title: Clinical trial-based cost-effectiveness analyses of antipsychotic use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Second-generation antipsychotics make up one of the fastest growing segments of the rapidly growing pharmaceutical sector. Given limited health care resources, assessment of the value for the cost of second-generation antipsychotics relative to first-generation antipsychotics is critical for resource-allocation decisions.
  
  
  METHODS
  With a MEDLINE search, the authors identified eight studies (based on six randomized clinical trials) that analyzed the cost-effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics relative to first-generation antipsychotics in individuals with schizophrenia disorders. The authors reviewed appropriate methods of measurement, analysis, and design of cost-effectiveness studies in randomized clinical trials and evaluated the validity of economic results derived from the studies in light of appropriate methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The eight randomized clinical trial-based cost-effectiveness studies of antipsychotic medications faced a variety of threats to validity related to 1) measurement of costs, 2) measurement of effectiveness, 3) analysis of costs, 4) measurement of sampling uncertainty, 5) analysis of incomplete cost data, 6) minimizing loss to follow-up, and 7) threats to external validity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Economic claims made by the authors of a number of trial-based economic evaluations have generally been favorable to second-generation antipsychotics. However, the methodological issues the authors of the current study identified suggest that there is no clear evidence that atypical antipsychotics generate cost savings or are cost-effective in general use among all schizophrenia patients. Psychiatrists, researchers, and administrators should consider the methodological issues highlighted in interpreting study results. These issues should be addressed in future trial designs.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. polsky@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Polsky
authors.forename: Jalpa A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Doshi
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Henry A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Glick
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003024:Clozapine / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010352:Patient Dropouts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards; D040841:Resource Allocation; D018967:Risperidone / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003024:Clozapine; D018967:Risperidone; D000077152:Olanzapine