title: Double-bundle transtibial posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a tendon-patellar bone-semitendinosus tendon autograft: clinical results with a minimum of 2 years' follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and subjective outcomes after arthroscopic-assisted double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 15 patients with grade III isolated chronic PCL tears underwent double-bundle PCL reconstruction. Of these patients, 8 (53%) had simultaneous fractures. The mean time from accident to surgery was 10.8 months (range, 8 to 15 months). The mean age at the time of surgery was 28.2 years (range, 17 to 43 years). All of the patients reported knee insecurity during activities of daily living or light sporting activities, with associated anterior knee pain in 5 patients. Preoperatively, posterolateral or posteromedial corner injuries were ruled out through accurate clinical examination. The knees were assessed before surgery and at a mean follow-up of 3.2 years (range, 2 to 5 years) with a physical examination, 4 different rating scales, and stress radiographs obtained with a Telos device (Telos, Marburg, Germany).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative physical examination revealed a reduction of the posterior drawer and tibial step-off in all cases, although the posterior laxity was not completely normalized. Nevertheless, the patients were subjectively better after surgery. The subjective International Knee Documentation Committee score was significantly ameliorated. With regard to the objective International Knee Documentation Committee score, 6 knees (40%) were graded as abnormal because of posterior displacement of 6 mm or greater on follow-up stress radiographs with the Telos device. On the Lysholm knee scoring scale, the score was excellent in 13% of patients and good in 87%. The mean score on the Hospital for Special Surgery knee ligament rating scale was 85.8. The Tegner activity score showed an amelioration after surgery, but no patient resumed his or her preinjury level of activities. The postoperative stress radiographs revealed an improvement in posterior instability of 50% or more in all but 3 knees (20%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our technique of double-bundle PCL reconstruction produced a significant reduction in knee symptoms and allowed the patients to return to moderate or strenuous activity, although the posterior tibial translation was not completely normalized and our results appear to be no better than the results of single-bundle PCL reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV, therapeutic case series.
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vadois, Hopital Orthopedique de la Suisse Romande, Lausanne, Switzerland. raffaelegarofalo@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garofalo
authors.forename: Brigitte M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Jolles
authors.forename: Biagio
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Siegrist
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D001182:Arthroscopy; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D001915:Braces; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D009043:Motor Activity; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D012916:Soccer; D013710:Tendons / Q000637:transplantation*; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013997:Time Factors; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous