title: Benefits of stereopsis when identifying clinically significant macular edema via teleophthalmology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The need to incorporate stereopsis into a teleophthalmology system is controversial. Detection of hard exudate in the macula is suggested by some as an adequate surrogate for direct observation of retinal thickening. This study was designed to determine how accurate the detection of hard exudate is as a surrogate for stereoscopic detection of clinically significant macular edema (CSME).
  
  
  METHODS
  120 patients with diabetes underwent clinical retinal examination with contact-lens biomicroscopy by a retinal specialist. The presence or absence of CSME was recorded. On the same day as clinical grading, 30 degrees stereoscopic digital photographs of the macula were captured. At least 2 months after clinical examination, the digital images were viewed by masked graders for the presence or absence of hard exudate and retinal thickening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  207 eyes of 106 patients had complete data sets for both diagnostic modalities. The sensitivity of hard exudate (93.9%) in predicting the presence of CSME was similar to that of direct stereoscopic observation of retinal thickening (90.9%), with p = 0.5. On the other hand, digital stereopsis was significantly more specific (92.9%) than was hard exudate (81.6%) in predicting the presence of CSME (p < 0.001). This difference was maintained even when controlling for image quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the presence of hard exudate within the macula is a sensitive surrogate marker for CSME, it is less specific than stereoscopic evaluation. Any American Telemedicine Association category 3 teleophthalmology system that utilizes hard exudate as a surrogate marker for CSME may refer patients unnecessarily for clinical evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Opthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. crudnisk@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Rudnisky
authors.forename: Matthew T S
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tennant
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: de Leon
authors.forename: Bradley J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hinz
authors.forename: Mark D J
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Greve
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003867:Depth Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000379:methods*; D019114:Remote Consultation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index