title: Effect of device-guided breathing exercises on blood pressure in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), it is hard to reach treatment objectives for blood pressure (BP) with classical treatment options. Recently, reducing breathing frequency has been advocated as a method to reduce BP. We examined if an electronic device such as Resperate, by reducing breathing frequency, would lead to BP reduction in a population of patients with DM2 and hypertension. Our secondary objective was to study the effect of this device on quality of life (QOL).
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, single-blind, controlled trial was conducted over a period of 8 weeks to evaluate the effect of this therapy on BP and QOL. The control group listened to music and used no other therapeutic device. BP and QOL changes were studied in 30 patients with DM2 and hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in change in BP between groups; -7.5 [95% confidence interval (CI) -12.7, -2.3]/-1.0 (95% CI -5.5, 3.6) mmHg in the intervention group and -12.2 (95% CI -17.4, -7.0)/-5.5 (95% CI -9.7, -1.4) mmHg in the control group. Whether or not the target breathing frequency of 10 breaths/min was reached did not affect BP. There were no significant changes in QOL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of Resperate on BP and QOL were not significantly different from those found in the control group. Furthermore, 40% of patients did not reach the target breathing frequency, making this device less suitable for clinical practice in patients with DM2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Outpatient Clinics, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, The Netherlands. s.j.j.logtenberg@isala.nl
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Logtenberg
authors.forename: Nanne
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kleefstra
authors.forename: Sebastiaan T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Houweling
authors.forename: Klaas H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Groenier
authors.forename: Henk J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bilo
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D001945:Breathing Exercises; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000379:methods; D009426:Netherlands; D009819:Office Visits; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011788:Quality of Life; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome