title: Posterolateral intertransverse lumbar fusion in a mouse model: surgical anatomy and operative technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Animal models are frequently used for studying the effect of bone graft substitutes or allogeneic materials on osterolateral lumbar fusion. Transgenic technology in the mouse provides a unique opportunity to further understand the biology of spine fusion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe pertinent lumbar spine anatomy and formulate a surgical protocol for posterolateral fusion in the mouse model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnostic model: development of an animal model for biologic evaluation of posterolateral spine fusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten mice were killed to study relevant lumbar spine anatomy and develop a protocol for lumbar spine fusion. The L4-L6 fusion protocol was validated in 46 mice for ease of exposure, preparation of the posterolateral fusion bed, introduction of bone inductive agents, and perioperative care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anatomy and surgical technique for posterolateral intertransverse lumbar fusion in the mouse model are described. A paraspinal approach allows exposure of the transverse processes, decortication, and graft placement at the L4-L6 intertransverse fusion site. Decortication alone did not result in fusion, whereas the use of bone graft resulted in satisfactory fusion rates. Perioperative morbidity and mortality rates were low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mouse posterolateral lumbar spine fusion model is reproducible, inexpensive, and has low complication rates. Knowledge of the relevant anatomy and adherence to a well-defined surgical protocol provides a reliable and reproducible experimental spine fusion model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226-3522, USA. rrao@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Raj D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Vaibhav B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Bagaria
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Cooley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*