title: Management of steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children using tacrolimus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of tacrolimus in steroid-resistant (SR) focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) has been reported in single and small series case reports.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of tacrolimus in the management of SR FSGS in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective study of 20 children with SR FSGS treated with tacrolimus (0.2-0.4 mg/kg/day in two divided doses over 12 h adjusted to a trough level between 7 and 15 ng/ml) for 12 months in combination with low-dose steroids. Other therapies included angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, folic acid, multivitamins and lipid-lowering agents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age at study entry was 11.1 years (range 5.6-16.8). The mean duration of nephrotic syndrome before initiation of tacrolimus therapy was 4.7 years (range 2.1-7.6). At the end of the treatment period, 8 (40%) children were in complete remission, 9 (45%) were in partial remission, and 3 (15%) failed to respond. The average follow-up period following cessation of tacrolimus treatment was 27.5 months (range 13.7-43.7). At last hospital follow-up, 5 (25%) children were in complete remission, 10 (50%) in partial remission, and 2 (10%) in relapse. Three children died from dialysis-related complications following cessation of tacrolimus treatment. Adverse events included sepsis (2), nausea (2), diarrhea (2), anemia (4) and worsening of hypertension (4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tacrolimus is a safe and effective treatment for SR FSGS. However, like cyclosporine, some children tend to relapse following cessation of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal and Child Health, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. bhimma@ukzn.ac.za
authors.forename: Rajendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhimma
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adhikari
authors.forename: Kareshma
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asharam
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D013256:Steroids; D016559:Tacrolimus