title: Digital image analysis of cigarette filter stains as an indicator of compensatory smoking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cigarette filters trap a significant portion of carcinogen-containing smoke particulate and may provide an indication of cigarette constituent exposure. A technique for quantifying filter tar staining with digital imaging has shown predictive value between typical total puff volume and filter tar stain intensity. The current study uses smoking topography data acquired during an examination of compensatory smoking of Quest cigarettes and digital analyses of the tar stains of the spent Quest cigarette filters. Due to reduced nicotine levels, we hypothesized compensatory smoking to occur. The purposes of the current study were to describe the physical characteristics of the Quest cigarettes, to further validate the effect of puff volume on filter tar staining, and to examine the effect of compensatory smoking on changes in filter tar staining, hypothesizing that compensatory smoking would result in more intense tar staining.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physical characteristics of the Quest cigarettes were measured to characterize the product. Spent cigarette filters were digitally analyzed for color intensity features, matched to smoking topography measures, and examined in regression models. Difference scores for digital imaging and smoking topography were used in a regression model to identify the effect of compensatory smoking on tar stain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total puff volume was a significant predictor of a*center (redness) [beta = 0.003 (SE, 0.0004), R2 = 0.42, t = 7.87, P < 0.001] and L*center (lightness) [beta = -0.015 (SE, 0.002), R2 = 0.45, t = -8.18, P < 0.001] for Quest cigarettes and a significant predictor of a*center [beta = 0.003 (SE, 0.0005), R2 = 0.37, t = 5.27, P < 0.001] and L*center [beta = -0.009 (SE, 0.002), R2 = 0.35, t = -5.05, P < 0.001] for own preferred brand. Regression models indicate total puff volume difference was a significant predictor of L*center difference [beta = -0.01 (SE, 0.003), R2 = 0.171, t = -3.15, P = 0.003] and approached significance for a*center difference [beta = 0.002 (SE, 0.001), R2 = 0.057, t = 1.99, P = 0.053].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that compensatory smoking may be detectable by darkening and reddening of the tar stain. This type of measure could be useful in quantifying the extent to which human smokers smoke differently than standard testing protocols and in assessing the prevalence of compensatory smoking in population samples.
authors.affiliation: Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3309, USA. strasse3@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Strasser
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Marc E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.forename: E Paul
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Wileyto
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D012906:Smoke / Q000032:analysis*; D012907:Smoking; D013638:Tars / Q000032:analysis*; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke; D013638:Tars