title: Exposures to environmental toxicants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in U.S. children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the association of exposures to tobacco smoke and environmental lead with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Prenatal and postnatal tobacco exposure was based on parent report; lead exposure was measured using blood lead concentration. ADHD was defined as having current stimulant medication use and parent report of ADHD diagnosed by a doctor or health professional.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 4,704 children 4-15 years of age, 4.2% were reported to have ADHD and stimulant medication use, equivalent to 1.8 million children in the United States. In multivariable analysis, prenatal tobacco exposure [odds ratio (OR) = 2.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-5.2] and higher blood lead concentration (first vs. fifth quintile, OR = 4.1; 95% CI, 1.2-14.0) were significantly associated with ADHD. Postnatal tobacco smoke exposure was not associated with ADHD (OR = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.3-1.3; p = 0.22). If causally linked, these data suggest that prenatal tobacco exposure accounts for 270,000 excess cases of ADHD, and lead exposure accounts for 290,000 excess cases of ADHD in U.S. children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that exposure to prenatal tobacco and environmental lead are risk factors for ADHD in U.S. children.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Joe M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Froehlich
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Auinger
authors.forename: Bruce P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lanphear
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D007854:Lead