title: In-vitro susceptibility testing by agar dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations of amphotericin B, fluconazole and ketoconazole against ocular fungal isolates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To standardize in-vitro antifungal susceptibility testing by agar dilution method to find out the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amphotericin B, fluconazole and ketoconazole on ocular fungal isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 180 ocular fungal isolates (130 filamentous fungi and 50 yeasts) were included. The antifungal drugs such as amphotericin B (0.0625-8 microg/mL), fluconazole (0.2-819.6 microg/mL) and ketoconazole (0.025-6.4 microg/mL) were incorporated in doubling dilutions in the yeast nitrogen base medium. The MIC was determined as the lowest concentration of the antifungal drug preventing growth of macroscopically visible colonies on drug containing plates when there was visible growth on the drug-free control plates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 50 ocular isolates of yeast were susceptible to amphotericin B, while two (4%) and five (10%) strains were resistant to fluconazole and ketoconazole respectively. Of the 130 filamentous fungi tested, six (4.6%) were resistant to amphotericin B, 49 (37.7%) and 10 (7.6%) were resistant to fluconazole and ketoconazole respectively. Percentile 50 (MIC 50) and Percentile 90 (MIC 90) for all the three antifungal agents were calculated. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus and Candida krusei were found to be resistant to fluconazole and ketoconazole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This technique was found to be reliable, cost effective and easy to perform with consistent results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai--600006, Tamilnadu, India. lilyirudayam@gmail.com
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Therese
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bagyalakshmi
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Madhavan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deepa
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects; D002175:Candida / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D007634:Keratitis / Q000382:microbiology; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D003904:Mitosporic Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009181:Mycoses / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000666:Amphotericin B; D015725:Fluconazole; D007654:Ketoconazole