title: Mental practice with motor imagery: evidence for motor recovery and cortical reorganization after stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the efficacy of a program combining mental and physical practice with the efficacy of a program composed of only constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) or only mental practice on stroke patients' levels of upper-extremity impairment and upper-extremity functional outcomes and to establish the relationship between changes in blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging response during a specific motor or imagery task and improvement in motor function between intervention groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Licensed, 56-bed, freestanding, university-affiliated rehabilitation hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three men and 1 woman with moderate upper-limb hemiparesis after stroke were randomized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two patients received mental practice and CIMT, 1 patient received only mental practice, and 1 received only CIMT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Motor Activity Log (MAL), Sirigu break test, Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised, and Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mental practice intervention alone led to slight improvement in certain functional and mental imagery measures (Sirigu, MAL, WMFT) but did not result in a clinically meaningful improvement with notable right cerebellar hemisphere activation that was not present before intervention. After CIMT, only the single patient showed clinically meaningful improvement of his affected hand as exhibited by decreased times on the MAL and WMFT. The patient showed increased bilateral cortical activation in both the motor and premotor areas during execution of a finger flexion and extension task. In contrast, during a second task, which was an imagined flexion and extension task, motor, occipital, and inferior parietal activation mainly in the contralateral hemisphere were observed. After 2 weeks of CIMT plus mental practice a patient with a lesion restricted to the parietal cortex showed little improvement in upper-extremity function and mental imagery in comparison with the patient with damage to nonparietal areas, who showed clinically meaningful improvement. The pattern of activation after 2 weeks of CIMT plus mental practice in the patient with nonparietal damage led to more focal contralateral activation in primary motor cortex when executing a voluntary flexion and extension task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The case series indicates that for these patients with chronic, moderate upper-extremity impairment after stroke, a 2-week regimen of CIMT or CIMT plus mental practice only (in 1 case) resulted in modest changes occurring as a decrease in impairment, with functional improvement. Mental practice alone did not result in a clinically meaningful improvement in upper-limb impairment. We describe how these interventions may elicit "plastic" changes in the brain. Further investigations to determine the appropriate delivery and dosing of both physical and mental practice, as well as to determine whether mental practice-induced changes positively correlate with distinct patterns of cortical activation, should be undertaken before the efficacy of their use can be ascertained among patients with limitations comparable with these participants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. andrew.butler@emory.edu
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Page
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D010291:Paresis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology