title: In vitro tagging of embryos with nanoparticles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an in vitro method for tagging embryos and to compare the development of the embryos after nanoparticles injection versus externally-applied nanoparticles derived from either polystyrene or polyacrylonitrile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each mouse 1-cell embryo (the selected test-model) was either: (a) injected by intracytoplasmic injection or (b) co-incubated with different nanoparticles at 37 degrees C, 5% CO2 in air. The embryos were assessed after 2 and 6 days of culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Embryo development was similar for externally-applied polystyrene nanoparticles and control (97.6 +/- 2.7 versus 100.0 +/- 0%) but different for polyacrylonitrile nanoparticles (90.0 +/- 2.8 %) on day 2. However, the results were similar on Day 6. Injected embryos were linked to lower percent development on Day 2. Few injected embryos reached blastocyst stage on Day 6 after a brief UV-fluorescence exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tagging embryos by external polystyrene-based nanoparticles was the better method when compared with injected nanoparticles. Larger nanoparticles in microsphere range were easier to qualitate. Inhibited hatching limited their use beyond the blastocyst stage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Center for Fertility and IVF, 11370 Anderson Street, Suite 3950, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Tricia L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Fynewever
authors.forename: Evelyn S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Agcaoili
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D010064:Embryo Implantation; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008845:Microinjections; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D011137:Polystyrenes