title: Unaugmented vertical muscle transposition surgery for chronic sixth nerve paralysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic sixth nerve palsy can cause incapacitating diplopia requiring vertical muscle transposition surgery. Augmentation of surgery, with lateral fixation sutures, medial rectus recession or botulinum toxin injection, is associated with an increased risk of complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of unaugmented full-tendon vertical rectus transposition in chronic sixth nerve paralysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal study of 21 patients with chronic sixth nerve paralysis of longer than 6 months duration, who underwent superior and inferior recti transposition surgery without medial rectus recession or botulinum toxin injection. Details of surgery, preoperative and postoperative examinations including full orthoptic examination were obtained from an electronic database. Outcomes included the change in angle of deviation, the requirement for further surgery to the medial rectus and postoperative improvement in diplopia. SPSS software (Version 12.0.1, SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL) was used to summarize baseline characteristics and outcomes and to compare preoperative and postoperative deviation (paired t-test).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one patients (10 (47.6%) men and 11 (52.4%) women) with a mean age of 41 years (range 4 to 74 years) were operated in the period between April 1998 and November 2000. Eighteen patients had unilateral and three had bilateral acquired sixth nerve palsy. Nineteen patients required unilateral surgery and two had bilateral transposition procedures. In patients with unilateral sixth nerve palsy, mean esotropia in primary position before surgery was 46.7 prism-diopters (PD) (95% CI 35.9-57.4 PD) and improved to 14.6 PD after surgery (95% CI 6.4-22.7 PD). The angle of deviation was significantly reduced by an average of 32.1 PD (p < 0.001, paired t-test; 95% CI 22.6-41.6 PD). Over all, 10 patients (55.6%) had a well-controlled esophoria with a postoperative alignment of within 10 PD of orthophoria without diplopia in the primary position, for distance and near. A further six patients (28.6%) required additional medial rectus recessions to achieve success. The only complication observed was slippage of the inferior rectus in one patient (4.2%), who consequently required further surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botulinum toxin infiltration of the medial rectus in vertical rectus transposition surgery may be unnecessary, incurring cost, additional attendances and interventions for patients. Less than a third of all patients in our series required additional medial rectus recession later.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK. shveta@dr.com
authors.forename: Shveta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: Javeed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Ian B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Marsh
mesh_terms: D020434:Abducens Nerve Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004172:Diplopia / Q000601:surgery*; D004948:Esotropia / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000637:transplantation*; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013709:Tendon Transfer; D016896:Treatment Outcome