title: First approved inhaled insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus.
abstract: The long-term benefits of tight glycemic control in preventing microvascular and macrovascular complications are well established in both Type 1 diabetes mellitus (Type 1 DM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM). Nonetheless, achievement of recommended haemoglobin A1c (HbA(1c)) goals (< or = 6.5 - 7.0%) has remained elusive, especially in patients with diabetes who require insulin therapy. Delayed/suboptimal titration of insulin is partly related to poor acceptance of multiple injection regimen by both physicians and patients. EXUBERA (human insulin [rDNA origin]; Pfizer), the first approved inhaled insulin for the treatment of diabetic patients, has been shown to be safe and as effective as regular/rapidly acting insulin in improving glycemic control. In addition to controlling postprandial glucose excursions, EXUBERA exerts a major action to reduce fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration. Thus, it has the potential to be used as a monotherapy in Type 2 DM, as well as in combination with an insulin sensitizer in Type 2 DM or in combination with long-acting insulin in both Type 2 DM and Type 1 DM.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center, Diabetes Division, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA.
authors.forename: Rucha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jani
authors.forename: Curtis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Triplitt
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reasner
authors.forename: Ralph A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Defronzo
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: C473734:Exubera; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin