title: [Ethical aspects of pharmacological cognition enhancement and the use of psychostimulants by children and young persons].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pharmacological cognition enhancement aims at an improvement of cognitive activity and performance in healthy people by means of appropriate drugs. Ethical implications of this kind of cognition enhancement stand in need of reflection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  For a number of reasons, the distinction between treatment and enhancement is fuzzy with regard to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In consideration of the growing number methylphenidate prescriptions, one question addressed in this article is whether or not psychostimulants are used not only for therapy but also for cognitive enhancement by children and young people. The possibility of a "grey zone" between treatment and enhancement seems to open the field for medicalization of social and pedagogical problems as well as for "hidden enhancement." In clinical practice, the use of stimulants is associated with certain ethical problems concerning diagnosis, treatment and prevention of ADHD. Some of these problems are associated with the possibility of cognition enhancement. In order to evaluate ethical problems of pharmacological cognition enhancement, short-term and long-term consequences of stimulant use need to be taken into account. This refers to the level of transmitter balance in the learning process, to the level of individual learning strategies as well as to the level of interaction. This raises the question (1) of how well adapted the means of enhancement are with regard to the end of a comprehensive education and socialization, and (2) whether there are justifiable limits to the standardization of behavior and knowledge. (3) Moreover, stipulating an autonomous decision as a minimum prerequisite for legitimate cognition enhancement seems inadequate in the case of children and young persons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the evidence and the many open questions associated with pharmacological cognition enhancement for children and young persons, it is concluded that it is indeed a morally problematic technique.
authors.affiliation: IZEW Universitat Tubingen, Wilhelmstrabe 19, 72074 Tubingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Elfriede
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Walcher-Andris
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D032763:Behavior Control / Q000941:ethics; D024803:Biomedical Enhancement / Q000941:ethics*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D026684:Personal Autonomy
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate