title: Endothelial cell density in donor corneas: a comparison of automatic software programs with manual counting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several automated systems have become available to determine endothelial cell density (ECD) of donor corneas. The purpose of this study was the comparison of 2 systems, the Endothelial Analysis System EAT V1.4 (Rhinetec, Duesseldorf, Germany) and the NAVIS Cell Count Version 3.4.1 (Nidek Technologies, Erlangen, Germany), against manual ECD counts.
  
  
  METHODS
  During organ culture, the endothelium of 50 human corneas was photographed on both conventional film and digitally. Manual fixed-frame counting was performed on 2 photographs by 3 experienced ophthalmologists. Three digital pictures of each cornea were analyzed semiautomatically on the Rhinetec EAT system V1.4. Images were imported and analyzed by the fully automatic mode of the NAVIS system V3.4.1 (which also offers a semiautomatic counting mode). In an additional experiment on 11 corneas, the NAVIS counts on the microscopy system previously used only for manual cell counts were directly compared with manual counts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean endothelial cell density obtained by manual counting of all observers was 2679 +/- 313 (SD) cells/mm. Values obtained by digital analysis with EAT were a mean of 1.3% higher (2713 +/- 286 cells/mm), which is not a significant difference. In contrast, analysis of the digital pictures with the fully automated NAVIS software mode showed a mean of 7.0% higher measurements (2867 +/- 111 cells/ mm), a significant difference (P = 0.0001). Altman-Bland analysis revealed that the fully automated NAVIS counts gave too low results for high ECDs and too high results for low ECDs. This result was confirmed by the direct comparison with manual counting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fully automated analysis of ECD remains problematic. Validation of any computer-assisted system against manual counting is of importance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hirneiss
authors.forename: Ricarda G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Schumann
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grüterich
authors.forename: Ulrich C
authors.initials: UC
authors.lastname: Welge-Luessen
authors.forename: Anselm
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kampik
authors.forename: Aljoscha S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Neubauer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002452:Cell Count / Q000379:methods; D004728:Endothelium, Corneal / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000379:methods; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010781:Photography; D012984:Software; D014019:Tissue Donors