title: Preoperative detection of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors using endoscopic ultrasonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Almost 30% of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEPET) escape preoperative identification using standard imaging techniques. The goal of this retrospective study is to present our cumulative experience in the assessment of GEPET by preoperative endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), and to compare it with a literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven patients with suspected specific hormonal syndromes were sequentially examined with US, CT, MRI, angiography, OctreoScan, and radial and sectorial EUS. Sixteen were males (43%) and 21 were females (57%), with a mean age of 61 years (interval: 40-84 a). Of all 37 patients, 27 had 19 endocrine tumors in the pancreas and 14 tumors in their gastrointestinal tract. No tumors were demonstrated in 10 patients, hence they were used as a control group. Of all 37 patients, 24 were operated on or had histological samples collected, with the presence of 26 GEPET (10 carcinoids) being confirmed in 22 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EUS sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy were 81% and 78%. Specificity was 80%. All these values were similar to the mean values obtained from the literature review. Three pancreatic rumors smaller than or equal to 1 cm (insulinomas) were detected, which had escaped diagnosis with previous US, CT, and MRI studies. An echoendoscopic examination of the pancreas could not be completed in two cases (5%), a pancreas carcinoid and an already gastrectomized double pancreatic gastrinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EUS is a good preoperative technique for GEPET detection, and may likely be superior to other imaging techniques in the assessment of small tumors. The usefulness of EUS as a primary exploration after US or HCT has been posited for tumor diagnosis and localization before surgery.
authors.affiliation: Units of Echoendoscopy and Endoscopy, Centro Médico Teknon, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain. varas@dr.teknon.es
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Varas Lorenzo
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Miquel Collell
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Maluenda Colomer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boix Valverde
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Armengol Miró
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019160:Endosonography; D005260:Female; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity