title: Parental personality as an inner resource that moderates the impact of ecological adversity on parenting.
abstract: Parents' personality was examined as a moderator of the impact of demographic risk on parenting in a longitudinal study (N=102 families). Parents' personality and demographic risk (i.e., education level, age, family income, and family size) were assessed when children were infants, and parents' power assertion, warmth, and positive affect were observed in naturalistic interactions 2.5 years later. Parents' personality moderated the adverse impact of demographic risk on parenting. For parents who had memories of unstable and unhappy childhood experiences and who reported low conventionality, higher risk was linked to more power assertion, but there was no such link for those parents who recalled happy childhood experiences and who embraced conventions. For both parents who lacked a sense of optimism and social trust, and for fathers who reported low conventionality, higher risk was linked to less affectively positive parenting, but there was no such link for parents who were optimistic and trusting or for fathers who were conventional. Higher risk was linked to more power assertion, but only for mothers low in Extraversion and for fathers high in Neuroticism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA. grazyna-kochanska@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kochanska
authors.forename: Nazan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aksan
authors.forename: Sara J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Penney
authors.forename: Lea J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Boldt
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005219:Father-Child Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D010551:Personality; D012306:Risk; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States