title: The prevalence and risk behaviours associated with the transmission of blood-borne viruses among ethnic-Vietnamese injecting drug users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the prevalence and determinants of blood-borne virus (BBV) transmission in ethnic Vietnamese injecting drug users (IDUs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in Melbourne, Australia, in 2003. It was a cross-sectional design with participants recruited from street-based illicit drug markets predominately using a snowball technique. One hundred and twenty-seven participants completed a questionnaire that asked about illicit drug use and participants' blood samples were tested for HIV, HCV and HBV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and three (81.1%) ethnic Vietnamese IDU study participants were HCV positive and three (2.4%) were HIV positive. More than 60% had evidence of being infected with HBV (either in the past, acute infection or chronic infection). Almost 60% had injected daily over the past 12 months. Fifty-nine participants had recently travelled to Vietnam; 24 (41%) had injected drugs in Vietnam; and three (12.5%) reported sharing injecting equipment in Vietnam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of BBVs was higher in this study's IDU population compared with IDUs in Australia generally, despite the fact that the injecting risk behaviours were similar to IDUs more generally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Culturally sensitive drug treatment and education programs need to be developed in Australia for both ethnic Vietnamese IDUs and their families to reduce this group's risk of contracting a BBV.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health Research, The Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, GPO Box 2284, Melbourne, Victoria 3001. hellard@burnet.edu.au
authors.forename: Margaret E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hellard
authors.forename: Oanh K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jardine
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mijch
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Higgs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017848:Blood-Borne Pathogens; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D014744:Vietnam / Q000208:ethnology