title: Computer aided boar semen motility analysis for cereulide detection in different food matrices.
abstract: Computer Aided Semen Analysis (CASA) study of the boar semen motility has been demonstrated to be an appropriate assay for detection of cereulide (Bacillus cereus emetic toxin). Application of the boar semen bio-assay to detect cereulide directly in foods requires investigation of potential interference of food components, preservatives and other microbial and chemical food contaminants with the bio-assay. Current study provides evidence that none of included Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins A, B, C and D nor B. cereus Hemolysin BL (HBL) and non-hemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) and three mycotoxins (Sterigmatocystin, Fumonisin B1 and Patulin) exhibited a toxic impact on semen progressive motility. Aflatoxin M1, M3 and zearalenone impaired semen motility only at concentrations (0.004 mg ml(-1), 0.1 mg ml(-1) and 10 mg ml(-1), respectively) much higher than those found in foods and those permitted by legislation, in comparison to cereulide which induces motility cease at concentrations lower than 20 ng ml(-1). Ten commonly used preservatives, namely potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, (DL) malic acid, citric acid, (L+) tartaric acid, acetic acid, (DL) lactic acid, (L+) ascorbic acid, sodium chloride and sucrose induced no cease in spermatozoa motility even at preservative concentrations higher than permitted by legislation. Dioxins, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and acrylamide had no acute effect on spermatozoa motility at concentrations of 500 and 10,000 mg ml(-1), respectively. Robustness of computer aided boar semen motility analysis, tested with 14 different foods inoculated with cereulide producing B. cereus, showed distinct cereulide production in seven samples (although B. cereus growth to counts higher than 8 log CFU g(-1) was noted in 11 samples), in amounts close to those reported in foodborne outbreaks. Test evaluation in 33 samples suspected to hold cereulide showed actual cereulide presence in ten samples and no interference of food matrix with the assay.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Andreja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rajkovic
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uyttendaele
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Debevere
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000378:metabolism*; D001681:Biological Assay; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D047630:Depsipeptides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005520:Food Preservatives / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D047630:Depsipeptides; D004768:Enterotoxins; D005520:Food Preservatives; C089294:cereulide