title: The relations among putative biorisk markers in schizotypal adolescents: minor physical anomalies, movement abnormalities, and salivary cortisol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence suggests that prenatal insult may play a role in the etiology of psychotic disorders. Minor physical anomalies (MPA) are an indicator of abnormal fetal development and are elevated in individuals at genetic and behavioral risk for psychosis. Yet, there has been little empirical research on the relationships between MPAs and other neurobiological risk indicators. We hypothesized that the frequency of MPAs (an external marker of prenatal central nervous system [CNS] disruption) would be associated with two other biomarkers suggestive of disruptions in fetal neurodevelopment: movement abnormalities (an indicator of striatal abnormalities) and heightened cortisol secretion (an indicator of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal [HPA]/hippocampal function).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD; n = 39) and both normal (n = 47) and other personality disorders (n = 28) control subjects were administered structured diagnostic interviews and assessed for MPAs, movement abnormalities, and salivary cortisol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Schizotypal personality disorder participants showed significantly greater MPAs and movement abnormalities and higher cortisol than both the normal and other personality disorders groups. Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that higher rates of MPAs were linked with greater movement abnormalities and salivary cortisol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that MPAs serve as a marker of neurodevelopmental abnormalities that affect striatal and hippocampal regions.
authors.affiliation: Emory University, Department of Psychology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. vmittal@emory.edu
authors.forename: Vijay A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: Shivali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhruv
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Tessner
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Walder
authors.forename: Elaine F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis*; D020820:Dyskinesias / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012569:Schizotypal Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006854:Hydrocortisone