title: Galantamine reduces smoking in alcohol-dependent patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The high morbidity and mortality caused by smoking highlights the importance of investigating new strategies for smoking cessation or reduction. Galantamine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that increases the effect of acetylcholine (ACh). The nicotinic ACh receptor is activated via positive allosteric modulation (APL).
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated whether galantamine reduces smoking by performing a 24-week randomized, placebo-controlled, multicentric clinical trial in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients. We included all study subjects irrespective of an intention or motivation to abstain from nicotine. Specific treatment for cessation or reduction of smoking was not provided. Smoking behavior was assessed by means of patients' diaries. The nicotine metabolite cotinine was measured to verify the number of smoked cigarettes as documented in the patient's diary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  114 randomized smokers received galantamine (n = 56) or placebo (n = 58) for 12 weeks. Follow-up examinations were terminated after an additional 12 weeks without treatment. Smoking behavior did not differ between both groups at baseline. After treatment, the intention-to-treat analysis revealed significant differences with a 20% lower cumulative number of smoked cigarettes and a 15% lower number of smoking days in the galantamine group compared to placebo. The average number of smoked cigarettes per smoking day as well as the cotinine values decreased about 10%. Cotinine values showed a positive correlation with the number of documented cigarettes, validating the patients' diaries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our tentative data indicate that galantamine reduces smoking behavior even without any additional specific intervention. We suggest introducing the term "substitution therapy" into the treatment of smoking. This result could open up a new treatment approach for groups of patients which usually have a low motivation for change.
authors.affiliation: Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. alexander.diehl@zi-mannheim.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diehl
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakovics
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Croissant
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Smolka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005702:Galantamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000378:metabolism; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012737:Sex Factors; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013997:Time Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D005702:Galantamine; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine