title: Severe acute respiratory syndrome in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a febrile, respiratory tract illness caused by infection with the newly identified SARS-associated coronavirus. A notable feature of the 2003 global SARS outbreak was the relative paucity of cases reported among children. We reviewed the epidemiologic and clinical features of SARS in children and discuss implications of these findings for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of SARS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a literature search to identify reports of pediatric (younger than 18 years of age) patients meeting the World Health Organization case definitions for SARS and abstracted relevant clinical and epidemiologic information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 6 case series reporting 135 pediatric SARS patients (80 laboratory-confirmed, 27 probable and 28 suspect) from Canada, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore. Among laboratory-confirmed and probable SARS cases, the most common symptoms included fever (98%), cough (60%) and nausea or vomiting (41%); 97% had radiographic abnormalities. The clinical presentation of SARS in patients older than 12 years of age was similar to that in adults. However, patients 12 years of age or younger had milder disease and were less likely than older children to be admitted to an intensive care unit, receive supplemental oxygen or be treated with methylprednisolone. No deaths were reported among children or adolescents with SARS, and at 6 months after illness only mild residual changes were reported in exercise tolerance and pulmonary function. There is only 1 published report of transmission of SARS virus from a pediatric patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children and adolescents are susceptible to SARS-associated coronavirus infection, although the clinical course and outcome are more favorable in children younger than 12 years of age compared with adolescents and adults. Transmission of SARS from pediatric patients appears to be uncommon but is possible.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. lstockman@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Lauren J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Stockman
authors.forename: Mehran S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Massoudi
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Helfand
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Erdman
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Siwek
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Umesh D
authors.initials: UD
authors.lastname: Parashar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D045473:Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D045169:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology