title: Ablation of clinically relevant kidney tissue volumes by high-intensity focused ultrasound: Preliminary results of standardized ex-vivo investigations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate strategies to achieve confluent kidney-tissue ablation by high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Our model of the perfused ex-vivo porcine kidney was used. Tissue ablation was performed with an experimental HIFU device (Storz Medical, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland). Lesion-to-lesion interaction was investigated by varying the lesion distance (5 to 2.5 mm), generator power (300, 280, and 260 W), cooling time (10, 20, and 30 seconds), and exposure time (4, 3, and 2 seconds). The lesion rows were analyzed grossly and by histologic examination (hematoxylin-eosin and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide staining).
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was possible to achieve complete homogeneous ablation of a clinically relevant tissue volume but only by meticulous adjustment of the exposure parameters. Minimal changes in these parameters caused changes in lesion formation with holes within the lesions and lesion-to-lesion interaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preliminary results show that when using this new device, HIFU can ablate a large tissue volume homogeneously in perfused ex-vivo porcine tissue under standardized conditions with meticulous adjustment of exposure parameters. Further investigations in vivo are necessary to test whether large tissue volumes can be ablated completely and reliably despite the influence of physiologic tissue and organ movement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Germany. axel.haecker@chir.ma.uni-hedelberg.de
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Häcker
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Knoll
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marlinghaus
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alken
authors.forename: Jürgen W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jenne
authors.forename: Maurice Stephan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Michel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology*; D013552:Swine; D014159:Transducers; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy