title: Three drug combinations for late-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness: a randomized clinical trial in Uganda.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to compare the efficacy and safety of three drug combinations for the treatment of late-stage human African trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.
  
  
  METHODS
  This trial was a randomized, open-label, active control, parallel clinical trial comparing three arms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study took place at the Sleeping Sickness Treatment Center run by Médecins Sans Frontières at Omugo, Arua District, Uganda
  
  
  METHODS
  Stage 2 patients diagnosed in Northern Uganda were screened for inclusion and a total of 54 selected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three drug combinations were given to randomly assigned patients: melarsoprol-nifurtimox (M+N), melarsoprol-eflornithine (M+E), and nifurtimox-eflornithine (N+E). Dosages were uniform: intravenous (IV) melarsoprol 1.8 mg/kg/d, daily for 10 d; IV eflornithine 400 mg/kg/d, every 6 h for 7 d; oral nifurtimox 15 (adults) or 20 (children <15 y) mg/kg/d, every 8 h for 10 d. Patients were followed up for 24 mo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcomes were cure rates and adverse events attributable to treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Randomization was performed on 54 patients before enrollment was suspended due to unacceptable toxicity in one of the three arms. Cure rates obtained with the intention to treat analysis were M+N 44.4%, M+E 78.9%, and N+E 94.1%, and were significantly higher with N+E (p = 0.003) and M+E (p = 0.045) than with M+N. Adverse events were less frequent and less severe with N+E, resulting in fewer treatment interruptions and no fatalities. Four patients died who were taking melarsoprol-nifurtimox and one who was taking melarsoprol-eflornithine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The N+E combination appears to be a promising first-line therapy that may improve treatment of sleeping sickness, although the results from this interrupted study do not permit conclusive interpretations. Larger studies are needed to continue the evaluation of this drug combination in the treatment of T. b. gambiense sleeping sickness.
authors.affiliation: gpriotto@epicentre.msf.org
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Priotto
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fogg
authors.forename: Manica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balasegaram
authors.forename: Olema
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Erphas
authors.forename: Albino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Louga
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Checchi
authors.forename: Salah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghabri
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Piola