title: Effects of Phos-Chek G75-F and Silv-Ex on red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) embryos.
abstract: Effects of field application levels of wildfire control chemicals, Phos-Chek G75-F (PC) and Silv-Ex (SE), were examined on red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) embryos. Embryos were more sensitive to PC and SE when eggs were immersed for 10s at an early developmental stage (days 3-5 of incubation) than at a later stage (days 6-9 of incubation). The LC(50) (concentration causing 50% mortality) for early stage embryos exposed to PC was 213.3g/L (slope=1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]=129.1-326.1). The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) was below 135g PC/L, which caused a significant increase in embryonic mortality and represents the lowest field coverage level of 1gal/100feet(2). The LC(50) for early stage embryos exposed to SE was 19.8g/L (slope=1.5; 95% CI=11.7-52.2). Significant mortality was observed at 10g SE/L and marginal at 7.5g SE/L with an apparent NOEC around 5g SE/L. Neither chemical resulted in apparent developmental malformations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Buscemi
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Vyas
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Spann
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kuenzel
mesh_terms: D016573:Agrochemicals / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D004463:Ecology; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D020308:Songbirds / Q000502:physiology*; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D016573:Agrochemicals; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial