title: [Methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: are we achieving an adequate clinical practice?].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequent behavioural disorder in infancy and methylphenidate is the most widely used medication. AIM. To analyze if the use of methylphenidate allows a good clinical practice in ADHD in terms of efficacy, effectiveness, efficiency and safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of the articles about therapeutic management of ADHD with methylphenidate published in secondary and primary publications and critical appraisal by means of methodology of the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main secondary information is found in the Cochrane Library, but we also detect relevant articles in Pubmed, mainly published in Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Pediatrics. There are many randomized clinical trials with methylphenidate (immediate-release and extended-release methylphenidate) and some systematic review and/or meta-analysis, but these trials have some limitations (in relation to patients, interventions and outcomes) and publication bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the evidence-based analysis (and from the experience) we detect good scientific evidence that methylphenidate improve target outcomes in ADHD in the short and half-term in children (mainly 6-12 years). The treatment algorithm advises to start with methylphenidate (immediate or extended-release methylphenidate, in relation to cost-benefit parameters); when there is not response (between 10-30% of patients) or evidence of relevant secondary effects, we could consider the use of atomoxetine. There are many questions to solve based on better clinical trials: the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate in very young children and adolescents, long-term effects and the duration of the treatment.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario San Juan, 03550 San Juan, Espana. gonzalez_jav@gva.es
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonzalez de Dios
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cardó
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Servera
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015706:Bibliometrics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011364:Professional Practice; D011437:Propylamines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011437:Propylamines; D008774:Methylphenidate; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride