title: Bone morphogenetic protein 2 induced differentiation toward superficial epithelial cells in the gastric mucosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are important for maintenance of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa. Moreover, diffusible factors from the underlying mesenchyme control the proliferation and differentiation of the epithelial cells. However, the details of the associated signaling remain unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two novel cell lines, designated MSE1 (mouse stomach epithelium) and MSMF1 (mouse stomach myofibroblast) cells, were established from mouse glandular stomach and cocultured in three-dimensional collagen gels in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MSE1 cells formed dramatic branching tubular structures upon coculture with MSMF1 cells. In contrast, they formed spherical cyst structures in the absence of fibroblast support or the presence of Swiss 3T3 cells. Since bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) was expressed by MSMF1 cells but not Swiss 3T3 cells, we investigated whether it induced the morphological differentiation. Addition of BMP2 to MSE1 cells induced the formation of branching tubular structures, even in the absence of MSMF1 cells. Noggin, a BMP2 antagonist, blocked the MSMF1-induced tubular branch formation by MSE1 cells. MSE1 cells were induced to express mRNA of MUC5AC, an important marker for gastric superficial epithelium in the upper part of pits, upon branching tubule formation after BMP2 addition. Coculture with MSMF1 cells or BMP2 addition induced Smad1 phosphorylation in MSE1 cells. Furthermore, BMP2 inhibited MSE1 cell proliferation in MTS assays and suppressed AKT phosphorylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BMP2 stimulated MSE1 cells to form branching duct-like structures and differentiate toward superficial epithelium in three-dimensional cocultures in vitro, suggesting that it may act as a morphogen and differentiation inducer in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions of gastric mucosa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Bioregulation, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanida
authors.forename: Tadayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Naotaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ogasawara
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohara
authors.forename: Haruhisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Joh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C525719:Bmp2 protein, mouse; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta