title: Pharmacologic therapies for complex regional pain syndrome.
abstract: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) remains a challenging condition to diagnose and treat. There are few large-scale, randomized trials of pharmacologic agents, and most published studies are small, uncontrolled, or presented only in abstract form at meetings. The most commonly used agents, such as anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and opiates, have been found to be useful for other neuropathic pain conditions in large-scale trials but have not been adequately studied in CRPS. Systemic steroids delivered by multiple routes continue to be used, with some good evidence for short-term administration. N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists have recently gained in popularity, without evidence from well-controlled trials. Bisphosphonates have been well studied and offer promise. In addition, there has been interest in thalidomide; however, we are still awaiting well-controlled trials. This article presents an overview of the available data regarding pharmacologic therapies for CRPS. These agents should be used in conjunction with a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach aimed at functional restoration and improved quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, 780 Welch Road #208, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. smackey@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mackey
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feinberg
mesh_terms: D018663:Adrenergic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020918:Complex Regional Pain Syndromes / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018663:Adrenergic Agents; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D013792:Thalidomide