title: Antimicrobial and general toxicity activities of Gymnosperma glutinosum: a comparative study.
abstract: Gymnosperma glutinosum (Spreng.) Less (Asteraceae) is an important, and an effective herbal medicine which is wide used for the treatment of diarrhoea in Mexico. We examined and compared the antibacterial and antifungal activities through the dilution method and for general toxicity activity by the brine shrimp lethality assay of two samples of Gymnosperma glutinosum from two localities of Mexico: San Rafael-Coxcatlan (Puebla State) and Tepeji del Rio (Hidalgo State). In addition, two bioactive compounds (-)-17-hydroxy-neo-clerod-3-en-15-oic acid (1) and 5,7-dihydroxy-3,6,8,2',4',5'-hexamethoxyflavone (2) were isolated. From the hexane extract from both places was obtained a MeOH partition M(2). M(2) of Tepeji del Rio showed the least MICs (<125 microg/ml) in the majority of the bacterial strains. Sarcina lutea was the most sensitive bacteria (MIC< 125 microg/ml). The hexane extract of both localities showed antifungal activity against all tested fungi. San Rafael's hexane extract was significant more activity than Tepeji del Rio. Aspergillus niger (IC(50)=23.79 microg/ml) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (IC(50)=90.25 microg/ml) were the more sensitive fungus strains. The strongest general toxicity activity was observed with the M(2) partition from Tepeji del Rio (LC(50)=503.7 microg/ml). The results obtained in this investigation, showed differences between the antimicrobial activities of the samples of plants collected in San Rafael (Puebla) and Tepeji del Rio (Hidalgo).
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fitoquímica, UBIPRO Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala UNAM, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edo. Méx., Mexico.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canales
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duran
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ríos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sigrist
authors.forename: H L H
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Angeles-López
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fernández-Araiza
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Avila
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001156:Artemia; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D047309:Flavones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D008800:Mexico; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: C446240:17-hydroxy-neo-clerod-3-en-15-oic acid; C519733:5,7-dihydroxy-3,6,8,2',4',5'-hexamethoxyflavone; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004224:Diterpenes; D047309:Flavones; D010936:Plant Extracts