title: Omega-3 fatty acids: evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the available data support the use of omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) for clinical use in the prevention and/or treatment of psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors of this article were invited participants in the Omega-3 Fatty Acids Subcommittee, assembled by the Committee on Research on Psychiatric Treatments of the American Psychiatric Association (APA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Published literature and data presented at scientific meetings were reviewed. Specific disorders reviewed included major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, dementia, borderline personality disorder and impulsivity, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Meta-analyses were conducted in major depressive and bipolar disorders and schizophrenia, as sufficient data were available to conduct such analyses in these areas of interest.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subcommittee prepared the manuscript, which was reviewed and approved by the following APA committees: the Committee on Research on Psychiatric Treatments, the Council on Research, and the Joint Reference Committee.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preponderance of epidemiologic and tissue compositional studies supports a protective effect of omega-3 EFA intake, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in mood disorders. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials demonstrate a statistically significant benefit in unipolar and bipolar depression (p = .02). The results were highly heterogeneous, indicating that it is important to examine the characteristics of each individual study to note the differences in design and execution. There is less evidence of benefit in schizophrenia. EPA and DHA appear to have negligible risks and some potential benefit in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, but results remain inconclusive in most areas of interest in psychiatry. Treatment recommendations and directions for future research are described. Health benefits of omega-3 EFA may be especially important in patients with psychiatric disorders, due to high prevalence rates of smoking and obesity and the metabolic side effects of some psychotropic medications.
authors.affiliation: Women's Mental Health Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson 85724-5002, USA. marlenef@email.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Marlene P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hibbeln
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wisner
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mischoulon
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peet
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Keck
authors.forename: Lauren B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Marangell
authors.forename: Alexandra J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lake
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Stoll
mesh_terms: D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3