title: Polarization of 'water-skies' above arctic open waters: how polynyas in the ice-cover can be visually detected from a distance.
abstract: The foggy sky above a white ice-cover and a dark water surface (permanent polynya or temporary lead) is white and dark gray, phenomena called the 'ice-sky' and the 'water-sky,' respectively. Captains of icebreaker ships used to search for not-directly-visible open waters remotely on the basis of the water sky. Animals depending on open waters in the Arctic region may also detect not-directly-visible waters from a distance by means of the water sky. Since the polarization of ice-skies and water-skies has not, to our knowledge, been studied before, we measured the polarization patterns of water-skies above polynyas in the arctic ice-cover during the Beringia 2005 Swedish polar research expedition to the North Pole region. We show that there are statistically significant differences in the angle of polarization between the water-sky and the ice-sky. This polarization phenomenon could help biological and man-made sensors to detect open waters not directly visible from a distance. However, the threshold of polarization-based detection would be rather low, because the degree of linear polarization of light radiated by water-skies and ice-skies is not higher than 10%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Physics, Physical Institute, Loránd Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hegedüs
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akesson
authors.forename: Gábor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Horváth
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001110:Arctic Regions; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D046448:Ice Cover / Q000737:chemistry*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D012031:Refractometry / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity