title: Towards an understanding of apoptosis detection by SYTO dyes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  SYTO probes are gaining momentum as reliable and easy to use markers of apoptotic cell death, but the phenomenon underlying reduced SYTO fluorescence in apoptotic cells as compared with normal cells is still not fully elucidated. Herein, we attempt to provide further insights into mechanisms of reduced SYTO16 fluorescence during apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human follicular lymphoma cell lines were subjected to diverse apoptotic and oncotic stimuli with subsequent multiparametric flow cytometric and fluorescence imaging analysis. SYTO green (SYTO11-16), TMRM, PI, 7AAD, and Hoechst 33342 probes were applied for multivariate analysis of temporal sequence of apoptotic events. Sorting of cells differing in the level of SYTO16 fluorescence and subsequent characterization of obtained subpopulations were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Loss of SYTO16 fluorescence (SYTOlow/PI+ events) has been observed in cells exposed to oncotic stimuli, whereas SYTOhigh/PI+ events did not prevail at any treatment scenario. We tracked similarities and discrepancies between SYTO16 and TMRM probes. Often, SYTO16 and TMRM exhibited the same staining profiles, as loss of their fluorescence was detected in a single cell population. However, both mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP and a small-molecule Bcl-2 inhibitor, HA14-1, appeared to induce distinct staining profiles of SYTO16 and TMRM, with the decrease in TMRM fluorescence preceding the loss of SYTO16 fluorescence. Importantly, in both cases (FCCP and HA14-1) the decrease of SYTO16 fluorescence was blocked by pharmacological inhibition of caspases (with z-VAD-fmk).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data demonstrate that loss of SYTO16 is caspase-dependent, as is not a mere indicator of Deltapsim dissipation. Commonly observed similarities between SYTO and TMRM may stem from the fast kinetics of apoptotic events once cell death is initiated.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Kuopio, and Kuopio University Hospital, Finland. donaldwlodkowic@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wlodkowic
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skommer
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pelkonen
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D020169:Caspases