title: Longitudinal study of risk factors for habitual snoring in a general adult population: the Busselton Health Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this longitudinal study was to identify body size, behavioral, and respiratory risk factors for the development of habitual snoring in a general adult population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample for this study comprised 967 adults aged 25 to 74 years who reported not snoring in the 1981 Busselton Health Survey and who also attended the 1994-1995 follow-up survey. Logistic regression was used to identify and quantify the effect of baseline and change risk factors for the development of habitual snoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 13% had become habitual snorers by 1994-1995. Male gender (odds ratio [OR], 3.5) and baseline body mass index (OR, 1.4 per 3.4 kg/m(2)) were significant predictors of habitual snoring; after accounting for these variables, no other baseline body size, behavioral, or respiratory/allergy variables were significantly related to the development of habitual snoring. However, change in body mass index over the 14-year follow-up period (OR, 1.55 per 2.3 kg/m(2)), development of asthma (OR, 2.8), and commencement of smoking (OR, 2.2) were additional significant independent risk factors for development of habitual snoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has confirmed male gender, obesity, and weight gain as key determinants of habitual snoring, and has indicated that development of asthma and taking up smoking also play a role. Maintaining a healthy weight and not smoking are recommended lifestyle preventive strategies to reduce the risk of sleep-disordered breathing and its sequelae.
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health (M431), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009 WA, Australia. Matthew.Knuiman@uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knuiman
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Divitini
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bartholomew
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D049628:Body Size; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D012913:Snoring / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014904:Western Australia