title: Betel quid not containing tobacco and oral cancer: a report on a case-control study in Papua New Guinea and a meta-analysis of current evidence.
abstract: Smoking and betel quid chewing are associated with increased risk of oral cancer but few studies have reported on associations in populations where betel quid does not contain tobacco. We conducted a case-control study in Papua New Guinea and a systematic review. Our case-control study recruited 143 cases with oral cancer and 477 controls. We collected information on smoking and betel quid chewing. Current smoking was associated with an increased risk of oral cancer with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) for daily smokers of 2.63 (95% confidence intervals (95% CI) 1.32, 5.22) and amongst heaviest smokers of 4.63 (95% CI 2.07, 10.36) compared to never-smokers. Betel chewing was associated with increased risk of oral cancer with an adjusted OR for current chewers of 2.03 (95% CI 1.01, 4.09) and in the heaviest chewers of 2.47 (95% CI 1.13, 5.40) compared to nonchewers. The OR in those who both smoked tobacco and chewed betel quid was 4.85 (95% 1.10, 22.25), relative to those who neither smoked nor chewed. The systematic review identified 10 previous studies that examined risk of oral cancer associated with betel quid chewing that controlled for smoking in populations where betel quid did not contain tobacco. In studies that reported results for non-smokers the combined OR was 2.14 (95% CI 1.06, 4.32) in betel quid chewers and in studies that adjusted for smoking the combined OR was 3.50 (95% CI 2.16, 5.65) in betel quid chewers. Preventive efforts should discourage betel quid chewing as well as smoking.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, UK. Steve.Thomas@Bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bain
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Battistutta
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.forename: Darius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paissat
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maclennan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001114:Areca / Q000633:toxicity*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010219:Papua New Guinea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking; D014026:Nicotiana