title: High prevalence of West Nile virus: a continuing risk in acquiring infection from a mosquito bite.
abstract: The prevalence of West Nile Virus (WNV) was evaluated by diplex real-time RT-PCR assay for the years 2001-2005 in Culex species of mosquitoes, several species of dead birds, and clinically suspected mammals collected in Kansas. The analysis was performed using a TaqMan-based diplex real-time RT-PCR assay targeted against two regions of the WNV genome, envelope glycoprotein gene and 3' untranslated region. The assay aided in the accurate detection of WNV in mosquitoes at high prevalence for the years 2002-2005. Similarly, high incidence of birds that tested positive for WNV was detected in 2002-2004. WNV positives in mammals by the diplex real time RT-PCR assay included horses, squirrels, mules, sheep and a mountain goat. Majority of the equine WNV positives were detected only in the year 2002. Sequence analysis of a segment of the envelope glycoprotein gene from 31 randomly selected WNV positive samples revealed variations in six samples at one or two nucleotide positions. The identity of high levels of WNV positives in Kansas parallels the recent reports on the widespread distribution of the virus in the United States. The continued detection of WNV in the mosquitoes is of significant public health concern and calls for continued surveillance and public health activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Kamesh R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Sirigireddy
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Broce
authors.forename: Ludek
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zurek
authors.forename: Roman R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Ganta
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000821:virology; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000821:virology; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D001717:Birds; D003465:Culex / Q000821:virology*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000821:virology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011634:Public Health; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance / Q000662:veterinary; D013045:Species Specificity; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions