title: Pregnancy in rheumatology patients exposed to anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha therapies are considered category B drugs for pregnancy. Although sometimes prescribed to women of reproductive age, data in humans are limited with regard to safety for a developing fetus. The objectives of the present article are to report experience of anti-TNF-alpha use in pregnancy, and review the international literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1999 the present authors have used anti-TNF-alpha (infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab) to treat patients with various chronic rheumatic conditions. All patients were prospectively followed during their treatment time and data were systematically collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a group of 442 patients treated with anti-TNF, three women with RA unexpectedly became pregnant One treated with etanercept chose a therapeutic termination at two and a half months, despite of any ultrasound anomaly, and satisfactory fetal growth. The other two patients (one with adalimumab exposure and one with etanercept exposure) delivered healthy infants. The following perinatal complications were observed: prematurity, neonatal jaundice, neonatal urinary Escherichia coli infection and adrenal congenital hyperplasia of probable hereditary origin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date, there is no evidence that TNF-alpha antagonists are associated with embryo toxicity, teratogenicity or increased pregnancy loss. However, caution should be taken when anti-TNF agents are used during pregnancy, as human experience is still extremely limited, particularly in patients with rheumatic diseases among whom there are several alarming reports. The potential risk should be balanced against the known risks associated with DMARDs and steroid therapy. Large registries will be necessary before firm conclusions can be drawn.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, University Hospital, Nice, France. roux101fr@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Roux
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Brocq
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Breuil
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Euller-Ziegler
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000188:drug therapy; D015535:Arthritis, Psoriatic / Q000188:drug therapy; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000068800:Etanercept; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000009:adverse effects; D000069285:Infliximab; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069285:Infliximab; D000068879:Adalimumab; D000068800:Etanercept