title: Dropout in a longitudinal, cohort study of urologic disease in community men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reasons for attrition in studies vary, but may be a major concern in long-term studies if those who drop out differ systematically from those who continue to participate. Factors associated with dropout were evaluated in a twelve-year community-based, prospective cohort study of urologic disease in men.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 1989-1991, 2,115 randomly selected Caucasian men, ages 40-79 years from Olmsted County, Minnesota were enrolled and followed with questionnaires biennially; 332 men were added in follow-up. A random subset (approximately 25%) received a urologic examination. Baseline characteristics including age, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) symptoms, comorbidities, and socioeconomic factors were compared between subjects who did and did not participate after the twelfth year of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2,447 men, 195 died and were excluded; 682 did not participate in 2002. Compared with men in the 40-49 year age group, men > or = 70 years of age at baseline had a greater relative odds of dropout, 2.65 (95% CI: 1.93, 3.63). In age-adjusted analyses, relative to men without stroke, men who had suffered a stroke had a higher odds of dropout, age-adjusted OR 3.07 (95% CI: 1.49, 6.33). Presence of at least one BPH symptom was not associated with dropout, (age-adjusted OR 1.12 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.36)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide assurance that dropout was not related to primary study outcomes. However, factors associated with dropout should be taken into account in analyses where they may be potential confounders.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. gades.naomi@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Naomi M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Gades
authors.forename: Debra J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Michaela E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McGree
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lieber
authors.forename: Rosebud O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Cynthia J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Girman
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D010352:Patient Dropouts / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018579:Patient Selection; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011469:Prostatic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life; D035842:Research Subjects / Q000523:psychology*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology