title: The neural substrates of motor recovery after focal damage to the central nervous system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss how reorganization of the surviving central nervous system tissue might subserve the improvements in function that are commonly seen over weeks, months, and sometimes years after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Original scientific studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The studies reviewed all used noninvasive techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Only studies using motor paradigms in stroke patients were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were reviewed and assessed by the author.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Currently, results suggest that functionally relevant changes do occur in cerebral networks in human stroke patients. For example, it is apparent that initial attempts to move a paretic limb after stroke are associated with widespread activity within the distributed motor system in both cerebral hemispheres. This reliance on nonprimary motor output pathways is unlikely to support full recovery, but improved efficiency of the surviving networks is associated with behavioral gains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review discusses how a better understanding of the relation between these changes and recovery will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic techniques that are based on neurobiologic principles and that are designed to minimize impairment in appropriately targeted patients suffering from stroke.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, London, England. n.waard@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nick S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006801:Humans; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation