Micronutrients and macronutrients and parameters of antioxidative ability in saliva of women: inhabitants of Krakow (Poland) in the course of uncomplicated singleton pregnancy.
There were two aims of the present study: (1) to evaluate changes of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidative status measured as the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) concentration in saliva of pregnant women during the first, second, and third trimesters of singleton uncomplicated pregnancy and (2) to assess possible relations among SOD, FRAP, and intake of macronutrients and micronutrients in daily nutritional rations (DNRs) during pregnancy. Forty pregnant women aged 27.1+/-5.4 yr (examined group) and 40 healthy women (the control group) were recruited for this study. The relationship between FRAP and SOD in saliva and the intake of macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, total fat, saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids), minerals (Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn), and vitamins (A, C, E, B1, B2, B6, PP) in DNR was evaluated by clustering analysis with Ward's grouping method. During pregnancy, FRAP and SOD values were lower than in the controls, but only for FRAP were the differences statistically significant (p < 0.001). For the whole pregnancy period, cluster analysis identified two major clusters for which the differentiating variables were SOD and retinoids intake, but different patterns for each trimester of pregnancy were revealed. The following were concluded: (1) FRAP values were the lowest in the second trimester. It suggests that in this trimester of uncomplicated pregnancy, women might be not fully adapted to increased demands for antioxidative mechanisms. (2) Cluster analysis showed that there were no statistical relationships between the intake of micronutrients and macronutrients in DNRs and the SOD or FRAP level in the saliva of pregnant women.
Kolarzyk
Emilia
E
Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
Pietrzycka
Agata
A
Stepniewski
Marek
M
Łyszczarz
Justyna
J
Mendyk
Aleksander
A
Ostachowska-Gasior
Agnieszka
A
D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D012463:Saliva / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
D000975:Antioxidants; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase