title: Isoniazid's bactericidal activity ceases because of the emergence of resistance, not depletion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the log phase of growth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is believed that the cessation of isoniazid's early bactericidal activity during the initial phase of antituberculosis therapy is due to the depletion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the exponential phase of growth. We examined the veracity of this cornerstone belief.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used an in vitro infection model in which M. tuberculosis was exposed to isoniazid concentration-time profiles encountered in human patients. Experiments were performed to examine the time-related changes in the total bacterial population, the isoniazid-susceptible subpopulation, and the isoniazid-resistant subpopulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cessation of microbial kill occurred between days 3 and 4 of isoniazid therapy, as occurs in patients. There were multiple logs of organisms in the exponential phase of growth remaining at the time when bactericidal activity ceased. The isoniazid-susceptible subpopulation was replaced by an isoniazid-resistant subpopulation after 80 h of therapy. The size of the isoniazid-susceptible subpopulation continued to decrease after the total population had ceased to decrease, whereas the resistant subpopulation remained in the exponential phase of growth. Resistance was due to single point mutations in the catalase-peroxidase gene and to reserpine-inhibitable efflux pumps.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The age-old hypothesis that isoniazid's microbial killing of M. tuberculosis during log-phase growth ceases because of the depletion of this bacillary population needs to be modified.
authors.affiliation: Emerging Infections and Host Defenses Section, Ordway Research Institute, Albany, NY, USA. Tawanda.Gumbo@UTSouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Tawanda
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gumbo
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Louie
authors.forename: Weiguo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Ambrose
authors.forename: Sujata M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bhavnani
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Drusano
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002374:Catalase / Q000235:genetics; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008954:Models, Biological; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D017354:Point Mutation; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002374:Catalase; C480353:katG protein, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; D007538:Isoniazid