title: Wavelength dependence of cellular responses in human melanocytes and melanoma cells following exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the wavelength dependence of cellular responses in human melanocytes and human melanoma cells exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary human melanocytes and G361 human melanoma cells were exposed to ultraviolet-C (UVC), ultraviolet-B (UVB), or ultraviolet-A (UVA) radiation. Dose-response relationships for clonal cell survival were assessed, and flow cytometry was used to monitor cell cycle distributions for up to one week post-irradiation. Chromosomal aberrations were scored in exposed and unexposed melanoma cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  G361 melanoma cells were more sensitive than melanocytes to killing by UVB and UVC radiation. This difference in sensitivity between cell types was much less marked following UVA irradiation. The melanoma cells showed a sustained, dose-dependent G2/M block following exposure with all wavelengths; in addition, transit through S phase was slowed following UVA irradiation. There was no apparent block to G1 cells entering S phase at any wavelength. Melanocytes, on the other hand, showed a marked G1 arrest, particularly following UVA irradiation. Cytogenetic results showed a dose-dependent increase in chromatid-type aberrations, mostly gaps, breaks and exchanges, in exposed melanoma cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that G361 malignant melanoma cells have lost the ability to regulate the cell cycle at the G1/S checkpoint and are more sensitive than melanocytes to cell killing by UVC and UVB but not UVA radiation. Similarly, exposure of these melanoma cells to UVC and UVB, and to a much lesser extent UVA, induced chromatid aberrations. UVA nevertheless induced strong cell cycle delays in both cell types, indicating that UVA exposure can significantly affect genome metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Health Protection Agency, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Radiation Protection Division, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK. christine.kowalczuk@hpa-rp.org.uk
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Kowalczuk
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Priestner
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Bouffler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000528:radiation effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D006224:Cricetinae; D004249:DNA Damage; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays