title: [Male depression in a population sample of young males. Risk and symptom profiles].
abstract: The concept of male depression basically assumes that the well-known depressive symptoms in males are compensated for or masked by external behavioral patterns, which are atypical for depression and therefore not included in conventional depression inventories. In a community sample of young males (n=1,004) the general well-being and risk of male depression were investigated using the WHO-5 Well-Being Scale and the Gotland Scale for Male Depression. The main questions focused on the analysis of symptoms dependent on the risk of male depression. Hypotheses were related to depressive symptoms being masked by distress symptoms, to the dimensionality of the Gotland Scale, to different symptom clusters and to the contribution of isolated symptoms to the risk of depression. The results demonstrated a reduced well-being and a risk of male depression in 22% of the respondents. The data gave no evidence to support the hypothesis that depressive symptoms are masked by distress symptoms or for latent depression and stress components. However, a "depression cluster" and a "distress cluster" could be differentiated by cluster analyses giving indications of the clinical relevance of the male distress symptoms for the development of depression. The more severe these are, the higher is the risk of male depression. Finally, the results are discussed in the face of the limitations of the study, the previous evidence and open questions.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatrische Klinik , LMU, 80336 München. Anne-Maria.Moeller-Leimkuehler@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Möller-Leimkühler
authors.forename: N-C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology