title: Cathine, an amphetamine-related compound, acts on mammalian spermatozoa via beta1- and alpha2A-adrenergic receptors in a capacitation state-dependent manner.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mammalian spermatozoa have been shown to have beta(1,2,3)- and alpha(2A)-adrenergic receptors, the former functioning only in uncapacitated spermatozoa and the latter only in capacitated cells. Cathine, an amphetamine-related metabolite of a compound found in Catha edulis leaves, accelerates capacitation and inhibits spontaneous acrosome loss by regulating cAMP production. This study tested the hypothesis that adrenergic receptors are involved in these responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Uncapacitated and capacitated mouse sperm suspensions were incubated with cathine +/- specific antagonists for alpha(2)- and beta-adrenergic receptors for 35 min, then assessed using chlortetracycline fluorescence. Reversibility of receptor accessibility was assessed by depleting suspensions of endogenous decapacitation factor (DF) and then adding crude DF with/without cathine and antagonists. Effects on tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium requirements for both ligand binding and biological responses were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cathine's acceleration of capacitation was blocked by a beta(1)-antagonist, whereas an alpha(2)-antagonist blocked inhibition of acrosome reactions. Cathine accelerated capacitation in decapacitated cells, a response inhibited by a beta(1)-antagonist; cathine also stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation. Although calcium was not required for binding, it was needed for responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cathine acts at beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in uncapacitated spermatozoa and at alpha(2A)-receptors in capacitated cells; biological activity requires calcium but binding does not. Adrenergic receptor-binding sites can be made reversibly accessible/inaccessible by changing the capacitation state of spermatozoa. These results suggest that amphetamine-related compounds might enhance chances of fertilization in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Adeoya-Osiguwa
authors.forename: Lynn R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D058665:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000068438:Brimonidine Tartrate; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010665:Phenylpropanolamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017265:Procaterol / Q000494:pharmacology; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000502:physiology*; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D013075:Sperm Capacitation / Q000502:physiology*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C547769:Adra2a protein, mouse; D058665:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D001552:Benzazepines; D007093:Imidazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D011810:Quinoxalines; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1; C005331:norpseudoephedrine; D010665:Phenylpropanolamine; D014443:Tyrosine; C026777:ICI 118551; D000068438:Brimonidine Tartrate; C049763:CGP 20712A; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D002118:Calcium; D009638:Norepinephrine; D017265:Procaterol; C039139:benalfocin