title: Chronic treatment with minocycline preserves adult new neurons and reduces functional impairment after focal cerebral ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence suggests that activated microglia are detrimental to the survival of new hippocampal neurons, whereas blocking inflammation has been shown to restore hippocampal neurogenesis after cranial irradiation and seizure. The aim of this current study is to determine the effect of minocycline on neurogenesis and functional recovery after cerebral focal ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four days after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion, minocycline was administered intraperitoneally for 4 weeks. BrdU was given on days 4 to 7 after middle cerebral artery occlusion to track cell proliferation. The number of remaining new neurons and activated microglia were quantified in the dentate gyrus. Infarct volume was measured to assess the treatment effect of minocycline. Motor and cognitive functions were evaluated 6 weeks after middle cerebral artery occlusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Minocycline delivered 4 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion for 4 weeks did not result in reduction in infarct size but significantly decreased the number of activated microglia in the dentate gyrus. Minocycline also significantly increased the number of newborn neurons that coexpressing BrdU and NeuN without significantly affecting progenitor cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus. Lastly, minocycline significantly improved motor coordination on the rotor rod, reduced the preferential use of the unaffected limb during exploration, reduced the frequency of footfalls in the affected limb when traversing on a horizontal ladder, and improved spatial learning and memory in the water maze test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minocycline reduces functional impairment caused by cerebral focal ischemia. The improved function is associated with enhanced neurogenesis and reduced microglia activation in the dentate gyrus and possibly improved neural environment after chronic treatment with minocycline.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
authors.forename: Zhengyan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Seok Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Won
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Dezhi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Liangfu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Philip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Jiaing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008911:Minocycline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D008911:Minocycline