title: Neuropsychiatric events at the time of diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus: an international inception cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence, characteristics, attribution, and clinical significance of neuropsychiatric (NP) events in an international inception cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC). Patients were enrolled within 15 months of fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) SLE classification criteria. All NP events within a predefined enrollment window were identified using the ACR case definitions of 19 NP syndromes. Decision rules were derived to determine the proportion of NP disease attributable to SLE. Clinical significance was determined using the Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey and the SLICC/ACR Damage Index (SDI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 572 patients (88% female) were recruited, with a mean +/- SD age of 35 +/- 14 years. The mean +/- SD disease duration was 5.2 +/- 4.2 months. Within the enrollment window, 158 of 572 patients (28%) had at least 1 NP event. In total, there were 242 NP events that encompassed 15 of 19 NP syndromes. The proportion of NP events attributed to SLE varied from 19% to 38% using alternate attribution models and occurred in 6.1-11.7% of patients. Those with NP events, regardless of attribution, had lower scores on the SF-36 and higher SDI scores compared with patients with no NP events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twenty-eight percent of SLE patients experienced at least 1 NP event around the time of diagnosis of SLE, of which only a minority were attributed to SLE. Regardless of attribution, the occurrence of NP events was associated with reduced quality of life and increased organ damage.
authors.affiliation: Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. john.hanly@cdha.nshealth.ca
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hanly
authors.forename: M B
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authors.lastname: Sanchez-Guerrero
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authors.lastname: Bernatsky
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authors.lastname: Petri
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authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dooley
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authors.lastname: Ginzler
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authors.lastname: Van Vollenhoven
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Font
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authors.lastname: Sturfelt
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nived
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramsey-Goldman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalunian
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: K
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mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors