title: Decreased formation of advanced glycation end-products in peritoneal fluid by carnosine and related peptides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) is a major problem in uremic patients treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD). Application of additives with known anti-glycosylation properties to PD fluid may be beneficial in minimizing the formation of AGEs. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of carnosine and its related peptides homocarnosine and anserine against the formation of AGEs in PD fluid.
  
  
  METHODS
  PD solutions (1.5% dextrose) were incubated with human serum albumin (HSA) or collagen (type IV) with or without 10 mmol/L of each of carnosine, anserine, homocarnosine, histidine, and aminoguanidine. The formation of AGEs was followed by fluorescence spectrophotometry at weekly intervals for 7 weeks. For the determination of the acute effect of carnosine and related compounds, HSA and collagen were incubated with 4.25% dextrose PD solutions for 24 hours, followed by incubation with 20 mmol/L of carnosine and related compounds for another 24 hours. The rate of AGE formation was monitored by fluorescence spectrophotometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carnosine and related compounds showed effective regression in AGE formation in both types of proteins in both long- and short-term exposure to PD fluids at a rate of effectiveness of the order of carnosine > homocarnosine > anserine, aminoguanidine > histidine in long-term exposure, and homocarnosine > carnosine > aminoguanidine > anserine > histidine in short-term exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carnosine and related peptides could suppress the formation of AGEs initiated by PD fluid. This observation may provide a new therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of the AGE-related complications in PD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq. ms.alhamdani@gmail.com
authors.forename: Mohamed-Saiel Saeed
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Alhamdani
authors.forename: Hasan Fayadh
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Al-Azzawie
authors.forename: Fawzi K H
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Abbas
mesh_terms: D000861:Anserine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002336:Carnosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006639:Histidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013997:Time Factors; D014511:Uremia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D006146:Guanidines; C005038:homocarnosine; D006639:Histidine; D002336:Carnosine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000861:Anserine; C004479:pimagedine