title: Distribution patterns of the glucose transporters GLUT4 and GLUT1 in skeletal muscles of rats (Rattus norvegicus), pigs (Sus scrofa), cows (Bos taurus), adult goats, goat kids (Capra hircus), and camels (Camelus dromedarius).
abstract: Earlier studies demonstrated that forestomach herbivores are less insulin sensitive than monogastric omnivores. The present study was carried out to determine if different distribution patterns of the glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4 may contribute to these different insulin sensitivities. Western blotting was used to measure GLUT1 and GLUT4 protein contents in oxidative (masseter, diaphragm) and glycolytic (longissimus lumborum, semitendinosus) skeletal muscle membranes of monogastric omnivores (rats and pigs), and of forestomach herbivores (cows, adult goats, goat kids, and camels). Muscles were characterized biochemically. Comparing red and white muscles, the isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) activity was 1.5-15-times higher in oxidative muscles of all species, whereas lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was 1.4-4.4-times higher in glycolytic muscles except in adult goats. GLUT4 levels were 1.5-6.3-times higher in oxidative muscles. GLUT1 levels were 2.2-8.3-times higher in glycolytic muscles in forestomach herbivores but not in monogastric animals. We conclude that GLUT1 may be the predominant glucose transporter in glycolytic muscles of ruminating animals. The GLUT1 distribution patterns were identical in adult and pre-ruminant goats, indicating that GLUT1 expression among these muscles is determined genetically. The high blood glucose levels of camels cited in literature may be due to an "NIDDM-like" impaired GLUT4 activity in skeletal muscle.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Pigs, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany. reinhard.duehlmeier@tiho-hannover.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Duehlmeier
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sammet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Widdel
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: von Engelhardt
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wernery
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kinne
authors.forename: H-P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Sallmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002162:Camelus; D002417:Cattle; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006019:Glycolysis; D006041:Goats; D006836:Hydro-Lyases / Q000378:metabolism; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; D006836:Hydro-Lyases; C045581:lactate dehydratase