title: High plasma level of remnant-like particles cholesterol in familial combined hyperlipidemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The traditional lipid and lipoprotein levels in patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH) are relatively mildly elevated and do not fully explain the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In other populations, high remnant-like particles cholesterol (RLP-C) levels are an independent risk factor for CVD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to investigate whether plasma RLP-C concentrations are elevated in patients with FCH and contribute to the increased prevalence of CVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, we studied RLP-C levels in 37 FCH families comprising 582 subjects, of whom 134 subjects were diagnosed FCH based on total cholesterol, triglyceride, and apolipoprotein-B levels. Plasma RLP-C concentrations were determined using an immune-separation technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both men and women, the mean plasma RLP-C concentration (mmol/liter) was 2-fold elevated in FCH patients [0.59 (0.54-0.66) and 0.40 (0.37-0.43), respectively] compared with both normolipidemic relatives [0.27 (0.26-0.29) in male and 0.22 (0.21-0.23) in female, all P<0.000]; and spouses [0.27 (0.23-0.31) in male and 0.24 (0.21-0.27) in female, all P<0.000]. Plasma RLP-C levels above the 90th percentile predicted prevalent CVD, independently of nonlipid cardiovascular risk factors [odds ratio 2.18 (1.02-4.66)] and triglyceride levels [odds ratio 2.35 (1.15-4.83)]. However, in both FCH patients and controls, RLP-C did not provide additional information about prevalent CVD over and above non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with FCH have 2-fold elevated plasma RLP-C levels, which add to the atherogenic lipid profile and contribute to the increased risk for CVD. However, for clinical practice, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is the best predictor of prevalent CVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine 463, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. J.degraaf@aig.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: Gerly M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: van der Vleuten
authors.forename: Ewoud
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: ter Avest
authors.forename: Geesje M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Dallinga-Thie
authors.forename: Anton F H
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Stalenhoef
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D049628:Body Size; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015243:Cholesterol, VLDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006950:Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D018454:Spouses
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D015243:Cholesterol, VLDL; D002784:Cholesterol