title: Pediatric head trauma: changes in use of computed tomography in emergency departments in the United States over time.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Head trauma is common in children. In the absence of evidence-based recommendations, variations exist in the initial emergency department (ED) evaluation and treatment of children with head trauma. We sought to describe the use of computed tomography (CT) over time in the treatment of children with acute closed head trauma in US EDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Care Survey database from 1995 to 2003. We identified patients aged 0 to 18 years, with head trauma by chief complaint or discharge diagnosis. We collected the following data: chief complaint, patient demographics, patient disposition, discharge diagnosis, and use of CT. Frequency and characteristics of the use of CT scan for evaluation of children with head trauma. We used descriptive statistics with appropriate weighting to account for the survey methodology. We determined the frequency and the characteristics of the use of CT scans for evaluation of children with head trauma. We used descriptive statistics with appropriate weighting to account for the survey methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 2,747 patient encounters, representing 10,536,717 pediatric head trauma visits during the 9-year period. The use of CT increased from 12.8% to 22.4% from 1995 to 2003, with a peak of 28.6% in 2000. CT was used more frequently in the older age groups: 13% (<1 year), 11% (1 to 4 years), 20% (5 to 9 years), and 32% (10 to 18 years). CT was also used more frequently in general EDs (22%) than in pediatric-specific EDs (13%). There were no differences in CT use between teaching and nonteaching facilities (21% in each). Overall, 6.4% of children were either admitted to the hospital or transferred, and this rate remained stable over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of CT has increased substantially in the evaluation of children with head trauma from 1995 to 2003. Further study is needed to identify objective criteria for cranial CT in head-injured children and to evaluate the impact of increased CT use on patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA. David.Blackwell@childrensmn.org
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Blackwell
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gorelick
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Subhankar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bandyopadhyay
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kuppermann
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006764:Hospitals, Community / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States