title: The emerging anti-inflammatory role of HDL-cholesterol, illustrated in cardiovascular disease free population; the ATTICA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this work we assessed the relationship between HDL-cholesterol levels and various inflammation markers status in a sample of cardiovascular disease free adult men and women from Greece.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ATTICA study is a population-based cohort that has randomly enrolled 1128 men and 1154 women (aged >18 years old), stratified by age-gender, from the greater area of Athens, during 2001-2002. Adherence to Mediterranean diet was assessed through a diet-score that was based on a validated food-frequency questionnaire. In this study we assessed the relationship between HDL-cholesterol levels and inflammation markers (high sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, homocysteine and amyloid-a), after taking into account the effect of several confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  46% of men and 40% of women had total serum cholesterol levels >200 mg/dl, while 21% of men and 7% of women had HDL-cholesterol levels <35 mg/dl. The mean value for HDL-cholesterol was 53+/-14 mg/dl in females and 44+/-14 mg/dl in males. HDL-cholesterol levels were inversely correlated to the hs-CRP levels (b=-0.028, P=0.001) and homocysteine levels (b=-0.039, P=0.036), after adjustment for sex, age, body mass index, physical activity status, smoking, total cholesterol levels, lipid lower agents, ethanol intake and diabetes mellitus; while no statistical significance was found between HDL-cholesterol levels and interleukin-6 and serum amyloid-a.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this work we evaluated the inverse relationship between HDL-cholesterol levels and inflammatory markers in a sample adult cardiovascular disease free population. This study among others illustrates the anti-inflammatory emerging role of HDL-cholesterol in reducing cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Greece. chrysohoou@usa.net
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chrysohoou
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pitsavos
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skoumas
authors.forename: Constantina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Masoura
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katinioti
authors.forename: Demosthenes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Panagiotakos
authors.forename: Christodoulos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stefanadis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006304:Health Status; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D015850:Interleukin-6; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein; D006710:Homocysteine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein