title: The use of flexible arm muscle synergies to perform an isometric stabilization task.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate if functional synergies are comprised of flexible combinations of a small number of ensembles of upper limb muscles to stabilize a particular performance variable during a force production task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electromyographic (EMG) signals of wrist, elbow and shoulder muscles were recorded. Linear combinations of indices of the integrated EMG of nine muscles (muscle modes or M-modes) and their relationship to changes in the moment of force produced by the right arm of subjects about the horizontal axis of a handle were first determined. Uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analysis was performed to determine the extent to which variance of the M-modes acted to produce a consistent change in the moment of force.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects exhibited three M-modes, two of which were 'reciprocal' while the third mode was considered a co-contraction mode. The three M-modes were found to be combined to form synergies that produced a consistent change in the moment of force across repetitive trials. Variance in the M-mode space that led to consistent changes in the moment of force across repetitions was significantly higher than variance that tended to produce inconsistent changes in the moment of force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flexible combinations of activations of ensembles of muscles are organized to stabilize the value of or produce consistent changes in the value of important performance variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study of flexible muscle synergies in healthy individuals paves the way to understanding abnormal postural and movement patterns in individuals with neurological disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, 307 McKinly Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
authors.forename: Vijaya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krishnamoorthy
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Latash
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis