title: Two-year morbidity-mortality and alternatives to prolonged breast-feeding among children born to HIV-infected mothers in Côte d'Ivoire.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the long-term safety of infant feeding interventions aimed at reducing breast milk HIV transmission in Africa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2001-2005, HIV-infected pregnant women having received in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, a peripartum antiretroviral prophylaxis were presented antenatally with infant feeding interventions: either artificial feeding, or exclusive breast-feeding and then early cessation from 4 mo of age. Nutritional counseling and clinical management were provided for 2 y. Breast-milk substitutes were provided for free. The primary outcome was the occurrence of adverse health outcomes in children, defined as validated morbid events (diarrhea, acute respiratory infections, or malnutrition) or severe events (hospitalization or death). Hazards ratios to compare formula-fed versus short-term breast-fed (reference) children were adjusted for confounders (baseline covariates and pediatric HIV status as a time-dependant covariate). The 18-mo mortality rates were also compared to those observed in the Ditrame historical trial, which was conducted at the same sites in 1995-1998, and in which long-term breast-feeding was practiced in the absence of any specific infant feeding intervention. Of the 557 live-born children, 262 (47%) were breast-fed for a median of 4 mo, whereas 295 were formula-fed. Over the 2-y follow-up period, 37% of the formula-fed and 34% of the short-term breast-fed children remained free from any adverse health outcome (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87-1.38; p = 0.43). The 2-y probability of presenting with a severe event was the same among formula-fed (14%) and short-term breast-fed children (15%) (adjusted HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.75-1.91; p = 0.44). An overall 18-mo probability of survival of 96% was observed among both HIV-uninfected short-term and formula-fed children, which was similar to the 95% probability observed in the long-term breast-fed ones of the Ditrame trial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 2-y rates of adverse health outcomes were similar among short-term breast-fed and formula-fed children. Mortality rates did not differ significantly between these two groups and, after adjustment for pediatric HIV status, were similar to those observed among long-term breast-fed children. Given appropriate nutritional counseling and care, access to clean water, and a supply of breast-milk substitutes, these alternatives to prolonged breast-feeding can be safe interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in urban African settings.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 593, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France. Renaud.Becquet@isped.u-bordeaux2.fr
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Becquet
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bequet
authors.forename: Didier K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Ekouevi
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Viho
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sakarovitch
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fassinou
authors.forename: Gédéon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bedikou
authors.forename: Marguerite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Timite-Konan
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dabis
authors.forename: Valériane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Leroy
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001942:Breast Feeding; D015331:Cohort Studies; D007560:Cote d'Ivoire / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000821:virology; D009017:Morbidity; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D019259:Lamivudine; D015215:Zidovudine; D019829:Nevirapine