title: Gunshot injuries of the ureter: one centre's 15-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ureteral injury is a rare condition. It is difficult to identify the best diagnostic methods and treatment. We report our experience with penetrating ureteral injuries secondary to gunshot wounds. The methods of diagnosis and treatment options of these cases are described and discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of ureteral injuries due to penetrating trauma between January 1990 and December 2005, in the Urology and General Surgery departments of our hospital. Ureteral injures were graded according to the AAST-OIS. We evaluated mechanism of injury, initial urinalysis, radiologic and operative procedure, associated injuries, and postoperative complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of twenty-one (sixteen male, five female) cases of gunshot ureteral injuries were evaluated retrospectively. The median patient age was 27.85 years (16-48 years). All patients had signs and symptoms of an acute abdomen and only nine patients were evaluated radiologically. Haematuria was absent in 71.4% of patients (15 of 21). All patients had associated injuries and were evaluated from grade I to V. Grade I had none, grade II had 1 (4.76%), grade III had 3 (14.29%), grade IV had 14 (66.6%), grade V had 3 (14.29%). Ureteral stent or nephrostomy tubes were used in all primarily repaired patients. Two patients developed urinary leakage, which resolved spontaneously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ureteral injury should always be borne in mind and, when suspected, the surgeon should dissect and visualize the ureter during exploration. Adequate debridment, and ureteral stenting or nephrostomy drainage are good techniques for successful treatment.
authors.affiliation: Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Diyarbakir, Turkey. aliak@dicle.edu.tr
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Akay
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Girgin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akay
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Bircan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000601:surgery*