title: Carotid artery intima-media thickness and cognition in cardiovascular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) is a non-invasive marker of systemic arterial disease. Increased IMT has been associated with atherosclerosis, abnormal arterial mechanics, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Given evidence of a relationship between cardiovascular health and attention-executive-psychomotor functioning, the purpose of this study was to examine IMT in relation to neuropsychological test performance in patients with a variety of cardiovascular diagnoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and nine participants, ages 55 to 85, underwent neuropsychological assessment and B-mode ultrasound of the left common carotid artery. IMT was calculated using an automated algorithm based on a validated edge-detection technique. The relationship between IMT and measures of language, memory, visual-spatial abilities and attention-executive-psychomotor functioning was modeled using hierarchical linear regression analyses adjusted for age, education, sex, cardiovascular risk, current systolic blood pressure, and history of coronary artery disease (CAD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased IMT was associated with significantly lower performance in the attention-executive-psychomotor domain (IMT beta=-0.26, p<.01), independent of age, education, sex, cardiovascular risk, current systolic blood pressure, and CAD (F(10,100)=3.61, p<.001). IMT was not significantly related to language, memory, or visual-spatial abilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that, in patients with cardiovascular disease, IMT may be associated with the integrity of frontal subcortical networks responsible for attention-executive-psychomotor performance. Future studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms by which IMT affects cognition and examine potential interactions between increased IMT and other measures of cardiovascular health such as blood pressure variability, cardiac systolic performance, and systemic perfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, United States. aphaley@brown.edu <aphaley@brown.edu>
authors.forename: Andreana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Haley
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: Athena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poppas
authors.forename: Karin F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Hoth
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gunstad
authors.forename: Angela L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jefferson
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Albert S H
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ler
authors.forename: Lawrence H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Sweet
authors.forename: Ronald A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000473:pathology*; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology*