Re-employment of developmental transcription factors in adult heart disease.
A finite number of transcription factors constitute a combinatorial code that orchestrates cardiac development and the specification and differentiation of myocytes. Many, if not all of these same transcription factors are re-employed in the adult heart in response to disease stimuli that promote hypertrophic enlargement and/or dilated cardiomyopathy, as part of the so-called "fetal gene program". This review will discuss the transcription factors that regulate the hypertrophic growth response of the adult heart, with a special emphasis on those regulators that participate in cardiac development.
Oka
Toru
T
Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
Xu
Jian
J
Molkentin
Jeffery D
JD
D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000502:physiology; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1 / Q000502:physiology; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor / Q000502:physiology; D050437:Genes, Developmental / Q000502:physiology*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases / Q000502:physiology; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000502:physiology; D000072576:Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors / Q000502:physiology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology; D026362:Serum Response Factor / Q000502:physiology; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D000072576:Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D026362:Serum Response Factor; D051785:Smad Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C475488:Hand protein, Drosophila; C095552:NKX2-5 protein, human