title: Keeping the heart empty and beating improves preservation of hypertrophied hearts for valve surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to determine whether keeping the heart empty and beating improved myocardial fluid homeostasis and energy metabolism of hypertrophied pig hearts in comparison with cardioplegic arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty piglets underwent a 8-weeks (corrected) ascending aortic banding to induce left ventricular hypertrophy. Isolated hypertrophied hearts were divided into 4 groups (n = 5 in each group). Two groups underwent normothermic normokalemic simultaneous perfusion. The other 2 groups were subjected to normothermic hyperkalemic simultaneous perfusion and used as controls. Intramyocardial hydrostatic pressure was monitored with a microtip pressure transducer. Volumes of intracellular and extracellular compartments and myocardial energy metabolism were monitored by using phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normothermic normokalemic simultaneous perfusion (NNSP) maintained intramyocardial hydrostatic pressure at a significantly lower level (13.0 +/- 0.6 mm Hg) compared with normothermic hyperkalemic simultaneous perfusion (NHSP) (23.3 +/- 1.2 mm Hg) during a 90-minute preservation. NNSP maintained the normal volume of the intracellular compartment throughout the preservation period, whereas NHSP caused significant enlargement (to 123% +/- 6% of its normal volume) of the intracellular compartment. Expansion of the extracellular compartment during preservation was significantly less in the NNSP group (124% +/- 6%) than in the NHSP group (152% +/- 7%). NNSP maintained normal levels of phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate until coronary perfusion flow was reduced to 50% of the initial control level. No decrease in energy metabolites was observed in the NHSP group even when coronary perfusion flow was reduced to 10% of the initial control level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Keeping the heart empty and beating improves myocardial fluid homeostasis for hypertrophied hearts relative to cardioplegic arrest. Its ability to maintain energy metabolism depends on the degree of coronary stenosis. This technique may be a promising protective strategy for hypertrophied hearts.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hongyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gruwel
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Boguslaw
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tomanek
authors.forename: Tomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Salerno
authors.forename: Roxanne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deslauriers
authors.forename: Ganghong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery*; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000601:surgery*; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine