title: Correction of severe crouch gait in patients with spastic diplegia with use of multilevel orthopaedic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe crouch gait in patients with spastic diplegia causes excessive loading of the patellofemoral joint and may result in anterior knee pain, gait deterioration, and progressive loss of function. Multilevel orthopaedic surgery has been used to correct severe crouch gait, but no cohort studies or long-term results have been reported, to our knowledge.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to be eligible for the present retrospective cohort study, a patient had to have a severe crouch gait, as defined by sagittal plane kinematic data, that had been treated with multilevel orthopaedic surgery as well as a complete clinical, radiographic, and instrumented gait analysis assessment. The surgical intervention consisted of lengthening of contracted muscle-tendon units and correction of osseous deformities, followed by the use of ground-reaction ankle-foot orthoses until stable biomechanical realignment of the lower limbs during gait was achieved. Outcome at one and five years after surgery was determined with use of selected sagittal plane kinematic and kinetic parameters and valid and reliable scales of functional mobility. Knee pain was recorded with use of a Likert scale, and all patients had radiographic examination of the knees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten subjects with severe crouch gait and a mean age of 12.0 years at the time of surgery were studied. After surgery, the patients walked in a more extended posture, with increased extension at the hip and knee and reduced dorsiflexion at the ankle. Pelvic tilt increased, and normalized walking speed was unaltered. Knee pain was diminished, and patellar fractures and avulsion injuries healed. Improvements in functional mobility were found, and, at the time of the five-year follow-up, fewer patients required the use of wheelchairs or crutches in the community than had been the case prior to intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multilevel orthopaedic surgery for older children and adolescents with severe crouch gait is effective for relieving stress on the knee extensor mechanism, reducing knee pain, and improving function and independence.
authors.affiliation: Hugh Williamson Gait Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rodda
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Nattrass
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Galea
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003286:Contracture / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000601:surgery; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000601:surgery; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D010027:Osteotomy; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010329:Patella / Q000293:injuries; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome