title: Tautomerism of histidine 64 associated with proton transfer in catalysis of carbonic anhydrase.
abstract: The imidazole (15)N signals of histidine 64 (His(64)), involved in the catalytic function of human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII), were assigned unambiguously. This was accomplished by incorporating the labeled histidine as probes for solution NMR analysis, with (15)N at ring-N(delta1) and N(epsilon2), (13)Cat ring-Cepsilon1, (13)C and (15)N at all carbon and nitrogen, or (15)N at the amide nitrogen and the labeled glycine with (13)C at the carbonyl carbon. Using the pH dependence of ring-(15)N signals and a comparison between experimental and simulated curves, we determined that the tautomeric equilibrium constant (K(T)) of His(64) is 1.0, which differs from that of other histidine residues. This unique value characterizes the imidazole nitrogen atoms of His(64) as both a general acid (a) and base (b): its epsilon2-nitrogen as (a) releases one proton into the bulk, whereas its delta1-nitrogen as (b) extracts another proton from a water molecule within the water bridge coupling to the zinc-bound water inside the cave. This accelerates the generation of zinc-bound hydroxide to react with the carbon dioxide. Releasing the productive bicarbonate ion from the inside separates the water bridge pathway, in which the next water molecules move into beside zinc ion. A new water molecule is supplied from the bulk to near the delta1-nitrogen of His(64). These reconstitute the water bridge. Based on these features, we suggest here a catalytic mechanism for hCAII: the tautomerization of His(64) can mediate the transfers of both protons and water molecules at a neutral pH with high efficiency, requiring no time- or energy-consuming processes.
authors.affiliation: Center for Nano Materials and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1211; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871; Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871; Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimahara
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871.
authors.forename: Yasutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871.
authors.forename: Yoshimasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kyogoku
authors.affiliation: Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871.
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sakiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.affiliation: Center for Nano Materials and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1211.
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Tate
authors.affiliation: Center for Nano Materials and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1211.
authors.forename: Shin-Ya
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ohki
authors.affiliation: Medical School Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Medical School Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871.
authors.forename: Hozumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.affiliation: Medical School Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871.
authors.forename: Ken-Ichi
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Kishida
authors.affiliation: Medical School Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tano
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871.
authors.forename: Tadayasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871; Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan. Electronic address: kobayasi@gly.oups.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D002384:Catalysis; D004735:Energy Transfer; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D006639:Histidine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007536:Isomerism; D011522:Protons; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D006639:Histidine; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases