title: Control of shivering during regional anaesthesia: prophylactic ketamine and granisetron.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to compare placebo, ketamine, granisetron and a combination of ketamine and granisetron in the prevention of shivering caused by regional anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective, randomized, double-blind study, 160 ASA I and II patients undergoing urological surgery were included. Subarachnoid anaesthesia was performed in all patients with bupivacaine 15 mg. The patients were randomly allocated to receive saline (group P, n= 40), ketamine 0.5 mg (group K, n= 40), granisetron 3 mg (group G, n= 40) or ketamine 0.25 mg + granisetron 1.5 mg (group KG, n= 40). Shivering was graded as 0 = no shivering, 1 = piloerection or peripheral vasoconstriction but no visible shivering, 2 = muscular activity in only one muscle group, 3 = muscular activity in more than one muscle group but not generalized, and 4 = shivering involving the whole body. If 15 min after spinal anaesthesia and concomitant administration of a prophylactic dose of one of the study drugs, the patients shivered according to at least grade 3, the prophylaxis was regarded as ineffective and intravenous (i.v.) pethidine 25 mg was administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 15 min, the number of patients with observed shivering was 22 in group P, 6 in group G, 7 in group GK and 0 in group K. The difference between group K and all the other groups was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The number of patients with a shivering score of 3 was statistically significantly higher in group P compared with the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prophylactic use of 0.5 mg/kg i.v. ketamine was effective in preventing shivering developed during regional anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Inonu University, School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey. ozlemsagir@yahoo.com
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sagir
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gulhas
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toprak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yucel
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Begec
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ersoy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001831:Body Temperature; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D017829:Granisetron / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting; D011292:Premedication; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D012768:Shivering
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D000932:Antiemetics; D017829:Granisetron; D007649:Ketamine; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists