title: FOXP3-positive regulatory cells inside the allograft and the correlation with rejection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Foxp3 is a transcription factor associated with regulatory T cells. Little is known about the role of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in relation to graft rejection in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay, we measured the levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) for Foxp3 in 27 samples obtained at allograft nephrectomy for acute nonvascular rejection (ANVR; n = 7), or acute vascular rejection (AVR; n = 15), or loss due to a nonimmune cause (LNIC; n = 5, as control). Granzyme B was also analyzed as a positive control for the host-driven immune response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median Foxp3 mRNA levels correlated with the severity of rejection: LNIC 1.000, ANVR 1.429, and AVR 3.904 (P = .022 for LNIC and AVR by the Kruskal-Wallis test). The receiver operating characteristic curve for AVR demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.733 (P = .04; 95% CI, 0.528-0.939). The levels of granzyme B mRNA also showed the same profile but did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of mRNA for Foxp3 inside the graft suggested specific homing during severe episodes of acute rejection. Its presence may indicate the development of host immunoregulatory responses during the ongoing cytolytic activity. In addition, assessment of Foxp3 mRNA inside the graft may distinguish vascular from nonvascular rejection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Naka
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Ponciano
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rangel
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cenedeze
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pacheco-Silva
authors.forename: N O S
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Camara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017931:DNA Primers; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D019520:Living Donors; D009392:Nephrectomy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology*; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D012333:RNA, Messenger