title: Self-harm and depression in women with urinary incontinence: a record-linkage study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between self-harm and urinary incontinence (UI), and between depression and UI, in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The incidence of self-harm in women with UI is not well documented. We analysed a statistical database that includes hospital contact data for UI and for self-harm and depression. We calculated rate ratios for self-harm and depression in a cohort of women admitted for UI, and rate ratios for UI in cohorts of women admitted with self-harm or depression, compared with a control cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After admission for UI, self-harm was significantly high in young women (aged < 45 years: rate ratio 1.73, 95% confidence intervals 1.37-2.14) but not in older women. Depression was associated with UI in all age groups, e.g. after admission for depression the rate ratio for UI within 5 years was 1.46 (1.33-1.75); and for UI at > or = 5 years after admission for depression, it was 1.20 (1.05-1.35).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young women with UI are at risk of self-harm. For all age groups studied, depression was more common in women with UI than in others. Depression might be a consequence of UI, but the increase in risk at long intervals before admission with UI suggests that they might share underlying causal mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Health-Care Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK. michael.goldacre@dphpc.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Goldacre
authors.forename: Julie D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Abisgold
authors.forename: David G R
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Yeates
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Seagroatt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008498:Medical Record Linkage; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000209:etiology*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000523:psychology*