title: A review of calcium channel antagonists in the treatment of pediatric hypertension.
abstract: All children aged > or = 3 years should have an annual blood pressure (BP) measurement taken during a routine physical examination. Physicians should become familiar with recommended pediatric normative BP tables. BP above the 95th percentile may require drug therapy. There are several categories of antihypertensives available to the clinician. Calcium channel antagonists (CCAs) are a class of drugs that exert their antihypertensive effect by inhibiting the influx of calcium ions across the cell membranes. This results in dilatation of peripheral arterioles. When given orally, CCAs are metabolised in the liver by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme CYP3A4; hence, some CCAs will affect the half-life of drugs that share this enzyme system for their metabolism. CCAs can be safely used in children with renal insufficiency or failure and as a general rule there is no need to modify drug dosage in this population. CCAs are generally well tolerated; most adverse effects appear to be dose related. Headache, flushing, gastrointestinal upset, and edema of the lower extremities are the most common symptoms reported with the use of CCAs. Pediatric data regarding safety and efficacy of CCAs have mostly been obtained from retrospective analyses. Extended-release nifedipine and amlodipine are the two most commonly used oral CCAs in the management of pediatric hypertension. These drugs can be given once a day, although many children require twice-daily administration. Extended-release nifedipine has to be swallowed whole; hence, its use in younger children who cannot swallow pills is limited. Amlodipine can be made into a solution without compromising its long duration of action; therefore, it is the CCA of choice for very young children. Oral short-acting nifedipine and intravenous nicardipine are safe and effective CCAs for the management of hypertensive crisis in children. Short-acting nifedipine can cause unpredictable changes in BP; hence, it should be used cautiously and in low doses. Intravenous nicardipine has a rapid onset of action and a short half-life. Intravenous infusion of nicardipine can be titrated for effective control of BP. Intravenous nicardipine has been used safely in hospitalized children and newborns for the management of hypertensive crisis, and for controlled hypotension during surgery. CCAs are a class of antihypertensives that are safe and effective in pediatric patients. They have relatively few adverse effects and are well tolerated by children. This article reviews CCAs as antihypertensives in the management of pediatric hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Loma Linda Children's Hospital, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA. ssahney@llu.edu
authors.forename: Shobha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sahney
mesh_terms: D000638:Amiodarone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D015736:Felodipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017275:Isradipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009529:Nicardipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014700:Verapamil / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D014700:Verapamil; D009529:Nicardipine; D009543:Nifedipine; D000638:Amiodarone; D015736:Felodipine; D017275:Isradipine