title: Biofilm formation on hydrophilic intraocular lens material.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate bacterial biofilm formation on the hydrophilic acrylic (hydrogel) intraocular lens (IOL) Meridian (HP60M, Baush & Lomb) and to investigate a preventive effect against biofilm formation of hydrogel IOLs presoaked in antibiotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two Staphylococcus epidermidis strains, ATCC 12228 and ATCC 35984 (biofilm-producer), and an Enterococcus faecalis strain (KOS1, clinical isolate from an endophthalmitis patient) were used. Biofilms were cultivated on disks of different IOL materials: hydrogel, PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate), and acrylic. Biofilms were stained with crystal violet (CV), which served as an index of biofilm formation. The bacterial population was enumerated after biofilm homogenization. Biofilms were also examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). IOLs were presoaked in two antibiotics, levofloxacin (LVFX) and gatifloxacin (GFLX), and then the bacterial population was enumerated. As in vivo experiment, antibiotics-treated and nontreated Meridian IOLs were implanted in rabbit eyes, which served as an endophthalmitis model, and the bacterial population was enumerated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amount of biofilm formed was the least on hydrogel from among the three materials tested after 48- and 72-hr incubation (p < 0.05 to 0.01). The bacterial population was the least on hydrogel from among the three materials with ATCC 12228 (p < 0.05 to 0.01), and the bacterial population was significantly different between hydrogel and acrylic after 72-hr incubation with ATCC 35984 (p < 0.05). Biofilm by the two S. epidermidis strains were recognized after 24-hr incubation. Rates of biofilm-positive SEM fields, which were defined as being occupied by biofilm over at least half of the area, were increased through 72 hr with ATCC 35984. While the E. faecalis strain showed no bacterial adherence on the antibiotics-treated hydrogel IOLs, adherence of the S. epidermidis strain, ATCC 35984 was recognized on the LVFX-treated IOLs after 48-hr incubation (103 to 104 CFU/ml). In the rabbit in vivo model, the bacterial populations in eyes with an antibiotics-treated Meridian IOL were significantly smaller than in eyes with a nontreated IOL for 72 hr after surgery (p < 0.05 to 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The biofilm formation was less on hydrogel than on other two materials tested. Hydrogel presoaked in antibiotics exhibited a preventive effect against biofilm formation at least for 24 hr in vitro and against bacterial proliferation in the rabbit in vivo endophthalmitis model.
authors.affiliation: The First Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayakawa
authors.forename: Akiyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tochikubo
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000818:Animals; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004337:Drug Carriers; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D000077734:Gatifloxacin; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D007910:Lenses, Intraocular / Q000382:microbiology*; D064704:Levofloxacin; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D015242:Ofloxacin; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D011817:Rabbits; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D004337:Drug Carriers; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D064704:Levofloxacin; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D015242:Ofloxacin; D000077734:Gatifloxacin