title: Effect of chronic coffee consumption on aortic stiffness and wave reflections in hypertensive patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aortic stiffness and wave reflections are important markers and prognosticators of cardiovascular risk. Caffeine increases acutely aortic stiffness and wave reflections. Furthermore, chronic coffee consumption is associated with increased aortic stiffness and wave reflections in normotensive subjects. In the present study, we aimed to assess the association between chronic coffee consumption, and aortic stiffness and wave reflections in hypertensive patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidemiological survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypertension Unit, University Hospital. SUBJECTS-METHODS: We examined 259 never-treated hypertensives (age 50+/-12 years, 165 males) without diabetes mellitus, who were asked to describe in detail the type and amount of coffee they consumed. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx) were measured non-invasively as indices of aortic stiffness and wave reflections, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When controlled for gender, age, height, smoking status, heart rate, mean pressure, HDL cholesterol and hsCRP, AIx was found to be higher with increasing daily coffee consumption. Post hoc analysis revealed that all groups of coffee consumption had higher AIx compared to no-consumption. PWV did not differ among groups of daily coffee consumption. Each participant had 35% higher relative risk of having high AIx for each cup (150 ml) of coffee per day, and 40% higher relative risk for each 10 cup-years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coffee consumption is associated with increased wave reflections, but not aortic stiffness in never-treated hypertensive patients. This finding may have important clinical implications for cardiovascular health in hypertensive subjects.
authors.affiliation: Hypertension Unit, 1st Cardiology Department, Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece. cvlachop@otenet.gr
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Vlachopoulos
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Vyssoulis
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Alexopoulos
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Zervoudaki
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Pietri
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Aznaouridis
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Stefanadis
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects*; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects; D004548:Elasticity / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003069:Coffee; D002110:Caffeine