title: Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of craniovertebral ligaments and membranes after whiplash trauma.
abstract: METHODS
  Review article.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature on soft tissue lesions of the upper cervical spine in whiplash trauma with focus on imaging.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Whiplash injury is associated with chronic impairment in a substantial number of patients. There are different opinions as to the nature and prognosis of this condition, and the role of diagnostic imaging is debated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review the literature on the anatomic source of the chronic whiplash syndrome. Review the literature on imaging of the upper cervical spine, emphasizing on the author's own research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRI shows structural changes in ligaments and membranes after whiplash injury, and such lesions can be assessed with reasonable reliability. Lesions to specific structures can be linked with specific trauma mechanisms. There is a correlation between clinical impairment and morphologic findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whiplash trauma can damage soft tissue structures of the upper cervical spine, particularly the alar ligaments. Structural lesions in this area contribute to the understanding of the chronic whiplash syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, and Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Bergen Medical School, Bergen, Norway. jostein.krakenes@helse-bergen.no
authors.forename: Jostein
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krakenes
authors.forename: Bertel R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Kaale
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D019563:Mechanics; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012399:Rotation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*