title: Assessing children's heart sounds at a distance with digital recordings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to assess whether computer-stored digital sound recordings can be used to distinguish innocent from pathologic systolic murmurs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recordings of 55 children aged 1 month to 19 years were made remotely with the use of a digital stethoscope and were e-mailed to a computer in our center for later assessment. Eight-second recordings were made by a physician in 2 to 4 locations on the chest. Three cardiologists who were blinded to the diagnosis reviewed the recordings independently using stethophones to assess the splitting of the second heart sound and whether murmurs were innocent or pathologic. Diagnoses were confirmed with echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen children had innocent murmurs and 38 had pathologic murmurs. For the 3 cardiologists, sensitivity was 0.87 to 1.0, specificity was 0.82 to 0.88, negative predictive value was 0.75 to 1.0, and positive predictive value was 0.93 to 0.95. Assessment of splitting of second heart sound was highly accurate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Digital recordings of children's heart sounds allow reliable differentiation between innocent and pathologic murmurs. Use of this technology may allow remote diagnosis of childhood murmurs and avoid the expense and stress of travel to pediatric cardiology centers for some children. Cardiologists who use recordings should assess their diagnostic accuracy before clinical application.
authors.affiliation: IWK Children's Heart Centre, 5850/5950 University Ave, Halifax, NS, Canada B3K6R8. john.finley@iwk.nshealth.ca
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Finley
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Geoffrey P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Sharratt
authors.forename: Minoli
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amit
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006326:Heart Auscultation / Q000379:methods*; D006337:Heart Murmurs / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006347:Heart Sounds; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019114:Remote Consultation; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019023:Stethoscopes