title: Long-term mortality, morbidity and hospital care following intracerebral hemorrhage: an 11-year cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) represents the severest form of stroke, yet examinations of long-term prognosis and associated health care use are rare. This study assessed survival, morbidity and cost of hospital care over 11 years following a first-ever ICH in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a population-based retrospective inception cohort design using data from the Hospital Record Linkage System in Scotland. Long-term survival, morbidity and treatment provided in hospitals were evaluated in all patients with a first diagnosis of ICH in 1995. A cohort of ischemic stroke (IS) patients was also examined for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 705 patients with ICH and 8,893 with IS were identified. The mean age was 65 years (SD = 17.2) for ICH and 73 years (SD = 11.8) for IS at stroke onset. The acute in-hospital mortality was 45.7 and 30.1% for ICH and IS, 51.2 and 39.9% at 1 year, while 76.0 and 80.4% were dead 11 years later. The cumulative risk of nonfatal or fatal ICH was 8.0, 12.7 and 13.7% at 1, 5 and 10 years, and 7.0, 11.1 and 12.9% for IS in the ICH cohort. The mean cost of initial hospital care was GBP 10,332 (SD = 19,919) for ICH and GBP 9,937 (SD = 15,777) for IS. The mean total costs over 11 years were GBP 18,629 (SD = 29,943) for ICH and GBP 21,505 (SD = 27,190) for IS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following a first ICH, individuals have a poorer short-term prognosis than individuals with IS, yet both ICH and IS imply significant follow-up care.
authors.affiliation: LSE Health and Social Care, London School of Economics, London, UK.
authors.forename: Alistair J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raikou
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Whittle
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Christensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007902:Length of Stay; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors