title: Addressing the efficacy of dihydrocodeine versus methadone as an alternative maintenance treatment for opiate dependence: A randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to define the efficacy of dihydrocodeine as an alternative to methadone in the maintenance treatment of opiate dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pragmatic open-label randomized controlled study of patients recommended for opiate maintenance treatment to test equivalence of the two treatment options with follow-up continuing for up to 42 months after recruitment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessment at either Edinburgh's Community Drug Problem Service or at two general practitioner practices with specialist drug community psychiatric nurses, then with shared care follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and thirty-five subjects (168 male, 67 female) with opiate dependence syndrome were recruited. Subjects selected were suitable for opiate maintenance treatment. Routine treatment was offered throughout.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to receive either methadone mixture 1 mg/ml or dihydrocodeine, 30 mg or 60 mg tablets.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was retention in treatment. Eight secondary outcomes included total illicit opiate use, reported crime, physical health, mental health, injecting drug use, overdoses, selling drugs and being in education or work. Measures were compared over 42 months follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in groups for retention in treatment at follow-up and there was improvement in all secondary outcomes from baseline. No significant difference in outcomes was found between randomized groups over time. Compliance with randomized treatment differed by randomized group and was affected by experiences in custody during follow-up. Those randomized to dihydrocodeine were more likely to switch treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results, combined with existing clinical experience, provide evidence that dihydrocodeine is a viable alternative to methadone as a maintenance treatment for opiate dependence. Indirect comparisons with other studies show dihydrocodeine (and methadone) to be superior to placebo.
authors.affiliation: Division of Community Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: J Roy
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Gillian M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Raab
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: Helen R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Storkey
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salter
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003061:Codeine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009294:Narcotics; C014481:dihydrocodeine; D008691:Methadone; D003061:Codeine