title: Trends in special education code assignment for autism: implications for prevalence estimates.
abstract: There is considerable controversy over reasons for observed increases in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders. We examined trends in British Columbia education database coding of children with autism from 1996 to 2004. There was a significant linear increase in autism prevalence. The proportion of children identified by age 6 increased significantly from 1996 to 1999. When we calculated prevalence assuming onset prior to age 3, previously unidentified cases, particularly among girls in 1996 and 1997, accounted for substantial increases in estimated prevalence. The magnitude of under-identification decreased from 1996 to 2000, and rose slightly in 2001. Analyses of prevalence trends must take into account effects of earlier age at identification and inclusion of previously undetected cases on prevalence estimates.
authors.affiliation: Queen's University, c/o Ongwanada Resource Centre, 191 Portsmouth Avenue, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7M 8A6. oullette@post.queensu.ca
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ouellette-Kuntz
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Coo
authors.forename: Jennifer E V
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Liza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kasmara
authors.forename: Jeanette J A
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holden
authors.forename: M E Suzanne
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001955:British Columbia; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D039702:Current Procedural Terminology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004519:Education, Special / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012744:Sex Ratio