title: Serum biochemical abnormalities in goats with uroliths: 107 cases (1992-2003).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize serum biochemical abnormalities in goats with uroliths.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case-control series.
  
  
  METHODS
  107 male goats with uroliths and 94 male goats with various nonrenal diseases (controls).
  
  
  METHODS
  For male goats, results of serum biochemical analyses collected from 1992 through 2003 were retrieved from computerized records, as were signalment, clinical diagnoses, and discharge status. Results of analyses for BUN, creatinine, phosphorus, calcium, Na, K, Cl, total CO2, anion gap, and glucose were compared between goats with uroliths and control goats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Goats with uroliths had higher mean BUN, creatinine, total CO2, K, and glucose concentrations and lower mean phosphorus, Na, and Cl concentrations than control goats, with no difference in mean calcium concentration and anion gap. Goats with uroliths had higher frequency of azotemia, hypophosphatemia, hypochloridemia, and increased total CO2 and lower frequency of decreased total CO2 than control goats. Urolithiasis occurred more frequently in castrated males than in sexually intact males and in dwarf African breeds than in other breeds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Goats with uroliths often had hypophosphatemia at admission. Hypochloridemic metabolic alkalosis was the most common acid-base disorder. Rupture in the urinary tract system was associated with increased prevalence of hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. Clinicians should be aware of these abnormalities when determining fluid therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Jeanne W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hird
authors.forename: Lisle W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: George
mesh_terms: D000471:Alkalosis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000662:veterinary*; D001947:Breeding; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006041:Goats; D017674:Hypophosphatemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000662:veterinary; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000662:veterinary; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000293:injuries; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*