title: Treatment of gingival hyperpigmentation by erbium-doped:yttrium, aluminum, and garnet laser for esthetic purposes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The normal color of gingiva is pink. Gingival hyperpigmentation is mostly caused by the physiologic deposition of melanin by melanocytes. In "gummy smile" patients, melanin gingival hyperpigmentation causes an esthetic problem and may cause physiologic disturbances. Methods to remove gingival hyperpigmentation vary, but it seems that the most reliable and satisfactory procedure is laser ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six white patients (five females and one male), who complain of having dark-brown to black gingival hyperpigmentation were included in the study. Three of them were smokers. Laser ablation was performed by an erbium-doped:yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (Er:YAG) laser (settings: 250 mJ, 15 Hz, with water and air and using the defocused mode) without using topical or local anesthesia. Each patient required about 20 to 25 minutes for completion of the procedure. After 4 days, another laser ablation (with the same previous settings) was performed to ensure good results. Patients were evaluated a month after completion of treatment and on a semiannual basis. The follow-up period ranged between 6 and 18 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all patients, no discomfort, pain, or bleeding complications were found intraoperatively or 4 days postoperatively. Ablated wounds healed almost completely within 4 days. No recurrence of gingival hyperpigmentation was found during the follow-up periods. Achieved results were satisfactory for patients and the operator.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taking into account the advantages of using lasers, it seems to be that the depigmentation of melanin hyperpigmented gingiva by the Er:YAG laser is a reliable and satisfactory procedure. Esthetic results were satisfactory for patients and the operator, and no repigmentation was found during the follow-up period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Arab Dental Center, Amman, Jordan. manal@arab-dental.com
authors.forename: Manal M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Azzeh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004871:Erbium; D005260:Female; D005882:Gingival Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008297:Male; D008548:Melanosis / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D004871:Erbium