title: Manipulation of the induction of adjuvant arthritis in Sprague-Dawley rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the roles of various variables in the induction of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) in the outbred Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, and further characterize its arthritic features by comprehensive examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The roles of different preparative techniques, inoculation routes and doses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) suspension as well as the sex preference in the induction of AIA were comparatively studied using clinical assessment. The hind paws of animals were analyzed by radiological and histological examinations. The serum levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were determined by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The particle size and dose of MT played a dominant role in the induction and severity of AIA. Male rats manifested markedly more severe arthritic signs than female rats. After subcutaneously inoculated with 500 microg MT, male rats developed pronounced arthritis with 100% incidence and low variable clinical signs. Even using only 62.5 microg MT, AIA was efficiently induced in male rats and characterized by upregulated expression profiles of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since outbred SD rats are much cheaper and more readily available than Lewis rats, this well-developed SD rat AIA model is an efficient and cost-effective arthritis model available for screening novel anti-arthritic agents.
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Z Q
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Z H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Z X
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Bian
authors.forename: H X
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D011859:Radiography; D051381:Rats / Q000276:immunology*; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012737:Sex Factors; D013640:Tarsal Joints / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha