title: L-arginine-threonine-arginine (RTR) tetramer peptide inhibits ulceration in the alkali-injured rabbit cornea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Proline-glycine-proline (PGP) peptides have been identified as inflammatory mediators initiating neutrophil invasion into alkali-injured cornea. The complementary peptide, arginine-threonine-arginine (RTR), has been shown to bind to the PGP sequence and impede neutrophil infiltration. A prior study showed that L-RTR tetramer and D-RTR tetramer, used alternately (14 times a day), resulted in significantly reduced incidences of corneal ulceration and severity. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effectiveness of both tetramers, used separately, compared with control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rabbit corneas were exposed to 1 N NaOH for 35 seconds. Sixteen animals were randomly assigned to each of 3 groups: 1) phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 2) 1.5 mM L-RTR, or 3) 800 microM D-RTR. One drop of each was administered hourly (14 times a day) for 36 days. Additional studies were done to assess neutrophil infiltration into corneas with and without RTR treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The severity of corneal ulceration in both RTR groups was statistically significantly different from the 21st day of the experiment to the end. As a result of ulcers healing in the L-RTR group, there was a statistically significant reduction in the number of ulcers beginning on day 22 versus control. Although there was healing in the D-RTR group, the incidence of ulcers was not significantly different from control or L-RTR. Morphometric analysis revealed decreased neutrophil (PMN) invasion with RTR treatment compared with PBS control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Binding of the PGP molecules by RTR tetramer seems to deprive the cornea of this neutrophilic chemotactic stimulus, leading to a reduction in the severity and incidence of corneal ulceration.
authors.affiliation: Eye Research Foundation, Inc., Eye Research Laboratories, Birmingham, AL, USA. eyeresearch@mindspring.com
authors.forename: Roswell R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: Charnell Inglis
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Sommers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002057:Burns, Chemical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000187:drug effects; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects; D003320:Corneal Ulcer / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005126:Eye Burns / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007536:Isomerism; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011392:Proline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011817:Rabbits; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D002630:Chemotactic Factors; D009842:Oligopeptides; C113164:prolyl-glycyl-proline; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D011392:Proline