title: Degradation of fipronil under laboratory conditions in a tropical soil from sirinhaém pernambuco, Brazil.
abstract: The objective of this research was to assess the degradation of fipronil [5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-alpha,alpha,alpha -trifluoro-p-tolyl)-4-trifluoromethylsulfinylpyrazole-3-carbonitrile] in soils from sugar cane fields in Northeastern Brazil. Degradation experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions (controlled temperature and in the dark), where sterile and non-sterile soils (Ustoxs) were incubated [under moisture content of 55% of the water holding capacity (WHC)] and analyzed for fipronil disappearance and metabolite formation. Microbial communities present in the soil degrade fipronil. However, biodegradation seems to be dependent on the bioavailability of the fipronil and the half-life according to the zero-order model. Fipronil degradation rate appeared to be biphasic. Degradation fipronil ranged from 83 days (initial concentration = 978 ng g(-1); short-term experiment) to 200 days (initial concentration = 689 ng g(-1); long-term experiment). This an initial slower rate followed by a faster rate after 90 days of incubation may lead to shorter half-life than that calculated with the zero-order model. The sulfone derivative (an oxidation product) was the predominant metabolite, but the sulfide (a reduction product) and amide (a hydrolysis product) derivatives were also formed under non-sterile conditions after 120 days of incubation. The metabolites underwent further biodegradation, particularly the sulfone derivative. Bioavailability appears to affect fipronil degradation in soils with an effective capacity to adsorb fipronil (such as Ustoxs), while redox potential was important for the formation of metabolites. Despite the fine texture, more aerobic sites were present, thus favoring the formation of the sulfone metabolite over that of the sulfide metabolite. Therefore, microaggregation of Ustoxs, with high clay content, played a very important role in determining the types of metabolites formed.
authors.affiliation: Colegiado de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, Fundação Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carmem S M
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Masutti
authors.forename: Ahmet R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mermut
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001682:Biological Availability; D001938:Brazil; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013997:Time Factors; D014329:Tropical Climate
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011720:Pyrazoles; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C082360:fipronil