title: Increase in and clearance of cell-free plasma DNA in hemodialysis quantified by real-time PCR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently cell-free plasma DNA has been described as a marker of apoptosis during hemodialysis (HD), but little is known about how different dialysis membranes may contribute to this process or whether pre-HD levels are restored afterwards. Here we evaluate the influence of the dialysis membrane on cell-free plasma DNA levels and investigate the clearance of plasma circulating DNA after HD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell-free plasma DNA was measured using a real-time quantitative PCR for the beta-globin gene. Reference values for plasma DNA were established in a group of 100 healthy voluntary blood donors. Pre- and post-HD levels were also measured in 30 patients with end-stage renal disease on regular HD (52 sessions; 104 samples). The sessions lasted for 2.5-5 h. Different dialysis membranes were compared: high-flux (n=37) vs. low-flux (n=15) and polysulfone (n=42) vs. modified cellulose (n=10). To determine the time at which pre-HD levels are restored, DNA was quantified in serial plasma samples obtained from 10 of these 30 patients, just before and immediately after HD, as well as at 30, 60 and 120 min after HD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reference plasma DNA values for healthy blood donors ranged from 112 to 2452 gEq/mL (median 740 gEq/mL). Cell-free plasma DNA levels significantly increased during HD (Wilcoxon test for paired samples, p<0.0001), with increases of more than four-fold observed in 75% of the patients after HD. There was no significant linear association between the length of the HD session (between 2.5 and 5 h) and the increase in cell-free plasma DNA concentration (Pearson correlation). No significant differences were observed between different types of membranes (Mann-Whitney U-test). Plasma DNA returned to pre-HD levels by 30 min after HD, regardless of the starting concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma DNA levels significantly increase after a conventional 2.5-5-h HD session. Therefore, HD patients require special consideration for correct interpretation of plasma DNA concentrations. This parameter can be considered a reliable diagnostic tool for certain pathologies when measured at least 30 min after a HD session without further complications. The different dialysis membranes used in this study had no influence on cell-free plasma DNA concentrations, so the level of circulating DNA is not an appropriate marker of dialysis membrane biocompatibility.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: García Moreira
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: de la Cera Martínez
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gago González
authors.forename: Belén
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Prieto García
authors.forename: Francisco V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Alvarez Menéndez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004247:DNA / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D004247:DNA