title: The environment versus genetics in controlling the contribution of MAP kinases to synaptic plasticity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A challenge in biomedical research is to design experimental paradigms that reflect a natural setting. Even when freshly isolated tissues are used, they are almost always derived from animals housed in cages that poorly reflect the animal's native environment. This issue is highlighted by studies on brain function, where mice housed in a more natural "enriched environment" display enhanced learning and memory and delayed onset of symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases compared to mice housed conventionally. How the environment mediates its effects on brain function is poorly understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that after exposure of adolescent mice to an "enriched environment," the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity that is thought to contribute to learning and memory, involves a novel signal transduction pathway that is nonfunctional in comparable mice housed conventionally. This environmentally gated signaling pathway, which rescues defective LTP induction in adolescent Ras-GRF knockout mice, consists of NMDA glutamate receptor activation of p38, a MAP kinase that does not contribute to LTP in mice housed conventionally. Interestingly, the same exposure to environmental enrichment does not have this effect in adult mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reveals a new level of cell signaling control whereby environmental factors gate the efficacy of a specific signaling cascade to control how LTP is induced in adolescent animals. The suppression of this gating mechanism in mature animals represents a new form of age-dependent decline in brain plasticity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Shaomin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xuejun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Dean M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.forename: Larry A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Feig
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000502:physiology; D004777:Environment; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation; D036881:Long-Term Synaptic Depression; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013569:Synapses / Q000502:physiology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D020666:ras-GRF1 / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D020666:ras-GRF1; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases