title: Chemical characteristics of aerosol mists in phosphate fertilizer manufacturing facilities.
abstract: Of the carcinogens listed by the National Toxicology Program (NTP), strong inorganic mists containing sulfuric acid were identified as a known human carcinogen. In this study, aerosol sampling was conducted at 24 locations in eight Florida phosphoric acid and concentrated fertilizer manufacturing plants and two locations as background in Winter Haven and Gainesville, Florida, using dichotomous samplers. The locations were selected where sulfuric acid mist may potentially exist, including sulfuric acid pump tank areas, belt or rotating table phosphoric acid filter floors, sulfuric acid truck loading/unloading stations, phosphoric acid production reactors (attack tanks), and a concentrated fertilizer granulator during scrubbing with a weak sulfuric acid mixture. An ion chromatography system was used to analyze sulfate and other water soluble ion species. In general, sulfate, fluoride, ammonium, and phosphate were the major species in the fertilizer facilities. For the rotating table/belt phosphoric acid filter floor, phosphate and fluoride were the dominant species for PM10, and the maximum concentrations were 170 and 106 microg/m3, respectively. For the attack tank, fluoride was the dominant species for PM10, and the maximum concentration was 462 microg/m3. At the sulfuric acid pump tank, sulfate was the dominant species, and the maximum PM10 sulfate concentration was 181 microg/m3. The concentration of PM10 sulfate including ammonium sulfate, calcium sulfate, and sulfuric acid were lower than 0.2 mg/m3 at all locations. The aerosols at the filter floor and the attack tank were acidic. The coarse mode aerosol at the sulfuric acid pump tank (an outdoor location) was acidic, whereas the fine mode aerosol was neutral to basic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Yu-Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Chang-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Dale A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lundgren
authors.forename: J Wesley
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Nall
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Birky
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000032:analysis*; D002617:Chemical Industry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005431:Florida; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D010316:Particle Size; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D013464:Sulfuric Acids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D013464:Sulfuric Acids; C030242:phosphoric acid; C033158:sulfuric acid