title: Differential effects of 4 types of environmental enrichment on aggressive pecking, feather pecking, feather loss, food wastage and productivity in Japanese quail.
abstract: 1. We examined the effects of 4 types of environmental enrichment (foraging opportunities, structural complexity, sensory stimulation/novelty, and social companionship) on aggressive and feather pecking, feather condition, food wastage, body weight, feed conversion, and egg production in adult Japanese quail. Sex differences were examined where possible. 2. GLM analysis was used to evaluate the effects of enrichment and housing, while test-retest reliability and the stability of measures over 18 d were assessed using partial correlation. 3. Foraging enrichment reduced food wastage. 4. Body weight, feed conversion, and egg production were not affected by enrichment. Rates of aggressive and feather pecking were also not significantly affected, but these behaviours were observed very infrequently in this study. 5. Socially-housed birds had poorer feather condition, lower body weight and less efficient feed conversion than singly-housed birds. Social housing did not affect food wastage. 6. There were not sex differences in feather pecking, feather condition, food wastage, or feed conversion. 7. All measures except feather pecking were reliable over 24 h, but only feather condition and body weight were stable over 18 d. The instability f the behavioural measures over time suggest that enrichment effects may vary with age.
authors.affiliation: Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. jamench@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mench
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000502:physiology*; D000821:Animal Feed; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D003370:Coturnix / Q000502:physiology*; D004777:Environment; D005241:Feathers / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008297:Male; D010058:Oviposition; D012727:Sex Characteristics