title: The epidemiology of pulmonary embolism: racial contrasts in incidence and in-hospital case fatality.
abstract: Mortality from pulmonary embolism (PE) has declined in the United States over the past two decades, yet significant racia l disparities persist with the age-adjusted rates for blacks about twice those for whites. Incidence studies to date have not been successful in defining reasons for this disparity, primarily because they have not enrolled sufficient numbers of blacks to allow for racial comparisons. This study overcomes that limitation by using New Jersey hospital discharge data as a surrogate measure for PE incidence. It examines whether differences in access to care, in-hospital case fatality, discharge planning or other factors might help explain the observed patterns. Our results revealed an elevation in the incidence of PE among blacks compared with whites, similar to the contrasts in mortality. In-hospital case fatality did not differ notably between blacks and whites, indicating that treatment in-hospital is an unlikely contributing factor. We found differences in hospital discharge planning and insurance status, suggesting that these factors may play a role. Our results point to the need for longitudinal studies on the natural history of the disease to better identify and hopefully modify the risk factors responsible for the persistent disparity in mortality from PE.
authors.affiliation: Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1958, USA. donas@rci.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Dona
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lilienfeld
authors.forename: Wansoo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Im
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D007348:Insurance, Health; D008297:Male; D009515:New Jersey / Q000453:epidemiology; D010351:Patient Discharge; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data