The body fat-lowering effect of conjugated linoleic acid: a comparison between animal and human studies.
Different reasons which justify differences between rodents and humans in body fat reduction produced by conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) could be proposed. The doses used in humans are lower than those used in rodents. Human experiments have been performed with CLA isomer mixtures instead of isolated isomers. The variable dilution of t-10, c-12, the active isomer, among different preparations might explain the reduced responsiveness in humans. Diet composition may modulate CLA effects on body fat accumulation. As far as human studies are concerned, a specific dietary pattern has not been established. As a result differences among studies and also among subjects in the same study are likely. In rodents, the effects of CLA vary with genotype, suggesting that genetic predisposition to fat accumulation can play an important role in the effectiveness of CLA. Human volunteers with different body mass index have participated in the published studies and even in the same experiment. So, differences in lipid metabolism among subjects could help to explain the discrepancies observed in the literature. Age and maturity may also be crucial. Experiments using rodents have been conducted with growing animals and there is little evidence of CLA effectiveness in adult animals. By contrast, human studies have been performed with adults. Inhibition of lipogenesis in white adipose tissue is one of the mechanisms which have been proposed to explain the body-fat lowering effect of CLA, but lipogenesis in this tissue is very low in humans. Another mechanism suggested is increased fatty acid oxidation in the liver associated with peroxisome proliferation, but humans are relatively insensitive to this effect.
Navarro
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V
Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Pais Vasco, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain.
Fernández-Quintela
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A
Churruca
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I
Portillo
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MP
D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects*; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D006224:Cricetinae; D004032:Diet; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D020675:Peroxisomes / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats
D005227:Fatty Acids; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; D047493:PPAR alpha