title: The dissipation and transport of veterinary antibiotics in a sandy loam soil.
abstract: The environmental fate of the antibiotics sulfachloropyridazine and oxytetracycline was investigated in a sandy loam soil. Liquid pig manure was fortified with the compounds and then applied to soil plots to investigate leaching, dissipation and surface run-off under field conditions. Additionally, as the macrolide antibiotic tylosin had been administered to the pigs from which the slurry had been sourced, this was also analysed for in the samples collected. Sulfachloropyridazine dissipated rapidly with DT(50) and DT(90) values of 3.5 and 18.9 days but oxytetracycline was more persistent with DT(50) and DT(90) values of 21.7 and 98.3 days. Both sulfachloropyridazine and oxytetracyline were detected in surface run-off samples at maximum concentrations of 25.9 and 0.9microg/l respectively but only sulfachloropyridazine was detected in soil water samples at a maximum concentration of 0.78microg/l at 40cm depth 20 days after treatment. Tylosin was not detected in any soil or water samples. The results indicated that tylosin, when applied in slurry, posed very little risk of accumulating in soil or contaminating ground or surface water. However, tylosin may pose a risk if used to treat animals on pasture and risks arising from transformation products of tylosin, formed during slurry storage, cannot be ruled out. Oxytetracycline posed a very low risk of ground or surface water contamination but had the potential to persist in soils and sulfachloropyridazine posed a moderate risk of contaminating ground or surface water but had low potential to accumulate in soils. These findings were consistent with the sorption and persistence characteristics of the compounds and support a number of broad-scale monitoring studies that have measured these antibiotic classes in the environment.
authors.affiliation: Cranfield Centre for EcoChemistry, Shardlow Hall, Shardlow, Derby, Derbyshire DE72 2GN, UK.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Blackwell
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: Alistair B A
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Boxall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D010118:Oxytetracycline / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013410:Sulfachlorpyridazine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013552:Swine; D015645:Tylosin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D013410:Sulfachlorpyridazine; D010118:Oxytetracycline; D015645:Tylosin