title: Adolescent passengers of drunk drivers: a multi-level exploration into the inequities of risk and safety.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study determined the individual-, neighbourhood- and provincial-level effects of rural residence, socio-economic status (SES), substance use and driving behaviours on adolescents' riding with a drunk driver (RDD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Multi-level study based on cross-sectional self-reported anonymous data from the Student Drug Use Survey in the Atlantic Provinces (SDUSAP) and Census Canada data, merged on the postal code of participating schools. The sample design of the SDUSAP was a single-stage cluster sample of randomly selected classes stratified by grade and region.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Atlantic provinces of Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 12 990 students in junior and senior high schools, with an average age of 15 years, participated in the 2002 SDUSAP.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcome variable was past-year RDD. The main individual-level independent variables were SES, rural residence, substance use and driving behaviours. The school-neighbourhood independent variables were the prevalence of heavy episodic drinking, driving under the influence of alcohol, driver's licence, highest level of educational attainment and low income.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of RDD was 23.3% in 2002. Among students in grades 9-12, lower family SES, rural residence, substance use and driving under the influence were found to be independent individual-level risk factors for RDD; having a driver's licence was found to be protective. At the provincial and school-neighbourhood levels, a high prevalence of driving under the influence of alcohol and low educational attainment were found to be independent risk factors for RDD after taking into account individual characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that inequities exist in the options for adolescents to be ensured of passenger safety, and that interventions aimed at decreasing the extent to which adolescents engage in riding with a drunk driver should be based on conceptual approaches that recognize ecological factors as well as individual-level susceptibility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. christiane.poulin@dal.ca
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poulin
authors.forename: Brock
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boudreau
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asbridge
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000293:Adolescent; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012449:Safety; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013334:Students; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology*