title: The effectiveness of the stereomicroscopic evaluation of embryo quality in vitrified-warmed porcine blastocysts: an ultrastructural and cell death study.
abstract: The objective of this study was to analyze the validity of the stereomicroscopic evaluation of vitrified-warmed (V-W) porcine blastocysts. Unhatched blastocysts were obtained from Large-white gilts (n=10). Blastocysts (n=156) were vitrified using the Open Pulled Straw technology. After warming, V-W blastocysts were cultured for 24h (V24). Then, their developmental progression was morphologically assessed by stereomicroscopy and classified as: V24 viable re-expanded blastocysts; V24 viable hatched blastocysts or V24 degenerated. Blastocysts which re-expanded or hatched after warming were considered viable. Some fresh blastocysts were not vitrified and were evaluated after 24h in culture (F24). By stereomicroscopic analysis all the fresh blastocysts were considered viable. Some F24, V24 re-expanded viable, V24 hatched viable and V24 degenerated blastocysts were processed for transmission electron microscopy (n=13, 19, 9 and 9, respectively) or assessed by TUNEL for cell-death evaluation (n=16, 21, 11 and 21, respectively). All V24 hatched blastocysts showed similar ultrastructure to fresh blastocysts. However, some V24 re-expanded blastocysts considered viable (6/19) revealed ultrastructural alterations. Degenerated V24 blastocysts showed ultrastructural disintegration. Hatched V24 blastocysts did not differ (p>0.05) from F24 hatched blastocysts with regard to the ratio of dead cells (2.8+/-0.5% versus 1.9+/-0.3%, respectively). However, V24 expanded blastocysts had higher (p<0.01) cell death levels (4.3+/-3.4%) than those observed in the F24 expanded blastocysts (1.1+/-0.3%). The degenerated blastocysts showed the highest cell-death index (19.4+/-6.3%). In summary, V-W blastocyst hatching during in vitro culture appears to coincide with good ultrastructure and low cell-death index, suggesting that the hatching rate assessed by stereomicroscopy is more appropriate than embryo re-expansion for an evaluation of V-W blastocyst quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Murcia E-30071, Spain. ccuello@um.es
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cuello
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berthelot
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Delaleu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Venturi
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Pastor
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vazquez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roca
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martinat-Botté
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000662:veterinary; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D013552:Swine / Q000196:embryology*