title: Aquatic zooremediation: deploying animals to remediate contaminated aquatic environments.
abstract: The ability of animals to act in a bioremediative capacity is not widely known. Animals are rarely considered for bioremediation initiatives owing to ethical or human health concerns. Nonetheless, specific examples in the literature reveal that some animal species are effective remediators of heavy metals, microbial contaminants, hydrocarbons, nutrients and persistent organic pollutants, particularly in an aquatic environment. Recent examples include deploying pearl oysters to remove metals and nutrients from aquatic ecosystems and the harvest of fish to remove polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from the Baltic. It is probable that many animal taxa will possess attributes amenable to bioremediation. We introduce zoological equivalents of the definitions used in phytoremediation literature (zooextraction, zootransformation, zoostabilization and animal hyperaccumulation), to serve as useful benchmarks in the evaluation of candidate animal species for zooremediation initiatives, and propose that recognition of the concept of zooremediation would act to stimulate discussion and future research in this area.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gifford
authors.forename: R Hugh
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Dunstan
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Claudia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Koller
authors.forename: Geoff R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: MacFarlane
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D005618:Fresh Water; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000378:metabolism; D008974:Mollusca / Q000378:metabolism*; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000378:metabolism; D011161:Porifera / Q000378:metabolism*; D012623:Seawater; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014873:Water Pollutants