Toxicological effects of the lipid regulator gemfibrozil in four aquatic systems.
Gemfibrozil is a lipid-regulating agent widely used in patients at risk of coronary disease. Pharmaceutical products, such as gemfibrozil, are found in municipal effluents and represent a major source of contamination. To date, there is little available information about the adverse effects of gemfibrozil in aquatic organisms. For this reason, the toxic effects were investigated using model systems from four trophic levels. The most sensitive system was the immobilization of Daphnia magna, with a non-observed adverse effect level of 30 microM and a mean effective concentration of 120 microM after 72 h, followed by the inhibition of bioluminescence of Vibrio fischeri, the hepatoma fish cell line PLHC-1 line and the inhibition of the growth of Chlorella vulgaris. Although protein content, neutral red uptake, methylthiazol metabolization and lysosomal function were reduced in PLHC-1 cells, stimulations were observed for lysosomal function, metallothionein levels and succinate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase activities. No changes were observed in ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity. The main morphological alterations were hydropic degeneration and loss of cells. Modulation studies on gemfibrozil toxicity were also carried out. General antioxidants and calcium chelators did not modify the toxicity of gemfibrozil, whereas a Fe(III) chelator, a membrane permeable sulphydryl-protecting compound and glutathione level modifying agents did change the toxicity. One of the possible mechanisms of gemfibrozil toxicity seems to be the binding to sulphydryl groups, including those of glutathione. According to the result, gemfibrozil should be classified as harmful to aquatic organisms. However, comparing the concentrations in water and the toxicity quantified in the assayed systems, gemfibrozil is not expected to represent acute risk to the aquatic biota.
Zurita
Jorge L
JL
National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences. Av. Dr Fedriani s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain.
Repetto
Guillermo
G
Jos
Angeles
A
Salguero
Manuel
M
López-Artíguez
Miguel
M
Cameán
Ana M
AM
D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D048408:Chlorella vulgaris / Q000187:drug effects; D003532:Cyprinodontiformes; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D015248:Gemfibrozil / Q000633:toxicity*; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D049449:Luminescence; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000032:analysis; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008668:Metallothionein; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D015248:Gemfibrozil