title: The use of a dedicated rectosigmoidoscope for ultrasound staging of tumours of the upper and middle third of the rectum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumours of the upper rectum, and many in the middle third, are not accessible to endorectal ultrasound staging because of the difficulty in reaching all sites of the rectum with a rigid probe. The aim of this prospective study was to assess whether using a dedicated rectosigmoidoscope, endorectal ultrasonography (ERUS) can accurately stage any rectal lesion irrespective of its distance from the anal verge.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 173 consecutive patients with a primary rectal tumour were included. A rotating, high multifrequency (5.0-10 MHz) endoprobe was introduced through a dedicated rectosigmoidoscope and advanced above the lesion. A computer allowed for three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of 2D images. Treatment was selected on the basis of 3D-ERUS findings. ERUS staging was correlated with pathological staging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The depth of invasion was correctly determined by 3D-ERUS in 78.2% of tumours of the lower rectum, 76.4% of tumours extending between the lower and middle third of the rectum, 80.9% of tumours of the middle third of the rectum, 78.5% of tumours extending between the middle and upper third of the rectum and 78.9% of tumours of the upper rectum. The accuracy for the absence of lymph node metastases was 81.2% for tumours of the lower rectum, 78.5% for tumours extending between the lower and middle third of the rectum, 85.7% for tumours of the middle third of the rectum, 83.3% for tumours extending between the middle and upper third of the rectum and 78.5% for tumours of the upper rectum. Analysis showed that there was no difference between the various tumour sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that using a dedicated proctosigmoidoscope, tumours of the upper and middle third of the rectum are equally accessible to ultrasonographic evaluation. The distance of the tumour from the anal verge does not influence the accuracy of examinations considered adequate by the operator.
authors.affiliation: Section of Anal Physiology and Ultrasound, Department of Surgery, Regional Hospital, Treviso, Italy. gasantoro@ulss.tv.it
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Elia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Battistella
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Falco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020685:Colonoscopes; D019160:Endosonography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D012007:Rectum; D020694:Sigmoidoscopes