title: Implementation of an antiretroviral access program for HIV-1-infected individuals in resource-limited settings: clinical results from 4 African countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We assessed the effectiveness and safety of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-1-infected patients in resource-limited African countries. HIV-1 screening, therapy, counseling, monitoring, training, and education were provided free of charge.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an open-label cohort program, 206 antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients who could not afford HAART were recruited in 4 urban clinics in Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Uganda, and Kenya and were treated with saquinavir boosted with ritonavir (1600/100 mg once daily), lamivudine (150 mg twice daily), and zidovudine (300 mg twice daily). The primary outcome was a plasma viral load (pVL) of <400 copies/mL after 96 weeks of treatment. Secondary analyses included CD4 cell count changes and the occurrence of treatment-emergent adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of the patient group was 36 years, 38% were male, 35% of the patients had AIDS, the median CD4 count was 119 cells/microL, and the median pVL was 304,210 copies/mL. Overall, 65%/52% (on treatment [OT]/intent to treat [ITT]) of the patients had a pVL <400 copies/mL after 96 weeks of follow-up. This proportion varied significantly between sites, however; although in Nairobi and Dakar, 51%/40% and 56%/46% (OT/ITT) were found, respectively, Abidjan and Kampala showed proportions of 69%/54% and 83%/69% (OT/ITT), respectively. The median increase in the CD4 count was 198 cells/microL (interquartile range: 86-319 cells/microL), ranging from 191 to 292 cells/microL between the sites. Fourteen patients (6.8%) died between 8 and 96 weeks of follow-up, whereas 18 (9%) developed an AIDS-defining event between 8 and 96 weeks of follow-up. Non-HIV-related serious adverse events occurred in 55 patients (26.7%), of whom 13 were diagnosed with severe anemia. Thirty-five patients (17%) changed treatment for toxicity reasons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although a statistically significant difference was observed between sites with respect to virologic success, overall virologic and immunologic responses to HAART in resource-limited African settings can be as good as in Western settings. There were some difficulties (eg, laboratory, logistics, proper training) during the early phase of the program. Therefore, provision of adequate medical care, counseling, proper instruction, and education of patients and medical staff during the entire study is warranted in such programs, with special care in the early phase.
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Papa S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sow
authors.forename: Leander F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Otieno
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bissagnene
authors.forename: Cissy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kityo
authors.forename: Ruurd
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bennink
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clevenbergh
authors.forename: Ferdinand W N M
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Wit
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Waalberg
authors.forename: Tobias F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Rinke de Wit
authors.forename: Joep M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lange
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D007560:Cote d'Ivoire; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D012675:Senegal; D014454:Uganda; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents