title: Securing electronic health records without impeding the flow of information.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present an integrated set of technologies, known as the Hippocratic Database, that enable healthcare enterprises to comply with privacy and security laws without impeding the legitimate management, sharing, and analysis of personal health information.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Hippocratic Database approach to securing electronic health records involves (1) active enforcement of fine-grained data disclosure policies using query modification techniques, (2) efficient auditing of past database access to verify compliance with policies and track security breaches, (3) data mining algorithms that preserve privacy by randomizing information at the individual level, (4) de-identification of personal health data using an optimal method of k-anonymization, and (5) information sharing across autonomous data sources using cryptographic protocols.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our research confirms that policies concerning the disclosure of electronic health records can be reliably and efficiently enforced and audited at the database level. We further demonstrate that advanced data mining and anonymization techniques can be employed to analyze aggregate health records without revealing individual patient identities. Finally, we show that web services and commutative encryption can be used to share sensitive information selectively among autonomous entities without compromising security or privacy.
authors.affiliation: Microsoft Search Labs, 1065 La Avenida, Mountain View, CA 94043, United States. rakesha@microsoft.com
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D022126:Access to Information; D016494:Computer Security; D003219:Confidentiality; D003625:Data Collection; D006801:Humans; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized