title: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at both high and low frequencies reduces primary hyperalgesia in rats with joint inflammation in a time-dependent manner.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical studies of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) have used a variety of outcome measures to assess its effectiveness, with conflicting results. It is possible that TENS is effective on some measures of pain and not on others. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that TENS reduces primary hyperalgesia of the knee induced by joint inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inflammation of the knee joint was induced by intra-articular injection of a mixture of 3% kaolin and 3% carrageenan. Primary hyperalgesia was measured as the compression withdrawal threshold of the knee joint before and after the induction of inflammation (4 hours, 24 hours, and 2 weeks) and after sham TENS treatment, treatment with high-frequency TENS (100 Hz), or treatment with low-frequency TENS (4 Hz).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The compression withdrawal threshold was significantly reduced at 4 hours, 24 hours, and 2 weeks after the induction of inflammation. Either high-frequency TENS or low-frequency TENS completely reversed the compression withdrawal threshold when applied at 24 hours or 2 weeks after the induction of inflammation but not when applied at 4 hours after the induction of inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that TENS inhibits primary hyperalgesia associated with inflammation in a time-dependent manner after inflammation has already developed during both acute and chronic stages.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Carol G T
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Vance
authors.forename: Rajan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Skyba
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Sluka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications; D007719:Knee Joint; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods*