title: Behaviour of heavy metals during tertiary bio-filtration.
abstract: More stringent water quality parameters in the Annex of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC led to the introduction of "Maximum Tolerable Risk concentrations" (MTR-values) in the national legislation in The Netherlands (Vierde Nota Waterhuishouding). The MTR-values give limitations for the concentrations of e.g. heavy metals (HM's) but also for nutrients: Ntot < 2.2 mg/l, Ptot <0.15 mg/l. Investigations of HM removal during denitrifying flocculation filtration are conducted on the effluent of a typical modern Dutch WWTP. Because of low concentrations of HM's in the feed water, a cocktail of copper, nickel and zinc chloride (approximately equal 150-200 microg/l) is dosed before filtration. Preliminary jar tests and filtration tests with media filtration in pilot-scale and lab-scale are conducted. The results show high removal of nickel and zinc during jar tests with dosing of powdered activated carbon. During filtration tests at pilot-scale the bounded fraction of copper and zinc is highly removed. All three HM's are removed in the lab-scale activated carbon filter. After dosing, nickel is found mainly in the dissolved form, but it is removed in the lab-scale activated carbon filter. The removal of HM's via adsorption subsequently leads to a discussion on the toxicity of HM's and their bio-availability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands. v.miska@citg.tudelft.nl
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Miska
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gorter
authors.forename: H W H
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Menkveld
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neef
authors.forename: J H J M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van der Graaf
mesh_terms: D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy