title: Parabens as urinary biomarkers of exposure in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parabens appear frequently as antimicrobial preservatives in cosmetic products, in pharmaceuticals, and in food and beverage processing. In vivo and in vitro studies have revealed weak estrogenic activity of some parabens. Widespread use has raised concerns about the potential human health risks associated with paraben exposure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Assessing human exposure to parabens usually involves measuring in urine the conjugated or free species of parabens or their metabolites. In animals, parabens are mostly hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzoic acid and excreted in the urine as conjugates. Still, monitoring urinary concentrations of p-hydroxybenzoic acid is not necessarily the best way to assess exposure to parabens. p-hydroxybenzoic acid is a nonspecific biomarker, and the varying estrogenic bioactivities of parabens require specific biomarkers. Therefore, we evaluated the use of free and conjugated parent parabens as new biomarkers for human exposure to these compounds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We measured the urinary concentrations of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, butyl (n- and iso-), and benzyl parabens in a demographically diverse group of 100 anonymous adults. We detected methyl and n-propyl parabens at the highest median concentrations (43.9 ng/mL and 9.05 ng/mL, respectively) in nearly all (> 96%) of the samples. We also detected other parabens in more than half of the samples (ethyl, 58%; butyl, 69%). Most important, however, we found that parabens in urine appear predominantly in their conjugated forms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results, demonstrating the presence of urinary conjugates of parabens in humans, suggest that such conjugated parabens could be used as exposure biomarkers. Additionally, the fact that conjugates appear to be the main urinary products of parabens may be important for risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Amber M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Reidy
authors.forename: Larry L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Needham
authors.forename: Antonia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Calafat
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000032:analysis; D010226:Parabens / Q000032:analysis*; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D010226:Parabens; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; C057775:benzylparaben; C015358:methylparaben; C006068:propylparaben