title: Macrophage response to methacrylate conversion using a gradient approach.
abstract: Incomplete conversion, an ongoing challenge facing photopolymerized methacrylate-based polymers, affects leachables as well as the resulting polymer network. As novel polymers and composites are developed, methods to efficiently screen cell response to these materials and their properties, including conversion, are needed. In this study, an in vitro screening methodology was developed to assess cells cultured directly on cross-linked polymer networks. A gradient in methacrylate double bond conversion was used to increase the experimental throughput. A substrate of 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl] propane (BisGMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was prepared with a conversion ranging from 43.0% to 61.2%. Substrates aged for 7 days had no significant differences in surface roughness or hydrophilicity as a function of conversion. Leachables were detectable for at least 7 days using UV absorption, but their global cytotoxicity was insignificant after 5 days of aging. Thus, RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells were cultured on aged substrates to evaluate the cell response to conversion, with possible contributions from the polymer network and local leachables. Conversions of 45% and 50% decreased viability (via calcein/ethidium staining) and increased apoptosis (via annexin-V staining). No significant changes (p>0.05) in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta gene expression, as measured by quantitative, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, were seen as conversion increased. Thus, conversions greater than 50% are recommended for equimolar BisGMA/TEGDMA. The ability to distinguish cell response as a function of conversion is useful as an initial biological screening platform to optimize dental polymers.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Group, Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Mail Stop 8543, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA. nancy.lin@nist.gov
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: LeeAnn O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Newell R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Washburn
authors.forename: Lori A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Henderson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry*; D002470:Cell Survival; D004996:Ethidium / Q000737:chemistry; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000737:chemistry; D007249:Inflammation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins; D008689:Methacrylates; D011108:Polymers; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D004996:Ethidium; C007740:fluorexon