title: Functional involvement of PHOSPHO1 in matrix vesicle-mediated skeletal mineralization.
abstract: PHOSPHO1 is a phosphatase highly expressed in bone. We studied its functional involvement in mineralization through the use of novel small molecule inhibitors. PHOSPHO1 expression was present within matrix vesicles, and inhibition of enzyme action caused a decrease in the ability of matrix vesicles to calcify.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The novel phosphatase, PHOSPHO1, belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase superfamily of hydrolases and is capable of cleaving phosphoethanolamine (PEA) and phosphocholine to generate inorganic phosphate. Our aims in this study were to examine the expression of PHOSPHO1 in murine mineralizing cells and matrix vesicles (MV) and to screen a series of small-molecule PHOSPHO1-specific inhibitors for their ability to pharmacologically inhibit the first step of MV-mediated mineralization.
  
  
  METHODS
  q-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to study the expression and localization profiles of PHOSPHO1. Inhibitors of PHOSPHO1's PEA hydrolase activity were discovered using high-throughput screening of commercially available chemical libraries. To asses the efficacy of these inhibitors to inhibit MV mineralization, MVs were isolated from TNAP-deficient (Akp2(-/-)) osteoblasts and induced to calcify in their presence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  q-PCR revealed a 120-fold higher level of PHOSPHO1 expression in bone compared with a range of soft tissues. The enzyme was immunolocalized to the early hypertrophic chondrocytes of the growth plate and to osteoblasts of trabecular surfaces and infilling primary osteons of cortical bone. Isolated MVs also contained PHOSPHO1. PEA hydrolase activity was observed in sonicated MVs from Akp2(-/-) osteoblasts but not intact MVs. Inhibitors to PHOSPHO1 were identified and characterized. Lansoprazole and SCH202676 inhibited the mineralization of MVs from Akp2(-/-) osteoblasts by 56.8% and 70.7%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that PHOSPHO1 localization is restricted to mineralizing regions of bone and growth plate and that the enzyme present within MVs is in an active state, inhibition of which decreases the capacity of MVs to mineralize. These data further support our hypothesis that PHOSPHO1 plays a role in the initiation of matrix mineralization.
authors.affiliation: Bone Biology Group, Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Sonoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narisawa
authors.forename: Dympna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harmey
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Millán
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Farquharson
mesh_terms: D053799:2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002645:Chickens; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D064747:Lansoprazole; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013830:Thiadiazoles; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D053799:2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles; D017931:DNA Primers; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C418425:SCH-202676; D013830:Thiadiazoles; D013844:Thiazoles; D064747:Lansoprazole; C516350:PHOSPHO1 protein, chicken; C510878:ALPL protein, mouse; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases