title: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: prevalence, diagnostic considerations, and controversies.
abstract: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) has been included as a formal diagnosis of a mood disorder in the appendix of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition in 1994. The ensuing, critical attention has resulted in increased research productivity and clinical recognition of this neglected women's health problem. A decade later, this paper will review the current literature on PMDD focusing on prevalence, biopsychosocial etiological correlates, history of the development of a formal DSM diagnosis, and the controversies surrounding the current classification of PMDD. The authors conclude that PMDD presents a distinct diagnostic entity and that recognition through formal diagnostic criteria serves the important minority of women who suffer from this cyclical mood disorder distinct from premenstrual symptoms and major depression.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Giulio
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Reissing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence