title: Pain assessment tools: is the content appropriate for use in palliative care?
abstract: Inadequate pain assessment prevents optimal treatment in palliative care. The content of pain assessment tools might limit their usefulness for proper pain assessment, but data on the content validity of the tools are scarce. The objective of this study was to examine the content of the existing pain assessment tools, and to evaluate the appropriateness of different dimensions and items for pain assessment in palliative care. A systematic search was performed to find pain assessment tools for patients with advanced cancer who were receiving palliative care. An ad hoc search with broader search criteria supplemented the systematic search. The items of the identified tools were allocated to appropriate dimensions. This was reviewed by an international panel of experts, who also evaluated the relevance of the different dimensions for pain assessment in palliative care. The systematic literature search generated 16 assessment tools while the ad hoc search generated 64. Ten pain dimensions containing 1,011 pain items were identified by the experts. The experts ranked intensity, temporal pattern, treatment and exacerbating/relieving factors, location, and interference with health-related quality of life as the most important dimensions. None of the assessment tools covered these dimensions satisfactorily. Most items were related to interference (231) and intensity (138). Temporal pattern (which includes breakthrough pain), ranked as the second most important dimension, was covered by 29 items only. Many tools include dimensions and items of limited relevance for patients with advanced cancer. This might reduce compliance and threaten the validity of the assessment. New tools should reflect the clinical relevance of different dimensions and be user-friendly.
authors.affiliation: Pain and Palliation Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. Jacob.Chr.Holen@medisin.ntnu.no
authors.forename: Jacob Chr
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hølen
authors.forename: Marianne Jensen
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hjermstad
authors.forename: Jon Håvard
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Loge
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Fayers
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caraceni
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Conno
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: Carl Johan
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fürst
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Radbruch
authors.forename: Stein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaasa
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity