title: Significance of elevated preoperative alpha-fetoprotein in postchemotherapy residual tumor resection for the disseminated germ cell tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study is to determine the significance of elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the setting prior to residual tumor resection (RTR) following chemotherapy for metastatic germ cell tumor in terms of the prediction of histology of the specimen and postoperative survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective review of 68 patients undergoing RTR for metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumor or extragonadal germ cell tumor after at least a first-line chemotherapy. Pretreatment and postchemotherapy serum markers were evaluated in association with other clinical findings including results of pathological examination of RTR specimen and surgical outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 68 study patients, 54 (79%) and 45 (66%) had positive AFP and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) in pretreatment settings. Rates of presence of residual malignant cell in RTR specimen were similar between patients with normal AFP (7/28 or 25%) and with mildly elevated (10-30 ng/ml) AFP (3/11 or 27%). In 26 patients who had residual viable malignancy in RTR specimen, patients with preoperative positive AFP had significantly better survival (P = 0.02) compared to those with preoperative positive beta-HCG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sole and mild elevation of AFP is not always associated with postoperative poor prognosis. It should be carefully considered individually whether a mild elevation of AFP after chemotherapy represents residual malignancy or benign pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Mutsushi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawakita
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terachi
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Habuchi
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamoto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000097:blood*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins