title: Risk-taking behaviors among Israeli adolescents exposed to recurrent terrorism: provoking danger under continuous threat?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to assess 1) the relationship between risk-taking behaviors and exposure to terrorism, 2) the relationship between posttraumatic symptoms and risk-taking behaviors, and 3) gender differences in the type and frequency of risk-taking behaviors and their differential associations with posttraumatic symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 409 Israeli adolescents 15 to 18 years of age. Exposure to terrorism was assessed with a questionnaire developed specifically for the Israeli security situation. Posttraumatic symptoms were measured with the University of California at Los Angeles Reaction Index. Functional impairment was measured with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Risk-taking behavior-and the adolescents' perceptions of such behavior-was assessed with a self-report questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Israeli adolescents exposed to continuous threats of terrorist attacks reported high levels of risk-taking behaviors. The severity of risk-taking was associated with greater terrorism exposure. Adolescents suffering from posttraumatic symptoms reported more risk-taking behaviors than nonsymptomatic adolescents. Although there was no gender difference in the degree of exposure to terrorism, boys reported taking more risks than girls. The association between posttraumatic symptoms and risk-taking behaviors was stronger in boys than girls. Functional impairment, gender, avoidance symptoms, level of exposure, and degree of fear predicted the severity of risk-taking behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians and educators should be aware of the strong link between posttraumatic distress and risk-taking behaviors. Risk-taking behaviors may be a manifestation of functional impairment and posttraumatic distress, especially for boys exposed to terrorism.
authors.affiliation: Israel Center for the Treatment of Psychotrauma, Herzog Hospital, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel 91035. rpat@herzoghospital.org
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pat-Horenczyk
authors.forename: Osnat
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Peled
authors.forename: Tomer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miron
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brom
authors.forename: Yael
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: Claude M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chemtob
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D003617:Dangerous Behavior; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012008:Recurrence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D023481:Terrorism / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data