title: Documentation of pharmacists' interventions in an emergency department and associated cost avoidance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An analysis was conducted of pharmacist interventions and resuscitation experiences, including pharmacist participation in a hospital emergency department (ED), and the potential cost avoidance associated with the interventions made by the pharmacists.
  
  
  METHODS
  All pharmacists working in the ED prospectively documented the pharmacist interventions that were accepted by physicians and nursing staff and entered into a spreadsheet on a weekly basis, between September 1, 2003, and December 31, 2003. Intervention categories included the provision of drug information; recommendations for dosage adjustment, formulary interchange, initiation of medications, alternative drug therapy, discontinuation of drug therapy, changes in medication therapy due to allergy notification, drug therapy duplication prevention, or changes in the route of drug administration; questions from nursing staff; order clarifications; drug compatibility issues; patient information; toxicology; and drug interaction identification. Intervention data were analyzed and the likelihood of harm was scored; interventions were classified and analyzed by calculating average cost, probability of harm, and potential cost avoidance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study, 2150 pharmacist interventions were documented. Pharmacists participated in the care of 1042 patients triaged to the resuscitation area of the ED. Cost avoidance during the study was determined to be 1,029,776 dollars.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most commonly documented interventions made by pharmacists involved in the care of patients visiting the ED included provision of drug information, dosage adjustment recommendations, responses to questions from nursing staff, formulary interchanges, and suggestions regarding initiation of drug therapy. The potential cost avoidance attributable to the pharmacist interventions during the study period was over 1 million dollars.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA. pamela.lada@bmc.org
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lada
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Delgado
mesh_terms: D003363:Cost Control; D004282:Documentation; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008485:Medical Audit; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D008824:Michigan; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D010595:Pharmacists; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital; D024382:Professional Role; D012308:Risk Management / Q000191:economics*