title: Anthropometric and metabolic factors and risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective cohort study of Air Force veterans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between anthropometric and metabolic factors and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is poorly understood. We investigated the associations of BPH with anthropometric and metabolic parameters in this prospective study of Vietnam War veterans.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1206 participants in the comparison arm of the Air Force Health Study with a median follow-up of 15.6 years were included in this study. The "Ranch Hand" group, occupationally exposed to herbicides, was excluded to eliminate any confounding from exposure to herbicides. BPH was determined by medical record review using the International Classification of Diseases and Related Problems, Ninth Revision. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models for the statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age for BPH diagnosis was 58.6 years. On multivariate analyses, increasing age (relative risk [RR] 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12 to 1.17), height (RR 1.02, 95% CI 1.004 to 1.03), and fasting blood glucose (RR 1.004, 95% CI 1.001 to 1.007) were associated with increased risk. The effect of age varied with the duration of follow-up. A greater systolic blood pressure (RR 0.992, 95% CI 0.986 to 0.997) was associated with decreased risk of BPH. A dose-response effect was seen for age, height, and systolic blood pressure. No effect was seen for weight, body mass index, change in weight or body mass index, lipids, thyroid hormone status, or the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of BPH increased with increasing age, height, and fasting blood glucose levels. The risk was decreased with a greater systolic blood pressure. No relationship was seen between BPH and metabolic syndrome, weight, body mass index, lipid level, or thyroid hormone status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9110, USA.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Sachin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pavuk
authors.forename: Claus G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Roehrborn
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001824:Body Constitution; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D018450:Disease Progression; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans; D047829:Vietnam Conflict
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D013963:Thyroid Hormones