title: Language as a barrier to care for Xhosa-speaking patients at a South African paediatric teaching hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disease is closely linked to the social context in which we live. Difficulty with communication, cultural incompatibility between patients and health care providers and socioeconomic obstacles are important barriers to quality care when doctors and patients come from different backgrounds and speak different languages. Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital (RCH) is a paediatric teaching hospital in Cape Town where staff members communicate mainly in English or Afrikaans, while many patients speak Xhosa as their first language.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to identify barriers to optimal care for Xhosa-speaking parents of patients at RCH. The contribution of language difficulties was assessed as a possible barrier to health care for this group.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was developed and administered to 53 Xhosa-speaking parents of children admitted to the short-stay ward at RCH. The questionnaire examined parents' perceptions of barriers to their children's care, using openended questions, closed-ended questions and selection from lists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents experienced significant structural and socioeconomic barriers to access of health care for their children. Language and cultural barriers were cited by more parents as a major barrier to health care than structural and socioeconomic barriers. Parents did not have access to same-language practitioners, as only 6% of medical interviews were conducted partly or wholly in the patient's home language. Of the 94% of interviews where no Xhosa was spoken by medical staff, 21% were conducted with the aid of an interpreter (formal or ad hoc) and in 79% no interpreter was used. Parents experienced difficulties with understanding the doctors (64%), making themselves understood (54%) and asking questions (38%). Sixty-nine per cent of parents were dissatisfied with communication between themselves and their doctors and 45% were concerned about negative effects of poor communication on them or their children. Parents tended to blame their own linguistic limitation rather than those of the doctors.
authors.affiliation: School of Child and Adolescent Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa. mlevin@ich.uct.ac.za
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003144:Communication Barriers; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008875:Middle Aged; D019303:Multilingualism; D013019:South Africa