title: The Upper Midwest Health Study: a case-control study of primary intracranial gliomas in farm and rural residents.
abstract: Since several studies indicated that farmers and agricultural workers had an excess risk of brain cancer, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health initiated the Upper Midwest Health Study to examine risk of intracranial glioma in the non-metropolitan population. This population-based, case-control study evaluated associations between gliomas and rural and farm exposures among adults (ages 18 to 80) in four upper midwestern states (Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin). At diagnosis/selection, participants lived in non-metropolitan counties where the largest population center had fewer than 250,000 residents. Cases were diagnosed 1 January 1995 through 31 January 1997. Over 90% of 873 eligible ascertained cases and over 70% of 1670 eligible controls consented to participate. Participants and nonparticipants, evaluated for "critical questions" on main and refusant questionnaires, differed significantly in farming and occupational experience, ethnicity, education, and lifestyle. The 1,175 controls were more likely than the 798 cases to have reported ever drinking alcohol (77% vs. 73%, adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0. 73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59-0.92) and having had panoramic dental x-rays (34% vs. 29%, OR 0. 75, CI 0.61-0.92). Controls spent a greater percentage of their lives in non-metropolitan counties (78% vs. 75%, OR 0.81, CI 0.67-1.09). Among ever-farmers, controls were more likely to have had exposure to farm insecticides (57% vs. 50%, OR 0.75, CI 0.59-0.95) and farm animals (96% vs. 91%, OR 0.48, CI 0.25-0.90). Moving to a farm as an adolescent (ages 11 to 20) vs. as an adult was associated with a greater risk of glioma. In our study sample, farm or rural residence and summary farm exposures were associated with decreased glioma risk. However, nonparticipation by never-farming eligible controls could have affected results. Comparisons of farm chemical exposures may clarify associations between farming and glioma that others have reported.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Mailstop R-16, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA. amr2@cdc.gov
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ruder
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carreón
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Davis-King
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Calvert
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Connally
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zivkovich
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Heineman
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Reding
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Rosenman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D000383:Agriculture; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004782:Environmental Health; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health; D012424:Rural Population
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides