title: Computer modeling of patient flow in a pediatric emergency department using discrete event simulation.
abstract: Increasing patient census and department overcrowding are universal concerns in pediatric emergency medicine. Accurate predictions of patient flow and resource utilization in the pediatric emergency department (PED) are important in determining what aspects of PED activity could be modified to improve patient flow, reduce patient waiting times, and increase staff efficiency and morale, and thus direct change more effectively.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  We report (1) the construction of a Patient Flow Model (PFM) using discrete event simulation to test simulated PED staffing scenarios that were designed to alleviate the pressures that result from increased census and overcrowding, and (2) a Physician Scheduling Analysis Tool to assist in physician scheduling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Arena discrete event simulation modeling software was used to develop a model of PED patient flow after extensive interviews with PED staff and direct observation of patient flow in July 2005. A total of 517 patients were directly observed, and all modeled aspects of their interaction with PED staff and resources were recorded. Historical demographic patient arrival information was combined with observed patient flow data to provide simulated patient arrival rates for the PFM and was also used to construct the Physician Scheduling Analysis Tool. Validation of the PFM was performed by comparing annual simulated patient flow data with actual patient flow data. Previously determined staffing scenarios were applied to the simulation and the resulting performance indicator outputs examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PFM was validated on model-wide and process-specific levels, with excellent validation observed on high acuity-patient length of stay and for highly detailed processes such as triage and registration. Simulation of the addition of a hospital volunteer and a second triage nurse demonstrated reductions in pretriage waiting time and the proportion of patients waiting longer than 30 or 60 minutes for pretriage. Simulation of an extra physician shift to the staff schedule demonstrated reductions in length of stay for patients of all triage categories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PFM accurately represents patient flow through the department and can provide simulated patient flow information on a variety of scenarios. It can effectively simulate changes to the model and its effects on patient flow.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. ghung@cw.bc.ca
authors.forename: Geoffrey R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Sandra R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Whitehouse
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Niranjan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kissoon
mesh_terms: D001071:Appointments and Schedules; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017146:Models, Organizational; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D014218:Triage