Pain perception and expression: the influence of gender, personal self-efficacy, and lifespan socialization.
There are differences between males and females regarding the perception, expression, and tolerance of pain that stems from a variety of social and psychologic influences. Personal self-efficacy and lifespan socialization are two such influences, and they provide new dimensions for nurses to better understand the pain experience. This article will present a review of the literature regarding personal self-efficacy and lifespan socialization and their effects on pain perception and expression among males and females. Finally, nursing implications related to the topic will be discussed.
Miller
Carly
C
Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, USA.
Newton
Sarah E
SE
D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006803:Human Development; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology*; D024802:Nurse's Role; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000451:nursing / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012951:Socialization; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*