title: Adherence to federal guidelines for reporting of sex and race/ethnicity in clinical trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of 1993 requires that NIH-funded clinical trials include women and minorities as subjects; other federal agencies have adopted similar guidelines. The objective of this study was to determine the current level of compliance with these guidelines in federally funded randomized controlled trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials published in nine influential medical journals in 2004 were identified by PubMed search. Studies where individuals were not the unit of analysis, those begun before 1994, and those not receiving federal funding were excluded. Included studies were examined to determine sample characteristics and presence of subgroup reporting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PubMed located 589 published papers. After exclusion of ineligible papers, 69 remained for analysis. Among 46 clinical studies enrolling both men and women, women were generally underrepresented, comprising on average 37% of the sample and only 24% of the sample when analysis was restricted to drug trials. Eighty-seven percent of the studies did not report any outcomes by sex or include sex as a covariate in modeling. Among all 69 studies, 18% did not break down sample sizes by racial and ethnic groups, and 87% did not provide any analysis by racial or ethnic groups. Only 5 studies indicated that the generalizability of their results may be limited by lack of diversity among those studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings illustrate inadequate compliance with the NIH guidelines. Researchers, editors, and journal audiences share the responsibility of ensuring compliance with our country's policies regarding federally funded research to effect healthcare improvements for all.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA. sgeller@uic.edu
authors.forename: Stacie E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.forename: Marci Goldstein
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carnes
mesh_terms: D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D018579:Patient Selection; D011287:Prejudice; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D014481:United States; D016387:Women's Health