title: Diphenyleneiodonium and dimethylsulfoxide for treatment of reperfusion injury in cerebral ischemia of the rat.
abstract: Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) is an inhibitor of the free radical producing NAD(P)H-oxidase. We tested whether DPI shows neuroprotective properties after focal cerebral ischemia and we used dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a nonspecific free radical scavenger, as a solvent. In male Wistar rats middle cerebral artery occlusion (1.5 h) and subsequent reperfusion (48 h) (MCAO/R) was induced with the filament model. Immediately after reperfusion the animals received either 0.25 ml normal saline, DMSO, or a combination of DMSO and DPI; each group consisted of 10 animals. MRI was performed at different times after reperfusion. Gelatine zymography of brain tissue for MMP-2 and MMP-9 was performed. The infarct sizes and BBB damage showed a significant difference between controls and the DPI/DMSO group for almost all points in time in all sequences. The activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was significantly reduced by DPI/DMSO but not by DMSO alone. DMSO treatment alone resulted in a protective effect with reduced lesion sizes measured by MRI at selected points of time, consistent with its known free radical scavenger effect. The combination of DMSO with DPI partly augmented this effect, presumably due to the additional inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by DPI. Moreover, the neurological outcome in both therapeutic groups was improved compared to controls with a significant difference between the therapeutic groups in favour of DPI and DMSO. The combination of DPI and DMSO reduced the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, attenuated the postischemic blood-brain barrier damage and improved neurological outcome. This was most likely due to reduced oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology University of Heidelberg, Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany. simon_nagel@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagel
authors.forename: Just
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Genius
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heiland
authors.forename: Solveig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horstmann
authors.forename: Humphrey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009861:Onium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D009861:Onium Compounds; C007517:diphenyleneiodonium; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide