title: Acute renal failure in the intensive care unit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute renal failure (ARF) in the intensive care unit (ICU) is associated with high mortality. A thorough understanding of the clinical spectrum of the disease is needed in order to devise methods to improve the final outcome due to this problem.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to analyze the clinical spectrum, causes, risk and prognostic factors and final outcome of ARF in the setting of ICU.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study involved patients admitted to ICU during the period between September 2003 to January 2005 (17 months). Patients who developed ARF during the ICU stay were included in the study. The clinical and laboratory data were collected at admission and then on daily basis. Data recorded included; patient characteristics, underlying medical conditions responsible for ICU admission, dialytic status, need for ventilation, total duration of ICU stay, APACHE-III score and final outcome, and these data were analyzed for predicting survival using univariate and multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve hundred and fifteen (1215) patients were admitted to ICU from September 2003 to January, 2005 and 46 (3.79%) patients developed ARF after admission to ICU. Mean age of patients was 44.9 +/- 17 years and 56.5% were males. Comorbidity was seen in 24 (52%) patients; hypertension (34.7%), diabetes mellitus (28.3%), coronary artery disease (30.4%) and chronic kidney disease (13%). ARF had developed complicating medical and surgical conditions in 33 (71.7%) and 11 (23.7%) patients respectively. The etiology of ARF was multifactorial and included; hypotension (71.74%), volume depletion (17.4%), nephrotoxic drugs (67.39%), and sepsis (69.5%). Multiple organ system failure (MOSF) was noted in 63% of cases and dialysis was required in 25 (54.3%) patients. Mortality occurred in 63% of patients. MOSF and sepsis were found to be significant adverse prognostic factors when multiple logistic regression analysis was done.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ARF was seen in 3.79% of cases in our ICU and associated with poor prognosis. Presence of sepsis, MOSF, higher APACHE--III scores and ventilation need were correlated with higher mortality in ARF patients in the intensive care unit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vohra
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rajak
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mathur
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies