Assessing diet quality in a population of low-income pregnant women: a comparison between Native Americans and whites.
OBJECTIVE
To assess diet quality of pregnant women in the WIC program in North Dakota and to compare Native Americans with whites, we used a DQI-P (diet quality index for pregnancy) among low-income pregnant women enrolled in WIC, a special supplemental program for women, infants, and children.


METHODS
Dietary information was collected for all participants using the Harvard Service Food Frequency Questionnaire (HSFFQ). DQI-P scores were based on 10 components previously used in other diet quality indices: percent recommended intake of grains, vegetables, fruits, folate, calcium, and iron; total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol; and dietary diversity. Each component contributed 10 points to the total possible DQI-P score of 100.


RESULTS
The mean DQI-P score was 53.9. Native Americans (51.8) had significantly lower DQI-P scores (51.8 vs. 54.2; p<0.0001); significantly higher scores for iron and folate; and significantly lower scores for cholesterol, total fat intake, and saturated fat components than did whites. As DQI-P scores increased, diet improved and scores for individual components increased.


CONCLUSIONS
While there were significant differences between the diet quality of Native American and white pregnant women, the differences were minimal. The DQI-P scores for all women in this population indicate that their diets are not meeting dietary recommendations. Interventions should focus on decreasing fat intake and increasing iron and folate intake to meet national dietary recommendations. More emphasis should be placed on eating whole fruit and vegetables.
Watts
Vanessa
V
Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. vwatts@hsph.harvard.edu
Rockett
Helaine
H
Baer
Heather
H
Leppert
Jill
J
Colditz
Graham
G
D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D009658:North Dakota; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables; D044465:White People