title: Inhibition of NF-kappaB-mediated transcription and induction of apoptosis by melampolides and repandolides.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a crucial role in the regulation of inflammatory processes, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Blocking NF-kappaB signaling may represent a therapeutic strategy in cancer and inflammation therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sesquiterpenes isolated from Asteraceae, namely melampolides (enhydrin, tetraludin A) and repandolides (repandins A, B, D and E) on the activation of NF-kappaB, cell growth of cancer cells, cell cycle progression and apoptosis. In addition, their effects on the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme were also evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell-based reporter gene assay was conducted in SW1353 cells. COX-2 enzyme activity and cell growth inhibition was determined by enzyme immunoassay and MTT assay respectively. Cell cycle analysis was carried out by flow cytometry and apoptosis was observed by DAPI staining assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In SW1353 cells, transcription mediated by NF-kappaB was inhibited by enhydrin, tetraludin A and repandins A, B, D and E, while Sp-1 mediated transcription was not affected. COX-2 enzyme activity was inhibited by enhydrin, repandin A and E, but not by tetraludin A, repandin B and D. These compounds were effective in inhibiting the growth of a panel of human tumor cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis and DAPI staining indicated cell cycle arrest in G(2)/M phase and induction of apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhydrin, tetraludin A and repandins A, B, D and E inhibited tumor cell growth and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. These effects may be related to inhibition of NF-B activation.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Guoyi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Shabana I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benavides
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schühly
authors.forename: Nikolaus H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Ikhlas A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pasco
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007783:Lactones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D015394:Molecular Structure; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D007783:Lactones; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; C521984:enhydrin; C521985:repandin A; C521983:tetraludin A; D008156:Luciferases; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate