title: Defensive medicine practices among gastroenterologists in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the prevalence of defensive medicine and the specific defensive medicine practices among gastroenterologists in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey of gastroenterologists in Hiroshima, Japan, was conducted by mail in March 2006. The number of gastroenterologists reporting defensive medicine behaviors or changes in their scope of practice and the reported defensive medicine practices, i.e., assurance and avoidance behaviors, were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 131 (77%) out of 171 gastroenterologists completed the survey. Three (2%) respondents were sued, and most respondents (96%) had liability insurance. Nearly all respondents (98%) reported practicing defensive medicine. Avoidance behaviors, such as avoiding certain procedures or interventions and avoiding caring for high-risk patients, were very common (96%). Seventy-five percent of respondents reported often avoiding certain procedures or interventions. However, seasoned gastroenterologists (those in practice for more than 20 years) adopted avoidance behaviors significantly less often than those in practice for less than 10 years. Assurance behaviors, i.e., supplying additional services of marginal or no medical value, were also widespread (91%). Sixty-eight percent of respondents reported that they sometimes or often referred patients to other specialists unnecessarily.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Defensive medicine may be highly prevalent among gastroenterologists throughout Japan, with potentially serious implications regarding costs, access, and both technical and interpersonal quality of care.
authors.affiliation: Health Service Center, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8521, Japan. tohiyama@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hiyama
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshihara
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Urabe
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikegami
authors.forename: Tatsuma
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuhara
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chayama
mesh_terms: D003675:Defensive Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005762:Gastroenterology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*