title: Influence of certain fertilizers on the activity of some molluscicides against Biomphalaria alexandrina and Lymnaea natalensis snails.
abstract: Effect of the fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, potassium sulphate and urea) on molluscicidal activity of the molluscicides (copper sulphate, niclosamide & mollutox) against B. alexandrina and L. natalensis was investigated. The molluscicides were more potant than fertilizers. Snails were exposed for 24 hr to a fertilizers using LC0 (1/10 & LC50) then, to molluscicides. Pre-exposure to potassium sulphate caused a synergistic action with copper sulphate, niclosamide and mollutox on L. natalen-sis. Pre-exposure to urea caused an additive effect with niclo-samide and mollutox against L. natalensis and B. alexandrina respectively. Pre-exposure to ammonium nitrate caused an additive action to niclosamide on L. natalensis. Snails were exposed for 24hr to one molluscicide, then exposed to fertilizers, showed that pre-exposure to niclosamide or mollutox caused an additive effect with ammonium nitrate and potassium sulphate. Pre-exposure to mollutox caused an additive effect with urea on the two snails' sp. juvenile or adult B. alexandrina were ex-posed to LC0 of molluscicide-fertilizer mixture, showed that urea when mixed with each molluscicides showed greatly reduced on the growth rate percent (0.00), survival rate and snail fecundity. Molluscicides and fertilizers mixed at different ratios of LC (40:10, 30:20, 25:25, 20:30 & 10:40), the toxicity of the mixtures caused antagonistic effect on adult B. alexandrina, but a mixture of niclosamide-ammonium nitrate caused a potent effect (synergism or additive) except at ratio 20:30 which showed an antagonism on L. natalensis. Mixtures of copper sulphatepotassium sulphate (10:40), niclosamide-potassium sulphate (20:30), mollutox-ammonium nitrate (25:25) revealed an additive effect on L. natalensis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Research and Medical Malacology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, P.O. Box 30 Imbaba, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Fawzy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ragab
authors.forename: Nahla M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Shoukry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001700:Biomphalaria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005308:Fertilizers; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008195:Lymnaea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D008975:Molluscacides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D008975:Molluscacides