title: Developmental aspects of distal limb conformation in the horse: the potential consequences of uneven feet in foals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Distal limb conformation is generally accepted to be an important item with respect to performance and soundness in mature horses, but little is known about the developmental aspects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To gain insight into the development of distal limb conformation and to assess the possible consequences of uneven feet in foals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conformation of the distal front limbs of 23 Warmblood foals was scored visually and measured using radiographs, at ages 27 and 55 weeks. At the same ages, pressure measurements were made under both front feet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At both ages the hoof-pastern axis was broken-backwards on radiographs, but only occasionally recognised as such, when scored by eye. Over time, the hoof angle decreased, while both the angles of the dorsal and solar surfaces of the distal phalanx (P3) increased and the parallelism between hoof wall and P3 improved. The foals with uneven feet at age 27 weeks showed a significant difference in distal limb loading that persisted until age 55 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The alignment of the distal limb in the sagittal plane increased in a 6 month period. Visual assessment was not sensitive enough to appreciate this. The growth processes in the distal limb could not compensate for existing unevenness and ensuing asymmetrical limb loading.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Foals have a different conformation of the distal limb from mature horses, which should be taken into account when interpreting radiographs. Unevenness of the feet resulted in asymmetrical loading of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joint, which might lead to increased susceptibility to overload injuries and decreased performance at mature age.
authors.affiliation: Derona Equine Performance Laboratory, Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 12, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kroekenstoel
authors.forename: M C V
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: van Heel
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: van Weeren
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Back
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure; D011859:Radiography