title: Development of a clinical prediction rule for classifying patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome who respond to patellar taping.
abstract: METHODS
  Predictive validity/diagnostic test study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the predictive validity and interrater reliability of selected clinical exam items and to develop a clinical prediction rule (CPR) to determine which patients respond successfully to patellar taping.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Patellar taping is often used to treat patients with PFPS. However, the characteristics of the patients who respond best to patellar taping intervention have not been identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty volunteers (27 males, 23 females) with PFPS underwent a standardized clinical examination. Diagnosis of PFPS was based on the complaint of retropatellar pain that was provoked by a partial squat or stair ascent/descent. Subjects performed 3 functional activities and rated their pain during each activity on a numerical rating scale (NPRS). All subjects received treatment with a medial glide patellar-taping technique and repeated the functional activities and pain ratings. An immediate 50% reduction in pain or moderate improvement on a global rating of change (GRC) questionnaire was considered a treatment success. Likelihood ratios (LRs) were calculated to determine which examination items were most predictive of treatment outcome. Logistic regression analysis identified items included in the CPR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six subjects (52%) had an immediate successful response to the intervention. Two examination items (positive patellar tilt test or tibial varum greater than 5 degrees, +LR = 4.4) comprised the CPR. Application of the CPR improved the probability of a successful outcome from 52% to 83%. Fifty-eight percent of the lower extremity measures were associated with moderate to good reliability (reliability coefficient range, 0.52-0.84). The reliability coefficients for the items that comprised the CPR were 0.49 (patellar tilt) and 0.66 (tibial varum).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A CPR was developed to predict an immediate successful response to a medial glide patellar taping technique. Validation of the CPR in an independent sample is necessary before widespread clinical use can be recommended.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, US Army-Baylor University, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lesher
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Sutlive
authors.forename: Giselle A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Nicole J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Chine
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Garber
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wainner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001915:Braces; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010329:Patella / Q000503:physiopathology; D046788:Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013977:Tibia / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome