title: Investigations on the effects of growth rate and dietary vitamin C on skeletal muscle collagen and hydroxylysyl pyridinoline cross-link concentration in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
abstract: We have investigated the interactions between dietary vitamin C levels (at 33, 79, 135, and 424 mg kg-1 of wet mass feed) and growth rate on the collagen and cross-link contents of fast muscle in farmed juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The growth rate was measured over an 11 week period using the thermal growth coefficient (TGC). Alkaline-soluble (0.1 M NaOH) (a-s) hydroxyproline (HYP) and alkaline-insoluble (i-s) HYP were determined as a measure of collagen content and hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (PYD) as a measure of mature collagen cross-link concentration. There was a approximately 5-fold increase in muscle vitamin C concentration at similar feed conversion ratios ( approximately 0.82) as dietary vitamin C levels increased from 39 to 424 mg kg-1 of wet mass feed. However, even the lowest dietary vitamin C was sufficient for normal skeletal development and growth. The lowest dietary vitamin C level tested resulted in a approximately 27% decrease in the a-sHYP concentration relative to the other diets, whereas there was no significant effect of vitamin C on the i-sHYP and PYD concentrations. ANOVA revealed no significant interaction between vitamin C and growth rate, whereas the covariate TGC was significant for i-sHYP and PYD but not for a-sHYP. Pyridinoline cross-link and i-s HYP concentrations were 11.1 and 7.7% lower, respectively, in high (TGC > 3.9) mass than low (TGC < 3.9) growth rate fish. These small differences in collagen cross-linking were associated with a 15.6% decrease in fillet firmness measured with an instrumental texture analyzer. It was concluded that for healthy juvenile salmon reared under controlled growth conditions, the dietary vitamin C inclusion of 79 mg kg-1 of wet mass feed was sufficient to produce the required synthesis of soluble muscle collagen. Furthermore, post-translational modifications of the collagen leading to cross-linking showed a small decrease with increasing growth rate but was independent of vitamin C concentration in the diet at these levels.
authors.affiliation: Fish Muscle Research Group, Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland, KY16 8LB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Xuejun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bickerdike
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nickell
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Alistair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dingwall
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis*; D004032:Diet; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry*; D012474:Salmon / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; C015484:pyridinoline; D003094:Collagen; D001205:Ascorbic Acid