title: Long term administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor decreases development of 1-2 dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The antitumoral activities of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were shown earlier. In this study, the effects of GM-CSF were investigated on colon cancer induced by 18 weeks of 1-2 dimethylhydrazine (DMH) administration in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups received subcutaneous saline (n = 20), 15 mg/kg DMH (n = 30), DMH +6 microg/kg GM-CSF (n = 30), and DMH +12 microg/kg (n = 30) GM-CSF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average number of tumors (2.8 vs. 1.5) and mean tumor volume (179 +/- 36 vs. 27 +/- 9 mm(3); means +/- SEM) were reduced in DMH + GM-CSF groups as compared to the DMH group (n = 30, P < 0.01). DMH-induced enhancement of free radicals and lipid peroxidation were decreased in DMH + GM-CSF group (n = 8-12, P < 0.05). The magnitude of DMH-induced alterations in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities was lowered in the DMH + GM-CSF group (n = 12-16, P < 0.05). DMH-induced increases in the total nitrite/nitrate levels and the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity (n = 10-12, P < 0.05) were also reduced in the DMH + GM-CSF group (n = 8-9, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that GM-CSF inhibits the development of DMH-induced colon cancer in rats and suggest that inhibition of oxidative stress and NO pathway are involved in the observed antitumoral effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Soykan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dinc
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ozbirecikli
authors.forename: Bekir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kuru
authors.forename: Mehmet Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gulcelik
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ustun
authors.forename: Haluk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alagol
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oz
mesh_terms: D019813:1,2-Dimethylhydrazine; D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002273:Carcinogens; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D002273:Carcinogens; D005609:Free Radicals; D009566:Nitrates; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D019813:1,2-Dimethylhydrazine