title: Skin infection due to Alternaria species in kidney allograft recipients: report of a new case and review of the literature.
abstract: A kidney allograft recipient developed a cutaneous infection 29 months after transplantation, due to the dematiaceous fungus Alternaria infectoria on his right forearm and left leg. Since the lesions were too large to be excised, the patient was treated only with systemic itraconazole and a reduction of the immunosuppressive therapy. After 4 months, the lesions were completely healed, and no relapses were observed at follow-up of 22 months. Twenty-seven other cases of cutaneous alternariosis have been described so far in renal transplant recipients. All types of immunosuppressive treatment can be associated with Alternaria infection, for which predisposing factors are jobs with frequent contact with earth, diabetes mellitus and skin trauma. In 70% of cases the infection occurred within the first year after transplantation. More frequently the lower limbs were involved and the lesions were multiple. Alternaria alternata was the commonest causative agent, followed by Alternaria tenuissima,Alternaria infectoria and Alternaria chartarum. The treatment is far from being standardized, but the best results are obtained with the surgical excision of the lesion(s) associated with systemic antifungal therapy. Since relapses are possible, strict control of the patients over time is essential.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Foundation, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milan-Italy.
authors.forename: Beniamina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gallelli
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viviani
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nebuloni
authors.forename: Angelo V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Marzano
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pozzi
authors.forename: Piergiorgio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Messa
authors.forename: Giovanni B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Fogazzi
mesh_terms: D000528:Alternaria; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003881:Dermatomycoses / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D017964:Itraconazole