title: High glucose upregulates connective tissue growth factor expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a potent profibrotic factor, which is implicated in fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. It is a downstream mediator of some of the effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) and is potentially induced by hyperglycemia in human renal mesangial cells. However, whether high glucose could induce the CTGF expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) remains unknown. Therefore, this study was designed to test whether high glucose could regulate CTGF expression in human VSMC. The effect of modulating CTGF expression on VSMC proliferation and migration was further investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of CTGF mRNA was up-regulated as early as 6 hours in cultured human VSMCs after exposed to high glucose condition, followed by ECM components (collagen type I and fibronectin) accumulation. The upregulation of CTGF mRNA appears to be TGFbeta-dependent since anti-TGFbeta antibody blocks the effect of high glucose on CTGF gene expression. A small interference RNA (siRNA) targeting CTGF mRNA (CTGF-siRNA) effectively suppressed CTGF up-regulation stimulated by high glucose up to 79% inhibition. As a consequence of decreased expression of CTGF gene, the deposition of ECM proteins in the VSMC was also declined. Moreover, CTGF-siRNA expressing vector partially inhibited the high glucose-induced VSMC proliferation and migration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that in the development of macrovascular complications in diabetes, CTGF might be an important factor involved in the patho-physiological responses to high glucose in human VSMCs. In addition, the modulatory effects of CTGF-siRNA during this process suggest that specific targeting CTGF by RNA interference could be useful in preventing intimal hyperplasia in diabetic macrovascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China Center of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. xiaojingliu67@yahoo.com <xiaojingliu67@yahoo.com>
authors.forename: Xiaojing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Fengming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Kejian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Wenchao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Huaiqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C526317:CCN2 protein, human; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D005947:Glucose