title: Combined arterial and venous approaches for cure of carotid-cavernous sinus fistula in a patient with fibromuscular dysplasia.
abstract: We report the case of a woman with bilateral carotid artery fibromuscular dysplasia. The case illustrates some of the difficulties encountered in the treatment of carotid-cavernous fistula. For example, a previous contralateral carotid closure caused complications because carotid sacrifice was not now possible. This resulted in several embolization procedures requiring prolonged x-ray exposures. We show that transvascular embolotherapy must incorporate a flexible approach for access, selection of embolic materials, and clinical care.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rovin