title: Pain tolerance in patients presenting to primary care and physiotherapy services with upper limb disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arm pain is a common cause of incapacity for work and is often attributed to occupational activities, but in many cases the pathogenesis is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether arm pain in the absence of identifiable underlying pathology is associated with reduced tolerance of painful sensory stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  133 incident cases of arm pain, recruited from primary care and physiotherapy services, were classified according to a validated diagnostic algorithm. Pain tolerance was measured at three sites in each arm in response to electrocutaneous stimulation. Associations with pain tolerance (the geometric mean of the six measurements at 5 Hz) were assessed by linear regression, and findings were summarised as proportional changes in pain tolerance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain tolerance was generally lower than in an earlier community survey. Women had a lower tolerance than men. After allowance for sex, age, use of analgesics and anatomical extent of pain, there was no indication of reduced tolerance in patients with non-specific pain relative to those with specific local pathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain tolerance may be generally reduced in patients presenting to medical services with arm pain, but those with non-specific pain do not seem to have lower tolerance than those with identifiable local pathology.
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton, Southhampton, UK.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ryall
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coggon
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peveler
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Reading
authors.forename: Keith T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000523:psychology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D018710:Pain Clinics; D017288:Pain Threshold; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011320:Primary Health Care; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000523:psychology