title: Assessment of QoI resistance in Plasmopara viticola oospores.
abstract: QoI fungicides, inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration at the Qo site of cytochrome b in the mitochondrial bc(1) enzyme complex, are commonly applied in vineyards against Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & MA Curtis) Berl. & De Toni. Numerous treatments per year with QoI fungicides can lead to the selection of resistant strains in the pathogen population owing to the very specific and efficient mode of action. In order to evaluate the resistance risk and its development, two different methods, biological and molecular, were applied to measure the sensitivity of oospores differentiated in vineyards, both treated and untreated with azoxystrobin, from 2000 to 2004. Assays using oospores have the advantage of analysing the sensitivity of bulked samples randomly collected in vineyards, describing accurately the status of resistance at the end of the grapevine growing season. Both methods correlated well in describing the resistance situation in vineyards. QoI resistance was not observed in one vineyard never treated with QoI fungicides. In the vineyard where azoxystrobin had been used in mixture with folpet, the selection of QoI-resistant strains was lower, compared with using solely QoI. In vineyards where QoI treatments have been stopped, a decrease in resistance was generally observed.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Patologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy. silvia.toffolatti@unimi.it
authors.forename: Silvia L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Toffolatti
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serrati
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sierotzki
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gisi
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vercesi
mesh_terms: D001681:Biological Assay; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D014450:Electron Transport Complex III / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009868:Oomycetes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D000073739:Strobilurins; D027843:Vitis
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D008689:Methacrylates; D011743:Pyrimidines; D000073739:Strobilurins; D014450:Electron Transport Complex III; C087670:azoxystrobin