title: Identification of the protein receptor binding site of botulinum neurotoxins B and G proves the double-receptor concept.
abstract: Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause muscle paralysis by selectively cleaving core components of the vesicular fusion machinery within motoneurons. Complex gangliosides initially bind into a pocket that is conserved among the seven BoNTs and tetanus neurotoxin. Productive neurotoxin uptake also requires protein receptors. The interaction site of the protein receptor within the neurotoxin is currently unknown. We report the identification and characterization of the protein receptor binding site of BoNT/B and BoNT/G. Their protein receptors, synaptotagmins I and II, bind to a pocket at the tip of their H(CC) (C-terminal domain of the C-terminal fragment of the heavy chain) that corresponds to the unique second carbohydrate binding site of tetanus neurotoxin, the sialic acid binding site. Substitution of amino acids in this region impaired binding to synaptotagmins and drastically decreased toxicity at mouse phrenic nerve preparations; CD-spectroscopic analyses evidenced that the secondary structure of the mutated neurotoxins was unaltered. Deactivation of the synaptotagmin binding site by single mutations led to virtually inactive BoNT/B and BoNT/G when assayed at phrenic nerve preparations of complex-ganglioside-deficient mice. Analogously, a BoNT B mutant with deactivated ganglioside and synaptotagmin binding sites lacked appreciable activity at wild-type mouse phrenic nerve preparations. Thus, these data exclude relevant contributions of any cell surface molecule other than one ganglioside and one protein receptor to the entry process of BoNTs, which substantiates the double-receptor concept. The molecular characterization of the synaptotagmin binding site provides the basis for designing a novel class of potent binding inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biochemie, OE 4310, and Institut für Toxikologie, OE 5340, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany. rummel.andreas@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rummel
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eichner
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weil
authors.forename: Tino
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karnath
authors.forename: Aleksandrs
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gutcaits
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahrhold
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sandhoff
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Proia
authors.forename: K Ravi
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Acharya
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bigalke
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Binz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D005732:Gangliosides / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D050863:Synaptotagmin I / Q000378:metabolism*; D050861:Synaptotagmin II / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005732:Gangliosides; D050863:Synaptotagmin I; D050861:Synaptotagmin II; C096323:rimabotulinumtoxinB; C488535:botulinum toxin type G; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid