title: Pregnancy outcomes in HIV-infected and uninfected women in rural and urban South Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe pregnancy outcomes among clade C HIV-infected and uninfected women in South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women attending 9 rural/urban antenatal clinics were prospectively recruited and followed up. Women were seen at the clinic or at home after delivery on 4 occasions after enrollment: 2 times within the first 2 weeks of the newborn's life at home, and every 2 weeks thereafter until their first health clinic visit when the infant was 6 weeks old.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3465 women were enrolled; 615 withdrew after delivery, moved away, or had a missing or indeterminate HIV status, leaving 2850 women (1449 HIV-infected women). Six women died after delivery and there were 17 spontaneous abortions and 104 stillbirths. An adverse pregnancy outcome was independently associated with HIV infection (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.63; P = 0.015), urban enrollment (AOR = 0.39; P = 0.020), and nonhospital delivery (AOR = 13.63; P < 0.001) as well as with a CD4 count <200 cells/mL among HIV-infected women (AOR = 1.86; P = 0.127). Among 2529 singleton liveborn babies, birth weight was inversely associated with maternal HIV (AOR = 1.45; P = 0.02) and maternal middle upper arm circumference (AOR = 0.93; P < 0.001). Early infant mortality was not significantly associated with maternal HIV (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.18; P = 0.52) but was with urban sites (HR = 0.34; P = 0.045). Low birth weight substantially increased mortality (AOR = 8.3; P < 0.001). HIV status of infants by 8 weeks of age (14.6%, 95% confidence interval: 12.5% to 17.0%) was inversely associated with maternal CD4 cell count and birth weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-infected women are at a significantly increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Low-birth-weight infants of HIV-infected and uninfected women are at substantially increased risk of dying.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella 4013, South Africa. rollins@ukzn.ac.za
authors.forename: Nigel C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Rollins
authors.forename: Hoosen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Coovadia
authors.forename: Ruth M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bland
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coutsoudis
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bennish
authors.forename: Deven
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Marie-Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Newell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012423:Rural Health; D013019:South Africa; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014504:Urban Health