title: Determination of the EC50 amnesic concentration of etomidate and its diffusion profile in brain tissue: implications for in vitro studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Etomidate is a widely used general anesthetic that has become a useful tool to investigate mechanisms of anesthetic action in vivo and in brain slices. However, the free aqueous concentration of etomidate that corresponds to amnesia in vivo and the diffusion profile of etomidate in brain slices are not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors assessed the effect of intraperitoneally injected etomidate on contextual fear conditioning in mice. Etomidate concentrations in brain tissue were obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography. Uptake studies in 400-microm-thick brain slices were used to calculate the diffusion and partition coefficients of etomidate. A diffusion model was used to calculate the expected concentration profile within a brain slice as a function of time and depth. The predicted rate of drug equilibration was compared with the onset of electrophysiologic effects on inhibitory circuit function in recordings from hippocampal brain slices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Etomidate impaired contextual fear conditioning with an ED50 dose of 11.0+/-0.1 mg after intraperitoneal injection, which corresponded to an EC50 brain concentration of 208+/-9 ng/g. The brain:artificial cerebrospinal fluid partition coefficient was 3.35, yielding an EC50,amnesia aqueous concentration of 0.25 microm. The diffusion coefficient was approximately 0.2x10 cm/s. The development of etomidate action in hippocampal brain slices was compatible with the concentration profile predicted by this diffusion coefficient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The free aqueous concentration of etomidate corresponding to amnesia, as defined by impaired contextual fear conditioning in mice, is 0.25 microM. Diffusion of etomidate into brain slices requires approximately an hour to reach 80% equilibration at a typical recording depth of 100 microm. This information will be useful in designing and interpreting in vitro studies using etomidate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53711, USA.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benkwitz
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Laster
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sonner
authors.forename: Edmond I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Eger
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pearce
mesh_terms: D000647:Amnesia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D004058:Diffusion; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005045:Etomidate / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D005045:Etomidate