title: Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (OVEMPs) produced by air- and bone-conducted sound.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the origin and properties of short latency extraocular potentials produced by activation of the vestibular apparatus using two modes of acoustic stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extraocular potentials were measured in 10 normal subjects using a bipolar montage to increase selectivity. Three dimensional eye movements were also recorded in five subjects. The subjects were stimulated with both air-conducted (AC) and bone-conducted (BC) sound using a single cycle of a 500Hz sine wave.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Short latency positive and negative potentials that peaked at 8.1-12.7ms for AC and 7.5-13.9ms for BC stimulation were recorded, which were distinct for the two eyes and for the two modes of stimulation. The extraocular potentials began prior to the onset of eye movements, which peaked at 16.5-20.1ms for AC, 17.8-25.0ms for BC stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pattern of short latency eye movements and extraocular potentials induced by AC and BC vestibular stimulation are distinct. As the potentials preceded the eye movements and were not correlated morphologically with them, the source of the observed potentials is not an eye movement and thus we refer to them as ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (OVEMPs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potentials had properties consistent with modulation of the electromyogenic activity of the extraocular muscles and if interpreted as originating from displacement of the eye will give misleading results. AC and BC acoustic stimulation are likely to activate differing profiles of vestibular end organs.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M60 1QD, UK. neil.todd@manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Neil P McAngus
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: Sally M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rosengren
authors.forename: Swee T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Aw
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Colebatch
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D013016:Sound; D014725:Vestibular Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D014726:Vestibular Nuclei / Q000502:physiology; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000502:physiology*