title: Relationship between walking levels and perceptions of the local neighbourhood environment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the relationship between frequency of walking trips, perceptions of the local environment and individual travel preferences in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional questionnaire-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six primary schools in Birmingham, UK, range of socioeconomic classifications.
  
  
  METHODS
  473 children aged 9-11 years (82% response rate), including 250 (52.9%) boys and 160 (33.8%) from ethnic minority populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was level of walking (high or low) based on self-reported walking frequency in the past week. Secondary outcome measures included child perceptions of seven aspects of the local environment and individual travel preference. All outcomes were measured through questionnaires administered at school in the presence of a researcher.
  
  
  RESULTS
  198 (41.9%) children were classified as high walkers and 275 (58.1%) as low walkers. After adjusting for confounding factors, high walkers were more likely to perceive heavy traffic surrounding their homes (odds ratio (OR) 1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03 to 2.33), unsafe streets (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.27 to 2.80) and prefer healthier modes of travel (OR 1.67, 95% CI 2.56 to 1.08). High walkers were less likely to worry about strangers (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.02) and less likely to report no parks or sports grounds nearby (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.02). Children from ethnic minority groups walked significantly less than white children (mean number of walking trips 16.8 and 21.9, respectively, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Certain environmental perceptions are related to walking levels in children. Awareness of these may help in the development of future interventions, and also enable healthcare professionals to encourage walking by providing case-specific and appropriate advice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alton
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adab
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barrett
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England; D004779:Environment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016138:Walking / Q000523:psychology*