title: Pinch forces and instrument tip forces during periodontal scaling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinitis, is elevated among dental practitioners. An important risk factor for these disorders is forceful pinching; however, the pinch forces and instrument forces during scaling are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six dentists and six senior-year dental students were recruited to use an instrumented periodontal scaler to perform their usual dental scaling work on patients. Thumb pinch force was measured by a pressure sensor, whereas the forces developed at the instrument tip were measured by a six-axis load cell.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dental students applied greater mean peak pinch force (35.7 +/- 3.8 N) compared to dentists (24.5 +/- 4.1 N) (P = 0.001). On the other hand, the peak forces generated at the instrument tip, which were directly related to the productivity of the dental scaling task, were higher among the dentists. The application of pinch force by dentists was related to the required scaling forces, whereas students applied excessive pinch force to the tools.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased experience in periodontal scaling leads to the application of less pinch force to accomplish scaling. Nonetheless, the applied peak pinch forces in both groups are high and may pose a risk for the development of musculoskeletal disorders of the distal upper extremity.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94804, USA.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Loomer
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rempel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002983:Clinical Competence; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D003815:Dentists; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D005082:Physical Exertion; D052581:Pinch Strength; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013335:Students, Dental; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis