title: Mating system of Brazilian Oryza glumaepatula populations studied with microsatellite markers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A knowledge of natural populations' breeding systems is important in order to implement in situ and ex situ management and conservation practices. Using microsatellite markers, three Oryza glumaepatula populations from Brazil were studied to determine the breeding system and genetic structure parameters of this species.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each population represented by ten families with ten individuals per family was studied using eight microsatellite primers. Families of the Rio Xingu population (XI) were obtained from the greenhouse, whereas families from Rio Solimoes (SO) and Rio Paraguay (PG) were collected from the wild. Amplified products electrophoresed on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels were visualized with a silver staining procedure. The mating system parameters were analysed based on the mixed mating model (software MLTR) while genetic structure analyses of the three populations and their families were performed using the FSTAT software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean numbers of alleles per loci were 2.5, 3.9 and 2.5, respectively for the XI, PG and SO populations. Compared with their families, higher values for the observed heterozygosity and gene diversity were estimated for the parental populations. The subdivision (based on R(ST)) and inbreeding (F(IS)) in the SO and PG populations had similar effects, while inbreeding was the main effect in the families. Multilocus outcrossing rates varied from 0.011 to 0.223 in the three populations, indicating divergence in the outcrossing rates among O. glumaepatula populations. For the species (considering SO and PG populations together) an intermediate value was observed (tm = 0.116). Biparental inbreeding varied from 0.008 to 0.123, contributing to the selfing rate in these populations. More than 50 % of the outcrossing occurred between related individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated divergence in the mating system among O. glumaepatula populations, with consequences for conservation practices. The mating system of this species was classified as mixed with a predominance of self-fertilization.
authors.affiliation: Genetics Department, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz'/University of São Paulo, Caixa Postal 83, 13400-970, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Marines M G
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Karasawa
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vencovsky
authors.forename: Cynthia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Zucchi
authors.forename: Giancarlo C X
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Veasey
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D003710:Demography; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000235:genetics