title: Tissue perfusion-controlled guided biopsies are essential for the outcome of testicular sperm extraction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if there are areas of major and minor perfusion in a single testicle, and if the quality and quantity of sperm are correlated with the level of perfusion, we collected testicular tissue from areas with different levels of perfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients with azoospermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with azoospermia undergoing testicular sperm extraction (TESE) biopsy for the retrieval of sperm to be used in an assisted reproduction program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perfusion mapping was performed with the use of color Doppler ultrasound. Areas with different levels of perfusion were marked with needles. After incision with radiofrequency cutting, the exposed tissue was examined with a laser Doppler flowmeter, and biopsies were taken for TESE and histology. Sperm were analyzed using World Health Organization criteria, and prepared for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Correlation of sperm quality and quantity in testicular-tissue biopsies, with tissue-perfusion units (TPU) measured by laser Doppler flowmeter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 40 biopsies taken from 20 testicles of 12 patients, tissue was analyzed for sperm quality and quantity. Sperm quality was highest in areas of high tissue perfusion. In areas of 70 TPU, 72.3% progressive sperm were detected, whereas in areas of 10 TPU, only 13.3% progressive sperm and elevated numbers of precursor cells could be observed. The number of motile sperm isolated from tissue samples correlated well with the intensity of tissue perfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown for the first time that in patients suffering from azoospermia, sperm quality and quantity depend on tissue perfusion within the testicle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. ralf.herwig@meduniwien.ac.at <ralf.herwig@meduniwien.ac.at>
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herwig
authors.forename: Kadir
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tosun
authors.forename: Antonius
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rehder
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glodny
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wildt
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Illmensee
authors.forename: Germar-Michael
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Pinggera
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053713:Azoospermia / Q000473:pathology; D001706:Biopsy; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010477:Perfusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013076:Sperm Count / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000473:pathology; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*