title: Utility of imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) on an ion trap mass spectrometer in the analysis of drugs and metabolites in biological tissues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The properties and potential liabilities of drug candidate are investigated in detailed ADME assays and in toxicity studies, where findings are placed in context of exposure to dosed drug and metabolites. The complex nature of biological samples may necessitate work-up procedures prior to high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS) analysis of endogenous or xenobiotic compounds. This concept can readily be applied to biological fluids such as blood or urine, but in localized samples such as organs and tissues potentially important spatial, thus anatomical, information is lost during sample preparation as the result of homogenization and extraction procedures. However, the localization of test article or spatial identification of metabolites may be critical to the understanding of the mechanism of target-organ toxicity and its relevance to clinical safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and ion trap mass spectrometry (MS) with higher order mass spectrometric scanning functions was utilized for localization of dosed drug or metabolite in tissue. Laser capture microscopy (LCM) was used to obtain related samples from tissue for analyses by standard MALDI-MS and HPLC-MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a toxicology study, rats were administered with a high dosage of a prodrug for 2 weeks. Birefringent microcrystalline material (10-25 microm) was observed in histopathologic formalin-fixed tissue samples. Direct analysis by IMS provided the identity of material in the microcrystals as circulating active drug while maintaining spatial orientation. Complementary data from visual cross-polarized light microscopy as well as standard MALDI-MS and HPLC-MS experiments on LCM samples validated the qualitative results obtained by IMS. Furthermore, the HPLC-MS analysis on the LCM samples afforded a semi-quantitative assessment of the crystalline material in the tissue samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IMS by MALDI ion trap MS proved sensitive, specific, and highly amenable to the image analysis of traditional small molecule drug candidates directly in tissue.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization-Discovery Analytical Sciences, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA. dieter.drexler@bms.com
authors.forename: Dieter M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Drexler
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cantone
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Diters
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Mitroka
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Prieto Conaway
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yost
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanders
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001718:Birefringence; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003460:Crystallization; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008859:Microscopy, Polarization; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014116:Toxicology / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011355:Prodrugs