title: Early evaluation of compound QT prolongation effects: a predictive 384-well fluorescence polarization binding assay for measuring hERG blockade.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A large number of drugs from a variety of pharmacological classes have been demonstrated to cause adverse effects on cardiac rhythm, including the life-threatening arrhythmia Torsades de Pointes. These side effects are often associated with prolongation of the QT interval and are mediated via blockade of the human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) encoded potassium channel. In order to manage this risk in the pharmaceutical industry it is desirable to evaluate QT prolongation as early as possible in the drug discovery process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we describe the development of a 384-well fluorescence polarization (FP) binding assay compatible with high-throughput assessment of compound blockade of the hERG channel during the lead optimisation process. To characterise the fluorescent ligand that was developed, competition binding studies, kinetic studies and electrophysiology studies were performed. Furthermore, to validate the assay as a key screening method a series of competition binding studies were performed and correlated with functional data obtained via patch-clamp.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evaluation of the assay indicates that high quality data is obtained (Z'>0.6), that the K(i) values determined are equivalent to more traditional radiometric methods and that it is predictive for functional hERG blockade as assessed by patch clamp.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whilst FP assays, utilizing a variety of fluors, have become well established for the evaluation of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) and kinase ligand interactions, this technique has not been applied widely to the study of ion channels. Therefore, this represents a novel assay format that is amenable to the evaluation of thousands of compounds per day. Whilst other assay formats have proven predictive or high throughput, this assay represents one of few that combines both attributes, moreover it represents the most cost effective assay, making it truly amenable to early assessment of hERG blockade.
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ UK.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deacon
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Singleton
authors.forename: Nikki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Szalkai
authors.forename: Rodger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pasieczny
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Jill V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Steidl-Nichols
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D001667:Binding, Competitive; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D015195:Drug Design; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005454:Fluorescence Polarization / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016171:Torsades de Pointes / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels; D008024:Ligands