title: Exercise training reduces fatty acid availability and improves the insulin sensitivity of glucose metabolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is not known whether the beneficial effects of exercise training on insulin sensitivity are due to changes in hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity or whether the changes in insulin sensitivity can be explained by adaptive changes in fatty acid metabolism, changes in visceral fat or changes in liver and muscle triacylglycerol content. We investigated the effects of 6 weeks of supervised exercise in sedentary men on these variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomised 17 sedentary overweight male subjects (age 50 +/- 2.6 years, BMI 27.6 +/- 0.5 kg/m(2)) to a 6-week exercise programme (n = 10) or control group (n = 7). The insulin sensitivity of palmitic acid production rate (Ra), glycerol Ra, endogenous glucose Ra (EGP), glucose uptake and glucose metabolic clearance rate were measured at 0 and 6 weeks with a two-step hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp [step 1, 0.3 (low dose); step 2, 1.5 (high dose) mU kg(-1) min(-1)]. In the exercise group subjects were studied >72 h after the last training session. Liver and skeletal muscle triacylglycerol content was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and visceral adipose tissue by cross-sectional computer tomography scanning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 6 weeks, fasting glycerol, palmitic acid Ra (p = 0.003, p = 0.042) and NEFA concentration (p = 0.005) were decreased in the exercise group with no change in the control group. The effects of low-dose insulin on EGP and of high-dose insulin on glucose uptake and metabolic clearance rate were enhanced in the exercise group but not in the control group (p = 0.026; p = 0.007 and p = 0.04). There was no change in muscle triacylglycerol and liver fat in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased availability of circulating NEFA may contribute to the observed improvement in the insulin sensitivity of EGP and glucose uptake following 6 weeks of moderate exercise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK. f.shojaee-moradie@surrey.ac.uk
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shojaee-Moradie
authors.forename: K C R
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Baynes
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pentecost
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stolinski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whyte
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lovell
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bowes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gibney
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Umpleby
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015444:Exercise; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D019308:Palmitic Acid