title: Impact of emotional salience on episodic memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show episodic memory deficits especially in complex memory tasks. We investigated the neural correlates of memory formation in ADHD and their modulation by stimulus salience.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recorded event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging during an episodic memory paradigm with neutral and emotional pictures in 12 male ADHD subjects and 12 healthy adolescents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Emotional salience did significantly augment memory performance in ADHD patients. Successful encoding of neutral pictures was associated with activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in healthy adolescents but with activation of the superior parietal lobe (SPL) and precuneus in ADHD patients. Successful encoding of emotional pictures was associated with prefrontal and inferior temporal cortex activation in both groups. Healthy adolescents, moreover, showed deactivation in the inferior parietal lobe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From a pathophysiological point of view, the most striking functional differences between healthy adolescents and ADHD patients were in the ACC and SPL. We suggest that increased SPL activation in ADHD reflected attentional compensation for low ACC activation during the encoding of neutral pictures. The higher salience of emotional stimuli, in contrast, regulated the interplay between ACC and SPL in conjunction with improving memory to the level of healthy adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology II and Center for Advanced Imaging, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany. kerstin.krauel@medizin.uni-magdeburg.de
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krauel
authors.forename: Emrah
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Duzel
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hinrichs
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rellum
authors.forename: Lioba
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baving
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002531:Cerebellum; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014796:Visual Perception