title: Multilocus sequence typing method for identification and genotypic classification of pathogenic Leptospira species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leptospira are the parasitic bacterial organisms associated with a broad range of mammalian hosts and are responsible for severe cases of human Leptospirosis. The epidemiology of leptospirosis is complex and dynamic. Multiple serovars have been identified, each adapted to one or more animal hosts. Adaptation is a dynamic process that changes the spatial and temporal distribution of serovars and clinical manifestations in different hosts. Serotyping based on repertoire of surface antigens is an ambiguous and artificial system of classification of leptospiral agents. Molecular typing methods for the identification of pathogenic leptospires up to individual genome species level have been highly sought after since the decipherment of whole genome sequences. Only a few resources exist for microbial genotypic data based on individual techniques such as Multiple Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), but unfortunately no such databases are existent for leptospires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We for the first time report development of a robust MLST method for genotyping of Leptospira. Genotyping based on DNA sequence identity of 4 housekeeping genes and 2 candidate genes was analyzed in a set of 120 strains including 41 reference strains representing different geographical areas and from different sources. Of the six selected genes, adk, icdA and secY were significantly more variable whereas the LipL32 and LipL41 coding genes and the rrs2 gene were moderately variable. The phylogenetic tree clustered the isolates according to the genome-based species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main advantages of MLST over other typing methods for leptospires include reproducibility, robustness, consistency and portability. The genetic relatedness of the leptospires can be better studied by the MLST approach and can be used for molecular epidemiological and evolutionary studies and population genetics.
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Evolution Group, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad 500076, India. niyaz.cdfd@gmail.com
authors.forename: Niyaz
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: S Manjulata
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Devi
authors.forename: M de los A
authors.initials: Mde L
authors.lastname: Valverde
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vijayachari
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Machang'u
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Rudy A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hartskeerl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007919:Leptospira / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D007922:Leptospirosis / Q000635:transmission; D008322:Mammals; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S