title: Cellular changes in prostate cancer cells induced by intermittent androgen suppression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study used tumour specimens from a clinical trial on intermittent androgen suppression (IAS) to study the effects of castration on tissue morphology, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression of androgen receptor (AR).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 113 representative needle biopsy specimens were available from 29 patients for evaluation of the Gleason score as well as Ki-67, cleaved caspase-3, and AR immunostaining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 6 mo from the beginning of the first androgen withdrawal, cell proliferation activity was significantly (p = 0.002) reduced, whereas no effect on apoptosis was found. A nonsignificant trend to an increase in Gleason score after castration was found. Subsequent cycles of withdrawals had no significant effect on any of the measured parameters. The Gleason score, proliferation activity, and apoptosis rate showed only heterogeneous, nonsignificant changes after the first progression. Strong nuclear AR staining was evident in all cancer specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that the long-term (months) effect of androgen withdrawal on tumour growth is due to the inhibition of proliferation. Because the tumours seem to become resistant to castration at the first cycle of treatment withheld, it is possible that IAS does not postpone the emergence of ablation-resistant tumours. There was no consistent sign of increased proliferation or Gleason score during the treatment, suggesting that the biologic aggressiveness of a particular tumour is defined already at an early stage of disease. The constant nuclear expression of AR in cancer cells indicates that the AR signalling remains active despite of the androgen withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laitinen
authors.forename: Paula M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Martikainen
authors.forename: Teuvo L J
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Tammela
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Visakorpi
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000728:Androgens / Q000097:blood*; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D018450:Disease Progression; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017273:Goserelin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D017273:Goserelin; D013739:Testosterone; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D053148:Caspase 3