title: Cervical cancer: outcome of treatment and causes of failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the data and look into the various treatments offered to cervical cancer patients at Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology (INMOL) to highlight the most likely causes of treatment failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective study, case files of all patients presenting with invasive carcinoma of uterine cervix during 1993-2002 were studied in respect to personal profile, disease related risk factors, pathological characteristics, treatment administered and outcome in the form of tumour response and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early age at marriage, multiple marriages of self or spouse, multiparty, prolonged use of contraceptives and smoking were some of the risk factors for cervical cancer in this group of patients. Out of 618 patients presenting with invasive cervical cancer, 65% presented in advanced stages II and III. Apart from advanced stage at presentation, anaemia, poor nutrition, and ignorance about self-hygiene and lack of follow-up were main causes of treatment failure. Outcome of treatment was improved when chemotherapy was added to radiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advanced stage at diagnosis and lack of follow-up were main causes of treatment failure. Implementation of screening programs on national level for early detection is therefore recommended.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology, Shaikh Zaid Hospital, Lahore.
authors.forename: Shahina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parveen
authors.forename: Rena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sajjad
authors.forename: Misbah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masood
authors.forename: Hasan Anzar
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Usmani
authors.forename: Rafshan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sadiq
authors.forename: Numair
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yunus
authors.forename: Saeeda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asghar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009684:Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital; D016522:Oncology Service, Hospital; D010154:Pakistan; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery