title: Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep farms in New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in parasitic nematodes on sheep farms in New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional prevalence study was conducted, using a standardised faecal nematode egg count (FEC) reduction (FECR) test (FECRT) for ivermectin, at a full (0.2 mg/kg) and half (0.1 mg/kg) dose rate, and albendazole, levamisole and albendazole-levamisole in combination, on 60 lambs (n=10 per group) on farms selected from throughout New Zealand. Farms that conformed with selection criteria were chosen at random (n=80) or with a history of suspected resistance to macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintics (n=32). Resistance to an anthelmintic was inferred when there was <95% reduction in FEC 7-10 days after treatment. Larval cultures were performed for all control groups and for treated groups for which resistance was evident.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the farms randomly selected, 36% showed > or =95% FECR for all anthelmintics tested; resistance to ivermectin at 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg liveweight was evident on 36% and 25% of these farms, respectively. Resistance to both ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg) and levamisole was evident on 8/80 (10%) farms, to ivermectin and albendazole on 10/80 (13%) farms, and to ivermectin, levamisole and albendazole on 6/80 (8%) farms. The prevalence of resistance to a half dose of ivermectin tended to be more prevalent on farms with a history of suspected ML resistance (p=0.06). Resistance to albendazole was seen across all the main parasite genera, and to levamisole in Nematodirus, Ostertagia (= Teladorsagia) and Trichostrongylus species. Resistance to ivermectin was dominated by Ostertagia spp, although Cooperia, Nematodirus and Trichostrongylus species were also implicated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anthelmintic resistance in parasitic nematodes of sheep is common in New Zealand. Not only was resistance to albendazole and levamisole common, but resistance to the ML, ivermectin, was at a higher prevalence than expected. Sheep farmers and advisors in New Zealand need to re-evaluate the way they manage parasites, and more research is urgently needed if the steady decline in anthelmintic susceptibility is to be halted.
authors.affiliation: AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand. tania.waghorn@agresearch.co.nz
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Waghorn
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Leathwick
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Pomroy
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Moffat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006374:Helminthiasis, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D006376:Helminths / Q000187:drug effects; D007559:Ivermectin; D008297:Male; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D010028:Ostertagia / Q000187:drug effects; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D015995:Prevalence; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D000969:Antinematodal Agents; D007559:Ivermectin