with the advent of dose-escalation in prostate cancer treatment. A number of clinical criteria help to define acute and chronic radiation proctopathy, but lack of a unified grading scale makes comparing studies difficult. A variety of risk factors, related to either radiation delivery or patient, are the subject of intense study. Also, a variety of treatment options, including medical therapy, endoscopic treatments, and surgery have shown varied results, but a lack of large randomized trials evaluating their efficacy prevents forming concrete recommendations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiation proctopathy should be an important consideration for the clinician in the treatment of prostate cancer especially with dose escalation. With further study of possible risk factors, the advent of a standardized grading scale, and more randomized trials to evaluate treatments, patients and physicians will be better armed to make appropriate management decisions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Amit K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: Wei-Yuan
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McGary
authors.forename: Walter H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: E Brian
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Bin S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Teh
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012106:Research / Q000639:trends; D012307:Risk Factors