title: Dopaminergic polymorphisms in Tourette syndrome: association with the DAT gene (SLC6A3).
abstract: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by involuntary motor and phonic tics. The pattern of inheritance and associated genetic abnormality has yet to be fully characterized. A dopaminergic abnormality in this disorder is supported by response to specific therapies, nuclear imaging, and postmortem studies. In this protocol, dopaminergic polymorphisms were examined for associations with TS and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Polymorphisms investigated included the dopamine transporter (DAT1 DdeI and DAT1 VNTR), dopamine receptor (D4 Upstream Repeat and D4 VNTR), dopamine converting enzyme (dopamine beta-hydroxylase), and the acid phosphatase locus 1 (ACP1) gene. DNA was obtained from 266 TS individuals +/- ADHD and 236 controls that were ethnicity-matched. A significant association, using a genotype-based association analysis, was identified for the TS-total and TS-only versus control groups for the DAT1 DdeI polymorphism (AG vs. AA, P = 0.004 and P = 0.01, respectively). Population structure, estimated by the genotyping of 27 informative SNP markers, identified 3 subgroups. A statistical re-evaluation of the DAT1 DdeI polymorphism following population stratification confirmed the association for the TS-total and TS-only groups, but the degree of significance was reduced (P = 0.017 and P = 0.016, respectively). This study has identified a significant association between the presence of TS and a DAT polymorphism. Since abnormalities of the dopamine transporter have been hypothesized in the pathophysiology of TS, it is possible that this could be a functional allele associated with clinical expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Harriet Lane Children's Health Building, Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Dustin Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rippel
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kobets
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Phillip N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Dana D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Bridges
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Vandenbergh
authors.forename: Yin Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Shugart
authors.forename: Harvey S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Singer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004299:Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000235:genetics; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000235:genetics; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; C493214:SLC6A3 protein, human; D004299:Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase; C490429:ACP1 protein, human; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases