title: Mycetoma in children: experience with 15 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mycetoma is a chronic infection caused by aerobic actinomycetes and filamentous fungi. It is an occupational disease frequent in tropical countries and is uncommon in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective (25 years) report of mycetomas was conducted in children less than 15 years of age. Each of the cases was studied clinically and proven with microbiologic tests: direct examinations (to identify and classify the grains), cultures and identification based on morphology and biochemical tests. The therapeutic experience of the cases was also reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a 25-year period, a total of 334 mycetomas were seen at our institution, 15 of which (4.5%) were in patients 15 years of age and younger (mean age: 11.2 years, age range: 6-15 years). Twelve cases were males and 3 females. The main clinical location was the foot in 10 of 15 (66.6%). Etiologies included 13 actinomycetomas and 2 eumycetomas. Etiologic agents were Nocardia brasiliensis in 12 cases, Nocardia asteroides in one and Madurella mycetomatis in 2. Eleven of the13 cases of actinomycetomas treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus diaminodiphenylsulfone were cured. The 2 failures were successfully treated with amoxicillin/clavulanate. One of the eumycetomas was cured with itraconazole therapy, whereas the other failed various treatments eventuating in surgical amputation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mycetomas are exceptional in children; in our setting, actinomycetomas are more frequent than eumycetomas. The clinical and microbiologic diagnosis is simple. Overall, treatment response is better for actinomycetomas than for eumycetomas.
authors.affiliation: Mycology Department, Hospital General de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. a_bonifaz@yahoo.com.mx
authors.forename: Alexandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonifaz
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ibarra
authors.forename: Amado
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saúl
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Paredes-Solis
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carrasco-Gerard
authors.forename: Leonel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fierro-Arias
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D020461:Madurella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008297:Male; D008271:Mycetoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D009615:Nocardia / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009617:Nocardia Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D009616:Nocardia asteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012189:Retrospective Studies