title: Outcome after surgical repair of congenital cardiac malformations at school age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the long-term physical, educational, behavioural, and emotional outcome of patients undergoing surgical correction of congenital cardiac disease at school age, and to investigate the relation, if any, between the outcome and comorbidity, age and sex, and level of complexity of the cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was obtained concerning 101 patients who underwent open-heart surgery for correction of congenital cardiac malformations between 1992 and 2000 whilst aged from 6 to 16 years. The patients, and their parents, completed the questionnaire "Outcome of congenital heart disease and surgery", the RAND 36-Item Health Survey, and the Child Behaviour Checklist/Youth Self-Report/Young Adult Self-Report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the patients, 26% had comorbidity. Of those without comorbidity, 39% had frequent physical complaints, and 28% experienced limitations due to the cardiac disease. Nevertheless, the patients reported a good subjective state of health, and did not report any behavioural or emotional problems. Patients did show academic difficulties. They had received special education more frequently than their healthy peers, and many had needed to repeat a grade, or had received remedial teaching. Consequently, the educational level of patients was lower than that of their healthy peers. Patients with comorbidity, female patients, and patients who underwent complex surgery, seemed to be most at risk for physical, behavioural, and emotional problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is necessary to distinguish between physical state and its appraisal, and clinicians should be aware of this. Further research is needed to find out the cause and nature of the academic difficulties. Groups of patients at risk should be followed closely to enable early interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. R.vanderRijken@cukz.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Rachel E A
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: van der Rijken
authors.forename: Ben A M
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Maassen
authors.forename: Twiggy L M
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Walk
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Daniëls
authors.forename: Gerdine M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hulstijn-Dirkmaat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome