title: Adverse associations of sleep problems in Australian preschoolers: national population study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In contrast to school-aged children, the impact of sleep problems in preschool-aged children is not well documented. We aimed to determine relationships between preschool-aged child sleep problems and child behavior; health-related quality of life; verbal, preliteracy, and early numeracy skills; diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; and injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included families (n = 4983) participating in the first wave of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, a nationally representative study of Australian children aged 4 to 5 years surveyed from March to November 2004. Measures consisted of a primary caregiver's report of whether their child had a sleep problem (none versus mild versus moderate/severe); specific sleep patterns occurring > or = 4 nights per week; health-related quality of life (by using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0); behavior (by using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) and parent-reported diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; and injury requiring medical attention in the past 12 months. Tests of receptive vocabulary and preliteracy/numeracy skills (by using the Who Am I? developmental assessment and the adapted Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 3rd Edition) were directly administered to each child.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep problems were common, and compared with children without sleep problems, children with sleep problems had poorer child health-related quality of life, more behavior problems, and higher rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Difficulty going to sleep and morning tiredness had greater adverse associations than snoring or night waking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given that sleep problems are very common, the adverse outcomes shown here could affect the transition to school for a very large number of preschoolers.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Community Child Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. harriet.hiscock@rch.org.au
authors.forename: Harriet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hiscock
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Canterford
authors.forename: Obioha C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Ukoumunne
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wake
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications; D001315:Australia; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000150:complications; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications*