title: Optimization of wheat co-transformation procedure with gene cassettes resulted in an improvement in transformation frequency.
abstract: Genetic manipulation using gene cassettes was applied to the elite wheat variety EM12 via particle bombardment, which allows an improvement in transformation frequency. We simultaneously transferred to wheat immature embryos with two non-linked genes, gus and bar, on either separate gene cassettes or one plasmid. The linear gene cassettes were excised and purified by restriction digestion of the plasmid, and consisted of promoters, open reading frames and terminators. No difference was observed in GUS transient expression of between gene cassettes and single whole plasmid. However, the stable transformation frequency was significantly increased to 1.1% using gene cassettes, compared with 0.4% when using single plasmid. Procedures of the efficient co-transformation with gene cassettes were developed. Factors influencing on the transformation frequency were also studied in order to optimize the procedure. These were acceleration pressure, target distance, gold particle size, the quantity ratio of gene cassettes and the age of target explants. Based on the transient and stable expression of the gus gene cassettes, optimization of transformation parameters improved the reproducibility of transformation in the elite wheat variety.
authors.affiliation: China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cong
authors.forename: Guangyuan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Junli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Kexiu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Guangxiao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D017343:Genes, Plant; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional / Q000379:methods; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D019076:Transgenes; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism