title: Sources of axonal calcium loading during in vitro ischemia of rat dorsal roots.
abstract: A detailed understanding of injury mechanisms in peripheral nerve fibers will help guide successful design of therapies for peripheral neuropathies. This study was therefore undertaken to examine the ionic mechanisms of Ca2+ overload in peripheral myelinated fibers subjected to chemical inhibition of energy metabolism. Myelinated axons from rat dorsal roots were co-loaded with Ca2+-sensitive (Oregon Green BAPTA-1) and Ca2+-insensitive (Alexa Fluor 594) dextran-conjugated fluorophores and imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Axoplasmic regions were clearly outlined by the Ca2+-insensitive dye, from which axonal Ca2+-dependent fluorescence changes (FCa.ax) were measured. Block of Na+-K+ ATPase (ouabain), opening of Na+ channels (veratridine), and inhibiting energy metabolism (iodoacetate + NaN3) caused a rapid rise in FCa.ax to 96% above control after 30 min. Chemical ischemia (iodoacetate + NaN3) caused a more gradual increase in FCa.ax (54%), which was almost completely dependent on bath Ca2+, indicating that most of the Ca2+ accumulation occurred via influx across the axolemma. Na+ channel block (tetrodotoxin) reduced ischemic FCa.ax rise (14%); however, inhibition of L-type Ca2+ channels (nimodipine) had no effect (60%). In contrast, Na+-Ca2+ exchange inhibition (KB-R7943) significantly reduced ischemic FCa.ax rise (18%). Together our results indicate that the bulk of Ca2+ overload in injured peripheral myelinated axons occurs via reverse Na+-Ca2+ exchange, driven by axonal Na+ accumulation through voltage-gated tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ channels. This mechanism may represent a viable therapeutic target for peripheral neuropathies.
authors.affiliation: Ottawa Health Research Institute, Division of Neuroscience, University of Ottawa, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4K9, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicolae
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Petrescu
authors.forename: Ileana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Micu
authors.forename: Sameh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malek
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ouardouz
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Stys
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007511:Ischemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014855:Wallerian Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D015222:Sodium Channels; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D012964:Sodium; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D002118:Calcium