title: Investigation of the homogeneity of the distribution of sunscreen formulations on the human skin: characterization and comparison of two different methods.
abstract: The efficacy of sun protection, mostly realized by the application of sunscreen formulations, is commonly described by the sun protection factor (SPF). Previous investigations have shown that the efficacy of the sun protection inter alia depends on the homogeneity of the distribution of the topically applied sunscreen formulation on the human skin. Therefore, suitable methods are required to determine the homogeneity of topically applied substances on the skin surface. This study provides and compares two different methods, which enable this determination. Laser scanning microscopy allows the analysis of tape strips removed from skin treated with a sunscreen. These reflect the inhomogeneous distribution on the skin that can complementary be determined directly, utilizing a dermatological laser scanning microscope. For the second method, a chromatic confocal setup was utilized, which enables the study of the microtopography of skin replicas before and after the application of a sunscreen product. The two methods were applied for the evaluation of three different sunscreen formulations for each method. A correlation of the homogeneity of distribution with the in vivo SPF could be confirmed. Both methods are suitable to investigate the homogeneity of the tested sunscreen formulations, although they provide different advantages and disadvantages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Schumannstr. 20/21, 10098 Berlin, Germany. alexa.techmann@charite.de
authors.forename: Alexa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teichmann
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pissavini
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrero
authors.forename: Adeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dehais
authors.forename: Leonhard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zastrow
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lademann
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D046169:Dermoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D013473:Sunscreening Agents