title: Antitumor effect of gemcitabine on orthotopically inoculated human gallbladder cancer cells in nude mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prognosis of gallbladder carcinoma is poor; therefore, investigating the efficacy of new chemotherapy agents is essential for the treatments for this tumor. Recently, several studies have reported clinical trials using gemcitabine as treatment for advanced gallbladder cancers. However, the antitumor effects of gemcitabine on gallbladder carcinoma have not been examined in in vitro and in vivo model systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine in four biliary tract cancer cell lines using the WST-1 assay. In addition, we examined the effect of gemcitabine on gallbladder cancers resulting from orthotopic inoculation of NOZ gallbladder tumor cells into nude mice. One week after transplantation, the mice were randomized into two groups: In Group A, the mice were treated by an intra-peritoneal injection of 0.9% sodium chloride for three weeks after inoculation (control). In Group B, the mice were treated by an intra-peritoneal injection of gemcitabine (125 mg / kg) for three weeks. All mice were sacrificed one week after the end of treatment, and macroscopic and histological findings were evaluated. The expression levels of proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were examined to investigate cellular proliferation activity, and Tunnel assays were performed to determine apoptotic status. Survival duration of the mice after gemcitabine treatment was compared to that of untreated mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gemcitabine sensitivity of the four biliary tract cancer cell lines was similar in a dose dependent manner. In the in vivo models, the Group A mice showed huge tumors of the gallbladder, with liver invasion and lymph node metastases. However, there were no abdominal tumors in the Group B mice, and microscopic gallbladder cancer could only be detected from histological findings. The mean percent of PCNA-positive tumor cells was significantly higher in tumors from mice in Group A (71.9%) compared to those of Group B (34.7%). The mean percent of Tunnel-positive tumor cells was significantly lower in mice from Group A (2.0%) than those from Group B (5.7%). Survival duration was prolonged significantly in the gemcitabine-treated mice relative to untreated mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gemcitabine treatment may inhibit tumor progression and prolong survival in gallbladder cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyasu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mita
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ajiki
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamigaki
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okazaki
authors.forename: Hiroshige
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Horiuchi
authors.forename: Kenro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Tsunenori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujimori
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kuroda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000517:prevention & control; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D015996:Survival Rate; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine