title: Predictive measures of directional benefit part 1: estimating the directivity index on a manikin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this investigation, a method for computing a directivity index (DI) on a manikin for directional microphones in hearing aids was proposed and evaluated comparatively to other conventional methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Test devices included first- and second-order directional microphones. Signal presentation, implemented in an anechoic chamber, involved a single noise source rotated completely around the directional microphone in a hearing aid, in free field and on a manikin, at a defined radius. The area covered was equivalent to the approximate surface area of a sphere. It was anticipated that an equal angular resolution of 10 degrees (elevation and azimuth) would effectively estimate the DI of first-, second-, and higher-order directional microphone systems located in a hearing aid on a manikin. A total of 450 spatially varied presentation points were analyzed, each weighted in reference to direction of arrival on the directional microphone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Empiric differences between the DI derived from the 3D-DI method proposed in this investigation and the conventionally derived 2D-DI method DI on a manikin were as large as 3.8 dB in the higher frequencies, depending on the device under test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The magnitude of these differences was dependent on the device under test microphone location. The further the microphone was placed into the ear of the manikin, the larger the empiric differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA. adittberner@gnresound.com
authors.forename: Andrew B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Dittberner
authors.forename: Ruth A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bentler
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000162:Acoustics; D000669:Amplifiers, Electronic; D004867:Equipment Design; D006310:Hearing Aids / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008348:Manikins; D008962:Models, Theoretical