title: Development of a harmonised method for the profiling of amphetamines V: Determination of the variability of the optimised method.
abstract: This paper is the fifth in a series of six in relation to the development of a harmonised method for the profiling of amphetamine [L. Aalberg, K. Andersson, C. Bertler, H. Borén, M.D. Cole, J. Dahlén, Y. Finnon, H. Huizer, K. Jalava, E. Kaa, E. Lock, A. Lopes, A. Poortman-van der Meer, E. Sippola, Development of a harmonised method for the profiling of amphetamines I. Synthesis of standards and compilation of analytical data, Forensic Sci. Int. 149 (2005) 219-229; L. Aalberg, K. Andersson, C. Bertler, M.D. Cole, Y. Finnon, H. Huizer, K. Jalava, E. Kaa, E. Lock, A. Lopes, A. Poortman-van der Meer, E. Sippola, J. Dahlén, Development of a harmonised method for the profiling of amphetamines II. Stability of impurities in organic solvents, Forensic Sci. Int. 149 (2005) 231-241]. The third paper [K. Andersson, K. Jalava, E. Lock, L. Aalberg, Y. Finnon, H. Huizer, E. Kaa, A. Lopes, A. Poortman-van der Meer, M.D. Cole, J. Dahlén, E. Sippola, Development of a harmonised method for the profiling of amphetamines III. Development of the gas chromatographic method, Forensic Sci. Int., in press] dealt with the optimisation of the gas chromatographic and detection methods whereas the fourth paper [K. Andersson, K. Jalava, E. Lock, Y. Finnon, S. Stevenson, L. Aalberg, H. Huizer, E. Kaa, A. Lopes, A. Poortman-van der Meer, M.D. Cole, J. Dahlén, E. Sippola, Development of a harmonised method for the profiling of amphetamines IV. Optimisation of sample preparation, Forensic Sci. Int., in press] concerned the optimisation of the extraction method prior to GC analysis. This paper is a study of the optimised method in order to determine its stability. Investigations of within and between day variations were carried out in four laboratories. Moreover, variations between laboratories were also determined. Both flame ionisation detector (FID) and MS detection were used. One laboratory studied nitrogen-phosphorous detector (NPD) detection as well. For this task, 12 batches of amphetamine were prepared. Six of them were synthesised via the Leuckart route, three via the nitrostyrene route and three via the reductive amination route [A.M.A. Verweij, Impurities in illicit drug preparations: amphetamine and methamphetamine, Forensic Sci. Rev. 1 (1989) 2-11]. Taking into account all studied target compounds and the average results from four laboratories, the within day variation was around 6% for FID and 5% for MS, the between days variation was around 10% for FID and 8% for MS. For NPD detection, within day variation was 5% and between days variation 9% (only one laboratory). Finally, the inter-laboratory variation was about 12% for FID (four laboratories) and 10% for MS (three laboratories).
authors.affiliation: Institut de Police Scientifique, University of Lausanne, Bâtiment de Chimie, CH-1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland. e.lock@nfi.minjus.nl
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lock
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aalberg
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dahlén
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Finnon
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huizer
authors.forename: Kaisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jalava
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaa
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Anneke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poortman-van der Meer
authors.forename: Erkki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sippola