title: Influence of estrus of dairy goats on somatic cell count, milk traits, and sex steroid receptors in the mammary gland.
abstract: Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of the stage of a spontaneous estrus cycle on milk yield and constituents [somatic cell count (SCC), fat, protein, caseins, lactose, and urea content] and on estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha ) and progesterone receptor (PR) immunostaining in the mammary gland. In experiment I, the major components of milk and SCC were monitored weekly in 80 lactating Saanen goats for 6 wk, whereas detection of estrus was daily. In experiment II, milk samples were collected daily for SCC determination during 1 spontaneous estrus (d 0) until the second spontaneous estrus in 14 Saanen goats. The day of the estrous cycle was confirmed by plasma progesterone and 17beta-estradiol levels. Immunoreactivity of ERalpha and PR was analyzed in mammary gland samples of 8 Saanen goats (d 0, n = 4; d 10, n = 4) and the number of positive nuclei and intensity of the staining were evaluated in 1,000 cells. In experiment I, milk casein and protein percentages were significantly affected by the stage of estrous cycle; during proestrus and estrus, these variables were higher (3.32 +/- 0.06 and 4.44 +/- 0.08) than during metestrus (3.03 +/- 0.07 and 4.07 +/- 0.10), but not higher than during diestrus (3.23 +/- 0.06 and 4.35 +/- 0.09, respectively). In experiment II, daily measurement of SCC revealed higher levels at estrus (7,195 +/- 672 x 10(3) cells/mL) and a decline toward the luteal phase (1,694 +/- 672 +/- 10(3) cells/mL). Estrogen receptor-alpha and PR immunostaining were exclusively detected on epithelial cells. The percentage of positive nuclei to ERalpha was higher on d 0 than on d 10 (75.4 +/- 8.8 vs. 68.3 +/- 8.8%), but no change was observed for PR (4.0 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.5 +/- 0.4%). The average immunostaining intensity for both receptors was greater on d 0 than on d 10 (ERalpha : 1.44 +/- 0.02 vs. 1.35 +/- 0.02; PR: 0.079 +/- 0.008 vs. 0.057 +/- 0.008). The high SCC at estrus in experiment II was associated with high plasma estradiol and low progesterone, suggesting that the increased SCC could be brought about by the estrogen-induced proliferation and exfoliation of epithelial cells. In addition, this action may be supported by the higher sensitivity to estrogens (ERalpha content) found at d 0.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy. paolo.moroni@unimi.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moroni
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pisoni
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Savoini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Lier
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Acuña
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Damián
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meikle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002364:Caseins / Q000032:analysis; D002452:Cell Count; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000737:chemistry; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000032:analysis*; D004971:Estrus / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats / Q000502:physiology*; D007785:Lactose / Q000032:analysis; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000737:chemistry*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000032:analysis*; D014508:Urea / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D008055:Lipids; D008894:Milk Proteins; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D014508:Urea; D007785:Lactose