title: Parasitic inhibition of cell death facilitates symbiosis.
abstract: Symbiotic microorganisms have had a large impact on eukaryotic evolution, with effects ranging from parasitic to mutualistic. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are prime examples of symbiotic microorganisms that have become obligate for their hosts, allowing for a dramatic extension of suitable habitats for life. Out of the extraordinary diversity of bacterial endosymbionts in insects, most are facultative for their hosts, such as the ubiquitous Wolbachia, which manipulates host reproduction. Some endosymbionts, however, have become obligatory for host reproduction and/or survival. In the parasitoid wasp Asobara tabida the presence of Wolbachia is necessary for host oogenesis, but the mechanism involved is yet unknown. We show that Wolbachia influences programmed cell death processes (a host regulatory feature typically targeted by pathogens) in A. tabida, making its presence essential for the wasps' oocytes to mature. This suggests that parasite strategies, such as bacterial regulation of host apoptosis, can drive the evolution of host dependence, allowing for a swift transition from parasitism to mutualism.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5558, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFR 41, 69622 Villeurbanne Cédex, France. bart.pannebakker@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Bart A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Pannebakker
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Loppin
authors.forename: Coen P H
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Elemans
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Humblot
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vavre
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D005260:Female; D009866:Oogenesis; D013559:Symbiosis; D014863:Wasps / Q000469:parasitology*; D020577:Wolbachia / Q000502:physiology*