title: Fear conditioning and extinction: influence of sex and menstrual cycle in healthy humans.
abstract: Although sex differences have been demonstrated in behavioral paradigms of fear conditioning, the findings have been inconsistent, and fear extinction has been little studied. The present study investigated the influence of sex and menstrual cycle phase on the recall of fear extinction. Three groups of healthy adult participants were studied: women at 2 different phases of the menstrual cycle (early follicular [early cycle] and late follicular [midcycle]) and men. Participants underwent a 2-day fear conditioning and extinction protocol. The paradigm entailed habituation, fear conditioning, and extinction learning on Day 1 and extinction recall and fear renewal on Day 2. Skin conductance served as the dependent variable. During fear acquisition on Day 1, men showed significantly larger conditioned responses relative to women; early cycle and midcycle women did not differ. No significant group differences were found during extinction learning. On Day 2, men and early cycle women expressed greater extinction memory than midcycle women. These data confirm sex differences in conditioned fear acquisition and suggest that midcycle hormones attenuate extinction recall.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammed R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Milad
authors.forename: Jill M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Scott P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wedig
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klibanski
authors.forename: Roger K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Pitman
authors.forename: Scott L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rauch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D011601:Psychophysics / Q000379:methods; D012727:Sex Characteristics