title: Development of a measure to assess invalidating childhood environments in the eating disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of childhood abuse is well recognised within the eating disorders. However, the impact of parental invalidation of the child's emotional needs has not been investigated. Such invalidation is potentially important because it appears to be associated with the difficulties in tolerating distress that are often seen in adults with eating disorders. This study aims to develop a measure of childhood invalidating environments (Invalidating Childhood Environments Scale; ICES). It also investigated the relationship between childhood experiences, levels of distress tolerance and eating pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-three eating-disordered women and 62 non-eating-disordered women completed a newly developed measure of invalidating environments (ICES), the Eating Disorders Inventory, and a Distress Tolerance Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ICES had acceptable psychometric and clinical validity. Women who scored highly on the ICES had greater levels of eating disturbance. Within the clinical sample, the data were compatible with a model where difficulties in tolerating distress partially mediate the relationship between perceived invalidation by the father and eating pathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental invalidation is a potentially important construct in the eating disorders. This paper demonstrates that the ICES is a valid measure of that construct. This study suggests a clear framework for working with patients, where evidence of an invalidating childhood environment indicates a need to work with patients on their capacity to tolerate distress.
authors.affiliation: South West London and St. George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK. Vicki.Mountford@swlstg-tr.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mountford
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corstorphine
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waller
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000856:Anorexia Nervosa / Q000523:psychology; D002032:Bulimia / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D004644:Emotions; D005219:Father-Child Relations; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012931:Social Environment; D012944:Social Support; D013223:Statistics as Topic