title: Genetic analysis of the innate immune responses in wild-derived inbred strains of mice.
abstract: The vertebrate immune system has evolved to recognize nucleic acids of bacterial and viral origin. Microbial DNA, as well as synthetic oligonucleotides based on these motifs, activates innate immune pathways mediated by the family of Toll-like receptors (TLR) initiating a cascade of signals in immune cells necessary for responses to pathogens. However, not all of the proteins that participate in TLR-mediated responses have been identified. In studies described herein, we observed significant variation in innate immune responses among selected wild-derived strains of mice. Specifically, we show that mice of MOLF/Ei, Czech/Ei, and MSM/Ms strains are hypo-responsive to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) because of a mutation in Tlr3. In addition, we discovered a hypo-response to cytosine guanine dinucleotide in MOLF/Ei mice and established that it is not linked to Tlr9, but to another locus. Further inquiry revealed that this hypo-response is transmitted as a monogenic dominant trait that can be mapped and cloned through positional cloning methods. These results suggest the existence of a novel molecule that can alter pro-inflammatory signals or activate additional signal transduction pathways. In addition, they support the wild-derived mouse strain as a forward genetic tool for the identification of novel immunological phenotypes.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Smirnova
authors.forename: Berri
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jacque
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poltorak
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D002460:Cell Line; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000276:immunology; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000235:genetics; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D005819:Genetic Markers; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D011070:Poly I-C