title: Neural engineering to produce in vitro nerve constructs and neurointerface.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently, our laboratory recapitulated a natural form of axon growth that occurs between late embryogenesis and early adulthood. In this article, we describe how this novel neural engineering approach may be used to produce a nervous tissue interface to integrate disconnected motor and sensory functions for external control.
  
  
  METHODS
  For nervous system repair, we recently developed a unique method to engineer nervous tissue constructs in vitro consisting of bundles of axons spanning two populations of neuronal somata. To integrate electronics and nervous tissue to transform electrophysiological signals into electronic signals, we have designed a nervous tissue interface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our nervous tissue interface consists of stretch-grown nervous tissue with one end interfaced with a multiple electrode array, enabling us to detect and record real-time efferent signals conducted down the nerve and stimulate afferent sensory signaling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our ultimate goal is to develop a neurally controlled prosthesis and a nervous system interface that could be linked to the patient's thoughts, providing two-way signaling for motor control and feedback from multiple external stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: Jason H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Niranjan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kameswaran
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Zager
authors.forename: Douglas H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface