Practical considerations for high spatial and temporal resolution dynamic transmission electron microscopy.
Although recent years have seen significant advances in the spatial resolution possible in the transmission electron microscope (TEM), the temporal resolution of most microscopes is limited to video rate at best. This lack of temporal resolution means that our understanding of dynamic processes in materials is extremely limited. High temporal resolution in the TEM can be achieved, however, by replacing the normal thermionic or field emission source with a photoemission source. In this case the temporal resolution is limited only by the ability to create a short pulse of photoexcited electrons in the source, and this can be as short as a few femtoseconds. The operation of the photo-emission source and the control of the subsequent pulse of electrons (containing as many as 5 x 10(7) electrons) create significant challenges for a standard microscope column that is designed to operate with a single electron in the column at any one time. In this paper, the generation and control of electron pulses in the TEM to obtain a temporal resolution <10(-6)s will be described and the effect of the pulse duration and current density on the spatial resolution of the instrument will be examined. The potential of these levels of temporal and spatial resolution for the study of dynamic materials processes will also be discussed.
Armstrong
Michael R
MR
Materials Science and Technology Division, Chemistry and Materials Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808; L-356, Livermore, CA 94550, USA. armstrong30@llnl.gov
Boyden
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Browning
Nigel D
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Campbell
Geoffrey H
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Colvin
Jeffrey D
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DeHope
William J
WJ
Frank
Alan M
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Gibson
David J
DJ
Hartemann
Fred
F
Kim
Judy S
JS
King
Wayne E
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LaGrange
Thomas B
TB
Pyke
Ben J
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Reed
Bryan W
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Shuttlesworth
Richard M
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Stuart
Brent C
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Torralva
Ben R
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