title: Hemodynamic and neurohormonal predictors and consequences of the development of atrial fibrillation in dogs with chronic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart failure increases the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), which frequently results in heart failure progression. This prospective study examined the contribution of hemodynamic and neurohormonal activation to the spontaneous occurrence of AF in heart failure, and assessed the effects of AF on left ventricular (LV) function and neurohormonal activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart failure (LV ejection fraction [LVEF] 25%-30%) was induced in 27 dogs via sequential coronary microembolizations. Hemodynamic and neurohormonal measurements were performed at 1 month (prior to development of AF) and 4 months post-embolization. During the time between measurements, 10 dogs developed spontaneous AF. Plasma norepinephrine concentration (PNE) at 1 month was higher in animals that subsequently developed AF (576 + 101 vs. 425 + 197 pg/mL, P = .03). There were no significant differences between the groups in 1-month LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), cardiac output, end-diastolic volume (EDV), LVEF, or plasma renin activity (PRA). At 4 months, cardiac output was lower (2.1 + .4 vs. 2.6 + .6 L/h, P = .02) and PNE was higher (1036 + 857 vs. 508 + 288 pg/mL, P = .03) in dogs with AF versus those in sinus rhythm. There were no significant differences between groups in 4-month LVEDP, PAWP, EDV, LVEF, or PRA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spontaneous AF in heart failure was preceded by a significant increase in PNE. In animals that developed AF, there was a further decline in cardiac output and increase in PNE.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tisdale
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borzak
authors.forename: Hani N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Sabbah
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimoyama
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004285:Dogs; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D011669:Pulmonary Wedge Pressure; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D012083:Renin; D009638:Norepinephrine