title: Preventing diabetic foot ulcer recurrence in high-risk patients: use of temperature monitoring as a self-assessment tool.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a temperature monitoring instrument to reduce the incidence of foot ulcers in individuals with diabetes who have a high risk for lower extremity complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this physician-blinded, randomized, 15-month, multicenter trial, 173 subjects with a previous history of diabetic foot ulceration were assigned to standard therapy, structured foot examination, or enhanced therapy groups. Each group received therapeutic footwear, diabetic foot education, and regular foot care. Subjects in the structured foot examination group performed a structured foot inspection daily and recorded their findings in a logbook. If standard therapy or structured foot examinations identified any foot abnormalities, subjects were instructed to contact the study nurse immediately. Subjects in the enhanced therapy group used an infrared skin thermometer to measure temperatures on six foot sites each day. Temperature differences >4 degrees F (>2.2 degrees C) between left and right corresponding sites triggered patients to contact the study nurse and reduce activity until temperatures normalized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The enhanced therapy group had fewer foot ulcers than the standard therapy and structured foot examination groups (enhanced therapy 8.5 vs. standard therapy 29.3%, P = 0.0046 and enhanced therapy vs. structured foot examination 30.4%, P = 0.0029). Patients in the standard therapy and structured foot examination groups were 4.37 and 4.71 times more likely to develop ulcers than patients in the enhanced therapy group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infrared temperature home monitoring, in serving as an "early warning sign," appears to be a simple and useful adjunct in the prevention of diabetic foot ulcerations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Scott and White Hospital, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA. llavery@swmail.org
authors.forename: Lawrence A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lavery
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Dan R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lanctot
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Constantinides
authors.forename: Ruben G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Zamorano
authors.forename: Kyriacos A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Athanasiou
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: C Mauli
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Agrawal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D016523:Foot Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D018579:Patient Selection; D010808:Physical Examination; D012107:Research Design; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012648:Self Care; D012775:Shoes; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D014743:Videotape Recording