title: Histologic and ultrastructural analysis of regenerated bone in maxillary sinus augmentation using a porcine bone-derived biomaterial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the present study was the histologic and ultrastructural evaluation of a biomaterial composed of cortical pig bone in the form of granules.
  
  
  METHODS
  After maxillary sinus augmentation using this biomaterial, 10 specimens were retrieved after 5 months in 10 patients using this biomaterial. The specimens were processed to be observed under light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Histomorphometric measurements were presented by means +/- standard deviations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LM showed that most of the particles were surrounded by newly formed bone. In some areas, the osteoid matrix was present; however, mainly compact bone was present at the interface. There was no evidence of an acute inflammatory infiltrate. The newly formed bone was 36% +/- 2.8% and marrow spaces were 38% +/- 1.6%, whereas residual grafted material was 31% +/- 1.6%. Under TEM, all phases of bone formation (osteoid matrix, woven, and lamellar bone) were observed in proximity with the biomaterial particles. The bone-biomaterial interface showed a close contact between the porcine bone particles and the surrounding bone that had mainly features of mature bone with numerous osteocytes. A lamina limitans was sometimes present at this interface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to our knowledge, this is the first study presenting data on TEM of a porcine bone-derived biomaterial used in sinus augmentation procedures in humans. Our findings show that this is a biocompatible biomaterial that can be used for maxillary sinus augmentation procedures without interfering with the normal reparative bone processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology and Oral Science, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orsini
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scarano
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piattelli
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piccirilli
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caputi
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piattelli
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000187:drug effects / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D000540:Alveolar Ridge Augmentation / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D048091:Guided Tissue Regeneration / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008875:Middle Aged; D013516:Oral Surgical Procedures, Preprosthetic / Q000379:methods; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes