title: Summarizing disease features over time: II. Variability measures of SLEDAI-2K.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  o determine if the variability of the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K), along with the Adjusted Mean SLEDAI-2K (AMS), can better predict major outcomes in SLE than the AMS alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were followed in the Lupus Clinic at 2-6 month intervals. Clinical and laboratory information necessary to compute the SLEDAI-2K and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology damage index was collected prospectively and entered onto a computerized database. Patients followed for a minimum of 3 visits, and without absence for a period > 18 consecutive months, were included in the study. Six different approaches to measure variability of SLEDAI-2K were evaluated for each visit, along with AMS. Approaches were the standard deviation, the slope, average rate of change by visit, the range, the coefficient of variation, and the Percentage of the visits with a change in SLEDAI-2K > or = 3. The SLE outcomes under study were death, presence of damage, coronary artery disease (CAD), and osteonecrosis (ON). The predictability of each outcome was evaluated through time-dependent covariate survival analyses. Regression models included other known major risk factors such as sex, age at diagnosis, SLEDAI-2K at presentation, and disease duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred seventy-five patients seen from 1970 to 2002 were included. The average time between visits was 4.0 +/- 2.2 months. Eighty-five patients died, 325 developed damage, 55 had CAD, and 68 had ON. None of the 6 variability measures added more statistical significance in the prediction of any of the 4 outcomes. For the prediction of survival, AMS [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.16, p < 0.0001] and age at diagnosis (HR 1.05, p < 0.0001) were the only significant risk factors. For presence of damage, AMS (HR 1.06, p < 0.0001), age at diagnosis (HR 1.02, p = 0.0004), and disease duration (HR 1.05, p < 0.0001) were predictors. CAD was predicted by AMS (HR 1.12, p = 0.0003), male sex (HR 2.31, p = 0.02), age at diagnosis (HR 1.06, p < 0.0001), and disease duration (HR 1.10, p < 0.0001). For ON, SLEDAI-2K at presentation (HR 1.04, p = 0.003) and disease duration (HR 0.92, p = 0.05) were significant risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multivariate analysis revealed that AMS, independent of variability of the SLEDAI-2K, is an important predictor of major outcomes in SLE.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Prognostic Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ibañez
authors.forename: Dafna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gladman
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urowitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors