title: A new simple method with high precision for determining the toxicity of antifouling paints on brine shrimp larvae (Artemia): first results.
abstract: The use of antifouling paints is the only truly effective method for the protection of underwater structures from the development of fouling organisms. In the present study, the surface to volume concept constitutes the basis for the development of a new and improved method for determining the toxicity of antifouling paints on marine organisms. Particular emphasis is placed on the attainment of a standardized uniformity of coated surfaces. Failure to control the thickness of the coat of paint in previous studies of this type, has led to inaccurate evaluation of the relative toxicity of samples. Herein, an attempt is made to solve this problem using a simple technique which gives completely uniform and smooth surfaces. The effectiveness of this technique is assessed through two series of experiments using two different types of test containers: 50 ml modified syringes and 7 ml multiwells. The results of the toxicity experiments follow a normal distribution around the average value which allows to consider these values as reliable for comparison of the level of toxic effect detected with the two types of test containers. The mean lethal concentration L(S/V)(50) in the test series conducted in the multiwells (20.38 mm(2)ml(-1)) does not differ significantly from that obtained in the test series using modified syringes (20.065 mm(2)ml(-1)). It can thus be concluded from this preliminary study that the new method and the two different ways of exposing the test organisms to the antifouling paints and their leachates gave reliable and replicable results.
authors.affiliation: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Biology, Sector of Zoology and Marine Biology, University Campus, Athens 157 84, Greece. lyeco@hotmail.com <lyeco@hotmail.com>
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castritsi-Catharios
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bourdaniotis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Persoone
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects*; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D010150:Paint / Q000633:toxicity*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D013861:Thiocyanates; C016370:dichlofluanid; D003300:Copper; C028631:cuprous thiocyanate; C000520:cuprous oxide