title: Cost-effectiveness of systematic depression treatment among people with diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression co-occurring with diabetes mellitus is associated with higher health services costs, suggesting that more effective depression treatment might reduce use of other medical services.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incremental cost and cost-effectiveness of a systematic depression treatment program among outpatients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial comparing systematic depression treatment program with care as usual.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary care clinics of group-model prepaid health plan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-stage screening process identified 329 adults with diabetes and current depressive disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specialized nurses delivered a 12-month, stepped-care depression treatment program beginning with either problem-solving treatment psychotherapy or a structured antidepressant pharmacotherapy program. Subsequent treatment (combining psychotherapy and medication, adjustments to medication, and specialty referral) was adjusted according to clinical response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depressive symptoms were assessed by blinded telephone assessments at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Health service costs were assessed using health plan accounting records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 24 months, patients assigned to the intervention accumulated a mean of 61 additional days free of depression (95% confidence interval [CI], 11 to 82 days) and had outpatient health services costs that averaged $314 less (95% CI, $1007 less to $379 more) compared with patients continuing in usual care. When an additional day free of depression is valued at $10, the net economic benefit of the intervention is $952 per patient treated (95% CI, $244 to $1660).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For adults with diabetes, systematic depression treatment significantly increases time free of depression and appears to have significant economic benefits from the health plan perspective. Depression screening and systematic depression treatment should become routine components of diabetes care.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. simon.g@ghc.org
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Wayne J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Katon
authors.forename: Elizabeth H B
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rutter
authors.forename: Willard G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Von Korff
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ciechanowski
authors.forename: Evette J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ludman
authors.forename: Bessie A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017061:Prepaid Health Plans / Q000191:economics*; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents