title: Pediatric hospital and intensive care unit capacity in regional disasters: expanding capacity by altering standards of care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Federal planners have suggested that one strategy to accommodate disaster surges of 500 inpatients per million population would involve altering standards of care. No data are available indicating the extent of alterations necessary to meet disaster surge targets.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to, in a Monte Carlo simulation study, determine the probability that specified numbers of children could be accommodated for PICU and non-ICU hospital care in a disaster by a set of strategies involving altered standards of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simulated daily vacancies at each hospital in New York City were generated as the difference between peak capacity and daily occupancy (generated randomly from a normal distribution on the basis of empirical data for each hospital). Simulations were repeated 1000 times. Capacity for new patients was explored for normal standards of care, for expansion of capacity by a discretionary 20% increase in vacancies by altering admission and discharge criteria, and for more strictly reduced standards of care to double or quadruple admissions for each vacancy. Resources were considered to reliably serve specified numbers of patients if that number could be accommodated with a probability of 90%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Providing normal standards of care, hospitals in New York City would reliably accommodate 250 children per million age-specific population. Hypothetical strict reductions in standards of care would reliably permit hospital care of 500 children per million, even if the disaster reduced hospital resources by 40%. On the basis of historical experience that as many as 30% of disaster casualties may be critically ill or injured, existing pediatric intensive care beds will typically be insufficient, even with modified standards of care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extending resources by hypothetical alterations of standards of care would usually satisfy targets for hospital surge capacity, but ICU capacity would remain inadequate for large disasters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. kanterr@upstate.edu
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kanter
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Moran
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016638:Critical Illness; D004189:Disaster Planning; D006742:Hospital Bed Capacity; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000592:standards / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000592:standards / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009519:New York City; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000628:therapy