title: Impact of a managed-Medicare physical activity benefit on health care utilization and costs in older adults with diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article was to determine the effects of a managed-Medicare physical activity benefit on health care utilization and costs among older adults with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective cohort study used administrative and claims data for 527 patients from a diabetes registry of a staff model HMO. Participants (n = 163) were enrolled in the HMO for at least 1 year before joining the Enhanced Fitness Program (EFP), a community-based physical activity program for which the HMO pays for each EFP class attended. Control subjects were matched to participants according to the index date of EFP enrollment (n = 364). Multivariate regression models were used to determine 12-month postindex differences in health care use and costs between participants and control subjects while adjusting for age, sex, chronic disease burden, EFP attendance, prevention score, heart registry, and respective baseline use and costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants and control subjects were similar at baseline with respect to age (75 +/- 5.5 years), A1C levels (7.4 +/- 1.4%), chronic disease burden, prevention score, and health care use and costs. After exposure to the program, there was a trend toward lower hospital admissions in EFP participants compared with control subjects (13.5 vs. 20.9%, P = 0.08), whereas total health care costs were not different (P = 0.39). EFP participants who attended > or = 1 exercise session/week on average had approximately 41% less total health care costs compared with those attending <1 session/week (P = 0.03) and with control subjects (P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although elective participation in a community-based physical activity benefit at any level was not associated with lower inpatient or total health care costs, greater participation in the program may lower health care costs. These findings warrant additional investigations to determine whether policies to offer and promote a community-based physical activity benefit in older adults with diabetes can reduce health care costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Nursing and Health Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98199, USA. hqn@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Huong Q
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Ronald T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.forename: Ethan M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Berke
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cheadle
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Maciejewski
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: LoGerfo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000592:standards*; D006278:Medicare / Q000592:standards*; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012016:Reference Values; D012042:Registries; D014481:United States; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology