title: A behavioral homeostasis theory of habituation and sensitization: II. Further developments and predictions.
abstract: Habituation may be viewed as a decremental behavioral change to iterative stimuli of little immediate relevance. It is observed from protozoa to humans, indicating its evolutionary significance. If habituation is interpreted as the process of filtering out unimportant repetitive stimuli, then how should sensitization be interpreted? The 'behavioral homeostasis theory' of these two behaviors is based on the notion that organisms at a high level of 'alertness' prior to experiencing a new iterative stimulus will show a large initial response followed by a decrement (habituation) if the stimulus is of little significance. Conversely, the same organism at a low level of 'alertness' will show a small initial response to the same stimulus followed by an increase in 'alertness' and a larger response to the next stimulus (sensitization) in order to receive enough information to assess its significance. Circadian rhythmicity is hypothesized to play a role in determining 'alertness' to a new iterative stimulus at any given time. The level of responsiveness in initial habituaters and sensitizers, as an asymptote is approached, is a balance between being too 'alert' to an unimportant stimulus and missing other significant stimuli, and being too 'un-alert' and missing a change in the relevance of the present iterative stimulus. The concept of 'behavioral homeostasis' includes behaviors beyond habituation and sensitization across phylogeny. It includes instinctive as well as learned, and group as well as individual behavior. Such behavioral homeostatic processes to optimize detection and assessment of constantly occurring external stimuli are critical for organism survival. Clinical implications of this theory are also examined.
authors.affiliation: VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA. edward.eisenstein@med.va.gov
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Eisenstein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eisenstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans