Epidural catheter placement in neonates: sonoanatomy and feasibility of ultrasonographic guidance in term and preterm neonates.
BACKGROUND
We report the first prospective sonoanatomic study in neonates with the aim to perform ultrasonographic-guided epidural catheter placement in this age group.


METHODS
One hundred forty-five neonates with a body weight < or =4 kg (0.53-4 kg) were included in this prospective study. The study was divided into 3 consecutive parts. In the first part, the neuraxial sonoanatomy of 60 neonates was evaluated. In the second part, 50 neonates scheduled for major abdominal surgery were enrolled. In this part, the depth of the ligamentum flavum measured with ultrasound was matched up to the depth evaluated clinically with the loss-of-resistance technique. In the third part, ultrasonographic epidural catheter placement was performed in 35 neonates weighing between 620 g and 4 kg.


RESULTS
The ligamentum flavum, the dura mater, and the termination of the spinal cord could be identified in all patients. The first part showed a good correlation between body weight and depth of the ligamentum flavum. The median termination of the spinal cord corresponded to vertebral level L2. The second part confirmed a good correlation between depth of the ligamentum flavum evaluated clinically and the depth predicted with ultrasound. Finally, real-time ultrasound-guided epidural placement was possible in all 35 neonates.


CONCLUSIONS
Ultrasound examination of the spinal cord anatomy provides valuable information for epidural catheter placement in neonates. Ultrasonography enables a real-time identification of the tip of the needle within the epidural space and a visualization of the spread of local anesthetic in these patients.
Willschke
Harald
H
Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. harald.willschke@meduniwien.ac.at
Bosenberg
Adrian
A
Marhofer
Peter
P
Willschke
Julie
J
Schwindt
Jens
J
Weintraud
Marion
M
Kapral
Stephan
S
Kettner
Stephan
S
D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography
D000779:Anesthetics, Local