title: Linking opioid-dependent hospital patients to drug treatment: Health care use and costs 6 months after randomization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct an economic evaluation of the first 6 months' trial of treatment vouchers and case management for opioid-dependent hospital patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized clinical trial and evaluation of administrative data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emergency department, wound clinic, in-patient units and methadone clinic in a large urban public hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study randomized 126 opioid-dependent drug users seeking medical care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomized among four groups. These received vouchers for 6 months of methadone treatment, 6 months of case management, both these interventions, or usual care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first 6 months of this study, 90% of those randomized to vouchers alone enrolled in methadone maintenance, significantly more than the 44% enrollment in those randomized to case management without vouchers (P < 0.001). The direct costs of substance abuse treatment, including case management, was 4040 dollars for those who received vouchers, 4177 dollars for those assigned to case management and 5277 dollars for those who received the combination of both interventions. After 3 months, the vouchers alone group used less heroin than the case management alone group. The difference was not significant at 6 months. There were no significant differences in other health care costs in the 6 months following randomization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vouchers were slightly more effective but no more costly than case management during the initial 6 months of the study. Vouchers were as effective and less costly than the combination of case management and vouchers. The finding that vouchers dominate is tempered by the possibility that case management may lower medical care costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. paul.barnett@va.gov
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Carmen L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Masson
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sorensen
authors.forename: Wynnie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019090:Case Management / Q000191:economics; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000534:rehabilitation*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone