title: Carotid and peripheral atherosclerosis in patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention and outcome associated with multifocal atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to determine if patients with multifocal atherosclerosis have a worse prognosis than patients with atherosclerosis only in the coronary bed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 45 subjects admitted to intensive coronary care unit of the Division of Cardiology with the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Traditional cardiovascular risk factors were investigated and laboratory analysis included measurement of plasma lipids, glycemia, fibrinogen and high-sensitivity-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Each patient underwent coronary-angiography as well as carotid and peripheral arterial ultrasound examination. A follow-up of 13+/-2 months was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the severity of coronary atherosclerosis is significantly associated with the presence of carotid (P<0.05) and peripheral atherosclerosis (P<0.005). Markers of inflammation, hs-CRP (P<0.005) and fibrinogen (P<0.05), were significantly associated with multifocal atherosclerosis. We have shown that an increased number of coronary vessels with atherosclerotic stenosis is associated with a higher value of carotid (P<0.0001) and peripheral intima media thickness (P<0.0001). During 13 months of follow-up the incidence of fatal or non fatal events was 18%. The multivariate analysis showed that the variables independently associated with fatal and non fatal events were: male sex (P<0.001), family history of cardiovascular disease (P<0.005), hypertension (P<0.01), diabetes mellitus (P<0.05), higher levels of total cholesterol (P<0.05), smoking habit (P<0.05), and multifocal atherosclerosis (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ultrasound examination of carotid and peripheral atherosclerotic lesions may be useful in placing patients with AMI in a category of higher risk of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events. Moreover, the precocious identification of patients at risk can suggest a more aggressive pharmacological treatment and a more accurate follow-up in order to avoid future events.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Post-graduate School of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Nephro-Urological Diseases, University Hospital "P. Giaccone" of Palermo, 90127 Palmero, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corrado
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Muratori
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Novo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andolina
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cospite
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Evola
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Ciaramitaro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Vincenzo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farinella
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rotolo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Assennato
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Novo
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome