title: Constitutive histone H2AX phosphorylation and ATM activation are strongly amplified during mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We recently postulated that constitutive activation of Ataxia Telangiectasia, Mutated (CAA) and constitutive histone H2AX phosphorylation (CHP) seen in cells not treated with genotoxic agents are the events triggered by DNA damage caused by endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), the product of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. The aim of this study was to seek further evidence in support of this postulate, namely to test whether the levels of CAA and CHP correlate with cells metabolic activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood lymphocytes are non-cycling (G(0)) cells characterized by minimal rate of oxidative metabolism. A dramatic rise in transcriptional and translational activity, an increase in number of mitochondria, and induction of DNA replication, occur during their mitogenic stimulation. This classic model of cell activation was chosen to study a possible correlation between CAA and CHP versus metabolic activity and generation of ROS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of CAA and CHP in lymphocytes were increased many-fold during their stimulation. This increase was paralleled by the rise in extent of endogenously generated ROS. The growth of stimulated lymphocytes in the presence glucose antimetabolite 2-deoxy-D-glucose led to markedly lowered translational activity, decreased ROS generation and correspondingly attenuated CHA and CAA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data are consistent with our postulate that CHP and CAA report DNA damage by endogenous oxidants whose level correlates with metabolic activity. Because cumulative DNA damage by ROS generated via oxidative metabolism is considered the key mechanism responsible for cell ageing and senescence the data imply that these processes are delayed in G(0) quiescent lymphocytes or stem cells as compared with proliferating cells.
authors.affiliation: Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kajstura
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Halicka
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Traganos
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Darzynkiewicz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C468783:H2AX protein, human; D006657:Histones; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D012313:RNA; D004247:DNA; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases