title: Neurodevelopmental outcome in preschool survivors of complex congenital heart disease: implications for clinical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to describe the neurodevelopmental outcome of preschool survivors of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) and Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) in the modern surgical era.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional design was used to evaluate 26 children (13 HLHS, 13 TGA), ages 3.5 to 6 years, at a Midwestern children's hospital. Measures included McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities, Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Achievement, Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, Receptive One-Word Vocabulary Test, Expressive One-Word Vocabulary Test, and Child Behavior Checklist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although intelligence quotient scores fell within the average range for both groups (TGA=110.5 vs. HLHS=97), the difference between groups was clinically meaningful (effect size= .79). The HLHS group showed more problems than did the TGA group with visual-motor skills, expressive language, attention, and externalizing behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that even in the modern surgical era, regular developmental screening for these patients is critical. Pediatric nurse practitioners play an important role in educating parents about the potential developmental risks to these children.
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Pediatrics, Milwaukee,Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Brosig
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mussatto
authors.forename: Evelyn M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tweddell
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology