title: Liver-homing of purified glucose oxidase: a novel in vivo model of physiological hepatic oxidative stress (H2O2).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as H2O2, are implicated in normal and pathological liver function. However, due to the lack of suitable in vivo models of ROS generation the (patho) physiological relevance of H2O2 remains controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We established a novel model of sustained hepatic H2O2 release using intravenous administration of purified Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase (GOX) in rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GOX is rapidly cleared from the blood stream and almost exclusively localizes to Kupffer cells. GOX maintained its ability to generate H2O2 over 24h. While sublethal GOX doses induced hepatocellular necrosis, our morphological and functional studies show that lower levels of GOX which generate H2O2 comparable to release by inflammatory cells are non-toxic and do not induce histological inflammation. However, these non-toxic H2O2 levels increased oxidized glutathione and induced heme oxygenase 1 in the liver. In addition, several hepatocyte transporters were downregulated, while no decrease of bile formation, a sensitive marker of liver function, was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our in vivo model allows to study the effects of extracellular H2O2 in the liver as is released by inflammatory cells. Thus analysis of the role of this major ROS in the absence of confounding inflammatory cofactors will be possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rost
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Welker
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Welker
authors.forename: Gunda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Millonig
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Autschbach
authors.forename: Detlef
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schuppan
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mueller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000201:enzymology; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005949:Glucose Oxidase / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006505:Hepatitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D005949:Glucose Oxidase; D005978:Glutathione