title: Ethical evaluation in health technology assessment reports: an eclectic approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ethical evaluation has become an important part of health technology assessment (HTA), but so far no generally accepted method for doing this exists. This article explains the eclectic approach developed at the Finnish HTA office.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each HTA report is produced in cooperation with the methodological and clinical experts from various levels of healthcare organizations. An open framework for ethical evaluation when assessing different types of interventions is used to identify all possible stakeholders for each particular intervention. The ethical consequences for each party are identified during the entire process of the HTA project.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of an ethical evaluation in four different HTA projects (two on screening, one on surgical intervention, and one in rehabilitation) show that an open framework is useful for opening discussion and understanding the scope of each ethical evaluation. Both content and methodological experts have found the process to be useful in capturing the broad consequences of implementing a new method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethical evaluation is a continuous process that considers the prevalent morals, values, and behavioral models of the society. An in-depth ethical evaluation helps the decision-makers to realize the consequences that implementing a new method has on individual citizens, the healthcare system, and society.
authors.affiliation: STAKES (National R&D Centre for Welfare and Health), and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Lastenlinnantie 2, 00250 Helsinki, Finland. ilona.autti-ramo@stakes.fi
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Autti-Rämö
authors.forename: Marjukka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
mesh_terms: D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005387:Finland; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical / Q000941:ethics*; D014481:United States