title: Correlates to traumatic brain injury in nonhuman primates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem, both in terms of the economic cost to society and the survivor's quality of life. The development of devices to protect against TBI requires criteria that relate observed injury to measurements of head kinematics. The objective of this study is to find the best statistical correlates to impact-induced TBI in nonhuman primates using a qualified, self-consistent set of historical kinematic and TBI data from impact tests on nonhuman primates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A database was constructed and qualified from historical head impact tests on nonhuman primates. Multivariate logistic regression analysis with backwards stepwise elimination was performed. Variables considered are the peak rotational acceleration (Omegamax), the peak linear acceleration (Amax), and the number of impacts (N).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bivariate combinations of angular acceleration and the number of impacts are the best correlates to all modes of TBI considered, i.e., concussion, subarachnoid hemorrhage, brain contusion, and subdural hematoma. For a nonhuman primate with 100-g brain mass, the criteria that the probability of TBI is less than 10% by injury mode are:Concussion: OmegamaxN(0.84) < 70 krad/s/s SAH: OmegamaxN(0.70) < 160 krad/s/s Contusion: Omegamax N(0.35) < 160 krad/s/s SDH: Omegamax N(0.60) < 280 krad/s/s
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this dataset, the best statistically based risk factor for all modes of TBI in nonhuman primates is the bivariate combination of rotational acceleration and number of impacts.
authors.affiliation: Titan Corporation ,(San Diego, California 92121, USA. mvandervorst@titan.com
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vander Vorst
authors.forename: Koshiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Philemon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stuhmiller
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020199:Hematoma, Subdural, Acute / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016015:Logistic Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011323:Primates; D012307:Risk Factors; D020206:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Traumatic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control