title: The role and strategy of IMRT in radiotherapy of pelvic tumors: Dose escalation and critical organ sparing in prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) strategy in dose escalation of prostate and pelvic lymph nodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plan dosimetric data of 10 prostate cancer patients were compared with two-dimensional (2D) or IMRT techniques for pelvis (two-dimensional whole pelvic radiation therapy [2D-WPRT] or IM-WPRT) to receive 50 Gy or 54 Gy and additional prostate boost by three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy or IMRT (3D-PBRT or IM-PBRT) techniques up to 72 Gy or 78 Gy. Dose-volume histograms (DVHs), normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCP) of critical organ, and conformity of target volume in various combinations were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In DVH analysis, the plans with IM-WPRT (54 Gy) and additional boost up to 78 Gy had lower rectal and bladder volume percentage at 50 Gy and 60 Gy, compared with those with 2D-WPRT (50 Gy) and additional boost up to 72 Gy or 78 Gy. Those with IM-WPRT (54 Gy) also had better small bowel sparing at 30 Gy and 50 Gy, compared with those with 2D-WPRT (50 Gy). In NTCP, those with IM-WPRT and total dose of 78 Gy achieved lower complication rates in rectum and small bowel, compared with those of 2D-WPRT with total dose of 72 Gy. In conformity, those with IM-WPRT had better conformity compared with those with 2D-WPRT with significance (p < 0.005). No significant difference in DVHs, NTCP, or conformity was found between IM-PBRT and 3D-PBRT after IM-WPRT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initial pelvic IMRT is the most important strategy in dose escalation and critical organ sparing. IM-WPRT is recommended for patients requiring WPRT. There is not much benefit for critical organ sparing by IMRT after 2D-WPRT.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Cheng-Ying
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Shiau
authors.forename: Mei-Ling
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Pin-I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chuen-Mei
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Pai-Hsuen
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yi-Hsien
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Ling-Wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sang-Hue
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yen
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015182:Lymphatic Irradiation; D008297:Male; D010388:Pelvis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000528:radiation effects*