title: The use of the life course paradigm and life course charts to explore referral for family history of breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Life course research methodologies are used extensively in historical and social science research. In 1998 the life course paradigm was introduced to provide a way of tracing the interplay of person and setting. The method has had a very limited use in nursing research, but in this study it was utilized as a way of capturing dynamic change by placing the individual within a context of four domains; location in time and place, linked lives, human agency and timing of lives.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the paradigm, review its use in healthcare research and provide a specific example of its use in healthcare.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper discusses a novel method of creating life course charts for a qualitative study exploring the differing experiences of women referred from primary care to specialist services due to a family history of breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nurse-led breast cancer family history clinic in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Life charts were used in conjunction with a grounded theory approach to analyse data collected from semi-structured interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two life charts were created and the ability to layer the charts of multiple women to visualise similarities and differences aided the analysis. The life charts were a useful tool in the development of theoretical understandings and the psychosocial process of realisation of risk emerged as central to the initiation of referral. This was often apparent when approaching the age of an affected relative (anticipated onset) or when current circumstances emulate past experience (generational transference).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This approach to charting complex psychological, social and contextual factors throughout the life course was methodologically beneficial and could have a wider utility in nursing and healthcare research. As a research tool it enhanced a holistic approach to patient care issues and was helpful as an aid to understanding health behaviours linked to familial risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, University of Liverpool, UK. Caroline.benjamin@rlc.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hallett
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Booth
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology*; D011320:Primary Health Care; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012107:Research Design; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires