title: The combined catalytic action of solid acids with nickel for the transformation of polypropylene into carbon nanotubes by pyrolysis.
abstract: The effects of both organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) and Ni(2)O(3) on the carbonization of polypropylene (PP) during pyrolysis were investigated. The results from TEM and Raman spectroscopy showed that the carbonized products of PP were mainly multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). Surprisingly, a combination of OMMT and Ni(2)O(3) led to high-yield formation of MWNTs. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and GC-MS were used to investigate the mechanism of this combination for the high-yield formation of MWNTs from PP. Brønsted acid sites were created in degraded OMMT layers by thermal decomposition of the modifiers. The resultant carbenium ions play an important role in the carbonization of PP and the formation of MWNTs. The degradation of PP was induced by the presence of carbenium ions to form predominantly products with lower carbon numbers that could be easily catalyzed by the nickel catalyst for the growth of MWNTs. Furthermore, carbenium ions are active intermediates that promote the growth of MWNTs from the degradation products with higher carbon numbers through hydride-transfer reactions. The XRD measurements showed that Ni(2)O(3) was reduced into metallic nickel (Ni) in situ to afford the active sites for the growth of MWNTs.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China.
authors.forename: Rongjun
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Zhiwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Wuguo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.forename: Wenxi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Baotong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tang