title: Nutritional formula improved immune profiles of seniors living in nursing homes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether an experimental nutritional formula (EXP) supports immune function in seniors living in long-term care facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial conducted September 2002 through January 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  North central Florida nursing homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects aged 65 and older (n = 157).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects received 240 mL/d of EXP or standard liquid nutrition (CON) for 4 weeks before and 6 weeks after an influenza vaccination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Influenza vaccine antibody responses, immunophenotyping, lymphocyte activation, cytokines, and clinical measures (fever, number of prescribed antibiotics).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-two subjects (n = 40, CON; n = 52, EXP) completed the study. Geometric mean antibody titers were similar between groups, yet the percentage of subjects with H1N1 antibody titers greater than 100 postvaccination was higher in the EXP group than in the CON group (43% vs 23%, P=.047). Similar trends were found for the percentage of subjects (intent to treat) with fourfold increases against the B/Hong Kong component (64% vs 46%, P = .09) or with H3N2 antibody titers of 40 or more (97% vs 89%, P=.06). EXP subjects had higher levels of influenza-activated lymphocytes (CD69+ and CD25+). Cytokine production after mitogen activation was lower in EXP than CON subjects (interleukin (IL)-6: 20+/-3 vs 29+/-3 ng/mL, P = .045; IL-10: 310+/-60 vs 603+/-140 pg/mL, P = .06). Fewer EXP subjects were treated for fever (5% vs 16%, P = .02) or prescribed antibiotics (7 vs 11 new antibiotics/100 days of study, P = .06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seniors consuming the EXP formula demonstrated enhanced immune function, indicated by increased influenza vaccine response and lymphocyte activation, less fever, and fewer newly prescribed antibiotics than those consuming a standard ready-to-drink nutritional supplement.
authors.affiliation: Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Bobbi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Langkamp-Henken
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Kelli A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Herlinger-Garcia
authors.forename: Debra J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Joyce K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Stechmiller
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: DeMichele
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Murasko
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D005526:Food, Formulated; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006304:Health Status; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes; D018529:Nutritional Support
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines