title: Constancy and characteristics of the anterior cutaneous branch of the first intercostal nerve: correcting the descriptions in human anatomy texts.
abstract: Human anatomy texts state that the anterior cutaneous branch of the first intercostal nerve (Rca-Th1) does not exist or that, even if it does, it is poorly developed. However, an anterior cutaneous branch in the first intercostal space (Rca-1) was observed in 74.8% of cases examined (104/139 sides) and was not poorly developed at all. Some of the observed Rca-I were even larger than the anterior cutaneous branches in the second intercostal space (Rca-ll). The segment of origin of the Rca-I was analyzed in 37 sides and 66.2% (49/74 branches) were confirmed to be from Th1. As a result, in contrast with traditional beliefs, it was shown that Rca-Th1 exists. The Rca-I was classified into two types according to the course and distribution: (i) an anterior cutaneous branch that appeared at the anterior end of the first intercostal space (ICS), ran through the pectoralis major muscle and extended in the first ICS (Rca-1); and (ii) another branch that appeared at the same place but ran downward along the anterior surface of the second costal cartilage, deep to the pectoralis major muscle, to reach the inferior edge of the second costal cartilage or the second ICS, passed through the pectoralis major muscle and extended to the second rib or the second ICS (pseudo Rca-2). It was found that 77.8% (35/45 branches) of Rca-1 and 48.3% (14/29 branches) of pseudo Rca-2 were derived from Th1. Accordingly, the author suggests that the description in human anatomy texts should be revised to read, '... the Rca-Th1 exists quite constantly and some of appear at a position resembling Rca-Th2'.
authors.affiliation: Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Course for Biological Functions and Medical Control, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Japan. miyawaki@med.niigata-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyawaki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000715:Anatomy / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007367:Intercostal Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012272:Ribs / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation*; D013782:Textbooks as Topic / Q000592:standards; D035441:Thoracic Wall / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D013909:Thorax / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology