title: Urological management of indinavir-associated acute renal failure in HIV-positive patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Indinavir, a protease inhibitor that is commonly used to treat HIV infection, may cause crystal formation within the renal tubules when urine pH is above 3.5. Crystallization in the urine may lead to intrarenal crystal deposition and acute renal failure (ARF).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish the beneficial urological management of acute renal failure caused by indinavir treatment of HIV/AIDS patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five HIV positive patients (four men, one woman) with a mean age of 32 years (range 28-36 years) were referred to our Department of Urology from an AIDS outpatient Clinic, because of the development of postrenal acute renal failure with continuously elevated creatinine and urea plasma levels after indinavir therapy. Among the initial therapeutic maneuvers, indinavir administration was interrupted for 1 week while bilateral double-J ureteral stents were inserted in all the HIV/AIDS patients, during the first 24-72 h to secure upper-tract drainage. Concurrently urine has been acidified by oral administration of the amino acid L: -methionine and oral fluid intake was increased.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the patients responded well to the treatment and their renal function was effortlessly restored to normal within a few days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-positive patients receiving indinavir therapy might be complicated by acute renal failure, mainly due to intrarenal crystal deposition (tubules) or urolithiasis (postrenal obstruction). This adverse effect may simply manage by the discontinuation of indinavir administration, urine acidification, as well as the possible early insertion of bilateral double-J ureteral stents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kalaitzis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Passadakis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giannakopoulos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panagoutsos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mpantis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Triantafyllidis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Touloupidis
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vargemezis
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D015607:Stents
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D019469:Indinavir