title: Auditory midbrain implant: a combined approach for vestibular schwannoma surgery and device implantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The lateral suboccipital approach is a well-established route for safe removal of vestibular schwannomas in neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) patients. The goal of this study was to assess if this approach can be extended to a lateral supracerebellar infratentorial approach to enable insertion of an auditory midbrain implant (AMI) penetrating array along the tonotopic gradient of the inferior colliculus central nucleus (ICC).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The AMI is a new auditory prosthesis designed for penetrating stimulation of the ICC in patients with neural deafness. The initial candidates are NF2 patients who, because of the growth and/or surgical removal of bilateral acoustic neuromas, develop neural deafness and are unable to benefit from cochlear implants. The ideal surgical approach in NF2 patients must first enable safe removal of vestibular schwannomas and then provide sufficient exposure of the midbrain for AMI implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was performed on formalin-fixed and fresh cadaver specimens. Computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging were used to study the heads of the specimens and for surgical navigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lateral suboccipital craniotomy enabled sufficient exposure of the cerebellopontine angle and internal auditory canal for tumor removal. It could then be extended to a lateral supracerebellar infratentorial approach that provided good exposure of the dorsolateral aspect of the tentorial hiatus and mesencephalon for implantation of the AMI along the tonotopic gradient of the ICC. This approach did not endanger the trochlear nerve or any major midline venous structures in the quadrigeminal cistern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This modified lateral suboccipital approach ensures safe removal of large vestibular schwannomas and provides sufficient exposure of the inferior colliculus for ideal AMI implantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, International Neuroscience Institute, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samii
authors.forename: Minoo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lenarz
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Majdani
authors.forename: Hubert H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Madjid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samii
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lenarz
mesh_terms: D038262:Auditory Brain Stem Implants; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods; D003638:Deafness / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D016518:Neurofibromatosis 2 / Q000150:complications; D009464:Neuroma, Acoustic / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D013506:Otologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation