title: Autoimmune liver disease and rheumatic manifestations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review studies that clarify the rheumatic manifestations of autoimmune hepatitis, elucidate shared pathogenic pathways, and encourage innovative site-specific therapies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Autoimmune hepatitis has clinical manifestations, serological markers, pathogenic mechanisms, genetic predispositions, and therapies similar to the rheumatic diseases. The rheumatic manifestations may mask the underlying liver disease and vice versa. Variations in clinical phenotype and outcome for the autoimmune liver diseases may reflect host-specific and region-specific factors, and defects in counter-regulatory suppressor functions by regulatory T cells may facilitate cell-mediated cytotoxicity and autoreactivity. Mixed syndromes with hallmark features of one disease in another probably reflect a genetic predisposition for immune expression that is shared among the diseases. Mycophenolate mofetil, budesonide, rapamycin, and 6-thioguanine are promising treatments, and de-novo autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation suggests that the calcineurin inhibitors may have paradoxical effects on self-tolerance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical phenotypes of autoimmune hepatitis commonly include rheumatic manifestations that can mask the liver disease. Defects in counter-regulatory functions enhance cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and pharmacological interventions that promise site-specific actions affecting immunocyte differentiation and proliferation are feasible.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. czaja.albert@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Czaja
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D019693:Hepatitis, Autoimmune / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents