title: Ocular penetration of caspofungin in a rabbit uveitis model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the ocular penetration of echinocandin antifungals. We studied the ocular distribution of systemically administered caspofungin in a rabbit uveitis model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caspofungin (1 mg/kg per day) was given intravenously to rabbits as a single dose or as repeated daily doses on 7 days starting 24 h after induction of unilateral uveitis by intravitreal endotoxin injection. Caspofungin concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography in the cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, and serum 4, 8, 16, and 24 h after administration of a single dose and 24 h after the last of seven doses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean caspofungin concentration in the aqueous of the inflamed eye 4 and 8 h after single-dose administration was 1.30 +/- 0.39 microg/ml and 1.12 +/- 0.34 microg/ml, respectively. Drug concentrations decreased to 0.24 +/- 0.09 microg/ml at 16 h and 0.26 +/- 0.14 microg/ml at 24 h. In the vitreous of inflamed eyes drug levels were undetectable at all time points. No drug was found in the aqueous of inflamed eyes 24 h after the last of seven repeated doses, and the vitreous only contained trace amounts. In the corneas of inflamed eyes concentrations reached 1.64 +/- 0.48 microg/g at 4 h, peaked at 2.16 +/- 1.14 microg/g at 8 h, and declined to 1.87 +/- 0.52 microg/g and 1.49 +/- 0.48 microg/g at 16 and 24 h, respectively. After repeated dosing, corneal concentrations of caspofungin were 0.8 and 1.0 microg/g and below the limit of detection in two of four animals. In non-inflamed eyes no drug was detectable in the aqueous and vitreous humor, and the corneas at any time point.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our model, caspofungin reached therapeutically relevant levels in the aqueous and cornea but not in the vitreous humor of inflamed eyes. Intraocular drug deposition was critically dependent on a disrupted blood-eye barrier. These findings suggest a limited role for caspofungin in the treatment of fungal endophthalmitis.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Inselspital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldblum
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fausch
authors.forename: Beatrice E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Frueh
authors.forename: Regula
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Theurillat
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Thormann
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zimmerli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001682:Biological Availability; D000077336:Caspofungin; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D054714:Echinocandins; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005260:Female; D055666:Lipopeptides; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011817:Rabbits; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014605:Uveitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D054714:Echinocandins; D055666:Lipopeptides; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D000077336:Caspofungin