title: p16 and p27 are functionally correlated during the progress of hepatocarcinogenesis.
abstract: The molecular mechanism of the cell-cycle machinery in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not yet been fully elucidated. Among the various types of cell-cycle regulators, p16 and p27 are now considered to be potent tumor suppressors. p16 is a G1-specific cell-cycle inhibitor that prevents the association of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and CDK6 with cyclin D(1). Many studies have reported that p16 is inactivated not only in aggressive types of HCC but also in preneoplastic liver cirrhosis. In many cases of HCC, p16 is mainly inactivated by extensive CpG methylation, suggesting that epigenetic changes in the p16 gene may be important events during hepatocarcinogenesis. p27, an inhibitor of CDK2, is presently regarded as a potent adverse prognostic factor in many aggressive cancers. It should be noted that some cases of HCC show increased cell proliferation despite the expression of considerable amounts of p27. In these cases, p27 is inactivated by sequestration into cyclin D(1)-CDK4-containing complexes. Although the reason for the compositional changes in the p27-containing complexes is unclear, our experimental results indicate that loss of p16 following DNA methylation is closely related to the functional inactivation of p27 in HCC. We suggest that assessment of the p16 status may be useful for a precise prognostic prediction for individuals with HCCs expressing high levels of p27.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori 1-757, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan. yasunobu@med.niigata-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yasunobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichida
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002453:Cell Cycle; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000378:metabolism*; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 / Q000378:metabolism*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D019938:Cyclin D1; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4