title: Reliability and validity of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Clinical Rating Scale: a pilot study for the hallux and lesser toes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of clinical outcomes instruments is essential for the effective interpretation of individual patient progress as well as the comparison of treatment groups. An outcomes instrument must be reliable and valid to obtain any meaningful data. The purpose of the present study was to examine the reliability and validity of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) clinical rating scale for the hallux metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal and lesser toes metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal joints.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients (one man, 10 women) with an average age of 54 (range 40 to 72) years and with classic rheumatoid arthritis not currently treated for foot complaints were enrolled in the present study. The average duration of rheumatoid arthritis was 14 years. Each patient completed a set of two outcomes instruments and had a physical examination by a single clinician at the initial visit and returned at 1 week for completion of the same scales and examination. The outcomes scales used were the AOFAS clinical rating scale for the hallux, the AOFAS clinical rating scale for the lesser toes, and the previously validated Foot Function Index (FFI). Test-retest reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients between week 1 and week 2 for the summary scores as well as for the subscales of pain and activity. Consistency between the two instruments was evaluated with Pearson correlation coefficients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AOFAS clinical rating scale for the hallux and lesser toes is repeatable between 1-week trials (ICC 0.95; p < 0.05; ICC 0.80; p < 0.05, respectively). Moderately strong correlations were found between the mean values for the AOFAS hallux and FFI (r = -0.81; p < 0.05). Weaker correlations were seen between the mean values for the AOFAS lesser toes and FFI scales (r = -0.69; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hallux subscale for pain correlates strongly with the FFI subscale for pain, suggesting high content validity (r = -0.94; p < 0.001). Ceiling effects were seen with the AOFAS lesser toe subscale for activity, limiting its usefulness in a general patient population. The AOFAS lesser toe subscale for pain and the AOFAS hallux subscale for activity correlated weakly with the FFI values (r = -0.31; r = -0.37; p > 0.05, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the AOFAS hallux and lesser toe scales were found to be reliable in a rheumatoid patient population, their validity remains in question. These findings must be confirmed with larger subject numbers, with the inclusion of symptomatic patients before recommended routine use of the hallux clinical rating and lesser toe clinical rating scales.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. judy_baumhauer@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Judith F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Baumhauer
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Nawoczenski
authors.forename: Benedict F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: DiGiovanni
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Wilding
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006214:Hallux / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000379:methods*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D010146:Pain; D010808:Physical Examination; D010865:Pilot Projects; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012955:Societies, Medical; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014034:Toes / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014481:United States