title: Anti-hepatits B core antigen testing, viral markers, and occult hepatitis B virus infection in Pakistani blood donors: implications for transfusion practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis B core antigen (HBc) and the impact of its testing along with other markers of hepatitis B, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV), and syphilis in Pakistani blood donors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design was cross-sectional. A total of 966 donors were selected randomly for testing of anti-HBc and HBV markers, including HBV DNA, of 94,177 blood donors who were routinely screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HCV, human immunodeficiency virus antibody (anti-HIV), Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA), and malarial parasites from 2003 to October 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The seroprevalence of various infectious markers was as follows: HBsAg, 2.16 percent; anti-HCV, 4.16 percent; anti-HIV, 0.004 percent; TPHA, 0.75 percent; and malaria, 0.002 percent. Anti-HBc prevalence in HBsAg-negative, HBV DNA-negative blood donors was 167 of 966 (17.28%), with 76 percent demonstrating anti-HBs positivity. Younger donors with mean age of 25 years were exposed to HBV to a lesser extent compared to those with a mean age of 29 years. Anti-HBc positivity was significantly higher in anti-HCV-reactive individuals. HBV DNA was detectable in 5 blood donors who were HBsAg-, anti-HBc-positive and were categorized as having occult HBV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows that more than 17 percent of healthy, young blood donors in Pakistan are already exposed to HBV, with two-thirds showing anti-HBs levels of greater than 100 mIU per mL. One in 200 blood donors who are HBsAg-, anti-HBc-positive, however, have occult HBV infection, with likelihood of transmission of hepatitis B in recipients of blood components derived from them. HBsAg-negative individuals who are anti-HBc-negative and those who are anti-HBc-positive, anti-HBs-positive, and HBV DNA-negative should be selected as regular blood donors to minimize transmission due to occult hepatitis B infection.
authors.affiliation: PNS Shifa Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. farhatab@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Farhat Abbas
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Bhatti
authors.forename: Zia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ullah
authors.forename: Nuzhat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salamat
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ayub
authors.forename: Ejaz
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ghani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001782:Blood Donors; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D046148:Donor Selection; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000097:blood* / Q000635:transmission; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens