title: A long-term "memory" of HIF induction in response to chronic mild decreased oxygen after oxygen normalization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is functionally characterized by decreased vasorelaxation, increased thrombosis, increased inflammation, and altered angiogenic potential, has been intimately associated with the progression and severity of cardiovascular disease. Patients with compromised cardiac function oftentimes have a state of chronic mild decreased oxygen at the level of the vasculature and organs, which has been shown to exacerbate ED. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is a transcription factor complex shown to be the master regulator of the cellular response to decreased oxygen levels and many HIF target genes have been shown to be associated with ED.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human endothelial and aortic smooth muscle cells were exposed either to A) normoxia (21% O2) for three weeks, or to B) mild decreased oxygen (15% O2) for three weeks to mimic blood oxygen levels in patients with heart failure, or to C) mild decreased oxygen for two weeks followed by one week of normoxia ("memory" treatment). Levels of HIF signaling genes (HIF-1alpha, HIF-2alpha, VEGF, BNIP3, GLUT-1, PAI-1 and iNOS) were measured both at the protein and mRNA levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that chronic exposure to mild decreased oxygen resulted in significantly increased HIF signaling. There was also a "memory" of HIF-1alpha and HIF target gene induction when oxygen levels were normalized for one week, and this "memory" could be interrupted by adding a small molecule HIF inhibitor to the last week of normalized oxygen. Finally, levels of ubiquitylated HIF-1alpha were reduced in response to chronic mild decreased oxygen and were not full restored after oxygen normalization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that HIF signaling may be contributing to the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and that normalization of oxygen levels may not be enough to reduce vascular stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. shekhar-kamat@ouhsc.edu <shekhar-kamat@ouhsc.edu>
authors.forename: Chandrashekhar D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kamat
authors.forename: Jessica E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Thorpe
authors.forename: Satyendra S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shenoy
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceriello
authors.forename: Dixy E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Warnke
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ihnat
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta / Q000502:physiology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / Q000502:physiology*; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000502:physiology; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000502:physiology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D018046:Protein C Inhibitor / Q000502:physiology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C090121:BNIP3 protein, human; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D018046:Protein C Inhibitor; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D010100:Oxygen