title: Karl Fischer titration and coulometry for measurement of water content in small cartilage specimens.
abstract: This study evaluated the efficiency of Karl Fischer titration and coulometry for measurement of water content in small intact and defective cartilage specimens. Cartilage from the main weight-bearing zone of the medial condyle of 38 fresh sheep knees was used. Of these, 20 condyles had an intact cartilage, while defects (14 grade I and 4 grade II) were found in the rest. The mechanical hardness was determined as Shore A. Cartilage specimens of approximately 5 mg were analyzed in special devices for moisture measurement and then continuously heated up to 105 degrees C. The actual measurement was performed in an electric cell (coulometry). An electrode was laminated with hygroscopic phosphorus pentoxide. In the electrochemical reaction, H and O are liberated from the electrode. The requirement for electric energy correlates with the amount of water in the specimen. The water content in intact cartilage was 66.9%. Grade I (72.6%) and grade II (77.8%) defects had significantly higher water content. Significantly higher and faster spontaneous evaporation was observed in cartilage defects at room temperature. The water content and spontaneous water evaporation correlated with significantly lower mechanical hardness. The experimental design (combined method of thermogravimetry, Karl Fischer titration, and coulometry) was sufficient for evaluating the water content in small cartilage specimens. It is also possible to measure the temperature-dependent water liberation from cartilage specimens.
authors.affiliation: Praxisklinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie, Eisenach, Germany. spahn@pk-eisenach.de
authors.forename: Gunter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spahn
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Plettenberg
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagel
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kahl
authors.forename: Hans Michael
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Klinger
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Günther
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mückley
authors.forename: Gunther O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Hofmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D002357:Cartilage Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000378:metabolism*; D003217:Conductometry / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012756:Sheep; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014867:Water