title: Screening children to identify families at increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Atherosclerosis begins early in life; however, children and young and middle-aged adults are not universally screened for the presence of modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether cardiovascular disease risk-factor assessment in children can identify families who are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family Strategies Concentrating on Risk Evaluation is a community-based participatory research study designed to stratify cardiovascular disease risk in a cohort of children and their parents. Eligible families, consisting of > or = 1 child and > or = 1 biological parent, are recruited through community and faith-based educational and screening programs. In a single, fasted study visit, participants undergo assessment of cardiovascular disease risk factors: obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Associations of cardiovascular disease risk factors between children and their parents were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were analyzed from 94 families: 108 parents (mean age: 38.5 +/- 7.5 years), 141 children (mean age: 10.5 +/- 3.4 years), and 170 child-parent pairs. Child-parent association was strong for many risk factors: BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. Several discrete-defined risk factors in children were found to be significant predictors of the presence of the same risk factors in their parents. Parents of children with hypertension, obesity, or hypertriglyceridemia had 15 times, 6 times, or 5 times increased odds, respectively, of having the same risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification of several clinically apparent and silent cardiovascular disease risk factors in children predicts elevated cardiovascular disease risk in their parents. Because children access primary care more frequently than adults, children can potentially serve as the index case to identify families at increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. evelyn.reis@chp.edu
authors.forename: Evelyn Cohen
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Kevin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Kip
authors.forename: Oscar C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Marroquin
authors.forename: Marin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiesau
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hipps
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Reis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors