title: A new integrated ultrasound system for shockwave lithotripsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inline ultrasound monitoring requires good image quality for accurate stone localization, as well as low shockwave shadowing and a robust transducer. In general, conventional transducers designed for another purpose, such as abdominal scanning, are employed. The distance between the transducer and the SWL focus can be varied by a mechanical drive. The drawback is reduced fragmentation at short distances and poor imaging at long distances. This paper introduces a new approach using a specially designed transducer without a mechanical drive.
  
  
  METHODS
  A transducer prototype with optimized beam focusing (B-K Medical, Herlev, Denmark) was integrated into a modified Compact Delta II therapy head (Dornier MedTech, Wessling, Germany). Image quality was tested at two clinical sites, where 40 kidney and 14 ureteral stones were treated. The shockwave was characterized by model stone tests and fiberoptic hydrophone measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both kidney and ureteral stone treatments could be monitored reliably. Despite the long distance to the SWL focus, the transducer could be operated with relatively high frequencies (3.5-6 MHz), so that high image resolution was obtained. Model stone tests yielded the same fragmentation as the standard Compact Delta II without a transducer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that the concept of an integrated transducer distant from the shockwave focus is feasible. Transducer elevation, which is accompanied by shockwave shadowing and early transducer failure, is avoided by employing a dedicated transducer design.
authors.affiliation: Dornier MedTech Systems, Wessling, Germany. cbohris@dornier.com
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bohris
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bayer
authors.forename: Men L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Liong
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*