title: Phase II study of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation followed by external-beam radiotherapy with 9 months of androgen deprivation for intermediate- to high-risk localized prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of individualized neoadjuvant androgen deprivation (AD) to maximal response followed by external beam radiotherapy (RT) with continued AD for a total of 9 months in a prospective phase II trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-three patients received a total of 9 months of flutamide and luprolide combined with RT. RT initiation was individualized to begin after maximum response to AD as assessed by monthly digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The neoadjuvant phase was restricted to no more than 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median time to initiation of RT was 4.7 months. Indications to begin RT (and their rates) were undetectable PSA (28%), PSA unchanged from one month to the next (46%), PSA rising from one month to the next (10%), 6 months of AD (14%), and other (2%). Five-year outcomes were biochemical disease-free survival, (DFS) 63% +/- 7%; clinical DFS, 75% +/- 5%; cancer-specific survival, 99% +/- 1%; and overall survival, 89% +/- 3%. Patients initiating RT after 6 months of AD had significantly lower biochemical and clinical DFS. Those patients whose testosterone recovered to normal after completion of AD had a significantly superior survival rate. Of those patients potent before treatment, 65% remained so at last follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of 9 months of AD and RT, with initiation of RT individualized on the basis of maximum response to AD, achieves disease control rates comparable with past studies, while preserving potency in many patients. Further studies are warranted to determine the optimal combination of AD and RT in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jonas J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Heymann
authors.forename: Mitchell C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: O'Toole
authors.forename: Bozena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Malyszko
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: Darleen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vecchio
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Schiff
authors.forename: Mahesh M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mansukhani
authors.forename: Ronald D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Ennis
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005485:Flutamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D016729:Leuprolide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D012306:Risk; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D005485:Flutamide; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D016729:Leuprolide