title: The effect of supervised exercise and cilostazol on coagulation and fibrinolysis in intermittent claudication: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prothrombotic, hypofibrinolytic state that develops in patients with intermittent claudication (IC) upon walking due to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) of the leg muscles may contribute to the high incidence of life- and limb-threatening thrombotic events observed in this patient group. Treatments, such as angioplasty, that obtund the IRI also ameliorate the procoagulant diathesis. The effect on this diathesis of supervised exercise and cilostazol, both of which provide symptomatic benefit in IC, but without significantly obtunding IRI, is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four patients (27 men and 7 women; median age, 67 years; range, 63-72 years) were randomized to receive best medical therapy (BMT) plus supervised exercise (n = 9), BMT plus cilostazol (n = 9), BMT plus supervised exercise plus cilostazol (n = 7), or BMT alone (n = 9) in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Thrombin-antithrombin complex and prothrombin fragments 1 and 2, both markers of thrombin generation; plasminogen activator inhibitor antigen and tissue plasminogen activator antigen, both markers of fibrinolysis; ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI); and initial and absolute claudication distance (ACD) were measured at baseline and then 3 and 6 months after randomization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 6 months, when compared with receiving BMT only, supervised exercise and cilostazol resulted in improvements in ABPI of 18% and 13% and in ACD of 40% and 64%, respectively. The effects on ABPI and ACD of combining supervised exercise and cilostazol were additive. Supervised exercise, cilostazol, and supervised exercise combined with cilostazol had no significant effect on any of the four hemostatic markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of IC by supervised exercise or cilostazol results in significant improvements in ABPI and ACD but has no demonstrable effect on the prothrombotic diathesis. This suggests that supervised exercise and cilostazol, unlike angioplasty, are unlikely to have a long-term beneficial effect on the thrombotic risks faced by these patients.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Vascular Surgery, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK. simon@hobbsy.fsworld.co.uk
authors.forename: Simon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fegan
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Bradbury
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000187:drug effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D000077407:Cilostazol; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000187:drug effects; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011498:Protein Precursors; D013777:Tetrazoles; C046193:antithrombin III-protease complex; C029733:prothrombin fragment 1; C044183:prothrombin fragment 2; D000990:Antithrombin III; D011516:Prothrombin; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D000077407:Cilostazol