title: Plasma testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in male and female patients with dysthymic disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depressive symptomatology has been connected with an activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and, in several studies, with reduced androgen levels, while administration of androgens, usually in older subjects, may have positive effects on mood, both in males and females. Regarding dysthymic disorder (DD), low serum testosterone levels have been reported in older males, while information on younger male or on female patients is lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the serum levels of testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and cortisol in male and female patients with DD, and compared them to the levels of sex and age matched controls. Eighteen male and 43 female patients in the age range of 22 to 71 years were studied and diagnosed according to the Scheduled Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders (SCID). Depressive symptomatology was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Subgroups with subjects below or over 50 years of age were also built and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum T levels were lower than controls mainly in the subjects aged below 50 years, in both genders. More pronounced were reductions in DHEAS levels both in male and female patients, while cortisol levels were normal or reduced. T levels were positively correlated to both DHEAS and cortisol. The negative correlations of DHEAS and T to age were significant for all groups and subgroups, except in the group of male patients. Four male patients (22%) had T levels below 2.0 ng/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Male and female patients with DD aged below 50 years show reduced gonadal and adrenal androgen levels, and normal to low cortisol levels. These neuroendocrine characteristics differentiate DD from depression, and place this diagnostic group closer to posttraumatic stress disorder.
authors.affiliation: Athens University Medical School, Psychiatric Clinic, Eginition Hospital, Vas. Sophias 74, Athens 11528, Greece. markian@otenet.gr
authors.forename: Manolis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markianos
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tripodianakis
authors.forename: Democritos
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarantidis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hatzimanolis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000097:blood*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019263:Dysthymic Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; D006854:Hydrocortisone