title: Coxibs and heart disease: what we have learned and what else we need to know.
abstract: Since their approval in 1998, the popularity of selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitors has swung from a domination of drug sales to serious disputes about their cardiovascular safety. Despite the numerous studies on COX2 inhibitors that have emerged, drawing conclusions about their cardiovascular safety has been complicated by conflicting results, underpowered clinical trials, and the lack of a placebo group and use of post hoc analyses in many trials. Nonetheless, certain conclusions can be made with reasonable accuracy. This review addresses the controversy in 3 segments. It begins with a discussion of the several mechanisms proposed to explain how selective COX2 inhibition impacts the cardiovascular system. This is followed by a recount of the several clinical studies that delved into the cardiovascular outcomes associated with COX2 inhibitors. Finally, answers to key questions are provided to assist the clinician in devising a systematic approach to the risk-benefit analysis of COX2 inhibitors in actual practice.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Ignatius Gerardo E
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Zarraga
authors.forename: Ernst R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Schwarz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000502:physiology*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007783:Lactones / Q000009:adverse effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013450:Sulfones / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D007783:Lactones; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2