title: Dopaminergic toxicity of the herbicide atrazine in rat striatal slices.
abstract: A possible link between Parkinson's disease and pesticide exposure has been suggested, and recently it was shown that the herbicide atrazine (ATR) modulates catecholamine metabolism in PC12 cells and affects basal ganglia function in vivo. Hence, the objectives of this study were to: (i) determine if ATR is capable of modulating dopamine (DA) metabolism in striatal tissue slices in vitro and (ii) explore possible mechanisms of its effects. Striatal tissues from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were incubated with up to 500 microM ATR in a metabolic shaker bath at 37 degrees C and an atmosphere of 95% O(2) and 5% CO(2) for 4h. At the end of incubation, samples were collected for both tissue and media levels of DA and its metabolites (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, DOPAC and homovanillic acid, HVA), which were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). To gain some mechanistic insight in to the way ATR affects DA metabolism, several pharmacological manipulations were performed. Striata exposed to ATR at concentrations of 100 microM and greater had a dose-dependent decrease of tissue levels of DA. At doses of ATR 50 microM and greater, the DOPAC+HVA/DA ratio was dose-dependently increased. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, the rate-limiting enzyme in DA synthesis) protein levels and activity were not affected by ATR treatment. However, high potassium-induced DA release into the medium was decreased, whereas the increase in media DA observed in the presence of the DA uptake inhibitor nomifensine was increased even further by ATR in a dose-dependent manner. All of these effects of ATR were observed at levels that were not toxic to the tissue, as LDH release into the medium (lactate dehydrogenase, an index of non-specific cytotoxicity) was not affected by ATR. Taken together, results from this study suggest that ATR decreases tissue DA levels not by affecting TH activity, but possibly by interfering with the vesicular storage and/or cellular uptake of DA.
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS 39762-6100, USA. filipov@cvm.msstate.edu
authors.forename: Nikolay M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Filipov
authors.forename: Molly A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Russell L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Shannon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sistrunk
mesh_terms: D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000633:toxicity*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D006719:Homovanillic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009627:Nomifensine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006540:Herbicides; D006834:Hydrazines; D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; D009627:Nomifensine; C004297:3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D001280:Atrazine; D004298:Dopamine; D006719:Homovanillic Acid