title: Effect of clinical pharmacists on utilization of and clinical response to antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association of clinical pharmacists with health outcomes and utilization measures among HIV-infected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study of 1571 HIV-infected patients prescribed their initial highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen in clinics with and without a clinical pharmacist. Outcomes analyzed were changes in plasma HIV RNA level, CD4 T-cell counts, and service utilization (hospital days, emergency department visits, and office visits) over 24 months based on exposure to a clinical pharmacist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients exposed to a clinical pharmacist tended to be more likely to achieve an HIV RNA level <500 copies/mL at 12 months (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.92 to 4.37). At 24 months, however, results depended on the provider panel size; the ORs for panel sizes < or =50 and >50 HIV-infected patients were 1.67 (95% CI: 0.60 to 4.62) and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.39 to 2.41), respectively. CD4 T-cell counts were modestly but nonsignificantly higher for the patients exposed to a clinical pharmacist. Utilization also depended on the provider panel size; pharmacist exposure was associated with 64% (95% CI: 30% to 108%) and 9% (95% CI: -11% to 33%) increases in total hospital days for panel sizes < or =50 and >50 HIV-infected patients, respectively. Pharmacist exposure was also associated with a 19% (95% CI: -13% to -24%) decrease in office visits for panel sizes < or =50 HIV-infected patients, with minimal effect for larger panel sizes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical pharmacists seem to contribute to lower office visit rates in antiretroviral-naive patients initiating HAART.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, USA. michael.horberg@kp.org
authors.forename: Michael Alan
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Horberg
authors.forename: Leo Bartemeier
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: Michael Jonah
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Silverberg
authors.forename: C James
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kinsman
authors.forename: Charles Patrick
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Quesenberry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002140:California; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010595:Pharmacists; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral