title: Neutrophil cannibalism--a back up when the macrophage clearance system is insufficient.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During a lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation, a massive accumulation of neutrophils occurs, which is normally cleared by macrophage phagocytosis following neutrophil apoptosis. However, in cases of extensive apoptosis the normal clearance system may fail, resulting in extensive neutrophil secondary necrosis. The aim of this study was to explore the hypothesis that neutrophils, in areas of the lung with extensive cellular infiltration, contribute to clearance by phagocytosing apoptotic cells and/or cell debris derived from secondary necrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intranasal lipopolysaccharide administration was used to induce lung inflammation in mice. The animals were sacrificed at seven time points following administration, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and tissue samples obtained. Electron microscopy and histochemistry was used to assess neutrophil phagocytosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electron microscopic studies revealed that phagocytosing neutrophils was common, at 24 h after LPS administration almost 50% of the total number of neutrophils contained phagosomes, and the engulfed material was mainly derived from other neutrophils. Histochemistry on bronchoalvolar lavage cells further showed phagocytosing neutrophils to be frequently occurring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neutrophils are previously known to phagocytose invading pathogens and harmful particles. However, this study demonstrates that neutrophils are also able to engulf apoptotic neutrophils or cell debris resulting from secondary necrosis of neutrophils. Neutrophils may thereby contribute to clearance and resolution of inflammation, thus acting as a back up system in situations when the macrophage clearance system is insufficient and/or overwhelmed.
authors.affiliation: Div. Vascular and Airway Research, Dept. Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Kristina.Rydell-Tormanen@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rydell-Törmänen
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Uller
authors.forename: Jonas S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Erjefält
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides