title: Ochratoxin A in nephropathic patients from two cities of central zone in Portugal.
abstract: Ochratoxin A (OTA) produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium genera contaminates several foods. OTA is nephrotoxic to all animal species studied so far, and most likely to humans, who show the longest half-life for elimination of this toxin among all examined species. OTA has other toxic effects such as teratogenicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, and is also mutagenic and carcinogenic, all of which lead to life-threatening pathologies through several molecular pathways. A sensitive, specific and rapid method applying high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a spectrofluorimeter for the determination of ochratoxin A in human serum was validated. Serum samples were extracted with chloroform-orthophosphoric acid, and cleaned-up through immunoaffinity column (IAC). The separation and identification was performed by HPLC coupled to a spectrofluorimeter, and, after OTA methylation, the confirmation was achieved. Chromatographic separation of the analyte was performed on a reverse phase column with a mobile phase of water:acetonitrile:glacial acetic acid (49.5:49.5:1.0). Linearity was established between the range of 1 and 10 ng/ml. Under the optimized conditions, the recoveries were higher than 83.0% for all fortification levels. The intra-day precision oscillated between 8.0 and 5.0% at levels of 0.25 and 0.5 microg/l, while the inter-day precision was in the range of 10.7-16.0%. The limit of quantification of the method was 0.05 microg/l. The method is appropriate for quantitative determination of OTA in human serum and has been successfully applied to the analysis of OTA in haemodialysis patients from two principal cities of Portugal, in order to evaluate its exposure degree. Levels of OTA in Coimbra were higher than in Aveiro, 0.50 microg/l versus 0.49 microg/l. In respect to gender, levels of OTA were higher in males from Aveiro than in females, 0.52 microg/l versus 0.44 microg/l, and in Coimbra were similar, 0.50 microg/l versus 0.51 microg/l. However, in none of the cases, significant statistical differences were found.
authors.affiliation: Group of Bromatology-CEF, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: A M P
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dinis
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lino
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pena
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002138:Calibration; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004952:Esters / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000097:blood*; D011174:Portugal; D012015:Reference Standards; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004952:Esters; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D009793:Ochratoxins; C025589:ochratoxin A