title: Improved postoperative analgesia with coadministration of preoperative epidural ketamine and midazolam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess postoperative pain regulation and pharmacokinetic effects of preoperative administration of ketamine and midazolam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind, randomized clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  46 ASA physical status I and II patients (age, 26-58 yrs), scheduled for gastrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: a preoperative epidural injection of 10 mL (1) ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) solution (Ket group); (2) ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) plus midazolam (0.05 mg/kg) solution (KM group); or (3) normal saline solution (Ctr group).
  
  
  METHODS
  Analgesic effects were evaluated by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scores at rest, time to first request for analgesic (TFA), and morphine consumption during the initial postoperative time of 48 hours. Plasma concentration of ketamine in the Ket group and the KM group was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the elimination half-life of ketamine was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the Ctr group, the Ket and KM groups had lower VAS pain scores, longer TFA, and lower morphine consumption. The KM group had the longest TFA and the lowest morphine consumption of the three groups. The KM group also had higher plasma concentrations of ketamine 90 to 240 minutes after injection, and a longer elimination half-life of ketamine, than did the Ket group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative epidural coadministration of a low dose of ketamine with midazolam is more effective in relieving postoperative pain than using ketamine alone. In addition, epidural midazolam prolongs the elimination of ketamine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, PR China. xwang@meduohio.edu
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Guolin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D007649:Ketamine; D009020:Morphine; D008874:Midazolam