title: A comparison of craving and emotional states between pathological gamblers and alcoholics.
abstract: Fifty pathological gamblers and 42 alcohol dependent subjects were compared regarding craving, emotional states and social functioning. Subjects self-rated their cravings using the Weiss Craving Scale (WCS) and the Pennsylvania Craving Scale (PCS). Subjects answered a semi-structured interview, the Positive and Negative Affect Scale Extended Form (PANAS-X), and the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS-SR). Gamblers had higher scores on craving measures. Regression models showed that craving for gambling and alcohol have a significant correlation with emotional states. Craving for gambling was inversely correlated with positive affect and craving for alcohol was directly correlated with negative affect. Gambling craving was more dependent upon external factors and related to an unpleasant dearousing state, while alcohol craving was associated with an unpleasant arousing state. These findings point to the key role of emotional deregulation on gambling and alcohol cravings following early abstinence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Gambling Outpatient Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. vpecanha@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: de Castro
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: Hermano
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tavares
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires