title: Down-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes is an early event in the progression of malignant melanoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Down-regulation of apoptosis genes has been implicated in the development and progression of malignant melanoma. We used cDNA microarray to evaluate pro-apoptotic gene expression comparing normal skin to melanoma (thin and thick), nodal disease and distant metastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight specimens including skin (n = 1), thin melanoma (n = 6), thick melanoma (n = 7), nodal disease (n = 6), and distant metastases (n = 8), were harvested at the time of resection from 16 individuals. RNA was isolated and microarray analysis utilizing the Affymetrix GeneChip (54,000 genetic elements, U133A+B... levels) was performed. Mean level of expression was calculated for each gene within a sample group. Expression profiles were then compared between tissue groups. Student's t-test was used to determine variance in expression between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We reviewed the expression of 54,000 genetic elements, of which 2,015 were found to have significantly altered expression. This represents 1,602 genes. Twenty-two pro-apoptotic genes were found to be down-regulated when compared to normal skin. Overall reduction was evaluated comparing normal skin to metastases with a range of 3.31-64.04-fold-decrease. When comparing the tissue types sequentially, the greatest fold-decrease in gene expression occurred when comparing skin to all melanomas (thin and thick) (p = 0.011). Subset analysis comparing normal skin to thin melanoma or thick melanoma, revealed the greatest component of overall reduction at the transition from thin to thick lesions (p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sequential down-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes is associated with the progression of malignant melanoma. The greatest fold-decrease occurs in the transformation from thin to thick lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Cutaneous Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Stabile Research Building, Room 22043, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
authors.forename: Eric H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McLoughlin
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Alvarado
authors.forename: Adil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daud
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Enkemann
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Yeatman
authors.forename: Vernon K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sondak
authors.forename: Adam I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Riker
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D018450:Disease Progression; D015536:Down-Regulation; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm