title: Fatigue induced by a cross-country skiing KO sprint.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of the present study were 1) to analyze whether the KO sprint simulation induced a phenomenon of fatigue of upper and lower limbs and 2) if there was any fatigue, to determine its origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven elite male skiers were tested before and after a simulation of KO sprints consisting of three 1200-m laps separated by 12 min of recovery. Surface electromyographic activity and force obtained under voluntary and electrically evoked contractions (single twitch) on knee-extensor muscles were analyzed to distinguish neural adaptations from contractile changes. A maximal power output test of the upper limbs was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the last lap, the final sprint velocity was significantly lower than during the first lap. After the KO sprint, knee-extensor voluntary (-9.8 +/- 9.5%) and evoked (-16.2 +/- 11.9%) isometric force and upper-limb power output (-11.0 +/- 9.3%) and force (-11.3 +/- 8.7%) significantly decreased, whereas the blood lactate concentration increased to 11.6 mM. On the other hand, no changes were seen in RMS measurement during maximal voluntary contractions, RMS normalized by M-wave amplitude, or M-wave characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in performance, lactate concentration, knee-extensor strength, and upper-limb power indicated that the KO sprint test led the skiers to a state of fatigue. On lower-limb muscles, the decrease of knee-extensor strength was exclusively caused by peripheral fatigue, which was at least in part attributable to a failure of the excitation-contraction coupling.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Modélisation des Activités Sportives, Bâtiment Beaufortain, Université de Savoie, Savoie, France. raphael.zory@univ-savoie.fr
authors.forename: Raphaël
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zory
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Millet
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schena
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bortolan
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rouard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012865:Skiing / Q000502:physiology*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid