title: Caudate nucleus is enlarged in high-functioning medication-naive subjects with autism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autism is defined by three symptom clusters, including repetitive and stereotyped behavior. Previous studies have implicated basal ganglia in these behaviors. Earlier studies investigating basal ganglia in autism have included subjects on neuroleptics known to affect basal ganglia volumes. Therefore, we investigated these structures in medication-naive subjects with autism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volumetric magnetic resonance measures of caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens were compared in two independent samples of medication-naive, high-functioning subjects with autism or Asperger syndrome: 1) 21 affected children and adolescents and 21 matched control subjects; and 2) 21 affected adolescents and young adults and 21 matched control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caudate nucleus was enlarged in both samples. This result remained significant after correction for total brain volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results implicate caudate nucleus in autism, as an enlargement of this structure was disproportional to an increase in total brain volume in two independent samples of medication-naive subjects with autism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. m.langen@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Langen
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Durston
authors.forename: Wouter G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Staal
authors.forename: Saskia J M C
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Palmen
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Engeland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D009929:Organ Size; D012016:Reference Values; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior / Q000502:physiology