title: Autoimmune properties of nucleus pulposus: an experimental study in pigs.
abstract: METHODS
  Assessment of activated T and B cells in a subcutaneous chamber filled with autologous nucleus pulposus using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine if subcutaneously placed autologous nucleus pulposus may attract activated T and B cells in an animal model.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Nucleus pulposus has been suggested to trigger an autoimmune response if exposed to the immune system, for example, in association with disc herniation. T-cell activation represents a hallmark in the generation of an autoimmune response, subsequently leading to the differentiation of B cells, but a causal association between the exposure of nucleus pulposus to the systemic circulation and T and B cell activation is still lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Autologous nucleus pulposus was harvested from the intervertebral disc of 9 pigs and placed subcutaneously in perforated titanium chambers. In order to control for the effect of the titanium chamber, an additional empty chamber was placed subcutaneously in each pig. After 7 days, the pigs were killed and the chambers were harvested. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry were used for analysis of T-helper cells (CD4+), cytotoxic T cells (CD8+), and B cells (Igkappa) in the chamber exudates and T cells (CD45RC) in the remaining blood clot tissue of the chamber.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As compared with the empty chambers, the proportion of activated T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) was significantly higher in the exudate of the nucleus pulposus filled chamber. The proportion of activated B cells expressing immunoglobulin kappa (Igkappa) was also significantly elevated in the exudate of the nucleus pulposus chambers. The analysis of the remaining chamber tissue revealed a significantly higher amount of T cells (CD45RC) in the nucleus pulposus chambers than in the empty chambers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings indicate that nucleus pulposus attracts activated T and B cells. However, since the cell population in the nucleus pulposus of young pigs may differ from that of adult humans, the obtained data may not be directly transferred to the human situation of a disc herniation. The observations in the present study may nevertheless explain some of the local tissue reactions occurring in association with disc herniation and nerve root involvement, thereby providing further insight into the pathophysiology of sciatica.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geiss
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rydevik
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Olmarker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015551:Autoimmunity; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000166:cytology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000276:immunology* / Q000637:transplantation; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000276:immunology; D013552:Swine; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens