title: Regulation of leukocyte degranulation by cGMP-dependent protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase: potential roles in phosphorylation of target membrane SNARE complex proteins in rat mast cells.
abstract: We examined the roles of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) and PI3K in degranulation induced by fMLF and by FcepsilonRI cross-linking. In rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cells expressing formyl peptide receptor, the PKG inhibitors KT5823 and Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMP, as well as the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, reduced agonist-stimulated beta-hexosaminidase release in a dose-dependent manner. These inhibitors also abolished vesicular fusion with the plasma membrane, as evidenced by diminished annexin V staining. Agonist-induced degranulation was completely blocked when LY294002 was applied together with one of the PKG inhibitors, suggesting an additive and possibly synergistic effect. In contrast, the PKG inhibitors did not affect fMLF-induced intracellular calcium mobilization and Akt phosphorylation. Likewise, LY294002 did not alter fMLF-induced elevation of intracellular cGMP concentration, and the inhibitory effect of LY294002 was not reversed by a cell-permeable analog of cGMP. Treatment with fMLF induced phosphorylation of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein (SNAP)-23, syntaxins 2, 4, and 6, and Monc18-3. The induced phosphorylation of SNAP-23 and syntaxins 2 and 4 was blocked by Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMP and LY294002. However, LY294002 was less effective in inhibiting Munc18-3 phosphorylation. The induced phosphorylation of syntaxin 6 was not effectively blocked by either Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMP or LY294002. Treatment of human neutrophils with the PKG inhibitors and LY294002 reduced enzyme release from primary, secondary, and tertiary granules. These results suggest that PKG and PI3K are involved in degranulation, possibly through phosphorylation of target membrane SNAP receptor proteins and their binding proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Masakatsu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nanamori
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D015550:Cell Degranulation; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017455:Receptors, IgE / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D050600:SNARE Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002227:Carbazoles; D002867:Chromones; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D007211:Indoles; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009025:Morpholines; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D017455:Receptors, IgE; D050600:SNARE Proteins; D013873:Thionucleotides; C073601:KT 5823; C098740:8-bromo-beta-phenyl-1,N(2)-ethenoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one