title: Phototoxic reaction and porphyrin fluorescence in skin after topical application of methyl aminolaevulinate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Photodynamic therapy using topical methyl aminolaevulinate (MAL) is a new treatment modality for skin disorders. MAL is metabolized into endogenous porphyrins, which act as photosensitizers when illuminated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the severity and duration of skin photosensitivity after MAL application, and to investigate its relation to the presence of endogenous porphyrins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Placebo and 160 mg g(-1) MAL creams were randomly assigned to contralateral sites located at the forearms and fingertips of 16 healthy volunteers and were applied for 3 h. The porphyrin content in the skin was monitored by in situ fluorescence measurements following cream removal. Phototoxic reaction was evaluated after exposure to a high dose of red light.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The porphyrin fluorescence in forearm skin peaked about 1 h after the cream removal, was halved after 8 h, and was reduced by > 90% within 24 h. Most forearm sites were photosensitive at 1 and 8 h following cream removal. Six subjects were still sensitive at 24 h, and at this time point the phototoxicity was coincidental with residual porphyrin fluorescence. In general, all reactions were mild or moderate, and included pain, erythema, oedema and transient hyperpigmentation. No photosensitivity or porphyrin fluorescence was detected at 48 h. At the fingertips photosensitivity was absent except for sporadic cases of mild pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical MAL application and exposure to red light induced mild and moderate phototoxicity. The photosensitivity ceased within 24-48 h after cream removal, and its duration was associated with the degradation of porphyrins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway. evenag@rr-research.no
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Angell-Petersen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Warloe
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D017484:Dermatitis, Phototoxic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009824:Ointments; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009824:Ointments; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011166:Porphyrins; C475457:methyl 5-aminolevulinate; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid