title: Clinical and in vitro studies of imatinib in advanced carcinoid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Effective systemic therapy options for carcinoid tumors are lacking. We conducted in vitro studies and a phase II clinical trial to explore the activity of imatinib in carcinoid tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells of the human bronchial carcinoid cell line NCI-H727 and the human pancreatic carcinoid cell line BON-1 were treated with increasing concentrations of imatinib using standard procedures to assess in vitro growth-inhibitory activity. A clinical trial using a two-stage phase II design to assess the response rate and safety profile of imatinib at a dose of 400 mg given twice daily in patients with advanced carcinoid tumors was completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both cell lines, there was a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect. The clinical trial enrolled 27 evaluable patients. Median duration on trial was 16 weeks. One patient had a partial response, 17 had stable disease, and 9 had progressive disease by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria. Median progression-free survival time was 24 weeks. Median overall survival is 36 months. Seven patients who achieved a biochemical response had a superior progression-free survival time compared with patients without biochemical response (115 weeks compared with 24 weeks; P = 0.003). An increase in plasma basic fibroblast growth factor was associated with a shorter progression-free survival duration (P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that imatinib is active in vitro and has a modest clinical activity in carcinoid patients. Changes in tumor markers may help select patients who are likely to benefit from therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. jyao@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Jun X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Asif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.forename: Sai-Ching J
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: Janio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szklaruk
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Keping
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Abbruzzese
authors.forename: Jaffer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ajani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001549:Benzamides; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000188:drug therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001549:Benzamides; D010879:Piperazines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate