title: XXY (Klinefelter syndrome): a pediatric quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An extra X chromosome in males (XXY), known as Klinefelter syndrome, is associated with characteristic physical, cognitive, and behavioral features of variable severity. The objective of this study was to examine possible neuroanatomical substrates of these cognitive and behavioral features during childhood and adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  MRI brain scans were acquired for 42 XXY and 87 healthy XY age-matched control males. We compared these 2 groups on regional brain volumes and cortical thickness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total cerebral volume and all lobar volumes except parietal white matter were significantly smaller in the XXY group, whereas lateral-ventricle volume was larger. Consistent with the cognitive profile, the cortex was significantly thinner in the XXY group in left inferior frontal, temporal, and superior motor regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The brain-imaging findings of preferentially affected frontal, temporal, and motor regions and relative sparing of parietal regions are consistent with observed cognitive and behavioral strengths and weaknesses in XXY subjects.
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Branch/NIMH, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 4C110, 10 Center Dr, MSC 1367, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. jg@nih.gov
authors.forename: Jay N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Giedd
authors.forename: Liv S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Clasen
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Rhoshel K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Lenroot
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lerch
authors.forename: Elizabeth Molloy
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.forename: Jean E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Julia W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tossell
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stayer
authors.forename: Alan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Carole A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Samango-Sprouse
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007713:Klinefelter Syndrome / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male