title: Effect of chronic ethanol administration on the in vitro production of proinflammatory cytokines by rat Kupffer cells in the presence of apoptotic cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic ethanol consumption can lead to a variety of pathological consequences by as yet undefined mechanisms. Recently, it has been noted that alcohol-associated liver disease is often accompanied by morphological liver changes that include the increased production of apoptotic cells. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that hepatocellular uptake and removal of potentially damaging apoptotic cells is impaired after ethanol treatment. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the presence of apoptotic cells leads to Kupffer cell (KC) production and release of proinflammatory cytokines that have been linked to hepatocyte damage, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha).
  
  
  METHODS
  Kupffer cells were isolated from female rats after an 8-week oral administration of a dextrose control or ethanol-containing fish-oil diet. The isolated KCs were cultured for up to 24 hours in the absence or presence of apoptotic or nonapoptotic hepatoma cells, or lipopolysaccharide. After incubation, media from the cultures were assayed for the presence of TNF-alpha and IL-6 by immunoassay detection. Also, the expression of these cytokines was measured in KC lysates by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kupffer cells cultured for up to 24 hours in the presence of apoptotic cells produced significantly more TNF-alpha and IL-6 (80 and 60%, respectively, p<0.05) when the cells were isolated from ethanol-fed animals compared with controls. Additionally, after as early as 4 hours in culture with apoptotic cells, mRNA levels of both cytokines were increased (2-5-fold) in KCs isolated from ethanol-fed animals compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of apoptotic cells results in the in vitro activation of KCs. Additionally, chronic ethanol administration results in an enhanced responsiveness of KCs to produce proinflammatory cytokines indicated by the increased production of inflammatory mediators from KCs obtained from ethanol-fed animals.
authors.affiliation: Liver Study Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
authors.forename: Benita L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: McVicker
authors.forename: Dean J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tuma
authors.forename: Kusum K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kharbanda
authors.forename: Jacy L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kubik
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Casey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004032:Diet; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000431:Ethanol; D053148:Caspase 3