title: Tramadol infusion for the pain management in sickle cell disease: a case report.
abstract: We present the analgesic management of a 4-year-old child who suffered from severe abdominal and leg pain during his first vaso-occlusive crisis with sickle cell disease, diagnosed as beta/S disease when he was 1 year old. His mother and father were carriers of beta-thalassemia and hemoglobin S, respectively. He had an upper respiratory tract infection in which a vaso-occlusive crisis was precipitated. On admission to hospital, fever, severe abdominal and leg pain were noted. Hemoglobin was 4 g x dl(-1) with accompanying prominent reticulocytosis and acute spleen enlargement. These findings indicated a sequestration crisis as well as vaso-occlusive disease. He was transfused with packed red cells. Paracetamol (40-60 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) and ibuprofen (20 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) were administered to relieve pain. The child experienced moderate to severe pain (Oucher score 60-80) despite nonopioid analgesics, so a tramadol infusion (0.25 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1)) was started. During the tramadol infusion no morphine was required, the intensity of pain gradually decreased (Oucher score 20) and the child was able to move his legs. At the end of 3 days splenomegaly regressed, no fever and pain were observed and the infusion was stopped. In conclusion, tramadol infusion i.v. (0.25 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1)) combined with nonopioids was effective to relieve moderate to severe pain due to vaso-occlusive crisis and can be recommended before using morphine in a pediatric sickle cell crisis.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Algology and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. elvanerhan@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Elvan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erhan
authors.forename: Mehmet T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Inal
authors.forename: Yesim
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aydinok
authors.forename: Can
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balkan
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yegul
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000379:methods; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000379:methods; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications; D045262:Reticulocytosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013163:Splenomegaly / Q000209:etiology; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006454:Hemoglobins; D000082:Acetaminophen; D014147:Tramadol; D007052:Ibuprofen