title: Randomised trial of standard 2D radiotherapy (RT) versus intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients prescribed breast radiotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiation dose distributions created by two dimensional (2D) treatment planning are responsible for partial volumes receiving >107% of the prescribed dose in a proportion of patients prescribed whole breast radiotherapy after tumour excision of early breast cancer. These may contribute to clinically significant late radiation adverse effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test three dimensional (3D) intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) against 2D dosimetry using standard wedge compensators in terms of late adverse effects after whole breast radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and six women prescribed whole breast radiotherapy after tumour excision for early stage cancer were randomised to 3D IMRT (test arm) or 2D radiotherapy delivered using standard wedge compensators (control arm). All patients were treated with 6 or 10MV photons to a dose of 50Gy in 25 fractions to 100% in 5 weeks followed by an electron boost to the tumour bed of 11.1Gy in 5 fractions to 100%. The primary endpoint was change in breast appearance scored from serial photographs taken before radiotherapy and at 1, 2 and 5 years follow up. Secondary endpoints included patient self-assessments of breast discomfort, breast hardness, quality of life and physician assessments of breast induration. Analysis was by intention to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  240 (79%) patients with 5-year photographs were available for analysis. Change in breast appearance was identified in 71/122 (58%) allocated standard 2D treatment compared to only 47/118 (40%) patients allocated 3D IMRT. The control arm patients were 1.7 times more likely to have a change in breast appearance than the IMRT arm patients after adjustment for year of photographic assessment (95% confidence interval 1.2-2.5, p=0.008). Significantly fewer patients in the 3D IMRT group developed palpable induration assessed clinically in the centre of the breast, pectoral fold, infra-mammary fold and at the boost site. No significant differences between treatment groups were found in patient reported breast discomfort, breast hardness or quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis suggests that minimisation of unwanted radiation dose inhomogeneity in the breast reduces late adverse effects. Incidence of change in breast appearance was statistically significantly higher in patients in the standard 2D treatment arm compared with the IMRT arm. A beneficial effect on quality of life remains to be demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Physics, Royal Marsden Hospital and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bleakley
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Denholm
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Lone
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gothard
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peckitt
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reise
authors.forename: Gill
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Symonds-Tayler
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yarnold
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001940:Breast / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted