title: Low level nitrate or nitroethane preconditioning enhances the bactericidal effect of suboptimal experimental chlorate treatment against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium but not Campylobacter in swine.
abstract: An experimental chlorate product that targets the respiratory nitrate reductase enzyme of bacteria such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli has shown promising results in reducing concentrations of these bacteria in the gut of food animals. Because expression of the target enzyme is induced by nitrate, we administered short-duration, low level nitrate or nitroethane preconditioning treatments to finishing swine to see if these would enhance the ability of an experimental chlorate product to kill these bacteria. Results from these studies showed that preconditioning the gut microflora of swine with low levels of nitrate or nitrocompounds enhanced (more than tenfold) the ability of the chlorate product to kill Salmonella and E. coli, but not Campylobacter. Further studies are needed before these compounds can be fed as feed additives to animals, although it is likely that nitrate preconditioning may be more near to market than the nitrocompounds, which may require more comprehensive review by regulatory authorities.
authors.affiliation: Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, Texas 77845, USA. anderson@ffsru.tamu.edu
authors.forename: Robin C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Yong Soo
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.forename: Jackson L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: McReynolds
authors.forename: Todd R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Callaway
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Edrington
authors.forename: Roger B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Nisbet
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D002704:Chlorates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D004980:Ethane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D050901:Nitrate Reductase / Q000378:metabolism*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009595:Nitroparaffins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002704:Chlorates; D009566:Nitrates; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds; D009595:Nitroparaffins; C014705:nitroethane; D050901:Nitrate Reductase; D004980:Ethane