title: Criteria for deep-brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: review and analysis.
abstract: Deep-brain stimulation is currently the most effective surgical treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease. The relevant targets to date are the subthalamic nucleus and the globus pallidus internus, although the thalamus (ventralis intermedius nucleus) is preferred in tremor-dominant, aged Parkinson's disease patients. Long-term benefit in cardinal parkinsonian signs, motor fluctuations and dyskinesia has been reported in 5-year follow-up studies of subthalamic nucleus deep-brain stimulation. However, some psychiatric consequences have raised important issues and emphasized the need for an experienced deep-brain stimulation surgical team. This team should be multidisciplinary and involve movement disorder neurologists, neurosurgeons, neuropsychologists and psychiatrists. The recent observation that deep-brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus improves axial signs, possibly even in those less responsive to levodopa, brings new hope to the management of advanced Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Movement Disorders Center, 399 Bathurst Street, McL7 402, Canada. elena.moro@uhn.on.ca
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.forename: Anthony E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D018579:Patient Selection; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'