title: Clinical and microbiological profiles of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive Brazilians undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy and HIV-seronegative Brazilians with chronic periodontitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study compares the periodontal clinical profile and the composition of the subgingival microbiota of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and HIV-seronegative subjects with chronic periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 172 subjects were distributed into two HIV-seropositive groups (37 chronic periodontitis [H+CP+] and 35 periodontally healthy [H+CP-] individuals) and two HIV-seronegative groups (49 chronic periodontitis [H-CP+] and 51 periodontally healthy [H-CP-] subjects). Subgingival samples were collected from six sites with the deepest probing depth in the periodontitis groups and six random sites in the groups with periodontal health. All HIV-infected patients had undergone highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for at least 2 years. The presence and levels of 33 bacterial species were detected by DNA probes and the checkerboard method. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to seek for significant differences among and between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  H-CP+ patients showed significantly more periodontal destruction and inflammation than H+CP+ patients, whereas H+CP- subjects presented a greater percentage of sites with bleeding than H-CP- subjects (P <0.01). Patients who were HIV seronegative showed higher prevalence and levels of most bacterial species than HIV seropositive patients. Periodontal pathogens including Tannerella forsythensis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella nigrescens, Eubacterium nodatum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Selenomonas noxia were more frequently detected in H-CP+ subjects compared to H+CP+ and controls. In contrast, Enterococcus faecalis and Acinetobacter baumannii were more commonly found in HIV-infected than in non-HIV-infected subjects (P <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Putative periodontal pathogens are more prevalent in the subgingival microbiota of HIV-seronegative patients with chronic periodontitis, whereas species not usually associated with periodontitis are detected in higher frequency in HIV-seropositive subjects under HAART.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucio de Souza
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Sônia Maria
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Soares Ferreira
authors.forename: Celso Oliveira
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Souto
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Colombo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial