title: Correction of interleukin-2 gene expression by in vitro zinc addition to mononuclear cells from zinc-deficient human subjects: a specific test for zinc deficiency in humans.
abstract: A nutritional deficiency of zinc in humans is widespread in the developing world, and a conditioned zinc deficiency is observed in many diseased states, the elderly population, and pregnant women of both developed and developing nations. It was recently reported that zinc is required for Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and gene expressions of both interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-2 receptor alpha (IL-2Ralpha) and beta in HUT-78, a Th0 human malignant lymphoblastoid cell line. In this study, it has been reported for the first time that zinc is also required for gene expression of IL-2 and IL-2Ralpha in primary cells. Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) from zinc-deficient elderly subjects was used for this study. NF-kappaB activation was shown to have decreased in the MNCs from zinc-deficient subjects, which was corrected by in vivo zinc supplementation. It was further shown that either in vivo zinc supplementation or the addition of zinc in vitro to MNCs from zinc-deficient subjects results in correction of the gene expression of IL-2 and IL-2Ralpha. Therefore, it was proposed that in vitro addition of zinc to MNCs for correction of gene expression of IL-2 in humans may be used as a specific test for zinc deficiency. Although currently no known specific laboratory test exists for the diagnosis of zinc deficiency in humans, the use of correction of IL-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) with in vitro zinc addition to MNCs from zinc-deficient subjects may be very useful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Mich 48201, USA. prasada@karmanos.org
authors.forename: Ananda S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Frances W J
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Fazlul H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Sarkar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics*; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D015032:Zinc / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015032:Zinc; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate