title: Television watching and frequency of family meals are predictive of overweight onset and persistence in a national sample of school-aged children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify eating and activity factors associated with school-aged children's onset of overweight and persistent overweight.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were gathered at four time points between kindergarten entry and spring of third grade. Children were directly weighed and measured and categorized as not overweight (<95th percentile of body mass index) or overweight (> or =95th percentile body mass index); parents were interviewed by telephone or in person.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were participants in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort, a nationally representative sample of children who entered kindergarten during 1998-1999. Children who weighed <2,000 g at birth, received therapeutic services before kindergarten, skipped or repeated a grade, or without complete height and weight data were excluded, resulting in 8,459 participants. Children with intermittent overweight were not examined (n=459); analyses addressed 8,000 children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three mutually exclusive groups of children were identified: never overweight, overweight onset, and persistent overweight.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multilevel, multivariate logistic regression analyses estimated the effects of eating and activity factors on the odds of overweight onset and persistent overweight above child sex, race, and family socioeconomic status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children who watched more television (odds ratio [OR] 1.02) and ate fewer family meals (OR 1.08) were more likely to be overweight for the first time at spring semester of third grade. Children who watched more television (OR 1.03), ate fewer family meals (OR 1.08), and lived in neighborhoods perceived by parents as less safe for outdoor play (OR 1.32) were more likely to be persistently overweight. Child aerobic exercise and opportunities for activity were not associated with a greater likelihood of weight problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports theories regarding the contributions of television watching, family meals, and neighborhood safety to childhood weight status. When working with families to prevent and treat childhood weight problems, food and nutrition professionals should attend to children's time spent with screen media, the frequency of family mealtimes, and parents' perceptions of neighborhood safety for children's outdoor play.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7700, USA. gables@missouri.edu
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gable
authors.forename: Yiting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Krull
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004435:Eating; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D050177:Overweight; D010988:Play and Playthings; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012923:Social Class; D013690:Television; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*