title: Suberosin inhibits proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells through the modulation of the transcription factors NF-AT and NF-kappaB.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extracts of Plumbago zeylanica containing suberosin exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. We purified suberosin from such extracts and studied its effects on a set of key regulatory events in the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Proliferation of PBMC in culture was measured by uptake of 3H-thymidine; production of cytokines and cyclins by Western blotting and RT-PCR. Transcription factors NF-AT and NF-kappaB were assayed by immunocytochemistry and EMSA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Suberosin suppressed PHA-induced PBMC proliferation and arrested cell cycle progression from the G1 transition to the S phase. Suberosin suppressed, in activated PBMC, transcripts of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and cyclins D3, E, A, and B. DNA binding activity and nuclear translocation of NF-AT and NF-kappaB induced by PHA were blocked by suberosin. Suberosin decreased the rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in PBMC stimulated with PHA. Suberosin did not affect phosphorylation of p38 and JNK but did reduce activation of ERK in PHA-treated PBMC. Pharmacological inhibitors of NF-kappaB, NF-AT, and ERK decreased expression of mRNA for the cyclins, IL-2, and IFN-gamma and cell proliferation in PBMC activated by PHA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inhibitory effects of suberosin on PHA-induced PBMC proliferation, were mediated, at least in part, through reduction of [Ca2+]i, ERK, NF-AT, and NF-kappaB activation, and early gene expression in PBMC including cyclins and cytokines, and arrest of cell cycle progression in the cells. Our observations provide an explanation for the anti-inflammatory activity of P. zeylanica.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Y-C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: W-J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: M-H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: L-C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Y-C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003374:Coumarins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010936:Plant Extracts; D029606:Plumbaginaceae; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D003374:Coumarins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D010936:Plant Extracts; C518975:suberosin