title: Neck ligament strength is decreased following whiplash trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous clinical studies have documented successful neck pain relief in whiplash patients using nerve block and radiofrequency ablation of facet joint afferents, including capsular ligament nerves. No previous study has documented injuries to the neck ligaments as determined by altered dynamic mechanical properties due to whiplash. The goal of the present study was to determine the dynamic mechanical properties of whiplash-exposed human cervical spine ligaments. Additionally, the present data were compared to previously reported control data. The ligaments included the anterior and posterior longitudinal, capsular, and interspinous and supraspinous ligaments, middle-third disc, and ligamentum flavum.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 98 bone-ligament-bone specimens (C2-C3 to C7-T1) were prepared from six cervical spines following 3.5, 5, 6.5, and 8 g rear impacts and pre- and post-impact flexibility testing. The specimens were elongated to failure at a peak rate of 725 (SD 95) mm/s. Failure force, elongation, and energy absorbed, as well as stiffness were determined. The mechanical properties were statistically compared among ligaments, and to the control data (significance level: P < 0.05; trend: P < 0.1). The average physiological ligament elongation was determined using a mathematical model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all whiplash-exposed ligaments, the average failure elongation exceeded the average physiological elongation. The highest average failure force of 204.6 N was observed in the ligamentum flavum, significantly greater than in middle-third disc and interspinous and supraspinous ligaments. The highest average failure elongation of 4.9 mm was observed in the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments, significantly greater than in the anterior longitudinal ligament, middle-third disc, and ligamentum flavum. The average energy absorbed ranged from 0.04 J by the middle-third disc to 0.44 J by the capsular ligament. The ligamentum flavum was the stiffest ligament, while the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments were most flexible. The whiplash-exposed ligaments had significantly lower (P = 0.036) failure force, 149.4 vs. 186.0 N, and a trend (P = 0.078) towards less energy absorption capacity, 308.6 vs. 397.0 J, as compared to the control data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present decreases in neck ligament strength due to whiplash provide support for the ligament-injury hypothesis of whiplash syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tominaga
authors.forename: Anthony B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Ndu
authors.forename: Marcus P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Coe
authors.forename: Arnold J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Valenson
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ivancic
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Manohar M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Panjabi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008022:Ligaments / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017843:Ligamentum Flavum / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D017846:Longitudinal Ligaments / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology