title: Rhinitis medicamentosa: electron microscopic changes of human nasal mucosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prolonged application of nasal vasoconstrictors causes rhinitis medicamentosa (RM). Nasal obstruction is induced by rebound swelling when the decongestive effect has disappeared. The aim of this study was to demonstrate ultrastructural changes in RM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue samples of inferior turbinates from 22 patients with RM and 10 patients without rhinitis were taken during nasal surgery. Ultrathin sections were investigated by using a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TEM findings revealed severe epithelial damages such as loss of ciliated cells. In the subepithelial region, the vascular endothelium showed gaps and ruptures of basal lamina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RM is a drug-induced damage of human nasal mucosa. Loss and destruction of ciliated epithelial cells are the morphologic correlation of the disturbed mucociliary clearance. In addition, vascular endothelium revealed ultrastructural changes. This could be caused by an increased vascular permeability with consecutive interstitial edema.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated new morphological aspects of rhinitis medicamentosa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Germany. stephan.knipping@medizin.uni-halle.de
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knipping
authors.forename: Hans Juergen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Holzhausen
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goetze
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riederer
authors.forename: Marc Boris
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Bloching
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents