title: A rapid loss of stripes: the evolutionary history of the extinct quagga.
abstract: Twenty years ago, the field of ancient DNA was launched with the publication of two short mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequences from a single quagga (Equus quagga) museum skin, an extinct South African equid (Higuchi et al. 1984 Nature312, 282-284). This was the first extinct species from which genetic information was retrieved. The DNA sequences of the quagga showed that it was more closely related to zebras than to horses. However, quagga evolutionary history is far from clear. We have isolated DNA from eight quaggas and a plains zebra (subspecies or phenotype Equus burchelli burchelli). We show that the quagga displayed little genetic diversity and very recently diverged from the plains zebra, probably during the penultimate glacial maximum. This emphasizes the importance of Pleistocene climate changes for phylogeographic patterns in African as well as Holarctic fauna.
authors.affiliation: Genetics Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 3001 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20008-0551, USA. jennifer.leonard@ebc.uu.se
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: Nadin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rohland
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glaberman
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Fleischer
authors.forename: Adalgisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caccone
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofreiter
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000502:physiology*; D000349:Africa; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002980:Climate; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics* / Q000266:history; D018397:Equidae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D049690:History, Ancient; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial