title: A new method of biliary sampling for cytopathological examination during endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biliary brushing during endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) may allow the diagnosis of cancer, but this technique is limited by a low (18-57%) sensitivity. We compared the cellular and diagnostic yields of a new sampling method (using stricture dilation and a grasping basket) with those of brushing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty consecutive patients with a suspected malignant obstruction of the common bile duct were included in a consecutive, nonrandomized order. They underwent sampling during ERC using the new method (study patients, N = 30) or a brush (control patients, N = 30). A final diagnosis of cancer was made in 22/30 (73%) study patients and 21/30 (70%) control patients. At the end of the study period, all smears were interpreted at cytopathological examination in a blind and random fashion for cellularity (insufficient, low, moderate, or high) and diagnosis (normal, atypical considered reactive, highly atypical suspicious for cancer, or malignant). "Highly atypical" and "malignant" diagnoses were considered as indicative of cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with biliary brushing, the new method provided a high cellular yield in more cases (19/30 vs 10/30, P= 0.020), a higher sensitivity for the detection of cancer (19/22 [86%] vs 11/21 [52%], P= 0.015), and a higher diagnostic accuracy (27/30 [90%] vs 20/30 [67%], P= 0.028). Specificity for the detection of cancer was 100%. The 30-d complication rate observed with the new method was 3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significantly higher cellular and diagnostic yields can be obtained at ERC in patients with suspected malignant biliary stricture by combining stricture dilation and a grasping basket compared with brushing.
authors.affiliation: Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dumonceau
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casco
authors.forename: Nestor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Landoni
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Frossard
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hadengue
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pache
authors.forename: Muriel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Genevay
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morel
authors.forename: Neeta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bongiovanni
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D001651:Cholestasis, Extrahepatic / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003138:Common Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results