title: Antibiotic efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria: the inhibitor response strategy.
abstract: After several decades of continuously successful antibiotic therapy against bacterial infections, we are now facing a worrying prospect: the accelerated evolution of antibiotic resistance to important human pathogens and the scarcity of new anti-infective drug families under development. Efflux is a general mechanism responsible for bacterial resistance to antibiotics. This active drug transport is involved in low intrinsic susceptibility, cross-resistance to chemically unrelated classes of molecules, and selection/acquisition of additional mechanisms of resistance. Thus, inhibition of bacterial efflux mechanisms appears to be a promising target in order to (i) increase the intracellular concentration of antibiotics that are expelled by efflux pumps, (ii) restore the drug susceptibility of resistant clinical strains, and (iii) reduce the capability for acquired additional resistance. Structurally unrelated classes of efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) have been described and tested in the last decade, including some analogues of antibiotic substrates and new chemical molecules. Among the current collection of EPIs, only a few compounds have been studied taking into account the structure-activity relationships and the spectrum of activity in terms of antibiotics, pumps and bacteria. While large efforts have characterized an increasing number of bacterial efflux pumps and generated several potentially active EPIs, they have not elucidated the molecular basis of efflux transport and inhibition. Recent studies of pump-substrate complexes, the 3D resolution of the efflux pumps, the synthesis of novel compounds and molecular dynamic studies may generate new clues to decipher and select novel targets inside the efflux mechanisms and, finally, may result in a clinically useful molecule.
authors.affiliation: UMR-MD-1, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, F-13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Abdallah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahamoud
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chevalier
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alibert-Franco
authors.forename: Winfried V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pagès
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D001693:Biological Transport, Active / Q000502:physiology; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011804:Quinolines / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D011804:Quinolines