title: Two-temperature LATE-PCR endpoint genotyping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In conventional PCR, total amplicon yield becomes independent of starting template number as amplification reaches plateau and varies significantly among replicate reactions. This paper describes a strategy for reconfiguring PCR so that the signal intensity of a single fluorescent detection probe after PCR thermal cycling reflects genomic composition. The resulting method corrects for product yield variations among replicate amplification reactions, permits resolution of homozygous and heterozygous genotypes based on endpoint fluorescence signal intensities, and readily identifies imbalanced allele ratios equivalent to those arising from gene/chromosomal duplications. Furthermore, the use of only a single colored probe for genotyping enhances the multiplex detection capacity of the assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-Temperature LATE-PCR endpoint genotyping combines Linear-After-The-Exponential (LATE)-PCR (an advanced form of asymmetric PCR that efficiently generates single-stranded DNA) and mismatch-tolerant probes capable of detecting allele-specific targets at high temperature and total single-stranded amplicons at a lower temperature in the same reaction. The method is demonstrated here for genotyping single-nucleotide alleles of the human HEXA gene responsible for Tay-Sachs disease and for genotyping SNP alleles near the human p53 tumor suppressor gene. In each case, the final probe signals were normalized against total single-stranded DNA generated in the same reaction. Normalization reduces the coefficient of variation among replicates from 17.22% to as little as 2.78% and permits endpoint genotyping with >99.7% accuracy. These assays are robust because they are consistent over a wide range of input DNA concentrations and give the same results regardless of how many cycles of linear amplification have elapsed. The method is also sufficiently powerful to distinguish between samples with a 1:1 ratio of two alleles from samples comprised of 2:1 and 1:2 ratios of the same alleles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SNP genotyping via Two-Temperature LATE-PCR takes place in a homogeneous closed-tube format and uses a single hybridization probe per SNP site. These assays are convenient, rely on endpoint analysis, improve the options for construction of multiplex assays, and are suitable for SNP genotyping, mutation scanning, and detection of DNA duplication or deletions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, MS008, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA. sanchez@brandeis.edu
authors.forename: J Aquiles
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Jessica D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Abramowitz
authors.forename: Jesse J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Salk
authors.forename: Arthur H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wangh
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D005838:Genotype; D054818:Hexosaminidase A; D006801:Humans; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D013661:Tay-Sachs Disease / Q000235:genetics; D013696:Temperature; D001619:beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D054818:Hexosaminidase A; D001619:beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases