title: Characterization of a potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of the PIM1 kinase.
abstract: The pim-1 kinase is a true oncogene that has been implicated in the development of leukemias, lymphomas, and prostate cancer, and is the target of drug development programs. We have used experimental approaches to identify a selective, cell-permeable, small-molecule inhibitor of the pim-1 kinase to foster basic and translational studies of the enzyme. We used an ELISA-based kinase assay to screen a diversity library of potential kinase inhibitors. The flavonol quercetagetin (3,3',4',5,6,7-hydroxyflavone) was identified as a moderately potent, ATP-competitive inhibitor (IC(50), 0.34 micromol/L). Resolution of the crystal structure of PIM1 in complex with quercetagetin or two other flavonoids revealed a spectrum of binding poses and hydrogen-bonding patterns in spite of strong similarity of the ligands. Quercetagetin was a highly selective inhibitor of PIM1 compared with PIM2 and seven other serine-threonine kinases. Quercetagetin was able to inhibit PIM1 activity in intact RWPE2 prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner (ED(50), 5.5 micromol/L). RWPE2 cells treated with quercetagetin showed pronounced growth inhibition at inhibitor concentrations that blocked PIM1 kinase activity. Furthermore, the ability of quercetagetin to inhibit the growth of other prostate epithelial cell lines varied in proportion to their levels of PIM1 protein. Quercetagetin can function as a moderately potent and selective, cell-permeable inhibitor of the pim-1 kinase, and may be useful for proof-of-concept studies to support the development of clinically useful PIM1 inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Sheldon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holder
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zemskova
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tabrizizad
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bremer
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Neidigh
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Lilly
mesh_terms: D002867:Chromones / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D047309:Flavones; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D051573:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-pim-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000172:deficiency; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D002867:Chromones; D047309:Flavones; D005419:Flavonoids; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D051573:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-pim-1; C079163:quercetagetin