title: Developmental course(s) of lifetime cigarette use and panic attack comorbidity: an equifinal phenomenon?
abstract: The present investigation examined the developmental course(s) of lifetime cigarette use and panic attack comorbidity. Participants included 4,409 adults, ages 15 to 54 years of age (M(Age) = 33.1, SD = 10.7, N (females) = 2,221) from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS). The primary objective of the present investigation was to better understand the developmental course(s) of lifetime cigarette use and panic attacks. A second objective of the investigation was to evaluate the developmental features of smoking-panic comorbidity in relation to other comorbid psychiatric and substance outcomes. Results demonstrated two distinct and novel operative developmental patterns of smoking-panic attack co-occurrence. The theoretical and clinical implications of delineating course-related factors underlying smoking-panic attack comorbidity are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Palo Alto Veterans Administration, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zvolensky
authors.forename: Norman B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sachs-Ericcson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors