title: Influence of metabolic syndrome on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in obese adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been independently linked with increased oxidative and inflammatory stress. This study tested the hypothesis that obesity with MetS is associated with greater oxidative and inflammatory burden compared with obesity alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight normal-weight and 40 obese (20 without MetS; 20 with MetS) adults were studied. MetS was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Plasma concentrations of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-18 were determined by enzyme immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation were lowest in normal-weight controls. Of note, obese MetS adults demonstrated significantly higher plasma concentrations of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (62.3 +/- 3.2 vs. 54.0 +/- 4.0 U/L; p < 0.05), C-reactive protein (3.0 +/- 0.6 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.3 mg/L; p < 0.01), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (2.1 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.1 pg/mL; p < 0.05), IL-6 (2.8 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.4 +/- 0.2 pg/mL; p < 0.01), and IL-18 (253 +/- 16 vs. 199 +/- 16 pg/mL; p < 0.01), compared with obese adults without MetS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that MetS heightens oxidative stress and inflammatory burden in obese adults. Increased oxidative and inflammatory stress may contribute to the greater risk of coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in obese adults with MetS.
authors.affiliation: Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Gary P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Van Guilder
authors.forename: Greta L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Hoetzer
authors.forename: Jared J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Stauffer
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Desouza
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020382:Interleukin-18; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein