title: Synergistic effects of copper and butylic ester of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (Esternon Ultra) on amphibian embryos.
abstract: Cu2+ and butylic ester of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid as Esternon Ultra (2,4-D) toxicity on Bufo arenarum embryos were evaluated by means of a short-term chronic toxicity test (AMPHITOX). The NOEC values for Cu and 2,4-D were 0.02 mg/L and 2 mg/L respectively. The toxicity profile curves for Cu and 2,4-D were reported. The interactions of the metal and the herbicide were evaluated by combined treatments with different concentrations of Cu and 2,4-D. Although in all cases, a synergistic effect between these chemicals was observed, the combination of concentrations exerting low level effects in isolated treatments resulted in more adverse embryonic survival. Considering that both products are extensively used in agroecosystems, this fact could be of concern for non target species like amphibians.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Seguridad Quimica, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud (ICAS), Fundacion PROSAMA, Paysandú 752, (1405) Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Cristina Silvia
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Perez-Coll
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herkovits
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D000663:Amphibians / Q000196:embryology; D000818:Animals; D002022:Bufo arenarum; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D005260:Female; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D003300:Copper; C012267:2,4-D n-butyl ester