title: Assessing the impact of the local environment on birth outcomes: a case for HLM.
abstract: Hierarchical linear Models (HLM) is a useful way to analyze the relationships between community level environmental data, individual risk factors, and birth outcomes. With HLM we can determine the effects of potentially remediable environmental conditions (e.g., air pollution) after controlling for individual characteristics such as health factors and socioeconomic factors. Methodological limitations of ecological studies of birth outcomes and a detailed analysis of the varying models that predict birth weight will be discussed. Ambient concentrations of criterion air pollutants (e.g., lead and sulfur dioxide) demonstrated a sizeable negative effect on birth weight; while the economic characteristics of the mother's residential census tract (ex. poverty level) also negatively influenced birth weight.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105, USA. bwilli36@utmem.edu
authors.forename: Bryan L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pennock-Román
authors.forename: Hoi K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Suen
authors.forename: Melina S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Magsumbol
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ozdenerol
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity; D016014:Linear Models; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D007854:Lead