title: Quantification of adenosine A2A receptors in the human brain using [11C]TMSX and positron emission tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  [7-methyl-(11)C]-(E)-8-(3,4,5-trimethoxystyryl)-1,3,7-trimethylxanthine ([(11)C]TMSX) is a positron-emitting adenosine A(2A) receptor (A2AR) antagonist for visualisation of A2AR distribution by positron emission tomography (PET). The aims of this paper were to use a kinetic model to analyse the behaviour of [(11)C]TMSX in the brain and to examine the applicability of the Logan plot. We also studied the applicability of a simplified Logan plot by omitting metabolite correction and arterial blood sampling.
  
  
  METHODS
  The centrum semiovale was used as a reference region on the basis of a post-mortem study showing that it has a negligibly low density of A2ARs. Compartmental analysis was performed in five normal subjects. Parametric images of A2AR binding potential (BP) were also generated using a Logan plot with or without metabolite correction and with or without arterial blood sampling. To omit arterial blood sampling, we applied a method to extract the plasma-related information using independent component analysis (EPICA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated K (1)/k (2) was confirmed to be common in the centrum semiovale and main cortices. The three-compartment model was well fitted to the other regions using the fixed value of K (1)/k (2) estimated from the centrum semiovale. The estimated BPs using the Logan plot matched those derived from compartment analysis. Without the metabolite correction, the estimate of BP underestimated the true value by 5%. The estimated BPs agreed regardless of arterial blood sampling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A three-compartment model with a reference region, the centrum semiovale, describes the kinetic behaviour of [(11)C]TMSX PET images. A2ARs in the human brain can be visualised as a BP image using [(11)C]TMSX PET without arterial blood sampling.
authors.affiliation: Positron Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 1-1, Naka, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-0022, Japan.|Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naganawa
authors.affiliation: Positron Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 1-1, Naka, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-0022, Japan. ukimura@ieee.org.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Neurological Institute, Nippon Medical School Chiba-Hokusoh Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mishina
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitsugu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manabe
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan.
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chihara
authors.affiliation: Positron Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 1-1, Naka, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-0022, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.affiliation: Positron Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 1-1, Naka, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-0022, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.affiliation: Positron Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 1-1, Naka, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-0022, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishiwata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007700:Kinetics; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A / Q000378:metabolism*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014970:Xanthines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; C405422:KF18446; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A; D014970:Xanthines