title: Increased heritability of certain types of anorectal malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various lines of evidence point to genetic causes for the diverse spectrum of anorectal malformations (ARMs); we therefore studied patterns of heritability in a large case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched our ARM database for all patients having family members with congenital anomalies. This group was analyzed to determine the type of ARM and the specific anomalies in affected family members.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine of 1606 patients (2.4%) had a family member with a congenital anomaly. The associated non-ARM anomalies included sacral masses and gynecologic, hematologic, esophageal, duodenal, renal, and spinal anomalies. Of these, 24 patients (1.4%) had 1 or more family members with an ARM. Among females with a positive family history, 73% of patients had either a vestibular or perineal fistula, compared with only 36% in patients without a family history (P = .0004). Among males, 35% had perineal fistulas compared with only 10% of those without affected family members (P = .0051).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A positive family history in 1.4% is supportive of a strong genetic component to ARM. The risk of having an affected family member is significantly increased in the presence of a vestibular or perineal fistula. These new data allow for more informed counseling of families with an ARM and support the need for further genetic studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA. richard.falcone@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Falcone
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Levitt
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peña
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bates
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000002:abnormalities*; D019992:Databases as Topic; D004065:Digestive System Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009820:Ohio; D012007:Rectum / Q000002:abnormalities*