title: Pharmacodynamic of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in humans.
abstract: We provide comprehensive knowledge on the differential regulation of expression and catalysis of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in health and disease which represents an essential requirement to read out the clinical consequences of selective and nonselective inhibition of COX-isozymes in humans. Furthermore, we describe the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of major traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (tNSAIDs) and coxibs (selective COX-2 inhibitors) which play a prime role in their efficacy and toxicity. Important information derived from our pharmacological studies has clarified that nonselective COX inhibitors should be considered the tNSAIDs with a balanced inhibitory effect on both COX-isozymes (exemplified by ibuprofen and naproxen). In contrast, the tNSAIDs meloxicam, nimesulide and diclofenac (which are from 18- to 29-fold more potent towards COX-2 in vitro) and coxibs (i.e. celecoxib, valdecoxib, rofecoxib, etoricoxib and lumiracoxib, which are from 30- to 433-fold more potent towards COX-2 in vitro) should be comprised into the cluster of COX-2 inhibitors. However, the dose and frequency of administration together with individual responses will drive the degree of COX-2 inhibition and selectivity achieved in vivo. The results of clinical pharmacology of COX inhibitors support the concept that the inhibition of platelet COX-1 may translate into an increased incidence of serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding but this effect on platelet COX-1 may mitigate the cardiovascular hazard associated with the profound inhibition of COX-2-dependent prostacyclin (PGI2).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d'Annunzio University, School of Medicine, and Gabriele d'Annunzio Foundation, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Marta L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Capone
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tacconelli
authors.forename: Luigia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Francesco
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sacchetti
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Sciulli
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Patrignani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D015415:Biomarkers; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000201:enzymology; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000201:enzymology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015415:Biomarkers; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2