title: Gender differences across race/ethnicity in use of health care among Medicare-aged Americans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite Medicare, medical services are not equally used by elderly women and men in the United States. Our purpose is to examine gender differences in healthcare utilization among older Americans, the persistence of gender differences across race/ethnicity, and the roles of sociodemographic, health, and economic factors to explain differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the 1998-2000 Health and Retirement Study are used to investigate gender differences in use of hospital, outpatient surgery, home health, and physician services. Analyses are controlled for sociodemographic, health (medical conditions, functional health), and economic (income, wealth, education, health insurance) factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women are significantly less likely to use hospital service (odds ratio [OR]=0.83) and outpatient surgery (OR=0.85) but are more likely to use home health care (OR=1.27) and physician services (OR=1.45), controlling for sociodemographics. Differences in health needs and economic resources partially mediate the gender differences in physician and home healthcare utilization but do not explain the gender differences in hospital service and outpatient surgery. Notably, African American, Hispanic, and white women compared with men show significantly less use of hospital services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender differences in medical use vary according to the type of services used and are largely consistent across racial/ethnic groups. As the size of the Medicare population increases, promoting equitable use of healthcare resources by both women and men is an important issue in developing healthcare policy and designing public health strategies.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. j-song1@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Rowland W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Larry M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Manheim
authors.forename: Dorothy D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Dunlop
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006299:Health Services for the Aged / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006304:Health Status; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*