title: Geminin prevents rereplication during xenopus development.
abstract: To maintain a stable genome, it is essential that replication origins fire only once per cell cycle. The protein Geminin is thought to prevent a second round of DNA replication by inhibiting the essential replication factor Cdt1. Geminin also affects the development of several different organs by binding and inhibiting transcription factors and chromatin-remodeling proteins. It is not known if the defects in Geminin-deficient organisms are due to overreplication or to effects on cell differentiation. We previously reported that Geminin depletion in Xenopus causes early embryonic lethality due to a Chk1-dependent G(2) cell cycle arrest just after the midblastula transition. Here we report that expressing a non-Geminin-binding Cdt1 mutant in Xenopus embryos exactly reproduces the phenotype of geminin depletion. Expressing the same mutant in replication extracts induces a partial second round of DNA replication within a single S phase. We conclude that Geminin is required to suppress a second round of DNA replication in vivo and that the phenotype of Geminin-depleted Xenopus embryos is caused by abnormal Cdt1 regulation. Expressing a nondegradable Cdt1 mutant in embryos also reproduces the Geminin-deficient phenotype. In cell extracts, the nondegradable mutant has no effect by itself but augments the amount of rereplication observed when Geminin is depleted. We conclude that Cdt1 is regulated both by Geminin binding and by degradation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kerns
authors.forename: Susanna J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Torke
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: McGarry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D036703:Blastula / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly / Q000502:physiology; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D064248:Geminin; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology*; D009154:Mutation; D014981:Xenopus; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C406819:Cdt1 protein, Xenopus; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C577998:GMNN protein, Xenopus; D064248:Geminin; D029867:Xenopus Proteins