title: Comparison of media for enumeration of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli in non-disinfected water.
abstract: In this work alternative media for detection and enumeration of E. coli and coliform bacteria were compared to the reference method ISO 9308-1 (LTTC) using non-disinfected water samples with background flora. The alternative media included LES Endo agar medium (LES Endo), Colilert-18 with 51-well Quanti-tray (Colilert), Chromocult Coliform agar (CC), Harlequin E. coli/Coliform medium (HECM) and Chromogenic Escherichia coli/Coliform medium (CECM). A total of 110 samples of groundwater, bathing water and spiked water was used. Our results revealed that confirmation of coliform bacteria counts is necessary, not only on lactose-based LTTC and LES Endo media, but also on the chromogenic agar media tested, due to the growth of oxidase positive colonies. LTTC and CC media also allowed the growth of some morphologically typical coliform colonies containing gram-positive bacteria. The recovery of coliform bacteria was lower on LES Endo than on LTTC. In most cases Colilert, CC, HECM and CECM gave higher coliform counts than LTTC. The use of the LTTC medium led to higher E. coli counts than obtained with any of the alternative mediums. There are three explanations for this: (1) high sensitivity of LTTC, (2) false positives on LTTC or (3) false negatives especially with Colilert, but also with chromogenic agar media. Although LTTC was found to be a very sensitive medium, the high degree of background growth of non-disinfected waters disturbed substantially the use of it. In conclusion, our results suggest that Colilert, CC and CECM are potential alternative media for detection of coliform bacteria and E. coli from non-disinfected water.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, National Public Health Institute, P. O. Box 95, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland. Tarja.Pitkanen@ktl.fi
authors.forename: Tarja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pitkänen
authors.forename: Piia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paakkari
authors.forename: Ilkka T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Miettinen
authors.forename: Helvi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heinonen-Tanski
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paulin
authors.forename: Marja-Liisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hänninen
mesh_terms: D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D002863:Chromogenic Compounds; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D002863:Chromogenic Compounds; D003470:Culture Media; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes