title: Anterior cruciate ligament biology and its relationship to injury forces.
abstract: Anterior cruciate ligament injury is determined by two variables: the ultimate failure load of the ligament and the mechanical load applied to the ligament. All factors that contribute to anterior cruciate ligament injury must do so by affecting one or both of these two basic variables. Some factors, such as sex hormones and tissue remodeling, have a multifaceted effect on the failure load of the anterior cruciate ligament and the magnitude of the load applied to it. The model also illustrates the potentially profound effects that sex hormones and tissue remodeling likely have on female susceptibility to anterior cruciate ligament injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 95 Carrigan Drive, Stafford Hall, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Slauterbeck
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hickox
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beynnon
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hardy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000502:physiology; D012421:Rupture; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases