title: Stress and depression in family carers following traumatic brain injury: the influence of beliefs about difficult behaviours.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Difficult behaviours are significant contributors to the distress experienced by carers of people with a traumatic brain injury. This study investigated whether the beliefs carers hold about such behaviours also contribute to the distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaire survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty family carers recruited from Headway, a traumatic brain injury support organization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Social Support Questionnaire, a measure of the severity of difficult behaviours shown by the person cared for and two measures of carer beliefs about the behaviour (including the Controlling Beliefs Scale).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher depression and stress scores were associated with more severe behaviours and less social support. Carer belief in their own ability to control the behaviours was associated with less stress. Belief that the behaviour was under the control of the person with traumatic brain injury and/or was motivated by hostile intentions was associated with more depression but less stress. Taken together, severity of behaviour and social support accounted for about 19% of the variance in both depression and stress scores. Carer beliefs accounted for another 5% of the depression scores, and another 11% of the stress scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results were consistent with the idea that carer beliefs about difficult behaviour contribute to carer distress, but longitudinal and treatment studies are needed to establish causality.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK. rileyga@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gerard A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Riley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011581:Psychological Tests; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*