title: Botulinum toxin - an update on its use in facial rejuvenation.
abstract: The role of botulinum toxin in facial rejuvenation has been greatly expanded in the last several years. In this article, we first review the traditional approach to botulinum toxin therapy in the forehead and glabella. For the advanced reader, we then discuss both the literature and our personal approaches to treatments of the periocular region, mid face, lower face, and neck. Throughout the discussion, attempts are made to include a description of relevant anatomy, the physiologic result of specific muscle activity and denervation, and perhaps most importantly, precise directions for patient treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lehrer
authors.forename: Anthony V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Benedetto