title: Non-genomic transgenerational inheritance of disease risk.
abstract: That there is a heritable or familial component of susceptibility to chronic non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease is well established, but there is increasing evidence that some elements of such heritability are transmitted non-genomically and that the processes whereby environmental influences act during early development to shape disease risk in later life can have effects beyond a single generation. Such heritability may operate through epigenetic mechanisms involving regulation of either imprinted or non-imprinted genes but also through broader mechanisms related to parental physiology or behaviour. We review evidence and potential mechanisms for non-genomic transgenerational inheritance of 'lifestyle' disease and propose that the 'developmental origins of disease' phenomenon is a maladaptive consequence of an ancestral mechanism of developmental plasticity that may have had adaptive value in the evolution of generalist species such as Homo sapiens.
authors.affiliation: Liggins Institute and National Research Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gluckman
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Beedle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004194:Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D012306:Risk