title: Introduction, transmission and aggravation of malaria in desert ecosystem of Rajasthan, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Malaria is an important public health problem in northwestern desert part of Rajasthan. Since desert malaria is seasonal or unstable, there is a need to study its epidemiology in the totality to address factors like how malaria is introduced into desert every year and what are desert-specific transmission risk factors leading to epidemics?
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six villages in irrigated, semi-irrigated and non-irrigated settings of the desert have been selected. Periodic investigations were undertaken in all the seasons from 2001 through 2002 to determine causes of introduction of disease, the factors involved in its transmission and the epidemic risk factors. Standard methods/procedures for mosquito collection, preservation and identification and for parasitological studies were employed. Rainfall data were analysed and correlated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Importation of malaria infection through individuals was the major cause of introduction of disease in all the 12 villages showing some initial load of infection. Areas having higher population of cattle in relation to humans (human to cattle ratio of 1:25) had less transmission of disease (ratio of primary to secondary cases 1:3) as compared to relatively less cattle (human to cattle ratio 1:3) resulting into high transmission of disease with 1:47 ratio of primary to secondary cases. Introduced through migration, prospective transmission of malaria was observed as a resultant interaction of density of three components namely malaria cases, vector density and cattle to human ratio. Rainfall more than average when coupled with more cases of imported malaria leads to the eruption of malaria epidemics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Importation of malaria cases was the major cause of seasonal introduction of malaria in the desert. This initial or primary parasitic load available in a village leads to a particular transmission quantum depending upon the density of vectors, human and cattle population at a particular time. Areas with more imported cases when coupled with profuse vector population lead to epidemic malaria situations in the desert.
authors.affiliation: Desert Medicine Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. vinodjoshi@dmrcjodhpur.org
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adha
authors.forename: Himmat
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Manju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singhi
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Dam
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology; D002417:Cattle / Q000469:parasitology; D003889:Desert Climate; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D011156:Population Density; D011891:Rain; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons