title: Fetal risks related to the treatment of multiple sclerosis during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
abstract: In women with multiple sclerosis, pregnancy does not have a long-term adverse effect on lifetime disability; however, there is an increased risk of relapses during the postpartum. Therapies taken during pregnancy may have adverse effects on pregnancy outcome. The small number of pregnancies included in most studies, particularly those evaluating the risks related to the administration of immunomodulating drugs, do not allow firm conclusions to be drawn with regards to their safety. Therefore, until more information regarding safety is available, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone and interferon-beta should be discontinued before an anticipated pregnancy. By contrast, glucocorticoids can be used to treat acute relapses during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, San Martino Hospital and University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy. simone.ferrero@fastwebnet.it
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrero
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pretta
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ragni
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000187:drug effects*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors