title: Dark, bitter-tasting nectar functions as a filter of flower visitors in a bird-pollinated plant.
abstract: Floral nectar is offered by plants to animals as a reward for pollination. While nectar is typically a clear liquid containing sugar and trace amounts of amino acids, colored nectar has evolved in several plant families. Here we explore the functional significance of the phenolic compounds that impart a dark brown color to the nectar of the South African succulent shrub Aloe vryheidensis. Flowers of this aloe are visited for their nectar by a suite of short-billed birds that are occasional nectarivores, including bulbuls, white-eyes, rock thrushes, and chats. Dark-capped Bulbuls were more likely to probe model flowers containing dark nectar than those containing clear nectar, suggesting a potential signaling function for dark nectar. However, the main effect of the phenolics appears to be to repel "unwanted" nectarivores that find their bitter taste unpalatable. Nectar-feeding honey bees and sunbirds are morphologically mismatched for pollinating A. vryheidensis flowers and strongly reject its nectar. However, the frugivorous and insectivorous birds that effectively pollinate this aloe are seemingly unaffected by the nectar's bitter taste. Thus the dark phenolic component of the nectar appears to function as a floral filter by attracting some animals visually and deterring others by its taste.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa. Johnsonsd@ukzn.ac.za
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hargreaves
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000504:Aloe / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D003116:Color; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D006601:Hexoses; D010636:Phenols; D054817:Pollination / Q000502:physiology*; D013395:Sucrose; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006601:Hexoses; D010636:Phenols; D013395:Sucrose