title: Evaluation of fixed sample-size plans for Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on broccoli crops in Australia.
abstract: Fixed sample-size plans for monitoring Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on broccoli and other Brassica vegetable crops are popular in Australia for their simplicity and ease of application. But the sample sizes used are often small, approximately 10-25 plants per crop, and it may be that they fail to provide sufficient information upon which to base pest control decisions. We tested the performance of seven fixed sample-size plans (10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 40, and 45 plants) by resampling a large data set on P. xylostella in commercial broccoli crops. For each sample size, enumerative and presence-absence plans were assessed. The precision of the plans was assessed in terms of the ratio of the standard error to the mean; and at least 45 and 35 samples were necessary for the enumerative and presence-absence plans, respectively, to attain the generally accepted benchmark of < or = 0.3. Sample sizes of 10-20 were highly imprecise. We also assessed the consequences of classifications based on action thresholds (ATs) of 0.2 and 0.8 larvae per plant for the enumerative case, and 0.15 and 0.45 proportion of plants of infested for the presence-absence case. Operating characteristic curves and investigations of the frequency of correct decisions suggest improvements in the performance of plans with increased sample size. In both the enumerative and presence-absence cases, the proportion of incorrect decisions was much higher for the lower of the two ATs assessed, and type II errors (i.e., failure to suggest pest control upon the AT is exceeded) generally accounted for the majority of this error. Type II errors are the most significant from a producer's standpoint. Further consideration is necessary to determine what is an acceptable type II error rate.
authors.affiliation: School of Ecology and Environment, Deakin University, c/o Primary Industries Research Victoria-Knoxfield, Private Bag 15, Ferntree Gully Delivery Centre, Victoria 3156, Australia. andrew.hamilton@deakin.edu.au
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Endersby
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Schellhorn
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ridland
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jevremov
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D001937:Brassica; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D009036:Moths; D012107:Research Design; D018401:Sample Size