title: A review of interventions triggered by hepatitis A infected food-handlers in Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In countries with low hepatitis A (HA) endemicity, infected food handlers are the source of most reported foodborne outbreaks. In Canada, accessible data repositories of infected food handler incidents are not available. We undertook a systematic review of such incidents to evaluate the extent of viral transmission through food contamination and the scope of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE was conducted to identify published reports of incidents in Canada. An expanded search of a news repository (i.e., transcripts from newspapers and newscasts) was also conducted to identify the location and timing of an incident, which was used to retrieve the related report by contacting local public health departments. Data pertaining to case identification, public health risk, PEP interventions, and associated costs was independently abstracted by two reviewers and summarized according to incidents with and without large PEP interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 16 incidents were identified from 1998-2004. There were approximately 3 incidents requiring public notification per year. Only 12.5% of incidents were described in published reports, indicating that published data significantly underestimated the number of incidents and PEP interventions. Data pertaining to the remaining incidents was unpublished, sparse and highly dispersed at the local public health level. Six of the 16 incidents required large PEP interventions to immunize on average 5000 potentially exposed individuals. Secondary transmission was low. Characteristics of incidents requiring large PEP interventions included potentially infectious food handlers working with uncooked food for a prolonged duration in high-volume grocery stores in high-density urban areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infected food handlers with hepatitis A virus (HAV) requiring public notification are not infrequent in Canada. Published data severely underestimated the burden of PEP intervention. Better and consistent reporting at the local and national level as well as a national data repository should be considered for the management of future incidents.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Biostatistics, GlaxoSmithKline Canada, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. atricco@cheo.on.ca
authors.forename: Andrea C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Tricco
authors.forename: Ba'
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Duval
authors.forename: Gaston
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Serres
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gilca
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vrbova
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anonychuk
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krahn
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moher
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D018563:Disease Notification; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005511:Food Handling; D006506:Hepatitis A / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011634:Public Health / Q000379:methods*