title: The enumeration of chlorine-injured Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis is enhanced under conditions where reactive oxygen species are neutralized.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS-neutralized conditions) on the enumeration of chlorine-injured Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis using selective and nonselective media.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pure cultures of E. coli NCTC8912 and Ent. faecalis NCTC775 were injured using dilute sodium hypochlorite, at free chlorine levels of 0.6 and 0.9 microg ml(-1), respectively, and then enumerated at 37 degrees C by surface plate counts on nonselective nutrient (N) agar and on several selective media, either under (i) standard aerobic conditions; (ii) aerobic conditions using growth medium, supplemented with 0.05%-w/v sodium pyruvate, to neutralize peroxides; or (iii) conditions designed to neutralize ROS, using a combination of 0.05%-w/v sodium pyruvate in the growth medium, together with incubation in an anaerobic jar.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The counts obtained on the nonselective medium were lowest under aerobic conditions in unsupplemented medium, higher in pyruvate-supplemented (peroxide-neutralized) medium and highest for ROS-neutralized conditions. Counts for the selective media were often lower than those for nonselective N (nutrient) agar, with enhancement under peroxide-neutralized conditions and a further increase in counts under ROS-neutralized conditions. Broadly similar observations were made for three other strains of each organism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chlorine-injured E. coli and Ent. faecalis become sensitive to ROS, giving higher counts under ROS-neutralized enumeration conditions than under conventional aerobic conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The enhancement in counts observed under ROS-neutralized conditions indicate that the addition of pyruvate to the growth medium may not fully counteract the effects of sublethal injury under aerobic conditions, which is a novel observation. Thus, ROS-neutralized conditions may be required for optimal enumeration of faecal indicator bacteria. Furthermore, the lower counts, obtained using selective media indicate that the sensitivity of chlorine-injured bacteria to selective agents is not necessarily reversed under ROS-neutralized conditions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chhibber
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Reed
mesh_terms: D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003470:Culture Media; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002713:Chlorine