title: Enzymatic evidence for the key role of arginine in nitrogen translocation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
abstract: Key enzymes of the urea cycle and (15)N-labeling patterns of arginine (Arg) were measured to elucidate the involvement of Arg in nitrogen translocation by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Mycorrhiza was established between transformed carrot (Daucus carota) roots and Glomus intraradices in two-compartment petri dishes and three ammonium levels were supplied to the compartment containing the extraradical mycelium (ERM), but no roots. Time courses of specific enzyme activity were obtained for glutamine synthetase, argininosuccinate synthetase, arginase, and urease in the ERM and AM roots. (15)NH(4)(+) was used to follow the dynamics of nitrogen incorporation into and turnover of Arg. Both the absence of external nitrogen and the presence of L-norvaline, an inhibitor of Arg synthesis, prevented the synthesis of Arg in the ERM and resulted in decreased activity of arginase and urease in the AM root. The catabolic activity of the urea cycle in the roots therefore depends on Arg translocation from the ERM. (15)N labeling of Arg in the ERM was very fast and analysis of its time course and isotopomer pattern allowed estimation of the translocation rate of Arg along the mycelium as 0.13 microg Arg mg(-1) fresh weight h(-1). The results highlight the synchronization of the spatially separated reactions involved in the anabolic and catabolic arms of the urea cycle. This synchronization is a prerequisite for Arg to be a key component in nitrogen translocation in the AM mycelium.
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Centro de Ecologia e Biologia Vegetal, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Egsgaard
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trujillo
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ambus
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Requena
authors.forename: Maria Amélia
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martins-Loução
authors.forename: Iver
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
mesh_terms: D001120:Arginine / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000378:metabolism; D025282:Mycelium / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D001120:Arginine; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; D009584:Nitrogen