title: Coordinate release of angiogenic growth factors after acute myocardial infarction: evidence of a two-wave production.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have shown that angiopoietic growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 are released after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It was suggested that the release of these factors, triggered by ischemia, may be related to a reparative neoangiogenetic process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma VEGF, Ang-2, HGF and TGF-beta levels were measured on admission (baseline) and at various times during the acute (0-48 h) and the subacute (48-240 h) phase in 44 patients with AMI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, we have explored in detail the kinetics of release of these growth factors after AMI with the precise aim of evaluating the existence of a double wave of release of these factors: (i) a first wave in the acute and (ii) a second one in the subacute period. The results of these analyses provided evidence for an early (peak at 24-28 h) and late (peak at approximately 170 h) increase of VEGF, Ang-2 and TGF-beta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to these data, we suggest that two waves of release of angiogenic factors occur after AMI. The early release makes part of an acute phase response, whereas the late release may underlie the induction of angiogenetic mechanisms involved in tissue reparation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Heart and Great Vessels Attilio Reale, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pannitteri
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Petrucci
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Testa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D042702:Angiopoietin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D042702:Angiopoietin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form