title: Age-related role of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in risk stratification of patients with complete congenital atrioventricular block.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the paper was to assess the importance of 24 h electrocardiographic Holter monitoring in determining predictive factors for Adams-Stokes (AS) attacks and heart failure (HF) in children and adolescents with complete congenital atrioventricular block (CCAVB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of AS attacks and HF and six age-related subgroups. The following parameters of 24 h electrocardiographic Holter monitoring were analysed: (i) minimum heart rate (HR), (ii) maximum HR, (iii) average HR, (iv) daytime HR (v) rhythm and conduction disturbance. Adams-Stokes attacks and HF occurred in 10 and 8 patients, respectively (40%). Five of six neonates with HF had maximum HR < 74 bpm and daytime HR < 58 bpm. Maximum HR below 68 bpm and daytime HR below 52 bpm were recorded in all the children up to 8 years of age with AS attacks and HF and only in 3 of 14 asymptomatic patients. All the patients above 8 years of age with AS attacks had maximum HR below 62 bpm. Of 6 patients with daytime HR < 50 bpm AS attacks were present in two. Episodes of marked ventricular slowing during sleep were registered in 4 of 10 (40%) patients and in 3 of 27 (11%) symptomless patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk factors for development of AS attacks and HF in patients with CCAVB include: (i) maximum HR < 74 bpm in neonates, <68 bpm up to the age of 8 and <62 bpm at ages above 8, (ii) daytime HR <58 bpm in neonates and < 52 bpm till the age of 8, and (iiii) abrupt pauses in ventricular rate that are at least twice the basic cycle length after the neonatal period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Mother and Child Health Institute 'Dr Vukan Cupić', Radoja Dakica 6-8 street, Belgrade, Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro. vvladavuk@ptt.yu
authors.forename: Vladislav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vukomanovic
authors.forename: Mila
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stajevic
authors.forename: Jovan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kosutic
authors.forename: Petar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stojanov
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rakic
authors.forename: Milos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Velinovic
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sehic
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Milovanovic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006327:Heart Block / Q000151:congenital* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors