title: Impact of robotics and laparoscopy on surgical skills: A comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study objectively surveyed and compared the ability of participants to perform laparoscopic and robotic tasks, and attempted to determine the key advantages of each modality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A task-based training course was developed that included laparoscopic and robotic task modules. Twenty-two participants (6 faculty members, 6 fellows, and 10 residents) completed a pretask and posttask questionnaire concerning 3 tasks, using both laparoscopy trainer and the daVinci robotic system (Intuitive Surgical, Inc). All tasks were timed and values were recorded. The surveys were completed by each participant to assess both pre- and posttask experiences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the pretask survey, 55% of subjects reported participating in more than 20 laparoscopic cases, and only 27% had ever worked at a robotic console. The median number of beads threaded in 5 minutes was similar for the 2 methods, but the median time to complete 5 beads was 98 seconds for the laparoscope compared with 160 seconds using the robot (p = 0.001). The median number of loops completed in 5 minutes was greater (p < 0.001) using the robot (7.5 versus 2). Only 9% of subjects completed 9 loops in 5 minutes using the laparoscope; 50% did so using the robot (p < 0.05). The percentage of subjects completing 3 knots in 5 minutes was similar when using the laparoscope (45%) and robot (68%). Familiarity and tactile feedback were the primary advantages with laparoscopy, and EndoWrist (Intuitive Surgical, Inc) and stereoscopic visualization were perceived as advantages of the robot.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As with any new technology, skills must be mastered to use robotic technology for the most benefit. The EndoWrist action and stereoscopic visualization were the most valued advantages of the robot. Most fellows and residents would seek additional training in robotics if given the opportunity.
authors.affiliation: Roswell Park Center for Robotic Surgery, Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Khurshid A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Guru
authors.forename: Boris W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Kuvshinoff
authors.forename: Sasha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pavlov-Shapiro
authors.forename: Marlene B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Bienko
authors.forename: Mehr N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Aftab
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mohler
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000592:standards*; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires