title: Upper extremity interaction with a helicopter side airbag: injury criteria for dynamic hyperextension of the female elbow joint.
abstract: This paper describes a three part analysis to characterize the interaction between the female upper extremity and a helicopter cockpit side airbag system and to develop dynamic hyperextension injury criteria for the female elbow joint. Part I involved a series of 10 experiments with an original Army Black Hawk helicopter side airbag. A 5(th) percentile female Hybrid III instrumented upper extremity was used to demonstrate side airbag upper extremity loading. Two out of the 10 tests resulted in high elbow bending moments of 128 Nm and 144 Nm. Part II included dynamic hyperextension tests on 24 female cadaver elbow joints. The energy source was a drop tower utilizing a three-point bending configuration to apply elbow bending moments matching the previously conducted side airbag tests. Post-test necropsy showed that 16 of the 24 elbow joint tests resulted in injuries. Injury severity ranged from minor cartilage damage to more moderate joint dislocations and severe transverse fractures of the distal humerus. Peak elbow bending moments ranged from 42.4 Nm to 146.3 Nm. Peak bending moment proved to be a significant indicator of any elbow injury (p = 0.02) as well as elbow joint dislocation (p = 0.01). Logistic regression analyses were used to develop single and multiple variate injury risk functions. Using peak moment data for the entire test population, a 50% risk of obtaining any elbow injury was found at 56 Nm while a 50% risk of sustaining an elbow joint dislocation was found at 93 Nm for the female population. These results indicate that the peak elbow bending moments achieved in Part I are associated with a greater than 90% risk for elbow injury. Subsequently, the airbag was re-designed in an effort to mitigate this as well as the other upper extremity injury risks. Part III assessed the redesigned side airbag module to ensure injury risks had been reduced prior to implementing the new system. To facilitate this, 12 redesigned side airbag deployments were conducted using the same procedures as Part I. Results indicate that the re-designed side airbag has effectively mitigated elbow injury risks induced by the original side airbag design. It is anticipated that this study will provide researchers with additional injury criteria for assessing upper extremity injury risk caused by both military and automotive side airbag deployments.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Tech - Wake Forest, Center for Injury Biomechanics.
authors.forename: Stefan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Duma
authors.forename: Gail A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Amber L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Rath
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McNally
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kemper
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: P Gunnar
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Brolinson
authors.forename: Joel D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Stitzel
authors.forename: Martin B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Cameron R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: Frederick T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Brozoski
authors.forename: B Joseph
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: McEntire
authors.forename: Nabih M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Alem
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Crowley