title: Reproductive hormone effects on strength of the rat anterior cruciate ligament.
abstract: The material properties of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in female rats with normal estrous cycles were compared to those regulated by oral contraceptive steroids. Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: an experimental group received daily ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel in a dosing model designed to simulate a typical oral contraception regime in humans, while a control group received daily oral placebo. After eight cycles, six rats from each group underwent daily phlebotomy to measure serum estradiol and progesterone levels over the course of a single 5-day estrous cycle. Significant differences between groups were found for the area under the curve of blood progesterone levels versus time over the length of the estrous cycle (P=0.02). After 12 cycles, the rats were euthanized and one femur-ACL-tibia complex from each animal was dynamically loaded to failure. The ACLs from the rats in the experimental group had significantly decreased average and tangent stiffness, (P=0.002 and 0.0001, respectively), and significantly increased elongation (P=0.002) and total energy absorbed (P=0.03), or greater toughness than controls. In rats, it appears that the administration of reproductive hormones designed to simulate typical oral contraception in humans alters the mechanical properties of the rat ACL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Woodhouse
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Schmale
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simonian
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tencer
authors.forename: Phillipe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Kristy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seidel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood*; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D016912:Levonorgestrel