title: Increased levels of circulating soluble CD14 but not CD83 in infants are associated with early intestinal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Soluble forms of the monocyte marker CD14 and the mature dendritic cell marker CD83 are plasma proteins with immunoregulatory functions. The physiological stimulus for their production is unclear and their possible role in allergy development is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the plasma levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14) and soluble CD83 (sCD83) in 64 Swedish children in relation to intestinal bacterial colonization pattern in a prospective birth cohort. Soluble CD14 and sCD83 levels were quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in plasma obtained at birth and at 4, 18 and 36 months of age. All major aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were quantified in faecal samples obtained regularly over the first 8 weeks of life. Clinical allergy and IgE levels were evaluated at 18 months of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Soluble CD14 in plasma increased during the first 18 months of life while sCD83 peaked at 4 months of age. Children who were perinatally colonized with Staphylococcus aureus had significantly higher levels of sCD14 in plasma at 4 months of age relative to non-colonized children. The levels of sCD14 were unrelated to colonization with Escherichia coli, other enterobacteria, enterococci, clostridia, Bacteroides, bifidobacteria or lactobacilli. Further, children with food allergy by 18 months tended to have lower levels of sCD14 than healthy children. Plasma levels of sCD83 were not related to either bacterial colonization pattern or allergy development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perinatal colonization with S. aureus may trigger the occurrence of sCD14 in plasma, which may influence development of the infantile immune system and risk of allergy development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahigrenska Adademy, Göteborg, Sweden. anna-carin.lundell@rheuma.gu.se
authors.forename: A-C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lundell
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Adlerberth
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ekberg
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saalman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hock
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steinkasserer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hesselmar
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wold
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rudin
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000097:blood*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D000097802:CD83 Antigen
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015415:Biomarkers; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D000097802:CD83 Antigen