title: [Occupational risk and prevention in the biotechnology industry: a review].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The biotechnology industry has expanded greatly in the last 20-30 years and has led to a number of applications in different sectors of work, i.e., medical and pharmaceutical, agricultural, chemical, energetic and others. Nowadays hundreds of thousands of workers worldwide are employed in biotechnology plants. Health and safety issues related to such working activities are considered as relevant to workers as well as to the general public. In particular, when compared to traditional biotechnology, modern methods of processing microrganisms have given rise to public concern that they might generate hazards to human beings and to the environment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  After summarizing the most important products and fields of application, the paper sets out to detail potential adverse effects for the health of biotechnology workers; in addition, an analysis of the literature highlights the various concepts of primary and secondary prevention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Along with occupational risk factors common to other working activities (i.e. the well-known physical and chemical hazards), the peculiarity of handling microrganisms and/or different biologic systems may induce infections, immunological alterations or non-infective and non-immunologic toxic reactions in the workers involved The need is emphasized for an accurate risk assessment, careful control by means of the current monitoring strategies and implementation of the confinement measures, taking into account the criteria set by Italian legislation for occupational biological risk. Lastly, attention is focussed on examinations for the medical surveillance of workers at risk.
authors.affiliation: U.O. Medicina Ambientale e Medicina Occupazionale, IRCCS Fondazione S. Maugeri - Dipartimento di Medicina Preventiva, Occupazionale e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Pavia. mferrari@fsm.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colombi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imbriani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007218:Industrial Microbiology; D007221:Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016272:Occupational Health; D011247:Pregnancy; D011322:Primary Prevention; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors