title: Seroprotection against tetanus in patients attending an emergency department in Belgium and evaluation of a bedside immunotest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In most emergency departments, tetanus prophylaxis currently relies on vaccination history. Bedside evaluation of tetanus immunity may improve this process.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (i) To determine the seroprevalence of tetanus immunity; (ii) to evaluate the accuracy of vaccination history in assessing tetanus immunity; (iii) to identify factors predictive of seroprotection and incorrect history.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective observational study, tetanus immunity was assessed in 784 adults using Tétanos Quick Stick (TQS). A questionnaire was completed to obtain vaccination and general histories. Immunity assessed by TQS and by vaccination history were compared with anti-tetanus antibody levels measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (seroprotection threshold >0.15 IU/ml).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 64.2% of patients were protected according to TQS results. Four independent predictors of seroprotection were identified: young age, birthplace in Belgium, male sex and occupational medicine consultation. TQS performance was good: kappa=0.71, sensitivity 85.3%, specificity 87.2%, positive predictive value 92.1% and negative predictive value 77.2%. Seven hundred and sixty-two participants responded to the vaccination history: 23.4% said they were protected, 22.1% that they were not and 54.5% did not know. History performance was poor: kappa=0.27, sensitivity 60.3%, specificity 73.3%, positive predictive value 81.8% and negative predictive value 45.8%. Compared with history, TQS offered a significantly better sensitivity, negative and positive predictive values, but specificity was similar. No predictor of an incorrect history was identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of protective immunity against tetanus is frequent but poorly evaluated by history taking. Several demographic characteristics are good predictors of seroprotection. TQS could be a valuable tool in selected patients to improve tetanus prophylaxis in the emergency department.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium. muriel.stubbe@ulb.ac.be
authors.forename: Muriel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stubbe
authors.forename: Rohnny
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Swinnen
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crusiaux
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mascart
authors.forename: Philippe E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lheureux
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001530:Belgium; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007159:Immunologic Tests / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013742:Tetanus / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D013745:Tetanus Toxoid