title: Geometric indices of bone strength are associated with physical activity and dietary calcium intake in healthy older women.
abstract: A population-based study on 1008 postmenopausal women identified that the 24% of women achieving high levels of PA and CI had 3.4-4.4% higher femoral bone strength in axial compression and 1.7-5.2% in bending than those achieving low levels, indicating that lifestyle factors influence bone strength in the proximal femur.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Extensive research has shown that increased physical activity (PA) and calcium intake (CI) decrease the rate of bone loss; however, there is little research on how these lifestyle variables affect bone geometry. This study was designed to investigate the effects of modifiable lifestyle variables, habitual PA and dietary CI, on femoral geometry in older women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Femoral geometry, habitual PA, and dietary CI were measured in a population-based sample of 1008 women (median age+/-interquartile range, 75+/-4years) enrolled in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of calcium supplementation. Baseline PA and CI were assessed by validated questionnaires, and 1-year DXA scans (Hologic 4500A) were analyzed using the hip structural analysis technique. Section modulus (Z), an index of bending strength, cross-sectional area (CSA), an index of axial compression strength, subperiosteal width (SPW), and centroid position, the position of the center of mass, were measured at the femoral neck (NN), intertrochanter (IT), and femoral shaft (FS) sites. These data were divided into tertiles of PA and CI, and the results were compared using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with corrections for age, height, weight, and treatment (calcium/placebo).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PA showed a significant dose-response effect on CSA all hip sites (p<0.03) and Z at the narrow neck and intertrochanter sites (p<0.02). For CI, there was a dose-response effect for centroid position at the intertrochanter (p=0.03). These effects were additive, such that the women (n=240) with PA in excess of 65.5 kcal/day and CI in excess of 1039 mg/day had significantly greater CSA (NN, 4.4%; IT, 4.3%; FS, 3.4%) and Z (NN, 3.9%; IT, 5.2%). These data show a favorable association between PA and aspects of bone structural geometry consistent with better bone strength. Association between CI and bone structure was only evident in 1 of 15 variables tested. However, there was evidence that there may be additive effects, whereby women with high levels of PA and CI in excess of 1039 mg/day had significantly greater CSA (NN, 0.4%; FS, 2.1%) and Z (IT, 3.0%) than women with high PA but low CI. These data show that current public health guidelines for PA and dietary CI are not inappropriate where bone structure is the health component of interest.
authors.affiliation: School of Physiotherapy, Curtin University of Technology, and Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Michelle K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Nurzenski
authors.forename: N Kathryn
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Briffa
authors.forename: Roger I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Benjamin C C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Devine
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Prince
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D017698:Postmenopause; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D002136:Calcium, Dietary