title: Analysis of the interaction of phytoestrogens and synthetic chemicals: an in vitro/in vivo comparison.
abstract: In the evaluation of chemical mixture toxicity, it is desirable to develop an evaluation paradigm which incorporates some critical attributes of real world exposures, particularly low dose levels, larger numbers of chemicals, and chemicals from synthetic and natural sources. This study evaluated the impact of low level exposure to a mixture of six synthetic chemicals (SC) under conditions of co-exposure to various levels of plant-derived phytoestrogen (PE) compounds. Estrogenic activity was evaluated using an in vitro human estrogen receptor (ER) transcriptional activation assay and an in vivo immature rat uterotrophic assay. Initially, dose-response curves were characterized for each of the six SCs (methoxyclor, o,p-DDT, octylphenol, bisphenol A, beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile) in each of the assays. The six SCs were then combined at equipotent ratios and tested at 5-6 dose levels spanning from very low, sub-threshold levels, to a dose in which every chemical in the mixture was at its individual estrogenic response threshold. The SC mixtures also were tested in the absence or presence of 5-6 different levels of PEs, for a total of 36 (in vitro) or 25 (in vivo) treatment groups. Both in vitro and in vivo, low concentrations of the SC mixture failed to increase estrogenic responses relative to those induced by PEs alone. However, significant increases in response occurred when each chemical in the SC mixture was near or above its individual response threshold. In vitro, interactions between high-doses of SCs and PEs were greater than additive, whereas mixtures of SCs in the absence of PEs interacted in a less than additive fashion. In vivo, the SC and PE mixture responses were consistent with additivity. These data illustrate a novel approach for incorporating key attributes of real world exposures in chemical mixture toxicity assessments, and suggest that chemical mixture toxicity is likely to be of concern only when the mixture components are near or above their individual response thresholds. However, these data suggest that extrapolation from in vitro assays to in vivo mixture effects should be approached with caution.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA. charles_grantley@allergan.com
authors.forename: Grantley D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gennings
authors.forename: Belen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tornesi
authors.forename: H Lynn
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Zacharewski
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bhaskar Gollapudi
authors.forename: Edward W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Carney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000833:Animals, Suckling; D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004056:Differential Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004357:Drug Synergism; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014162:Transfection; D014599:Uterus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D048789:Phytoestrogens; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D015262:Xenobiotics