title: Assessment of basal insulin requirement using fasting tests in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Characterizing the time course of the rise of blood glucose concentrations in the fasting state during the day and night in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  40 consecutive insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes underwent fasting tests on two different days with either no breakfast and lunch (fasting time of 20 hours) or no dinner (fasting time of 21 hours). Glucose-lowering medication was stopped prior to the test according to the half-life of the medication prescribed. At the start of the fasting tests, blood glucose concentrations were lowered to below 7 mmol/L using an insulin infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  26 men and 14 women were included in the study. Mean (+/-SD) age was 61+/-10 years, BMI 31+/-7 kg/m (2), and HbA1c 7.5+/-1%. Diabetes duration was 14+/-8 years and duration of insulin therapy had been prescribed for a mean of 6+/-6 years. During the daytime fast, plasma glucose concentrations rose by a mean of 0.8+/-1.6 mmol/L. During the nighttime fast, plasma glucose concentrations increased particularly after midnight, by 4.3+/-2.1 mmol/L, i.e. significantly more than during the daytime fast.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fasting blood glucose concentrations in the majority of insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes increase markedly after midnight. No similar increase is observed during the day. Thus, for most patients with type 2 diabetes, an intermediate- or long-acting insulin injected at bedtime with a peak action six to eight hours after injection should be appropriate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. peter.wiesli@stgag.ch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wiesli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: P-A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Krayenbuehl
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Spinas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin