title: Prevention of pain on injection of propofol: a comparison of remifentanil with alfentanil in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Propofol has a high incidence of pain on injection, particularly when a vein on the back of hand is used. Administration of lidocaine, either before or mixed with propofol remains the most widely used method to attenuate this pain. The use of opioids such as alfentanil and fentanyl has been found to decrease pain induced by propofol injection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of remifentanil and alfentanil in minimizing the pain caused by propofol.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, healthy premedicated children between the age group of 5-12 years admitted for adenotonsillectomy were randomly allocated to one of 6 treatment groups. Group I: remifentanil 0.25 microg kg(-1); Group II: remifentanil 0.50 microg kg(-1); Group III: alfentanil 15 microg kg(-1); Group IV: alfentanil 20 microg kg(-1) 60 s prior to propofol mixed with 1 mL of 0.9% normal saline; Group V: lidocaine 1 mL of 1% (10 mg) added to 100 mg of propofol and Group VI: normal saline. During the injection of propofol (3 mg kg(-1)) pain perception was assessed with a four-point behavioural scale: none, mild, moderate, or severe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 52 subjects in Group I, 51 in Group II, 49 in Group III, 52 in Group IV, 52 in Group V and 52 in Group VI; 63.46% of patients in Group I, 39.21% in Group II, 38.77% in Group III, 36.53% in Group IV, 38.46% in Group V and 84.61% in Group VI experienced pain. Statistically, Groups II, III, IV and V were significantly better than placebo in the reduction of propofol pain (P<0.0001). Groups II, III and IV significantly reduced the pain in comparison with Group I (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pretreatment with intravenous remifentanil 0.5 microg kg(-1), alfentanil 15 microg kg(-1) and 20 microg kg(-1) were equally effective in reducing pain associated with propofol injection in children between the age group of 5-12 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahman Al-Refai
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Mujadi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petrova Ivanova
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Marzouk
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Al-Qattan
mesh_terms: D015760:Alfentanil / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015742:Propofol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000077208:Remifentanil
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D015760:Alfentanil; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015742:Propofol