title: The effectiveness of Teratology Information Services (TIS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women and their health care providers have few reliable sources of information regarding the safety of exposures in pregnancy and lactation. Evidence-based information on these topics is provided by Teratology Information Services (TIS). Access to TIS, however, is limited in many regions, and many services have difficulty maintaining ongoing funding. The objective of this review is to highlight published reports of the effectiveness of TIS in improving maternal and neonatal health.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of the Pub Med and Econ Lit databases was performed with no date restriction, using the search terms teratology, information, counseling, pregnancy, effectiveness, birth defects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Information disseminated from TIS has been shown to prevent congenital malformations, unnecessary pregnancy terminations, and occupational risks. TIS support optimal nutritional supplementation in pregnancy and optimal drug therapy in pregnancy and breast-feeding. In addition, they correct misperceptions of risk and facilitate knowledge transfer and translation. TIS have the potential to provide health care cost savings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TIS are vital services in supporting optimal maternal and neonatal health. A formal economic evaluation of TIS is required in order to inform resource allocation decision-making and continued funding of these services.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. rebecca.hancock@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koren
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Einarson
authors.forename: Wendy J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Ungar
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D003376:Counseling; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004346:Drug Information Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007253:Information Centers; D007391:International Cooperation; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects*; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018600:Teratology