title: Hemodynamic changes due to infiltration of the scalp with epinephrine-containing lidocaine solution: a hypotensive episode before craniotomy.
abstract: Epinephrine-containing lidocaine solution is commonly infiltrated on the scalp before craniotomy. But the hemodynamic changes caused by epinephrine-containing lidocaine solution have been less intensely studied. A prospective randomized double blind control study was designed to observe hemodynamic changes caused by epinephrine-containing lidocaine solution in neurosurgical operations under general anesthesia. One hundred twenty patients undergoing scheduled craniotomy were allocated randomly to 4 groups. All the patients received 1% lidocaine 16 mL with different dose (concentration) epinephrine: group 1 with 40 microg (2.5 microg/mL); group 2 with 80 microg (5 microg/mL); group 3 with 160 microg (10 microg/mL); and group 4 (control group) without epinephrine. mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate were recorded at 30-second interval in 5 minutes after the beginning of local infiltration. In group 1, group 2, and group 3, the lowest MAP and the highest MAP during this period also were recorded. Bleeding was assessed after raising the craniotomy flap. Compared with the baseline, significant hemodynamic changes, particularly decrease in MAP with increase in heart rate at 1.5 minutes after the beginning of local infiltration, were observed in group 1, group 2, and group 3 (P<0.001), but not in group 4. The highest MAP increased significantly compared with the baseline in group 3 (P<0.05), but not in group 1 or group 2. Epinephrine-containing lidocaine solution reduced bleeding significantly (P<0.01). Infiltration with epinephrine-containing lidocaine solution elicits temporary but significant hemodynamic changes including hypotension before craniotomy. Commonly clinically used concentrations of epinephrine (2.5 to 10 microg/mL) can reduce the bleeding on the scalp.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
authors.forename: Jian-jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hui-lin
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Ruo-jing
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.forename: Jin-chun
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Ji-xin
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Han-dong
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei-yan
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jian-guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D003399:Craniotomy; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine