title: Influence of treatment concept, velopharyngoplasty, gender and age on hypernasality in patients with cleft lip, alveolus and palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to analyse cleft patients for hypernasality following velopharyngoplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  95 subjects (43 females, 52 males) with cleft lip, alveolus and palate (4 - 25 years old) were analysed. Forty-three patients were treated according to the current protocol of the Cleft Palate/Craniofacial Malformations Centre of the Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery in Muenster ('MS+' group) and 52 patients were treated elsewhere according to different protocols. In 19 of the 95 patients a velopharyngoplasty had been performed. Hypernasality was judged perceptually and nasalance data was measured objectively using the NasalView system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients of the 'MS+' group showed significantly better results concerning hypernasality and nasalance data. Assessment of hypernasality and nasalance measurement showed no significant differences between subjects following velopharyngoplasty and those who had not had this operation. Gender and age did not correlate with hypernasality either.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A functionally orientated treatment with early closure of lip and palate ensures optimal velopharyngeal function, optimal oro-nasal balance of resonance, low hypernasality and excellent nasalance data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Cleft Palate/Craniofacial Malformations Centre (Chairman: Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. h.c. U. Joos), University of Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Joos
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wermker
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kruse-Löesler
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kleinheinz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000601:surgery; D010614:Pharynx / Q000601:surgery; D012737:Sex Factors; D013062:Speech Articulation Tests; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014833:Voice Quality