title: Effect of strenuous exercise on urine concentrations of homovanillic acid, cortisol, and vanillylmandelic acid in sled dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether prolonged exercise by conditioned sled dogs affects urine concentrations of homovanillic acid (a metabolite of dopamine), vanillylmandelic acid (a metabolite of norepinephrine and epinephrine), and cortisol.
  
  
  METHODS
  24 conditioned Alaskan sled dogs (2 to 8.5 years old) that were in training for a multiday endurance race.
  
  
  METHODS
  Voided urine samples were collected from 4 groups of dogs (randomly selected from 54 dogs) after no exercise (control group; n = 6 dogs), completion of a 160km run (group A; 3), completion of a 420-km run (group B; 7), and completion of a 560-km run (group C; 6). Urine cortisol concentrations were determined by use of an immunoassay technique; urine vanillylmandelic acid and homovanillic acid concentrations were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the control group, urine cortisol concentration in groups A, B, and C was significantly different (5.33 x 10(4) +/- 2.62 x 10(4) microg/dL vs 1.04 x 10(4) +/- 2.31 x 10(5) microg/dL, 8.88 x 10(4) +/- 5.49 x 10(4) microg/dL, and 6.31 x 10(4) +/- 5.09 x 10(4) microg/dL, respectively). Urine homovanillic acid concentration did not differ among the 4 groups. Vanillylmandelic acid was not detected in any urine samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicated that prolonged exercise by sled dogs did not affect urine homovanillic acid concentration but did increase urinary cortisol secretion, which is indicative of adrenocortical stimulation. The apparent lack of vanillylmandelic acid in voided urine samples requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Lawren L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Durocher
authors.forename: Kenneth W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Hinchcliff
authors.forename: Kathy K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Erica C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: Todd C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Holbrook
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Willard
authors.forename: Chris M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Royer
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology* / Q000652:urine; D006719:Homovanillic Acid / Q000652:urine*; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000652:urine*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D014642:Vanilmandelic Acid / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D014642:Vanilmandelic Acid; D003404:Creatinine; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D006719:Homovanillic Acid