title: Preventing excessive weight gain during pregnancy - a controlled trial in primary health care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether individual counselling on diet and physical activity during pregnancy can have positive effects on diet and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and prevent excessive gestational weight gain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six maternity clinics in primary health care in Finland. The clinics were selected into three intervention and three control clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 132 pregnant primiparas, recruited by 15 public health nurses (PHN), 105 completed the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intervention included individual counselling on diet and LTPA during five routine visits to a PHN until 37 weeks' gestation; the controls received the standard maternity care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The counselling did not affect the proportion of primiparas exceeding the weight gain recommendations or total LTPA when adjusted for confounders. The adjusted proportion of high-fibre bread of the total weekly amount of bread decreased more in the control group than in the intervention group (difference 11.8%-units, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6-23.1, P=0.04). The adjusted intake of vegetables, fruit and berries increased by 0.8 portions/day (95% CI 0.3-1.4, P=0.004) and dietary fibre by 3.6 g/day (95% CI 1.0-6.1, P=0.007) more in the intervention group than in the control group. There were no high birth weight babies (>or=4000 g) in the intervention group, but eight (15%) of them in the control group (P=0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The counselling helped pregnant women to maintain the proportion of high-fibre bread and to increase vegetable, fruit and fibre intakes, but was unable to prevent excessive gestational weight gain.
authors.affiliation: UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland. tarja.i.kinnunen@uta.fi
authors.forename: T I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Kinnunen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pasanen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aittasalo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fogelholm
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hilakivi-Clarke
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiderpass
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005638:Fruit; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D009035:Mothers / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D052756:Nutritional Sciences / Q000193:education*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D014675:Vegetables; D015430:Weight Gain