title: Molecular surveillance of drug-resistance associated mutations of Plasmodium falciparum in south-west Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Tanzania, drug-resistant malaria parasites are an increasing public health concern. Because of widespread chloroquine (CQ) resistance Tanzania changed its first line treatment recommendations for uncomplicated malaria from CQ to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in 2001. Loss of SP sensitivity is progressing rapidly. SP resistance is associated with mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps) genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In samples from 86 patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria from Mbeya and Matema, Mbeya region, south-western Tanzania, the occurrence of mutations was investigated in the pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes which are associated with CQ resistance and in pfdhfr and pfdhps, conferring SP resistance, as well in cytb which is linked to resistance to atovaquone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pfcrt T76 occurs in 50% and pfmdr1 Y86 in 51.7%. Pfdhfr triple mutations coexisting with pfdhps double mutations were detected in 64.3% of the P. falciparum isolates. This quintuple mutation is seen as a possible predictive molecular marker for SP treatment failure. Mutations of the cytb gene were not detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings of a high prevalence of mutations conferring SP resistance correspond to data of in vivo SP efficacy studies in other regions of Tanzania and underline the recommendation of changing first-line treatment to artemisinin-based combination therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. mimischoen@web.de <mimischoen@web.de>
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schönfeld
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barreto Miranda
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schunk
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maduhu
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maboko
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoelscher
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Berens-Riha
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kitua
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Löscher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase / Q000235:genetics; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D017354:Point Mutation; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D004338:Drug Combinations; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase; D011739:Pyrimethamine