title: Feasibility of high-dose-rate brachytherapy salvage for local prostate cancer recurrence after radiotherapy: the University of California-San Francisco experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of salvage high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy for locally recurrent prostate cancer after external beam radiotherapy (EBRT).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed 21 consecutively accrued patients undergoing salvage HDR brachytherapy for locally recurrent prostate cancer after EBRT between November 1998 and December 2005. After pathologic confirmation of locally recurrent disease, all patients were treated with 36 Gy in six fractions using two transrectal ultrasound-guided HDR prostate implants, separated by 1 week. Eleven patients received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy immediately presalvage, whereas none received adjuvant hormonal therapy postsalvage. Median follow-up time from recurrence was 18.7 months (range, 6-84 months). Determination of subsequent biochemical failure after brachytherapy was based on the definition by the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE version 3), 18 patients reported Grade 1 to 2 genitourinary symptoms by 3 months postsalvage. Three patients developed Grade 3 genitourinary toxicity. Maximum observed gastrointestinal toxicity was Grade 2; all cases spontaneously resolved. The 2-year Kaplan-Meier estimate of biochemical control after recurrence was 89%. Thirteen patients have achieved a PSA nadir < or =0.1 ng/ml, but at the time of writing this endpoint has not yet been reached for all patients. All patients are alive; however 2 have experienced biochemical failure, both with PSA nadirs > or =1, and have subsequently been found to have distant metastases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salvage HDR prostate brachytherapy appears to be feasible and effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Katsuto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gottschalk
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pouliot
authors.forename: Mack
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roach
authors.forename: I-Chow
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Hsu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000097:blood / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen