title: Effects of kaolin application on light absorption and distribution, radiation use efficiency and photosynthesis of almond and walnut canopies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Kaolin applied as a suspension to plant canopies forms a film on leaves that increases reflection and reduces absorption of light. Photosynthesis of individual leaves is decreased while the photosynthesis of the whole canopy remains unaffected or even increases. This may result from a better distribution of light within the canopy following kaolin application, but this explanation has not been tested. The objective of this work was to study the effects of kaolin application on light distribution and absorption within tree canopies and, ultimately, on canopy photosynthesis and radiation use efficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) incident on individual leaves within the canopy of almond (Prunus dulcis) and walnut (Juglans regia) trees was measured before and after kaolin application in order to study PAR distribution within the canopy. The PAR incident on, and reflected and transmitted by, the canopy was measured on the same day for kaolin-sprayed and control trees in order to calculate canopy PAR absorption. These data were then used to model canopy photosynthesis and radiation use efficiency by a simple method proposed in previous work, based on the photosynthetic response to incident PAR of a top-canopy leaf.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kaolin increased incident PAR on surfaces of inner-canopy leaves, although there was an estimated 20 % loss in PAR reaching the photosynthetic apparatus, due to increased reflection. Assuming a 20 % loss of PAR, modelled photosynthesis and photosynthetic radiation use efficiency (PRUE) of kaolin-coated leaves decreased by only 6.3 %. This was due to (1) more beneficial PAR distribution within the kaolin-sprayed canopy, and (2) with decreasing PAR, leaf photosynthesis decreases less than proportionally, due to the curvature of the photosynthesis response-curve to PAR. The relatively small loss in canopy PRUE (per unit of incident PAR), coupled with the increased incident PAR on the leaf surface on inner-canopy leaves, resulted in an estimated increase in modelled photosynthesis of the canopy (+9 % in both walnut and almond). The small loss in PRUE (per unit of incident PAR) resulted in an increase in radiation use efficiency per unit of absorbed PAR, which more than compensated for the minor (7 %) reduction in canopy PAR absorption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results explain the apparently contradictory findings in the literature of positive or no effects of kaolin applications on canopy photosynthesis and yield, despite the decrease in photosynthesis by individual leaves when measured at the same PAR.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Sperimentale per l'Olivicoltura, via Nursina 2, 06049 Spoleto (PG), Italy. adolfo.rosati
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosati
authors.forename: Samuel G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Metcalf
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Buchner
authors.forename: Allan E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Fulton
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Lampinen
mesh_terms: D031324:Juglans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007616:Kaolin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008027:Light; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D027861:Prunus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D007616:Kaolin