title: Clinical relevance of E2F family members in ovarian cancer--an evaluation in a training set of 77 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The major obstacle in treating ovarian cancer is the rapid development of platinum resistance during therapy. Deregulation of members of the E2F family of transcription factors is crucially involved in carcinogenesis and probably in mechanisms underlying platinum resistance. We therefore investigated the relevance of the whole set of E2F family members in predicting clinical outcome and their significance in predicting platinum resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time PCR of all E2F family members was done from 77 ovarian carcinomas, defined as our training set, and 8 healthy control samples. The correlation with clinicopathologic characteristics, platinum resistance, and survival was investigated. Furthermore, the cross-talk of E2F family members was assessed for its value in predicting survival and platinum resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proliferation-promoting E2F1 and E2F2 were associated with grade 3 tumors and residual disease >2 cm in diameter after initial surgery. Survival analyses showed low expression of E2F1 or E2F2 to be significantly associated with favorable disease-free and overall survival (E2F1, P = 0.039 and 0.047, respectively; E2F2, P = 0.009 and 0.006, respectively). In contrast, high expression of inhibiting E2F4 or E2F7 predicted favorable disease-free and overall survival (E2F4, P = 0.047 and 0.042, respectively; E2F7, P = 0.048 and 0.042, respectively). A high E2F2 to E2F4 ratio was the most valuable prognostic variable for disease-free survival in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 6.494; P = 0.002). Tumors considered platinum resistant were associated with lower E2F4 and E2F7 expression (P = 0.012 and 0.009, respectively) compared with platinum-sensitive tumors. Again, ratios of E2F1 or E2F2 to E2F7 were the most favorable variables in predicting platinum resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We here show that deregulation of both proliferation-promoting and proliferation-inhibiting E2F transcription factors and their cross-talk is crucially involved in the tumor biology of ovarian cancer and influences clinical outcome. Furthermore, down-regulation of E2F7 may contribute to mechanisms underlying platinum resistance, and calculation of ratios of proliferation-promoting E2F1 to E2F7 could serve as a putative predictor of platinum resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reimer
authors.forename: Susann
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadr
authors.forename: Annemarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiedemair
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stadlmann
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Concin
authors.forename: Gerda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hofstetter
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Müller-Holzner
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marth
authors.forename: Alain G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Zeimet
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D050702:E2F7 Transcription Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050702:E2F7 Transcription Factor; C481054:E2F7 protein, human; D002945:Cisplatin