title: Factors related to health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among children with ADHD in Europe at entry into treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the associations between a range of baseline factors (demographic, family and clinical) and parent-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of children with ADHD taking part in the ADORE study.
  
  
  METHODS
  HRQoL was rated using the Parent Report Form of the Child Health and Illness Profile-Child Edition (CHIP-CE). Forward-stepwise linear regression models were used to investigate associations with 26 independent variables. Separate models were fitted for each of the five CHIP-CE domains (Satisfaction, Comfort, Resilience, Risk Avoidance and Achievement) and two subdomains of Achievement (Academic Performance and Peer Relations).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CHIP-CE domain mean scores were lower than community norms, especially for Risk Avoidance and Achievement, indicating a low level of HRQoL. Clinical factors significantly associated with a poorer HRQoL included ADHD symptoms (inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity), conduct problems, peer relationship problems, having asthma, multiple other somatic symptoms and co-ordination problems. Family factors, such as having a parent with a health or mental health problem possibly caused by the child's illness, child not living with both parents and maternal smoking during pregnancy were also associated with a worse HRQoL in some CHIP-CE domains/subdomains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerous factors independently impact on the HRQoL of children with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 692 Hampton House, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. ariley@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Anne W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spiel
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coghill
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Döpfner
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Falissard
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lorenzo
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Preuss
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ralston
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D004522:Educational Status; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents; D010379:Peer Group; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012919:Social Behavior; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors