title: Expression profile of FSHD supports a link between retinal vasculopathy and muscular dystrophy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is caused by deletions within a tandem array of D4Z4 repeats on chromosome 4q35. In addition to muscle degeneration, most patients with FSHD develop abnormalities of the retinal vasculature. Previous work has suggested that muscle degeneration in FSHD results from increased expression of genes proximal to the deletion, including FRG1.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To reexamine this mechanism and identify pathways that are abnormally regulated early in the disease process.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively studied gene expression in skeletal muscle in patients with FSHD (n = 19) vs healthy individuals (n = 30) and patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (n = 12). We used oligonucleotide microarrays for global analysis of gene expression and reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) to assess expression or alternative splicing for particular genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of FRG1 was not increased in patients with FSHD, either by microarray analysis or quantitative RT-PCR. Among genes on 4q35, only LRP2BP showed upregulation that was specific to FSHD. However, neither LRP2BP nor FRG1 showed imbalance of allelic expression by RT-PCR. After filtering out genes that showed similar dysregulation in other forms of muscular dystrophy, only 44 genes were specifically upregulated early in FSHD. Among these, 34 genes were characterized or partially characterized, of which 11 (32%) had a role in vascular smooth muscle or endothelial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of genes on chromosome 4q35 was normally regulated in the early stages of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Our results support a possible link between muscular dystrophy and retinal vasculopathy in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642-8673, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Welle
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Venance
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tawil
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D008040:Genetic Linkage / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020391:Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology