title: In vitro activity of ferroquine (SAR97193) is independent of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum.
abstract: Nowadays, chloroquine-resistant malaria appears in almost all endemic regions. Ferroquine is a derivative of chloroquine and shows good activity in vitro and in animal models, but the development of cross-resistance is of concern. We tested in vitro susceptibilities of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Gabon to ferroquine, chloroquine, and artesunate. As expected, chloroquine resistance was present in all parasite isolates (median 50% inhibitory concentration = 113 nmol/L). Ferroquine (1.94 nmol/L) and artesunate (0.96 nmol/L) were highly active, and no significant correlation between any of the three drugs was observed. In contrast to our findings, previous studies showed an association between chloroquine and ferroquine activities. We could reproduce this association by using different initial parasitemias, but analysis of covariance revealed that initial parasitemia and not parasite strain was the critical determinant for the correlation between chloroquine and ferroquine activities. We conclude that ferroquine is highly active in chloroquine-resistant parasites, and we anticipate no enhanced selection for resistance against ferroquine in chloroquine-resistant parasites.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kreidenweiss
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Kremsner
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mordmüller
mesh_terms: D000634:Aminoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001769:Blood / Q000469:parasitology; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000097:blood / Q000469:parasitology; D000075163:Metallocenes; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000097:blood; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D000962:Antimalarials; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D000075163:Metallocenes; D002738:Chloroquine; C479230:ferroquine