title: Long-term course of epilepsy in a large cohort of intellectually disabled patients.
abstract: This study was designed to describe the course of epilepsy (in terms of seizure frequency) and to assess the variables (antiepileptic therapy regimens and others) correlated to improvement. Seizure frequency (categories: seizure free, more than one seizure/year, monthly seizures, weekly seizures and daily seizures) and antiepileptic medication were retrospectively compared between 1992 and 2002 in a large cohort of 550 inpatients with chronic epilepsy and different degrees of intellectual disability or multiple handicaps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seizure frequency decreased significantly (p<0.001). 218 of the 394 patients (55.3%) not seizure free in 1992 improved (changed into a better frequency category). The improvement rate was marginally higher in patients who had undergone a medication change (p=0.08). A high seizure frequency in 1992 (p=0.016) and older age (p=0.006), but not epilepsy syndrome or degree of intellectual disability, were predictors for improvement (stepwise logistic regression analysis). 56.4% of the improved patients were on combinations of two AEDs (17.4%, monotherapy; 20.2%, triple therapy). The most frequent therapy regimens in the improved patients were lamotrigine/valproate (48 patients), carbamazepine/phenobarbital (21) and carbamazepine only (19). Lamotrigine/valproate was effective in all kinds of epileptic syndromes. Most patients on lamotrigine had serum concentrations above 10microg/ml, approximately one half had dosages above 200mg/day. The rate of seizure freedom increased from 28.4 to 37.6%. The 84% of the patients seizure free in 1992 remained seizure free. Predictors for seizure freedom in 2002 were higher age (stepwise logistic regression, p<0.0005) and seizure freedom in 1992 (p<0.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial improvement can be achieved even in intellectually disabled patients with chronic epilepsy. Although the rate of seizure freedom is reduced in comparison with a non-ID population, once seizure freedom has been achieved it is most likely to continue. For a majority of this patient population, monotherapy may not be sufficient. Lamotrigine/valproate appears to be a major therapeutic innovation.
authors.affiliation: Bernd.Huber@Bethel.de
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Horstmann
authors.forename: Gabi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jokeit
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liem
authors.forename: Theodor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meinert
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Heide
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schorlemmer
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seidel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012074:Remission Induction; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants