title: The feasibility of three-dimensional displays of the thorax for preoperative planning in the surgical treatment of lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Three-dimensional (3D) displays of anatomic structures have become feasible for preoperative planning in some surgical procedures. There have been no reports, however, on the use of 3D displays for surgical treatment of lung cancer. We hypothesized that 3D displays of the thorax are useful for preoperative planning for lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on virtual reality technologies, we rendered 3D displays of the thorax from two-dimensional (2D) computed tomographic (CT) images of six anonymous patients, some of whom underwent surgical removal of lung cancer. For determining the resectability of lung cancer, we tested 17 participants with varying degrees of surgical skills to view 3D displays and read 2D CT images of these thoracic cavities in a randomized order. We measured their performance in terms of the accuracy of predicted resectability, the confidence of their prediction, planning time used, and workload experienced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated that viewing 3D displays of thoracic cavities has significant advantages over reading 2D CT images in determining the resectability of lung cancer: increasing the accuracy of predicted resectability by about 20%, enhancing the confidence of the prediction by about 20%, decreasing planning time by about 30%, and reducing workload by about 50%. All participants preferred viewing 3D displays to reading 2D CT images for preoperative planning. Junior residents found 3D displays of thoraces more useful than senior residents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is feasible to use 3D displays of the thorax for preoperative planning in treating lung cancer. Using 3D displays in surgical treatment of lung cancer has potential benefits, once the technique is perfected.
authors.affiliation: The Canadian Surgical Technology and Advanced Robotics, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Yaoping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Malthaner
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000592:standards; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D016526:Workload