title: Sorbitol causes preferential selection of Muller glial precursors from late retinal progenitor cells in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The replacement of glucose by sorbitol in growth medium causes selection of astroglial cells from heterogeneous primary cultures derived from the brains of newborn mice. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of sorbitol on in vitro selection of Müller glial precursors from expanded late retinal progenitor cells (RPCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  RPCs used in these studies were isolated from the neural retina of postnatal day one green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice. The resulting GFP positive neurospheres were dissociated into a single cell suspension and grown on poly-D-lysine/laminin coated tissue culture flasks or slides to generate adherent RPCs. These adherent cells were treated with glucose free medium containing 25 mM sorbitol for 7 days and the expression of retinal-specific cell markers was determined by immunocytochemistry, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoblot analysis
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro studies showed that sorbitol treatment of late RPCs altered cellular morphology. Immunocytochemical studies showed an increase in the proportion of cells expressing glial cell markers, most of which co-expressed CRALBP, GFAP, and vimentin. An increase in the proportion of cells expressing PKCalpha, a bipolar cell marker, was also observed. RT-PCR analysis showed down-regulation of nestin transcripts with a concomitant increase in CRALBP, GFAP, vimentin and PKCalpha. These findings were confirmed by immunoblot analysis, where down-regulation of nestin expression with simultaneous up-regulation of CRALBP, GFAP and PKCalpha was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sorbitol treatment of multipotent late RPCs, in the absence of glucose, results in the preferential selection of Müller glial precursors and their subsequent differentiation into cells that morphologically resemble Müller cells and co-express multiple glial markers.
authors.affiliation: Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. tasneem@vision.eri.harvard.edu <tasneem@vision.eri.harvard.edu>
authors.forename: Tasneem
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zahir
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klassen
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D049408:Luminescent Agents; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D064231:Nestin; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013012:Sorbitol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014746:Vimentin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C020932:11-cis-retinal-binding protein; D015415:Biomarkers; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins; D049408:Luminescent Agents; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C577485:Nes protein, mouse; D064231:Nestin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014746:Vimentin; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D013012:Sorbitol; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha