title: Gefitinib induces premature senescence in non-small cell lung cancer cells with or without EGFR gene mutation.
abstract: Despite its tremendous antitumor effect in a subset of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the exact mechanism of gefitinib-induced cell death has not been fully determined. In this study, forms of cell death in various NSCLC cell lines after gefitinib exposure was analyzed to elucidate the cell death mechanism of gefitinib. Though higher concentration of gefitinib (10 microM) induced extensive apoptosis in two cell lines (EGFR-mutated PC-9 cells and EGFR wild- type EBC-2/R cells), clinically relevant concentrations of gefitinib (1 microM) induced prominent premature senescence instead of apoptosis in these cells. This induction of senescence was preceded by immediate increase of p16INK4A, p21WAF1/Cip1 and p27Kip1 levels and subsequent G1 cell cycle arrest. These phenomena were not observed in gefitinib-resistant (RERF-LC-MS) cells. Additionally, ex vivo exposure to gefitinib induced senescence in short-term cultured tumor cells that were obtained from malignant pleural effusion of a patient with NSCLC, whose tumor was later revealed to be clinically sensitive to gefitinib. Our results indicate that senescence might be a major anti-tumor mechanism of gefitinib in these NSCLC cells regardless of the EGFR gene mutation status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine II, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama 700-8558, Japan. khotta@md.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hotta
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tabata
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kiura
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kozuki
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hisamoto
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Nagio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takigawa
authors.forename: Nobukazu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueoka
authors.forename: Mitsune
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanimoto
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D016923:Cell Death; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016922:Cellular Senescence; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics*; D000077156:Gefitinib; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D009154:Mutation; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D011799:Quinazolines; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D000077156:Gefitinib