title: Articular cartilage repair in the adolescent athlete: is autologous chondrocyte implantation the answer?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the evidence base for recommendations regarding autologous chondryocyte implantation in adolescent athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  All literature on articular cartilage repair from MEDLINE search dated 1990 to 2006 was reviewed. The majority of articles describe surgical technique and indications. Three techniques for secondary articular cartilage repair have been identified: autologous chondrocyte implantation, autologous osteochondral implants, and marrow stimulation techniques. The initial literature search identified 4 studies that reported the effectiveness and durability of autologous chondrocyte implantation in adults and 2 studies that reported the outcomes of autologous chondrocyte implantation in adolescent athletes. No results of osteochondral implantation or marrow stimulation techniques in adolescent athletes have been published.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acceptable repair rates with all 3 techniques have been reported in adult athletes. Two studies reported high success using autolgous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) in children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Articular cartilage injury in young athletes remains a difficult problem. The ideal situation is early diagnosis and primary repair, particularly with lesions of the knee, elbow, and ankle. In cases where primary repair is not possible or has been unsuccessful and the lesion is large or symptomatic, secondary repair with either marrow stimulation, microfracture, autologous chondrocyte implantation, or autologous osteochondral grafting may be used. However, at present only the results of ACI repair have been reported for adolescent athletes.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. michelilyle@aol.com
authors.forename: Lyle
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Micheli
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shervin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000637:transplantation*; D006801:Humans; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous / Q000534:rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome