title: Application of an augmented reality tool for maxillary positioning in orthognathic surgery - a feasibility study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An augmented reality tool for computer assisted surgery named X-Scope allows visual tracking of real anatomical structures in superposition with volume rendered CT or MRI scans and thus can be used for navigated translocation of bony segments.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a feasibility study X-Scope was used in orthognathic surgery to control the translocation of the maxilla after Le Fort I osteotomy within a bimaxillary procedure. The situation achieved was compared with the pre-operative situation by means of cephalometric analysis on lateral and frontal cephalograms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The technique was successfully utilized in 5 patients. Maxillary positioning using X-Scope was accomplished accurately within a range of 1mm. The tool was used in all cases in addition to the usual intra-operative splints. A stand-alone application without conventional control does not yet seem reasonable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Augmented reality tools like X-Scope may be helpful for controlling maxillary translocation in orthognathic surgery. The application to other interventions in cranio-maxillofacial surgery such as Le Fort III osteotomy, fronto-orbital advancement, and cranial vault reshaping or repair may also be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Craniomaxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Head: Prof. Dr. Dr. J.E. Zöller). r.mischkowski@uni-koeln.de
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mischkowski
authors.forename: Max J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zinser
authors.forename: Alexander C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kübler
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krug
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.forename: Joachim E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Zöller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000601:surgery*; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019340:Osteotomy, Le Fort / Q000379:methods*; D063173:Retrognathia / Q000601:surgery; D012984:Software; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014584:User-Computer Interface