title: Reoperative parathyroid surgery: the importance of ectopic location and multigland disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the availability of expert surgeons and preoperative imaging investigations, some patients require reoperation for persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty consecutive patients were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 28 persistent cases (24 primary, 4 secondary) and 22 recurrent cases (15 primary, 7 secondary) and 98% had successful surgical treatment. Multigland disease was present in 24 of 39 (62%) of primary cases, 11 of 24 persistent and 13 of 15 recurrent (P < 0.02). Four patients in the recurrent primary group had multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, whereas the other 20 primary patients had sporadic multigland disease. Multigland disease was present in all secondary cases and was a very important factor in this entire series of patients (70%). Regrowth of a remnant of a gland biopsied or partially resected at an earlier operation was the cause of recurrence in 12 of 15 primary and 2 of 7 secondary cases (P < 0.05). The site of missed glands in persistent disease was ectopic in 60%. Ectopic glands were found in the following sites: intrathyroidal 10 (8 inferior and 2 superior), intrathymic 9, posterior mediastinum 4, base of skull 2, carotid sheath 1 and supernumerary 5. Investigations to locate missing glands were positive in 28 of 43 sestamibi scans (65%), 14 of 34 ultrasound scans (41%), 10 of 24 computed tomography scans (42%) and 11 of 13 selective venous sampling tests (85%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some persistent cases are unavoidable because of ectopic locations and some recurrences are inevitable because of multigland disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. goughmed@bigpond.com
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gough
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002828:Choristoma / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006961:Hyperparathyroidism / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010280:Parathyroid Glands / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi
chemical_list: D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi