title: The Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32): its factorial structure and association to indices of impairment in German and Swedish nonclinical samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bipolar disorders are often not recognized. Several instruments were developed but none primarily focused on hypomania. The Hypomania Checklist (HCL) is aimed at the identification of bipolarity in outpatients. Using a German and Swedish sample, we investigated if the factor structure in nonclinical samples is similar to the one reported for outpatient samples. Furthermore, we tested if people who probably had a lifetime history of hypomania report more depression or other signs of impairment and if current depression is associated with lifetime hypomania.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the German study, participants completed the HCL-32 as an online questionnaire that also included questions about lifetime and current depression (n = 695), whereas the Swedish data relied on the paper-and-pencil version of the HCL-32 completed by a random sample from a representative population sample (n = 408).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The factor structure of the HCL-32 was fairly similar in both samples and to the ones presented by Angst et al (J Affect Disord 2005;88:217-33). People reporting "highs" (> or =4 days and experiencing negative consequences) not only endorsed more HCL-32 symptoms but also had higher rates of current and former depression and psychotherapy. Level of current depression was also associated with lifetime hypomanic symptoms. DISCUSSION AND LIMITATION: An "active-elated" and "risk-taking/irritable" factor of hypomania can be distinguished with the HCL-32 in clinical and nonclinical samples. Based on our results, the HCL-32 might even be useful as screening tool in nonclinical samples and not only in depressed outpatients. However, our data do not allow estimating sensitivity and specificity of the HCL-32 because structured clinical interviews were not included.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Germany. th.meyer@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hammelstein
authors.forename: Lars-Göran
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Skeppar
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adolfsson
authors.forename: Jules
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Angst
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology