title: Radiation-damping effects in a birdcage resonator with hyperpolarised 3He gas NMR at 1.5 T.
abstract: The presence and diagnosis of radiation damping could have major implications in NMR experiments with hyperpolarised gases, where accurate knowledge of the flip angle is imperative. In this work radiation damping was observed and investigated in a low-pass birdcage resonator (Q=250) with samples of hyperpolarised 3He at 1.5 T. With an initially highly polarised (P=38%) sample of 3He in a spherical cell, the observed FID had a distorted line shape with a spectral line width that was three times that of the same sample in a virtually depolarised state (1 Hz line width for P<1%). Moreover a linear relation between the sample's magnetisation (M0) and the line width of the spectrum was observed which is indicative of radiation damping. With highly polarised samples, significant radiation damping was observed and the effect was a lower than expected rate of depletion of M0 in RF flip angle calibration experiments, which led to significant underestimate of the RF flip angle. To our knowledge this is the first report of radiation damping in a birdcage resonator with samples hyperpolarised or otherwise. Experimental observation of radiation damping could be used as means of measuring coil efficiency as an alternative to the geometrical filling factor (eta) the definition of which is open to question for a birdcage resonator. Estimates of the birdcage filling factor from the measured damping time constants (eta(RD)=0.4%) are compared to those derived from electromagnetic energy ratios (eta(E)=1.6%) and metallic sphere frequency shift methods (eta(fs)=1.4%). These figures are much lower than the simple volume geometrical upper limit of eta(v)=3.7% derived from the ratio of cell volume to total coil volume (shield included). The physical explanation for this shortfall is that the bulk of the magnetic energy stored in the birdcage is spatially distributed predominantly between the rungs and the shield, and not in the coil centre where the sample is placed and where the B1+ field has its highest spatial homogeneity.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Academic Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England S10 2JF, UK.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Teh
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: de Zanche
authors.forename: Jim M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wild
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005740:Gases / Q000737:chemistry*; D006371:Helium / Q000737:chemistry*; D007554:Isotopes / Q000737:chemistry; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014159:Transducers
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D007554:Isotopes; D006371:Helium