title: The influence of socioeconomic status on utilization and outcomes of elective total hip replacement: a multicity population-based longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In countries with universal health coverage, socioeconomic status is not expected to influence access to effective treatment and its prognosis. We tested whether socioeconomic status affects the rates of elective total hip replacement and whether it plays a role in early and late outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicity population-based longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  From Hospital Registries of four Italian cities (Rome, Milan, Turin, and Bologna), we identified 6140 residents aged 65+ years undergoing elective total hip replacement in 1997-2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  An area-based (census block) income index was used for each individual. Poisson regression yielded rate ratios (RR) of population occurrence by income level. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (OR) of selected outcomes within 90 days. Cox proportional hazard models evaluated effects of income on rates of revision of total hip replacement and mortality up to 31 December 2004. Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, city of residence, and coexisting medical conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low-income people were less likely than high-income counterparts to undergo total hip replacement [RR = 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81-0.95]; the effect was stronger among those aged 75+ years (RR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.66-0.86). Low income was associated with higher risk of acute adverse medical events (P trend = 0.05) and of general infections and decubitus ulcer (P trend = 0.02) within 90 days. The effects were even higher among those aged 75+ years. No effects were found either for orthopaedic complications within 90 days or for revision and mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total hip replacement is underutilized among elderly deprived individuals. Disadvantaged patients seem more vulnerable to acute adverse medical events after surgery. The evidence of unmet need and poor prognosis of low social class people has important implications for health care policy.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Department, Local Health Authority RM/E, Via di S.Costanza 53, 00198 Rome, Italy. agabiti@asplazio.it
authors.forename: Nera
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Agabiti
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Picciotto
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cesaroni
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bisanti
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forastiere
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Onorati
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pacelli
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pandolfi
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Spadea
authors.forename: Carlo A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Perucci
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012923:Social Class