title: A metabolic screening study of trichostatin A (TSA) and TSA-like histone deacetylase inhibitors in rat and human primary hepatocyte cultures.
abstract: Hydroxamic acid (HA)-based histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, with trichostatin A (TSA) as the reference compound, are potential antitumoral drugs and show promise in the creation of long-term primary cell cultures. However, their metabolic properties have barely been investigated. TSA is rapidly inactivated in rodents both in vitro and in vivo. We previously found that 5-(4-dimethylaminobenzoyl)aminovaleric acid hydroxyamide or 4-Me2N-BAVAH (compound 1) is metabolically more stable upon incubation with rat hepatocyte suspensions. In this study, we show that human hepatocytes also metabolize TSA more rapidly than compound 1 and that similar pathways are involved. Furthermore, structural analogs of compound 1 (compounds 2-9) are reported to have the same favorable metabolic properties. Removal of the dimethylamino substituent of compound 1 creates a very stable but 50% less potent inhibitor. Chain lengthening (4 to 5 carbon spacer) slightly improves both potency and metabolic stability, favoring HA reduction to hydrolysis. On the other hand, Calpha-unsaturation and spacer methylation not only reduce HDAC inhibition but also increase the rate of metabolic inactivation approximately 2-fold, mainly through HA reduction. However, in rat hepatocyte monolayer cultures, compound 1 is shown to be extensively metabolized by phase II conjugation. In conclusion, this study suggests that simple structural modifications of amide-linked TSA analogs can improve their phase I metabolic stability in both rat and human hepatocyte suspensions. Phase II glucuronidation, however, can compensate for their lower phase I metabolism in rat hepatocyte monolayers and could play a yet unidentified role in the determination of their in vivo clearance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elaut
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laus
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alexandre
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richert
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bachellier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tourwé
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rogiers
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vanhaecke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D002469:Cell Separation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; C012589:trichostatin A