title: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression in rheumatoid synoviocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to investigate the regulation of VEGF-C production by major proinflammatory cytokines in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The concentrations of VEGF-C, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) were measured using an ELISA method in synovial fluids obtained from 20 patients with RA and 20 with osteoarthritis (OA). Primary cultured RA FLS were stimulated with TNF-alpha or IL-1beta, and the expression levels of VEGF-C mRNA and protein were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly higher levels of VEGF-C were found in RA synovial fluids compared to OA synovial fluids. VEGF-C levels showed a highly significant correlation with the levels of both TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in the synovial fluid of patients with RA. TNF-alpha stimulation significantly increased VEGF-C mRNA and protein expression in RA FLS in a dose-dependent manner. A tendency to increased expression of VEGF-C was also observed after IL-1beta stimulation in FLS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overexpression of VEGF-C in FLS by stimulation with TNF-alpha may play an important role in the progression of synovial inflammation and hyperplasia in RA by contributing to local lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hoon-Suk
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Eun-Kyung
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Jay-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Ji-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Chan Hong
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Kwang-Sung
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Jinseok
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Eun-Mi
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Koh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology*; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C