title: Altered DNA damage response in Caenorhabditis elegans with impaired poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolases genes expression.
abstract: Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is one of the first cellular responses induced by DNA damage. Poly(ADP-ribose) is rapidly synthesized by nick-sensor poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, which facilitate DNA repair enzymes to process DNA damage. ADP-ribose polymers are rapidly catabolized into free ADP-ribose units by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). The metabolism of poly(ADP-ribose) is a well-defined biochemical process for which a physiological role in animals is just beginning to emerge. Two Caenorhabditis elegans PARGs, PME-3 and PME-4, have been cloned by our group. The pme-3 gene encodes an enzyme of 89kDa having less than 18% overall identity with human PARG but 42% identity with the PARG signature motif. The pme-4 gene codes for a PARG of 55kDa with approximately 22% overall identity with human PARG and 40% identity with the PARG signature motif. Two alternatively spliced forms of PME-3 were identified with an SL1 splice leader on both forms of the mRNA and were found to be expressed throughout the worm's life cycle. Similarly, pme-4 was shown to be expressed in all developmental stages of the worm. Recombinant enzymes that were expressed in bacteria displayed a PARG activity that may partly account for the PARG activity measured in the total worm extract. Reporter gene analysis of pme-3 and pme-4 using a GFP fusion construct showed that pme-3 and pme-4 are mainly expressed in nerve cells. PME-3 was shown to be nuclear while PME-4 localized to the cytoplasm. Worms with pme-3 and pme-4 expression knocked-down by RNAi showed a significant sensitivity toward ionizing radiations. Taken together, these data provide evidence for a physiological role for PARGs in DNA damage response and survival. It also shows that PARGs are evolutionarily conserved enzymes and that they are part of an ancient cellular response to DNA damage.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Research Unit and Department of Pediatrics, CHUL Research Center and Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: St-Laurent
authors.forename: Steve N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dequen
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Desnoyers
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; C520545:Pme-3 protein, C elegans; C520546:Pme-4 protein, C elegans; C022407:poly ADP-ribose glycohydrolase