title: Genetic and environmental predictors of early alcohol use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The goal of the current investigation was to examine genetic and environmental predictors of early alcohol use, a potent predictor of later alcohol dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study represents an add-on project to an investigation examining the efficacy of an intervention for maltreated children entering out-of-home care. Predictors of early alcohol use include the following: maltreatment, family loading for alcohol or substance-use disorders, and serotonin transporter genotype (5-HTTLPR; locus SLC6A4). Participants included 127 subjects: 76 maltreated children and 51 demographically matched community controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At follow-up, 29% of the maltreated children reported alcohol use, a rate more than seven times the rate observed in controls. Maltreated children also drank alcohol, on average, more than 2 years earlier than controls (11.2 vs. 13.5 years). Early alcohol use was predicted by maltreatment, 5-HTTLPR, and a gene by environment interaction, with increased risk for early alcohol use associated with the s-allele. Psychopathology at baseline, severity of maltreatment, and poor mother-child relations also predicted early alcohol use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maltreated children are at high risk for psychiatric, alcohol, and substance abuse problems. Examination of genetic and environmental risk and protective factors can help identify those who are most vulnerable and help guide prevention and intervention efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. joan.kaufman@yale.edu <joan.kaufman@yale.edu>
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Bao-Zhu
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Douglas-Palumberi
authors.forename: Mindy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crouse-Artus
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lipschitz
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Krystal
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gelernter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D000483:Alleles; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012306:Risk; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012931:Social Environment; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D004247:DNA