title: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance at 0.5T in five patients with permanent pacemakers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) yields important clinical information which often cannot be obtained from other imaging modalities. Cardiac pacemakers have conventionally been considered a contraindication to CMR, and relatively few data exist on CMR in such patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present 5 patients who underwent 6 CMR scans in a 0.5 Tesla scanner. The patients were non-pacemaker dependent, and the pacemakers were reprogrammed prior to scanning to have sub-threshold output. Spin echo, gradient echo and real-time sequences were used with specific absorption rates of up to 0.1 W/kg. A cardiologist was present during each scan, and the patient had continuous electrocardiographic and non-invasive monitoring of vital signs. Five of the scans were carried out without incident providing useful diagnostic information, which was not compromised by obvious artifact from the pacemaker box. In one case, the pacemaker began pacing at maximum voltage at a fixed rate of 100. This patient was removed from the magnet, and there were no clinical sequelae. The mean pre-and post-scan ventricular lead voltage threshold was the same (2.28 V vs 2.28 V).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experience is that CMR at 0.5T in non-pacemaker dependent patents can be performed in closely supervised circumstances where the benefit-risk assessment is considered positive.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heatlie
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pennell
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial