title: Valproate, weight gain and carbohydrate craving: a gender study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the incidence and magnitude of weight gain associated with valproic acid (VPA) monotherapy in male and female epilepsy patients and to determine possible gender-specific differences in frequency of carbohydrate craving, body-composition, glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epilepsy patients on VPA monotherapy were consecutively recruited at the outpatient clinic of the Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University. Weight gain during VPA-therapy, frequency of carbohydrate craving and physical exercise, sociopsychological problems and family history for diabetes were obtained from all patients. Clinical data also comprised body-impedance analysis, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio. Morning fasting blood samples were drawn to determine serum leptin, glucose and lipid concentrations, as well as insulin, C-reactive protein and TNF-alpha.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and six patients (55 women) were enrolled in the study. Significant weight gain was seen during VPA-therapy in both genders (each p<0.001) with women experiencing increment of weight more frequently and more pronounced than did men. Analyses of patients who gained weight during VPA-therapy revealed significantly higher serum leptin concentrations in women than in men (p<0.001). Women also revealed significantly higher high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and lower triglyceride concentrations than men (p=0.004 and 0.014, respectively). Frequency of carbohydrate craving was 25.8% in women and 14.3% in men. More women tried to lose or control weight through diet than did men (22.6% versus 7.1%). Moreover, weight gain as a sociopsychological problem was more numorous in women than in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women are more prone to gain weight during VPA therapy though higher frequency of diet and sociopsychological burden than men, which might possibly be related to leptin-resitance and a higher frequency of carbohydrate craving.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Firas
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: El-Khatib
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rauchenzauner
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lechleitner
authors.forename: Fritz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hoppichler
authors.forename: Anis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naser
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waldmann
authors.forename: Eugen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trinka
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Unterberger
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Gerhard J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Luef
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D020738:Leptin; D014635:Valproic Acid; D005947:Glucose