title: Static frictional resistances of polycrystalline ceramic brackets with metal slot inserts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the static frictional resistances of polycrystalline ceramic brackets with a gold slot insert (Desire), a stainless steel slot insert (Clarity), a conventional polycrystalline ceramic bracket (Transcend 6000) and a stainless steel bracket (Ultratrimm).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty five brackets of each type were tested by sliding against straight lengths of 0.019 x 0.025 inch rectangular stainless steel wire. During the tests the brackets and wire were lubricated with artificial saliva. Static frictional forces at three different binding angulations (0, 5 and 10 degrees) were measured for all brackets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant increases in static frictional resistance were found as the bracket/wire angulation increased from 0 through 5 to 10 degrees for all bracket types. At angulations below the critical binding angle the Ultratrimm brackets produced the greatest friction and the Transcend 6000 brackets produced the least friction. As the angulation increased the Transcend 6000 brackets produced greater friction than the other brackets. At the highest angulation (10 degrees), the Ultratrimm brackets produced significantly less friction and the Transcend 6000 brackets produced significantly more friction than the other brackets. The Desire and Clarity brackets produced comparable results: there were no statistically significant differences between these two brackets for static friction at any of the angulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polycrystalline ceramic brackets with either stainless steel or gold slot inserts produced similar static frictional resistances to sliding. At binding angulations, the brackets with inserts demonstrated consistently lower static frictional resistances than a conventional ceramic bracket.
authors.affiliation: Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences, University College London, England.
authors.forename: Janahan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rajakulendran
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D017276:Friction; D006047:Gold Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008153:Lubrication; D008422:Materials Testing; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D006047:Gold Alloys; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D013193:Stainless Steel