title: Service costs of caring for adolescents with mental illness in a rural community, 1993-2000.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Costs of treating child psychiatric disorders fall on educational, primary care, juvenile justice, and social service agencies as well as on psychiatric services. The authors estimated multiagency mental health costs by integrating service unit costs with utilization rates in an 11-county area. Using psychiatric diagnoses made independently of service use records, the authors calculated costs across agencies as well as the extent of unmet need for psychiatric care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Annual parent and child reports were used to measure mental health care needs and units of service across 21 types of settings for the population-based Great Smoky Mountain Study sample of 1,420 adolescents from ages 13 to 16. Unit costs for services were generated from information from service providers and records. The authors calculated costs overall, costs by type of service, and costs by diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average annual costs per adolescent treated were $3,146. Juvenile justice and inpatient/residential facilities accounted for well over half of the total costs. Costs for youths with two or more diagnoses were twice as much as costs of those with a single disorder. Among adolescents with service needs, 66.9% received no services. Public health insurance was associated with higher rates of specialty mental health care than either private insurance or no insurance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Annual costs across all services were three to four times greater than recent health insurance estimates alone. Many costs for adolescents with mental health problems were borne by agencies not designed primarily to provide psychiatric or psychological services. Only one in three adolescents needing psychiatric care received any mental health services.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Box 3454, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: E Jane
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cowell
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keeler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016497:Adolescent Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003416:Criminal Law / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009657:North Carolina; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012949:Social Work, Psychiatric / Q000191:economics