title: Effect of intoxication among blunt trauma patients selected for head computed tomography scanning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examine the prevalence and types of intracranial injuries sustained by intoxicated blunt trauma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted as a secondary analysis of National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study II head injury database. Treating physicians prospectively assessed presenting signs and symptoms on all blunt trauma patients who underwent head computed tomography (CT). Intoxication status was determined by the examining physician and was based on a history of intoxication, positive toxicologic screen result, or physical evidence suggesting intoxication. Intracranial injury diagnoses were based on final CT interpretations provided by attending radiologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intracranial injury was detected in 1,193 of the 13,728 enrolled patients (8.7%), and intoxication was evident in 3,356 (24.4%) patients. Physicians were unable to assess intoxication status in 620 individuals. Intracranial injury was present in 231 intoxicated patients (231/3,356; 6.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.0 to 7.8), 789 of 9,752 nonintoxicated patients (8.1%; 95% CI 7.6% to 8.6%), and 173 of the 620 patients who could not be assessed for intoxication (prevalence 27.9%; 95% CI 24.4% to 31.6%). Intracranial injury was identified in only 5 of 299 intoxicated patients (1.7%) who had normal neurological examination results and no evidence of trauma to the calvarium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of intracranial injury among intoxicated blunt trauma patients who are selected for head CT is lower than among nonintoxicated patients selected for imaging, which likely represents heightened concern in the presence of intoxication, even without other findings suggestive of intracranial injury. This conclusion is supported by the fact that few intoxicated patients with normal neurologic findings and no evidence of trauma to the calvarium had positive findings on CT imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA. mark.bracken@bmc.org
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bracken
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Medzon
authors.forename: Niels K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Rathlev
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Mower
authors.forename: Jerome R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed