title: Maternal testosterone in pregnancy and atopic outcomes in childhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In mice, androgens downregulate Th2 cytokine responses, but whether androgen levels during pregnancy might influence the development of allergy in the offspring has not been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a population-based birth cohort of 14 541 pregnancies, we related maternal blood total testosterone during pregnancy, measured in a subset of the cohort, to allergic outcomes in the offspring, including asthma, hayfever, eczema (n=543) and wheezing (n=532) at 69-81 months, and atopy (positive skin prick test to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, cat or grass, n=386) and blood total immunoglobulin E (IgE; n=314) at 7 years. We used logistic and linear regression to analyse binary outcomes and log-transformed IgE, respectively, controlling for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal testosterone was negatively associated with total IgE in boys [adjusted geometric mean ratio (GMR), per doubling of testosterone, 0.33 (0.20-0.55), P=0.000038 (n=168)], but not in girls [GMR 1.04 (0.53-2.06), P=0.91 (n=146)], P-value interaction 0.0086. The effect in boys was even stronger in the absence of maternal atopic disease. Testosterone was not associated with skin test positivity or atopic disease in either sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher testosterone levels in pregnancy are associated with lower IgE production in boys.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health Group, National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Shaheen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Newson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: D R M
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Herrick
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: P G J
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Burney
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Henderson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000032:analysis; D012882:Skin Tests; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D013739:Testosterone