title: Determination of imidazole and triazole fungicide residues in honeybees using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: An analytical method employing clean up by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) on Florisil cartridges was developed to determine residues of eleven imidazole and triazole ergosterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting (EBI) fungicides in honeybee samples. Detection was by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The method was validated by fortifying control samples at levels of 0.01 and 0.05 micro g/bee. Mean recoveries for each analyte except imazalil were between 79 and 99% with relative standard deviations of 12.3% or less. Mean recoveries of imazalil were 51% at 0.01 micro g/bee and 81% at 0.05 micro g/bee. Limits of detection for the analytes investigated ranged from 0.005 to 0.001 micro g/bee.
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Incident Unit, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton Lane, Sand Hutton, York, UK. andrew.charlton@csl.gov.uk
authors.forename: Andrew J A
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Charlton
authors.forename: Ainsley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000737:chemistry*; D004583:Electrons; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D012996:Solutions; D014230:Triazoles / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007093:Imidazoles; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012996:Solutions; D014230:Triazoles; C029899:imidazole