title: Quantification of the heterogeneity in breast cancer cell lines using whole-cell impedance spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quantification of the heterogeneity of tumor cell populations is of interest for many diagnostic and therapeutic applications, including determining the cancerous stage of tumors. We attempted to differentiate human breast cancer cell lines from different pathologic stages and compare that with a normal human breast tissue cell line by characterizing the impedance properties of each cell line.
  
  
  METHODS
  A microelectrical impedance spectroscopy system has been developed that can trap a single cell into an analysis cavity and measure the electrical impedance of the captured cell over a frequency range from 100 Hz to 3.0 MHz. Normal human breast tissue cell line MCF-10A, early-stage breast cancer cell line MCF-7, invasive human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, and metastasized human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-435 were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The whole-cell impedance signatures show a clear difference between each cell line in both magnitude and phase of the electrical impedance. The membrane capacitance calculated from the impedance data was 1.94 +/- 0.14, 1.86 +/- 0.11, 1.63 +/- 0.17, and 1.57 +/- 0.12 muF/cm(2) at 100 kHz for MCF-10A, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-435, respectively. The calculated resistance for each cancer cell line at 100 kHz was 24.8 +/- 1.05, 24.8 +/- 0.93, 24.9 +/- 1.12, and 26.2 +/- 1.07 MOhm, respectively. The decrease in capacitances of the cancer cell lines compared with that of the normal cell line MCF-10A was 4.1%, 16.0%, and 19.1%, respectively, at 100 kHz.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that microelectrical impedance spectroscopy might find application as a method for quantifying progression of cancer cells without the need for tagging or modifying the sampled cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Arum
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: A Bruno
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Frazier
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018450:Disease Progression; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004566:Electrodes; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000295:instrumentation; D008838:Microcomputers; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012825:Silicon