title: Thailand--lighting up a dark market: British American tobacco, sports sponsorship and the circumvention of legislation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine how British American Tobacco (BAT) used sports sponsorship to circumvent restrictions on tobacco promotion in Thailand, both a key emerging market and a world leader in tobacco control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of previously confidential BAT company documents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since its inception in 1987, BAT's sports sponsorship programme in Thailand has been politically sensitive and legally ambiguous. Given Thailand's ban on imported cigarettes, early events provided promotional support to smuggled brands. BAT's funding of local badminton, snooker, football and cricket tournaments generated substantial media coverage for its brands. After the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs decision that obliged Thailand to open its cigarette market to imports, Thailand's 1992 tobacco control legislation established one of the world's most restrictive marketing environments. BAT's sponsorship strategy shifted to rallying and motorbike racing, using broadcasts of regional competitions to undermine national regulations. BAT sought to dominate individual sports and to shape media coverage to maximise brand awareness. An adversarial approach was adopted, testing the limits of legality and requiring active enforcement to secure compliance with legislation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The documents show the opportunities offered by sports sponsorship to tobacco companies amid increasing advertising restrictions. Before the 1992 tobacco control legislation, sponsored events in Thailand promoted international brands by combining global and local imagery. The subsequent strategy of "regionalisation as defensibility" reflected the capacity of international sport to transcend domestic restrictions. These transnational effects may be effectively dealt with via the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, but will require the negotiation of a specific protocol.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK. ross.mackenzie@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Collin
authors.forename: Kobkul
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sriwongcharoen
mesh_terms: D000329:Advertising / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D006291:Health Policy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006801:Humans; D040541:Marketing / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D013177:Sports; D013785:Thailand; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence