title: Crack across Canada: Comparing crack users and crack non-users in a Canadian multi-city cohort of illicit opioid users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine possible differences between crack users and crack non-users across Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study of illicit opioid and other drug users in five cities across Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vancouver, Edmonton, Toronto, Montreal and Quebec City, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regular illicit opioid and other street drug users not in treatment at time of assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n = 677) were assessed at baseline (2002) by way of an interviewer-administered questionnaire, a psychiatric diagnostic instrument (Composite International Diagnostic Interview), and salivary antibody tests for infectious disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately half the sample had used crack in the past 30 days, although prevalence rates differed strongly between study sites. When examined by discriminant analysis, crack users in the study population were more likely to have: no permanent housing, have illegal and sex work income, indicate physical health problems and hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies, use walk-in clinics, use heroin and to have been arrested and in detention (in past year). They were less likely to report depressive symptoms, and use Dilaudid (hydromorphone) and alcohol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results illustrate crack users' pronounced social marginalization (as expressed by homelessness and high involvement in illegal activities) as well as extensive health problems compared to non-crack users in the Canadian context. The development of targeted interventions-addressing the dynamics of social marginalization-of this population is urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health/Univrersity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. benedikt.fischer@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Benedikt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehm
authors.forename: Jayadeep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patra
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalousek
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haydon
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tyndall
authors.forename: Nady
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: El-Guebaly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016578:Crack Cocaine; D003415:Crime; D005260:Female; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine; D015483:HIV Antibodies; D013287:Illicit Drugs