title: Co-existing psychiatric problems in ADHD in the ADORE cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the impact of co-existing psychiatric problems with ADHD on behavioural features, psychosocial functioning and quality of life in subjects of the ADORE cohort (N=1,478).
  
  
  METHODS
  The following six groups of associated psychiatric problems with ADHD were compared: oppositional-defiant disorder or conduct disorder only (ODD/CD); anxiety or depressive disorder only (ANX/DEP); tic/Tourette's disorder only (TIC/Tourette's); developmental co-ordination disorder only (DCD); two or more associated conditions; and none. Dependent variables included the ADHD Rating Scale-IV, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale, the Children's Global Assessment Scale and the Child Health Illness Profile-Child Edition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Having multiple co-existing psychiatric problems increased the severity of ADHD in all domains, be it behavioural features, psychosocial impairment or deterioration of quality of life. A similar though less consistent pattern applied to subjects with co-existing ODD/CD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ADORE study provides impressive evidence for the far-reaching consequences of co-existing psychiatric problems in children with ADHD that warrant intensive consideration in clinical assessment and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Chid and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Neumünsterallee 9, 8032, Zürich, Switzerland. steinh@kjpd.unizh.ch
authors.forename: Hans-Christoph
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Steinhausen
authors.forename: Torunn Stene
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Nøvik
authors.forename: Gisli
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baldursson
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Curatolo
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lorenzo
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodrigues Pereira
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ralston
authors.forename: Aribert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires