title: Limitations of laparoscopy for bilateral nephrectomy for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We retrospectively studied outcomes following bilateral hand assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 18 patients with symptomatic autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease who underwent bilateral hand assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy. Preoperative radiographic imaging was reviewed retrospectively to determine kidney size based on an ellipsoid shape. A visual analog pain scale with scores of 0 to 10 to assess pain related to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease was measured preoperatively and postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average patient age was 48.2 years (range 30 to 64). Of the patients 14 successfully underwent bilateral hand assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy, while 4 required open conversion. A total of 16 patients underwent nephrectomy for pain and 2 underwent surgery for frequent recurrent symptomatic urinary tract infections. All patients except 1 underwent renal transplantation before bilateral nephrectomy. There was a significant difference in the volume of the right and left kidneys between the hand assisted laparoscopic and open groups (mean +/- SD 1,043 +/- 672 and 1,058 +/- 603.8 vs 4,052 +/- 548 and 3,592 +/- 1,752 cm(3), p <0.001 and 0.06 respectively). There were 5 complications, including wound infection and protracted ileus in 2 patients each, and incisional hernia in 1. In addition, the difference in mean preoperative and postoperative visual analog pain scores was statistically significant (6.9, range 3 to 10 and 0.5, range 0 to 2, p <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bilateral laparoscopic hand assisted nephrectomy is a safe and reliable option in patients requiring removal of the 2 kidneys in a single setting. Rather than performing staged nephrectomies, hand assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy allows the single administration of general anesthesia and provides effective relief of bothersome symptoms in patients with symptomatic autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. This procedure is safe in patients with renal transplants. Patients with massive polycystic kidneys with a kidney volume of greater than 3,500 cc are at increased risk for open conversion and they may have improved outcomes if open nephrectomy is attempted from the outset.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5289, USA.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lipke
authors.forename: Vladislav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bargman
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milgrom
authors.forename: Chandru P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Sundaram
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D016891:Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies