title: Animal models to test respiratory allergy of low molecular weight chemicals: a guidance.
abstract: At present, there are no widely applied or fully validated test methods to identify respiratory LMW allergens, i.e. compounds that are considered capable of inducing allergic asthma. Most tests have been investigated using strong respiratory allergens. Moreover, they are meant to detect the potential of a chemical to induce respiratory sensitisation at relatively high doses. Consequently, the sensitivity of the tests is not well-known, and they do not provide information on low doses such as generally found in occupational situations, and on threshold levels to be used in risk assessment. In addition, the various test methods use different application routes, i.e. intradermal, topical or inhalation exposure, and different parameters. Therefore standardised and validated dose-response test methods are urgently required in order to be able to identify respiratory allergens and to recommend safe exposure levels for consumers and workers. In the present paper, methods or testing strategies are described to detect respiratory sensitisation and/or allergy. Overall, assays that utilize only an induction phase may serve as indicators of respiratory sensitisation potential whereas assays that use both an induction and an elicitation or challenge phase may provide information on potency and presence of thresholds. The dermal route as sensitisation route has the advantage of the respiratory tract not being exposed to the allergen prior to challenge which facilitates the distinction between irritant and allergic effects.
authors.affiliation: TNO Quality of Life, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, P.O.Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands. josjearts@tno.nl
authors.forename: Josje H E
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Arts
authors.forename: C Frieke
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Kuper
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D007509:Irritants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity*; D008970:Molecular Weight; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D007509:Irritants