title: 1H-NMR metabolic profiling of human neonatal urine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The measurement of different urine components and their changes over time may provide comprehensive and early information about perinatal metabolic processes and physiological changes. We hypothesized that (1) H-NMR-spectroscopy generating a complex spectral profile without pre-selection of urinary metabolites could identify metabolites determining the neonatal physiological status and discriminating between different metabolic states.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied spot urine of three groups of neonates (healthy term-born, term-born with non-specific bacterial infections, and preterm neonates) for the first 6 days of life using (1) H-NMR-spectroscopy. In the group of healthy neonates metabolites changing were identified and their excretion patterns compared between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six metabolites indicating physiological changes were identified: N-methylnicotinamide (NAD (+)-pathway), formate, hippurate, betaine (kidney development), taurine (neuronal development), and bile acids (hepatic clearance). While the dynamic changes over the first 6 days were the same for all metabolites in both groups of term-born neonates, the excretion of N-methylnicotinamide and taurine was significantly higher in preterm neonates compared to healthy term neonates and neonates with bacterial infections from the third day after birth (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urine analysis using (1) H-NMR-spectroscopy could identify markers for perinatal metabolic changes. Further studies have to clarify if the proposed physiological interpretation will correlate with long-term physiological development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trump
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laudi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Unruh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goelz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leibfritz
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000652:urine*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D011522:Protons; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011522:Protons