title: Scanning for the scanner: FMRI of audition by read-out omissions from echo-planar imaging.
abstract: Echo-planar imaging (EPI) generates considerable acoustic noise by rapidly oscillating gradients. In functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), unshielded EPI sounds activate the auditory system inasmuch as it is responsive. Instead of attenuating EPI noise, our goal was to utilize it for auditory FMRI by omitting read-outs from the pulse sequence's gradient train. Read-out gradient pulses are the primary noise determinant of EPI introducing its peak sound level and fundamental frequency peak which inversely relates to twice the echo spacing. Using model-driven analyses, we demonstrate that withholding read-outs from EPI is suited to reliably evoke hemodynamic blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal modulations bilaterally in the auditory cortex of normal hearing subjects (n=60). To investigate the utility of EPI read-out omissions for auditory FMRI at an individual subject's level, we compare traditional Family-Wise-Error-Rate (FWER)-corrected maximum height thresholding to spatial mixture modeling (SMM). With the latter, appropriate bilateral auditory activations were confirmed in 95% of the individuals, whereas FWER-based voxel thresholding detected such activations in up to 72%. We illustrate the applicability of this novel EPI modification for clinical diagnostic purposes and report on a patient with bilateral large vestibular aqueducts (LVAs) and severe binaural sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). In this particular case, read-out omissions from EPI were used to assert residual audition prior to cochlear implantation (CI). Requiring no specific task compliance or sophisticated stimulation equipment other than the scanner on its own, FMRI by read-out omissions lends itself to auditory investigations and to quickly probe audition.
authors.affiliation: University of Würzburg, Department of Neuroradiology, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Wuerzburg, Federal Republic of Germany. bartsch@neuroradiologie.uni-wuerzburg.de <bartsch@neuroradiologie.uni-wuerzburg.de>
authors.forename: Andreas J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.forename: György
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Homola
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thesen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sahmer
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Keim
authors.forename: Christian F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Beckmann
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biller
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knaus
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bendszus
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D019929:Cochlear Implantation; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology*; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D015837:Vestibular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen