title: Prevalence of arrhythmias and their risk factors mid- and long-term after the arterial switch operation.
abstract: Early results of the arterial switch operation (ASO) for transposition of the great arteries (TGA) are good, but there are few mid- and long-term data on postoperative arrhythmias, especially in Japan. In this study, clinical data on 624 1-year survivors who had an ASO between 1976 and 1995 were collected from six institutes in Japan up to October 2002. Sixty (9.6%) 1-year survivors had significant arrhythmias. Bradycardia occurred in 22 patients, including complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) in 12, sick sinus syndrome (SSS) in 6, and second-degree atrioventricular block in 4. Syncope developed in 2 with CAVB and 2 with SSS. Ten patients with bradycardia underwent permanent pacemaker implantation. Supraveutricular tachycardia (SVT) was seen in 25 patients, including paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in 16, atrial flutter in 7, and atrial fibrillation in 2. Six patients with SVT received antiarrhythmic medication. SVT was transient in 20 and persistent in 5. Ventricular arrhythmias occurred in 13 patients, including nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in 5, paroxysmal ventricular contractions with couplets in 5, ventricular flutter in 2, and sustained ventricular tachycardia in 1. Four patients with ventricular arrhythmias received antiarrhythmic medication. Of the study patients, 8 died 1 year or more after ASO. Death was directly related to arrhythmia in 1 patient and was due to nonsustained ventricular tachycardia with severe congestive heart failure. The presence of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) was a risk factor for postoperative arrhythmia. Patients with TGA and VSD had more arrhythmias than those with TGA and an intact ventricular septum (13.7 vs 8.7%, p < 0.05), and this was especially true for CAVB (3.9% vs 1.0%, p < 0.05). In 36 patients clearly documented time onset of postoperative arrhythmia arrhythmia developed in 18 (50%) after less than 1 year and in 15 (42%) after more than 5 years. In summary serious arrhythmias after ASO were uncommon, but postoperative arrhythmias, such as unpaced CAVB, SSS, and VT, were related to morbidity and mortality. VSD was a risk factor for postoperative arrhythmia, especially CAVB. Approximately half of the arrhythmias developed late. Lifelong monitoring with respect to arrhythmia is needed for patients after ASO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University School of Medicine, 89-1, Enya-cho, Izumo city, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan. hgeo@ommc-hp.jp
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurosaki
authors.forename: Shigeyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Echigo
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kado
authors.forename: Norihide
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.forename: Kouichirou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niwa
authors.forename: Tokuko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000601:surgery*