title: Brain imaging correlates of depressive symptom severity and predictors of symptom improvement after antidepressant treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It would be therapeutically useful to predict clinical response to antidepressant drugs. We evaluated structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI (fMRI) data as predictors of symptom change in people with depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain structure and function were measured with MRI in 17 patients with major depression immediately before 8 weeks treatment with fluoxetine 20 mg/day. For fMRI, patients were scanned during visual presentation of faces representing different intensities of sadness. Clinical response was measured by change in serial scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Symptom change scores (and baseline symptom severity) were regressed on structural and functional MRI data to map brain regions where grey matter volume, or activation by sad facial affect processing, was significantly associated with symptom change (or baseline severity).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Faster rates of symptom improvement were strongly associated with greater grey matter volume in anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and right temporo-parietal cortex. Patients with greater than median grey matter volume in this system had faster rates of improvement and significantly lower residual symptom scores after 8 weeks' treatment. Faster improvement was also predicted by greater functional activation of anterior cingulate cortex. Baseline symptom severity was negatively correlated with greater grey matter volume in dorsal prefrontal and anterior midcingulate regions anatomically distinct from the pregenual and subgenual cingulate regions predicting treatment response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Structural MRI measurements of anterior cingulate cortex could provide a useful predictor of antidepressant treatment response.
authors.affiliation: Brain Mapping Unit, University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Chi-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Khanum
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ridler
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suckling
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Cynthia H Y
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Merlo-Pich
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bullmore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D005473:Fluoxetine; D010100:Oxygen