title: Practical considerations for high spatial and temporal resolution dynamic transmission electron microscopy.
abstract: Although recent years have seen significant advances in the spatial resolution possible in the transmission electron microscope (TEM), the temporal resolution of most microscopes is limited to video rate at best. This lack of temporal resolution means that our understanding of dynamic processes in materials is extremely limited. High temporal resolution in the TEM can be achieved, however, by replacing the normal thermionic or field emission source with a photoemission source. In this case the temporal resolution is limited only by the ability to create a short pulse of photoexcited electrons in the source, and this can be as short as a few femtoseconds. The operation of the photo-emission source and the control of the subsequent pulse of electrons (containing as many as 5 x 10(7) electrons) create significant challenges for a standard microscope column that is designed to operate with a single electron in the column at any one time. In this paper, the generation and control of electron pulses in the TEM to obtain a temporal resolution <10(-6)s will be described and the effect of the pulse duration and current density on the spatial resolution of the instrument will be examined. The potential of these levels of temporal and spatial resolution for the study of dynamic materials processes will also be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Technology Division, Chemistry and Materials Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808; L-356, Livermore, CA 94550, USA. armstrong30@llnl.gov
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boyden
authors.forename: Nigel D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Browning
authors.forename: Geoffrey H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Colvin
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: DeHope
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hartemann
authors.forename: Judy S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Wayne E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: LaGrange
authors.forename: Ben J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Pyke
authors.forename: Bryan W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Shuttlesworth
authors.forename: Brent C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: Ben R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Torralva