title: Influence of other-beliefs on self-beliefs and on everyday memory self-report in the elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elderly people tend to evaluate their memory functioning pessimistically and have a decrease in self-efficacy beliefs associated with an attributional style which relies mainly on uncontrollable causes. This pattern may be significantly influenced by the caregivers evaluations of self-efficacy beliefs and attributional style of the elderly. This study compares older and younger adults with respect to everyday memory self-assessment, self-efficacy beliefs and attributional style, and examines the relationships between everyday memory self-assessment, self-evaluations, and evaluations by significant others as regards elderly self-efficacy beliefs, attributional style, and everyday memory.
  
  
  METHODS
  100 older, 100 younger, and 100 middle-aged adults were required to complete questionnaires aimed at assessing everyday memory, attributional style, and self-efficacy beliefs. The group of middle-aged adults was asked to complete questionnaires aimed at assessing the perceived efficacy and attributional style of the older and younger participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data indicate that, unlike younger adults, the elderly negatively evaluate their everyday memory, have an attributional style mainly characterized by uncontrollable factors, and have less confidence in their memory. A structural equation model shows that the opinions of the significant others (relatives or medical staff) as regards the perceived efficacy and attributional style of elderly people affect their self-efficacy and attributional style which, in turn, influence everyday self-reported memory efficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate the central role of metamemory in everyday memory evaluation in the elderly, and stress the importance of what significant others think as regards the elderly person in question. From a practical point of view, it makes an important contribution to intervention and prevention programs involving people in close contact with the elderly, by suggesting ways in which significant others can help in optimizing the ability of older people to meet the challenges of aging successfully.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zanardo
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Beni
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moè
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012647:Self-Assessment