title: A patatin-like protein protects Toxoplasma gondii from degradation in activated macrophages.
abstract: The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is able to suppress nitric oxide production in activated macrophages. A screen of over 6000 T. gondii insertional mutants identified two clones, which were consistently unable to suppress nitric oxide production from activated macrophages. One strain, called 89B7, grew at the same rate as wild-type parasites in naïve macrophages, but unlike wild type, the mutant was degraded in activated macrophages. This degradation was marked by a reduction in the number of parasites within vacuoles over time, the loss of GRA4 and SAG1 protein staining by immunofluorescence assay, and the vesiculation and breakdown of the internal parasite ultrastructure by electron microscopy. The mutagenesis plasmid in the 89B7 clone disrupts the promoter of a 3.4 kb mRNA that encodes a predicted 68 kDa protein with a cleavable signal peptide and a patatin-like phospholipase domain. Genetic complementation with the genomic locus of this patatin-like protein restores the parasites ability to suppress nitric oxide and replicate in activated macrophages. A haemagglutinin-tagged version of this patatin-like protein shows punctate localization into atypical T. gondii structures within the parasite. This is the first study that defines a specific gene product that is needed for parasite survival in activated but not naïve macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Dana G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Mordue
authors.forename: Casey F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Scott-Weathers
authors.forename: Crystal M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tobin
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Knoll
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051379:Mice; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008970:Molecular Weight; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals / Q000235:genetics; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D017385:Sequence Homology; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000469:parasitology / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide