title: Cost-effectiveness of different advanced life support providers for victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The survival rate of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is only about 1.4% in Taiwan. The best configuration to achieve optimal outcomes in OHCA is still uncertain for many communities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cost-effectiveness of two models of providing advanced life support (ALS) services, emergency medical technicians (EMTs) vs. emergency physicians (EPs), in a two-tiered emergency medical services (EMS) system.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective, observational, multicenter study comparing ALS provided by EMTs vs. EPs for the management of victims of OHCA. The study population consisted of patients experiencing OHCA of non-traumatic origin in Taipei city, Taiwan, between November 1999 and December 2000, for whom ALS was activated. We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis to determine the economic attractiveness of these two ALS provider programs. The outcome measurements were aggregate costs, survival and incremental cost per life saved. Sensitivity analyses were performed on all variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expected total cost per OHCA patient was 2,248.19 US$ and 832.07 US$ for the EMT and EP programs, respectively. The overall survival rate was 4.4%. The survival rate was 9.3% for the EMT program and 2.6% for the EP program. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of EMTs vs. EPs was 21,136 US$ per life saved. The ICER was sensitive to hospital admission cost changes and the probability of survival to discharge in patients admitted to hospital in the EMT program. The increased survival rate of OHCA patients in the EMT program may be attributable to the services of the hospital and/or the EMT program.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of EMTs as ALS care providers for OHCA patients in the two-tiered EMS system resulted in a reasonable cost-effectiveness ratio. EMTs could be considered as the second tier of EMS systems in urban areas in Taiwan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Zui-Shen
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Ying-Ta
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Patrick Chow-In
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Matthew Huei-Ming
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Shyr-Chyr
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wen-Jone
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Fang-Yue
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D022561:Advanced Cardiac Life Support / Q000191:economics*; D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010820:Physicians; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology