title: Mitochondrial respiration defects in cancer cells cause activation of Akt survival pathway through a redox-mediated mechanism.
abstract: Cancer cells exhibit increased glycolysis for ATP production due, in part, to respiration injury (the Warburg effect). Because ATP generation through glycolysis is less efficient than through mitochondrial respiration, how cancer cells with this metabolic disadvantage can survive the competition with other cells and eventually develop drug resistance is a long-standing paradox. We report that mitochondrial respiration defects lead to activation of the Akt survival pathway through a novel mechanism mediated by NADH. Respiration-deficient cells (rho(-)) harboring mitochondrial DNA deletion exhibit dependency on glycolysis, increased NADH, and activation of Akt, leading to drug resistance and survival advantage in hypoxia. Similarly, chemical inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and hypoxia also activates Akt. The increase in NADH caused by respiratory deficiency inactivates PTEN through a redox modification mechanism, leading to Akt activation. These findings provide a novel mechanistic insight into the Warburg effect and explain how metabolic alteration in cancer cells may gain a survival advantage and withstand therapeutic agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pelicano
authors.forename: Rui-Hua
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Ryohei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Carew
authors.forename: Yumin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Latha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ramdas
authors.forename: Limei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Plunkett
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D019069:Cell Respiration / Q000502:physiology*; D002470:Cell Survival; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D009243:NAD; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D009243:NAD; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C494929:PTEN protein, human