title: Estimating the uncertainty associated with Widmark's equation as commonly applied in forensic toxicology.
abstract: No computation is performed more frequently by forensic toxicologists than that involving Widmark's equation. The equation is employed to estimate either the number of drinks consumed or the corresponding blood or breath alcohol concentration. Despite the wide use of Widmark's equation, rarely is an uncertainty estimate also provided. Estimates from Widmark's equation involve at least seven uncertain random variables. Uncertainty estimates are presented that rely on methods of general error propagation compared to a method developed by Widmark. Assuming reasonable variable and uncertainty estimates, the error propagation method yielded for N=10.4 drinks, a combined uncertainty (standard deviation) of 1.3 drinks (CV=12.3%). Similarly, estimating the blood alcohol concentration yielded for 0.120 g/100 ml, an uncertainty of 0.0255 g/100 ml (CV=21.2%). Widmark's uncertainty method yielded 1.6 drinks (CV=15.4%). The derivation of Widmark's uncertainty estimate is also presented, showing that he considered only rho and beta to be uncertain. Widmark estimates for the number of drinks should include a 2CV estimate of approximately 25% while the blood alcohol concentration estimate should include a 2CV estimate of approximately 42%. Including valid estimates of uncertainty should enhance the legal admissibility and confidence for Widmark estimations.
authors.affiliation: Washington State Patrol, Breath Test Section, 811 East Roanoke, Seattle, WA 98102, United States. rod.gullberg@wsp.wa.gov
authors.forename: Rod G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Gullberg
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000378:metabolism; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000378:metabolism; D001944:Breath Tests; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol