title: Effect of bilateral in vivo ischemia/reperfusion on the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase: response to a standardized grape suspension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a major etiological factor in the bladder dysfunctions observed in men with lower tract obstruction, women with postmenopausal incontinence and with aging. A standardized grape suspension protects the rabbit urinary bladder from both the contractile dysfunctions and the morphologic changes mediated by I/R. Using a model of in vivo bilateral ischemia/reperfusion, the current study investigated the effect of this grape suspension on the endogenous antioxidant defense systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  24 NZW rabbits were separated into 6 groups of 4. Groups 1-3 were treated by gavage with aqueous grape suspensions; groups 4-6 received sugar-water vehicle. Groups 3 and 6 were controls. Groups 1 and 4 were subjected to bilateral ischemia for 2 h (I). Groups 2 and 5 underwent bilateral ischemia for 2 h and reperfusion for 1 week (I/R). For all rabbit bladders, the muscle and mucosa were separated by blunt dissection and analyzed separately. The effects of the various treatments on bladder antioxidant systems of cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase; SOD), and catalase (CAT) were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The standardized grape suspension up-regulated both SOD and CAT activity of bladder muscle and mucosa in control animals. There were few differences in the grape suspension treated animals after ischemia, and in general the activities decreased following I/R.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increases of SOD and CAT activity in control animals as a result of grape suspension suggest a greater antioxidant capacity. This increase in the antioxidant defense system may explain the increased protection of grape suspension in the face of ischemia and I/R. However, the activities of both enzyme systems decreased in the smooth muscle subjected to I/R showing that reperfusion damages these systems probably via oxidation damage to the enzymes themselves.
authors.affiliation: Albany College of Pharmacy, 106 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
authors.forename: Alpha Dian-Yu
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mannikarottu
authors.forename: Barry A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kogan
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Whitbeck
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Leggett
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011817:Rabbits; D015427:Reperfusion Injury; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism*; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase