title: Human coronavirus 229E encodes a single ORF4 protein between the spike and the envelope genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The genome of coronaviruses contains structural and non-structural genes, including several so-called accessory genes. All group 1b coronaviruses encode a single accessory protein between the spike and envelope genes, except for human coronavirus (HCoV) 229E. The prototype virus has a split gene, encoding the putative ORF4a and ORF4b proteins. To determine whether primary HCoV-229E isolates exhibit this unusual genome organization, we analyzed the ORF4a/b region of five current clinical isolates from The Netherlands and three early isolates collected at the Common Cold Unit (CCU) in Salisbury, UK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All Dutch isolates were identical in the ORF4a/b region at amino acid level. All CCU isolates are only 98% identical to the Dutch isolates at the nucleotide level, but more closely related to the prototype HCoV-229E (>98%). Remarkably, our analyses revealed that the laboratory adapted, prototype HCoV-229E has a 2-nucleotide deletion in the ORF4a/b region, whereas all clinical isolates carry a single ORF, 660 nt in size, encoding a single protein of 219 amino acids, which is a homologue of the ORF3 proteins encoded by HCoV-NL63 and PEDV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, the genome organization of the group 1b coronaviruses HCoV-NL63, PEDV and HCoV-229E is identical. It is possible that extensive culturing of the HCoV-229E laboratory strain resulted in truncation of ORF4. This may indicate that the protein is not essential in cell culture, but the highly conserved amino acid sequence of the ORF4 protein among clinical isolates suggests that the protein plays an important role in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. r.dijkman@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dijkman
authors.forename: Maarten F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Jebbink
authors.forename: Berry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wilbrink
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pyrc
authors.forename: Hans L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Zaaijer
authors.forename: Philip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Minor
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berkhout
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thiel
authors.forename: Lia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van der Hoek
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D028941:Coronavirus 229E, Human / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D064370:Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D064370:Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins