title: Modafinil activates cortical and subcortical sites in the sleep-deprived state.
abstract: SUBJECT OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of the wake-promoting drug modafinil on working memory and brain activation in the executive network, following a single night of sleep deprivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, placebo-controlled, 4-arm, double-blind evaluation of a single 200-mg dose of modafinil on working memory (1-, 2-, and 3-back)-related functional brain activation and performance following overnight sleep deprivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  General Clinical Research Center, Biomedical Imaging Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight medication-free men, aged 21 to 35 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overnight sleep deprivation, single-dose 200-mg modafinil, functional magnetic resonance imaging
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brain activation patterns and regional signal intensity based on the blood-oxygen level-dependent signal were assessed. The following reaction times were used as measures of performance: (1) attention in the scanner before functional scanning, (2) "back" responses during the active-task block, and (3) attention during the baseline task block. Contrast of activation maps among conditions revealed sleep-deprivation and drug effects, and their interactions. Performance in the deprived state was enhanced by modafinil only at an intermediate (2-back) level of task difficulty and was associated with the recruitment of increased cortical activation volumes. Strong and consistent individual differences in performance were noted on the working memory tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modafinil effectively counters the adverse effects of overnight sleep deprivation on working memory but only when task difficulty is moderate, recruiting extensive areas in the executive network to do so. Interindividual differences in working-memory performance are stable trait characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Medicine-Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, 02215, USA. rthomas1@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Robert Joseph
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kwong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects; D000077408:Modafinil; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000077408:Modafinil