title: High density dental materials and radiotherapy planning: comparison of the dose predictions using superposition algorithm and fluence map Monte Carlo method with radiochromic film measurements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During radiotherapy planning high density dental materials create a major challenge in determining correct dose distribution inside patients with head-and-neck tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this work we investigated the absorbed dose distribution inside a solid water slab phantom with embedded high density material irradiated by a 6MV photon beam of field size 10x10cm. We evaluated the absorbed dose distribution with three different techniques: superposition algorithm, radiochromic film, and the fluence map Monte Carlo (FMMC) method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results obtained with radiochromic film and FMMC were in good agreement (within +/-5% of the dose) with one another. The superposition algorithm, which is often considered superior to other commercially available dose calculation algorithms, produced appreciably less accurate results than FMMC. In particular, downstream from the high density cerrobend inhomogeneity the superposition algorithm predicts a higher dose than the measurement does by at least 10-16% depending upon the size of the inhomogeneity and the distance from it. Upstream of the high density inhomogeneities the superposition algorithm predicts a lower than measured dose due to its failure to predict the dose enhancement close to the inhomogeneity interface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The delivered dose downstream from a high density inhomogeneity would be significantly less than the prescribed dose calculated by the superposition algorithm. The FMMC method which is based on a hybrid of the superposition algorithm input fluence data and Monte Carlo can be a useful tool in predicting dose in the presence of high density (e.g. dental) materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. spsiryd@stvincent.org
authors.forename: Siarhei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spirydovich
authors.forename: Lech
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Papiez
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sandison
authors.forename: Van
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thai
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005373:Film Dosimetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials