title: The ERP old-new effect: A useful indicator in studying the effects of sleep on memory retrieval processes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To verify that the classic "Old/New" memory effect can be detected after a long delay, and to investigate the differential influence of declarative memory processes after normal sleep and daytime wake.
  
  
  METHODS
  The protocol is a variation of a more traditional study-recognition test used in event-related potential (ERP) studies in which sleep or wake is inserted between the learning and recognition session in order to verify the existence of the Old/New effect (ie, positive shift that occurs when stimuli are repeated). ERPs were recorded during the recognition-test session. The protocol was based on early work that compared the effect of sleep on memory without recording sleep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data collection occurred in the outpatient sleep laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Results from 13 subjects (6 men) aged between 21 and 39 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The subjects performed the recognition memory test after sleep and daytime wake periods. More-accurate performance for the old (studied) stimuli occurred after the sleep session. Analysis of variance on correctly answered reaction times revealed a significant effect of condition (old/new) with no difference across session. A repeated-measure analysis revealed differences in "Old/New" effect, whereby the amplitude difference between the old and new items was larger after sleep than after wake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This effect of sleep was found in early frontal and later posterior ERP components, processes that represent strategic, contextual processing and facilitation of episodic memory. Memory representation was not different across sessions. These findings suggest that sleep and wake facilitate 2 components of memory unequally, ie, episodic recognition and memory representation functioning.
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche Fernand-Seguin, Hôpital L-H. Lafontaine, Montréal, QC Canada.
authors.forename: Melodee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mograss
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Godbout
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guillem
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D003118:Color Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012153:Retention, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*