title: A sociodemographic, phenomenological, and long-term follow-up study of patients with body dysmorphic disorder in Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main characteristic of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance in a normal-appearing person or an excessive preoccupation with appearance in a person with a small physical defect. In this non-controlled study, our objective was to describe the socio-demographic, phenomenological, and long-term outcome features of a Brazilian sample of patients with BDD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a chart-review of the 166 patients who attended the Obsessions, Compulsions, and Impulsions Subprogram of the Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during the period between 1998 and 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty patients (12%) had clinically significant BDD. This sample was characterized by a predominance of female (n = 11; 55%), single or divorced (n = 18; 90%), and economically unproductive patients (n = 17; 85%). We found an average of 2.5 current imagined defects per patient. The most frequently reported body parts of excessive concern were the overall appearance, size or shape of the face (n = 7; 35%), the skin (n = 6; 30%), the hair (n = 6; 30%), the nose (n = 5; 25%), and the body build and weight (n = 5; 25%). Most individuals exhibited a chronic condition (n = 13; 65%) and kept the same concerns during the course of the disorder (n = 12; 60%). All patients displayed compulsive behaviors, including recurrent mirror checking (n = 14; 70%), camouflaging (n = 13; 65%), reassurance seeking by means of repetitive questioning of others (n = 9; 45%), and excessive use of cosmetics (n = 7; 35%). Two patients reported "do-it-yourself" surgeries. Seven patients had current suicidal ideation (35%). Six patients (30%) showed no insight over their dysmorphic beliefs. Fifteen patients (95%) exhibited psychiatric comorbidities, mostly obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (n = 14, 70%) and major depressive disorder (n = 11; 55%). The majority of patients were treated naturalistically with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (n = 15; 75%), either solo or in association with antipsychotics (n = 10; 50%). Nevertheless, only 5 (25%) responded favorably to treatment during the long-term follow-up (CGI < or = 2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BDD is a severe disorder that is frequently associated with other psychiatric conditions and responds poorly to treatment in the naturalistic setting. No significant trans-cultural variations were identified in the comparison between Brazilian, North American, and European samples.
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. lfontenelle@gmail.com
authors.forename: Leonardo F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Fontenelle
authors.forename: Leonardo L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Telles
authors.forename: Bruno P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Nazar
authors.forename: Gabriela Bezerra
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: de Menezes
authors.forename: Antonio Leandro
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: do Nascimento
authors.forename: Mauro V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Mendlowicz
authors.forename: Marcio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Versiani
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D003192:Compulsive Behavior / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology