title: A randomized, controlled trial for risk factor reduction in patients with symptomatic vascular disease: the multidisciplinary Vascular Prevention by Nurses Study (VENUS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with manifest vascular disease are at high risk of a new vascular event or death. Modification of classical risk factors is often not successful. We determined whether the extra care of a nurse practitioner could be beneficial to the cardiovascular risk profile of high-risk patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized, controlled trial based on the Zelen design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and thirty-six patients with manifestations of a vascular disease and who had two or more modifiable vascular risk factors were pre-randomized to receive treatment by a nurse practitioner plus usual care or usual care alone. After 1 year, risk factors were remeasured. The primary endpoint was achievement of treatment goals for blood pressure, lipid, glucose and homocysteine levels, body mass index, and smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the pre-randomized patients, 95 of 119 (80%) in the intervention group and 80 of 117 (68%) in the control group participated in the study. After a mean follow-up of 14 months, the patients in the intervention group achieved significantly more treatment goals than did the patients in the control group (systolic blood pressure 63 versus 37%, total cholesterol 79 versus 61%, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol 88 versus 67%, and body mass index 38 versus 24%). Medication use was increased in both groups and no differences were found in patients' quality of life (SF-36) at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment delivered by nurse practitioners, in addition to a vascular risk factor screening and prevention program, resulted in a better management of vascular risk factors than usual care alone in vascular patients after 1-year follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bertine M B
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Goessens
authors.forename: Frank L J
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Visseren
authors.forename: Berna G M
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Sol
authors.forename: Janneke M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: de Man-van Ginkel
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: van der Graaf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009722:Nurse Practitioners; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000451:nursing* / Q000517:prevention & control*