title: A systematic study of nitrated indenoisoquinolines reveals a potent topoisomerase I inhibitor.
abstract: The biological activity of indenoisoquinoline topoisomerase I inhibitors is significantly enhanced by nitration of the isoquinoline ring. In the present study, nitrated analogues were synthesized with the indenone ring substituted with methoxy groups to further explore a previously identified structure-activity relationship between the nitrated isoquinoline ring and a methylenedioxy-substituted indenone ring. The results indicate that a single methoxy group at the 9-position of an indenoisoquinoline affords superior biological activity. Hypothetical binding models have been developed to rationalize these results, and they indicate that pi-stacking between the indenoisoquinolines and the DNA base pairs, as visualized by electrostatic complementarity, is important for the intercalation and biological activity of the indenoisoquinoline analogues. Collectively, the analysis of methoxy groups on the indenone ring also illustrates a strict steric requirement for substituents extending toward the nonscissile DNA backbone and emphasizes a need for planarity to afford potent biological activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morrell
authors.forename: Smitha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Antony
authors.forename: Glenda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kohlhagen
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pommier
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cushman
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry; D004264:DNA Topoisomerases, Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007192:Indenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009566:Nitrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D059004:Topoisomerase I Inhibitors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007192:Indenes; D007546:Isoquinolines; D009566:Nitrates; D059004:Topoisomerase I Inhibitors; C093581:indene; D004247:DNA; D004264:DNA Topoisomerases, Type I; C039109:isoquinoline