title: Major surgical trauma induces proteolysis of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in transgenic mice and is associated with a rapid increase in circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors previously demonstrated a significant decrease in plasma levels of intact insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) after major open but not after laparoscopic-assisted surgery in humans. They postulated that this decrease may have an effect on postoperative tumor growth. It also has been shown that plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a protease capable of degrading IGFBP-3, are transiently increased after open colectomy in humans. The authors aimed to develop an animal model that would allow further study of the effect that surgical trauma has on plasma levels IGFBP-3 and MMP-9. In addition, they set out to assess the concentration of MMP-9 in circulating monocytes before and after surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 30 mice included in this study were divided into three groups: sham laparotomy, carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum, and anesthesia control. All mice were IGFBP-3 transgenics (overexpressing human IGFBP-3) on a CD1 background. The mice were anesthetized using ketamine and xylazine. Blood was drawn retroorbitally 48 h before the procedure. The duration of the procedure was 30 min. The animals were killed 24 h postoperatively and blood was drawn. Intact IGFBP-3 levels were measured using a combination of Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) at the two time points: before and after the operation. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell levels of MMP-9 were measured at each time point using zymography. Mononuclear cell lysates were used to determine intracellular MMP-9 levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma levels of intact IGFBP-3 were significantly lower than preoperative levels after sham laparotomy. A mean decrease of 76.6% was noted (p < 0.05). Zymography demonstrated significantly higher plasma MMP-9-related proteolytic activity than observed preoperatively after sham laparotomy (78.5 vs 42.3 Relative Units [RU]; p < 0.05). In the pneumoperitoneum group, no significant decrease was found between the pre- and postoperative levels of intact IGFBP-3. A nonsignificant increase in MMP-9 was noted after CO2 pneumoperitoneum (38 RU preoperatively vs. 46.4 RU postoperatively; p > 0.05). The anesthesia control group did not demonstrate a significant change in either circulating intact IGFBP-3 levels or MMP-9 levels. Mononuclear intracellular levels of MMP-9 were significantly lower after laparotomy than the preoperative levels (3 vs 37 RU). The postprocedure intracellular levels of MMP-9 were not significantly decreased in the pneumoperitoneum or anesthesia control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma levels of intact IGFBP-3, a cell growth regulating factor, were found to be decreased significantly after laparotomy. This decrease was not seen after pneumoperitoneum. Depletion of intact IGFBP-3 after laparotomy correlated with a rapid release of MMP-9 from mononuclear cells and an increase in circulating plasma MMP-9 levels. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 may play an important role in IGFBP-3 proteolysis after surgical trauma. Furthermore, circulating mononuclear cells are one source of MMP-9 after surgery. Finally, the model used reproduces events in humans after surgery, and thus should permit further study on the mechanism of IGFBP-3 proteolysis after surgical trauma.
authors.affiliation: Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, 161 Ft. Washington Ave. 8th Floor, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belizon
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kirman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balik
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karten
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Whelan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011336:Probability; D011897:Random Allocation; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8