title: Hemorrhage results in hepatic insulin-sensitizing substance-dependent insulin resistance mediated by somatostatin in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute hemorrhage results in hyperglycemia regulated in a redundant manner by adrenal catecholamines and hepatic sympathetic nerves. In addition, insulin secretion is suppressed and insulin resistance is accounted for completely by elimination of the hepatic insulin-sensitizing substance (HISS) component of insulin action. Blockade of HISS action secondary to blood loss leads to a state known as HISS-dependent insulin resistance (HDIR) which results in a decrease in the glucose disposal action of insulin by 33 +/- 3%.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper describes nine studies that have explored the neuroendocrine control of HDIR that is produced in response to the stress of blood loss. The rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST), a transient euglycemic clamp, was used to measure insulin sensitivity. To test the role of the adrenergic system, alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists, phentolamine and propranolol, were tested for the ability to block HDIR produced by hemorrhage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither intervention was effective (32 +/- 6 and 36 +/- 3%, respectively). Exogenous somatostatin was shown to produce HDIR that could be blocked by the somatostatin receptor antagonist, cyclosomatostatin. Cyclosomatostatin completely blocked the development of HDIR that occurred following hemorrhage (RIST index 214 +/- 9 control, 218 +/- 9 mg glucose/kg body weight after cyclosomatostatin plus hemorrhage).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The adrenergic system is not involved in producing HDIR in response to hemorrhage. Somatostatin appears to be the hormonal regulator of this response and it is suggested that the somatostatin derives from a neural origin within the liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Larissa I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Seredycz
authors.forename: W Wayne
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Lautt
mesh_terms: D018663:Adrenergic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism*; D006728:Hormones / Q000502:physiology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010646:Phentolamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000502:physiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D018663:Adrenergic Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006728:Hormones; D013004:Somatostatin; D011433:Propranolol; D010646:Phentolamine