title: Susceptibility of bacteria isolated from pigs to tiamulin and enrofloxacin metabolites.
abstract: Susceptibilities to metabolites of tiamulin (TIA) and enrofloxacin (ENR) were tested using selected bacteria with previously defined minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The TIA metabolites tested were: N-deethyl-tiamulin (DTIA), 2beta-hydroxy-tiamulin (2beta-HTIA) and 8alpha-hydroxy-tiamulin (8alpha-HTIA), and the ENR metabolites were: ciprofloxacin (CIP) and enrofloxacin N-oxide (ENR-N). Bacteria, all of porcine origin, were selected as representatives of bacterial infections (Staphylococcus hyicus and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae), zoonotic bacteria (Campylobacter coli) and indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and enterococci). Furthermore the effects of these compounds were tested on the microbial community of active sludge to test any negative effect on colony forming units (CFU). DTIA had a potency of 12.5-50% of the potency of TIA. 2beta-HTIA and 8alpha-HTIA had potencies less than 1% of the potency of TIA. ENR-N had a potency of 0.75-1.5% of the potency of ENR, while CIP and ENR had similar potencies. Results obtained here indicate that CIP and DTIA could contribute to the selective pressure for upholding antimicrobial resistant bacteria in animals under ENR or TIA treatment. The most potent metabolites CIP and DTIA showed considerable potencies against activated sludge bacteria compared to the parent compounds. EC(50) (microg/ml) for ENR, CIP, TIA and DTIA were 0.018 [95% CI: 0.028-0.149], 0.064 [95% CI: 0.007-0.046], 6.0 [95% CI: 3.6-9.8], and 9.7 [95% CI: 5.8-16.3], respectively. This indicates that the compounds can change the bacterial population in the sludge, and hereby alter the properties of the sludge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Science, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. anne@lykkeberg.dk
authors.forename: Anne Kruse
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lykkeberg
authors.forename: Bent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Halling-Sørensen
authors.forename: Lars Bogø
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000189:Actinobacillus Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D016977:Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004224:Diterpenes; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D012722:Sewage; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; C014224:tiamulin