title: Location of spina bifida occulta and ultrasonographic bladder abnormalities predict the outcome of treatment for primary nocturnal enuresis in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined whether the existence of spina bifida occulta or ultrasonographic bladder abnormalities was related to the outcome of treatment for primary nocturnal enuresis in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between April 1996 and September 2005, a total of 77 subjects (53 boys and 24 girls, aged 5-18 years; mean age, 9.9 years) with primary nocturnal enuresis were studied. Plain X-ray films of the spine and ultrasonographic bladder measurements (bladder wall thickness, bladder neck descent and bladder neck opening) were obtained and the correlations with the outcome of treatment using imipramine hydrochloride were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On plain X-ray films of the spine, spina bifida occulta (lumbar vertebrae in three, lumbosacral vertebrae in 19 and sacral vertebrae in 31) was recognized in 53 children (69%). Ultrasonographic bladder abnormalities were recognized in 40 children (52%). Children with lumbar and lumbosacral spina bifida occulta showed a higher rate of concomitant ultrasonographic bladder abnormalities (P = 0.006) and had a poorer response to treatment (P = 0.041) compared with the children who had sacral spina bifida occulta. Children with ultrasonographic bladder abnormalities had a worse response to treatment (P = 0.005) compared to the children without bladder abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of lumbar spina bifida occulta and ultrasonographic bladder abnormalities was related to the outcome of treatment for primary nocturnal enuresis in children, suggesting that spinal radiography and vesical ultrasonography may be useful predictive tests.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Organ-Oriented Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. f040812@med.u-ryukyu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyazato
authors.forename: Kimio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugaya
authors.forename: Saori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishijima
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Owan
authors.forename: Yoshihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007099:Imipramine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016136:Spina Bifida Occulta / Q000150:complications*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D007099:Imipramine