title: Long-term behavioral changes after cessation of chronic antidepressant treatment in olfactory bulbectomized rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) in rats causes several behavioral and neurochemical central nervous system changes, reminiscent of symptoms of human depression. Moreover, depression-like behavior after OBX can be reversed with antidepressant drugs. However, the lasting effects of these antidepressant drugs on behavior after cessation of treatment have never been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male rats received OBX or sham surgery. After recovery, animals received 14 consecutive daily doses of imipramine (20 mg/kg), escitalopram (5 and 10 mg/kg), or vehicle. Animals were tested in an open field after acute, sub-chronic, and chronic injections, as well as 1, 2, 6, and 10 weeks after cessation of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The OBX-induced hyperactivity was normalized after sub-chronic administration of imipramine and escitalopram. Two weeks after treatment, activity of OBX animals was comparable to sham-treated animals, but after 6 weeks, OBX animals treated with both doses of escitalopram had returned to pre-treatment hyperactivity levels. The OBX animals treated with the high imipramine dose (20 mg/kg) retained activity levels comparable to sham-treated animals until 10 weeks after cessation of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic but not acute administration of imipramine and escitalopram normalizes OBX-induced hyperactivity. This effect continues for up to 10 weeks after cessation of treatment in a dose dependant manner.
authors.affiliation: Utrecht University, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Psychopharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. M.E.Breuer@pharm.uu.nl
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Breuer
authors.forename: Lucianne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groenink
authors.forename: Ronald S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Oosting
authors.forename: Herman G M
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Westenberg
authors.forename: Berend
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olivier
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015283:Citalopram / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D007099:Imipramine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000601:surgery*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D015283:Citalopram; D007099:Imipramine