title: To what extent is the protective effect of breastfeeding on future overweight explained by decreased maternal feeding restriction?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have found that breastfeeding may protect infants against future overweight. One proposed mechanism is that breastfeeding, as opposed to bottle feeding, promotes maternal feeding styles that are less controlling and more responsive to infant cues of hunger and satiety, thereby allowing infants greater self-regulation of energy intake. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which the protective effect of breastfeeding on future overweight is explained by decreased maternal feeding restriction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 1012 mother-infant pairs in Project Viva, an ongoing prospective cohort study of pregnant mothers and their children. The main exposure was breastfeeding duration, assessed at 1 year postpartum. At 3 years of age, the main outcomes were age- and gender-specific BMI z score and the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses, with overweight defined as a BMI > or = 95th percentile. We defined maternal restriction of infant's access to food as strongly agreeing or agreeing, with the following question from the Child Feeding Questionnaire: "I have to be careful not to feed my child too much." To examine the association between breastfeeding duration and our outcomes, we used multivariate linear and logistic models, adjusting for several potential confounders. In subsequent models, we also adjusted for maternal restriction of infant's access to food.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of breastfeeding was 6.5 months, and 12% of women strongly agreed or agreed with the restriction question. At age 3, mean for BMI z score was 0.47. Each 3-month increment in breastfeeding duration was associated with a reduction of 0.045 BMI z score. After adjusting for maternal restriction, the estimate was -0.039, a 13% attenuation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The protective effect of breastfeeding on future overweight seems to be explained only partially by decreased maternal feeding restriction.
authors.affiliation: Center for Child Health Care Studies and Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care and Harvard Medical School, 133 Brookline Ave, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA. elsie_taveras@harvardpilgrim.org
authors.forename: Elsie M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Taveras
authors.forename: Sheryl L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rifas-Shiman
authors.forename: Kelley S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Scanlon
authors.forename: Laurence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Grummer-Strawn
authors.forename: Bettylou
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sherry
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gillman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight; D011446:Prospective Studies