title: Increase of cellular recruitment, phagocytosis ability and nitric oxide production induced by hydroalcoholic extract from Chenopodium ambrosioides leaves.
abstract: The leaves and the oil from the seeds of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Chenopodiaceae), a plant known in Brazil as 'mastruz', have been used by native people to treat parasitic diseases. Experimentally it was shown that Chenopodium ambrosioides inhibits the Ehrlich tumor growth, what could be due to an immunomodulatory effect of this product. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic crude extract (HCE) from leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides on macrophage activity and on lymphoid organs cellularity. C3H/HePas mice received the HCE (5mg/kg) by intraperitoneal via and were sacrificed 2 days later. HCE treatment did not alter the cell number in bone marrow, but it increased the cell number in peritoneal cavity, spleen and lymph node. The spreading and phagocytosis activity, the PMA-induced hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) release and the nitric oxide (NO) production were also increased when compared to control group. Similar results were obtained with concanavalin A (Con A), used as a positive control, with exception of the NO production that was only detected in HCE-derived macrophages. The in vitro treatment with HCE induced a dose-dependent NO production by resident macrophages, but did not enhance the NO production by HCE-derived macrophage, which however, was enhanced by Con A, suggesting that HCE and Con A induce NO production by different routes. In conclusion, HCE-treatment was able to increase the macrophages activity and also the cellular recruitment to secondary lymphoid organs, what could explain the previously related anti-tumor activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo V B
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Paulo Vitor S
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Fernando J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Patrício
authors.forename: Graciomar C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Sanara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: Josias B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Frazão
authors.forename: Walmir C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Aragão-Filho
authors.forename: Márcia C G
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Maciel
authors.forename: Lucilene A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Flávia M M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: Elizabeth S B
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Barroqueiro
authors.forename: Rosane N M
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Flávia R F
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Nascimento
mesh_terms: D000438:Alcohols / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001938:Brazil; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D027464:Chenopodium ambrosioides; D003208:Concanavalin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008934:Mitogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D008934:Mitogens; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D003208:Concanavalin A; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate