title: Home telemonitoring of vital signs and cardiorespiratory signals in heart failure patients: system architecture and feasibility of the HHH model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Home or Hospital in Heart Failure Study (HHH) is a European Community funded trial (QLGA-CT-2001-02424) which compares usual care of heart failure (HF) with three home-based interventions in a multicenter, multicountry (Italy, Poland and UK), randomized controlled clinical trial. Home telemonitoring (HT) of clinical parameters represents a potential alternative (or addition) to traditional home care models. Nocturnal respiratory disorders (periodic breathing, sleep apnea) are very common in HF, and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We developed an integrated HT system for monitoring of both vital signs and respiration. All measurements were patient-managed. This paper describes the architecture of this system, and assesses its feasibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  461 clinically stable patients were randomized first to usual vs home-monitored care; the latter were further randomized to 3 strategies. Over a 12-month follow-up 2 of these 3 groups (195 patients, age: 60+/-11 years, NYHA class II-III: 97%, LVEF 28+/-7%) underwent self-administered home monitoring of vital signs (weekly--12 parameters using an interactive voice response system) and respiration (monthly--24-hour recording). Data were transmitted over conventional telephone lines; 81% of actually practicable vital signs measurements were completed by the patients (range: 75% (PL)-93% (UK)), as well as 92% of practicable respiratory recordings (range: 85% (PL)-99% (UK)). 87% of nighttime recordings were eligible for the study (good quality signals for > or = 2.5 h).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study, the largest so far, demonstrates that self-managed home telemonitoring of both vital signs and respiration is feasible in HF patients, with surprisingly high compliance. We found an excellent rate of acceptable nocturnal respiratory recordings, which are those with the greatest clinical relevance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation-IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Montescano, Montescano (PV), Italy. gdpinna@fsm.it
authors.forename: Gian Domenico
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Pinna
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maestri
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Witkowski
authors.forename: Soccorso
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Capomolla
authors.forename: Jose Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Scanferlato
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gobbi
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ponikowski
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sleight
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mortara
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000503:physiopathology; D004487:Edema / Q000503:physiopathology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000503:physiopathology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D018575:Home Care Services, Hospital-Based; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D012119:Respiration; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D013686:Telemetry