title: The association of metabolic syndrome and Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus type 1: the Persian Gulf Healthy Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The metabolic syndrome together with insulin resistance and their consequences are basic factors in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Chronic infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Chlamydia pneumoniae are associated with the development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. The infectious aspects of metabolic syndrome have not been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional, population-based study, we used National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)-Adult Treatment Panel (ATP)-III criteria in 1791 subjects, aged 25 years and over, selected by cluster random sampling in three Iranian ports in the northern Persian Gulf. Sera were analyzed for IgG antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae, HSV-1, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and CMV using ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multiple logistic regression analysis, of the infectious agents, CMV [OR = 1.81 (1.05-3.10); p = 0.03], H. pylori [OR = 1.50 (1.12-2.00); p = 0.007] and Chlamydia pneumoniae [OR = 1.69 (1.27-2.25); p < 0.0001] showed a significant association with the metabolic syndrome in men and HSV-1 [OR = 1.95 (1.22-3.11); p = 0.005], H. pylori [OR = 1.45 (1.09-1.94); 0.01] and Chlamydia pneumoniae [OR = 1.65 (1.23-2.21); p = 0.001] in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The metabolic syndrome, which occurs very frequently in the general population, has a significant association with prior infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1. Hypothesis about participation of infection in pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome should be investigated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Science, Bushehr, I.R. Iran. nabipourpg@bpums.ac.ir
authors.forename: Iraj
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nabipour
authors.forename: Katayon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vahdat
authors.forename: Seyed Mojtaba
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jafari
authors.forename: Raha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pazoki
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sanjdideh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D019156:Indian Ocean; D007492:Iran; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G