title: A prospective multivariate analysis of factors predicting stone disintegration by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: the value of high-resolution noncontrast computed tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the value of noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) as a possible predictor of renal stone disintegration by shock wave lithotripsy (SWL).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 120 consecutive patients (71 males, 49 females; mean age: 42.6 yr) with a solitary renal stone of 0.5-2.5 cm in length. NCCT was performed using a multidetector row CT scanner at 120 KV and 240 mA, with 1.25-mm collimation. A bone window was used to measure stone attenuation values. SWL was performed with an electromagnetic lithotripter. Failure of disintegration was defined as no fragmentation of the stone after three sessions. The impact of patients' sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) and the stones' laterality, location, volume, mean attenuation value, and the skin-to-stone distance on disintegration were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Failure of disintegration was observed in 15 patients (12.5%). BMI and stone density >1000 HU were the significant independent predictors of failure (p=0.04 and 0.02, respectively). The success rate of extracorporeal SWL at 3 mo was 87.5% (105 of 120 patients); 90 patients were stone free and 15 had residual fragments<4 mm. The only significant predictor of residual fragments was stone density (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity and increased stone density as detected by NCCT are significant predictors of failure to fragment renal stones by SWL. An alternative treatment should be devised for obese patients with stone density>1000 HU.
authors.affiliation: Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. ar_el_nahas@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ahmed R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: El-Nahas
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: El-Assmy
authors.forename: Osama
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.forename: Khaled Z
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Sheir
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed