title: The psychological effects of stillbirth and neonatal death on fathers: systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the available evidence on the psychological effects of perinatal death on fathers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic search of CINAHL, MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases from 1966-2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  papers describing at least one psychological outcome for fathers who had experienced stillbirth or neonatal death.
  
  
  METHODS
  papers not in English, dissertations, reviews, books without original data, intervention studies, studies of parents without separate results for fathers, studies where perinatal loss was not distinguished from other losses, first person accounts of a single experience, studies reporting on fewer than five fathers. Seventy-seven potential papers were obtained and screened by two authors. Seventeen studies were included. Study quality was rated using a checklist and main findings were summarized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quality of methodology varied. Qualitative studies described classical grief responses, but less guilt than mothers. Fathers described experiences related to their social role and potential conflict between grieving couples. Quantitative research reported symptoms of anxiety and depression, but at a lower level than mothers. Fathers may develop post-traumatic stress disorder following stillbirth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Case prevalence of psychological disorders is unknown. More good quality research is needed. The social role of fathers as carers for their partners needs recognition when planning care for bereaved families.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK. wbadenho@sgul.ac.uk
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Badenhorst
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riches
authors.forename: Penelope
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Turton
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001293:Attitude to Death; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000523:psychology*