title: Knockdown of nuclear Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase causes developmental abnormalities in zebrafish.
abstract: Nuclear Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP-N) is an enzyme that dephosphorylates and concomitantly downregulates multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) in vitro. However, the functional roles of this enzyme in vivo are not well understood. To investigate the biological significance of CaMKP-N during zebrafish embryogenesis, we cloned and characterized zebrafish CaMKP-N (zCaMKP-N). Based on the nucleotide sequences in the zebrafish whole genome shotgun database, we isolated a cDNA clone for zCaMKP-N, which encoded a protein of 633 amino acid residues. Transiently expressed full-length zCaMKP-N in mouse neuroblastoma, Neuro2a cells, was found to be localized in the nucleus. In contrast, the C-terminal truncated mutant lacking RKKRRLDVLPLRR (residues 575-587) had cytoplasmic staining, suggesting that the nuclear localization signal of zCaMKP-N exists in the C-terminal region. Ionomycin treatment of CaMKIV-transfected Neuro2a cells resulted in a marked increase in the phosphorylated form of CaMKIV. However, cotransfection with zCaMKP-N significantly decreased phospho-CaMKIV in ionomycin-stimulated cells. Whole mount in situ hybridization analysis of zebrafish embryos showed that zCaMKP-N is exclusively expressed in the head and neural tube regions. Gene knockdown of zCaMKP-N using morpholino-based antisense oligonucleotides induced significant morphological abnormalities in zebrafish embryos. A number of apoptotic cells were observed in brain and spinal cord of the abnormal embryos. These results suggest that zCaMKP-N plays a crucial role in the early development of zebrafish.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nimura
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sueyoshi
authors.forename: Atsuhiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tokumitsu
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shigeri
authors.forename: Naohito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nozaki
authors.forename: Isamu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kameshita
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001483:Base Sequence; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology*; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007476:Ionophores; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; D015759:Ionomycin; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; C517871:ppm1e protein, zebrafish