title: Tenascin-C stimulates glioma cell invasion through matrix metalloproteinase-12.
abstract: The capacity of glioma cells to invade extensively within the central nervous system is a major cause of the high morbidity rate of primary malignant brain tumors. Glioma cell invasion involves the attachment of tumor cells to extracellular matrix (ECM), degradation of ECM components, and subsequent penetration into adjacent brain structures. These processes are accomplished in part by matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) within a three-dimensional milieu of the brain parenchyma. As the majority of studies have used a two-dimensional monolayer culture system, we have used a three-dimensional matrix of collagen type I gel to address glioma-secreted proteases, ECM, and invasiveness of glioma cells. We show that in a three-dimensional collagen type I matrix, the presence of tenascin-C, commonly elevated in high-grade gliomas, increased the invasiveness of glioma cells. The tenascin-C-mediated invasiveness was blocked by metalloproteinase inhibitors, but this did not involve the gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) commonly implicated in two-dimensional glioma growth. A thorough analysis of 21 MMPs and six members of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain showed that MMP-12 was increased in gliomas by tenascin-C in three-dimensional matrix. Furthermore, examinations of resected specimens revealed high MMP-12 levels in the high-grade glioblastoma multiforme tumors. Finally, a function-blocking antibody as well as small interfering RNA to MMP-12 attenuated the tenascin-C-stimulated glioma invasion. These results identify a new factor, MMP-12, in regulating glioma invasiveness through interaction with tenascin-C.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Susobhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Nuttall
authors.forename: Shuhong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Dylan R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: V Wee
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Yong
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003094:Collagen; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D017931:DNA Primers; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D053508:Matrix Metalloproteinase 12 / Q000378:metabolism*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D019063:Tenascin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D017931:DNA Primers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D019063:Tenascin; D003094:Collagen; C507122:MMP12 protein, human; D053508:Matrix Metalloproteinase 12