title: Garlic compounds induced calpain and intrinsic caspase cascade for apoptosis in human malignant neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.
abstract: Malignant (N-type) neuroblastoma continues to defy current chemotherapeutic regimens. We tested the garlic compounds diallyl sulfide (DAS) and diallyl disulfide (DADS) for induction of apoptosis in human malignant neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Viability of human primary neurons was unaffected after 24 h treatment with 50 and 100 microM DAS and 50 microM DADS but slightly affected with 100 microM DADS. Treatment with 50 and 100 microM DAS or DADS significantly decreased viability in SH-SY5Y cells. Wright staining showed morphological features of apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells treated with 50 and 100 microM DAS or DADS for 24 h. ApopTag assay demonstrated DNA fragmentation in apoptotic cells. Apoptosis was associated with an increase in [Ca(2+)](i), increase in Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, increase in cytosolic Smac/Diablo, and down regulation of inhibitor-of-apoptosis proteins and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB). Activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 indicated involvement of intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Calpain and caspase-3 activities produced 145 kD spectrin break down product (SBDP) and 120 kD SBDP, respectively. Also, caspase-3 activity cleaved inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD). Results strongly suggested that the garlic compounds DAS and DADS suppressed anti-apoptotic factors and activated calpain and intrinsic caspase cascade for apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 323K, PO Box 250606, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Surajit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karmakar
authors.forename: Naren L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Banik
authors.forename: Sunil J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Swapan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ray
mesh_terms: D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002154:Calpain / Q000378:metabolism*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D004220:Disulfides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005737:Garlic / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D013049:Spectrin / Q000378:metabolism; D013440:Sulfides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C412403:DIABLO protein, human; D004220:Disulfides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606204:NFKBIA protein, human; D010938:Plant Oils; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D013440:Sulfides; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C109664:caspase-activated DNase inhibitor; D013049:Spectrin; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; C028009:diallyl disulfide; C038491:allyl sulfide; D045304:Cytochromes c; D002154:Calpain; D020169:Caspases; D002118:Calcium