title: Anhydrobiosis increases survival of trichostrongyle nematodes.
abstract: This study demonstrates that infective-stage larvae of 2 trichostrongyle ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes, Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis, can enter into anhydrobiotic states when completely desiccated. Larvae of control trichostrongyle species, Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, that infect mice were unable to survive desiccation or to enter into anhydrobiosis. Ruminant larvae were able to survive up to 7 desiccation/rehydration cycles, and, during anhydrobiosis, metabolic activity was decreased and survival of the larvae was prolonged both in the laboratory and in the field. Relative humidity had no effect on ruminant larval survival after anhydrobiosis compared with controls. Temperature had a significant effect, 85.8 +/- 2.3% of larvae in anhydrobiosis could survive low temperatures (0 C) that killed all control larvae. Metabolic activity, measured by changes in lipid content and CO2 respiration, was significantly lower in larvae that entered anhydrobiosis compared with controls (P < 0.05). In field experiments using open-meshed chambers under ambient environmental conditions, larvae in anhydrobiosis had significantly higher survival rates in the field compared with controls (P < 0.05) during summer and winter trials. These data suggest that anhydrobiosis in ruminant larvae promotes survival at freezing temperatures, decreases metabolic activity, and prolongs survival under natural field conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. hicks@aesop.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lettini
authors.forename: M V K
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Sukhdeo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D003890:Desiccation; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006189:Haemonchus / Q000502:physiology*; D006813:Humidity; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D009351:Nematospiroides dubius / Q000502:physiology; D009559:Nippostrongylus / Q000502:physiology; D012756:Sheep; D013696:Temperature; D014254:Trichostrongylus / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D002245:Carbon Dioxide