title: Drinking motives as mediators of the link between alcohol expectancies and alcohol use among adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to test whether the link between alcohol expectancies and alcohol use (drinking frequency, usual quantity, five-plus drinking) is mediated by drinking motives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Linear structural equation models were estimated based on a nationally representative sample of 5,616 8th, 9th, and 10th graders in Switzerland (51% female; mean [SD] age = 15.1 [1.0] years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In most cases, a perfect mediation occurred. Although all expectancy and motive dimensions were related to all alcohol-use measures in multivariate models, the expectancy link in multiple multivariate models was reduced to zero, whereas the motive link remained basically the same. One exception was the Tension Reduction Expectancy scale, which included aspects other than problem coping that were still related to alcohol consumption, even when coping motives were controlled for.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the consistency of the results across different alcohol expectancies, drinking motives, and alcohol-use measures, the present study provides evidence to support one basic assumption of the motivational model of alcohol use: Drinking motives are the most proximate factor that precedes alcohol use. They are the gateway through which more distal influences (e.g., alcohol expectancies) are mediated.
authors.affiliation: Research Department, Swiss Institute for the Prevention of Alcohol and Drug Problems, Post Office Box 870, CH 1001, Lausanne, Switzerland. ekuntsche@sfa-ispa.ch
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuntsche
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knibbe
authors.forename: Rutger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gmel
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001290:Attitude; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology