title: Direct medical costs of bronchiolitis hospitalizations in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalization for infants, there are limited data describing the epidemiology of bronchiolitis hospitalizations, and the associated cost is unknown. Our objective was to determine nationally representative estimates of the frequency of bronchiolitis hospitalizations and its associated costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the 2002 Health Care Utilization Project-National Inpatient Sample, a federal, stratified random survey of hospital discharges. For admissions age < 2 years with a discharge diagnosis of bronchiolitis (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, code 466.1), we used nationally representative weighted estimates to determine frequency and total hospital charges. Costs were estimated from reported charges by applying hospital-specific cost/charge ratios based on all-payer inpatient cost.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2002, an estimated 149,000 patients were hospitalized with bronchiolitis. Frequency of hospitalizations was higher among children age < 1 year of age, male gender, and nonwhite race. Mean length of stay was 3.3 days. Total annual costs for bronchiolitis-related hospitalizations were 543 million dollars, with a mean cost of 3799 dollars per hospitalization. Mean cost of bronchiolitis with a codiagnosis of pneumonia was 6191 dollars. In a multivariate analysis controlling for 3 confounding factors (including length of stay), cost per hospitalization was higher for children > or = 1 year and lower for those in the South versus Northeast.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bronchiolitis admissions cost more than 500 million dollars annually. A codiagnosis of bronchiolitis and pneumonia almost doubles the cost of the hospitalization. Inpatient health care costs of bronchiolitis are higher than estimated previously and highlight the need for initiatives to safely reduce bronchiolitis hospitalizations and thereby decrease health care costs.
authors.affiliation: EMNet Coordinating Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 326 Cambridge St, 4th Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA. apelletier1@partners.org
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mansbach
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Camargo
mesh_terms: D001988:Bronchiolitis / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D014481:United States