title: Effects of topical formoterol alone and in combination with budesonide in a pollen season model of allergic rhinitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  beta(2)-Agonists may exert mast cell stabilizing and anti-plasma exudation effects. While available data suggest no or only marginal effects of beta(2)-agonists on symptoms of allergic rhinitis, little is known about whether these drugs may add to the efficacy of anti-rhinitis drugs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine effects of a beta(2)-agonist, alone and in combination with an intranasal glucocorticosteroid, on symptoms and signs of allergic rhinitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were examined in a pollen season model. Budesonide 64 microg, alone and in combination with formoterol 9 microg, as well as formoterol 9 microg alone was given in a placebo-controlled and crossover design. After 7 days of treatment, the patients received allergen challenges for 7 days. Symptoms and nasal peak inspiratory flow (PIF) were recorded. Nasal lavages with and without histamine were carried out at the end of each challenge series. These lavages were analysed for tryptase, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and alpha(2)-macroglobulin as indices of mast cell activity, eosinophil activity, and plasma exudation, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Budesonide reduced symptoms of allergic rhinitis and improved nasal PIF in the morning, in the evening as well as post allergen challenge. Formoterol alone did not affect symptoms or nasal PIF and did not affect the efficacy of budesonide. Tryptase, ECP, and alpha(2)-macroglobulin were significantly reduced by budesonide. Formoterol alone did not affect these indices and did not affect the anti-inflammatory effect of budesonide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present dose of formoterol does not affect symptoms and inflammatory signs of allergic rhinitis and does not add to the efficacy of topical budesonide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden. cecilia-ahlstrom-emanuelsson@skane.se
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ahlström Emanuelsson
authors.forename: Morgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Carl G A
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thorsson
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Greiff
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019819:Budesonide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011058:Pollen / Q000276:immunology*; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D004983:Ethanolamines; D019819:Budesonide; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate