title: Directionality of point mutation and 5-methylcytosine deamination rates in the chimpanzee genome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pattern of point mutation is important for studying mutational mechanisms, genome evolution, and diseases. Previous studies of mutation direction were largely based on substitution data from a limited number of loci. To date, there is no genome-wide analysis of mutation direction or methylation-dependent transition rates in the chimpanzee or its categorized genomic regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we performed a detailed examination of mutation direction in the chimpanzee genome and its categorized genomic regions using 588,918 SNPs whose ancestral alleles could be inferred by mapping them to human genome sequences. The C-->T (G-->A) changes occurred most frequently in the chimpanzee genome. Each type of transition occurred approximately four times more frequently than each type of transversion. Notably, the frequency of C-->T (G-->A) was the highest in exons among the genomic categories regardless of whether we calculated directly, normalized with the nucleotide content, or removed the SNPs involved in the CpG effect. Moreover, the directionality of the point mutation in exons and CpG islands were opposite relative to their corresponding intergenic regions, indicating that different forces govern the nucleotide changes. Our analysis suggests that the GC content is not in equilibrium in the chimpanzee genome. Further quantitative analysis revealed that the 5-methylcytosine deamination rates at CpG sites were highly dependent on the local GC content and the lengths of SNP flanking sequences and varied among categorized genomic regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present the first mutational spectrum, estimated by three different approaches, in the chimpanzee genome. Our results provide detailed information on recent nucleotide changes and methylation-dependent transition rates in the chimpanzee genome after its split from the human. These results have important implications for understanding genome composition evolution, mechanisms of point mutation, and other genetic factors such as selection, biased codon usage, biased gene conversion, and recombination.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, USA. cjiang@vcu.edu <cjiang@vcu.edu>
authors.forename: Cizhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Zhongming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D044503:5-Methylcytosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001482:Base Composition; D018899:CpG Islands; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D030561:Databases, Nucleic Acid; D003641:Deamination; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005091:Exons; D016678:Genome; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics*; D017354:Point Mutation; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
chemical_list: D044503:5-Methylcytosine