title: Intrapericardial isolation of the inferior vena cava through a transdiaphragmatic pericardial window for tumor resection without sternotomy or thoracotomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prognosis for patients with advanced tumors invading the inferior vena cava (IVC) is dismal and surgical treatments for these tumors are challenging. A surgical approach that avoids sternotomy and thoracotomy for tumors invading the IVC even to the level of the hepatocaval junction would be extremely helpful.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intrapericardial IVC was isolated via a transdiaphragmatic pericardial window using a transabdominal approach. Hepatectomy was then applied via an anterior approach until the IVC was seen. Total hepatic vascular exclusion was achieved by clamping the portal triad, intrapericardial IVC and infrahepatic IVC. We removed the primary tumor, the liver portion involved and the tumor thrombi, with segmental resection of the IVC. Vascular continuity was reestablished using a 20-mm-diameter polytetrafluoroethylene graft.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients with tumors invading the IVC were treated with this method. All underwent gross en-bloc tumor resections and all survived.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This method for the resection of IVC tumors could avoid emboli dislodging from the tumor thrombi, prevent the complications of sternotomy, cardiopulmonary bypass and shorten operative times.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 325, Sec 2, Cheng-kung Rd, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Hsieh
mesh_terms: D000306:Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018268:Adrenocortical Carcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000075202:Contraindications; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D007890:Leiomyosarcoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010496:Pericardium / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery; D013908:Thoracotomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*