title: Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children of different ethnic origins: a cohort study with up to 12 years' follow-up in northern Greece.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the mode of transmission and the natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in children of different ethnicities in Greece. This study was part of the Interreg I-II EC project.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred seventy-three hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)(+) carriers, median age 6.9 (5-12) y, were prospectively followed-up for a mean period of 5.3 (1-12) y for serological markers of HBV infection, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), HBV-DNA, alpha-fetoprotein levels and ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vertical transmission predominates (61.8%) in Moslem children and horizontal (44%) in those born in Russia. At entry, 73 of 173 (42%) HBsAg(+) genotype D children were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)(+), ranging from 27% to 67% among ethnic groups; 55 of 173 (32%) had ALT > 2 x upper normal limit (UNL), ranging from 21% to 39%. Of 100 anti-HBe(+) children, 85 (85%) were inactive carriers. During the follow-up period, seroconversion to anti-HBe was observed in 40 of 73 (55%) children with an annual rate of 11%; 35 of 40 (87.5%) had biochemical remission, and 28 of 35 (80%) lost HBV-DNA. In the anti-HBe(+) group, 27 of 100 (27%) lost HBV-DNA and 9 of 100 (9%) lost HBsAg. The annual seroconversion rate for HBeAg was significantly lower: in children with vertical transmission compared with horizontal (7.7% vs 14.8%, respectively, P < 0.001) and in Muslim children compared with both Christian children and those born in Russia (8.6% vs 12%, respectively, P < 0.001). No differences were found among the ethnic groups after adjusting for the mode of infection. Two of 173 children had progression of liver disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differences in HBeAg(+) status and seroconversion rate among the ethnic groups are related to the time/mode of HBV infection. The majority of children who developed anti-HBe immunity had biochemical remission, and a substantial number of the inactive carriers lost viremia during the observation period of up to 12 y.
authors.affiliation: Children's Unit of Preventive Medicine, Social Security Institute, Alexandroupolis, Greece. GZacharakis@yahoo.gr
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zacharakis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koskinas
authors.forename: Stamatia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kotsiou
authors.forename: Evaggelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pouliou
authors.forename: Menelaos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papoutselis
authors.forename: Fevronia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tzara
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vafeiadis
authors.forename: Eustratios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maltezos
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Archimandritis
authors.forename: Kostantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Papoutselis
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002835:Christianity; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012426:Russia / Q000208:ethnology