title: Mechanisms of disease: Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 as a 'gatekeeper' of insulin receptors.
abstract: Insulin resistance is pathogenic for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Several inhibitors of insulin signaling have a role in human insulin resistance. The transmembrane glycoprotein ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (E-NPP1; also known as plasma cell membrane glycoprotein PC-1) interacts with the insulin receptor and inhibits subsequent signaling by decreasing its beta-subunit autophosphorylation. E-NPP1 is overexpressed in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and cultured skin fibroblasts of insulin-resistant individuals who are not yet obese or diabetic, which indicates that excessive E-NPP1 expression is an early, intrinsic defect in human insulin resistance. Genetic studies also support a primary role of E-NPP1 in insulin resistance. Among other variants, a missense polymorphism, Lys121Gln, has been described. The Gln121 variant is a stronger inhibitor than Lys121 of insulin receptor function, and is associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and both cardiovascular and nephrovascular complications in diabetic patients. E-NPP1 is measurable in human serum, where it might represent a valuable biomarker of insulin resistance, but its relationship to tissue and systemic insulin resistance remains to be thoroughly elucidated. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate E-NPP1 expression and/or function might render this protein a new target for strategies to treat and prevent type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390-9169, USA. nicola.abate@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abate
authors.forename: Manisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chandalia
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Paola
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Grundy
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Trischitta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011755:Pyrophosphatases / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011972:Receptor, Insulin; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; C065962:ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1; D011755:Pyrophosphatases