title: Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with somatic symptoms, health care visits, and absenteeism among Iraq war veterans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies of soldiers from prior wars conducted many years after combat have shown associations between combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and physical health problems. The current Iraq war has posed a considerable PTSD risk, but the association with physical health has not been well studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied 2,863 soldiers using standardized self-administered screening instruments 1 year after their return from combat duty in Iraq.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among all participants, 16.6% met screening criteria for PTSD. PTSD was significantly associated with lower ratings of general health, more sick call visits, more missed workdays, more physical symptoms, and high somatic symptom severity. These results remained significant after control for being wounded or injured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high prevalence of PTSD and its strong association with physical health problems among Iraq war veterans have important implications for delivery of medical services. The medical burden of PTSD includes physical health problems; combat veterans with serious somatic concerns should be evaluated for PTSD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. charles.hoge@us.army.mil
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hoge
authors.forename: Artin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terhakopian
authors.forename: Carl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Messer
authors.forename: Charles C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Engel
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007493:Iraq; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D015995:Prevalence; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014857:Warfare; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology