title: Reduction of surgical mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients undergoing cardiac surgery with a combined intravenous and subcutaneous insulin glucose management strategy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if glucose management in postcardiothoracic surgery patients with a combined intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) insulin regimen reduces mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes and stress-induced hyperglycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of 614 consecutive patients who underwent cardiothoracic (CT) surgery in 2005 was performed to evaluate the incidence and treatment of postoperative hyperglycemia and operative morbidity and mortality. Hyperglycemic patients (glucose >6.05 mmol/l) were treated with IV insulin in the intensive care unit (ICU) followed by SC insulin (outside ICU). Subgroup analysis was performed on 159 coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)-only patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among all CT surgeries, patients with a preoperative diagnosis of diabetes had higher rates of postoperative mortality (7.3 vs. 3.3%; P = 0.03) and pulmonary complications (19.5 vs. 11.6%; P = 0.02) but had similar rates of infections and cardiac, renal, and neurological complications on univariate analysis. However, on multivariate analysis, a preoperative diagnosis of diabetes was not a significant factor in postoperative mortality or pulmonary complications. In CABG-only patients, no significant differences were seen in outcomes between diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Independent of diabetic status, glucose > or =11 mmol/l on ICU admission was predictive of higher rates of mortality and renal, pulmonary, and cardiac postoperative complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of IV insulin (in the ICU) and SC insulin (outside the ICU), a less costly and less nursing-intensive therapy than 3 days of IV insulin postoperatively, results in a reduction of the increased surgical morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients after CT surgery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Lowell R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Schmeltz
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: DeSantis
authors.forename: Vinaya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thiyagarajan
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Shea-Mahler
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henske
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Gleason
authors.forename: Edwin C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: McGee
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Molitch
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin