title: Promoting stair use by modeling: an experimental application of the Behavioral Ecological Model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effect of behavioral modeling and social factors promoting stair use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alternating baseline and intervention phase experimental design.
  
  
  METHODS
  San Diego International Airport, San Diego, California.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stair use was coded for 15,574 filmed participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study compared the effects of three types of behavioral modeling: natural models (i.e., passersby), single experimental model (i.e., confederate), and confederate model pairs providing verbal prompts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Variables were coded based on systematic observation of videotapes, including demographics, day and time, and the following indicators of physical and social reinforcement contingencies: dress, luggage, children, social group, and speed. Reliability ranged from .64 to .88.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bivariate and logistic regression models stratified by gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stair use increased over baseline by 102.6% with no model present and by 61.8% in the presence of natural models for men and women (p < .001). Controlling for multiple covariates, the odds ratios for stair use ranged from 1.76 to 2.93 for men and from 1.82 to 2.54 for women across the levels with natural and confederate models present (all p < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modeling can prompt stair use, and findings for social and environmental reinforcement contingencies support the Behavioral Ecological Model. Modeling may explain partial maintenance of stair use in public areas after removal of prompts (e.g., signs, banners). Results inform interventions for increasing physical activity as part of daily routines.
authors.affiliation: PhD, MPH, Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 9245 Sky Park Court, Suite 230, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA. madams@projects.sdsu.edu
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Melbourne F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hovell
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Irvin
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Sallis
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liles
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009043:Motor Activity; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support