title: Effects of epidural ketamine-xylazine combination on the clinicophysiological and haematobiochemical parameters of uraemic and healthy goats.
abstract: Xylazine-ketamine combination was evaluated for its efficacy and safety after epidural administration in uraemic and healthy goats. The combination (xylazine 0.025 mg/kg and ketamine 2.5 mg/kg) was administered to uraemic (n = 6) and healthy (n = 6) animals in the lumbosacral epidural space. The combination was evaluated in terms of clinical, physiological, haematological and biochemical parameters. The onset of analgesia was faster in healthy animals than in uraemic animals. Xylazine and ketamine produced complete analgesia of tail, perineum, inguinal and thigh regions in all animals of both groups. However, healthy animals showed longer duration of complete analgesia than did uraemic animals. Greater ataxia was recorded in healthy animals than in uraemic animals. The heart rate showed a significant decrease in both groups; however, respiratory rate and rectal temperature did not show any significant changes. Haemoglobin, packed cell volume and total leukocyte count decreased non-significantly in both groups. Total leukocyte count was significantly higher in uraemic animals. A significantly higher value of urea nitrogen and creatinine was recorded in uraemic animals. The blood electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Cl-) and blood gases (PO2 and PCO2) did not show any significant changes in both groups; however, base excess was significantly higher in uraemic animals. The effects produced by the combination on different systems were transient and values normal as the effect of the drugs wore off. The results suggest that the combination when used epidurally in uraemic goats produced effective and safe surgical analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kinjavdekar
authors.lastname: Amarpal
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Aithal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gopinathan
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pawde
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pratap
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006041:Goats / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006400:Hematocrit / Q000662:veterinary; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D006454:Hemoglobins; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine