title: Contributions of extracellular and intracellular Ca2+ to regulation of sperm motility: Release of intracellular stores can hyperactivate CatSper1 and CatSper2 null sperm.
abstract: In order to fertilize, mammalian sperm must hyperactivate. Hyperactivation is triggered by increased flagellar Ca(2+), which switches flagellar beating from a symmetrical to an asymmetrical pattern by increasing bending to one side. Thimerosal, which releases Ca(2+) from internal stores, induced hyperactivation in mouse sperm within seconds, even when extracellular Ca(2+) was buffered with BAPTA to approximately 30 nM. In sperm from CatSper1 or CatSper2 null mice, which lack functional flagellar alkaline-activated calcium currents, 50 microM thimerosal raised the flagellar bend amplitudes from abnormally low levels to normal pre-hyperactivated levels and, in 20-40% of sperm, induced hyperactivation. Addition of 1 mM Ni(2+) diminished the response. This suggests that intracellular Ca(2+) is abnormally low in the null sperm flagella. When intracellular Ca(2+) was reduced by BAPTA-AM in wild-type sperm, they exhibited flagellar beat patterns more closely resembling those of null sperm. Altogether, these results indicate that extracellular Ca(2+) is required to supplement store-released Ca(2+) to produce maximal and sustained hyperactivation and that CatSper1 and CatSper2 are key elements of the major Ca(2+) entry pathways that support not only hyperactivated motility but possibly also normal pre-hyperactivated motility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Becky
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marquez
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ignotz
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Suarez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005407:Flagella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D051379:Mice; D009532:Nickel / Q000494:pharmacology; D029589:Seminal Plasma Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013849:Thimerosal / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; C480636:CatSper2 protein, mouse; C488642:Catsper1 protein, mouse; D029589:Seminal Plasma Proteins; C070379:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester; D013849:Thimerosal; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D009532:Nickel; D002118:Calcium