title: Psychopathological screening of children with ADHD: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in a pan-European study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) parent version and to determine the effects of age, gender, country and investigator type (paediatrician, child psychiatrist, other physician) on the SDQ scores in the prospective, non-interventional ADORE study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SDQ was completed for 1,459 children with ADHD (aged 6-18 years) in 10 European countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factor analysis provided an exact replication of the original 5-factor SDQ subscale structure. All subscales were sufficiently homogeneous. The mean total difficulties and SDQ subscale scores of the ADORE sample clearly differed from UK normative data. Younger children were more impaired on different SDQ scales than older children, and girls were more emotionally affected than boys. Differences between countries were found for each SDQ scale, but the investigator type had no significant effect. Correlation coefficients between SDQ scales and other scales used in ADORE ranged from low (r<0.30) to high (r>0.50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study confirmed the validity and reliability of the parent-reported SDQ scale structure and showed that the scale scores are dependent on age and gender. In contrast to investigator type, different cultures had a significant effect on SDQ scores. Correlations with other scales used in the ADORE study underline both separate domains and meaningful associations.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Hans-Christoph
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Steinhausen
authors.forename: Gisli
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baldursson
authors.forename: Sören
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lorenzo
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ralston
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Döpfner
authors.forename: Aribert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010290:Parents; D025341:Principal Component Analysis / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*