title: Evaluation of the effectiveness of dipstick haematuria and proteinuria in screening Schistosoma haematobium infection among school children in upper Egypt.
abstract: This study aimed at evaluation of validity and reliability of dipstick haematuria and proteinuria in screening school children for Schistosoma haematobium infection. It included a random sample of 400 school children aged 6-15 years in rural area of Fayoum Governorate, upper Egypt. Urine samples of the studied children were tested parasitologically by urine filtration technique as a reference test and semiquantitatively for haematuria and proteinuria using urine reagent strips as screening tests. Results of the study revealed that haematuria was a better indicator for Schistosoma haematobium infection than proteinuria, as it was more sensitive (85.5% 73.4%, respectively), specific (94.4% 82.9%, respectively) and reliable (kappa=92% 80%, respectively). Moreover, it had stronger relationship with intensity of infection (r=0.88 & 0.67, respectively). A combination of different grades of haematuria and proteinuria did not significantly increase either sensitivity or specificity. Dipstick haematuria could be a valuable technique in screening rural Egyptian school children who are at risk of urinary schistosmiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kotb
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Shouman
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Khela
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kandil
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000652:urine; D011934:Reagent Strips / Q000592:standards; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012553:Schistosomiasis haematobia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D011934:Reagent Strips