title: Pervasive developmental disorder, behavior problems, and psychotropic drug use in children and adolescents with mental retardation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the interrelationship between psychopharmacotherapy in general and the use of specific psychotropic drugs and pervasive developmental disorder and other behavior problems in children and adolescents with mental retardation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 862 participants 4 to 18 years of age, including all levels of mental retardation, were recruited through facilities for children with mental retardation in Friesland, The Netherlands. Information on medication was collected through parent interviews. Behavior problems were investigated with a standardized parent questionnaire (Developmental Behavior Checklist). A pervasive developmental disorder classification was based on the Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Mental Retardation Scale, completed by psychologists or teachers. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the use of psychotropic drugs and pervasive developmental disorder and other behavioral problems, in the presence of possible confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One of 10 participants used psychotropic medication. The main factors associated with psychotropic drug use were pervasive developmental disorder and disruptive behavior. The level of functioning was also associated. Self-absorbed behavior was statistically significantly associated with clonidine use and disruptive behavior with stimulant use. Pervasive developmental disorder and communication problems were the main factors associated with the use of antipsychotic drugs. Age also played a role, whereas gender, living situation, and level of mental retardation did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antipsychotic drugs were associated with pervasive developmental disorder, whereas clonidine and stimulants were associated with self-absorbed and disruptive behavior, respectively. Although clonidine and risperidone are not registered for the problems reported and the other nonstimulants were only sometimes used on-label, their use was associated with specific psychiatric or behavioral problems.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Groningen/Accare, University Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, PO Box 660, 9700 AR Groningen, The Netherlands. a.de.bildt@accare.nl
authors.forename: Annelies
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Bildt
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scheers
authors.forename: Ruud B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Minderaa
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tobi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000209:etiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs