title: Toll-like receptor-2 expression is upregulated in antigen-presenting cells from patients with psoriatic arthritis: a pathogenic role for innate immunity?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) and TLR-4 expression in antigen-presenting cells from patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in monocyte-derived dendritic cells from patients with PsA and with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and in healthy controls. Dendritic cells were obtained from freshly isolated monocytes, stimulated with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) after 6 days in culture. To obtain mature dendritic cells, lipopolysaccharide stimulation and 2 additional days in culture were necessary. The expression of TLR-2, TLR-4, HLA-DR, and CD86 was studied at baseline, at 6 days, and at 8 days by flow cytometry. To establish the functional properties of TLR expression we studied the following cytokines in cell supernatants: tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, and GM-CSF. TLR-2 expression was confirmed by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten PsA patients with active disease and 8 healthy controls were studied, along with 4 patients with RA. TLR-2 expression was increased in immature dendritic cells from patients with PsA. Monocytes and mature dendritic cells did not show statistically significant differences. No difference was observed in the expression of TLR-4 in any cell type. The supernatant expression of cytokines showed a Th1 pattern, mostly with increased expression of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-2. Western blot analysis confirmed the increased expression of TLR-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Upregulation of TLR-2 expression provides support for a role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of PsA.
authors.affiliation: Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112-2822, USA.
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Candia
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marquez
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Arnold H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Zea
authors.forename: Luis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Espinoza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015535:Arthritis, Psoriatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4