title: Ethnic pride and self-control related to protective and risk factors: test of the theoretical model for the strong African American families program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test a theoretical model of how ethnic pride and self-control are related to risk and protective factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community sample of 670 African American youth (mean age = 11.2 years) were interviewed in households.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measures of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and sexual behavior (lifetime to past month).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Structural modeling analyses indicated parenting was related to self-control and self-esteem, and racial socialization was related to ethnic pride. Self-control and self-esteem variables were related to levels of deviance-prone attitudes and to perceptions of engagers in, or abstainers from, substance use and sexual behavior. The proximal factors (behavioral willingness, resistance efficacy, and peer behavior) had substantial relations to the criterion variables. Participant gender and parental education also had several paths in the model. Results were generally similar for the 2 outcome behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population, self-esteem and self-control are related to parenting approaches and have pathways to attitudes and social perceptions that are significant factors for predisposing to, or protecting against, early involvement in substance use and sexual behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. wills@aecom.yu.edu
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wills
authors.forename: Velma McBride
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Murry
authors.forename: Gene H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: Frederick X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: Meg
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerrard
authors.forename: Carmella
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ainette
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012933:Social Identification; D012951:Socialization; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D001741:Black or African American