title: Effects of crystalline amino acid supplementation to the diet on odor from pig manure.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of specific crystalline AA supplementation to a diet on odor emission, odor intensity, odor hedonic tone, and ammonia emission from pig manure, and on manure characteristics (pH; ammonia N; total nitrogen; sulfurous, indolic, and phenolic compounds; and VFA concentrations). An experiment was conducted with growing pigs (n = 18) in a randomized complete block design, with 3 treatments in 6 blocks. Treatment groups were (1) a 15%-CP basal diet with 3 times the requirement of sulfur-containing AA (14.2 g/kg of diet, as-fed basis); (2) the basal diet with 2 times the requirement of Trp and Phe+Tyr (2.9 and 20.4 g/kg of diet, respectively, as-fed basis); and (3) the basal diet with AA supplementation to levels sufficient for maximum protein gain. Pigs with an initial BW of 41.2 +/- 0.8 kg were individually penned in partly slatted floor pens and offered a daily feed allowance of 2.8 times the maintenance requirement for NE (293 kJ/kg of BW(0.75)). Feed was mixed with water at 1:2.5 (wt/wt). Feces and urine of each pig was allowed to accumulate in separate manure pits under the slatted floor. After an adaptation period of 2 wk, and after cleaning the manure pits, manure was subsequently collected. In wk 5 of the collection period, separate samples were collected directly from each manure pit for odor, ammonia, and manure composition analyses. Air samples were analyzed for odor concentration and for hedonic tone and odor intensity above the odor detection threshold. Results showed that supplementing crystalline S-containing AA in surplus of the requirement increased odor emission (P < 0.001) and odor intensity (P < 0.05) and reduced odor hedonic tone (P < 0.05) from the air above the manure pits. Supplementing crystalline Trp, Tyr, and Phe in surplus of the recommended requirements did not affect odor emission, odor intensity, or odor hedonic tone. Regardless of dietary treatment, all pigs had similar performance levels. No differences were observed in ammonia emission from manure of pigs fed different levels of AA supplementation (P = 0.20). To reduce odor from pig manure, dietary S-containing AA should be minimized to just meet the recommended requirements.
authors.affiliation: Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen-UR, Bornsesteeg 59, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: A J A
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Aarnink
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Jongbloed
authors.forename: C M C
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van der Peet Schwering
authors.forename: N W M
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Ogink
authors.forename: M W A
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Verstegen
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000641:Ammonia / Q000737:chemistry; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D008297:Male; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D008372:Manure; D000641:Ammonia