title: Antitumor activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib (ZD1839, Iressa) in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines correlates with gene copy number and EGFR mutations but not EGFR protein levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recognition that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was a therapeutic target in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and other cancers led to development of the small-molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib. Clinical trials established that EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors produced objective responses in a minority of NSCLC patients. We examined the sensitivity of 23 NSCLC lines with wild-type or mutated EGFR to gefitinib to determine genes/proteins related to sensitivity, including EGFR and HER2 cell surface expression, phosphorylated EGFR expression, EGFR gene copy number, and EGFR mutational status. Downstream cell cycle and signaling events were compared with growth-inhibitory effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined gefitinib sensitivity by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays, EGFR expression by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and immunohistochemistry, phosphorylated EGFR by Western blotting, EGFR gene copy number by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and EGFR mutation by sequencing. The cellular effects of gefitinib on cell cycle were determined by flow cytometry and the molecular effects of gefitinib EGFR inhibition on downstream signal proteins by Western blotting. Gefitinib in vivo effects were evaluated in athymic nude mice bearing sensitive and resistant NSCLC xenografts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant correlation between EGFR gene copy number, EGFR gene mutations, and gefitinib sensitivity. EGFR protein was necessary but not sufficient for predicting sensitivity. Gefitinib-sensitive lines showed a G(1) cell cycle arrest and inactivation of downstream signaling proteins; resistant cell lines had no changes. The in vivo effects mirrored the in vitro effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This panel of NSCLC lines characterized for gefitinib response was used to identify predictive molecular markers of response to gefitinib. Several of these have subsequently been shown to identify NSCLC patients likely to benefit from gefitinib therapy.
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Related Malignancy Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80010, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Helfrich
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raben
authors.forename: Marileila
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Varella-Garcia
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bemis
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coldren
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barón
authors.forename: Chan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Wilbur A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Fred R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: Adi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gazdar
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Minna
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bunn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D000077156:Gefitinib; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009154:Mutation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D011799:Quinazolines; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D000077156:Gefitinib