title: WP760, a melanoma selective drug.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to perform studies on the specificity and antimelanoma mechanism of a novel bis-anthracycline, WP760. WP760 initially identified in the NCI 160 screen as anti-melanoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium reduction (MTT) assay was used to test tumor cell growth inhibition; confocal microscopy to view WP760 intracellular distribution; flow cytometry for cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis; and Western blotting was employed to identify and compare quantities and kinetics of cell growth related molecule levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WP760 induced G(2)/M-phase cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in melanoma cell lines and short-term melanoma explants established from clinical specimens in a time and concentration dependent manner at nM concentrations. In contrast, effects on fibroblasts and A549 lung cancer cells required higher concentrations, suggesting that WP760 possesses selectivity for melanoma. Molecular studies indicated that WP760 induced p53 stabilization, checkpoint kinase 2 and p27(Kip1) protein upregulation, and activation of caspase-3. Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) production has been implicated in the chemoresistance of melanoma; WP760 caused inhibition of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein as well as inhibition of phosphorylation of ERK, known to drive the iNOS pathway. Based on WP760 localization into mitochondria, and caspase-3 inhibitor block the killing of WP760, the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis appears to have been activated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that WP760 affects a critical and unique set of growth regulatory effects in melanoma, and is a promising candidate for further preclinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 362, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Mingzhong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Priebe
authors.forename: Eugene T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Walch
authors.forename: Katherine G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Mikyung
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Chi-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Sangkyou
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Poindexter
authors.forename: Izabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fokt
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Grimm
mesh_terms: D018943:Anthracyclines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D018943:Anthracyclines; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C523719:WP760; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D053148:Caspase 3