title: An amino acid outside the pore region influences apamin sensitivity in small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels.
abstract: Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (SK, K(Ca)) are a family of voltage-independent K+ channels with a distinct physiology and pharmacology. The bee venom toxin apamin inhibits exclusively the three cloned SK channel subtypes (SK1, SK2, and SK3) with different affinity, highest for SK2, lowest for SK1, and intermediate for SK3 channels. The high selectivity of apamin made it a valuable tool to study the molecular makeup and function of native SK channels. Three amino acids located in the outer vestibule of the pore are of particular importance for the different apamin sensitivities of SK channels. Chimeric SK1 channels, enabling the homomeric expression of the rat SK1 (rSK1) subunit and containing the core domain (S1-S6) of rSK1, are apamin-insensitive. By contrast, channels formed by the human orthologue human SK1 (hSK1) are sensitive to apamin. This finding hinted at the involvement of regions beyond the pore as determinants of apamin sensitivity, because hSK1 and rSK1 have an identical amino acid sequence in the pore region. Here we investigated which parts of the channels outside the pore region are important for apamin sensitivity by constructing chimeras between apamin-insensitive and -sensitive SK channel subunits and by introducing point mutations. We demonstrate that a single amino acid situated in the extracellular loop between the transmembrane segments S3 and S4 has a major impact on apamin sensitivity. Our findings enabled us to convert the hSK1 channel into a channel that was as sensitive for apamin as SK2, the SK channel with the highest sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nolting
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ferraro
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: D'hoedt
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stocker
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001030:Apamin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016466:CHO Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D000081410:Germinal Center Kinases; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017354:Point Mutation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D051640:Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D000099317:Hippo Kinases
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D001030:Apamin; D000081410:Germinal Center Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051640:Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels; C496897:KCNN2 protein, human; C496898:Kcnn2 protein, mouse; C481222:Slk protein, rat; D000099317:Hippo Kinases