title: Reduced endothelial progenitor cells in European and South Asian men with atherosclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a role in the repair and regeneration of the endothelium and may represent a novel cardiovascular risk factor. South Asian subjects have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease which is not fully explained by known risk factors. This study examined associations of EPCs with atherosclerosis and possible ethnic differences in EPCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population sample of 58 European and South Asian adult men was enriched with the recruitment of an additional 59 European and South Asian men with known coronary disease. The coronary artery calcification score was measured by multi-slice computerized tomography (CT), carotid and femoral intima-media thickness (IMT), and femoral plaques were measured by ultrasound. The subjects were further subdivided into three categories of coronary artery disease on the basis of coronary artery calcification score and clinical history. Total EPCs and non-senescent EPCs (ns-EPCs) were quantified after 5 days cell culture and the number of late outgrowth colonies was measured over a 6-week test period. Circulating CD34+ haematopoietic precursor cells were measured by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with femoral plaques had reduced total and ns-EPCs. The number of ns-EPCs were reduced in individuals with the most coronary atheroma and were inversely related to the coronary calcification score and femoral IMT. These relationships persisted after multivariate adjustment for other risk factors. The numbers of late outgrowth colonies or circulating CD34+ cells were unrelated to the presence of atherosclerosis. There were no differences in the number of EPCs between European and South Asian subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of EPCs are reduced in subjects with atherosclerosis independent of other risk factors. Reduction in EPC numbers may be an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis but does not explain ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: Imperial College London, London, UK. a.hughes@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Coady
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raynor
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mayet
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Shore
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kooner
authors.forename: S A McG
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Thom
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000473:pathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology