title: Predicting change in parenting stress across early childhood: child and maternal factors.
abstract: This study examined maternal parenting stress in a sample of 430 boys and girls including those at risk for externalizing behavior problems. Children and their mothers were assessed when the children were ages 2, 4, and 5. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to examine stability of parenting stress across early childhood and to examine child and maternal factors predicting parenting stress at age 2 and changes in parenting stress across time. Results indicated that single parenthood, maternal psychopathology, child anger proneness, and child emotion dysregulation predicted 2-year parenting stress. Child externalizing behaviors predicted initial status and changes across time in parenting stress. Stability of parenting stress was dependent upon child externalizing problems, as well as interactions between child externalizing problems and gender, and child externalizing problems and emotion regulation. Results are discussed in the context of mechanisms by which parenting stress may influence the development of child externalizing behaviors.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 296 Eberhart Building, Greensboro, NC 27402-6164, USA. apwillif@uncg.edu
authors.forename: Amanda P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Williford
authors.forename: Susan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Calkins
authors.forename: Susan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Keane
mesh_terms: D000786:Anger; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D015406:Single Parent / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D013694:Temperament