title: Time trends for HIV-1 antiretroviral resistance among antiretroviral-experienced and naive pregnant women in New York City during 1991 to early 2001.
abstract: Time trends in the prevalence of drug resistance to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in pregnant women have not been studied. Treatment and prophylactic efficacy could be compromised by drug-resistant HIV strains. We conducted a repeated cross-sectional study of antiretroviral resistance mutations to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and of major mutations to protease inhibitors (PIs) in virus isolates from 300 HIV-infected pregnant women in New York City from 1991 to early 2001. The overall prevalence of mutations for NRTIs from 1991 to early 2001 was higher for ART-experienced (25.6% [95% confidence interval (CI): 19.1% to 32.1%]) than ART-naive (8.6% [95% CI: 3.7% to 13.4%]) mothers (P < 0.002). For NNRTIs, the overall prevalence of mutations was somewhat higher among ART-experienced (5.8% [95% CI: 2.3% to 9.3%]) versus ART-naive (1.6% [95% CI: 0% to 3.7%]) women (P = 0.06), and increased over time for ART-naive women (0%-7.4%; P = 0.03) and ART-experienced women (0%-19.4%; P = 0.0002). The prevalence of PI-associated mutations was also higher overall among ART-experienced mothers (5.8% [95% CI: 2.3% to 9.3%] vs. 1.6% [95% CI: 0% to 3.7%]; P = 0.06), with increases over time seen for ART-naive women (0%-7.4%; P = 0.03) and ART-experienced women (0%-16.1%; P = 0.0008). The increasing prevalence of drug resistance in pregnant women, including those who are drug-naive, underscores the necessity for resistance testing to guide treatment to achieve suppression of the mother's virus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA. slwelles@bu.edu
authors.forename: Seth L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Welles
authors.forename: Greta R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: LaRussa
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Colgrove
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pitt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D009519:New York City; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000821:virology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors