title: Ghost authorship in industry-initiated randomised trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ghost authorship, the failure to name, as an author, an individual who has made substantial contributions to an article, may result in lack of accountability. The prevalence and nature of ghost authorship in industry-initiated randomised trials is not known.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted a cohort study comparing protocols and corresponding publications for industry-initiated trials approved by the Scientific-Ethical Committees for Copenhagen and Frederiksberg in 1994-1995. We defined ghost authorship as present if individuals who wrote the trial protocol, performed the statistical analyses, or wrote the manuscript, were not listed as authors of the publication, or as members of a study group or writing committee, or in an acknowledgment. We identified 44 industry-initiated trials. We did not find any trial protocol or publication that stated explicitly that the clinical study report or the manuscript was to be written or was written by the clinical investigators, and none of the protocols stated that clinical investigators were to be involved with data analysis. We found evidence of ghost authorship for 33 trials (75%; 95% confidence interval 60%-87%). The prevalence of ghost authorship was increased to 91% (40 of 44 articles; 95% confidence interval 78%-98%) when we included cases where a person qualifying for authorship was acknowledged rather than appearing as an author. In 31 trials, the ghost authors we identified were statisticians. It is likely that we have overlooked some ghost authors, as we had very limited information to identify the possible omission of other individuals who would have qualified as authors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ghost authorship in industry-initiated trials is very common. Its prevalence could be considerably reduced, and transparency improved, if existing guidelines were followed, and if protocols were publicly available.
authors.affiliation: Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark. pcg@cochrane.dk
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Gøtzsche
authors.forename: Asbjørn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hróbjartsson
authors.forename: Helle Krogh
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: Mette T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Haahr
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Altman
authors.forename: An-Wen
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D001319:Authorship; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000941:ethics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D011643:Publishing / Q000941:ethics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015871:Scientific Misconduct / Q000941:ethics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data