title: Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moderate consumption of alcohol is inversely related with coronary disease, but its association with mortality is controversial. We performed a meta-analysis of prospective studies on alcohol dosing and total mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PubMed for articles available until December 2005, supplemented by references from the selected articles. Thirty-four studies on men and women, for a total of 1 015 835 subjects and 94 533 deaths, were selected. Data were pooled with a weighed regression analysis of fractional polynomials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A J-shaped relationship between alcohol and total mortality was confirmed in adjusted studies, in both men and women. Consumption of alcohol, up to 4 drinks per day in men and 2 drinks per day in women, was inversely associated with total mortality, maximum protection being 18% in women (99% confidence interval, 13%-22%) and 17% in men (99% confidence interval, 15%-19%). Higher doses of alcohol were associated with increased mortality. The inverse association in women disappeared at doses lower than in men. When adjusted and unadjusted data were compared, the maximum protection was only reduced from 19% to 16%. The degree of association in men was lower in the United States than in Europe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low levels of alcohol intake (1-2 drinks per day for women and 2-4 drinks per day for men) are inversely associated with total mortality in both men and women. Our findings, while confirming the hazards of excess drinking, indicate potential windows of alcohol intake that may confer a net beneficial effect of moderate drinking, at least in terms of survival.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic and Environmental Epidemiology, John Paul II Center for High Technology Research and Education in Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University, Campobasso, Italy.
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Castelnuovo
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Costanzo
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bagnardi
authors.forename: Maria Benedetta
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Donati
authors.forename: Licia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Iacoviello
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Gaetano
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000401:mortality*; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000401:mortality; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology