title: Health impact assessment of particulate matter in Tokyo, Japan.
abstract: Among industrialized countries, Japan still maintains an old set of guidelines for particulate matter (PM); therefore, we assessed the public health impacts of PM exposure in various situations using data from the Tokyo metropolitan area. Subjects were 7.8 million people aged older than 30 years. Based on a linear relationship between exposure and health effects, we estimated attributable cases of mortality caused by PM. Even at the recent exposure level, the number of deaths will occur after both short- and long-term exposure. When the guideline for PM2.5 (particles < 2.5 microm in diameter) long-term exposure was set at 12 microg/m3, we could prevent 8% of all causes mortality or 6,700 deaths in the Tokyo metropolitan area per year. This assessment shows that guidelines for long-term exposure, especially for PM2.5, should be recommended in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hygiene and Preventative Medicine, Okayama University, Japan. yorichan@md.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yorifuji
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Toshihide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.forename: Norito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawakami
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D012016:Reference Values; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014041:Tokyo / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter