title: Depolarization evoked by acetylcholine in mesenteric arteries of hypertensive rats attenuates endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During blockade of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), acetylcholine evoked larger and faster depolarization in mesenteric arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) than normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. We studied the mechanism underlying this response and its role in the attenuation of EDHF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electrophysiology, computational modelling and myography were used to study changes in membrane potential and effects on contractility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The large acetylcholine-evoked depolarization in SHR was accompanied by contraction, but this was not seen in WKY rats. The depolarization depended on release of intracellular Ca2+ but was unaffected by nonselective cation channel inhibitors, gadolinium, lanthanum or amiloride. The depolarization was significantly reduced by the Ca2+-dependent Cl- channel inhibitors, niflumic acid or flufenamic acid, or alterations in Cl- gradients using bumetanide (Na/K/Cl transporter inhibitor) or external Cl- replacement with isethionate. These drugs altered the time course of EDHF-evoked hyperpolarizations in SHR, making them indistinguishable from those in WKY rats. EDHF-induced relaxation was less sensitive to acetylcholine in SHR than in WKY rats, but this difference was eliminated following artery pretreatment with bumetanide. Computational modelling in which the SHR fast depolarizing response was selectively modulated mimicked physiologically acquired results obtained in SHR and WKY rats during Cl- -channel blockade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acetylcholine evokes a fast depolarization in SHR but not in WKY rats, mediated by the opening of Ca2+-dependent Cl- channels. The depolarization is responsible for a constriction that reduces EDHF-mediated relaxation. Data suggest that Ca2+-dependent Cl- channels may provide a novel therapeutic target for improvement of endothelial dysfunction during hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Frank R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Caryl E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D018118:Chloride Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004727:Endothelium / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017538:Mesenteric Artery, Superior / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008954:Models, Biological; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors; D018118:Chloride Channels; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C067410:endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization factor; D000109:Acetylcholine; D002118:Calcium