title: Age-related macular degeneration is associated with incident myocardial infarction among elderly Americans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is associated with the development of myocardial infarction (MI) among elderly Americans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cross-sectional and cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five percent random sample of 2000 to 2003 Medicare enrollees.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cross-sectional study included the first 2-year (2000 and 2001) enrollees who were aged > or =65 years (n = 1,519,086). The cohort study included only baseline MI-free enrollees (n = 1445677).
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronic conditions (AMD and type, history of MI, hypertension, and diabetes) were defined based on any occurrence of relevant International Classification of Diseases 9 codes in relevant diagnosis fields of the baseline Medicare claim files. A total of 56611 incident MI cases were identified from the follow-up data (2002 and 2003).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline mean age was 76 years, with 60% women and 88% whites. The prevalence of neovascular AMD was 2.2% (2.3% in women vs. 1.7% in men and 2.3% in whites vs. 1.2% in blacks; P<0.01 for both gender and race differences). The prevalence of nonneovascular AMD was 8.8% (9.9% in women vs. 7.3% in men and 9.5% in whites vs. 4.3% in blacks; P<0.01 for both gender and race differences). Baseline age-, gender-, and race-adjusted prevalences of hypertension, diabetes, and history of MI were 75%, 33%, and 5.00%, respectively, in the neovascular AMD group. In contrast, they were 73%, 27%, and 4.68% in the nonneovascular AMD group, and 65%, 25%, and 4.54% in the non-AMD group (P<0.01 for comparing the prevalence in neovascular and nonneovascular AMD vs. non-AMD groups). Prospectively, baseline age-, gender-, race-, hypertension-, and diabetes-adjusted 2-year incident odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of MI associated with AMD are 1.19 (1.16-1.22) for all persons with AMD, 1.26 (1.20-1.33) for neovascular AMD, and 1.18 (1.14-1.21) for nonneovascular AMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AMD is associated with older age, female gender, being white, and having a history of MI, hypertension, and diabetes. Furthermore, presence of AMD, especially neovascular AMD, is prospectively associated with a higher risk of incident MI. These findings, if confirmed by other studies that control for smoking and other lifestyle covariables, suggest the possibility of shared common antecedents between MI and AMD.
authors.affiliation: Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
authors.forename: Yinkang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Jingping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Ingrid U
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Hung-Mo
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caulfield
authors.forename: Manju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Duanping
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology