title: The use of visual search to assess attention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Under some conditions, the time required for a visual search increases with the number of elements to be searched. It has been suggested that the overall search time reflects the duration that attention is devoted to each element multiplied by the number of elements. On this basis, it has been proposed that visual search time can be used as a measure of attention capability in dyslexic readers. However, there is evidence to suggest that the search time reflects task difficulty rather than attentional factors. Many dyslexic readers suffer from various sensory deficits. These deficits would effectively increase task difficulty for these readers. Here we use computer simulations to investigate the potential effects of sensory deficits on visual search.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visual search was modelled on a computer within the framework of signal detection theory as a matter of detecting a noisy signal from a series of noisy distractors. Sensory deficits were modelled as decreased discriminability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with previous observations, we find that discriminability, which decreases with the number of distractors, may have a substantial effect on the search time. With regard to the effects of sensory deficits, we find that under low discriminability conditions, small sensory deficits may cause pronounced increases in search time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding that small sensory deficits may cause pronounced increases in search time makes it specifically problematic to use visual search to test attention in individuals who suffer from sensory deficits. This applies particularly to dyslexic individuals, many of whom have been shown to suffer from visual deficiencies.
authors.affiliation: Skottun Research, Ramah, NM 87321, USA.
authors.forename: Bernt Christian
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Skottun
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skoyles
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*