title: A novel, noninvasive diagnostic probe for hydroa vacciniforme and related disorders: detection of latency-associated Epstein-Barr virus transcripts in the crusts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish a new diagnostic method for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated cutaneous disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Skin biopsy is usually required to confirm the latent EBV infections in cutaneous lesions of EBV-associated NK/T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, including hydroa vacciniforme (HV) and hypersensitivity to mosquito bites (HMB). We have devised a novel, noninvasive method to detect EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER), BamHI A rightward transcripts (BARTs) in the skin crusts and scales of such patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients with EBV-associated cutaneous lesions were enrolled in the present study, including three patients with HV, one with HV-like eruptions and chronic active EBV infection, and two with EBV-associated cutaneous lymphoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  RNA was extracted from the crusts obtained from the cutaneous lesions by forceps, converted to cDNA, and processed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with a specific set of primers. The PCR products were assayed by a DNA sequencer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intact RNAs were successfully extracted from the crusts as well as control materials. EBER1 and BARTs RNAs were detected in all 7 crusts, and in 6 of 7 crusts of EBV-associated cutaneous diseases, respectively. One of 23 crusts from non EBV-associated diseases was positive for EBER1 RNA. The sensitivity and specificity of our assay for latent EBV infection were 100% and 95.8% for EBER1 RNA, and 85.7% and 100% for BARTs mRNA, respectively. The correct DNA sequence for EBER1 and BARTs was confirmed in the PCR products by a direct sequencing method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our procedure may be of use as a biomarker for EBV-associated cutaneous lesions, including HV, HMB, and NK/T-cell lymphomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Okayama University School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan. go-yama@md.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takenobu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Kazuhide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morizane
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwatsuki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006837:Hydroa Vacciniforme / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017735:Virus Latency
chemical_list: C099537:Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNA 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral