title: Chemotherapy for advanced, recurrent or metastatic endometrial cancer: a systematic review of Cochrane collaboration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytotoxic chemotherapy has a limited place in the management of advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer. Commonly used agents include cisplatin and doxorubicin, but the side-effect profile may be unacceptable for many patients. The feasibility of administration of combination chemotherapy is limited in many patients on account of significant co-morbidity. While early-stage endometrial adenocarcinoma is a common gynaecological cancer with a favourable prognosis, advanced or recurrent disease presents a difficult management problem. The platinum and anthracycline compounds have been widely used for many years, but their impact on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) is not clear. This systematic review aimed to evaluate both the benefits and adverse effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy in these women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out systematic searches for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing chemotherapy with another intervention. Data were extracted from trial reports or supplied by investigators. Where possible, hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated for OS and PFS and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for acute toxicity. The impact of more versus less intensive chemotherapy on OS, PFS and acute toxicity was assessed in a meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven eligible RCTs were identified that recruited 2288 patients. A meta-analysis of six of these trials found that PFS [HR = 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.71-0.90; P = 0.004], but not OS (HR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.80-1.03; P = 0.12), was significantly improved when more intensive chemotherapy was compared with less intensive chemotherapy. OS was improved when doxorubicin, cisplatin and other drugs were compared with doxorubicin and cisplatin. Toxicity was generally higher with more chemotherapy. There was insufficient evidence to assess the effect of chemotherapy on symptom control or quality of life (QoL). Platinums, anthracyclines and taxanes were the most studied in phase II trials and combinations gave the best responses, but patient selection and pre-treatment was very variable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More intense combination chemotherapy significantly improves the disease-free survival and the data indicate a modest improvement in OS. The addition of anthracyclines (e.g. doxorubicin) or the taxanes [e.g. paclitaxel (Taxol)] to cisplatin increases the response rate. More intensive regimens are associated with the gain in survival. However, grade 3 and 4 myelosuppression and gastrointestinal toxicity are also increased. Future developments are likely to exploit specific molecular characteristics of endometrial cancers, including their hormone dependence, growth factor target overexpression and PTEN loss. While no one drug or regimen offers a clear benefit for women with advanced endometrial cancer, platinum drugs, anthracyclines and paclitaxel seem the most promising agents. Future trials should address the impact of such agents on QoL and symptom control in addition to survival. Chemotherapy and endocrine therapy need to be compared directly in an RCT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK. cehumber@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Humber
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Tierney
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Symonds
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Collingwood
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirwan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents