title: Children unable to perform screening tests in vision in preschoolers study: proportion with ocular conditions and impact on measures of test accuracy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relative prevalence of ocular conditions among children who are unable to perform preschool vision screening tests and the impact on measures of screening test performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trained nurse and lay screeners each administered a Lea Symbols visual acuity (VA) test (Good-Lite, Inc., Steamwood, IL), Stereo Smile II test (Stereo Optical, Inc., Chicago, IL), and Retinomax Autorefractor (Right Manufacturing, Virginia Beach, VA), and SureSight Vision Screener (Welch Allyn, Inc., Skaneateles Falls, NY) examinations to 1475 children who later received a comprehensive eye examination to identify amblyopia, strabismus, significant refractive error, and unexplained reduced VA. The outcomes of the examination for children for whom screeners were unable to obtain results (Unables) were compared to the outcomes of children who passed and children who failed each screening test. When estimating sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), Unables were classified as either screening failures or screening passers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Less than 2% of children were classified as Unables for each test. The percentage with an ocular condition was at least two times higher for Unables than for screening passers for six of the eight modes of screening (P < 0.05). Considering Unables as screening failures, rather than screening passers, increased the estimate of sensitivity by 1% to 3% (depending on test) and decreased the estimate of specificity by 0% to 2%; PPV decreased by 0% to 4% for most tests, whereas NPV increased by <1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preschool children who are unable to perform VIP screening tests are more likely to have vision disorders than are children who pass the tests. Because < or =2% of children were unable to do each test, referring these children for an eye examination had little impact on the PPV and NPV of the tests, as administered in VIP.
authors.affiliation: Coordinating Center, 3535 Market Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3309, USA. maguirem@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Maureen G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Maguire
mesh_terms: D000488:Allied Health Personnel; D000550:Amblyopia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010371:Pediatric Nursing; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013285:Strabismus / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000592:standards*; D014792:Visual Acuity; D000078329:Workforce