title: M/F ratios of four different closing loops: 3D analysis using the finite element method (FEM).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been claimed that the opus loop is capable of delivering a constant and optimum M/F ratio without the need for gable bends.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the forces, moments and moment/force (M/F) ratios of the opus loop, L-loop, T-loop and vertical helical closing loop (VHC loop) in a segmented arch with the finite element method (FEM).
  
  
  METHODS
  The FEM was used to compare 3D models of closing loops in rectangular (0.016 x 0.022 inch) stainless steel wire. The L-, T- and VHC loops were designed with and without preactivation bends. The opus loop had no preactivation bends. The T-Loops were 10 mm in height and 10 mm in length. The horizontal and vertical forces, the moments and the M/F ratios at the alpha and beta ends were recorded at 0, 0. 1, 0.4, 0.7 and 1 mm intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest horizontal and vertical forces were produced by the L-loop (with and without preactivation bends) and in most cases the lowest forces were produced by the VHC loop. Loops with preactivation bends produced marked changes in the M/F ratio and loops without preactivation bends low, but relatively constant, M/F ratios over the full range of activation. Of the loops modelled without preactivation bends the opus and T-loop had the highest M/F ratios (7.20 - 7.67 mm at the anterior ends).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stainless steel opus and T-loops without preactivation bends had constant M/F ratios, but both loops failed to deliver the optimum M/F ratio of 10:1.
authors.affiliation: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Safavi
authors.forename: Allahyar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geramy
authors.forename: Amir Kamyar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Khezri
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003722:Dental Alloys; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008954:Models, Biological; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D013193:Stainless Steel