title: Interactive image guidance in skull base surgery using an opto-electronic device.
abstract: The applicability of an image guidance frameless system based on an opto-electronic sensor device in skull base surgery was explored in this study. Five embalmed heads with external fiducial markers placed in noncoplanar points were scanned (CT scan) and different skull base approaches were reproduced in these specimens. The opto-electronic system is comprised of an infrared camera, a local rigid body, and a 24-light-emitting diode probe attached to different surgical instruments. DOS-based calibration and transformation software and Unix-based surgical planning software were also used. The anatomic landmarks identified during the dissection were matched with the corresponding points derived from computed tomographic (CT) scans. This information allowed the surgeon to develop a three-dimensional representation of the surgical field and to anticipate the next anatomic structure encountered during the dissection. This infrared device operated in real time, is not affected by external factors with regard to its accuracy, and does not interfere with standard neurosurgical techniques. This frameless system is helpful in minimizing the risk of morbidity and provides an accurate guide during the approach, as well as unobstructed access to the surgical field.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zamorano
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nolte
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kadi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Diaz