title: Auditory processing disorder in children diagnosed with nonverbal learning disability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether children with a nonverbal learning disability (NVLD) have a higher incidence of auditory processing disorder (APD), especially in the tolerance-fading memory type of APD, and what associations could be found between performance on neuropsychological, intellectual, memory, and academic measures and APD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen children with NVLD ranging in age from 6 to 18 years received a central auditory processing test battery to determine incidence and subtype of APD. Psychological measures for assessment of NVLD included the Wechsler Scales, Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, and Wechsler Individual Achievement Test. Neuropsychological measures included the Category Test, Trails A and B, the Tactual Performance Test, Grooved Pegs, and the Speech Sounds Perception Test. Neuropsychological test scores of the NVLD+APD and NVLD groups were compared using analysis of covariance procedures, with Verbal IQ and Performance IQ as covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-one percent of the children were diagnosed with APD, primarily in the tolerance-fading memory subtype. The group of children with APD and NVLD had significantly lower scores on Verbal IQ, Digit Span, Sentence Memory, Block Design, and Speech Sounds Perception than children without APD. An ancillary finding was that the incidence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder was significantly higher in children with NVLD (with and without APD) than in the general population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that children with NVLD are at risk for APD and that there are several indicators on neuropsychological assessment suggestive of APD. Collaborative, interdisciplinary evaluation of children with learning disorders is needed in order to provide effective therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: East Amherst Psychology Group, East Amherst, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Warren D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Kim L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Tillery
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: McFadden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001308:Auditory Perceptual Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors