title: Reading problems, psychiatric disorders, and functional impairment from mid- to late adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine psychiatric morbidity and functional impairment of adolescents with and without poor reading skills during mid- to late adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 188 adolescents, 94 with poor reading skills and 94 with typical reading skills, screened from a larger sample in the public schools at age 15. To assess psychiatric disorders, participants were assessed annually with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Epidemiologic Version (up to 4.5 years; maximum age, 20 years). Functional impairment was assessed with the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents with poor reading skills evidenced higher rates of current attention-deficit/hyperactivity, affective, and anxiety disorders, particularly social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders but not affective disorders were related to reading status after controlling for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Adolescents with poor reading evidenced more functional impairment across multiple areas than youths with typical reading skills, even after considering the presence of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased psychiatric morbidity and functional impairment of adolescents with reading problems highlight the importance of developing interventions that help these youths address reading deficits and associated vulnerabilities during the last years of secondary school.
authors.affiliation: Drs. Goldston and Erkanli are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Dr. Reboussin is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, Dr. Wood is with the Department of Neurology, and Drs. Arnold, Daniel, Nutter, and Palmes, Mr. Walsh, Ms. Snider, and Ms. Hickman are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Dr. Nutter is now affiliated with the Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville; and Ms. Hickman is employed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.. Electronic address: david.goldston@duke.edu.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Goldston
authors.affiliation: Drs. Goldston and Erkanli are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Dr. Reboussin is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, Dr. Wood is with the Department of Neurology, and Drs. Arnold, Daniel, Nutter, and Palmes, Mr. Walsh, Ms. Snider, and Ms. Hickman are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Dr. Nutter is now affiliated with the Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville; and Ms. Hickman is employed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: Drs. Goldston and Erkanli are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Dr. Reboussin is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, Dr. Wood is with the Department of Neurology, and Drs. Arnold, Daniel, Nutter, and Palmes, Mr. Walsh, Ms. Snider, and Ms. Hickman are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Dr. Nutter is now affiliated with the Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville; and Ms. Hickman is employed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mayfield Arnold
authors.affiliation: Drs. Goldston and Erkanli are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Dr. Reboussin is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, Dr. Wood is with the Department of Neurology, and Drs. Arnold, Daniel, Nutter, and Palmes, Mr. Walsh, Ms. Snider, and Ms. Hickman are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Dr. Nutter is now affiliated with the Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville; and Ms. Hickman is employed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reboussin
authors.affiliation: Drs. Goldston and Erkanli are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Dr. Reboussin is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, Dr. Wood is with the Department of Neurology, and Drs. Arnold, Daniel, Nutter, and Palmes, Mr. Walsh, Ms. Snider, and Ms. Hickman are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Dr. Nutter is now affiliated with the Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville; and Ms. Hickman is employed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sergent Daniel
authors.affiliation: Drs. Goldston and Erkanli are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Dr. Reboussin is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, Dr. Wood is with the Department of Neurology, and Drs. Arnold, Daniel, Nutter, and Palmes, Mr. Walsh, Ms. Snider, and Ms. Hickman are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Dr. Nutter is now affiliated with the Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville; and Ms. Hickman is employed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Alaattin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erkanli
authors.affiliation: Drs. Goldston and Erkanli are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Dr. Reboussin is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, Dr. Wood is with the Department of Neurology, and Drs. Arnold, Daniel, Nutter, and Palmes, Mr. Walsh, Ms. Snider, and Ms. Hickman are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Dr. Nutter is now affiliated with the Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville; and Ms. Hickman is employed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nutter
authors.affiliation: Drs. Goldston and Erkanli are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Dr. Reboussin is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, Dr. Wood is with the Department of Neurology, and Drs. Arnold, Daniel, Nutter, and Palmes, Mr. Walsh, Ms. Snider, and Ms. Hickman are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Dr. Nutter is now affiliated with the Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville; and Ms. Hickman is employed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Enith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hickman
authors.affiliation: Drs. Goldston and Erkanli are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Dr. Reboussin is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, Dr. Wood is with the Department of Neurology, and Drs. Arnold, Daniel, Nutter, and Palmes, Mr. Walsh, Ms. Snider, and Ms. Hickman are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Dr. Nutter is now affiliated with the Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville; and Ms. Hickman is employed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palmes
authors.affiliation: Drs. Goldston and Erkanli are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Dr. Reboussin is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, Dr. Wood is with the Department of Neurology, and Drs. Arnold, Daniel, Nutter, and Palmes, Mr. Walsh, Ms. Snider, and Ms. Hickman are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Dr. Nutter is now affiliated with the Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville; and Ms. Hickman is employed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Snider
authors.affiliation: Drs. Goldston and Erkanli are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Dr. Reboussin is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, Dr. Wood is with the Department of Neurology, and Drs. Arnold, Daniel, Nutter, and Palmes, Mr. Walsh, Ms. Snider, and Ms. Hickman are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Dr. Nutter is now affiliated with the Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville; and Ms. Hickman is employed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index