title: The wheat and barley vernalization gene VRN3 is an orthologue of FT.
abstract: Winter wheat and barley varieties require an extended exposure to low temperatures to accelerate flowering (vernalization), whereas spring varieties do not have this requirement. In this study, we show that in these species, the vernalization gene VRN3 is linked completely to a gene similar to Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). FT induction in the leaves results in a transmissible signal that promotes flowering. Transcript levels of the barley and wheat orthologues, designated as HvFT and TaFT, respectively, are significantly higher in plants homozygous for the dominant Vrn3 alleles (early flowering) than in plants homozygous for the recessive vrn3 alleles (late flowering). In wheat, the dominant Vrn3 allele is associated with the insertion of a retroelement in the TaFT promoter, whereas in barley, mutations in the HvFT first intron differentiate plants with dominant and recessive VRN3 alleles. Winter wheat plants transformed with the TaFT allele carrying the promoter retroelement insertion flowered significantly earlier than nontransgenic plants, supporting the identity between TaFT and VRN-B3. Statistical analyses of flowering times confirmed the presence of significant interactions between vernalization and FT allelic classes in both wheat and barley (P < 0.0001). These interactions were supported further by the observed up-regulation of HvFT transcript levels by vernalization in barley winter plants (P = 0.002). These results confirmed that the wheat and barley FT genes are responsible for natural allelic variation in vernalization requirement, providing additional sources of adaptive diversity to these economically important crops.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blechl
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tranquilli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonafede
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valarik
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dubcovsky
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D017931:DNA Primers; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology*; D040461:Gene Components; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D001467:Hordeum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D018626:Retroelements / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; C418905:FT protein, Arabidopsis; D018626:Retroelements