title: Smoking is associated with worse outcomes in patients with prostate cancer treated by radical radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of smoking on the outcome in a cohort of men treated for localized prostate cancer at one institution with a uniform protocol of radical external beam radiotherapy (EBRT).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a retrospective review of 434 patients with cT1-T4 N0m0 prostate cancer treated with curative intent with EBRT (66 Gy in 33 fractions) between 1990 and 1999. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to estimate the risk associated with smoking on biochemical failure (American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology definition), local failure, distant failure, overall and disease-specific survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up was 70.3 months. A smoking history was obtained in 96% of cases; 16.8% were current smokers, 54.4% previous smokers and 28.8% non-smokers. Current smokers presented at a younger median age, by 3.6 years (P = 0.06). There were no differences in clinical T stage, Gleason score or prostate-specific antigen level amongst the three patient groups. Smoking conferred a higher risk of developing metastatic disease in both current smokers (hazard ratio 5.24; 95% confidence interval 1.75-15.72) and previous smokers (2.90, 1.09-7.67). There were also increases in risk, although not quite significant, for biochemical failure (1.49, 0.88-2.40) and overall survival (1.72, 0.94-3.15).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After curative treatment with EBRT, a history of smoking was associated with a greater risk of developing metastatic disease. Smoking status was not associated with worse disease on presentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital Regional Cancer Centre, 503 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pantarotto
authors.forename: Shawn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dahrouge
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gallant
authors.forename: Libni
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eapen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen