title: Time use and costs of institutionalised elderly persons with or without dementia: results from the Nordanstig cohort in the Kungsholmen Project--a population based study in Sweden.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aging of the population has become a worldwide phenomenon. This leads to increased demand for services and with limited resources it is important to find a way to estimate how resources can be match to those with greatest need.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse time use and costs in institutional care in relation to different levels of cognitive and functional capacity for elderly persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  The population consisted of all institutionalised inhabitants, 75 + years, living in a rural community (n = 176). They were clinically examined by physicians and interviewed by nurses. Staff and informal care-giving time was examined with the RUD (Resource Utilization in Dementia) instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tobit regression analyses showed that having dementia increased the amount of ADL care time with 0.9 h when compared to those not having dementia, whereas each loss of an ADL function (0-6) added 0.6 h of ADL care time. Analysing the total care time use, the presence of dementia added more than 9 h, while each loss of one ADL function added 2.9 h. There were some informal care contributions, however with no correlation to severity in dependency. The estimated cost for institutional care increased with more than 85% for people being dependent in 5-6 ADL activities compared to persons with no functional dependency, and with 30% for persons with dementia compared to the non-demented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a variation in time use in institutional settings due to differences in ADL dependency but also whether dementia is present or not. This variation has implications for costs of institutional care.
authors.affiliation: Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Gunilla.Nordberg@ki.se
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nordberg
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wimo
authors.forename: Linus
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.forename: Ingemar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kåreholt
authors.forename: Britt-Marie
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Sjölund
authors.forename: Mårten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lagergren
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: von Strauss
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003704:Dementia / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000191:economics; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007326:Institutionalization / Q000191:economics*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D012424:Rural Population; D013548:Sweden; D014600:Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data