title: Neuroprotection against surgically induced brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurosurgical procedures are carried out routinely in health institutions across the world. A key issue to be considered during neurosurgical interventions is that there is always an element of inevitable brain injury that results from the procedure itself because of the unique nature of the nervous system. Brain tissue at the periphery of the operative site is at risk of injury by various means, including incisions and direct trauma, electrocautery, hemorrhage, and retractor stretch.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present review, we will elaborate upon this surgically induced brain injury and also present a novel animal model to study it. In addition, we will summarize preliminary results obtained by pretreatment with PP1, an Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor reported to have neuroprotective properties in in vivo experimental studies. Any form of pretreatment to limit the damage to the susceptible functional brain tissue during neurosurgical procedures may have a significant impact on patient recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This brief review is intended to raise the question of 'neuroprotection against surgically induced brain injury' in the neurosurgical scientific community and stimulate discussions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jadhav
authors.forename: Ihsan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Solaroglu
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Obenaus
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: C108123:4-amino-5-(4-methylphenyl)-7-(tert-butyl)pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines