Functional neuroimaging applications for assessment and rehabilitation planning in patients with disorders of consciousness.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the theoretic framework, design, and potential clinical applications of functional neuroimaging protocols in patients with disorders of consciousness.


METHODS
Recent published literature and authors' own work.


METHODS
Studies using functional neuroimaging techniques to investigate cognitive processing in patients diagnosed with vegetative and minimally conscious state.


METHODS
Not applicable.


RESULTS
Positron-emission tomography activation studies suggest that the vegetative state represents a global disconnection syndrome in which higher order association cortices are functionally disconnected from primary cortical areas. In contrast, patterns of activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of patients in the minimally conscious state show preservation of large-scale cortical networks associated with language and visual processing.


CONCLUSIONS
Novel applications of functional neuroimaging in patients with disorders of consciousness may aid in differential diagnosis, prognostic assessment and identification of pathophysiologic mechanisms. Improvements in patient characterization may, in turn, provide new opportunities for restoration of function through interventional neuromodulation.
Giacino
Joseph T
JT
JFK Johnson Rehabilitation Institute, and New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, JFK Medical Center, Edison, NJ 08818, USA. jgiacino@solarishs.org
Hirsch
Joy
J
Schiff
Nicholas
N
Laureys
Steven
S
D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D018458:Persistent Vegetative State / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology