title: Improved preoperative planning for directed parathyroidectomy with 4-dimensional computed tomography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) provides both functional and highly detailed anatomic information about parathyroid tumors. The purpose of this study was to compare 4D-CT with sestamibi imaging and ultrasonography as methods for the accurate preoperative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands before parathyroidectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study of 75 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism was performed at a tertiary-care institution. Sestamibi imaging, ultrasonography, and 4D-CT were performed on each patient preoperatively. Results of the imaging studies were compared with operative findings, pathologic data, and biochemical measurements to assess the sensitivity and specificity of each of the imaging modalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  4D-CT demonstrated improved sensitivity (88%) over sestamibi imaging (65%) and ultrasonography (57%), when the imaging studies were used to localize (lateralize) hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands to 1 side of the neck. Moreover, when used to localize parathyroid tumors to the correct quadrant of the neck (ie, right inferior, right superior, left inferior, or left superior), the sensitivity of 4D-CT (70%) was significantly higher than sestamibi imaging (33%) and ultrasonography (29%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  4D-CT provides significantly greater sensitivity than sestamibi imaging and ultrasonography for precise (quadrant) localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands. This allows improved preoperative planning, particularly for the case of reoperation. In addition to the data that are provided, we present a novel classification scheme for use in parathyroid localization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Leena M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hamberg
authors.forename: Dawid
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schellingerhout
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Ayers
authors.forename: Suzanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Beth S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Edeiken
authors.forename: Mylene T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Truong
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Nancy D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Perrier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006961:Hyperparathyroidism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010280:Parathyroid Glands / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D010282:Parathyroid Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D016105:Parathyroidectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi