title: Age- and serogroup-related differences in observed durations of nasopharyngeal carriage of penicillin-resistant pneumococci.
abstract: Using data from an ongoing Swedish intervention project, the observed durations of nasopharyngeal carriage of penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (PNSP) (MIC of penicillin G of >or=0.5 microg/ml) stratified by both pneumococcal serogroup and age of the carrier were compared. The means and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by fitting a gamma distribution to the observed duration of carriage for each age and serogroup stratum. The mean observed duration of carriage for all cases was 37 days (95% CI, 35 to 38 days). Children below the age of 5 years carried PNSP for significantly longer periods (43 days; 95% CI, 41 to 45 days) compared with older individuals (25 days; 95% CI, 24 to 27 days). There were also differences within the group of cases below the age of 5 years, as the duration of carriage became significantly shorter for each increasing age step: <1, 1 to 2, and 3 to 4 years. In addition, patients <5 years of age carried serogroups 9 and 14 for significantly shorter periods than groups 6 and 23. Serogroup 9 was also carried for significantly shorter periods than group 19. For patients aged 5 years or older, no significant difference in carriage duration for different ages or serogroups could be noted. As young children have the longest duration of PNSP carriage, interventions aiming to reduce the prevalence in this group are of great importance. The results highlight the importance of taking both serogroup and age of the carriers into account when studying the dynamics of pneumococcal transmission in young children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 171 82 Solna, Sweden. liselotte.hogberg@smi.ki.se
authors.forename: Liselotte
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Högberg
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Geli
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ringberg
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Melander
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lipsitch
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ekdahl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013997:Time Factors