title: Effects of ketamine and magnesium on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in goats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of ketamine, magnesium sulfate, and their combination on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane (ISO-MAC) in goats.
  
  
  METHODS
  8 adult goats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane delivered via face mask. Goats were intubated and ventilated to maintain normocapnia. After an appropriate equilibration period, baseline MAC (MAC(B)) was determined and the following 4 treatments were administered IV: saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (loading dose [LD], 30 mL/20 min; constant rate infusion [CRI], 60 mL/h), magnesium sulfate (LD, 50 mg/kg; CRI, 10 mg/kg/h), ketamine (LD, 1 mg/kg; CRI, 25 microg/kg/min), and magnesium sulfate (LD, 50 mg/kg; CRI, 10 mg/kg/h) combined with ketamine (LD, 1 mg/kg; CRI, 25 microg/kg/min); then MAC was redetermined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ketamine significantly decreased ISOMAC by 28.7 +/- 3.7%, and ketamine combined with magnesium sulfate significantly decreased ISOMAC by 21.1 +/- 4.1%. Saline solution or magnesium sulfate alone did not significantly change ISOMAC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine and ketamine combined with magnesium sulfate, at doses used in the study, decreased the end-tidal isoflurane concentration needed to maintain anesthesia, verifying the clinical impression that ketamine decreases the end-tidal isoflurane concentration needed to maintain surgical anesthesia. Magnesium, at doses used in the study, did not decrease ISOMAC or augment ketamine's effects on ISOMAC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4550, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Queiroz-Castro
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Egger
authors.forename: Marcia A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Redua
authors.forename: Barton W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Rohrbach
authors.forename: Sherry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Doherty
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D006041:Goats / Q000502:physiology*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000032:analysis*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D007649:Ketamine; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate; D007530:Isoflurane