title: Human systems integration in remotely piloted aircraft operations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of humans in remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs) is qualitatively different from manned aviation, lessening the applicability of aerospace medicine human factors knowledge derived from traditional cockpits. Aerospace medicine practitioners should expect to be challenged in addressing RPA crewmember performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human systems integration (HSI) provides a model for explaining human performance as a function of the domains of: human factors engineering; personnel; training; manpower; environment, safety, and occupational health (ESOH); habitability; and survivability. RPA crewmember performance is being particularly impacted by issues involving the domains of human factors engineering, personnel, training, manpower, ESOH, and habitability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specific HSI challenges include: 1) changes in large RPA operator selection and training; 2) human factors engineering deficiencies in current RPA ground control station design and their impact on human error including considerations pertaining to multi-aircraft control; and 3) the combined impact of manpower shortfalls, shiftwork-related fatigue, and degraded crewmember effectiveness. Limited experience and available research makes it difficult to qualitatively or quantitatively predict the collective impact of these issues on RPA crewmember performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Attending to HSI will be critical for the success of current and future RPA crewmembers. Aerospace medicine practitioners working with RPA crewmembers should gain first-hand knowledge of their task environment while the larger aerospace medicine community needs to address the limited information available on RPA-related aerospace medicine human factors. In the meantime, aeromedical decisions will need to be made based on what is known about other aerospace occupations, realizing this knowledge may have only partial applicability.
authors.affiliation: Unmanned Aircraft System Human Systems Integration Branch, 311th Human Systems Wing/PER, U.S. Air Force, 2485 Gillingham Drive, Brooks City-Base, TX 78235-5105, USA. anthony.tvaryanas@brooks.af.mil
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Tvaryanas
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000401:Aircraft; D001359:Aviation / Q000193:education; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics; D006801:Humans; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D012371:Robotics