title: Facial expressions of emotion reveal neuroendocrine and cardiovascular stress responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The classic conception of stress involves undifferentiated negative affect and corresponding biological reactivity. The present study hypothesized a new conception, disaggregating stress into emotion-specific, contrasting patterns of biological response. Specifically, it hypothesized contrasting patterns for indignation (comprised of anger and disgust) versus fear. Moreover, it hypothesized that facial expressions of these emotions would signal corresponding biological stress responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-two adults engaged in annoyingly difficult stress-challenge tasks, during which cardiovascular responses, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis responses (i.e., cortisol), emotional expressions (i.e., facial muscle movements), and subjective emotional experience were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pronounced individual differences emerged in specific emotional responses to the stressors. Analyses of facial expressions revealed that the more fear individuals displayed in response to the stressors, the higher their cardiovascular and cortisol responses to stress. By contrast, the more indignation individuals displayed in response to the same stressors the lower their cortisol levels and cardiovascular responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Facial expressions of emotion signal biological responses to stress. Fear expressions signal elevated cortisol and cardiovascular reactivity; indignation signals attenuated cortisol and cardiovascular reactivity, patterns that implicate individual differences in stress appraisals. Rather than conceptualizing stress as generalized negative affect, studies can be informed by this emotion-specific approach to stress responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social & Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. jlerner@cmu.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Ahmad R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hariri
authors.forename: Shelley E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger / Q000502:physiology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000502:physiology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone