title: A new autosomal recessive syndrome consisting of posterior microphthalmos, retinitis pigmentosa, foveoschisis, and optic disc drusen is caused by a MFRP gene mutation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical and genetic characteristics of a new ophthalmic syndrome, which consists of posterior microphthalmos, retinitis pigmentosa, foveoschisis, and optic disc drusen, that segregates as an autosomal recessive trait in a family with four affected siblings. The membrane-type frizzled-related protein (MFRP) and CEH10 homeodomain-containing homolog (CHX10) genes, previously implicated in autosomal recessive forms of nanophthalmos/microphthalmos, were analyzed as candidate genes for this novel disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Complete ophthalmologic examinations were performed in four affected siblings and their parents. Ophthalmologic manifestations, fundus photographs, ultrasonographic (US) assessment, electroretinography (ERG), fluorescein retinal angiography (FA), Goldmann kinetic perimetry (GKP), and optical coherence tomography (OCT), as well as mutational status of MFRP and CHX10 genes in genomic DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all affected siblings, ophthalmologic examination demonstrated normal horizontal corneal diameters and high hyperopia; funduscopy, ERG, and FA evidenced a progressive retinal dystrophy compatible with retinitis pigmentosa; A- and B-mode ultrasonography revealed decreased axial eye length and optic disc drusen; OCT showed localized macular retinoschisis. MFRP molecular analysis disclosed a one base pair insertion in exon 5 (c.498_499insC) in all affected individuals, a mutation that predicts a truncated protein (P165fsX198). Both parents were heterozygous for this mutation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A distinct autosomal recessive ophthalmic syndrome characterized by microphthalmos, retinitis pigmentosa, foveoschisis, and optic disc drusen is described. We demonstrated that this clinical association is caused by a mutation in MFRP, a gene previously implicated in isolated nanophthalmos. Our data indicate that defects in MFRP could be responsible for syndromic forms of microphthalmos/retinal degeneration and that this gene is necessary for photoreceptor maintenance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Retina, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ayala-Ramirez
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Graue-Wiechers
authors.forename: Violeta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Robredo
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amato-Almanza
authors.forename: Iliana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Horta-Diez
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Zenteno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005584:Fovea Centralis; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D005808:Genes, Recessive; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008850:Microphthalmos / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D015594:Optic Disk Drusen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D013577:Syndrome; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014463:Ultrasonography; D000099274:Frizzled-Related Proteins
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; C490110:MFRP protein, human; D000099274:Frizzled-Related Proteins