title: Corticosteroid insensitivity in smokers with asthma : clinical evidence, mechanisms, and management.
abstract: Corticosteroids are the most effective treatment for asthma, but the therapeutic response varies considerably between individuals. Several clinical studies have found that smokers with asthma are insensitive to the beneficial effects of short- to medium-term inhaled corticosteroid treatment compared with non-smokers with asthma. It is estimated that 25% of adults in most industrialized countries smoke cigarettes, and similar surveys amongst asthmatic individuals suggest that the prevalence of smoking in this grouping mirrors that found in the general population. Therefore, cigarette smoking is probably the most common cause of corticosteroid insensitivity in asthma. Cigarette smoking and asthma are also associated with poor symptom control and an accelerated rate of decline in lung function. The mechanism of corticosteroid insensitivity in smokers with asthma is currently unexplained but could be due to alterations in airway inflammatory cell phenotypes, changes in glucocorticoid receptor alpha/beta ratio, and/or reduced histone deacetylase activity. Smoking cessation should be encouraged in all smokers with asthma. Short-term benefits include improvements in lung function and asthma control. However, the numbers of sustained quitters is disappointingly small. Additional or alternative drugs need to be identified to treat those individuals who are unable to stop smoking or who have persistent symptoms following smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
authors.forename: Neil C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spears
authors.forename: Rekha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chaudhuri
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy; D019468:Disease Management; D056464:Histone Deacetylase 2; D006801:Humans; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D056464:Histone Deacetylase 2