title: Consenting of the vulnerable: the informed consent procedure in advanced cancer patients in Mexico.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A topic of great concern in bioethics is the medical research conducted in poor countries sponsored by wealthy nations. Western drug companies increasingly view Latin America as a proper place for clinical research trials. The region combines a large population, modern medical facilities, and low per capita incomes. Participants from developing countries may have little or non alternative means of treatment other than that offered through clinical trials. Therefore, the provision of a valid informed consent is important.
  
  
  METHODS
  To gain insight about some aspects of the informed consent procedure in a major cancer centre in Mexico, we conducted a three-step evaluation process: 1) a ten point multiple choice survey questionnaires, was used to explore some aspects of the patients' experiences during the informed consent process, 2) researchers' knowledge about specific aspects of the informed consent was evaluated in this study using survey questionnaires; and 3) the comprehensibility, readability and number of pages of the consent forms were analysed. The socioeconomic and educational level of the patients, were also considered. Results were reported using a numerical scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty five patients, 20 doctors, and 10 individuals working at the hospital agreed to participate in the study. Eighty three percent of the patients in the study were classified as living in poverty; education level was poor or non existent, and 31% of the patients were illiterate. The consent forms were difficult to understand according to 49% of the patients, most doctors agreed that the forms were not comprehensible to the patients. The average length of the IC documents analysed was 14 pages, and the readability average score was equivalent to 8th grade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results presented in this work describe some relevant characteristics of the population seen at public health care institutions in Mexico. Poverty, limited or no education, and the complexity of the information provided to the patients may question the validity of the informed consent procedure in this group of patients.
authors.affiliation: Ethics Committee, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Avenida San Fernando 22, Mexico City, Mexico. el.verastegui@salud.gob.mx.
authors.forename: Emma L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Verástegui
mesh_terms: D001290:Attitude; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D032882:Comprehension; D016265:Conflict of Interest; D032962:Consent Forms / Q000592:standards*; D003625:Data Collection; D003906:Developing Countries; D004345:Drug Industry; D004493:Education; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006805:Human Experimentation; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000592:standards*; D008800:Mexico; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D035862:Vulnerable Populations