title: An MHC class II disparity raises the threshold for tolerance induction in pulmonary allografts in miniature swine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanisms and treatment of chronic rejection in pulmonary allotransplantation remain elusive. We have induced robust tolerance to class I-disparate lung allografts in miniature swine using an intensive 12-day course of tacrolimus. Here, we tested whether a tolerant state can be induced in swine receiving fully mismatched lung allografts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orthotopic left lung allografts were performed using MHC class I-disparate (group 1: n = 3) or fully disparate (group 2: n = 6) donors. The recipients received a 12-day postoperative course of tacrolimus (continuous intravenous infusion; target level = 35-50 ng/mL) as their only immunosuppression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All swine in group 1 maintained their grafts long term without developing any lesions of chronic rejection (>497, >432, >451 days). These recipients exhibited donor-specific hyporesponsiveness in cell-mediated lymphocytotoxity (CML) and mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assays. In group 2, five of the six recipients maintained their grafts long term (sacrificed on postoperative days 515, 389, 429, 481, and 438 with viable grafts). Isolated lesions of obliterative bronchiolitis were occasionally seen on biopsy, and donor-specific hyporesponsiveness on assays was consistently observed. The remaining recipient rejected its graft on day 103 with histologic findings of obliterative bronchiolitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report long-term graft acceptance without chronic immunosuppression in five of six recipients across a full MHC disparity, albeit with some evidence of obliterative bronchiolitis. These data suggest that the class II disparity inherent in a fully mismatched transplant increases the requirement for tolerance induction.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shoji
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sahara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muniappan
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Guenther
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Houser
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pujara
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bravard
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wain
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Allan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000473:pathology; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000276:immunology*; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D008285:Major Histocompatibility Complex; D023421:Models, Animal; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II