title: Particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from non-catalysed, in-use four-stroke scooters.
abstract: The emissions of particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated in the exhaust of four (two EURO-0 and two EURO-1) four-stroke engine, in-use scooters with displacement of 150 cc, which were not equipped with catalytic converters. Non-catalysed motorcycles still represent a large proportion of circulating two-wheelers in Italy and, possibly, also in other countries. Tests were performed on a dynamometer bench, using the ECE-40 test cycle procedure. Particulate matter into the exhaust emissions was collected both during the "hot" phase of the ECE-40 driving cycle and including the first two elementary cycles of engine warming-up heating (whole cycle). Fourteen PAHs were quantified and total PAH emission factors (Sigma PAH) ranged from 7 to 169 microg km(-1). Expressed in benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BaP(eq)), emission factors ranged from 0.6 to 18 microg km(-1). Results from the tested scooters show that despite their small engine size, non-catalysed motorcycles can emit amounts of particulate PAHs that can be comparable or even higher than emissions reported elsewhere from gasoline- and diesel-powered passenger cars and light- and heavy-duty vehicles. In countries where a large number of non-catalysed motorcycles are circulating, PAH emissions in urban areas from this class of vehicles might be of the same order of magnitude of emissions from diesel passenger cars.
authors.affiliation: ENEA, CR Frascati, Sezione Metodi di Analisi e Prevenzione del Rischio Antropico, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy. spezzano@frascati.enea.it
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spezzano
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Picini
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cataldi
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Messale
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manni
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Santino
mesh_terms: D002384:Catalysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011083:Polycyclic Compounds; D001335:Vehicle Emissions