title: Testing of the analytical anisotropic algorithm for photon dose calculation.
abstract: The analytical anisotropic algorithm (AAA) was implemented in the Eclipse (Varian Medical Systems) treatment planning system to replace the single pencil beam (SPB) algorithm for the calculation of dose distributions for photon beams. AAA was developed to improve the dose calculation accuracy, especially in heterogeneous media. The total dose deposition is calculated as the superposition of the dose deposited by two photon sources (primary and secondary) and by an electron contamination source. The photon dose is calculated as a three-dimensional convolution of Monte-Carlo precalculated scatter kernels, scaled according to the electron density matrix. For the configuration of AAA, an optimization algorithm determines the parameters characterizing the multiple source model by optimizing the agreement between the calculated and measured depth dose curves and profiles for the basic beam data. We have combined the acceptance tests obtained in three different departments for 6, 15, and 18 MV photon beams. The accuracy of AAA was tested for different field sizes (symmetric and asymmetric) for open fields, wedged fields, and static and dynamic multileaf collimation fields. Depth dose behavior at different source-to-phantom distances was investigated. Measurements were performed on homogeneous, water equivalent phantoms, on simple phantoms containing cork inhomogeneities, and on the thorax of an anthropomorphic phantom. Comparisons were made among measurements, AAA, and SPB calculations. The optimization procedure for the configuration of the algorithm was successful in reproducing the basic beam data with an overall accuracy of 3%, 1 mm in the build-up region, and 1%, 1 mm elsewhere. Testing of the algorithm in more clinical setups showed comparable results for depth dose curves, profiles, and monitor units of symmetric open and wedged beams below dmax. The electron contamination model was found to be suboptimal to model the dose around dmax, especially for physical wedges at smaller source to phantom distances. For the asymmetric field verification, absolute dose difference of up to 4% were observed for the most extreme asymmetries. Compared to the SPB, the penumbra modeling is considerably improved (1%, 1 mm). At the interface between solid water and cork, profiles show a better agreement with AAA. Depth dose curves in the cork are substantially better with AAA than with SPB. Improvements are more pronounced for 18 MV than for 6 MV. Point dose measurements in the thoracic phantom are mostly within 5%. In general, we can conclude that, compared to SPB, AAA improves the accuracy of dose calculations. Particular progress was made with respect to the penumbra and low dose regions. In heterogeneous materials, improvements are substantial and more pronounced for high (18 MV) than for low (6 MV) energies.
authors.affiliation: 7Sigma, QA-team in Radiotherapy Physics, Belgium and Clinique Ste Elisabeth, Namur, Belgium. ann.vanesch@7sigma.be
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Esch
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tillikainen
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pyykkonen
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tenhunen
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Helminen
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siljamäki
authors.forename: Jyrki
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alakuijala
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paiusco
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lori
authors.forename: Dominique P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Huyskens
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016880:Anisotropy; D001822:Body Burden; D003198:Computer Simulation; D008954:Models, Biological; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D017785:Photons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity