title: Urban background particulate matter and allergic sensitization in adults of ECRHS II.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological studies have shown weak or inconsistent associations between ambient air pollutants and allergic sensitization. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether regional urban air pollution may partly explain the large variation in the prevalence of allergic sensitization across cities of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) II.
  
  
  METHODS
  ECRHS is a cross-sectional survey initiated in 29 countries across Europe in the 1990s (ECRHS I) with a follow-up conducted 10 years later (ECRHS II). Subject characteristics were measured by questionnaires and blood tests conducted for the measurement of specific immunoglobulin E. Fine particle mass (PM(2.5), <2.5 microm) and sulphur on PM(2.5) were measured in 21 centres and annual averages of urban regional background air pollution were calculated. Results were scaled by an interquartile range increase in ambient PM(2.5) (6.03 microg/m(3)) and sulphur (1336 ng/m(3)). Generalized estimating equations were applied to compute population average effect estimates with adjustment for age, gender, smoking habit, education and number of siblings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A notable variation in pollution level and prevalence of allergic sensitization was observed. Moreover, exposure to urban regional background air pollution was not associated with allergic sensitization; adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence interval were 1.02 (0.95-1.09) for PM(2.5) and 1.08 (0.86-1.31) for sulphur. These statistically non-significant associations were sensitive to model specification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study suggests that regional air pollution measured at fixed sites is not associated with allergic sensitization among adults in ECRHS II.
authors.affiliation: GSF - National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Institute of Epidemiology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Getahun Bero
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Bedada
authors.affiliation: GSF - National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Institute of Epidemiology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Electronic address: joachim.heinrich@gsf.de.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Götschi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Health Sciences, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sara H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Downs
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bertil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Kings College London, UK.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luczynska
authors.affiliation: Institut Municipal d Investigacio Medica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Argo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soon
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, St. Sigfridsgatan, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, St. Sigfridsgatan, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toren
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Nino
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Künzli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D015995:Prevalence; D013455:Sulfur / Q000032:analysis*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000485:Allergens; D052638:Particulate Matter; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D013455:Sulfur