title: Strategies for disclosure: how parents approach telling their children that they were conceived with donor gametes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe how parents envision, plan, and enact disclosing to their children that they were conceived with donor gametes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-depth ethnographic interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited from 11 medical infertility practices and 1 sperm bank in Northern California.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 141 married couples who had conceived a child using donor gametes (62 with donor sperm and 79 with donor oocytes).
  
  
  METHODS
  Husbands and wives were interviewed together and separately.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thematic analysis of interview transcripts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Disclosing parents predominantly subscribed to one of two disclosure strategies: the conviction that early disclosure is of paramount importance so that the child "always knows," or the belief that later disclosure is preferable after family routines have been established and the child has the maturity to understand biologic concepts and has developed a sense of discretion. No parent regretted disclosing, and many expressed relief.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parents choosing early disclosure were more at ease with the disclosure process, whereas parents choosing later disclosure reported greater uncertainty about how and when to disclose. Parents wished for more peer and/or professional support and guidance to assist them with disclosure, not only initially but continuing long after their children were born.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health and Aging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94118, USA.
authors.forename: Kirstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mac Dougall
authors.forename: Gay
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Joanna E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Scheib
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Nachtigall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003376:Counseling; D030881:Disclosure; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007316:Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous / Q000523:psychology*; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018587:Oocyte Donation / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014019:Tissue Donors