title: Superheated water extraction and phase transfer methylation of phenoxy acid herbicides from solid matrices.
abstract: Phase transfer catalytic methylation was applied to directly derivatise chlorophenoxy acid herbicides in superheated water extracts from sand and soil samples. The extractions were carried out at 120 degrees C statically for 5 min and then dynamically for 10 min at 1.0 mL min(-1) using water at pH 11.0 for a sand matrix and a flow rate of 0.5 mL min(-1) at pH 7.0 for soil samples. The methylation was carried out on-line on the extraction solution with ultrasonication at 80 degrees C, using either 0.05 mmol tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) or 0.0125 mmol cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as phase transfer catalysts with 0.20 mmol methyl iodide in 2.0 mL dichloromethane trapping solvent. The former catalyst provided a higher yield but the latter gave fewer interfering peaks. The recoveries of most chlorophenoxy acids using the TBAB catalyst ranged from 67 to 105% for sand and from 82 to 114% for soil sample, except phenoxyacetic acid, 2-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, while those by using CTAB were slightly lower. Detection limits of all the analytes extracted from sand using TBAB catalyst were in a range of 5.3-16 microg g(-1) analysed by using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID).
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10903, Thailand. fsciopc@ku.ac.th
authors.forename: Orapin
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chienthavorn
authors.forename: Sumate
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pengpumkiat
authors.forename: Athapol
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noomhorm
authors.forename: Roger M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods / Q000379:methods*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008745:Methylation; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D006540:Herbicides; D010636:Phenols; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014867:Water; C415326:phenoxyacetic acid