title: Multiple bombesin-like peptides with opposite functions from skin of Odorrana grahami.
abstract: Bombesin-like peptides (BLPs) are a family of neuroendocrinic peptides that mediate a variety of biological activities. Three mature BLPs from the skin secretions of the frog Odorrana grahami were purified. Several bombesin-like peptide cDNA sequences encoding precursors of BLPs were identified from the skin cDNA library of O. grahami. This is the maximal diversity of BLPs ever found in animals. Five mature BLPs (B1-B5) based on the amino acid sequences derived from the cDNA cloning were synthesized. In the in vitro myotropic contraction experiment, all synthesized BLPs displayed a stimulating effect toward rat stomach strips, except B4 and B5 which showed the opposite effect, suggesting that certain BLPs may act as antagonists of bombesin receptors while most other BLPs act as agonists. This finding will facilitate the finding of novel bombesin receptors and novel ligands of bombesin receptors. The diversity of amphibian BLPs and their precursors were also analyzed and results suggest that amphibian BLPs and corresponding precursors of various sizes and processing patterns can be used as markers of taxonomic and molecular phylogenetics. The remarkable similarity of preproregions gives rise to very different BLPs and 3'-terminal regions in distantly related frog species, suggesting that the corresponding genes form a multigene family originating from a common ancestor. The diversification of BLP loci could thus be part of an evolutionary strategy developed by amphibian species as a result of shifts to novel ecological niches when environmental factors change rapidly.
authors.affiliation: Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
authors.forename: Jianxu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Haining
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Xueqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Dajun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ren
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D029845:Amphibian Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000378:metabolism*; D001839:Bombesin / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010455:Peptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D029845:Amphibian Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D010455:Peptides; D001839:Bombesin