title: Impaired cardiac autonomic function in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac autonomic neuropathy is a common dysfunction in manifest diabetes mellitus and is associated with duration of diabetes and/or an inadequate glycaemic control. Heart rate variability (HRV) reflects autonomic heart function. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether in women with prior gestational diabetes (GD; pre-type 2 diabetes) alterations of cardiac autonomic function can be observed after delivery in relation to insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight healthy women with prior GD were consecutively admitted to the study. HRV was analysed by both time, as well as frequency, domain methods using 24-h Holter monitoring. In addition, 20 women with normal glucose tolerance during and after pregnancy were investigated as control subjects. All women underwent a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) for measurement of insulin sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time domain analysis (standard deviation of normal RR intervals; SDNN) showed a reduced HRV in 25 out of the 48 (52%) women with prior GD. Frequency domain analysis revealed that in these 25 subjects both low and high frequency components of power spectral density (reflecting mainly sympathetic respectively parasympathetic activity) were reduced, indicating that sympathetic as well as parasympathetic functional impairment may be assumed. However, a relative predominance of the sympathetic over parasympathetic cardiac function was observed. The impairment of cardiac autonomic function (reduced SDNN) was correlated with HbA1c values and the 2-h blood glucose concentration (oral glucose tolerance test) but not with insulin sensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results demonstrate that in 52% of the women examined who had prior GD, an impairment of cardiac sympathetic as well as parasympathetic function was present, which related to glycaemic control, but not to insulin sensitivity. This infers that functional autonomic changes could be an early prognostic indicator in pre-type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gasic
authors.forename: Ch
authors.initials: Ch
authors.lastname: Winzer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bayerle-Eder
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roden
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pacini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kautzky-Willer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy