title: Inherent risks associated with manufacture of bioengineered ocular surface tissue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the potential health risks associated with bioengineered ocular surface tissue, which serves as a bellwether for other tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  All clinical trials using bioengineered ocular surface tissue published between July 1, 1996, and June 30, 2005, were reviewed with respect to materials used and statements of risk assessment, risk remediation, adverse events, manufacturing standards, and regulatory oversight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-five percent of investigational protocols used 1 or more animal-derived products and an overlapping 95% used 1 or more donor human tissues. Consideration of risks reveals a very low probability of potential harm but a significant risk of disability or death if such an event were to occur. Details of ethics approval, patient consent, and donor serologic test results were not consistently provided. No references were made to risk assessment or to codes of manufacturing and clinical practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While a degree of risk is associated with bioengineered ocular surface tissue, investigational reports of this new technology have yet to address issues of risk management and regulatory oversight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Attention to risk and codes of manufacturing and clinical practice will be required for advancement of the technology. We suggest the adoption of international standards to address these issues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95871, USA. irschwab@uc.davis.edu
authors.forename: Ivan R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: Nigel T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Damien G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Harkin
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000592:standards; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000166:cytology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000637:transplantation; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000637:transplantation*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014019:Tissue Donors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000592:standards