Procedural sedation and analgesia in a Canadian adult tertiary care emergency department: a case series.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the safety of emergency department (ED) procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) and the patterns of use of pharmacologic agents at a Canadian adult teaching hospital.


METHODS
Retrospective analysis of the PSA records of 979 patients, treated between Aug. 1, 2004, and July 31, 2005, with descriptive statistical analysis. This represents an inclusive consecutive case series of all PSAs performed during the study period.


RESULTS
Hypotension (systolic blood pressure < or = 85 mm Hg) was documented during PSA in 13 of 979 patients (1.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3%-2.3%), and desaturation (SaO2 < or = 90) in 14 of 979 (1.4%; Cl 0.1%-2.7%). No cases of aspiration, endotracheal intubation or death were recorded. The most common medication used was fentanyl (94.0% of cases), followed by propofol (61.2%), midazolam (42.5%) and then ketamine (2.7%). The most frequently used 2-medication combinations were propofol and fentanyl (P/F) followed by midazolam and fentanyl (M/F), used with similar frequencies 58.1% (569/979) and 41.0% (401/979) respectively. There was no significant difference in the incidence of hypotension or desaturation between the P/F and M/F treated groups. In these patients, 9.1% (90/979) of patients received more than 2 different drugs.


CONCLUSIONS
Adverse events during ED PSA are rare and of doubtful clinical significance. Propofol/fentanyl and midazolam/fentanyl are used safely, and at similar frequencies for ED PSA in this tertiary hospital case series. The use of ketamine for adult PSA is unusual in our facility.
Campbell
Sam G
SG
Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS. Samuel.Campbell@CDHA.nshealth.ca
Magee
Kirk D
KD
Kovacs
George J
GJ
Petrie
David A
DA
Tallon
John M
JM
McKinley
Robert
R
Urquhart
David G
DG
Hutchins
Linda
L
D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007022:Hypotension / Q000139:chemically induced; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D015742:Propofol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution
D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen; D005283:Fentanyl; D015742:Propofol