title: Pax6 regulation in retinal cells by CCCTC binding factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A previous study demonstrated that CTCF (CCCTC binding factor) regulates homeobox Pax6 gene expression in early embryonic stages and plays a dominant role in eye development. The purpose of the present study was to explore further the mechanism of CTCF controlling Pax6 gene expression in human retinoblastoma (Rb) cells and in the development of chicken and mouse retinas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Northern and Western analyses were used to detect expressions of CTCF and Pax6 in Rb cells. Pax6 transcription reporter and deletion mutants were used to study the regulatory interaction between CTCF and Pax6 in Rb cells and in the retina of chicken embryos. CTCF transgenic chicken embryos and mice were established by lipofection and microinjection of linearized cytomegalovirus (CMV)-CTCF construct into fertilized eggs and mouse oocytes, respectively. Injected oocytes were implanted in the uterus of foster mothers through microinjection into the ovarian duct. The expression of CTCF and Pax6 was determined in embryo sections by immunochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stimulation of Rb cells with 10% FBS resulted in an increase in CTCF expression and a decrease in Pax6 expression. To study the regulatory mechanism, the Pax6 reporter and its deletion mutant activities were determined in transfected Rb cells and chicken embryonic retinas, revealing that CTCF interacts with the Pax6 gene in Rb cells through transcription control in the 5'-flanking region upstream from the Pax6 P0 promoter. Overexpression of CTCF in Rb cells suppressed Pax6 reporter activity and downregulated endogenous Pax6 expression. In contrast, downregulation of CTCF expression by knockdown of CTCF mRNA using specific small interfering (si)RNA markedly enhanced Pax6 expression in Rb cells. Further study in CTCF transgenic mouse embryos verified that overexpression of CTCF suppressed Pax6 gene expression in the retina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTCF plays an important role in regulating Pax6 expression in Rb cells and in the developmental retina, and the regulation of Pax6 gene expression by CTCF in the retina is through transcriptional regulation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Torrance, California 90502, USA.
authors.forename: Tie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhenyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Luo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D000076246:CCCTC-Binding Factor; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D012160:Retina / Q000196:embryology*; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000235:genetics*; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000076246:CCCTC-Binding Factor; C000619697:CTCF protein, human; C000619698:Ctcf protein, mouse; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005136:Eye Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; C000605730:PAX6 protein, human; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; C000605732:Pax6 protein, mouse; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D001616:beta-Galactosidase