title: Implementation of the laparoscopic simulator in a gynecological residency curriculum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In view of the current emphasis on increasing patient safety and quality control in laparoscopic surgery, there is a growing need to improve laparoscopic training. This study was conducted to investigate if and when residents reached performance standards for basic laparoscopic skills on a boxtrainer and to analyze the current state of implementation of laparoscopic simulators in a gynecological residency curriculum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residents across all 6 years of residency (postgraduate year [PGY] 1-6) were tested once on our boxtrainer by performing five inanimate tasks (pipe cleaner, rubber band, beads, cutting circle, intracorporeal knot tying). A sumscore for the five tasks was calculated for each participant (sum of all scores). Scores were calculated by adding completion time and penalty points, thus rewarding both speed and precision. These data were compared with scores of laparoscopic experts, which were set as performance standards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the participants, 111 were residents (7 PGY1, 27 PGY2, 29 PGY3, 28 PGY4, 14 PGY5, 6 PGY6) and 8 were experts. At the end of residency, PGY6 residents reached the performance standard for all tasks except intracorporeal knot tying. It was not until PGY5 that residents reached the performance standard for the pipe cleaner task; PGY1, for rubber band; PGY5, for beads; PGY4, for circle cutting; and PGY6, for sumscore. Throughout residency PGY6 had a mean total of only 3.6 h of simulator training experience. No correlation was found between this previous voluntary simulator training experience and performance on our boxtrainer during this study (sumscore), and between previous voluntary simulator training and total laparoscopic procedures performed. In a combined multivariate analysis, sumscore performance remained significantly associated with the number of laparoscopic procedures performed by residents when they were working as as a primary surgeon (p = 0.002), and not with the cumulative hours of simulator training during residency prior to participating in this study (p = 0.15).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a current Dutch gynecological residency curriculum, residents do not reach all performance standards for basic laparoscopic skills on the boxtrainer. We conclude that the voluntary simulator training program has a substantial risk to fail and that the implementation of the laparoscopic skills simulator in the current residency curriculum is in its infancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center K6-76, P.O. Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kolkman
authors.forename: M A J
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Van de Put
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Van den Hout
authors.forename: J B M Z
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Trimbos
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Jansen
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D006176:Gynecology / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy; D013664:Teaching Materials