title: Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms in invasive pneumococcal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize distinct pathogen-associated molecular patterns and trigger anti-microbial host defense responses. Several in vitro and in vivo studies in mice indicate that TLR2 and TLR4 are involved in the defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Studies have revealed associations between polymorphisms in TLRs and human diseases. The effect of polymorphisms in TLR2 and TLR4 in the human defense to S. pneumoniae has not been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We genotyped 99 Caucasian patients with invasive pneumococcal disease and 178 Caucasian controls for the known R579H, P631H and R753Q polymorphisms in TLR2 and the D299G polymorphism in TLR4 with PCR-RFLP methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distribution of the TLR2 R579H, P631H and R753Q and TLR4 D299G variants was not significantly different between the patients and the controls. After stratification of the patient population by age, sex, diagnosis, and mortality no significant differences for the TLR2 R753Q genotype and TLR4 D299G genotype were found between various patient subgroups and between patient subgroups and the control population. It should be mentioned that for the TLR2 polymorphisms neither the control group nor the patient group contains homozygous mutant individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no association between TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms and invasive pneumococcal infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Leuven, Centraal Dienstengebouw, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Leen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moens
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verhaegen
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pierik
authors.forename: Severine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vermeire
authors.forename: Kris
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Boeck
authors.forename: Willy E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Peetermans
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bossuyt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4