title: Cellular localization and function of the antiviral protein, ovine Mx1 (oMx1): I. Ovine Mx1 is secreted by endometrial epithelial cells via an 'unconventional' secretory pathway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Embryonic loss is a major contributor to infertility. Understanding factors contributing to embryonic loss will aid in development of technologies to improve/regulate fertility in animals and humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested the hypothesis that the antiviral protein, ovine Mx1 (oMx1), is secreted by uterine epithelial cells. Uterine flushes were obtained from cyclic and early pregnant ewes and examined for levels of oMx1 protein. The pathway for ovine Mx1 secretion in ovine glandular epithelial (oGE) cells was determined using brefeldin A (BFA), an inhibitor of the conventional secretory pathway. Effects of BFA were determined using beta2-microglobulin (beta2MG) as a marker for the conventional secretory pathway, and interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) and Galectin-1 (Gal-1) as markers for the unconventional secretory pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ovine Mx1 protein levels were low in uterine flushes from cyclic ewes and levels increased in pregnant ewes after D 15. Ovine GE cells secreted oMx1 in response to interferon and secretion was not reduced by BFA, suggesting oMx1 was secreted via an unconventional secretory pathway. beta2MG secretion was reduced by BFA, whereas ISG15 and Gal-1 were not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report that the antiviral protein, oMx1, is secreted and provides evidence that secretion occurs via unconventional secretory pathway(s).
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, Center for Reproductive Biology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toyokawa
authors.forename: Stacy J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Carling
authors.forename: Troy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Ott
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D020126:Brefeldin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D037483:Galectin 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D064547:Myxovirus Resistance Proteins; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep; D013997:Time Factors; D014452:Ubiquitins / Q000378:metabolism; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D037483:Galectin 1; D064547:Myxovirus Resistance Proteins; D014452:Ubiquitins; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D020126:Brefeldin A; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins