title: Sp1 is essential for p16 expression in human diploid fibroblasts during senescence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  p16(INK4a) tumor suppressor protein has been widely proposed to mediate entrance of the cells into the senescent stage. Promoter of p16(INK4a) gene contains at least five putative GC boxes, named GC-I to V, respectively. Our previous data showed that a potential Sp1 binding site, within the promoter region from -466 to -451, acts as a positive transcription regulatory element. These results led us to examine how Sp1 and/or Sp3 act on these GC boxes during aging in cultured human diploid fibroblasts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mutagenesis studies revealed that GC-I, II and IV, especially GC-II, are essential for p16(INK4a) gene expression in senescent cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and ChIP assays demonstrated that both Sp1 and Sp3 bind to these elements and the binding activity is enhanced in senescent cells. Ectopic overexpression of Sp1, but not Sp3, induced the transcription of p16(INK4a). Both Sp1 RNAi and Mithramycin, a DNA intercalating agent that interferes with Sp1 and Sp3 binding activities, reduced p16(INK4a) gene expression. In addition, the enhanced binding of Sp1 to p16(INK4a) promoter during cellular senescence appeared to be the result of increased Sp1 binding affinity, not an alteration in Sp1 protein level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All these results suggest that GC- II is the key site for Sp1 binding and increase of Sp1 binding activity rather than protein levels contributes to the induction of p16(INK4a) expression during cell aging.
authors.affiliation: Peking University Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Junfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Lixiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Mo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Zongyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wengong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tanjun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tong
mesh_terms: D001482:Base Composition; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000502:physiology*; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D034622:RNA Interference; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D001616:beta-Galactosidase