title: Distinction between paternal and maternal contributions to the tripronucleus in human zygotes obtained after in vitro fertilization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the genetic composition of tripronuclear (3PN) zygotes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to quantify the sperm tails in human 3PN zygotes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ovarian hyperstimulation was performed using a standard long protocol consisting of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) with human menopausal gonadotropins (HMG) and/or recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH). Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was administered when at least two leading follicles reached 18 mm in mean diameter. Oocytes were retrieved from the follicles transvaginally under ultrasound guidance 34-36 hours after administration of hCG. The oocytes were examined 16-18 hours after fertilization for the presence and number of pronuclei. The 3PN zygotes were then fixed and extracted in buffer at 37 degrees C for 60 minutes. After washing in a blocking solution, the 3PN zygotes were prepared for indirect immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibody and Hoechst dye 33342 to visualize the number of pronuclei.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one 3PN zygotes were randomly collected for evaluation. The number of 3PN zygotes containing one, two or four sperm tails were two (10%), 18 (85%) and one (5%), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our observations, additional pronuclei are mainly of paternal origin.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: San-Li
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Robert Kuo-Kuang
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jin-Tsung
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Yu-Fen
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Chih
authors.forename: Yi-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Ming-Huei
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yuh-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Hwu
mesh_terms: D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D013094:Spermatozoa; D015053:Zygote / Q000166:cytology*