title: A rapid assay for dihydropteroate synthase activity suitable for identification of inhibitors.
abstract: The enzymes 6-hydroxymethylpterin pyrophosphokinase (HPPK) and dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) catalyze sequential steps in folate biosynthesis. They are present in microorganisms but absent in mammals and therefore are especially suitable targets for antimicrobials. Sulfa drugs (sulfonamides and sulfones) currently are used as antimicrobials targeting DHPS, although resistance to these drugs is increasing. The most widely used assay that measures activity of these enzymes, to assess new inhibitors in vitro, is not amenable to automation. This article describes a simple, coupled, enzymatic spectrophotometric assay where the product of the DHPS reaction, dihydropteroate, is reduced to tetrahydropteroate by excess dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) using the cofactor NADPH. The oxidation of NADPH is monitored at 340 nm. The activity of both HPPK and DHPS can be measured in this assay, and it has been used to measure kinetic parameters of wild-type and sulfa drug-resistant DHPS enzymes to demonstrate the utility of the assay. It is a sensitive and reproducible assay that can be readily automated and used in multiwell plates. This NADPH-coupled microplate photometric assay could be used for rapid screening of chemical libraries for novel inhibitors of folate biosynthesis as the first step in developing new antimicrobial drugs targeting the folate biosynthetic pathway.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO, Molecular and Health Technologies, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia. ross.fernley@csiro.au
authors.forename: Ross T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Fernley
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iliades
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Macreadie
mesh_terms: D003622:Dapsone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D011622:Pterins / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods; D013410:Sulfachlorpyridazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011622:Pterins; C000978:dihydropteroate; D009249:NADP; C013044:6-hydroxymethylpterin; D003622:Dapsone; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole; D013410:Sulfachlorpyridazine