title: Selective inhibition of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha dephosphorylation potentiates fatty acid-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and causes pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and apoptosis.
abstract: Free fatty acids cause pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis and may contribute to beta-cell loss in type 2 diabetes via the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Reductions in eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 2alpha phosphorylation trigger beta-cell failure and diabetes. Salubrinal selectively inhibits eIF2alpha dephosphorylation, protects other cells against endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis, and has been proposed as a beta-cell protector. Unexpectedly, salubrinal induced apoptosis in primary beta-cells, and it potentiated the deleterious effects of oleate and palmitate. Salubrinal induced a marked eIF2alpha phosphorylation and potentiated the inhibitory effects of free fatty acids on protein synthesis and insulin release. The synergistic activation of the PERK-eIF2alpha branch of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, but not of the IRE1 and activating transcription factor-6 pathways, led to a marked induction of activating transcription factor-4 and the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP. Our findings demonstrate that excessive eIF2alpha phosphorylation is poorly tolerated by beta-cells and exacerbates free fatty acid-induced apoptosis. This modifies the present paradigm regarding the beneficial role of eIF2alpha phosphorylation in beta-cells and must be taken into consideration when designing therapies to protect beta-cells in type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium. mcnop@ulb.ac.be
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cnop
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ladriere
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hekerman
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ortis
authors.forename: Alessandra K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Cardozo
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dogusan
authors.forename: Daisy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Flamez
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boyce
authors.forename: Junying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Decio L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Eizirik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000502:physiology*; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013890:Thiourea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002934:Cinnamates; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; C496827:salubrinal; D013890:Thiourea