title: Intraocular fluid-air exchange reduces retinal ganglion cell activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the influence of intraocular fluid-air exchange on retinal ganglion cell activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two cats lensectomy and vitrectomy were performed in a two-step approach 2 weeks prior to recording experiments. To measure retinal activity, up to two fiber microelectrodes were inserted via a scleral port. Precise micromanipulator positioning of the electrodes' tips onto the inner retinal surface were verified by ophthalmoscopy and simultaneous electrical recording. Neuronal activity of the retina was continuously recorded with or without visual stimulation. We maintained the intraocular pressure constant at 29 mm Hg. Fluid-air exchange and fluid refill were performed with an infusion tube integrated in the manipulator and slowly to avoid direct mechanical/stream-based damage of the retina.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that fluid-air exchange leads to a rapid reduction of spontaneous as well as visually evoked retinal ganglion cell activity. The activity started to diminish within few minutes, and then it halved approximately every 3 min. Even 1 h after eye fluid refill, the retinal activity recovered only partially.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decrease in retinal activity after fluid-air exchange can be explained by mechanical stress-induced drying of the inner retinal surface and by potential changes of extracellular ion concentration. Since even moderate airstream-based fluid-air exchanges can lead to retinal damage, the surgeon should minimize the quantity of air passing open sclerotomy sites until a better understanding of the retinal effects of this essential technique in modern vitrectomy is available.
authors.affiliation: Applied Physics, NeuroPhysics Group, Department of Physics, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany. Th.Schanze@Physik.Uni-Marburg.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schanze
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hesse
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000388:Air; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000601:surgery; D008839:Microelectrodes; D012160:Retina / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D014821:Vitrectomy; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*