title: Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for malignancies of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the clinical outcome of patients treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for malignancies of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1998 and 2004, 36 patients with malignancies of the sinonasal region were treated with IMRT. Thirty-two patients (89%) were treated in the postoperative setting after gross total resection. Treatment plans were designed to provide a dose of 70 Gy to 95% or more of the gross tumor volume (GTV) and 60 Gy to 95% or more of the clinical tumor volume (CTV) while sparing neighboring critical structures including the optic chiasm, optic nerves, eyes, and brainstem. The primary sites were: 13 ethmoid sinus, 10 maxillary sinus, 7 nasal cavity, and 6 other. Histology was: 12 squamous cell, 7 esthesioneuroblastoma, 5 adenoid cystic, 5 undifferentiated, 5 adenocarcinoma, and 2 other. Median follow-up was 51 months among surviving patients (range, 9-82 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2-year and 5-year estimates of local control were 62% and 58%, respectively. One patient developed isolated distant metastasis, and none developed isolated regional failure. The 5-year rates of disease-free and overall survival were 55% and 45%, respectively. The incidence of ocular toxicity was minimal with no patients reporting decreased vision. Late complications included xerophthalmia (1 patient), lacrimal stenosis (1 patient), and cataract (1 patient).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although IMRT for malignancies of the sinonasal region does not appear to lead to significant improvements in disease control, the low incidence of complications is encouraging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: Allen M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M Kara
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Bucci
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: El-Sayed
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Eisele
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003528:Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D018304:Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated