Urban background particulate matter and allergic sensitization in adults of ECRHS II.
BACKGROUND
Epidemiological studies have shown weak or inconsistent associations between ambient air pollutants and allergic sensitization. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether regional urban air pollution may partly explain the large variation in the prevalence of allergic sensitization across cities of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) II.


METHODS
ECRHS is a cross-sectional survey initiated in 29 countries across Europe in the 1990s (ECRHS I) with a follow-up conducted 10 years later (ECRHS II). Subject characteristics were measured by questionnaires and blood tests conducted for the measurement of specific immunoglobulin E. Fine particle mass (PM(2.5), <2.5 microm) and sulphur on PM(2.5) were measured in 21 centres and annual averages of urban regional background air pollution were calculated. Results were scaled by an interquartile range increase in ambient PM(2.5) (6.03 microg/m(3)) and sulphur (1336 ng/m(3)). Generalized estimating equations were applied to compute population average effect estimates with adjustment for age, gender, smoking habit, education and number of siblings.


RESULTS
A notable variation in pollution level and prevalence of allergic sensitization was observed. Moreover, exposure to urban regional background air pollution was not associated with allergic sensitization; adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence interval were 1.02 (0.95-1.09) for PM(2.5) and 1.08 (0.86-1.31) for sulphur. These statistically non-significant associations were sensitive to model specification.


CONCLUSIONS
The study suggests that regional air pollution measured at fixed sites is not associated with allergic sensitization among adults in ECRHS II.
Bedada
Getahun Bero
GB
GSF - National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Institute of Epidemiology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
Heinrich
Joachim
J
GSF - National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Institute of Epidemiology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Electronic address: joachim.heinrich@gsf.de.
Götschi
Thomas
T
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
Downs
Sara H
SH
Department of Environmental and Health Sciences, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basel, Switzerland.
Forsberg
Bertil
B
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Sweden.
Jarvis
Deborah
D
Department of Public Health Sciences, Kings College London, UK.
Luczynska
Christina
C
Department of Public Health, University of Tartu, Estonia.
Soon
Argo
A
Institut Municipal d Investigacio Medica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
Sunyer
Jordi
J
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, St. Sigfridsgatan, Göteborg, Sweden.
Toren
Kjell
K
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, St. Sigfridsgatan, Göteborg, Sweden.
Künzli
Nino
N
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D015995:Prevalence; D013455:Sulfur / Q000032:analysis*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D000393:Air Pollutants; D000485:Allergens; D052638:Particulate Matter; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D013455:Sulfur