title: Signs of beta-cell autoimmunity in nondiabetic schoolchildren: a comparison between Russian Karelia with a low incidence of type 1 diabetes and Finland with a high incidence rate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to study the prevalence of autoantibodies to various islet cell antigens in the background population of two neighboring countries with a sixfold difference in the incidence of type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples were obtained from 3,652 nondiabetic schoolchildren in Finland and from 1,988 schoolchildren in the adjacent Karelian Republic of Russia. The Karelian children were divided into three groups (Finns/Karelians, Russians, and others) based on the ethnic background of their mother. The samples were analyzed for islet cell antibodies (ICAs), insulin autoantibodies (IAAs), GAD antibodies (GADAs), and the tyrosine phosphatase-like insulinoma antigen 2 (IA-2A) protein and HLA class II genotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of ICAs, IAAs, and GADAs did not differ significantly between the Karelian (3.5, 0.6, and 0.9%, respectively) and Finnish children (2.8, 0.9, and 0.5%, respectively). Similarly, the frequency of multiple (> or = 2) autoantibodies was similar in both countries (0.5 vs. 0.6%). The frequency of IA-2A was, however, four times higher in Finland (0.6 vs. 0.15% in Russian Karelia; P = 0.03). There were no significant differences in autoantibody prevalence among the three ethnic groups in Russian Karelia. There was a falling frequency of GADAs and of positivity for multiple autoantibodies along with decreasing HLA-conferred disease susceptibility among the Finnish schoolchildren.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that beta-cell autoimmunity among schoolchildren is as frequent in Russian Karelia as in Finland, although the incidence of clinical type 1 diabetes is six times higher in Finland. However, in contrast to this general trend, IA-2As were more common in Finland. Since IA-2As usually appear late in the preclinical process, this suggests that progressive beta-cell autoimmunity is more rare in Russian Karelia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University of Tampere Medical School, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kondrashova
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Viskari
authors.forename: Petri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kulmala
authors.forename: Anatolij
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romanov
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hyöty
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015551:Autoimmunity; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology