title: Dopamine transporter activity mediates amphetamine-induced inhibition of Akt through a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II-dependent mechanism.
abstract: The primary mechanism for clearance of extracellular dopamine (DA) is uptake mediated by the dopamine transporter (DAT), which is governed, in part, by the number of functional DATs on the cell surface. Previous studies have shown that amphetamine (AMPH) decreases DAT cell surface expression, whereas insulin reverses this effect through the action of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Therefore, it is possible that AMPH causes DAT cell surface redistribution by inhibiting basal insulin signaling. Here, we show in a heterologous expression system and in murine striatal synaptosomes that AMPH causes a time-dependent decrease in the activity of Akt, a protein kinase immediately downstream of PI3K. This effect was blocked by the DAT inhibitor cocaine, suggesting that AMPH must interact with DAT to inhibit Akt. We also showed that AMPH is able to stimulate Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) activity, both in the heterologous expression system as well as in murine striatal synaptosomes. The ability of AMPH to decrease Akt activity was blocked by the CaMKII inhibitor 2-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)]-N-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)]amino-N-(4-chlorocinnamyl)-N-methylbenzylamine (KN93), but not by its inactive analog 2-[N-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)]amino-N-(4-chlorocinnamyl)-N-methylbenzylamine (KN92). Furthermore, preincubation with KN93 prevented the AMPH-induced decrease in DAT cell surface expression. Thus, AMPH, but not cocaine, decreases Akt activity through a CaMKII-dependent pathway, thereby providing a novel mechanism by which AMPH regulates insulin signaling and DAT trafficking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37232-8548, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dipace
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Javitch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saunders
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001596:Benzylamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013574:Synaptosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D000661:Amphetamine; D001596:Benzylamines; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D003042:Cocaine; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D013449:Sulfonamides; C072105:KN 93; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides