Chronic inflammation: importance of NOD2 and NALP3 in interleukin-1beta generation.
Inflammation is part of the non-specific immune response that occurs in reaction to any type of bodily injury. In some disorders, the inflammatory process - which under normal conditions is self-limiting - becomes continuous and chronic inflammatory diseases might develop subsequently. Pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) represent a diverse collection of molecules responsible for sensing danger signals, and together with other immune components they are involved in the first line of defence. NALP3 and NOD2, which belong to a cytosolic subgroup of PRMs, dubbed Nod-like-receptors (NLRs), have been associated recently with inflammatory diseases, specifically Crohn's disease and Blau syndrome (NOD2) and familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle-Wells syndrome and chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular syndrome (NALP3). The exact effects of the defective proteins are not fully understood, but activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, transcription, production and secretion of interleukin (IL)-1beta and activation of the inflammasome are some of the processes that might hold clues, and the present review will provide a thorough update in this area.
Ferrero-Miliani
L
L
Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. lfm@humbio.dk
Nielsen
O H
OH
Andersen
P S
PS
Girardin
S E
SE
D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology
D002352:Carrier Proteins; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; C453881:NLRP3 protein, human; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein