title: Association between alcohol and mortality in patients with severe traumatic head injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Admission blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is associated with in-hospital death in patients with severe brain injury from blunt head trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic level I trauma center in Toronto, Ontario.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using trauma registry data, between January 1, 1988, and December 31, 2003, we identified 1158 consecutive patients with severe brain injury from blunt head trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  There was no active intervention. The primary exposure of interest was the BAC at admission, stratified into the following 3 levels: 0, no BAC; 0 to less than 230 mg/dL, low to moderate BAC; and 230 mg/dL or greater, high BAC.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-hospital death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with severe brain injury, low to moderate BAC was associated with lower mortality than was no BAC (27.9% vs 36.3%; P = .008). High BAC was associated with higher mortality than was no BAC (44.7% vs 36.3%), although this was not statistically significant (P = .10). These associations were all statistically significant after adjusting for demographic data and injury factors using logistic regression analysis. The odds ratio for death was 0.76 (95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.98) for low to moderate BAC compared with no BAC. The odds ratio for death was 1.73 (95% confidence interval, 1.05-2.84) for high BAC compared with no BAC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low to moderate BAC may be beneficial in patients with severe brain injury from blunt head trauma. In contrast, high BAC seems to have a deleterious effect on in-hospital death in these patients, which may be related to its detrimental hemodynamic and physiologic effects. Alcohol-based fluids may have a role in the management of patients with severe brain injury after they have been well resuscitated.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Program, and Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. homer.tien@sw.ca
authors.forename: Homer C N
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Tien
authors.forename: Lorraine N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: Sandro B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Rizoli
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gelberg
authors.forename: Talat
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chughtai
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tikuisis
authors.forename: Pang
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shek
authors.forename: Frederick D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Brenneman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol