title: Induction of remission in active anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis with mycophenolate mofetil in patients who cannot be treated with cyclophosphamide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Active anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) is commonly treated with cyclophosphamide, a drug with serious side effects, and with corticosteroids.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of a possible alternative drug for cyclophosphamide, oral mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 1000 mg twice daily and oral prednisolone 1 mg/kg once daily as remission induction treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  32 consecutive patients with 34 episodes of active vasculitis who could not be treated with cyclophosphamide were diagnosed for a median (range) of 6.0 (0.3-22) years and experienced 4 (0-14) relapses prior to the current episode. Treatment response and relapse-free survival were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete remission (CR) was obtained in 25 (78%) patients, partial remission (PR) in 6 (19%), whereas 1 (3%) patient did not respond. 19 patients relapsed, 13 (52%) after CR, 14 (3-58) months after starting the treatment and 6 (100%) after PR, 6 (2-10) months after starting the treatment. The median relapse-free survival was 16 months, comparable with the interval between the previous relapse and the current MMF-treated relapse (17 (3-134) months). Relapse-free survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 63%, 38% and 27%, respectively. Patients who had been treated successfully with cyclophosphamide before responded better (CR 84%, relapse 50%) than those who had not (CR 50%, relapse 100%). Minor gastrointestinal side effects and infections occurred frequently. MMF was prematurely discontinued due to adverse effects in two patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MMF, in combination with prednisolone, can induce remission in patients with relapses of AAV intolerant to cyclophosphamide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. p.m.stassen@int.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Stassen
authors.forename: Jan Willem Cohen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tervaert
authors.forename: Coen A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Stegeman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019268:Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic / Q000097:blood*; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D000075202:Contraindications; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D012074:Remission Induction; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D019268:Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D011239:Prednisolone; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid