title: In vitro treatment of human monocytes/macrophages with myristoylated recombinant Nef of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 leads to the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, IkappaB kinases, and interferon regulatory factor 3 and to the release of beta interferon.
abstract: The viral protein Nef is a virulence factor that plays multiple roles during the early and late phases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication. Nef regulates the cell surface expression of critical proteins (including down-regulation of CD4 and major histocompatibility complex class I), T-cell receptor signaling, and apoptosis, inducing proapoptotic effects in uninfected bystander cells and antiapoptotic effects in infected cells. It has been proposed that Nef intersects the CD40 ligand signaling pathway in macrophages, leading to modification in the pattern of secreted factors that appear able to recruit and activate T lymphocytes, rendering them susceptible to HIV infection. There is also increasing evidence that in vitro cell treatment with Nef induces signaling effects. Exogenous Nef treatment is able to induce apoptosis in uninfected T cells, maturation in dendritic cells, and suppression of CD40-dependent immunoglobulin class switching in B cells. Previously, we reported that Nef treatment of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) induces a cycloheximide-independent activation of NF-kappaB and the synthesis and secretion of a set of chemokines/cytokines that activate STAT1 and STAT3. Here, we show that Nef treatment is capable of hijacking cellular signaling pathways, inducing a very rapid regulatory response in MDMs that is characterized by the rapid and transient phosphorylation of the alpha and beta subunits of the IkappaB kinase complex and of JNK, ERK1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase family members. In addition, we have observed the activation of interferon regulatory factor 3, leading to the synthesis of beta interferon mRNA and protein, which in turn induces STAT2 phosphorylation. All of these effects require Nef myristoylation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology-University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mangino
authors.forename: Zulema A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Percario
authors.forename: Gianna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fiorucci
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vaccari
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manrique
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Federico
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Geyer
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Affabris
mesh_terms: D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D015693:Gene Products, nef / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D050838:Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D019814:Myristic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D054311:nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D015693:Gene Products, nef; D050838:Interferon Regulatory Factor-3; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D054311:nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D019814:Myristic Acid; D016899:Interferon-beta; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases