title: Postnatal induction of transforming growth factor beta signaling in fibroblasts of mice recapitulates clinical, histologic, and biochemical features of scleroderma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increased signaling by transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) has been implicated in systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma), a complex disorder of connective tissues characterized by excessive accumulation of collagen and other extracellular matrix components in systemic organs. To directly assess the effect of sustained TGFbeta signaling in SSc, we established a novel mouse model in which the TGFbeta signaling pathway is activated in fibroblasts postnatally.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mice we used (termed TBR1(CA); Cre-ER mice) harbor both the DNA for an inducible constitutively active TGFbeta receptor I (TGFbetaRI) mutation, which has been targeted to the ROSA locus, and a Cre-ER transgene that is driven by a fibroblast-specific promoter. Administration of 4-hydroxytamoxifen 2 weeks after birth activates the expression of constitutively active TGFbetaRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These mice recapitulated clinical, histologic, and biochemical features of human SSc, showing pronounced and generalized fibrosis of the dermis, thinner epidermis, loss of hair follicles, and fibrotic thickening of small blood vessel walls in the lung and kidney. Primary skin fibroblasts from these mice showed elevated expression of downstream TGFbeta targets, reproducing the hallmark biochemical phenotype of explanted SSc dermal fibroblasts. The mouse fibroblasts also showed elevated basal expression of the TGFbeta-regulated promoters plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and 3TP, increased Smad2/3 phosphorylation, and enhanced myofibroblast differentiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Constitutive activation of TGFbeta signaling in fibroblastic cells of mice after birth caused a marked fibrotic phenotype characteristic of SSc. These mice should be excellent models with which to test therapies aimed at correcting excessive TGFbeta signaling in human scleroderma.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Sonali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sonnylal
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Denton
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Keene
authors.forename: Ruming
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Henry P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Carolyn S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Vanpelt
authors.forename: Yong J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: Jenny M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Behringer
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Crombrugghe
mesh_terms: D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018390:Gene Targeting / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D018046:Protein C Inhibitor / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051899:Smad2 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D018046:Protein C Inhibitor; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497783:Smad2 protein, mouse; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C497791:Smad3 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D013629:Tamoxifen; C016601:afimoxifene; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I