title: Development and investigation of a free and informed choice process for embryo donation to stem cell research in Canada.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and investigate a consent process that satisfies the Assisted Human Reproduction (AHR) Act and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Stem Cell Guidelines, furthers free and informed choice, and fosters embryo donation to human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consultations were undertaken with an hESC scientist, in vitro fertilization (IVF) team members, and the ethicist-author of the CIHR Guidelines to review the AHR Act, the CIHR Stem Cell Guidelines, the established consent process for embryo donation at University Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, the characteristics of patients appropriate for contact, and strategies for sensitive recruitment. Invitation-to-participate packages were sent to patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients deemed appropriate for contact had indicated their intent to donate embryos to research, had embryos that had been cryopreserved for more than five years, had not received donor gametes, and had publicly listed addresses, with no suggestion of separation of the parties. Strategies developed to promote anonymity, confidentiality, and informed choice included a "firewall" between clinical and research teams and documents reiterating that, if embryos were donated, the woman would have to undergo additional IVF treatment to have a child. Of 40 couples contacted, only 22 agreed to donate embryos to the hESC study. One couple no longer wished to donate embryos to research, one package was returned as undeliverable, and no response was received from 16 couples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The consent requirements of the AHR Act and the CIHR Stem Cell Guidelines should be met. Consider delaying the request for final consent until a significant time after IVF treatment to ensure that patients no longer want their embryos for reproductive purposes and are free from perceptions of coercion. A consent process promoting free and informed choice, sensitive recruitment, and donation of embryos for hESC research should be developed by the Canadian professional bodies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London ON.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nisker
authors.affiliation: CIHR Strategic Training Initiative in Research in Reproductive Health Sciences (STIRRHS), University of Western Ontario, London ON.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London ON.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tekpetey
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London ON.
authors.forename: Valter
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Feyles
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D032962:Consent Forms; D015925:Cryopreservation; D030881:Disclosure; D033041:Embryo Research; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000941:ethics* / Q000523:psychology*