title: Stronger associations between daily mortality and fine particulate air pollution in summer than in winter: evidence from a heavily polluted region in western Europe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies have shown a strong association between daily mortality and small particulate with a diameter of <10 microm (PM10) air pollution, but the effects of season have not always been well characterised.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the shape of the association between short-term mortality and PM10 across seasons and quintiles of outdoor temperature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily data on mortality (n = 354 357), outdoor temperature and PM10 in Flanders, Belgium, from January 1997 to December 2003, were analysed across warm versus cold periods of the year (April-September v October-March), with seasons and quintiles of outdoor temperature as possible effect modifiers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant (p<0.001) interaction between PM10 and period of the year in relation to mortality. To allow for non-linearity, daily mean PM10 concentrations were categorised into quartiles. Season-specific PM10 quartiles showed a strong and steep linear association between mortality and PM10 in summer and a less linear association in spring and autumn, whereas in winter the association was less strong and mortality was only increased in the highest PM10 quartile. The effect sizes expressed as the percentage increase in mortality on days in the highest season-specific PM(10) quartile versus the lowest season-specific PM10 quartile were 7.8% (95% CI 6.1 to 9.6) in summer, 6.3% (4.7 to 7.8) in spring, 2.2% (0.58 to 3.8) in autumn and 1.4% (0.06 to 2.9) in winter. An analysis by quintiles of temperature confirmed these effect sizes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The short-term effect of particulate air pollution on mortality strongly depends on outdoor temperature, even in a temperate climate.
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Nawrot
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torfs
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fierens
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Henauw
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Hoet
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Kersschaever
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Backer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nemery
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001530:Belgium; D002423:Cause of Death; D002980:Climate; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter