title: Effects of alcohol and combined marijuana and alcohol use during adolescence on hippocampal volume and asymmetry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Converging lines of evidence suggest that the hippocampus may be particularly vulnerable to deleterious effects of alcohol and marijuana use, especially during adolescence. The goal of this study was to examine hippocampal volume and asymmetry in adolescent users of alcohol and marijuana.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were adolescent (aged 15-18) alcohol (ALC) users (n=16), marijuana and alcohol (MJ+ALC) users (n=26), and demographically similar controls (n=21). Extensive exclusionary criteria included prenatal toxic exposure, left handedness, and psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Substance use, cognitive, and anatomical measures were collected after at least 2 days of abstinence from all substances.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescent ALC users demonstrated a significantly different pattern of hippocampal asymmetry (p<.05) and reduced left hippocampal volume (p<.05) compared to MJ+ALC users and non-using controls. Increased alcohol abuse/dependence severity was associated with increased right>left (R>L) asymmetry and smaller left hippocampal volumes while marijuana abuse/dependence was associated with increased L>R asymmetry and larger left hippocampal volumes. Although MJ+ALC users did not differ from controls in asymmetry, functional relationships with verbal learning were found only among controls, among whom greater right than left hippocampal volume was associated with superior performance (p<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aberrations in hippocampal asymmetry and left hippocampal volumes were found for adolescent heavy drinkers. Further, the functional relationship between hippocampal asymmetry and verbal learning was abnormal among adolescent substance users compared to healthy controls. These findings suggest differential effects of alcohol and combined marijuana and alcohol use on hippocampal morphometry and the relationship between hippocampal asymmetry and verbal learning performance among adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Krista Lisdahl
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: Alecia D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Schweinsburg
authors.forename: Mairav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen-Zion
authors.forename: Bonnie J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Nagel
authors.forename: Susan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Tapert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000473:pathology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol