title: BMI and retinal vascular caliber in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In adult populations, changes in retinal vascular caliber have been linked with obesity and metabolic syndrome. We examined the association of BMI and weight with retinal vascular caliber in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a school-based, cross-sectional study of 768 children, 7 to 9 years old, randomly sampled from the Singapore Cohort Study of the Risk Factors for Myopia. Participants had digital retinal photographs. Retinal vascular caliber was measured using a computer-based program and combined to provide average calibers of arterioles and venules in that eye. Weight and height were measured using standardized protocol. These data were used to calculate BMI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this population, the mean retinal arteriolar and venular calibers were 156.40 microm [95% confidence interval (CI), 155.44 to 157.36] and 225.43 microm (95% CI, 224.10 to 226.74) respectively. After controlling for age, gender, race, parental monthly income, axial length, birth weight, and birth length, each 3.1 kg/m2 (standard deviation) increase in BMI was associated with a 2.55-microm (95% CI, 1.21 to 3.89; p < 0.001) larger retinal venular caliber. In multivariable analysis, greater weight was also significantly associated with larger retinal venular caliber. BMI and weight were not associated with retinal arteriolar caliber. Height was not significantly associated with retinal arteriolar or venular caliber.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater BMI and weight are associated with larger retinal venular caliber in healthy children.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, 32 Gisborne Street, Victoria 3002, Australia.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Seang Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.forename: F M Amirul
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: Sophie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Anoop
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: de Haseth
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Tien Yin
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D001160:Arterioles / Q000473:pathology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009216:Myopia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010781:Photography; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000473:pathology*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D012169:Retinal Vein / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012846:Singapore; D014699:Venules / Q000473:pathology