title: Beta2-microglobulin promotes the growth of human renal cell carcinoma through the activation of the protein kinase A, cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein, and vascular endothelial growth factor axis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Beta(2)-microglobulin (beta2M), a soluble protein secreted by cancer and host inflammatory cells, has various biological functions, including antigen presentation. Because aberrant expression of beta2M has been reported in human renal cell carcinoma, we investigated the effects of beta2M overexpression on cancer cell growth and analyzed its molecular signaling pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  We established clonal cell lines that overexpressed beta2M in human renal cell carcinoma (SN12C) cells and then examined cell growth in vitro and in vivo and studied the beta2M-mediated downstream cell signaling pathway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that beta2M expression positively correlates with (a) in vitro growth on plastic dishes and as Matrigel colonies, (b) cell invasion and migration in Boyden chambers, and (c) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and secretion by cells. We found, in addition, that beta2M mediates its action through increased phosphorylation of cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) via the protein kinase A-CREB axis, resulting in increased VEGF expression and secretion. In convergence with this signal axis, beta2M overexpression also activated both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Beta2M overexpression induced accelerated growth of SN12C in mouse subcutis and bone. Interrupting the beta2M signaling pathway using small interfering RNA led to apoptosis with increased activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed for the first time that the beta2M-protein kinase A-CREB-VEGF signaling axis plays a crucial role in support of renal cell carcinoma growth and progression and reveals a novel therapeutic target.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Urology and Therapeutics Program, Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: Wen-Chin
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Haiyen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Zhau
authors.forename: Daqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Zhihui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Hiromitsu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mimata
authors.forename: Majd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zayzafoon
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Fray F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: M Neale
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Weitzmann
authors.forename: Leland W K
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008954:Models, Biological; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases