title: Cardiac involvement in Crohn's disease: echocardiographic study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Crohn's Disease (CD) commonly presents extra-intestinal manifestations, but cardiac involvement is considered rare. The aim of the present study was to assess cardiac involvement in CD and its possible correlation with activity, duration, localization and therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 68 patients with CD and a control group of 60 healthy subjects were subjected to a transthoracic echocardiogram with Doppler study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study found overall morphologic alterations in 47/68 CD patients (69.11%) versus 12/60 controls (20.0%; P < 0.01); mitral valve prolapse in 20/68 CD patients (29.4%) versus 4/60 controls (6.6%; P < 0.01); and pericardial effusion in 13/68 CD patients (19.1%)versus 1/60 controls (1.6%; P < 0.01). The following findings were frequent, but without statistical significance: mitral insufficiency, 9/68 CD (13.2%) versus 3/60 controls (5.0%); tricuspidalic insufficiency, 8/68 CD (11.7%) versus 3/60 controls (5%); aortic insufficiency, 3/68 CD (4.4%) versus none in the control group; and decreased left ventricle ejection fraction, 5/68 CD (7.3%) versus none in the control group. Pericardial effusion was found to be related to CD activity (r = 0.375; P = 0.002) as well as decreased ejection fraction (r = 0.358; P = 0.003). No correlation with age, sex, duration, therapy or localization of disease was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that CD frequently determines cardiac involvement, although it is usually subclinical. The alteration of cytokine network, especially the elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, could be implicated in the cardiac alterations because it was observed, as for raised oxidative stress, in other heart diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, SS Annunziata Hospital, Cento (Ferrara), Italy.
authors.forename: Gianpaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bragagni
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brogna
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Franceschetti
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zoli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000150:complications*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male