title: [Early detection of cognitive impairment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: functional-anatomical correlations and longitudinal follow-up].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive impairment is frequent in relapsing remitting Multiple Sclerosis and is often diagnosed after disruption of occupational and social relations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied at baseline a homogeneous population of 32 RRMS patients, diagnosed for less than 5 years, with spontaneous memory complaints, and 20 controls. Sixteen patients were followed for 2 years, combining physical examination, neuropsychological tests, and brain MRI. Neuropsychological tests used evaluated memory capacities, attentional capacities, executive functions, language, and visuo-constructive praxis. Lesion load on brain MRI was measured with semi-automatic segmentation procedures and manual control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty percent of patients presented cognitive impairment, and this proportion was higher than that found in the literature. These disorders were more marked for verbal episodic memory, attention, and executive functions. Patients with brain MRI that initially fulfilled the Barkhof criteria and those with callous lesions had more memory disorders. No link between global T1 and T2 lesion loads and neuropsychological scores was found. A statistical link between posterior fossa lesions and attentional disorders was shown. In the longitudinal follow-up, patients had better performances in memory and attentional domains, and a lower number of cognitive domains with dysfunction for each patient. This improvement on neuropsychological tests, whereas EDSS levels were stable, underlined a possible test-retest effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the initial phase of the disease, most of the relapsing remitting patients present a mild cognitive impairment. Early detection, therapeutic propositions, and recognition of disorders are necessary.
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Pasteur, CHU Nice.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bensa
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bertogliati
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chanalet
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malandain
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bedoucha
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lebrun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests