title: Antifibrotic effects of tetrandrine on hepatic stellate cells and rats with liver fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anti-inflammation strategies are one of the proposed therapeutic approaches to hepatic fibrosis. Tetrandrine (C(38)H(42)O(8)N(2), molecular weight: 622; Tet), an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Stephania tetrandra, has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory activity in pulmonary diseases. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of Tet on hepatic fibrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cell line of rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC-T6) was stimulated with transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The inhibitory effects of Tet on the nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) signaling cascade and molecular markers including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) secretion were assessed. Fibrosis was induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) administration in rats for 4 weeks. Fibrotic rats were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: vehicle (0.7% carboxyl methyl cellulose, CMC), Tet (1 mg/kg), Tet (5 mg/kg), or silymarin (50 mg/kg), each given by gavage twice daily for 3 weeks starting after 1 week of DMN administration. At the end of the study, liver tissues were scored for fibrosis and analyzed for molecular markers of fibrosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tetrandrine (0.5-5.0 micromol/L) concentration-dependently inhibited NFkappaB transcriptional activity induced by TNF-alpha, including IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and mRNA expressions of ICAM-1 in HSC-T6 cells. In addition, Tet also inhibited TGF-beta1-induced alpha-SMA secretion and collagen deposition in HSC-T6 cells. Fibrosis scores of livers from DMN-treated rats with high-dose Tet (1.3 +/- 0.3) were significantly reduced in comparison with DMN-treated rats receiving saline (2.0 +/- 0.2). Hepatic collagen content of DMN rats was significantly reduced by either Tet or silymarin treatment. Double-staining results showed that alpha-SMA- and NFkappaB-positive cells were decreased in the fibrotic livers by Tet and silymarin treatment. In addition, mRNA expression of ICAM-1, alpha-SMA, and TGF-beta1 was attenuated by Tet treatment. Moreover, levels of plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were reduced by Tet and silymarin treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tetrandrine exerts antifibrotic effects in both HSC-T6 cells and in rats with DMN-induced fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Chao
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Yung-Tsung
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Ching-Chang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Ching-Fen
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yun-Lian
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yi-Tsau
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000470:Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D044182:Benzylisoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000473:pathology; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008106:Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D000470:Alkaloids; D044182:Benzylisoquinolines; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; C009438:tetrandrine; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine