title: Intra-articular injection of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor parecoxib attenuates osteoarthritis progression in anterior cruciate ligament-transected knee in rats: role of excitatory amino acids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our present study examined the effect of intra-articular cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor parecoxib on osteoarthritis (OA) progression and the concomitant changes in excitatory amino acids' (EAAs) levels of the anterior cruciate ligament-transected (ACLT) knee joint dialysates.
  
  
  METHODS
  OA was induced in Wistar rats by anterior cruciate ligament transection of the knee of one hindlimb, the other was left unoperated and untreated. Rats were placed into four groups: Group ACLT/P received intra-articular parecoxib injection (100 microg) in the ACLT knee once a week for 5 consecutive weeks starting at 8 weeks after surgery. Group ACLT/S received the same procedure as group ACLT/P with saline injection instead. Naïve (Naïve/P) rats received only intra-articular parecoxib injection in one knee once a week for 5 consecutive weeks without surgery. The sham-operated rats underwent arthrotomy only without treatment. Twenty weeks after surgery, knee joint dialysates were collected and EAAs' concentration was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and gross morphology and histopathology (Mankin and synovitis grading) were examined on the medial femoral condyles and synovia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parecoxib alone had no effect on cartilage and synovium of normal knees in Naïve/P rats. In ACLT/P rats, parecoxib treatment showed a significant inhibition of cartilage degeneration of the medial femoral condyle at both the macroscopic level (1.15+/-0.17 vs 2.55+/-0.12, P<0.05) and the Mankin scores (3.03+/-0.28 vs 8.82+/-0.43, P<0.05). Intra-articular parecoxib injection also suppressed the synovial inflammation of ACLT joint compared to the ACLT/S group (3.92+/-0.41 vs 9.25+/-0.32, P<0.05). Moreover, glutamate and aspartate levels were also significantly reduced in the ACLT/P group compared to the ACLT/S group by parecoxib treatment (91.2+/-9.4% vs 189.5+/-17.0%, P<0.05 and 98.2+/-11.6% vs 175.3+/-12.4%, P<0.05, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that intra-articular injection of COX-2 inhibitor parecoxib inhibits the ACLT-induced OA progression; it was accompanied by a reduction of glutamate and aspartate concentration in the ACLT joint dialysates. From our present results, we suggested that intra-articular parecoxib injection, in addition to the anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting the EAAs' release, may also play a role in inhibiting the traumatic knee injury induced OA progression.
authors.affiliation: Section of Orthopedic Surgery, Pingtung Christian Hospital, #60, Da-Lan Road, Pingtung 900, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Y-H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Jean
authors.forename: Z-H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Y-C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: S-P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: C-C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Y-H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C-S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018846:Excitatory Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D018846:Excitatory Amino Acids; D007555:Isoxazoles; C409945:parecoxib