title: Upper and lower pharyngeal airways in subjects with Class I and Class II malocclusions and different growth patterns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Associations of Class II malocclusions and vertical growth pattern with obstruction of the upper and lower pharyngeal airways and mouth breathing have been suggested. This implies that these malocclusion characteristics have a predisposing anatomical factor for these problems. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare upper and lower pharyngeal widths in patients with untreated Class I and Class II malocclusions and normal and vertical growth patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 80 subjects divided into 2 groups: 40 Class I and 40 Class II, subdivided according to growth pattern into normal and vertical growers. The upper and lower pharyngeal airways were assessed according to McNamara's airways analysis. The intergroup comparison of the upper and lower airways was performed with 1-way ANOVA and the Tukey test as a second step.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the upper pharyngeal width in the subjects with Class I and Class II malocclusions and vertical growth patterns was statistically significantly narrower than in the normal growth-pattern groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with Class I and Class II malocclusions and vertical growth patterns have significantly narrower upper pharyngeal airways than those with Class I and Class II malocclusions and normal growth patterns. However, malocclusion type does not influence upper pharyngeal airway width, and malocclusion type and growth pattern do not influence lower pharyngeal airway width.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Roberto
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: de Freitas
authors.forename: Nadyr Maria Penteado Virmond
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Alcazar
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Janson
authors.forename: Karina Maria Salvatore
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: de Freitas
authors.forename: José Fernando Castanha
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Henriques
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000150:complications*; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000150:complications*; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D009058:Mouth Breathing / Q000209:etiology; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies