title: Impact of initiators in preparing magnetic polymer particles by miniemulsion polymerization.
abstract: Sub-micron sized polystyrene particles containing magnetite more than 30 wt.% were prepared by miniemulsion polymerization with commercially available ferricolloid. The effects of some water-soluble initiators and/or oil-soluble initiators on the particles characteristics, such as the size, morphology, magnetic properties and colloidal stability, were studied. The size of monomer droplets/polymer particles increased from 60 to 300 nm during polymerization, keeping magnetic in core when potassium persulfate (KPS) or ammonium persulfate (APS) was used as the sole initiator. These particles were easily separated from the medium within short time scale in external magnetic field, while such characteristics were controlled by the amount of persulfate used for the polymerization. In contrast, when 2,2'-azobis isobutyronitrile (AIBN) was used as the initiator, the size of droplets/particles was retained to be 90 nm at the most and magnetite nanoparticles located at the surface of polystyrene particles, which were so colloidally stable that they were not separated in external magnetic field. The above-mentioned effect of initiators on particle size in persulfate system was likely originated from the decrease of pH value and the increase of ionic strength, which induced the fusion of droplets/particles containing magnetite. Mixed-initiators system resulted in intermediate characteristics, compared with each initiator system. The location of magnetite in the particle seems to depend on where initiation/polymerization occurred in each initiator system.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasujiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Haruma
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
mesh_terms: D000473:Alkanes / Q000737:chemistry; D000645:Ammonium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry*; D003102:Colloids / Q000737:chemistry; D004655:Emulsions; D006586:Hexanes / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007648:Kerosene; D008027:Light; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008280:Magnetics; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009570:Nitriles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010316:Particle Size; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012995:Solubility; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000473:Alkanes; D003102:Colloids; D004655:Emulsions; D006586:Hexanes; D007648:Kerosene; D008055:Lipids; D009570:Nitriles; D011108:Polymers; D011137:Polystyrenes; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D012997:Solvents; D013431:Sulfates; D014867:Water; C031276:ammonium peroxydisulfate; C009007:potassium persulfate; C007932:n-hexadecane; C004526:azobis(isobutyronitrile); D000645:Ammonium Sulfate