title: Heme iron from diet as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in women with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes-related metabolic abnormality may aggravate the adverse effects of iron overload on cardiovascular health. However, little is known about whether iron consumption affects coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively assessed the associations of long-term intakes of dietary iron and red meat with CHD risk among 6,161 women who reported a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 54,455 person-years of follow-up from 1980 through 2000, we documented 550 incident cases of CHD. After adjustment for age and BMI, high intakes of both heme iron and red meat were associated with a significantly increased risk of fatal CHD (P for trend = 0.003 and 0.018), coronary revascularization (P for trend = 0.02 and 0.06), and total CHD (P for trend = 0.0009 and 0.007). Women with the highest intake of heme iron had 50% (6-94%) increased risk of total CHD compared with those with the lowest intake. Further adjustment for other lifestyle and dietary factors did not appreciably change the associations. The positive association between heme iron and red meat intakes and CHD was more evident among postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that higher consumption of heme iron and red meat may increase CHD risk among women with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115,USA. nhlqi@channing.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Rob M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rexrode
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006418:Heme / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood*; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006418:Heme; D007501:Iron