title: Hyaluronic acid-based microgels and microgel networks for vocal fold regeneration.
abstract: Vocal fold scarring disrupts the viscoelastic properties of the lamina propria that are critical for normal phonation. There is a clinical need for the development of advanced biomaterials that approximate the mechanical properties of the lamina propria for in vivo vocal fold regeneration. We have developed hyaluronic acid (HA)-based microgels and cross-linked microgel networks with tunable degradation and mechanical properties. HA microgels were prepared by cross-linking HA derivatives carrying hydrazide (HAADH) and aldehyde (HAALD) functionalities within the inverse emulsion droplets. Alternatively, poly(ethylene glycol) dialdehyde (PEGDiALD) was employed in place of HAALD. Microgels based on HAADH/HAALD are more resistant to enzymatic degradation than those generated from HAADH/PEGDiALD. In vitro cytotoxicity studies using vocal fold fibroblasts indicate that microgels synthesized from HAADH/HAALD are essentially nontoxic, whereas microgels derived from HAADH/PEGDiALD exhibit certain adverse effects on the cultured cells at high concentration (> or =2 mg/mL). These microgels exhibit residual functional groups that can be used as reactive handles for covalent conjugation of therapeutic molecules. The presence of residual functional groups also allows for subsequent cross-linking of the microgels with other reactive polymers, giving rise to doubly cross-linked networks (DXNs) with tunable viscoelasticity. Mechanical measurements using a torsional wave apparatus indicate that HA-based DXNs exhibit elastic moduli that are similar to those of vocal fold lamina propria at frequencies close to the range of human phonation. These HA-based microgel systems are promising candidates for the treatment of vocal fold scarring, not just as biocompatible filler materials, but as smart entities that can repair focal defects, smooth the vocal fold margin, and potentially soften and dissolve scar tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 201 DuPont Hall, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA. xjia@udel.edu
authors.forename: Xinqiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Yoon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Clifton
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kohane
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kobler
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zeitels
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Langer
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000737:chemistry; D004548:Elasticity; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000737:chemistry; D020100:Hydrogels; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D014783:Viscosity; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D006834:Hydrazines; D020100:Hydrogels; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid