title: Carbohydrate intake and HDL in a multiethnic population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ethnic differences in serum lipids are not explained by genetics, central adiposity, lifestyle, or diet, possibly because dietary carbohydrate has not been considered.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to evaluate the relation between carbohydrate intake and HDL and triacylglycerol concentrations in a multiethnic population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study of 619 Canadians of Aboriginal, South Asian, Chinese, and European origin with no previously diagnosed medical conditions. Energy-adjusted carbohydrate intake was measured by a validated food-frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  South Asians consumed the most carbohydrate, followed by European, Aboriginal, and Chinese persons. Mean (95% CI) HDL concentrations in the lowest and highest categories of carbohydrate intake after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, physical activity, smoking, the waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, alcohol intake, and intakes of total energy, protein, and fiber were 1.21 mmol/L (1.16, 1.27 mmol/L) and 1.08 mmol/L (1.02, 1.13 mmol/L), respectively, and HDL cholesterol was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the lowest tertile of carbohydrate intake than in the highest tertile. High carbohydrate intake was associated with higher fasting triacylglycerols (P = 0.04); the adjusted mean fasting triacylglycerol concentrations in the lowest and highest categories of carbohydrate intake were 1.43 mmol/L (1.28, 1.60 mmol/L) and 1.71 mmol/L (1.57, 1.87 mmol/L), respectively. Fewer servings of sugar-containing soft drinks, juices, and snacks were associated with higher HDL (P for trend = 0.02); the multivariate-adjusted mean HDL in the lowest and highest categories of carbohydrate intake was 1.22 mmol/L (1.17, 1.27 mmol/L) and 1.11 mmol/L (1.06, 1.26 mmol/L), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in HDL and triacylglycerols observed in different ethnic groups may be due in part to carbohydrate intake. Reducing the frequency of intake of sugar-containing soft drinks, juices, and snacks may be beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada. anwar.merchant@post.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Anwar T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.forename: Sonia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: Linda E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Kelemen
authors.forename: Vlad
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vuksan
authors.forename: Ruby
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Koon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D014280:Triglycerides