title: Investigations of ocular changes, extraocular muscle thickness, and eye movements in Graves' ophthalmopathy.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate ocular changes, to measure the thickness of extraocular muscles, and to assess eye movements in patients with active Graves' ophthalmopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 27 patients (18 women and 9 men) with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Their age ranged from 17 to 59 years; mean age was 42.7+/-2.9 years. The control group consisted of 30 healthy persons aged 43.6+/-2.6 years. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination including best-corrected Snellen visual acuity testing, measurements of proptosis using Hertel exophthalmometer, echography using A/B mode Mentor Advent ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system, ocular motility, slit-lamp and ophthalmoscopic examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The examination showed a significant increase of proptosis, periorbital edema in 66.67%, chemosis in 59.26%, injection of conjunctiva in 45.15% of patients. The majority of patients with infiltrative form of Graves' ophthalmopathy had a significant enlargement of medial rectus muscle (from 5.0 to 5.9 mm in 46.3%, from 6.0 to 6.9 mm in 22.22% of eyes) and inferior rectus muscle thickness (from 5.0 to 5.9 mm in 33.33%, from 6.0 to 6.9 mm in 24.07% of eyes), disturbances in upward (less than 30 degrees in 62.96%) and lateral eye movements (from 30 to 50 degrees in 77.78%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of ocular examination showed an increase of proptosis, periorbital edema, chemosis and injection of conjunctiva in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Ultrasound investigations showed a marked increase in the volume of medial and inferior eye muscle. In patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy, the changes in ocular motility (upward and lateral gaze) were detected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Eye Diseases, Kaunas University of Medicine, Eiveniu 2, 50009 Kaunas, Lithuania. j_jankauskiene@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Jūrate
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jankauskiene
authors.forename: Daiva
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Imbrasiene
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004487:Edema / Q000175:diagnosis; D005094:Exophthalmos / Q000175:diagnosis; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014787:Vision Tests; D014792:Visual Acuity