title: Brominated flame retardants and halogenated phenolic compounds in North American west coast bald eaglet (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) plasma.
abstract: We report on the identity, characterization, and spatial trends of several brominated flame retardants and hydroxylated (OH-) and methoxylated (MeO-) organohalogen contaminants in bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) nestling plasma collected from sites along the west coast of North America. Samples were from four southwestern British Columbia (BC) locations, a reference site in northern BC (Fort St. James; FSJ), and from Santa Catalina Island, CA (SCI), an area of high DDT and PCB contamination. Mean concentrations of sigma polybrominated diphenyl ether (sigma PBDE (8 congeners monitored); 1.78-8.49 ng/g), sigma OH-polychlorinated biphenyl (sigma OH-PCB (30 congeners monitored); 0.44-0.87 ng/g), and sigma OH-PBDE (14 congeners monitored; 0.31-0.92 ng/g) were similar in eaglets from southwestern BC yet lower than for SCl and significantly higher than for FSJ. Dominant PBDE congeners were BDE47, BDE99, and BDE100, but SCl eaglets also contained low levels of higher brominated congeners. 4-OH-CB187 and 4'-OH-CB202 accounted for 65-100% of sigma OH-PCB in all BC eaglets, with 4'-OH-CB202 as well as 3'-OH-CB138 and 4-OH-CB146 dominating in SCl eaglets. Ostensibly of biogenic origin, 6'-OH-BDE49 and 6-OH-BDE47 were found in BC nestlings. Only 4'-OH-BDE49 (2.10 ng/g) was found in SCl eaglets. MeO-PBDEs and total hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were not found in any birds, but the polybrominated biphenyl BB101 was detected in southwestern BC samples. This study demonstrates that west coast North American bald eagles contain previously unreported organohalogens, which have the potential to impact the health and survival of these raptors.
authors.affiliation: National Wildlife Research Centre, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.forename: Lillian S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Cesh
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Tony D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Garcelon
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Letcher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001955:British Columbia; D002140:California; D020307:Eagles; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D005843:Geography; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D010636:Phenols / Q000097:blood; D010647:Phenyl Ethers / Q000097:blood*; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000097:blood*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D010636:Phenols; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; C086401:pentabromodiphenyl ether; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls