title: Oxidative stress upregulates ubiquitin proteasome pathway in retinal endothelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish whether oxidative stress in retinal endothelial cells upregulates the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) leading to increased protein degradation in diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retinal endothelial cells were exposed to a continuous flux of hydrogen peroxide produced by glucose oxidase. Endogenous ubiquitin conjugates were detected by western blotting. The ubiquitin conjugating activity was determined using radiolabeled ubiquitin or alpha-lactalbumin. The turnover of ubiquitin conjugates was determined by pulse-chase experiments, using radiolabeled ubiquitin. Levels of mRNA were determined by radioactive northern blot and by real time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The exposure of endothelial cells to physiological concentrations of hydrogen peroxide led to an increase in ubiquitin conjugating activity to both endogenous and exogenous substrates. Remarkably, the endogenous ubiquitin conjugates did not change in response to oxidative stress presumably because the turnover of conjugates was also increased as revealed by pulse-chase experiments with radiolabeled ubiquitin. Exposure of retinal endothelial cells to oxidative stress further resulted in an increase in the levels of mRNA that encode for polyubiquitin chains or ubiquitin fused to carboxyl extension proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxidative stress upregulated UPP and increased turnover of ubiquitin conjugates. Upregulation of UPP may account for cell response to stress in conditions where oxidative stress is overexpressed.
authors.affiliation: Center of Ophthalmology, Biomedical Institute for Research in Light and Image (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. rosa@ibili.uc.pt <rosa@ibili.uc.pt>
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramalho
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D025821:Polyubiquitin / Q000235:genetics; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D016877:Oxidants; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D025801:Ubiquitin; D025821:Polyubiquitin; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex