title: Ultrastructure of human mature oocytes after slow cooling cryopreservation using different sucrose concentrations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We studied the ultrastructural characteristics of human mature oocytes frozen/thawed (F/T) using different concentrations of sucrose. Fresh human mature oocytes were used as controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  The oocytes (n = 48) were fixed in 1.5% glutaraldehyde at sampling (n = 16) or after freeze/thawing performed using a slow cooling method with propane-1,2-diol 1.5 mol/l and sucrose at either 0.1 mol/l (n = 16) or 0.3 mol/l (n = 16) in the freezing solution. The oocytes were then processed for electron microscopy observations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fresh and F/T oocytes belonging to both study groups were regularly rounded in sections, with a homogeneous cytoplasm and an intact zona pellucida (ZP). Organelles (mainly mitochondria-smooth endoplasmic reticulum aggregates and mitochondria-vesicle complexes) were abundant and uniformly dispersed in the ooplasm. The amount and density of cortical granules appeared to be abnormally reduced in some F/T samples, independently of the sucrose concentration in the freezing solution: this feature was frequently associated with an increased density of the inner ZP, possibly related to the occurrence of zona 'hardening'. Furthermore, slight to moderate microvacuolization was revealed in the ooplasm of some F/T oocytes, particularly in those treated with sucrose 0.3 mol/l.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Freeze/thawing procedures are associated with ultrastructural alterations in specific oocyte microdomains, presumably linked to the reduced developmental potential of mature cryopreserved oocytes. Further work is needed to determine whether or not a high concentration of sucrose plays a role, at least in part, in producing the above alterations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. stefania.nottola@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nottola
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Macchiarelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coticchio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cecconi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Santis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scaravelli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flamigni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015925:Cryopreservation; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018871:Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005615:Freezing; D005976:Glutaral / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008833:Microcirculation; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013395:Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D013395:Sucrose; D005976:Glutaral