title: Importance of the autonomic nervous system in an experimental model of commotio cordis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Young athletes may die suddenly when they are struck in the chest (commotio cordis). Proposed mechanisms of sudden death in commotio cordis include hypervagatonia and activation of the sympathetic nervous system. In an experimental model of commotio cordis, the importance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system in the initiation of ventricular fibrillation was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Juvenile swine weighing between 8 and 12 kg were anesthetized with ketamine and isoflurane and placed prone in a sling. Twenty animals were randomized to pretreatment with placebo or sympathetic and parasympathetic blockade. Chest blows were guided by echocardiography to the center of the left ventricle and animals received 1-3 strikes with a regulation baseball propelled at 30 mph and timed to impact 10-30 ms prior to the peak of the T-wave.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With 17 impacts in 10 autonomically blocked animals, 6 episodes of ventricular fibrillation were seen; with 15 impacts in 10 control animals, ventricular fibrillation occurred 6 times. There was also no significant difference between the groups in occurrence of nonsustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or ST elevation. Transient complete heart block was less commonly seen in animals treated with autonomic blockade, although this did not achieve statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this experimental model of commotio cordis, autonomic blockade did not affect the frequency of sudden cardiac death, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or ST segment elevation. Thus, vagotonic and sympathetic surges likely do not contribute to the syndrome of sudden death due to chest blows in young people and athletes.
authors.affiliation: The New England Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Tufts New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: C William
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Maron
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Vanderbrink
authors.forename: N A Mark
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Estes
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Link
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006327:Heart Block / Q000139:chemically induced; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D013552:Swine; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology