title: Body mass index, weight change, and risk of prostate cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity has been associated with aggressive prostate cancer. The extent of this association, which varies by stage and grade, remains unclear. The role of recent weight change had not been previously examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined body mass index (BMI) and weight change in relation to incident prostate cancer by disease stage and grade at diagnosis among 69,991 men in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Participants provided information on height and weight in 1982, and again at enrollment in 1992. During follow-up through June 30, 2003 (excluding the first 2 years of follow-up), we documented 5,252 incident prostate cancers. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The association between BMI in 1992 and risk of prostate cancer differed by stage and grade at diagnosis. BMI was inversely associated with risk of nonmetastatic low-grade prostate cancer (RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.66-1.06), but BMI was positively associated with risk of nonmetastatic high-grade prostate cancer (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.96-1.55) and risk of metastatic or fatal prostate cancer (RR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.06-2.23). Compared with weight maintenance, men who lost >11 pounds between 1982 and 1992 were at a decreased risk of nonmetastatic high-grade prostate cancer (RR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.42-0.79).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity increases the risk of more aggressive prostate cancer and may decrease either the occurrence or the likelihood of diagnosis of less-aggressive tumors. Men who lose weight may reduce their risk of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, 1599 Clifton Road Northeast, Atlanta, GA 30329-4251, USA. crodrigu@cancer.org
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Freedland
authors.forename: Anusila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deka
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Marjorie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: Alpa V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thun
authors.forename: Eugenia E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Calle
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D015431:Weight Loss