title: Empathizing and systemizing in adults with and without autism spectrum conditions: cross-cultural stability.
abstract: This study tests the empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory of sex differences and the extreme male brain (EMB) theory of autism. Three groups of participants took part: n = 48 people with autism spectrum, n = 137 general population controls, and n = 1,250 university student controls. Each participant completed the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and the Systemizing Quotient (SQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The autism spectrum condition (ASC) group scored significantly lower than controls on the EQ, and significantly higher on the SQ. Among both control groups, females scored significantly higher than males on the EQ, whilst males scored significantly higher than females on the SQ. The distribution of 'brain types', based on the difference between EQ and SQ scores, showed distinct profiles for people with ASC, control males and control females.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan. akiowcam@mac.com
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baron-Cohen
authors.forename: Tokio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wheelwright
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001076:Aptitude; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013597:Systems Analysis; D006113:United Kingdom