title: Clinical assessment and molecular analysis of GnRHR and KAL1 genes in males with idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pathogenesis of idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (IHH) is mostly unclear. We characterized the clinical findings and molecular analysis of GnRHR and KAL1 genes in 26 Brazilian males with IHH with and without hyposmia/anosmia. Design Clinical assessment was performed for endocrine status, olfactory structure and function, renal lesion, and mirror movement. The diagnosis of Kallmann syndrome (KS) included HH and the clinical complaint of hyposmia/anosmia or decreased olfactory acuity obtained by the Smell Identification Test (SIT). We analysed GnRHR and KAL1 genes using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) direct sequencing method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A variable degree of HH was observed, including various clinical abnormalities, such as cryptorchidism, hearing loss, strabismus, cleft lip/palate, high-arched palate, dental agenesis, psychiatric disorders, learning dysfunction, and bimanual synkinesia. Twenty-two out of 26 patients with IHH (85%) were classified as KS. Abnormalities of olfactory bulbs/sulci were observed in 79% of KS patients. One-third of KS patients had renal defects and 45.5% had a positive family history. GnRHR gene sequence analysis showed no mutations. KAL1 sequence analysis identified two novel missense mutations: c.1061A to G in exon 7 (N304S) and c.1583C to A in exon 10 (S478X). We also observed a 14-bp deletion within exon 11 that caused a premature termination. According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)-Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) database, two previously described polymorphisms (rs808119 and rs809446) were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  KAL1 mutations accounted for 12% of KS patients. This low prevalence of KAL1 mutations indicates that other genes, such as the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene or other as yet undiscovered genes, epigenetic events and/or environmental factors might be involved in the aetiology and phenotypic variability of KS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, LIM-42 School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Beatriz R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Versiani
authors.forename: Ericka
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trarbach
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koenigkam-Santos
authors.forename: Antonio Carlos
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.forename: Lucila L K
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: Ayrton C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Ana Claudia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Latronico
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Castro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D017436:Kallmann Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D011966:Receptors, LHRH / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: C076266:ANOS1 protein, human; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011966:Receptors, LHRH