title: Alpha-vitamin E derivative, RRR-alpha-tocopheryloxybutyric acid inhibits the proliferation of prostate cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the activity of RRR-alpha-tocopheryloxybutyric acid (TOB), an ether analog of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate (VES), in prostate cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  VES and TOB were used to treat prostate cancer LNCaP, PC3, and 22Rv1 cells and primary-cultured prostate fibroblasts. The proliferation rates were determined by MTT assay, the cell viabilities were determined by trypan blue exclusion assay, and the cell deaths were evaluated by using Cell Death Detection ELISA kit. The protein expression levels were determined by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MTT growth assay demonstrated that TOB could effectively suppress the proliferation of prostate cancer cells, but not normal prostate fibroblasts. Mechanism dissections revealed that TOB reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells similar to VES. In addition, both TOB and VES suppressed prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at the transcriptional level leading to reduced PSA protein expression. Furthermore, vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression increased after the addition of TOB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggests that the VES derivative, TOB, is effective in inhibiting prostate cancer cell proliferation, suggesting that TOB could be used for both chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic purposes in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Chiu-Chun
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Nadine S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Sherry R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Chemler
authors.forename: Shuyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yeh
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000166:cytology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C519038:RRR-alpha-tocopheryloxybutyrate; D014810:Vitamin E