title: Patient decision making: strategies for diabetes diet adherence intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient self-care is critical in controlling diabetes and its complications. Lack of diet adherence is a particular challenge to effective diabetes intervention. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of Change, decision-making theory, and self-efficacy have contributed to successful tailoring of interventions in many target behaviors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop a diagnostic tool, including TTM measures for the stages of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy, that pharmacists involved in diabetes intervention can use for patients resistant to a diet regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was developed through a literature review, interviews with diabetic patients, an expert panel input, and pretesting. Cross-sectional implementation of the questionnaire among a convenience sample of 193 type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients took place at 4 patient care sites throughout the southeastern United States. Validated measures were used to collect respondent self-report for the TTM variables and for demographic and diabetes history variables. Social desirability was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relationships among TTM measures for diet adherence generally replicated those established for other target behaviors. Salient items were identified as potential facilitators (decisional balance pros) or barriers (decisional balance cons and self-efficacy tempting situations) to change. Social desirability exhibited a statistically significant relationship with patient report of diet adherence, with statistically significant differences in mean social desirability across race categories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TTM measures for the stages of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy are useful for making decisions on individually tailored interventions for diet adherence, with caution asserted about the potential of diabetes patients to self-report the target behavior in a socially desirable manner. Future research directions, implications, and limitations of the findings are also presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506-9510, USA. jkavookjian@hsc.wvu.edu
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kavookjian
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Diane M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Grimley
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Villaume
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Kenneth N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Barker
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000178:diet therapy*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010595:Pharmacists; D020377:Self Efficacy; D015144:Southeastern United States; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires