title: [Pediatric advanced life support].
abstract: Advanced life support (ALS) includes all the procedures and maneuvers used to restore spontaneous circulation and breathing, thus minimizing brain injury. The fundamental steps of ALS are airway control with adjuncts, ventilation with 100% oxygen, vascular access and fluid and drug administration, and monitoring to diagnose and treat arrhythmias. Airway control can be achieved by means of oropharyngeal airway, endotracheal intubation, and alternative methods (laryngeal mask and cricothyroidotomy). Vascular access can be achieved by the peripheral venous, intraosseous, central venous, and tracheal routes. The most frequent rhythms found in children with cardiorespiratory arrest are nonshockable (asystole, severe bradycardia, pulseless electrical activity, and complete atrioventricular block). In these cases, adrenaline continues to be the essential drug. Currently, low adrenaline doses (0.01 mg/kg IV and 0.1 mg/kg intratracheal administration) are recommended throughout the resuscitation period. Amiodarone (5 mg/kg) is the drug of choice in cases of ventricular fibrillation refractory to electric shock. The treatment sequence for shockable rhythms (ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia) is one 4 J/kg electric shock, followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (chest compressions and ventilation) for 2 minutes with subsequent reassessment of the electrocardiographic rhythm. Adrenaline must be administered immediately before the third electric shock and subsequently every 3-5 minutes. Amiodarone must be administered immediately before the fourth shock.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos. Residencia Cantabria. Santander. España.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castellanos Ortega
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rey Galán
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alvarez Carrillo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Herce Cid
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Delgado Domínguez
mesh_terms: D022561:Advanced Cardiac Life Support / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019091:Critical Pathways; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D010372:Pediatrics