title: Tristetraprolin (TTP)-14-3-3 complex formation protects TTP from dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase 2a and stabilizes tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA.
abstract: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is a major cytokine produced by alveolar macrophages in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as lipopolysaccharide. TNF-alpha secretion is regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Post-transcriptional regulation occurs by modulation of TNF-alpha mRNA stability via the binding of tristetraprolin (TTP) to the adenosine/uridine-rich elements found in the 3'-untranslated region of the TNF-alpha transcript. Phosphorylation plays important roles in modulating mRNA stability, because activation of p38 MAPK by lipopolysaccharide stabilizes TNF-alpha mRNA. We hypothesized that the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulates this signaling pathway. Our results show that inhibition of PP2A by okadaic acid or small interference RNA significantly enhanced the stability of TNF-alpha mRNA. This result was associated with increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and MAPK-activated kinase 2 (MK-2). PP2A inhibition increased TTP phosphorylation and enhanced complex formation with chaperone protein 14-3-3. TTP physically interacted with PP2A in transfected mammalian cells. A functional consequence of TTP-14-3-3 complex formation appeared to be protection of TTP from dephosphorylation by inhibition of the binding of PP2A to phosphorylated TTP. Mutation of the MK-2 phosphorylation sites of TTP did not influence TNF-alpha adenosine/uridine-rich element binding and did not alter the increased TNF-alpha 3'-untranslated region-dependent luciferase activity induced by PP2A-small interference RNA silencing. Our data indicate that, although phosphorylation stabilizes TNF-alpha mRNA, PP2A regulates the mRNA stability by modulating the phosphorylation state of members of the p38/MK-2/TTP pathway.
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stoecklin
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Way
authors.forename: Vania
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hinkovska-Galcheva
authors.forename: Ren-Feng
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Thomas Patrick
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Shanley
mesh_terms: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; D020871:RNA Stability; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D051816:Tristetraprolin / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051816:Tristetraprolin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C497553:Zfp36 protein, mouse; D019319:Okadaic Acid; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2