title: Effects of ethanol on excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in rat cortical neurons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA(A)) receptor and glutamate receptors are among the most important target sites for the behavioral effects of ethanol. However, data in the literature concerning the ethanol modulation of the GABA(A) and glutamate receptors have been controversial. The activity of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (nAChRs) has recently been reported to be potently augmented by ethanol. The activation of nAChRs is also known to cause the release of various neurotransmitters including GABA and glutamate. Thus, ethanol potentiation of nAChRs is expected to stimulate the GABAergic and glutamatergic systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole-cell patch clamp experiments were performed using rat cortical neurons in primary culture to record spontaneous miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) and spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two types of neurons were distinguished: bipolar neurons possessed alpha4beta2 nAChRs generating a steady current in response to 30 nM ACh, and multipolar neurons that did not generate a current by ACh application. Acetylcholine greatly increased the frequency of mEPSCs and mIPSCs in bipolar neurons but not in multipolar neurons. The amplitude of neither type of neuron was affected by ACh. Ethanol at 10 to 100 mM suppressed the amplitude of mEPSCs while augmenting the amplitude of mIPSCs in both bipolar and multipolar neurons, indicating the direct action on the respective receptors. In bipolar neurons, ACh plus 100 mM ethanol greatly increased the frequency of mIPSCs beyond the levels achieved by ACh alone, while no such increases were observed in multipolar neurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that ethanol stimulation of nAChRs modulates the activity of both glutamate and GABA receptors in rat cortical bipolar neurons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moriguchi
authors.forename: Xilong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Marszalec
authors.forename: Jay Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Narahashi
mesh_terms: D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate / Q000494:pharmacology; D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000187:drug effects; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D000431:Ethanol; D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate