title: Antiproliferative agents alter vascular plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression: a potential prothrombotic mechanism of drug-eluting stents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Drug eluting stents (DES) reduce the incidence of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Enthusiasm has been tempered by a possible increased risk of in-stent thrombosis. We examined the effects of paclitaxel and rapamycin on the endothelial transcriptome to identify alterations in gene expression associated with thrombosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene expression profiling was performed on human coronary artery endothelial cells treated with rapamycin or paclitaxel. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was the most consistently induced transcript in rapamycin-treated human coronary artery endothelial cells. RT-PCR and ELISA were performed to confirm positive findings. Transgenic mice engineered to express enhanced green fluorescent protein under control of the human PAI-1 promoter were also treated. Rapamycin and paclitaxel treated endothelial cells produced dose-dependent increases in PAI-1. There was a variable effect on endothelial tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) expression. Enhanced expression of PAI-1 and enhanced green fluorescent protein were detected in coronary arteries, the aorta, and kidney of the mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antiproliferative agents stimulate the expression of prothrombotic genes. PAI-1 expression may also play a role in the prevention of restenosis through an antimigratory mechanism. The effects of antiproliferatives on vascular gene expression deserve further scrutiny in view of the increasing utilization of drug-eluting stents.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6300, USA.
authors.forename: James A S
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Muldowney
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Stringham
authors.forename: Shawn E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Gleaves
authors.forename: Mesut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eren
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Piana
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Vaughan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D023903:Coronary Restenosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D003328:Coronary Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D017239:Paclitaxel; D020123:Sirolimus