title: Fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus: contributions of disordered sleep, sleepiness, and depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the role of sleep disorders, sleepiness, and depression in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who complain of disabling tiredness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with SLE (31 women, 4 men) with disabling tiredness were evaluated with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and overnight polysomnography, followed by daytime multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Their polysomnography was compared with 17 healthy, asymptomatic controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polysomnography of the patients in comparison with healthy controls showed impaired sleep efficiency (p < 0.02), high arousal frequencies (p < 0.01), increased stage 1 sleep (p < 0.02), decreased stage 3/4 slow-wave sleep (p < 0.02), and a high percentage (77% of patients) with increased alpha-EEG non-REM sleep. In 23% of patients periodic limb movement (PLM) disorder was observed (mean PLM index 31.1 +/- 15); 26% of patients had obstructive sleep apnea (mean apnea/hypopnea index 19.3 +/- 10), and one patient had narcolepsy-cataplexy. Remarkably, 51% of patients were excessively sleepy on both the ESS and MSLT (mean sleep latency < 10 min). This excessive daytime sleepiness was not related to sleep restriction. There was no association between sleepiness and SLE disease features such as neuropsychiatric SLE, medications, fibromyalgia, or disease activity. As a whole, the study group reported mild to moderate depression (mean BDI = 15.8 +/- 9.9). Within the group, the sleepy patients had lower BDI scores than the non-sleepy patients (p < 0.02), and fewer of the sleepy patients were depressed (p < 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary sleep disorders, sleepiness, and depression are common in tired SLE patients. Tiredness in SLE that is the result of excessive daytime sleepiness can be distinguished from tiredness of depression. Such distinctions will help identify appropriate treatment for tired patients with SLE.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, Centre for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iaboni
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ibanez
authors.forename: Dafna D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Gladman
authors.forename: Murray B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Urowitz
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moldofsky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology