title: Effects of direct current electrical stimulation on gene expression of osteopromotive factors in a posterolateral spinal fusion model.
abstract: METHODS
  An in vivo model was used to determine levels of mRNA expression in response to direct current (DC) electrical stimulation in a rabbit posterolateral fusion model.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study tested the possibility that DC stimulation at the surgery site would increase expression of genes related to bone formation relative to expression in autograft alone.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  DC electrical stimulation as an adjunct treatment in spinal surgery has shown increased fusion rates when compared with autograft alone, yet the biology of such treatment is not fully understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty New Zealand White rabbits were entered into the study. A posterolateral, intertransverse process fusion was performed bilaterally at L4-L5, with autogenous bone graft. An implantable DC stimulator was placed across the decorticated transverse processes before placement of autograft. Animals were killed at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. mRNA levels of BMP-2, 4, 6, 7, VEGF, FGF-2, TGF-beta, ALK-2, and ALK-3 were evaluated with real-time RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  mRNA expression was significantly higher in the DC stimulated animals versus the control animals for several of the genes studied. In particular, levels of mRNA were elevated for BMP-2, BMP-6, and BMP-7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows for the first time that DC stimulation results in a sustained increase of multiple osteogenic genes, suggesting that the biologic mechanism for the DC-induced increase in the rate and extent of bone formation observed clinically may be mediated by the up-regulation of these osteoinductive factors.
authors.affiliation: Bone Healing Research Lab, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Douglas-fredericks@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Fredericks
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smucker
authors.forename: Emily B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bobst
authors.forename: Jean C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glazer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D003199:Computer Systems; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D015870:Gene Expression; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D011859:Radiography; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous
chemical_list: D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor