title: Control of FWA gene silencing in Arabidopsis thaliana by SINE-related direct repeats.
abstract: A unique feature of late-flowering fwa epigenetic mutations is that the phenotype is caused by ectopic expression of the homeobox gene FWA. During normal development the FWA gene is expressed specifically in the endosperm in an imprinted manner. Ectopic FWA expression and disruption of imprinting can be induced in mutants of a CG methyltransferase MET1 (methyltransferase 1) or a chromatin-remodeling gene DDM1 (decrease in DNA methylation 1), suggesting that the proper FWA expression depends on cytosine methylation. However, critical methylated residues controlling FWA silencing are not pinpointed. Nor is it understood how the FWA gene is initially methylated and silenced in wild-type plants. Here we mapped sequences critical for FWA silencing by application of RdDM (RNA-directed DNA methylation) to a ddm1-induced stable fwa epiallele. Transcription of double-stranded RNA corresponding to the tandem direct repeats around the FWA transcription start site induced de novo DNA methylation, transcriptional suppression and phenotypic reversion. The induced changes were heritable even without the transgene, which correlates with inheritance of CG methylation in the direct repeats. The newly silenced FWA allele was transcribed in an endosperm-specific and imprinted manner, as is the case for the wild-type FWA gene. The results indicate that methylation of the direct repeats, which presumably originated from a short interspersed nuclear element (SINE), is sufficient to induce proper epigenetic control of the FWA gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saze
authors.forename: Tetsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.forename: Asuka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Wim J J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Soppe
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koornneef
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kakutani
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D020868:Gene Silencing; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics*; D020086:Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C416366:FWA protein, Arabidopsis; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors