title: Trimethylamine oxide suppresses stress-induced alteration of organic anion transport in choroid plexus.
abstract: The effect of physicochemical stress on organic anion transport across the vertebrate blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier in the presence and absence of an endogenous cytoprotectant, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), was investigated in isolated IVth choroid plexus (CP) of spiny dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias), an animal with naturally high levels of TMAO ( approximately 70 mmol l(-1)). Active transepithelial absorption of the organic anion, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), by IVth CP mounted in Ussing chambers was measured after in vitro stress, and a marker for the cellular stress response, inducible heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), was assayed by immunoblot analysis. Transient heat stress (a shift from the normal 13.5 degrees C to 23.5 degrees C for 1 h) decreased 2,4-D transport by approximately 66%; however, the same stress minus TMAO (isosmotic replacement with urea) had no effect on transport rate. In the absence of TMAO, stress-induced Hsp70 accumulation was more than double that seen in the presence of TMAO. Likewise, exposure to 50 micromol l(-1) Zn for 6 h induced a twofold greater Hsp70 accumulation in the absence of TMAO than in its presence, and the higher Hsp70 level was associated with a higher 2,4-D transport rate. Heat stress and 50 micromol l(-1) Zn also induced more pronounced increases in Hsp70 mRNA in the absence of TMAO. Thus, the cellular stress response can significantly alter CP organic anion transport capacity, and an endogenous osmolyte can suppress that response.
authors.affiliation: Center for Membrane Toxicological Studies, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA. alice_villalobox@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Alice R A
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Villalobos
authors.forename: J Larry
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Renfro
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002831:Choroid Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008744:Methylamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D048251:Squalus acanthias / Q000378:metabolism*; D015032:Zinc / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D008744:Methylamines; D016877:Oxidants; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; C005855:trimethyloxamine; D015032:Zinc