title: Farm management practices associated with macrocyclic lactone resistance on sheep farms in New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify farm practices associated with the presence of resistance to a macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintic on sheep farms in New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted to test for associations between the presence of resistance to an ML anthelmintic (ivermectin) and management practices on sheep farms in New Zealand. Selection of farms was both random (n=80) and purposive (n=32; being farms with a history of suspected ML resistance). Resistance was inferred from faecal nematode egg count (FEC) reduction (FECR) tests (FECRTs) when there was <95% reduction in FEC 7-10 days after treatment with a half dose of ivermectin (0.1 mg/kg). A logistic regression model was built to identify farm-level factors that were associated with the presence or absence of ML resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 112 flock managers that were approached for interview, 103 (92%) returned useable questionnaires. The odds of ML resistance were increased: on farms that had used long-acting ML products in ewes as a pre-lambing treatment for > or =3 of the previous 5 years (odds ratio (OR) = 7.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.7-30.3); on farms where <70% of the total stock units mid-winter were from sheep (OR=6.5; 95% CI=1.6-25.6); on farms which over the year purchased >10% of the number of sheep present mid-winter (OR=7.1; 95% CI=1.5-34.7); and on farms where the average wool diameter of the main flock was <37 (OR=4.1; 95% CI=1.1-14.7) microns. The model provided a good fit to the data (pseudo R2=0.64; Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic = 0.38).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Explanatory factors identified as associated with the presence of ML (ivermectin) resistance on farms included the use of long-acting anthelmintic formulations in ewes pre-lambing, sources of refugia of unselected parasites on the farm, breed of sheep and their requirements for anthelmintic treatments, and the importing of resistant parasites with purchased stock. The study provides support for controls that aim to provide refugia of susceptible worms and that minimise the risk of introduction of resistance through effective quarantine drenching.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. k.lawrence@massey.ac.nz
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Leathwick
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heuer
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Pomroy
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Waghorn
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Moffat
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006374:Helminthiasis, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D018942:Macrolides; D007559:Ivermectin