title: Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk profile in long-term withdrawing alcoholics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are greater in heavy alcoholics than in either teetotallers or light-to-moderate drinkers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  On the assumption that factors leading to atherosclerotic damage remain operative even after long-term alcohol withdrawal, we studied the possible mechanisms of raised cardiovascular risk in former heavy alcoholics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two apparently disease-free, normotensive alcoholics detoxified for 37.1 +/- 31.9 (SD) months, median 24, participated in the study. They were compared with 39 lifetime alcohol-abstaining control subjects, carefully matched for age, sex, body mass index, smoking and dietary habits, physical activity, lipids and fasting glucose. Endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation of brachial artery, high-resolution ultrasound technique), blood pressure, and some parameters of endothelial activation, oxidative stress, vascular inflammation and insulin sensitivity were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximal percentage of flow-mediated dilatation was reduced in detoxified alcoholics (10.1 +/- 4.6 versus 14.9 +/- 7.4, P < 0.001) who also showed significantly higher blood pressure (systolic 127.5 +/- 12.9 versus 118.2 +/- 10.7 mmHg, P < 0.001; diastolic 79.4 +/- 7.1 versus 74.6 +/- 6.4 mmHg, P < 0.01; mean 95.4 +/- 8.2 versus 89.1 +/- 7.3 mmHg, P < 0.001), uric acid (5.0 +/- 1.1 versus 4.4 +/- 0.8 mg/dl, P < 0.05), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (2.1 +/- 2.0 versus 1.0 +/- 0.9 mg/l, P < 0.01), endothelin-1 (0.38 +/- 0.11 versus 0.17 +/- 0.10 pg/ml, P < 0.001) and fasting insulin (10.4 +/- 4.5 versus 5.6 +/- 1.6 muU/ml, P < 0.001) with abnormal homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (2.3 +/- 1.1 versus 1.2 +/- 0.4, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous heavy alcoholism, in spite of long-term withdrawal, is associated with endothelial dysfunction and a wide cluster of haemodynamic, vascular and metabolic abnormalities that indicate an unfavourable cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile even in apparently disease-free former alcoholics.
authors.affiliation: Center for Study and Treatment of Alcoholism, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Scienze Biomediche, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Gennaro
authors.forename: Almerina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biggi
authors.forename: Angela Luciana
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Barilli
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fasoli
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Carra
authors.forename: Almerico
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Novarini
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Delsignore
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montanari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013695:Temperance; D013995:Time; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers