title: Genotoxic effects of alcohol in human peripheral lymphocytes modulated by ADH1B and ALDH2 gene polymorphisms.
abstract: Ethanol is almost totally broken down by oxidative metabolism in vivo. Ethanol per se is considered to be neither carcinogenic, mutagenic nor genotoxic. However, during the metabolic conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde and acetate, the organism is exposed to both ethanol and acetaldehyde and therefore ethanol is suspected to be co-carcinogenic. The genetic polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase-2 (ADH1B) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) influence the metabolism of alcohol. The ADH1B*1/*1 genotype encodes the low-activity form of ADH1B, and ALDH2*1/*2 and ALDH2*2/*2 genotype encode inactive ALDH2. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that polymorphisms of the ADH1B and ALDH2 genes are significantly associated with genotoxicity induced by alcohol drinking, measured using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay, an established biomarker of genome instability, in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 286 healthy Japanese men. There was a significant trend for the mean micronuclei (MN) frequency in habitual or moderate drinkers without a smoking habit to increase as the numbers of the *1 allele in ADH1B increased (P=0.039 or P=0.029) and the *2 allele in ALDH2 increased (P=0.019 or P=0.037). A logistic regression analysis showed that the number of subjects with MN frequency levels more than median value of MN (3.0) was significantly higher in the subjects with the ADH1B*1 allele as adjusted estimates (OR 2.08, 95% C.I. 1.24-3.48), when the OR for the subjects with the ADH1B*2/*2 genotype was defined as 1.00. The number of subjects with MN frequency levels more than median value of MN was also significantly higher in the subjects with the ALDH2*2 allele as adjusted estimates (OR 1.79, 95% C.I. 1.04-3.11), when the OR for the subjects with the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype was defined as 1.00. The results of this study have identified important novel associations between ADH1B/ALDH2 polymorphisms and genotoxicity in alcohol drinkers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Occupational Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan. h.iskw@med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Hidetaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fukao
authors.forename: Kazuhito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D000071396:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D000431:Ethanol; C489332:ADH1B protein, human; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase; C096127:ALDH2 protein, human; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D000071396:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial