title: Delivery of insecticide-treated net services through employer and community-based approaches in Kenya.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many approaches have been used to deliver insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) to African communities in different settings. Between 1992 and 2002, the African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), Kenya, used two ITN delivery models: the employer-based approach and the community-based approach. These two approaches have never been compared in order to inform their potential for future ITN delivery. We aimed to (1) compare the extent of ITN ownership, use and retreatment coverage in different population groups in the employer and community-based models and (2) identify options for improving people's acceptance and use of treatment/retreatment services.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative and quantitative methods for data collection and analysis. A total of 2095 household heads were interviewed in the quantitative study, while purposively selected groups and key informants participated in the qualitative study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Net coverage (both treated and untreated nets) and retreatment rates with insecticides were significantly higher at employer-based sites (54.3%) than at community-based sites (35.0%). Bed net ownership has increased significantly since the start of AMREF interventions in 1998 in employer-based sites (from 27% to 61.1%); in community-based sites, it has either decreased (urban area, from 29.0% to 16.5%) or increased (rural area, from 17.0% to 49.1%). Retreatment rates in all sites were negatively influenced by the lack of information, cash and availability of insecticides. Satisfaction with the form of payment and services delivered was higher in employer-based sites. This was attributed to employers providing credit for the purchase of nets and retreatment kits and the employers' medical teams giving information on malaria and making follow-up visits on workers who fell ill.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Employer-based delivery of ITNs was more successful than community-based delivery in attaining both high coverage with ITNs and higher rates of net retreatment. Methods used for the retreatment of nets, forms of payment and communication strategies should be convenient to communities. Organized community groups may continue to play an important role in remote rural areas.
authors.affiliation: African Medical and Research Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya. dgatheru@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Wacira
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McCall
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kroeger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001512:Bedding and Linens / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D003258:Consumer Behavior / Q000191:economics; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys / Q000379:methods; D005102:Health Expenditures; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008288:Malaria / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009786:Occupational Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D012423:Rural Health; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides