title: Effects of verapamil on superior vena cava electrical remodeling induced by short-term pacing from right atrium and superior vena cava in human.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the superior vena cava (SVC) may be involved in the triggering or maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF), the electrophysiological properties of SVC in human are ill-defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The baseline effective refractory periods (ERPs) of high right atrium (HRA), SVC and the conduction time (CT) between HRA and SVC were measured at pacing cycle lengths (PCL) of 600 and 400 ms respectively in 20 patients (12 females, age 46+/-13 years) with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Immediately after acute electrical remodeling (ER) induced by constant HRA or SVC pacing at PCL of 400 ms for 5 min, ERPs of HRA, SVC and the CT between HRA and SVC were determined. After verapamil was administered, the same protocols for determining ERPs of HRA, SVC and the CT between HRA and SVC were repeated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The baseline ERP of SVC was significantly longer than that of HRA. The CT from SVC to HRA was significantly longer than that from HRA to SVC. After acute ER, both the ERPs of HRA and SVC were significantly shortened. However, no significant changes of the CT between HRA and SVC could be demonstrated. After verapamil infusion, significant shortening of the ERP of HRA and SVC still occurred following acute ER and the ERP of SVC was still longer than that of HRA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In human, ER can occur both in HRA and SVC after a short and moderately rapid heart rate pacing either from HRA or SVC. Verapamil cannot prevent such ER from occurring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kun-Tai
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chih-Sheng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Tsung-Hsien
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Hsueh-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Wen-Chol
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Voon
authors.forename: Sheng-Hsiung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Sheu
authors.forename: Wen-Ter
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013611:Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D014700:Verapamil