title: Effect of mammographic screening from age 40 years on breast cancer mortality at 10 years' follow-up: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficacy of screening by mammography has been shown in randomised controlled trials in women aged 50 years and older, but is less clear in younger women. A meta-analysis of all previous trials showed a 15% mortality reduction in invited women aged 40-49 years at study entry, but this finding could be due in part to screening of women after age 50 years. The Age trial was designed to study the effect on mortality of inviting women for annual mammography from age 40 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  160,921 women aged 39-41 years were randomly assigned in the ratio 1:2 to an intervention group of annual mammography to age 48 years or to a control group of usual medical care. The trial was undertaken in 23 NHS breast-screening units in England, Wales, and Scotland. The primary analysis was based on the intention-to-treat principle and compared mortality rates in the two groups at 10 years' follow-up. This study is registered as an International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial, number ISRCTN24647151.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At a mean follow-up of 10.7 years there was a reduction in breast-cancer mortality in the intervention group, in relative and absolute terms, which did not reach statistical significance (relative risk 0.83 [95% CI 0.66-1.04], p=0.11; absolute risk reduction 0.40 per 1000 women invited to screening [95% CI -0.07 to 0.87]). Mortality reduction adjusted for non-compliance in women actually screened was estimated as 24% (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.51-1.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the reduction in breast-cancer mortality observed in this trial is not significant, it is consistent with results of other trials of mammography alone in this age-group. Future decisions on screening policy should be informed by further follow-up from this trial and should take account of possible costs and harms as well as benefits.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Screening Evaluation Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK. sue.moss@icr.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sue M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cuckle
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waller
authors.forename: Lynda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bobrow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D006113:United Kingdom