title: Multiple Allee effects and population management.
abstract: Allee effects, strongly related to the extinction vulnerability of populations and gradually becoming acknowledged by both theoretically oriented and applied ecologists, have already been shown to have important roles in the dynamics of many populations. Although not yet widely recognized, two or more Allee effects can occur simultaneously in the same population. Here, we review the evidence for multiple Allee effects and show that their interactions can take several forms, many of which are far from inconsequential. We suggest that more research is needed to assess the prevalence and interactions of multiple Allee effects, as failing to take them into account could have adverse consequences for the management of threatened or exploited populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Theoretical Ecology, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre ASCR, Branisovská 31, 37005 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic. berec@entu.cas.cz
authors.forename: Ludek
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berec
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Angulo
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Courchamp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D017753:Ecosystem; D006801:Humans; D011156:Population Density; D011157:Population Dynamics