title: An evolutionarily conserved 16-kDa thioredoxin-related protein is an antioxidant which regulates the NF-kappaB signaling pathway.
abstract: Thioredoxin (TRX) is generally a 12-kDa protein-disulfide reductase. Here, we report the discovery of a 16-kDa thioredoxin-related protein designated Cr-TRP16, from a "living fossil," the horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda). Cr-TRP16 contains an atypical WCPPC catalytic motif and possesses the classical thiodisulfide reductase activity, as indicated by the insulin reduction assay. Furthermore, Cr-TRP16 can function as an antioxidant and protect against DNA nicking by reactive oxygen species. Overexpression of Cr-TRP16 regulated the transcription of NF-kappaB-dependent genes probably by enhancing NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity, suggesting possible roles for Cr-TRP16 in modulating the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. In vivo, the antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate suppressed the expression of NF-kappaB-regulated genes such as IkappaB and inducible nitric oxide synthase. This further supports the notion that oxidative stress is also a regulatory factor of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway, a phenomenon which has been entrenched for several hundred million years. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the 16-kDa thioredoxins are evolutionarily conserved from Caenorhabditis elegans to human. Interestingly, thioredoxin-like 6, a human homologue of Cr-TRP16, could also enhance NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity, suggesting that the regulatory role of the 16-kDa thioredoxins on NF-kappaB is well conserved through evolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543.
authors.forename: Xiao Wei
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yih-Cherng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Liou
authors.forename: Bow
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Jeak Ling
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D006737:Horseshoe Crabs / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016328:NF-kappa B; D013879:Thioredoxins