Inflammation in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: Impact of dietary glucose.
Chronic overnutrition combined with a lack of exercise is the main cause for the rapidly increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity. It seems accepted that adipositis (macrophage infiltration and inflammation of adipose tissue in obesity) and systemic low grade inflammation affect the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, modern weight reduction programs additionally focus on strategies to attenuate the inflammation state. Exercise is one major factor, which contributes to the reduction of both the incidence of T2DM and inflammation, and the immunomodulatory effects of exercise are supported by similarly beneficial effects of dietary changes. In this context, glucose is the most extensively studied nutrient and current investigations focus on postprandial glucose-induced inflammation, one possible reason why hyperglycemia is detrimental. Indeed, glucose may modulate the mRNA expression and serum concentrations of immune parameters but these alterations rapidly normalize in normoglycemic subjects. In case of an impaired metabolic state, however, postprandial hyperglycemia increases magnitude and duration of systemic inflammatory responses, which probably promotes the development of T2DM and of cardiovascular disease.
Kempf
Kerstin
K
German Diabetes Clinic, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. kerstin.kempf@ddz.uni-duesseldorf.de
Rose
Bettina
B
Herder
Christian
C
Kleophas
Ursula
U
Martin
Stephan
S
Kolb
Hubert
H
D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
D016207:Cytokines; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007328:Insulin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005947:Glucose