title: Trophoblast-macrophage interactions: a regulatory network for the protection of pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Macrophages are one of the first immune cells observed at the implantation site. Their presence has been explained as the result of an immune response toward paternal antigens. The mechanisms regulating monocyte migration and differentiation at the implantation site are largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that trophoblast cells regulate monocyte migration and differentiation. We propose that trophoblast cells 'educate' monocytes/macrophages to create an adequate environment that promote trophoblast survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  CD14(+) monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood using magnetic beads. Co-culture experiments were conducted using a two-chamber system. Monocytes were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytokine levels were determined using multiplex cytokine detecting assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Trophoblast cells increase monocyte migration and induce a significant increase in the secretion and production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha] and chemokines (growth-related oncogen-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta, RANTES). Furthermore, the response of monocytes to LPS was different in monocytes pre-exposed to trophoblast cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that trophoblast cells are able to recruit and successfully educate monocytes to produce and secrete a pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine profile supporting its growth and survival. Furthermore we demonstrate that trophoblast cells can modulate monocytes response to bacterial stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fest
authors.forename: Paulomi B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Aldo
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Abrahams
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Visintin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alvero
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Chavez
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mor
mesh_terms: D002450:Cell Communication; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides