title: The combined effect of lower-limb multilevel botulinum toxin type a and comprehensive rehabilitation on mobility in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the combined effect on mobility of treatment with multilevel botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) and comprehensive rehabilitation in children with cerebral palsy (CP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized clinical trial using a multiple baseline design. The intervention group was treated 6 weeks after randomization. The control group was treated after a longer period of 18 to 30 weeks. Repeated measurements in both groups were continued throughout the process, before and up to 48 weeks after treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four departments of rehabilitation medicine in The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six children with spastic CP (mean age +/- standard deviation, 8.0+/-2.1y).
  
  
  METHODS
  The intervention group (n=23) was treated with multilevel BTX-A and comprehensive rehabilitation. Control group subjects (n=23) continued with their usual physical therapy (PT) for 18 to 30 weeks, and then also received multilevel BTX-A and comprehensive rehabilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66); the secondary measures were problem score and energy cost.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The treatment effect during the first 24 weeks of follow-up in the intervention group was compared with the effect of usual PT in the control group. Treatment with multilevel BTX-A and comprehensive rehabilitation provided a significantly greater improvement at 12 and 24 weeks in both the GMFM-66 (2.1 points, P=.02; and 3.5 points, P<.01, respectively) and problem score (1.8 and 1.7 points, P<.001, respectively) compared with usual PT. No difference was found in energy cost. Before-after analysis of the total group (n=46) showed a significant long-term improvement (48wk) on all outcome measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with multilevel BTX-A and comprehensive rehabilitation significantly improves mobility as measured by the GMFM-66 and problem score in children with CP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. vab.scholtes@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Vanessa A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Scholtes
authors.forename: Annet J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dallmeijer
authors.forename: Dirk L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Knol
authors.forename: Lucianne A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Speth
authors.forename: Carel G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Maathuis
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Jongerius
authors.forename: Jules G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Becher
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A