title: Influence of acute inspiratory loading upon diaphragm motor-evoked potentials in healthy humans.
abstract: Acute prior activity of the inspiratory muscles can enhance inspiratory muscle strength and reduce effort perception during subsequent inspiratory efforts. However, the mechanisms subserving these changes are poorly understood. Responses to magnetic stimulation in 10 subjects were studied after an acute bout of nonfatiguing inspiratory muscle loading (IML), corresponding to 40% of subjects' initial maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and after an acute bout of nonloaded, forced inspiration (NLF). Motor-evoked potentials elicited by cortical stimulation (MEP(c)) and by phrenic nerve stimulation (MEP(p)) were recorded transcutaneously from the diaphragm before, immediately after, and 15 min after two sets of 30 inspiratory efforts, at rest and during an MIP effort. After IML, MIP increased to 113 +/- 3% (SE) of baseline and diaphragm MEP(p) (during MIP) significantly increased (129 +/- 10% of baseline). Diaphragmatic MEP(c) (during MIP), expressed as a percentage of maximal MEP(p), decreased after IML (from 29 +/- 9% to 20 +/- 6%; P = 0.017) and after NLF (from 43 +/- 5% to 31 +/- 5%; P = 0.032). Observations from the biceps brachi demonstrated that changes after IML and NLF were specific to the inspiratory muscle, since no significant changes were observed in biceps force generation or in MEP(p) or MEP(c) amplitudes. These data indicate that after IML increased global inspiratory strength is accompanied by increased peripheral excitability and by a dampening of corticospinal excitability of the diaphragm.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK. emma.ross@brunel.ac.uk
authors.forename: Emma Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Alexander V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Nowicky
authors.forename: Alison K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: McConnell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D001239:Inhalation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D053580:Muscle Strength; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D012125:Respiratory Center / Q000502:physiology; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation