title: Psychiatric disorders in preclinical Huntington's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychiatric symptoms are a common feature of Huntington's disease (HD) and often precede the onset of motor and cognitive impairments. However, it remains unclear whether psychiatric changes in the preclinical period result from structural change, are a reaction to being at risk or simply a coincidental occurrence. Few studies have investigated the temporal course of psychiatric disorder across the preclinical period.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare lifetime and current prevalence of psychiatric disorder in presymptomatic gene carriers and non-carriers and to examine the relationship of psychiatric prevalence in gene carriers to temporal proximity of clinical onset.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lifetime and current psychiatric histories of 204 at risk individuals (89 gene carriers and 115 non-carriers) were obtained using a structured clinical interview, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Psychiatric disorders were classified using both standardised diagnostic criteria and a more subtle symptom based approach. Follow-up of gene carriers (n = 51) enabled analysis of the role of temporal proximity to clinical onset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene carriers and non-carriers did not differ in terms of the lifetime frequency of clinical psychiatric disorders or subclinical symptoms. However, gene carriers reported a significantly higher rate of current depressive symptoms. Moreover, the rate of depression increased as a function of proximity to clinical onset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Affective disorder is an important feature of the prodromal stages of HD. The findings indicate that depression cannot be accounted for by natural concerns of being at risk. There is evidence of a window of several years in which preclinical symptoms are apparent.
authors.affiliation: Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK.
authors.forename: Camille L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Julien
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yardumian
authors.forename: Julie S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Snowden
authors.forename: Gwen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Craufurd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D013997:Time Factors