3D and 4D ultrasound in fetal cardiac scanning: a new look at the fetal heart.
Over the last decade we have been witness to a burgeoning literature on three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound-based studies of the fetal cardiovascular system. Recent advances in the technology of 3D/4D ultrasound systems allow almost real-time 3D/4D fetal heart scans. It appears that 3D/4D ultrasound in fetal echocardiography may make a significant contribution to interdisciplinary management team consultation, health delivery systems, parental counseling, and professional training. Our aim is to review the state of the art in 3D/4D fetal echocardiography through the literature and index cases of normal and anomalous fetal hearts.
Yagel
S
S
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centers, Jerusalem, Israel.
Cohen
S M
SM
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centers, Jerusalem, Israel.
Shapiro
I
I
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
Valsky
D V
DV
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centers, Jerusalem, Israel.
D019561:Echocardiography, Four-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*