title: Feathers at nests are potential female signals in the spotless starling.
abstract: Although the presence of feathers in the nest is widespread among birds, it has not been previously suggested that feathers can be used as sexual signals. Females of the spotless starling (Sturnus unicolor) regularly carry feathers to their nest, mostly during laying and incubation. We show that the arrangement of these feathers was non-random with respect to the side (obverse or reverse) placed upwards (which can be viewed from the nest entrance). Feathers of the wood pigeon (Columba palumbus) and the spotless starling, which exhibit higher ultraviolet and visible reflectance on their reverse side, were predominantly placed with this side upwards. On the contrary, feathers of the jay (Garrulus glandarius) were predominantly found exhibiting the obverse side, which possesses higher reflectance in this species. Feathers of the azure-winged magpie (Cyanopica cyana), with similar reflectance values on either side, were placed indiscriminately in obverse and reverse positions. The results suggest that feathers are arranged to maximize their conspicuousness within the nest and hence that they might be potentially used as intraspecific signals.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain. jpveiga@mncn.csic.es
authors.forename: José P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Veiga
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Polo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D010856:Columbidae / Q000502:physiology*; D005241:Feathers / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005260:Female; D015591:Microspectrophotometry; D009425:Nesting Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013045:Species Specificity; D046749:Starlings / Q000502:physiology*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays