title: Association of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene 7-repeat allele with children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an update.
abstract: Polymorphisms of the dopamine receptor D4 gene DRD4, 11p15.5, have previously been associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [Bobb et al., 2005; Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 132:109-125; Faraone et al., 2005; Biol Psychiatry 57:1313-1323; Thapar et al., 2005; Hum Mol Genet 14 Spec No. 2:R275-R282]. As a follow up to a pilot study [see Castellanos et al., 1998; Mol Psychiatry 3:431-434] consisting of 41 probands and 56 controls which found no significant association between the DRD4 7-repeat allele in exon 3 and ADHD, a greatly expanded study sample (cases n = 166 and controls n = 282) and long term follow-up (n = 107, baseline mean age n = 9, follow-up mean age of n = 15) prompted reexamination of this gene. The DRD4 7-repeat allele was significantly more frequent in ADHD cases than controls (OR = 1.2; P = 0.028). Further, within the ADHD group, the 7-repeat allele was associated with better cognitive performance (measured by the WISC-III) (P = 0.013-0.07) as well as a trend for association with better long-term outcome. This provides further evidence of the role of the DRD4 7-repeat allele in the etiology of ADHD and suggests that this allele may be associated with a more benign form of the disorder.
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1600, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gornick
authors.forename: Anjene
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Addington
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bobb
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenstein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arepalli
authors.forename: F X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rapoport
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005190:Family; D005787:Gene Frequency; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C493599:DRD4 protein, human; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4