title: The use of confocal laser-scanning microscopy in microsurgery for invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ex-vivo confocal laser-scanning microscopy offers rapid imaging of excised tissue specimens without conventional histotechnical procedures. As vertical sections are prepared, morphological features can be assessed according to standard criteria used in conventional histopathology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To validate the diagnostic confocal examination of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in microscopy-guided surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four independent observers received standardized instructions about diagnostic confocal microscopy features of SCC. Subsequently, 120 confocal images of fresh excisions from SCC or normal skin, imaged using a commercially available, near-infrared, reflectance confocal laser-scanning microscope, were evaluated by each observer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  General morphology, such as location, size and shape of the cancer area could be visualized by the imaging system. Furthermore, densely packed and irregularly organized nuclei and nuclear atypia could be delineated. Overall, a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 96.25% were achieved by the four observers (positive predictive value 96.25%, negative predictive value 95.23%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides a set of well-described morphological criteria with obvious diagnostic impact which should be used in further investigations. In the future, confocal laser-scanning microscopy may guide microsurgery of any skin cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Analytical-Morphological Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gerger
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koller
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weger
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Langsenlehner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krippl
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kerl
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Samonigg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smolle
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology