Working-class royalty: bees beat the caste system.
The struggle among social classes or castes is well known in humans. Here, we show that caste inequality similarly affects societies of ants, bees and wasps, where castes are morphologically distinct and workers have greatly reduced reproductive potential compared with queens. In social insects, an individual normally has no control over its own fate, whether queen or worker, as this is socially determined during rearing. Here, for the first time, we quantify a strategy for overcoming social control. In the stingless bee Schwarziana quadripunctata, some individuals reared in worker cells avoid a worker fate by developing into fully functional dwarf queens.
Wenseleers
Tom
T
Zoological Institute, Laboratory of Entomology, University of Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, Leuven, Belgium. tom.wenseleers@bio.kuleuven.ac.be
Ratnieks
Francis L W
FL
de F Ribeiro
Marcia
M
de A Alves
Denise
D
Imperatriz-Fonseca
Vera-Lucia
VL
D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D001516:Bees / Q000254:growth & development; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology; D012930:Social Dominance