title: Differential effect of supraspinal modulation on the nociceptive withdrawal reflex and pain sensation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study whether the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (WR) and pain sensation are differentially affected by supraspinal modulation and to determine the nature of this modulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The WR and pain sensation elicited by electrical stimulation were measured in complete spinal cord injury (SCI) subjects and in intact controls under two different experimental conditions; "facilitation" and "neutral" control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain sensation was the same under both conditions, whereas the characteristics of the WR were highly dependent on them. In intact body regions the WR threshold was similar to pain threshold under facilitation but was near pain tolerance in neutral conditions. Furthermore, WR was elicited in 100% of trials under facilitation but only in 57% of trials in neutral conditions. Thresholds of WR in paralyzed regions were significantly higher than in intact regions (p<0.001). The former showed a clear stimulus-response relationship as did pain sensation whereas the WR in intact regions did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The WR and pain sensation are differentially affected by supraspinal modulation. The WR is subject to both excitatory and inhibitory influences, depending on the instructions subjects receive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental setup and subjects' mental state should be considered when interpreting changes in the WR. Extreme caution should be employed when utilizing reflexive indices as a measure of pain. Verbal report seems a more suitable tool to evaluate pain since it is relatively stable with repeated measurements and in accordance with stimulation intensity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel. rutidef@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Defrin
authors.forename: Smadar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peleg
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weingarden
authors.forename: Rafi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heruti
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Urca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004597:Electroshock; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053444:Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D007866:Leg / Q000294:innervation; D008297:Male; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000502:physiology; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology