title: Global control of sexually transmitted infections.
abstract: Sexually transmitted infections other than HIV are important global health issues. They have, however, been neglected as a public-health priority and control efforts continue to fail. Sexually transmitted infections, by their nature, affect individuals, who are part of partnerships and larger sexual networks, and in turn populations. We propose a framework of individual, partnership, and population levels for examining the effects of sexually transmitted infections and interventions to control them. At the individual level we have a range of effective diagnostic tests, treatments, and vaccines. These options are unavailable or inaccessible in many resource-poor settings, where syndromic management remains the core intervention for individual case management. At the partnership level, partner notification and antenatal syphilis screening have the potential to prevent infection and re-infection. Interventions delivered to whole populations, or groups in whom the risks of infection and onward transmission are very high, have the greatest potential effect. Improvements to the infrastructure of treatment services can reduce the incidence of syphilis and gonorrhoea or urethritis. Strong evidence for the effectiveness of most other interventions on population-level outcomes is, however, scarce. Effective action requires a multifaceted approach including better basic epidemiological and surveillance data, high quality evidence about effectiveness of individual interventions and programmes, better methods to get effective interventions onto the policy agenda, and better advocacy and more commitment to get them implemented properly. We must not allow stigma, prejudice, and moral opposition to obstruct the goals of infectious disease control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. low@ispm.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Broutet
authors.forename: Yaw
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Adu-Sarkodie
authors.forename: Pelham
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: Mazeda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hawkes
mesh_terms: D016358:Contact Tracing; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006292:Health Priorities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D015995:Prevalence; D011634:Public Health; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control