title: A comparative study of nonpharmacological methods to reduce pain in neonates.
abstract: A randomized study was done to compare non pharmacological methods to reduce the pain of heel pricks in 104 stable term neonates. Non-nutritive sucking (NNS), rocking, massage, sucrose (20 percent), distilled water (DW) and expressed breast milk (EBM) were used as pain reducing agents. Duration of cry and Douleur Aiguë du Nouveau né (DAN) score were used to assess pain. Physiological parameters were also recorded before and after the stimulus. At 30 seconds after the stimulus, the pain scores were lowest in the sucrose group but this was not sustained at 1, 2 and 4 minutes. At 2 and 4 minutes pain scores were lowest in the NNS and rocking groups as compared to sucrose, distilled water, expressed breast milk and massage. The total duration of crying was also lowest in the NNS and rocking groups. Physiological parameters were comparable in all groups. Babies who were in Prechtl State 1 and 2 (sleeping) at the time of stimulus showed significantly lesser response to pain compared to babies who were awake. This was seen in all the intervention groups. In conclusion, our study suggests that rocking or giving a baby a pacifier are more effective non-pharmacological analgesics than EBM, DW, sucrose or massage for the pain of heel pricks in neonates. A calm or sleeping state before a painful procedure also appears to decrease crying and pain scores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, AFMC, Pune 411 040; and INHS Asvini, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India. sheilamathai@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mathai
authors.forename: Nisha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Natrajan
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Rajalakshmi
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D001143:Arousal; D003448:Crying; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage; D041361:Pacifiers; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*