title: Direct and indirect costs of refractory epilepsy in a tertiary epilepsy center in Germany.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are only few studies on the costs of epilepsy in Germany. Therefore, we performed a pilot study to estimate the direct and indirect costs of refractory epilepsy in a German epilepsy center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A "prevalence-based," cross-sectional convenience sample of adults with active epilepsy attending the outpatient clinic of our tertiary epilepsy center was evaluated. Seizure-free patients and patients presenting with their first seizure were excluded. Direct and indirect costs were prospectively recorded over a three-month period using questionnaires and a patient diary. Cost driving factors were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred one patients were included (40.7+/-15.2 years; disease duration: 18.1+/-15.3 years; 6 patients had focal epilepsy with simple partial seizures only, 28 with complex partial seizures, 43 with secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures; 20 had idiopathic generalized epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures). The total costs of epilepsy per patient were in average euro 2610+/-4200 over the three-month period. Direct cost contributed 39% to the total costs. Costs of anticonvulsant medication were the main contributor to the direct costs while indirect costs were caused mainly by losses due to early retirement. Cost driving factors included higher seizure frequency, longer disease duration, ictal falls, and situationally inappropriate complex behavior during or after the seizure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indirect costs were higher than direct costs in adult patients with active epilepsy attending a German epilepsy center. Medication contributed the most to the direct costs and early retirement was the main factor for the indirect costs. The costs of poorly controlled epilepsy in this German study were above average of the European costs of epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany. hamer@med.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Hajo M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spottke
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aletsee
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knake
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strzelczyk
authors.forename: Wolfgang H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Oertel
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rosenow
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dodel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004180:Direct Service Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants