title: Microtensile bond strength of a resin cement to feldpathic ceramic after different etching and silanization regimens in dry and aged conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the durability of bond strength between resin cement and a feldspathic ceramic submitted to different etching regimens with and without silane coupling agent application.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two blocks (6.4 mm x 6.4 mm x 4.8 mm) were fabricated using a microparticulate feldspathic ceramic (Vita VM7), ultrasonically cleaned with water for 5 min and randomly divided into four groups, according to the type of etching agent and silanization method: method 1, etching with 10% hydrofluoric (HF) acid gel for 1 min + silanization; method 2, HF only; method 3, etching with 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) for 5 min + silanization; method 4, APF only. Conditioned blocks were positioned in their individual silicone molds and resin cement (Panavia F) was applied on the treated surfaces. Specimens were stored in distilled water (37 degrees C) for 24h prior to sectioning. After sectioning the ceramic-cement blocks in x- and y-axis with a bonded area of approximately 0.6mm(2), the microsticks of each block were randomly divided into two storage conditions: Dry, immediate testing; TC, thermal cycling (12,000 times)+water storage for 150 d, yielding to eight experimental groups. Microtensile bond strength tests were performed in universal testing machine (cross-head speed: 1mm/min) and failure types were noted. Data obtained (MPa) were analyzed with three-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (alpha=0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant influence of the use of silane (p<0.0001), storage conditions (p=0.0013) and surface treatment were observed (p=0.0014). The highest bond strengths were achieved in both dry and thermocycled conditions when the ceramics were etched with HF acid gel and silanized (17.4 +/- 5.8 and 17.4 +/- 4.8 MPa, respectively). Silanization after HF acid gel and APF treatment increased the results dramatically (14.5+/-4.2-17.4+/-4.8 MPa) compared to non-silanized groups (2.6 +/- 0.8-8.9 +/- 3.1 MPa) where the failure type was exclusively (100%) adhesive between the cement and the ceramic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Silanization of the feldspathic ceramic surface after APF or HF acid etching increased the microtensile bond strength results significantly, with the latter providing higher results. Long-term thermocycling and water storage did not decrease the results in silanized groups.
authors.affiliation: São Paulo State University, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Scalone
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Brentel
authors.forename: Mutlu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozcan
authors.forename: Luiz Felipe
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Valandro
authors.forename: Lilian Guimarães
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Alarça
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: Marco Antonio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bottino
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001840:Dental Bonding; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D019279:Resin Cements; D012821:Silanes; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; C438843:Panavia-Fluoro; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D019279:Resin Cements; D012821:Silanes; D014867:Water; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C016447:feldspar