title: Error processing in Huntington's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetic disorder expressed by a degeneration of the basal ganglia inter alia accompanied with dopaminergic alterations. These dopaminergic alterations are related to genetic factors i.e., CAG-repeat expansion. The error (related) negativity (Ne/ERN), a cognitive event-related potential related to performance monitoring, is generated in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and supposed to depend on the dopaminergic system. The Ne is reduced in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Due to a dopaminergic deficit in HD, a reduction of the Ne is also likely. Furthermore it is assumed that movement dysfunction emerges as a consequence of dysfunctional error-feedback processing. Since dopaminergic alterations are related to the CAG-repeat, a Ne reduction may furthermore also be related to the genetic disease load.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We assessed the error negativity (Ne) in a speeded reaction task under consideration of the underlying genetic abnormalities. HD patients showed a specific reduction in the Ne, which suggests impaired error processing in these patients. Furthermore, the Ne was closely related to CAG-repeat expansion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reduction of the Ne is likely to be an effect of the dopaminergic pathology. The result resembles findings in Parkinson's Disease. As such the Ne might be a measure for the integrity of striatal dopaminergic output function. The relation to the CAG-repeat expansion indicates that the Ne could serve as a gene-associated "cognitive" biomarker in HD.
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany. beste@ifado.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beste
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saft
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andrich
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Falkenstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000503:physiopathology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D006801:Humans; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011930:Reaction Time; D019680:Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine