title: Distribution of flower morphs, ploidy level and sexual reproduction of the invasive weed Oxalis pes-caprae in the western area of the Mediterranean region.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxalis pes-caprae is a widespread invasive weed in regions with a Mediterranean climate. In its native habitat (southern Africa) this species has been reported as heterostylous with trimorphic flowers and a self- and morph-incompatible reproductive system. In most of the areas invaded, only a pentaploid short-styled morphotype that reproduces mainly asexually by bulbils is reported, but this has only been confirmed empirically. This study aims to analyse the floral morph proportions in a wide distribution area, test the sexual female success, and explain the causes of low sexual reproduction of this species in the western area of the Mediterranean Basin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five populations of O. pes-caprae were sampled in the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco to evaluate the floral morph ratio and individual fruit set. In plants from a dimorphic population, hand-pollination experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of the pollen source on pollen tube growth through the style. The ploidy level and genome size of individuals of each floral morph were analysed using flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the populations studied 89.1 % were monomorphic, with most of them containing the short-styled (SS) floral morph, and 10.9 % were dimorphic containing long-styled (LS) and SS morphs. In some of these, isoplethy was verified but no fruit production was observed in any population. A sterile form was also recorded in several populations. Hand-pollination experiments revealed that pollen grains germinated over recipient stigmas. In intermorph crossings, pollen tubes were able to develop and fruit initiation was observed in some cases, while in intramorph pollinations, pollen tube development was sporadic and no fruit initiation was observed. All individuals within each floral form presented the same DNA ploidy level: SS plants were pentaploid and LS and the sterile form were tetraploid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low or null sexual reproduction success of this species in the area of invasion studied seems related with the high frequency of monomorphic populations, the unequal proportion of floral morphs in dimorphic populations and the presence of different ploidy levels between SS and LS morphs. The discovery of the occurrence of an LS floral morph and a sterile form, whose invading capacity in these areas is as yet unknown, will be valuable information for management programmes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Spain.
authors.forename: Sílvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Loureiro
authors.forename: Conceição
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ater
authors.forename: Garbiñe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ayensa
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Navarro
mesh_terms: D005434:Flow Cytometry; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018745:Genome, Plant; D005843:Geography; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification* / Q000502:physiology; D019083:Mediterranean Region; D009018:Morocco; D053205:Pollen Tube / Q000254:growth & development; D011123:Polyploidy; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology