title: Denitrification and the nitrogen budget of a reservoir in an agricultural landscape.
abstract: Denitrification is an important process in aquatic sediments, but its role has not been assessed in the N mass balance of upper-Midwestern (USA) reservoirs that receive large agricultural riverine N inputs. We used a 4400-ha reservoir to determine the role of denitrification in the N mass balance and effectiveness in reducing downstream transport of NO(3-)N. Sediment denitrification was (1) measured monthly (March 2002-March 2003) at eight sites in the Lake Shelbyville reservoir in central Illinois using the acetylene inhibition, chloramphenicol technique, (2) scaled to the overall reservoir and compared to N not accounted for in a mass balance, and (3) estimated indirectly using long-term (1981-2003) mass balances of N in the reservoir. Denitrification rates in the reservoir were high during spring and early summer of 2002, when maximum NO(3-)N concentrations were measured (10-14 mg NO(3-)N/L). We estimated that denitrification for the year was between 2580 and 5150 Mg N. Missing N from the mass balance was 3004 Mg N, suggesting that sediment denitrification was the sink. Areal rates of sediment denitrification in the reservoir ranged from 62 to 225 g N x m(-2) x yr(-1), with rates a function of both denitrification intensity (microg N x g dry mass x h(-1)) and the overall mass of sediment present. From 1981 to 2003 the average NO(3-)N inlet flux was 8900 Mg N/yr. About 58% of the total NO(3-)N input was removed, and annual NO(3-)N removed as a percentage of inputs was significantly related to reservoir retention time (average = 0.36 yr for the 23 years, range = 0.21-0.84 yr). By scaling denitrification in Lake Shelbyville to other reservoirs in Illinois, we estimated a sink of 48900 Mg N/yr. When combined with estimated in-stream denitrification, 60900 Mg N/yr was estimated to be removed by sediment denitrification. This reduces riverine export from Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico, where the flux during the 1990s was about 244000 Mg N/yr, and illustrates the importance of reservoir denitrification as an N sink in Midwestern agricultural landscapes.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, W-503 Turner Hall, 1102 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana 61801, USA. mbdavid@uiuc.edu
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: Lareina G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Todd V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Royer
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tank
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis; D007087:Illinois; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D009584:Nitrogen