title: Identification of a novel gene, URE2, that functionally complements a urease-negative clinical strain of Cryptococcus neoformans.
abstract: A urease-negative serotype A strain of Cryptococcus neoformans (B-4587) was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of an immunocompetent patient with a central nervous system infection. The URE1 gene encoding urease failed to complement the mutant phenotype. Urease-positive clones of B-4587 obtained by complementing with a genomic library of strain H99 harboured an episomal plasmid containing DNA inserts with homology to the sudA gene of Aspergillus nidulans. The gene harboured by these plasmids was named URE2 since it enabled the transformants to grow on media containing urea as the sole nitrogen source while the transformants with an empty vector failed to grow. Transformation of strain B-4587 with a plasmid construct containing a truncated version of the URE2 gene failed to complement the urease-negative phenotype. Disruption of the native URE2 gene in a wild-type serotype A strain H99 and a serotype D strain LP1 of C. neoformans resulted in the inability of the strains to grow on media containing urea as the sole nitrogen source, suggesting that the URE2 gene product is involved in the utilization of urea by the organism. Virulence in mice of the urease-negative isolate B-4587, the urease-positive transformants containing the wild-type copy of the URE2 gene, and the urease-negative vector-only transformants was comparable to that of the H99 strain of C. neoformans regardless of the infection route. Virulence of the URE2 disruption stain of H99 was slightly reduced compared to the wild-type strain in the intravenous model but was significantly attenuated in the inhalation model. These results indicate that the importance of urease activity in pathogenicity varies depending on the strains of C. neoformans used and/or the route of infection. Furthermore, this study shows that complementation cloning can serve as a useful tool to functionally identify genes such as URE2 that have otherwise been annotated as hypothetical proteins in genomic databases.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Building 10, Room 11C304, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shaoxi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ningru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Zhangzhen Hospital, Second Military Medical University 200003 Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wanqing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Guxia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Anshen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Zhenyi Medical College, Zhenyi, China.
authors.forename: Yonglin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bulmer
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Building 10, Room 11C304, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Kyung J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kwon-Chung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001233:Aspergillus nidulans / Q000235:genetics; D020314:Central Nervous System Fungal Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000382:microbiology; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000382:microbiology; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018274:Electroporation; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D015698:Genomic Library; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014170:Transformation, Genetic; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism; D014510:Urease / Q000235:genetics*; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D014508:Urea; D014510:Urease; D009584:Nitrogen