title: Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphisms do not predict the course of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in Swiss children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Contradictory reports exist about a correlation of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms to the outcome of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) in children. We investigated the frequency of ACE polymorphisms and their impact on the clinical course of INS in children in a Swiss hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ACE gene polymorphism (I, insertion; D, deletion) was assessed in 32 children - 22 with steroid-sensitive INS and 10 with steroid-resistant INS - with a median age at onset of INS of 2.9 years (range 1.1-15.0). Polymerase chain reaction amplification was performed on genomic DNA isolated from blood leucocytes. Results were correlated to clinical course and renal morphology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ACE genotype was I/I, I/D and D/D in two, 12 and eight patients, respectively, with steroid-sensitive INS, and in one, eight and one patient, respectively, with steroid resistance. Renal morphology, available in 25 patients showed minimal change glomerulopathy in 17 patients (14 steroid-sensitive; three steroid-resistant) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in eight (one steroid-sensitive; seven steroid-resistant). There was no significant correlation between ACE genotype and steroid responsiveness, histology or outcome. ACE genotype was I/I, I/D and D/D in none, 12 and five patients, respectively, with minimal change glomerulopathy, and in one, five and two patients, respectively, with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Six patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome went into end stage renal disease; ACE genotype was I/I in one and I/D in five, but none were D/D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to previous reports, ACE gene polymorphism is irrelevant for clinical outcome, steroid responsiveness or morphology in Swiss children with INS.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. bernd.sasse@ksw.ch
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sasse
authors.forename: Seife
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hailemariam
authors.forename: Rudolf P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Wüthrich
authors.forename: Markus J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kemper
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009402:Nephrosis, Lipoid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013557:Switzerland
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A