title: Long-term outcome of anorectal malformations: the patient perspective.
abstract: To assess the long-term outcome of surgery for anorectal malformations (ARM) from the patient's perspective. One hundred and sixty seven children were operated for ARM between 1982 and 2000. Disease impact questionnaires to assess both clinical and psychological outcomes were sent to 137 eligible families. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 11.5. The response rate was 61% (n=84). Sixty six percent had soiling. There was no significant difference in the incidence of soiling between genders or between the younger child and adolescent. Soiling was significantly increased in high (86%) and intermediate (79%) compared to low (43%) malformation (P=0.001). Constipation was seen in 62% and abdominal pain in 49%, with no significant difference between malformation levels. Overall, 71% had associated anomalies. Although 44% had a documented urological abnormality, clinical significant problems were seen in only 30%. Eighty percent of the children had one or more behavioural problems and 15% expressed suicidal thoughts. ARM had a negative impact on the social life of the child in 52% and on family functioning in 50%. Soiling (P=0.000), presence of associated anomalies (P=0.001), constipation (P=0.005), level of ARM (P=0.015) and abdominal pain (P=0.039) correlated significantly with psychosocial morbidity. Despite these findings, 62% of adolescents and 71% of children below 12 years with their parents reported above average global hopefulness score, remaining hopeful for the future. Children with ARM have ongoing physical and social morbidity, indicating the need for continuing multidisciplinary review and support to optimise their quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Academic Surgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.forename: A J A
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: H C O
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000002:abnormalities; D001007:Anxiety; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000523:psychology; D004065:Digestive System Abnormalities / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012007:Rectum / Q000002:abnormalities*; D012649:Self Concept; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology; D014039:Toilet Training; D016896:Treatment Outcome