title: Linking surveillance to action: incorporation of real-time regional data into a medical decision rule.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Broadly, to create a bidirectional communication link between public health surveillance and clinical practice. Specifically, to measure the impact of integrating public health surveillance data into an existing clinical prediction rule. We incorporate data about recent local trends in meningitis epidemiology into a prediction model differentiating aseptic from bacterial meningitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of a cohort of all 696 children with meningitis admitted to a large urban pediatric hospital from 1992 to 2000. We modified a published bacterial meningitis score by adding a new epidemiological context adjustor variable. We examined 540 possible rules for this adjustor, varying both the number of aseptic meningitis cases that needed to be seen, and the recent time window in which they were seen. We performed sensitivity analyses with each of 540 possibilities in order to identify the optimal rule--namely, the one that included the most cases of aseptic meningitis without missing additional cases of bacterial meningitis, as compared with the published prediction model. We used bootstrap methods to validate this new score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The optimal rule was found to be: "at least four cases of aseptic meningitis in the previous 10 days." The epidemiological context adjustor based on surveillance of recent cases of meningitis allowed the correct identification of an additional 47 cases (7%) of aseptic meningitis without missing any additional cases of bacterial meningitis. The epidemiological context adjustor was validated, showing significance in 84% of 1,000 bootstrap samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidemiological contextual information can improve the performance of a clinical prediction rule. We provide a methodological framework for leveraging regional surveillance data to improve medical decision-making.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Andrew.Fine@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.forename: Lise E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Nigrovic
authors.forename: Ben Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: E Francis
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Mandl
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003199:Computer Systems; D003657:Decision Making; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008582:Meningitis, Aseptic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity