title: Current trends in coronary artery disease in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are some striking sex differences regarding presentation, symptoms and sign, diagnosis, and treatment of coronary artery disease. Historically, healthcare delivery to women has been plagued with treatment bias favoring men. This review will present relevant cardiovascular physiologic sex differences, current treatment options for coronary artery disease both surgical and medical, and clinical outcomes of such treatments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the past, pharmacologic and interventional studies generally excluded women from their subjects. As a result, women have been traditionally treated based on the findings in their male counterparts. Recent studies examining sex differences in the treatment of coronary artery disease have given new insight into the hormonal and behavioral influences associated with coronary artery disease. Finally, these studies have drawn attention to possibly inadvertent discrepancies in the way men and women are treated for coronary artery disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite significant advances in medical and surgical approaches to treat coronary artery disease, it remains and will continue to be the most important healthcare challenge of the 21st century. Whereas efforts are underway to encourage inclusion of more women in therapeutic trials, the educational process, particularly in medical school, needs to broadly address sex specific pathophysiology and treatment, rather than relying on sub-subspecialty training for optimizing healthcare delivery in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Terry Ann
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: Aisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagai
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ivascu
mesh_terms: D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014930:Women