title: The effects of isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane anesthesia on neurocognitive outcome after cardiac surgery: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhalation anesthetics such as isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane are widely used in clinical practice; however, there is no study for comparing these drugs in cardiac surgery with respect to postoperative cognitive outcome and S100 beta protein (S100 BP) levels. In this study, we evaluated the effect of sevoflurane, isoflurane, and desflurane anesthesia on neuropsychological outcome and S100 BP levels in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two male patients were prospectively randomized and classified into 3 groups according to the volatile agents used; isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane. All patients had a sufficient education level to participate in neuropsychological testing and a normal carotid Doppler ultrasonography. Blood samples for analysis of S100 BP were collected before anesthesia (T1), before heparinization (T2), 15 minutes into CPB (T3), following protamine administration (T4), postoperatively (T5), 24 hours after the operation (T6), postoperative day 3 (T7), and postoperative day 6 (T8). The neuropsychological tests, including Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSET) and visual-aural digit span test (VADST), were administered 1 day prior to surgery and on the third and sixth postoperative days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The postoperative third and sixth day MMSET scores and third day visual-written subtest scores in the sevoflurane group were significantly lower than in the isoflurane and desflurane groups (P < .05). S100 BP levels increased with the beginning of anesthesia in the sevoflurane and desflurane groups. Although S100 BP decreased to baseline levels on postoperative day 1 in the sevoflurane group, this was significantly higher on the third and sixth days postoperatively in the desflurane group (P < .05). In the isoflurane group, the S100 BP level was significantly higher than the baseline level only after CPB (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that isoflurane is associated with better neurocognitive functions than desflurane or sevoflurane after on-pump CABG. Sevoflurane seems to be associated with the worst cognitive outcome as assessed by neuropsychologic tests, and prolonged brain injury as detected by high S100 BP levels was seen with desflurane.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. kanbakm@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Meral
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanbak
authors.forename: Fatma
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saricaoglu
authors.forename: Seda Banu
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Akinci
authors.forename: Bahar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oc
authors.forename: Huriye
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Balci
authors.forename: Bilge
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Celebioglu
authors.forename: Ulku
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Aypar
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D000077335:Desflurane; D006801:Humans; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000097:blood; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010865:Pilot Projects; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; C579160:S100B protein, human; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D000077335:Desflurane; D007530:Isoflurane