title: Molecular and clinical characterization of Y chromosome microdeletions in infertile men: a 10-year experience in Italy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An explosive growth in Y chromosome long arm (Yq) microdeletion testing demand for male infertility occurred in the past few years. However, despite the progresses in the biology of this chromosome, a number of molecular and clinical concerns are not supported by definitive data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to provide information on the type and prevalence of microdeletions in infertile males, indication for testing, genotype-phenotype correlation, sperm aneuploidies, and genetic counseling.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective study from January 1996 to December 2005 in an academic clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 3073 consecutive infertile men, of which 625 were affected by nonobstructive azoospermia and 1372 were affected by severe oligozoospermia. Ninety-nine patients with microdeletions are described here.
  
  
  METHODS
  Yq microdeletions, seminal analysis, reproductive hormones, testicular cytology/histology, and sperm sex chromosomes aneuploidies were used as outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of microdeletions was 3.2% in unselected infertile men, 8.3% in men with nonobstructive azoospermia, and 5.5% in men with severe oligozoospermia. Only 2 of 99 deletions were found in men with more than 2 million sperm/ml. No clinical data are useful to identify a priori patients with higher risk of Yq microdeletions. Most deletions are of the AZFc-b2/b4 subtype and are associated with variable spermatogenic phenotype, with sperm present in 72% of the cases. Complete AZFa and AZFb (P5/Proximal P1) deletions are associated with Sertoli cell-only syndrome and alterations in spermatocyte maturation, respectively, whereas partial deletions in these regions are associated with milder phenotype and frequent presence of sperm. Men with AZFc-b2/b4 deletions produce a higher percentage of sperm with nullisomy for the sex chromosomes and XY-disomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This extensive clinical research expands the knowledge on genotype-phenotype relationships and confirms that the identification of Yq microdeletions has significant diagnostic and prognostic value, adding useful information for genetic counseling in these patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Padova, Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, Centre for Male Gamete Cryopreservation, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferlin
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arredi
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Speltra
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cazzadore
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Selice
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garolla
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lenzi
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foresta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000782:Aneuploidy; D053713:Azoospermia / Q000235:genetics; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000235:genetics*; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations