title: The beta-defensin gallinacin-6 is expressed in the chicken digestive tract and has antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens.
abstract: Food-borne pathogens are responsible for most cases of food poisoning in developed countries and are often associated with poultry products, including chicken. Little is known about the role of beta-defensins in the chicken digestive tract and their efficacy. In this study, the expression of chicken beta-defensin gallinacin-6 (Gal-6) and its antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens were investigated. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed high expression of Gal-6 mRNA in the esophagus and crop, moderate expression in the glandular stomach, and low expression throughout the intestinal tract. Putative transcription factor binding sites for nuclear factor kappa beta, activator protein 1, and nuclear factor interleukin-6 were found in the Gal-6 gene upstream region, which suggests a possible inducible nature of the Gal-6 gene. In colony-counting assays, strong bactericidal and fungicidal activity was observed, including bactericidal activity against food-borne pathogens Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Clostridium perfringens, and Escherichia coli. Treatment with 16 mug/ml synthetic Gal-6 resulted in a 3 log unit reduction in Clostridium perfringens survival within 60 min, indicating fast killing kinetics. Transmission electron microscopy examination of synthetic-Gal-6-treated Clostridium perfringens cells showed dose-dependent changes in morphology after 30 min, including intracellular granulation, cytoplasm retraction, irregular septum formation in dividing cells, and cell lysis. The high expression in the proximal digestive tract and broad antimicrobial activity suggest that chicken beta-defensin gallinacin-6 plays an important role in chicken innate host defense.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.175, 3508 TM Utrecht, The Netherlands. H.P.Haagsman@vet.uu.nl.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: Edwin J A
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Veldhuizen
authors.forename: Stefanie I C
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Kalkhove
authors.forename: Johanna L M
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tjeerdsma-van Bokhoven
authors.forename: Roland A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Romijn
authors.forename: Henk P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Haagsman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004064:Digestive System / Q000378:metabolism*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D007700:Kinetics; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010455:Peptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D015003:Yeasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D023083:beta-Defensins