title: The adenoviral E4orf6 protein induces atypical apoptosis in response to DNA damage.
abstract: Adenoviral proteins interact with host-cell proteins to either exploit or inhibit cellular functions for the purpose of viral propagation. E4orf6, the 34-kDa gene product of the E4 gene, interacts with the double-strand break repair (DSBR) protein DNA-dependent protein kinase and cooperates with binding partner E1B-55K to degrade MRE11, preventing viral DNA concatemer formation. We previously demonstrated that E4orf6 radiosensitizes human tumor cells through the inhibition of DSBR, notably in the absence of E1B-55K. Here, we report that E4orf6 prolongs the signaling of DNA damage by inhibiting the activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), the phosphatase responsible for dephosphorylating gammaH2AX. The inhibition of PP2A occurs without significant disruption of the DNA re-ligation rate. Prolonged signaling of DNA damage in the presence of E4orf6 initiates caspase-dependent and independent cell death. This is accompanied by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) hyperactivation and the translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from the mitochondria to the nucleus. Knockdown of AIF by shRNA rescues the radiosensitization induced by E4orf6. Taken together, these data suggest that E4orf6 disrupts cellular DSBR signaling by inhibiting PP2A, leading to prolonged H2AX phosphorylation, hyperactivation of PARP, and AIF translocation to the nucleus. The function of E4orf6 as an inhibitor of PP2A and activator of PARP in the absence of other adenoviral gene products is of importance in delineating the adenovirus-host cell interplay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Lori S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ornelles
authors.forename: Constantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koumenis
mesh_terms: D017504:Adenovirus E4 Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D017209:Apoptosis; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D004249:DNA Damage; D051747:DNA-Activated Protein Kinase; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism*; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D017504:Adenovirus E4 Proteins; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor; C468783:H2AX protein, human; D006657:Histones; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D051747:DNA-Activated Protein Kinase; C517189:PPP2CA protein, human; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2