title: [A cross-sectional survey of blindness and low vision among adults aged 60 years and above in Xinchengqiao Blocks, Nantong].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence and causes of blindness and low vision among adults aged > or = 60 years in the urban population of Nantong.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cluster sampling was used to select 8 from 14 communities in Xinchengqiao Blocks, in which all individuals aged > or = 60 years were visited. The visual acuity without correction and the presenting acuity with the participants' habitual distance correction were measured separately for each eye. In individuals with visual acuity less than 0.6, pinhole visual acuity was tested with pinhole spectacle. External eye, anterior segment and ocular fundus were examined by the ophthalmologist using a slit lamp-microscope and direct ophthalmoscopy. The survey was preceded by a pilot study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 3352 enumerated subjects, 3040 individuals participated in this survey (90.69% response rate). According to pinhole visual acuity and World Health Organization (WHO) visual impairment criterion (blindness: less than 0.05 in the better eye; low vision: less than 0.3 to 0.05 in the better eye), the prevalence of blindness and low vision was 1.35% and 1.84% respectively. The prevalence of blindness and low vision for females were 1.92% and 2.33%, respectively, which were differenced from that in males (0.66% and 1.24%, respectively). The prevalence of blindness and low vision increased with age. The survey showed that the most important cause leading to blindness and low vision was cataract. According to the presenting visual acuity and visual impairment criterion (blindness: less than 0.1 in both eyes), the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment was 1.58% and 13.59%, respectively, 2.10% and 15.98% in females and 0.95% and 10.66% in males, respectively. The prevalence of blindness and visual impairment was raised with increasing age. Cataract was also the leading cause for blindness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of blindness in the Nantong area was lower than that in northern, southern and western China. Females and illiteracy were more likely to have blindness and low vision than that of males and literate. The leading causes of blindness in Nantong are, in descending sequence, cataract, ocular fundus diseases, ametropia and corneal scar/opacity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Huai-jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Ji-bo
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Hai-hong
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Peng-cheng
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Xun
authors.forename: Hai-yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Zheng-gao
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Qin-jin
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jian-quan
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001766:Blindness / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002386:Cataract / Q000150:complications; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology