title: Costs and cost-effectiveness of adolescent compliance with treatment for latent tuberculosis infection: results from a randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assess the costs and cost-effectiveness of an incentive-based tuberculosis (TB) program designed to promote adolescents' compliance with treatment for latent TB infection (LTBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial. Adolescents between the ages of 11 and 19 years who were referred to one of two participating clinics after being screened for TB and receiving a positive diagnosis indicating LTBI (n = 794) were assigned to one of four groups: usual care, peer counseling, contingency contracting, and combined peer counseling/contingency contracting. Primary outcome variables were completion of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), total treatment costs, and lifetime TB-related costs per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) in each of the four study groups (three treatment, one control). Cost effectiveness was evaluated using a five-stage Markov model and a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average costs were 199 dollars for usual care (UC), 277 dollars for peer counseling (PC), 326 dollars for contingency contracting (CC), and 341 dollars for PC + CC combined. The differences among these groups were all significant at the p = .001 level. Only the PC + CC group improved the rate of IPT completion (83.8%) relative to usual care (75.9%) (p = .051), with an overall incremental CE ratio of 209 dollars per QALY relative to usual care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incentives combined with peer counseling are a cost-effective strategy for helping adolescents to complete care when combined with peer counseling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA. kominski@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Gerald F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Kominski
authors.forename: Sepideh Farivar
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Varon
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Morisky
authors.forename: C Kevin
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Malotte
authors.forename: Vicki J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Ebin
authors.forename: Astou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coly
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D032982:Contracts; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003376:Counseling / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016015:Logistic Models; D015141:Los Angeles; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009042:Motivation; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology; D010379:Peer Group; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012201:Reward; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D007538:Isoniazid