title: Violence against women in Mexico: conceptualization and program application.
abstract: Violence against women has been a problem in human cultures for centuries. This is still the case both in developed and in developing countries, but it is in developing countries where the problem is aggravated as the result of cultural norms that are tolerant of men exerting power over women and girls as a commonly accepted practice. This power is often put into practice through physical and psychological acts of violence. In Mexico, as in many other countries, there is a legal framework that protects women from such acts, yet in the case of Mexico it has not yet been translated into actual improvements in their lives. We present an overview of advances in legal remedies regarding violence towards females internationally and in Mexico. The fact that these advances per se do not lead to changes in social norms that tolerate violence against females is emphasized. Also presented is the experience of the Mexican Institute for Research on Family and Population (IMIFAP) with the design and implementation of programs that promote protective factors and changes in behaviors in such a way that violence is effectively prevented. These programs focus on the development of psychosocial skills and knowledge through participatory workshops that promote self reflection, and they are developed and evaluated before being then applied on a large scale in poverty-stricken communities. These workshops lead to more egalitarian relationships between genders. IMIFAP's programs address not only violence but also other areas are integrated such that the enablement of psychosocial skills is applied in the broader socio-cultural context, leading to healthier and economically more productive lives. These programs are derived from the Framework for Enabling Agentic Empowerment (FENAE), which enables choice and the development of agentic empowerment through integrating skills, knowledge, and the context in which people live.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico. pick@imifap.org.mx
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pick
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barker-Aguilar
mesh_terms: D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D011203:Poverty; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012107:Research Design; D012938:Social Perception; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016387:Women's Health / Q000208:ethnology; D014932:Women's Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014933:Women's Rights / Q000458:organization & administration*