title: Calculation of effective VV interval facilitates optimization of AV delay and VV interval in cardiac resynchronization therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In hearts with left bundle branch block (LBBB), both atrioventricular (AV) delay and interventricular (VV) interval determine left ventricular (LV) pump function in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The optimal combination of AV delay and VV interval currently is determined by extensive hemodynamic testing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the effective VV interval (VV(eff)) can be used to optimize AV delay and VV interval.
  
  
  METHODS
  In eight canine hearts with chronic LBBB, LV pacing was performed at various AV delays as well as biventricular pacing at multiple AV delays and VV intervals. LV pump function was assessed from LVdP/dt(max) and stroke volume (conductance catheter). Interventricular asynchrony was calculated from the timing difference between upslope of LV and RV pressure curves. VV(eff) was defined as the time delay between activation of the RV apex and LV lateral wall, irrespective of the source of RV activation (RV pacing or intrinsic conduction). VV(eff) was determined from pacemaker settings and surface ECGs recorded during biventricular pacing at various AV delays (positive values denote LV preexcitation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all animals, the relationship between VV(eff) and LVdP/dt(max) as well as LV stroke work was parabolic. Maximal improvement in LVdP/dt(max) was similar during LV pacing, simultaneous biventricular pacing, and sequential biventricular pacing and was obtained at similar values of VV(eff). VV(eff) was strongly correlated with interventricular asynchrony (R = 0.97 +/- 0.03). Optimum LVdP/dt(max) occurred at VV(eff) ranging from -24 to 12 ms (mean -6 +/- 13 ms). For each experiment, the optimal VV(eff) was virtually equal to the value halfway between its minimum (during LV pacing at short AV delay) and maximum (during LBBB) value (R = 0.91).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of VV(eff) facilitates determination of the best combination of AV delay and VV interval during biventricular pacing. For each individual heart, VV(eff), resulting in optimum LV pump function, can be estimated using surface ECGs recorded during biventricular pacing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vernooy
authors.forename: Xander A A M
authors.initials: XA
authors.lastname: Verbeek
authors.forename: Richard N M
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Cornelussen
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dijkman
authors.forename: Harry J G M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Crijns
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arts
authors.forename: Frits W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Prinzen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000502:physiology*; D002037:Bundle-Branch Block / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*