title: Attainment of clinical performance targets and improvement in clinical outcomes and resource use in hemodialysis care: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical performance targets are intended to improve patient outcomes in chronic disease through quality improvement, but evidence of an association between multiple target attainment and patient outcomes in routine clinical practice is often lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a national prospective cohort study (ESRD Quality, or EQUAL), we examined whether attainment of multiple targets in 668 incident hemodialysis patients from 74 U.S. not-for-profit dialysis clinics was associated with better outcomes. We measured whether the following accepted clinical performance targets were met at 6 months after study enrollment: albumin (> or =4.0 g/dl), hemoglobin (> or =11 g/dl), calcium-phosphate product (<55 mg2/dl2), dialysis dose (Kt/V> or =1.2), and vascular access type (fistula). Outcomes included mortality, hospital admissions, hospital days, and hospital costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attainment of each of the five targets was associated individually with better outcomes; e.g., patients who attained the albumin target had decreased mortality [relative hazard (RH) = 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.41-0.75], hospital admissions [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.67, 95% CI, 0.62-0.73], hospital days (IRR = 0.61, 95% CI, 0.58-0.63), and hospital costs (average annual cost reduction = 3,282 dollars, P = 0.002), relative to those who did not. Increasing numbers of targets attained were also associated, in a graded fashion, with decreased mortality (P = 0.030), fewer hospital admissions and days (P < 0.001 for both), and lower costs (P = 0.029); these trends remained statistically significant for all outcomes after adjustment (P < 0.001), except cost, which was marginally significant (P = 0.052).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Attainment of more clinical performance targets, regardless of which targets, was strongly associated with decreased mortality, hospital admissions, and resource use in hemodialysis patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. lplantin@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Plantinga
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Bernard G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Jaar
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Sadler
authors.forename: Nathan W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coresh
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Klag
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Powe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000592:standards*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009939:Organizations, Nonprofit; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000592:standards*; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D006454:Hemoglobins; D012709:Serum Albumin; C020243:calcium phosphate