title: Paraoxonase gene polymorphism and serum activity in progressive IgA nephropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HDL-associated paraoxonase (PON1) reduces oxidation of lipids in LDL, and activity is inversely related to coronary heart disease risk with a beneficial effect on the development of atherosclerosis. Risk factors associated with atherosclerosis, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and smoking, also promote the progression of chronic glomerulonephritides which may therefore be associated with perturbations in PON1 activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a genetic association study in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) (n=115) compared with control subjects (n=118). The aim was to test whether polymorphisms in the PON1 coding region (Q192R and L55M) and its promoter (-108C/T and -162A/G) are associated with either IgAN or with the progression. We measured serum paraoxonase activity in 60 out of 115 patients. All patients had been followed up for more than 4 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences in the genotype frequency at 3 of the polymorphic sites (Q192R, L55M and -108C/T) between the patients and controls. However, the frequency distribution at -162 position (A/G) was significantly diffe-rent in IgAN (p=0.028, chi-square test) with a higher frequency of the heterozygote (0.017, Fisher exact test [FE]; odds ratio [OR] = 1.99; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.14-3.47). Although there were no differences in the genotype frequency at 3 of the polymorphic sites (Q192R, L55M and -162C/T) between the patients with progressive IgA and the nonprogressive patients, we found that the frequency of the C allele for the -108C/T polymorphism was elevated in those patients with nonprogressive disease (n=85) compared with those with progressive disease (n=30) (61% vs. 47%; p=0.070, FE; OR=1.75, 95% CI, 0.97-3.18). Furthermore, PON1 activity was significantly higher in nonprogressive patients compared with progressors (206 +/- 71 vs. 136 +/- 48; p<0.001), and activity significantly correlated with 1/serum creatinine (SCr) (p<0.001; r=0.38).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that in IgAN, lower PON1 activity may be associated with the deterioration of kidney function. This could be due to variable expression of the PON1 gene, or a functional effect of the gene product.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Medicine and Nephrological Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
authors.forename: Tibor J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kovács
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Tibor K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Vas
authors.forename: Ildikó
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Seres
authors.forename: Colin D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: István K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Wittmann
authors.forename: György
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paragh
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Mackness
authors.forename: Bharti
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mackness
authors.forename: Paul N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Durrington
authors.forename: Judit M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: Paul E C
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Brenchley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D005922:Glomerulonephritis, IGA / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
chemical_list: D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; C468406:PON1 protein, human