title: Absolute protein expression profiling estimates the relative contributions of transcriptional and translational regulation.
abstract: We report a method for large-scale absolute protein expression measurements (APEX) and apply it to estimate the relative contributions of transcriptional- and translational-level gene regulation in the yeast and Escherichia coli proteomes. APEX relies upon correcting each protein's mass spectrometry sampling depth (observed peptide count) by learned probabilities for identifying the peptides. APEX abundances agree with measurements from controls, western blotting, flow cytometry and two-dimensional gels, as well as known correlations with mRNA abundances and codon bias, providing absolute protein concentrations across approximately three to four orders of magnitude. Using APEX, we demonstrate that 73% of the variance in yeast protein abundance (47% in E. coli) is explained by mRNA abundance, with the number of proteins per mRNA log-normally distributed about approximately 5,600 ( approximately 540 in E. coli) protein molecules/mRNA. Therefore, levels of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins are set per mRNA molecule and independently of overall protein concentration, with >70% of yeast gene expression regulation occurring through mRNA-directed mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, 2500 Speedway, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Marcotte
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D010449:Peptide Mapping / Q000379:methods; D010455:Peptides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein / Q000379:methods*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D020543:Proteome