title: Radiation exposure from diagnostic imaging in severely injured trauma patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trauma patients often require multiple imaging tests, including computed tomography (CT) scans. CT scanning, however, is associated with high-radiation doses. The purpose of this study was to measure the radiation doses trauma patients receive from diagnostic imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study was conducted from June 1, 2004 to March 31, 2005 at a Level I trauma center in Toronto, Canada. All trauma patients who arrived directly from the scene of injury and who survived to discharge were included. Three dosimeters were placed on each patient (neck, chest, and groin) before radiologic examination. Dosimeters were removed before discharge. Surface doses in millisieverts (mSv) at the neck, chest, and groin were measured. Total effective dose, thyroid, breast, and red bone marrow organ doses were then calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Trauma patients received a mean effective dose of 22.7 mSv. The standard "linear no threshold" (LNT) model used to extrapolate from effects observed at higher dose levels suggests that this would result in approximately 190 additional cancer deaths in a population of 100,000 individuals so exposed. In addition, the thyroid received a mean dose of 58.5 mSv. Therefore, 4.4 additional fatal thyroid cancers would be expected per 100,000 persons. In all, 22% of all patients had a thyroid dose of over 100 mSv (mean, 156.3 mSv), meaning 11.7 additional fatal thyroid cancers per 100,000 persons would result in this subgroup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trauma patients are exposed to significant radiation doses from diagnostic imaging, resulting in a small but measurable excess cancer risk. This small individual risk may become a greater public health issue as more CT examinations are performed. Unnecessary CT scans should be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Program and the Departments of Surgery Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. homer.tien@sunnybrook.ca
authors.forename: Homer C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Tien
authors.forename: Lorraine N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: Sandro B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Rizoli
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gelberg
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Curtis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: Frederick D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Brenneman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*