title: Role of immunosuppression and tumor differentiation in predicting recurrence after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter study of 412 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess pre-orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) factors that could be evaluated pre-operatively or controlled post-operatively associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence and disease-free survival after liver transplantation (LT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and twelve patients transplanted for HCC between 1988 and 1998 in 14 French centers, who survived the postoperative period were studied. Kaplan Meier estimates were calculated for 24 variables potentially associated with recurrence of HCC. Uni- and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify independent predictors of recurrence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 5-year disease-free survival was 57.1%. By univariate analysis, variables associated with disease-free survival were: presence of cirrhosis (P = 0.001), etiology of liver disease (P = 0.03), alpha fetoprotein level (< 200, 200 to 2000, or > 2000; P < 0.0001), gamma-GT activity (N, N to 2N or > 2N; P = 0.02), the number of nodules (1, 2-3 or > or = 4; P = 0.02), maximal diameter of the largest nodule (< 3 cm, 3 to 5 cm or > 5 cm; P < 0.0001), the sum of the diameter of the nodules (< 3 cm, 3 to 5 cm, 5 to 10 cm or > 10 cm; P < 0.0001), bi-lobar location (P = 0.01), preoperative portal thrombosis (P < 0.0001), peri-operative treatment of the tumor (P = 0.002) and chemoembolization (P = 0.03), tumor differentiation (P = 0.01), initial type of calcineurin inhibitor (P = 0.003), the use of antilymphocyte antibodies (P = 0.02), rejection episodes (P = 0.003) and period of LT (P < 0.0001). By multivariate analysis, 6 variables were independently associated with HCC recurrence: maximal diameter of the largest nodule (P < 0.0001), time of LT (P < 0.0001), tumor differentiation (P < 0.0001), use of anti-lymphocyte antibody (ATG) or anti-CD3 antibody (OKT3) (P = 0.005), preoperative portal thrombosis (P = 0.06) and the number of nodules (P = 0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identifies immunosuppression, through the use of ATG or OKT3, as a predictive factor of tumor recurrence, and confirms the prognostic value of tumor differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Hépatologie et de Gastroentérologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, Unité INSERM 581, France. thomasdecaens@9online.fr
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Decaens
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roudot-Thoraval
authors.forename: Solange
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bresson-Hadni
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gugenheim
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: Pierre-Henri
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Boillot
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Compagnon
authors.forename: Yvon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Calmus
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hardwigsen
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ducerf
authors.forename: Georges-Philippe
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Pageaux
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dharancy
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chazouillères
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cherqui
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duvoux
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002423:Cause of Death; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016019:Survival Analysis