title: Critical role of physiologist John A. Johnson in the origins of Minnesota's billion dollar pacemaker industry.
abstract: Complete heart block developed in more than 10% of C. Walton Lillehei's early patients undergoing closure of ventricular septal defects, and hospital mortality was 100% in this group of patients. This problem of early fatality from heart block was completely eliminated with the use of a myocardial electrode in combination with an external plug-in electric stimulator. This method of treatment, suggested by Dr John A. Johnson, a professor of physiology at the University of Minnesota, was first used by Dr Lillehei on January 30, 1957. The next 3 years would witness the development of a portable, external, battery-powered pacemaker, and then an implantable pacemaker available for thousands of patients susceptible to lethal Stokes-Adams attacks. Fifty years have passed, and in 2005, approximately 800,000 pacemakers were implanted worldwide.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. vgott@csurg.jhmi.jhu.edu
authors.forename: Vincent L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Gott
mesh_terms: D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000266:history*; D010827:Physiology