title: The validity of manual examination in assessing patients with neck pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although manual therapists believe that they can diagnose symptomatic joints in the neck by manual examination, that conviction is based on only one study. That study claimed that manual examination of the neck had 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for diagnosing painful zygapophyseal joints. However, the study indicated that its results should be reproduced before they could be generalized.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was undertaken to answer the call for replication studies. The objective was to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio of manual examination for the diagnosis of cervical zygapophyseal joint pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in a private practice located in a rural town. The practice specialized in musculoskeletal pain problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample was 173 patients with neck pain in whom cervical zygapophyseal joint pain was suspected on clinical examination, and who were willing to undergo controlled diagnostic blocks of the suspected joint or joints.
  
  
  METHODS
  The validity of manual diagnosis was determined by calculating its sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratio.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who exhibited the putatively diagnostic physical signs of cervical zygapophyseal joint pain were referred to a radiologist who performed controlled, diagnostic blocks of the suspected joint, and other joints if indicated. The results of the blocks constituted the criterion standard, against which the clinical diagnosis was compared, by creating contingency tables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Manual examination had a high sensitivity for cervical zygapophyseal joint pain, at the segmental levels commonly symptomatic, but its specificity was poor. Likelihood ratios barely greater than 1.0 indicated that manual examination lacked validity. Although the results obtained were less favorable than those of the previous study, paradoxically they were statistically not different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study found manual examination of the cervical spine to lack validity for the diagnosis of cervical zygapophyseal joint pain. It refutes the conclusion of the one previous study. The paradoxical lack of statistical difference between the two studies is accounted for by the small sample size of the previous study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research, Royal Newcastle Hospital, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle NSW 2300, Australia.
authors.forename: Wade
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.forename: Nikolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bogduk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008349:Manipulation, Orthopedic; D020393:Manipulation, Spinal; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009407:Nerve Block; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local