title: Reliability and validity of the Icelandic version of the Problem Area in Diabetes (PAID) Scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes is a burdensome disease that increases distress among people with diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the validity and reliability of an Icelandic version of the problem area in diabetes scale (PAID) and to assess the hitherto unknown distress level of Icelandic people with insulin requiring diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methodological research design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  People with insulin-dependent diabetes, between 18 and 61 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  All instruments were translated using a back-translation technique. Participants answered three consecutive questionnaires in succession, the PAID scale, the diabetes empowerment scale (DES) and the diabetes knowledge test (DKT). Principical component analysis with varimax rotation was conducted on the PAID scale to identify latent factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factor analysis revealed two factors: (a) distress in relation to life with diabetes, with Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.93 and (b) distress in relation to management of diabetes, with Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.88, for PAID overall Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.94. PAID showed neither floor nor ceilings effects. Propositions set to indicate validity were generally met. However, PAID's factor structure and predictive validity needs to be tested further.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Icelandic version of PAID is sufficiently psychometrically robust. PAID is simple to administer and by using the scale clinicians can identify people at risk for developing diabetes-related distress. The results are comparable to results from studies in other countries using the PAID scale.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, University of Akureyri, Sólborg, 600 Akureyri, Iceland. arun@unak.is
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sigurdardottir
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benediktsson
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001294:Attitude to Health; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011594:Psychometrics; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014175:Translating