title: Multiple binding of methyl-CpG and polycomb proteins in long-term gene silencing events.
abstract: Epigenetic regulation is involved in the maintenance of long-term silencing phenomena, such as X-inactivation and genomic imprinting in mammals. Gene repression is mediated by several mechanisms, such as histone modifications, DNA methylation, and recruitment of Polycomb proteins. To understand the mechanistic relationships between these mechanisms for stable gene silencing, we analyzed the mechanisms of X- and Y-inactivation of the PAR2 gene SYBL1, previously showed to be regulated by concerted epigenetic mechanisms. Maintenance of stable repression occurs via the recruitment of both MBDPs and PRC2 complexes to SYBL1 promoter. Their binding is equally sensitive to defective DNA methylation seen in cells derived from ICF syndrome patients. Multiple occupancy is a feature shared within long-term repressed genes, such as the X-inactivated PGK1 and the imprinted IGF2. MBD2, MBD3, and MeCP2 occupy SYBL1 promoter simultaneously, as revealed by sequential ChIP. We did not find this co-occurring binding when looked for members of PRC2 complex together with any of the methyl-binding proteins. Furthermore, in co-transfection assays, MECP2 can silence methylated SYBL1 promoter, whereas the mutated protein fails. However, RNA interference of endogenous MECP2 does not induce the expression of the inactive SYBL1 alleles, suggesting that its silencing activity can be replaced by the other methyl-binding proteins. Our data suggest that maintenance of long-term silencing involves multiple layers of epigenetic control functionally redundant. PRC2 and MBD proteins could collaborate to different phases of this process, the former possibly recruiting DNMTs to the silenced promoters, the latter dictating the lock of the transcription.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati Traverso Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Castellino, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Matarazzo
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: De Bonis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strazzullo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cerase
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferraro
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vastarelli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ballestar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esteller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Esposito
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071221:Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D020868:Gene Silencing / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; D051783:Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D063151:Polycomb Repressive Complex 2; D063146:Polycomb-Group Proteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D011485:Protein Binding; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050683:R-SNARE Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference / Q000502:physiology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000502:physiology; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C035170:IGF2 protein, human; C066141:MBD1 protein, human; C489325:MBD2 protein, human; C115369:MBD3 protein, human; C497392:MECP2 protein, human; D051783:Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2; D063146:Polycomb-Group Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D050683:R-SNARE Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C121241:VAMP7 protein, human; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; C498409:EZH2 protein, human; D000071221:Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein; D063151:Polycomb Repressive Complex 2