title: Beta2-adrenergic receptor and UCP3 variants modulate the relationship between age and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is widely accepted that Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and other complex diseases are the product of complex interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental causes. To cope with such a complexity, all the statistical and conceptual strategies available should be used. The working hypothesis of this study was that two well-known T2DM risk factors could have diverse effect in individuals carrying different genotypes. In particular, our effort was to investigate if a well-defined group of genes, involved in peripheral energy expenditure, could modify the impact of two environmental factors like age and obesity on the risk to develop diabetes. To achieve this aim we exploited a multianalytical approach also using dimensionality reduction strategy and conservative significance correction strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected clinical data and characterised five genetic variants and 2 environmental factors of 342 ambulatory T2DM patients and 305 unrelated non-diabetic controls. To take in account the role of one of the major co-morbidity conditions we stratified the whole sample according to the presence of obesity, over and above the 30 Kg/m2 BMI threshold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By monofactorial analyses the ADRB2-27 Glu27 homozygotes had a lower frequency of diabetes when compared with Gln27 carriers (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.56, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.36 - 0.91). This difference was even more marked in the obese subsample. Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction method in the non-obese subsample showed an interaction among age, ADRB2-16 and UCP3 polymorphisms. In individuals that were UCP3 T-carriers and ADRB2-16 Arg-carriers the OR increased from 1 in the youngest to 10.84 (95% CI 4.54-25.85) in the oldest. On the contrary, in the ADRB2-16 GlyGly and UCP3 CC double homozygote subjects, the OR for the disease was 1.10 (95% CI 0.53-2.27) in the youngest and 1.61 (95% CI 0.55-4.71) in the oldest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although our results should be confirmed by further studies, our data suggests that, when properly evaluated, it is possible to identify genetic factors that could influence the effect of common risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathology A, Califano, University Federico II, Naples, Italy. mic.pinelli@tin.it
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pinelli
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giacchetti
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Acquaviva
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cocozza
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Donnarumma
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lapice
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riccardi
authors.forename: Geremia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Monticelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D000071247:Uncoupling Protein 3
chemical_list: D007473:Ion Channels; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; D014280:Triglycerides; C000604392:UCP3 protein, human; D000071247:Uncoupling Protein 3