title: Dendritic cell vaccination in patients with malignant gliomas: current status and future directions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite recent advances in neurosurgical resection techniques, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, malignant gliomas continue to have a dismal prognosis because relapses are unavoidable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dendritic cell vaccination has recently emerged as a promising type of active immunotherapy that aims to induce rather than transfer specific antitumor immune responses in patients. Active immunotherapy is the only type of immunotherapy able to induce immunological memory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although an increasing number of small clinical trials show safety, feasibility, and immunological and clinical responses, this technology requires further clarification of some critical basic and clinical issues before its presumed place in the treatment of malignant gliomas can be specified. This article addresses the basic and clinical pitfalls that, more than with conventional therapies, may interfere with the potential benefits of this approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the particular mechanisms involved in the immune modulation of tumor biology using dendritic cell-based vaccinations, the authors summarize the arguments in favor of a further, appropriate assessment of this technology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium. Steven.devleeschouwer@uz.kuleuven.ac.be
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Vleeschouwer
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: Rüdiger V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Sorg
authors.forename: Hans-Jakob
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Steiger
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stummer
authors.forename: Stefaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Gool
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabel
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000637:transplantation*; D005544:Forecasting; D005910:Glioma / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000639:trends*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*