title: Associations between respiratory symptoms, lung function and gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms in a population-based birth cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have reported an association between asthma and gastro-oesophageal reflux, but it is unclear which condition develops first. The role of obesity in mediating this association is also unclear. We explored the associations between respiratory symptoms, lung function, and gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms in a birth cohort of approximately 1000 individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on respiratory symptoms, asthma, atopy, lung function and airway responsiveness was obtained at multiple assessments from childhood to adulthood in an unselected birth cohort of 1037 individuals followed to age 26. Symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux and irritable bowel syndrome were recorded at age 26.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heartburn and acid regurgitation symptoms that were at least "moderately bothersome" at age 26 were significantly associated with asthma (odds ratio = 3.2; 95% confidence interval = 1.6-6.4), wheeze (OR = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.7-7.2), and nocturnal cough (OR = 4.3; 95% CI = 2.1-8.7) independently of body mass index. In women reflux symptoms were also associated with airflow obstruction and a bronchodilator response to salbutamol. Persistent wheezing since childhood, persistence of asthma since teenage years, and airway hyperresponsiveness since age 11 were associated with a significantly increased risk of heartburn and acid regurgitation at age 26. There was no association between irritable bowel syndrome and respiratory symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reflux symptoms are associated with respiratory symptoms in young adults independently of body mass index. The mechanism of these associations remains unclear.
authors.affiliation: Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. bob.hancox@otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hancox
authors.forename: Richie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poulton
authors.forename: D Robin
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Justina M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Christene R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: McLachlan
authors.forename: Jan O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Flannery
authors.forename: G Peter
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Herbison
authors.forename: Malcolm R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sears
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Talley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003371:Cough / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006356:Heartburn / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D012135:Respiratory Sounds; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors