title: Investigation of potential zooanthroponotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis through agricultural use of reclaimed wastewater.
abstract: A field study in the Juarez Valley of Mexico was performed to investigate the potential transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia to sheep livestock grazing on forage irrigated with reclaimed wastewater, and the potential for disease transmission back to humans. United States Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623 immunofluorescent assay (IFA) revealed high levels of pathogens in reclaimed wastewater, with 183 to >7000 Giardia cysts and 9 - 762 Cryptosporidium oocysts detected per litre. Infectious Cryptosporidium were detected in the reclaimed wastewater using the cell culture focus detection method (FDM). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses revealed reclaimed wastewater contained the C. parvum bovine (zoonotic) genotype, human-specific C. hominis subgenotypes, and G. lamblia (syn. G. duodenalis, G. intestinalis) Assemblage A genotypes (A2 and A3). Despite high levels of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the reclaimed wastewater, these pathogens were rarely found on the forage plants, possibly due to environmental attenuation. Sheep fecal specimens were positive for only livestock-associated G. lamblia Assemblage E genotypes. Therefore, in this field study, there was no evidence of zooanthroponotic transmission of Cryptosporidium or Giardia.
authors.affiliation: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University Agricultural Research Center, El Paso, Texas 79927, USA. gdigiovanni@ag.tamu.edu
authors.forename: George D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Di Giovanni
authors.forename: Walter Q
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Betancourt
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Naomi W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Assadian
authors.forename: Juan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Flores Margez
authors.forename: Esaul Jaramillo
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lopez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000635:transmission*; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D005872:Giardia / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012756:Sheep / Q000469:parasitology; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods