title: Incorporating principles and practical wisdom in research ethics education: a preliminary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Researchers are faced with daily ethical decisions that are subtle and nuanced. However, research ethics training has primarily focused on formal guidelines, general ethical principles, and historically noteworthy cases of research abuse, which may not prepare researchers to respond to everyday dilemmas in research. This study characterized researchers' responses to ethical dilemmas with the goal of aligning research ethics education programs with the demands of practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  As a preliminary study, the authors conducted 23 semistructured interviews with senior researchers and research administrators engaged in research with human subjects at the University of Washington and affiliated institutions in 2004. Transcripts were reviewed for research conflicts and strategies used to resolve conflicts identified by participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants referenced two distinct methods of reasoning when faced with conflicts: formal guidelines and practical wisdom. Formal guidelines include established goals, boundaries, and absolutes. Practical wisdom, an Aristotelian concept involving intuitions developed through experience, facilitates responses to everyday dilemmas and new situations. Developing practical wisdom requires researchers to calibrate their own intuitions about right and wrong. Three practices were reported to contribute to this development: self-reflection, sincere skepticism, and open dialogue with colleagues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These reflections from the senior researchers suggest a need to expand the scope of ethics education programs to include a focus on the development of researchers' pragmatic decision making in addition to the formal rules that govern research. Further research should explore effective educational and institutional strategies that can foster researchers' development in ethical decision making and conduct.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical History and Ethics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7120, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Deming
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fryer-Edwards
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dudzinski
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Starks
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Culver
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hopley
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Robins
authors.forename: Wylie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Burke
mesh_terms: D001319:Authorship; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000193:education / Q000941:ethics; D032984:Ethics, Research / Q000193:education*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D011643:Publishing / Q000592:standards; D014861:Washington