title: Is carbon dioxide insufflation safe for laparoscopic surgery? A model to assess the effects of carbon dioxide on transitional-cell carcinoma growth, apoptosis, and necrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of carbon dioxide insufflation pressure and concentration on the adhesion, growth, apoptosis, and necrosis of transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Adhesion and growth of the AY-27 rat TCC cell line was measured after CO2 insufflation in vitro at different pressures ranging from 0 to 15 mm Hg and after incubation in CO2-air mixtures at 5%, 10%, and 15% CO2 by volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor adhesion decreased significantly after CO2 insufflation. For all insufflation pressures, there was an increase in cell growth, apoptosis, and necrosis for the first 24 hours followed by a steady decline. High concentrations of CO2 (>5%) inhibited cell growth for only the first 48 hours. The effects of CO2 pneumoperitoneum on tumor-cell adhesion, growth inhibition, apoptosis, and necrosis were more prominent at high CO2 pressure (> or =15 mm Hg) and concentration (>5% CO2). However, insufflation pressure had a greater inhibitory effect on tumor growth than did CO2 concentration. High insufflation pressures and CO2 concentrations significantly decreased extracellular pH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The short-term effect of CO2 on TCC growth and apoptosis is complex. Overall, CO2 has a toxic effect on TCC and inhibits cell adhesion and growth. High CO2 concentrations (>5%) and high insufflation pressures (> or =15 mm Hg) are most effective in decreasing tumor-cell adhesion and growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York 11040, USA.
authors.forename: Beng Jit
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007327:Insufflation; D009336:Necrosis; D011312:Pressure; D051381:Rats; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide