title: Enhancement of proopiomelanocortin gene promoter activity by local anesthetics in a pituitary cell line.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) induces gene expression of proopiomelanocortin, a precursor protein of adrenocorticotropic hormone and beta-endorphin, by elevating intracellular cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) level in anterior pituitary cells and immune cells. CRH-induced proopiomelanocortin gene expression plays an important role in stress responses and is affected by a variety of drugs, but it is not known whether local anesthetics can directly affect the gene expression. We hypothesized that local anesthetics may directly affect proopiomelanocortin gene expression and can modulate production of adrenocorticotropic hormone and beta-endorphin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used mouse pituitary tumor cells stably transfected with approximately 0.7 kilobases of the rat proopiomelanocortin 5' promoter linked with the luciferase gene. In the presence or absence of local anesthetics (lidocaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine), cells were stimulated by CRH or forskolin. After stimulation, proopiomelanocortin gene promoter activity was assessed as luciferase activity, and cyclic AMP efflux was measured by enzyme immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CRH- or forskolin-stimulated proopiomelanocortin promoter activity was significantly enhanced by local anesthetics. Cyclic AMP efflux induced by CRH was not significantly increased by local anesthetics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that local anesthetics potentiate the effect of CRH or forskolin on proopiomelanocortin promoter activity without changing the intracellular cyclic AMP level. It might be possible that transcriptional regulation mediated by cyclic AMP is also enhanced by local anesthetics in the other cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kakuyama
authors.forename: Takehiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shoda
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuda
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology; D003470:Culture Media; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011333:Pro-Opiomelanocortin / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003470:Culture Media; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D005576:Colforsin; D011333:Pro-Opiomelanocortin; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D008156:Luciferases