title: Markers of macrophage activation and axonal injury are associated with prospective memory in HIV-1 disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use clinical specimens to better understand the neuropathogenesis of prospective memory (ProM) functioning in persons with HIV-1 infection.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Emergent evidence suggests that HIV-1 is associated with impaired ProM, but the underlying neuropathophysiology of this deficit is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five nondemented subjects with HIV-1 infection completed measures of both ProM (ie, memory for future intentions) and retrospective memory (RM; ie, memory for past episodes). A panel of biomarkers reflecting several possible neuropathogenic mechanisms of HIV was measured in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, including HIV-1 RNA, total tau, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), soluble receptor for tumor necrosis factor type II, and fibroblast growth factor 1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for antiretroviral therapy and CD4 lymphocyte count, higher levels of MCP-1 in plasma, and soluble receptor for tumor necrosis factor type II and tau in cerebrospinal fluid were associated with ProM, but not RM. Markers of astrocytosis, growth factor depletion, and HIV-1 replication did not predict either ProM or RM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ProM impairment in HIV-1 may be dissociable from RM, perhaps reflecting specific neuropathogenic mechanisms of macrophage activation and axonal injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. spwoods@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Steven Paul
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marquie-Beck
authors.forename: Catherine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Scott L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Letendre
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001369:Axons / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D000068800:Etanercept; D005260:Female; D016220:Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000097:blood; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D016875:tau Proteins; D016220:Fibroblast Growth Factor 1; D000068800:Etanercept