title: Validation of three new methods for determination of metal emissions using a modified Environmental Protection Agency Method 301.
abstract: Three new methods applicable to the determination of hazardous metal concentrations in stationary source emissions were developed and evaluated for use in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) compliance applications. Two of the three independent methods, a continuous emissions monitor-based method (Xact) and an X-ray-based filter method (XFM), are used to measure metal emissions. The third method involves a quantitative aerosol generator (QAG), which produces a reference aerosol used to evaluate the measurement methods. A modification of EPA Method 301 was used to validate the three methods for As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg, representing three hazardous waste combustor Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) metal categories (low volatile, semivolatile, and volatile). The modified procedure tested the methods using more stringent criteria than EPA Method 301; these criteria included accuracy, precision, and linearity. The aerosol generation method was evaluated in the laboratory by comparing actual with theoretical aerosol concentrations. The measurement methods were evaluated at a hazardous waste combustor (HWC) by comparing measured with reference aerosol concentrations. The QAG, Xact, and XFM met the modified Method 301 validation criteria. All three of the methods demonstrated precisions and accuracies on the order of 5%. In addition, correlation coefficients for each method were on the order of 0.99, confirming the methods' linear response and high precision over a wide range of concentrations. The measurement methods should be applicable to emissions from a wide range of sources, and the reference aerosol generator should be applicable to additional analytes. EPA recently approved an alternative monitoring petition for an HWC at Eli Lilly's Tippecanoe site in Lafayette, IN, in which the Xact is used for demonstrating compliance with the HWC MACT metal emissions (low volatile, semivolatile, and volatile). The QAG reference aerosol generator was approved as a method for providing a quantitative reference aerosol, which is required for certification and continuing quality assurance of the Xact.
authors.affiliation: Cooper Environmental Services, LLC, Portland, OR 97223, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Yanca
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: Krag A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Petterson
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Bivins
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005374:Filtration; D006256:Hazardous Waste; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D006256:Hazardous Waste; D008670:Metals