title: Pre-eclampsia but not pregnancy-induced hypertension is a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetic women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to study whether pre-eclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension are predictors of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetic women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 203 type 1 diabetic women, who were pregnant between 1988 and 1996 and followed at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Helsinki, were re-assessed after an average of 11 years within the nationwide, multi-centre Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study. Diabetic nephropathy was defined as microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria or end-stage renal disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with prior pre-eclampsia had diabetic nephropathy more often than patients with a normotensive pregnancy (diabetic nephropathy vs normal albumin excretion rate: 41.9% vs 8.9%; p<0.001), whereas patients with a history of pregnancy-induced hypertension did not (10.3% vs 8.9%; p=0.81). CHD was more prevalent in patients with a history of pre-eclampsia than in patients with a normotensive pregnancy (12.2% vs. 2.2%; p=0.03). Pre-eclampsia (odds ratio [OR] 7.7, 95% CI 1.6-36.1; p=0.01) and HbA(1c) (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.8; p<0.05) were associated with incident diabetic nephropathy even when adjusted for follow-up time, BMI, smoking, diabetes duration and age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that a history of pre-eclamptic pregnancy but not pregnancy-induced hypertension is associated with an elevated risk of diabetic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gordin
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hiilesmaa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fagerudd
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rönnback
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Forsblom
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaaja
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Teramo
authors.forename: P-H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Groop
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin