title: Dimorphism and patellofemoral disorders.
abstract: Sex is defined as the classification of living things according to their chromosomal compliment. Gender is defined as a person's self-representation as a male or female or how social institutions respond to that person on the basis of his or her gender presentation. One frequently divides the topic or dimorphism into the biologic response inherent in their sex and the environmental response that might be better termed "gender differences." Clinicians have anecdotally agreed for years that patellofemoral disorders are more common in women. Given the difficulty in classifying patellofemoral disorders, literature support for this assumption is meager. For the purposes of this article we divide patellofemoral disorders into three categories: patellofemoral pain, patellofemoral instability, and patellofemoral arthritis. possible sex difference in these disorders are reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue, Suite R200, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA. arend001@umn.edu <arend001@umn.edu>
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Arendt
mesh_terms: D001168:Arthritis / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D046788:Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors