title: The adverse effects of race, insurance status, and low income on the rate of amputation in patients presenting with lower extremity ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A consequence of delay in the diagnosis of peripheral vascular disease limb loss. This study was undertaken to determine the correlation of low socioeconomic status and race on the severity of ischemic presentation and the subsequent amputation rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 1998 to 2002 on patients from urban hospitals with the diagnosis of lower extremity ischemia were evaluated. The population was divided into two groups: the amputation group (AMP) and lower extremity revascularization group (LER). Comorbidities, age, gender, race, ischemic gangrene at presentation, insurance status (no/noncommercial or commercial), and income status at admission were determined. These variables were compared using multivariate logistic regression analyses of the data for risk adjustment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 691,833 patients presenting with lower extremity ischemia, 363,193 underwent revascularization (66.3%) or amputation (33.7%). Univariate analysis correlated a statistically significant (P < .0001) higher rate of amputation and multivariate analysis associated significantly higher odds of amputation with the following variables: nonwhites (1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65, 2.20), low-income bracket (1.41, 95% CI, 1.18, 1.60), and Medicare & Medicaid (1.81, 95% CI, 1.66, 1.97). Adjusting for other variables of statistical significance, multivariate regression analysis showed a statistically significant risk for amputation based on the nonteaching status of the institution (odds ratio [OR], 1.17, 95% CI, 1.08, 1.30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary amputation was performed with a higher frequency on patients with lower extremity ischemia who were nonwhite, low income, and without commercial insurance. The observed advanced ischemia among these economically disadvantaged patients suggests a delayed diagnosis of peripheral vascular disease, probably due to lack of access to adequate primary care or vascular surgery providers, or both. Better education of the general population and primary care providers to the symptoms and consequences of PVD may reduce the amputation rate in this group.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. eslamim@ummhc.org
authors.forename: Mohammad H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Eslami
authors.forename: Maksim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zayaruzny
authors.forename: Gordon A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007297:Inpatients; D007348:Insurance, Health; D007511:Ischemia / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000601:surgery*; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D044469:Racial Groups; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D014505:Urban Population