title: Controlled release of isoproturon, imidacloprid, and cyromazine from alginate-bentonite-activated carbon formulations.
abstract: Different alginate-based systems of isoproturon, imidacloprid, and cyromazine have been investigated in order to obtain controlled release (CR) properties. The basic formulation [sodium alginate (1.50%), pesticide (0.30%), and water] was modified using different amounts of bentonite and activated carbon. The higher values of encapsulation efficiency corresponded to those formulations prepared with higher percentages of activated carbon, showing higher encapsulation efficiency values for isoproturon and imidacloprid than for cyromazine, which has a higher water solubility. The kinetic experiments of imidacloprid/isoproturon release in water have shown us that the release rate is higher in imidacloprid systems than in those prepared with isoproturon. Moreover, it can be deduced that the use of bentonite and/or activated carbon sorbents reduces the release rate of the isoproturon and imidacloprid in comparison with the technical product and with alginate formulation without modifying agents. The highest decrease in release rate corresponds to the formulations prepared with the highest percentage of activated carbon. The water uptake, permeability, and time taken for 50% of the active ingredient to be released into water, T50, were calculated to compare the formulations. On the basis of a parameter of an empirical equation used to fit the pesticide release data, the release of isoproturon and imidacloprid from the various formulations into water is controlled by a diffusion mechanism. The sorption capacity of the sorbents and the permeability of the formulations were the most important factors modulating pesticide release. Finally, a linear correlation of the T50 values and the content of activated carbon in formulations were obtained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Garrido-Herrera
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Pradas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Pérez
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates; D001546:Bentonite; D002214:Capsules; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D002214:Capsules; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006540:Herbicides; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010575:Pesticides; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D014227:Triazines; D014867:Water; D001546:Bentonite; C082359:imidacloprid; C028904:isoproturon; D002244:Carbon; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; C028704:cyromazine