title: Combinatorial pattern recognition receptor signaling alters the balance of life and death in macrophages.
abstract: Macrophage pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play key roles in innate immunity, but they also may contribute to disease processes under certain pathological conditions. We recently showed that engagement of the type A scavenger receptor (SRA), a PRR, triggers JNK-dependent apoptosis in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stressed macrophages. In advanced atherosclerotic lesions, the SRA, activated JNK, and ER stress are observed in macrophages, and macrophage death in advanced atheromata leads to plaque necrosis. Herein, we show that SRA ligands trigger apoptosis in ER-stressed macrophages by cooperating with another PRR, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), to redirect TLR4 signaling from prosurvival to proapoptotic. Common SRA ligands activate both TLR4 signaling and engage the SRA. The TLR4 effect results in activation of the proapoptotic MyD88-JNK branch of TLR4, whereas the SRA effect silences the prosurvival IRF-3-IFN-beta branch of TLR4. The normal cell-survival effect of LPS-induced TLR4 activation is converted into an apoptosis response by immunoneutralization of IFN-beta, and the apoptosis effect of SRA ligands is converted into a cell-survival response by reconstitution with IFN-beta. Thus, combinatorial signaling between two distinct PRRs results in a functional outcome-macrophage apoptosis that does not occur with either PRR alone. PRR-induced macrophage death may play important roles in advanced atherosclerosis and in other innate immunity-related processes in which the balance between macrophage survival and death is critical.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Anatomy, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Tracie A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Seimon
authors.forename: Amrom
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Obstfeld
authors.forename: Kathryn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Douglas T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Golenbock
authors.forename: Ira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tabas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D050838:Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051117:Scavenger Receptors, Class A / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D050838:Interferon Regulatory Factor-3; C494233:Irf3 protein, mouse; D008024:Ligands; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011134:Polysaccharides; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D051117:Scavenger Receptors, Class A; D016899:Interferon-beta; C007789:fucoidan; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D002118:Calcium