title: Cardiac involvement in Beagle-based canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMDJ): electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and morphologic studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac mortality in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) has recently become important, because risk of respiratory failure has been reduced due to widespread use of the respirator. The cardiac involvement is characterized by distinctive electrocardiographic abnormalities or dilated cardiomyopathy, but the pathogenesis has remained obscure. In research on DMD, Golden retriever-based muscular dystrophy (GRMD) has attracted much attention as an animal model because it resembles DMD, but GRMD is very difficult to maintain because of their severe phenotypes. We therefore established a line of dogs with Beagle-based canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMDJ) and examined the cardiac involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cardiac phenotypes of eight CXMDJ and four normal male dogs 2 to 21 months of age were evaluated using electrocardiography, echocardiography, and histopathological examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increases in the heart rate and decreases in PQ interval compared to a normal littermate were detected in two littermate CXMDJ dogs at 15 months of age or older. Distinct deep Q-waves and increase in Q/R ratios in leads II, III, and aVF were detected by 6-7 months of age in all CXMDJ dogs. In the echocardiogram, one of eight of CXMDJ dogs showed a hyperechoic lesion in the left ventricular posterior wall at 5 months of age, but the rest had not by 6-7 months of age. The left ventricular function in the echocardiogram indicated no abnormality in all CXMDJ dogs by 6-7 months of age. Histopathology revealed myocardial fibrosis, especially in the left ventricular posterobasal wall, in three of eight CXMDJ dogs by 21 months of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiac involvement in CXMDJ dogs is milder and has slower progression than that described in GRMD dogs. The distinct deep Q-waves have been ascribed to myocardial fibrosis in the posterobasal region of the left ventricle, but our data showed that they precede the lesion on echocardiogram and histopathology. These findings imply that studies of CXMDJ may reveal not only another causative mechanism of the deep Q-waves but also more information on the pathogenesis in the dystrophin-deficient heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery I, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 229-8501, Japan. yugeta@b-star.jp <yugeta@b-star.jp>
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yugeta
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Urasawa
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Madoka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Katsutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yuasa
authors.forename: Michiko R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakura
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimatsu
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomohiro
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Machida
authors.forename: Yoshito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wakao
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Shin'ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005355:Fibrosis; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D008297:Male; D009137:Muscular Dystrophy, Animal / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D014960:X Chromosome