title: Racial microaggressions and the Asian American experience.
abstract: Racial microaggressions were examined through a focus group analysis of 10 self-identified Asian American participants using a semistructured interview and brief demographic questionnaire. Results identified 8 major microaggressive themes directed toward this group: (a) alien in own land, (b) ascription of intelligence, (c) exoticization of Asian women, (d) invalidation of interethnic differences, (e) denial of racial reality, (f) pathologizing cultural values/communication styles, (g) second class citizenship, and (h) invisibility. A ninth category, "undeveloped incidents/responses" was used to categorize microaggressions that were mentioned by only a few members. There were strong indications that the types of subtle racism directed at Asian Americans may be qualitatively and quantitatively different from other marginalized groups. Implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Teachers College, Columbia University, Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, New York, NY 10027, USA. dw2020@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Derald Wing
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Sue
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bucceri
authors.forename: Annie I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Nadal
authors.forename: Gina C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Torino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D011287:Prejudice; D012929:Psychological Distance; D012928:Social Desirability; D013240:Stereotyping; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires