title: Acetaminophen selectively suppresses peripheral prostaglandin E2 release and increases COX-2 gene expression in a clinical model of acute inflammation.
abstract: Acetaminophen is widely used for pain management as an alternative to NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors, but its action at a molecular level is still unclear. We evaluated acetaminophen's effect on PG release and the expression patterns of genes related to PG production in a clinical model of tissue injury and acute inflammation. Subjects (119 outpatients) received either 1000 mg acetaminophen, 50 mg rofecoxib (a selective COX-2 inhibitor), 30 mg ketorolac (a dual COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor), or placebo before the surgical removal of two impacted mandibular third molars. Microdialysis was used to collect inflammatory transudate from the surgical site for measurement of PGE2 and TXB2 levels at the site of injury. Biopsies were collected to investigate the expression patterns of genes related to PG production at baseline prior to surgery and at 3 or 24 h following surgery. PGE2 release was suppressed by ketorolac, rofecoxib and acetaminophen compared to placebo at 3 h coincident with increased COX-2 gene expression in biopsies collected from the surgical site. TXB2 release was suppressed only by ketorolac. COX-2 gene expression remained elevated at 24 h with continued ketorolac and acetaminophen treatment. COX-1 gene expression was significantly down-regulated at 24 h by ketorolac, rofecoxib and acetaminophen. Acetaminophen suppression of PGE2 without inhibiting TXB2 release, when COX-2 gene expression is up-regulated, suggests that acetaminophen is a selective COX-2 inhibitor in vivo. The up-regulation of COX-2 gene and down-regulation of COX-1 gene expression suggests that acetaminophen may result in changes in COX-derived prostanoids with repeated doses.
authors.affiliation: Pain and Neurosensory Mechanisms Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD, USA Clinical Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD, USA National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, USA Department of Nursing, Magnuson Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Yun-Sil
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyungsuk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jaime S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brahim
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rowan
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Raymond A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dionne
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000276:immunology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014081:Tooth Extraction / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D000082:Acetaminophen; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D015232:Dinoprostone