title: Injection pressure as a marker of intraneural injection in procedures of peripheral nerves blockade.
abstract: The blockade of peripheral nerves carries a certain risk of unwanted complications, which can follow after unintentional intraneural injection of a local anesthetic. Up till today, the research of measuring injection pressure has been based on animal models, even though the histological structure of periphery nerve is different for animal and human population, so the application pressure which presages intraneural injection in human population is still unknown. As material in performing this study there have been used 12 Wistar rats and 12 delivered stillborns. After bilateral access to the median nerve, we applied 3 ml of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, with the help of automatic syringe charger. The needle was at first placed perineural on one side, and then intraneural on the other side of both examination groups. During every application the pressure values were monitored using the manometer, and then they were analyzed by special software program BioBench. All perineural injections resulted with the pressure < or = 27.92 kPa, while the majority of intraneural injections were combined with the injection pressure > or = 69.8 kPa. The difference between intraneural and perineural injection pressures for the two different examination groups (rats and delivered stillborns) was not statistically significant (P>0.05). As prevention from intraneural injections today are in use two methods: the method of causing paresthesia or the method of using the peripheral nerve stimulator. However the nerve injury can still occur, independent from the technique used. If our results are used in clinical practice on human population, than the high injection pressure could be the marker of intraneural lodging of a needle.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Cekalusa 90, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Ilvana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vucković
authors.forename: Faruk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dilberović
authors.forename: Amela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kulenović
authors.forename: Kucuk-Alija
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Divanović
authors.forename: Alma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Voljevica
authors.forename: Eldan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kapur
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007267:Injections; D008365:Manometry; D008475:Median Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects; D010525:Peripheral Nerves; D011312:Pressure; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D050497:Stillbirth
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local