title: Current perspectives in analyte extraction strategies for tin and arsenic speciation.
abstract: Nowadays, reliable and robust detectors can be considered standard laboratory instrumentation, which, for most of the elements provide quantitation limits in the lower ng/g range. Despite these advances in detector technology, sample preparation is by far the most important error source in modern analytical method development and can be judged as the "Achilles' heel" of any analytical process regarding reliability of the obtained results and time consumption. The aim of the present review is to highlight modern trends for tin and arsenic speciation, as these analytes can be considered as models for challenges in modern method development in this field. First background information, legislative aspects and current needs are elucidated. Then the role of sample treatment within the process of method development in speciation is discussed, followed by a presentation of modern extraction techniques, matching the requirements for arsenic and tin speciation analysis: to provide mild conditions in order to ensure species preservation, to improve species recovery, to enhance sample throughput and to be suitable for hyphenation with chromatographic separation systems. The review includes applications on tin and arsenic speciation, covering the period of 2001-2006.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.forename: Estrella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.forename: Rian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Olivas
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cámara
mesh_terms: D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods / Q000379:methods*; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D008872:Microwaves; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D009947:Organotin Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001151:Arsenic