title: Magnification endoscopy for diagnosis of nonerosive reflux disease: a proposal of diagnostic criteria and critical analysis of observer variability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study tested the diagnostic value of high-resolution endoscopy for the recognition of subtle diagnostic esophageal mucosal changes in nonerosive reflux disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten control subjects and eleven patients with nonerosive reflux disease confirmed by a validated questionnaire, standard endoscopy, and 24-hour pH-metry participated in the study. Still images were collected by high-resolution endoscopes from the distal esophagus in a standardized manner, incorporating iodine staining. Assessments were repeated in the patients with reflux disease after 4 weeks of esomeprazole therapy. Interobserver variability in the recognition of the proposed criteria was initially evaluated by 27 endoscopists using an Internet-based process. After optimisation of image quality the evaluation was repeated face-to-face with six expert endoscopists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No criterion was identified in either assessment that was sufficiently sensitive and specific to patients with reflux disease to be clinically useful. The kappa value, used to assess interobserver variation, was acceptably high only for invisibility of palisade vessels (0.59). Triangular indentations, apical mucosal breaks, and pinpoint blood vessels at the squamocolumnar junction were identified more frequently in the patients with reflux disease ( P < 0.05). These changes and the invisibility of the palisade vessels were significantly less prevalent in reflux patients after therapy ( P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though some distal esophageal mucosal appearances observed with the high-resolution endoscope appeared to be related to nonerosive esophageal mucosal injury, none of these changes proved to be sufficiently sensitive and specific to justify their use as a diagnostic criterion for nonerosive reflux disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastro-Surgical Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. anders.edebo@surgery.gu.se
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Edebo
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Van Berkel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jönson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schoeman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tytgat
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dent
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lundell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results