title: Gender-related differences in mycophenolate mofetil-induced gastrointestinal toxicity in rats.
abstract: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), the prodrug of mycophenolic acid (MPA), is included in current combination immunosuppressive regimens following organ transplant. Treatment with MMF often results in dose-limiting gastrointestinal (GI) side effects. The underlying mechanisms responsible for these side effects are not fully understood, but exposure of the intestinal epithelia to MPA during enterohepatic recycling may be involved. The present study demonstrated that female rats are more susceptible to MMF-induced GI toxicity than male rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats treated chronically with an oral dose of 50 mg of MPA equivalents/kg/day experienced greater GI toxicity than male rats, as measured by diarrhea grade and weight loss. Intestinal microsomes harvested from the upper jejunum of female rats had approximately 3-fold lower MPA glucuronidation rates compared with male rats. In the remaining areas of the small and large intestine, there was also a trend toward decreased glucuronidation in the female rats. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for MPA following an oral dose of 50 mg of MPA equivalents/kg was roughly similar between genders, whereas the AUC for mycophenolic acid phenolic glucuronide (MPAG) was significantly lower in female rats. Female rats also excreted half of the biliary MPAG as male rats. The greater susceptibility of female rats to MMF-induced gastrointestinal toxicity, despite diminished intestinal MPA exposure via reduced biliary excretion of MPAG, may result from reduced protection of enterocytes by in situ glucuronidation. Likewise, susceptibility to MMF-induced GI toxicity in humans may also result from variable intestinal glucuronidation due to UDP glucuronosyltransferase polymorphisms or differential expression.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, CB#7360, 1309 Kerr Hall, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Stephan T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Melanie N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Tallman
authors.forename: Kristini K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.forename: Joseph K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Dupuis
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008861:Microsomes / Q000378:metabolism; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D020719:Glucuronides; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; C113145:mycophenolic acid glucuronide; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid