title: The effects of single and repeated bouts of soccer-specific exercise on salivary IgA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Athletes frequently train with a short time recovery between sessions. The present aim was to establish how salivary IgA is altered following two soccer-specific intermittent exercise bouts performed on the same day.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten males participated in two experimental trials (single session, double session) 1 week apart, in a counterbalanced design. One trial entailed afternoon exercise only (PMEX), in which participants completed soccer-specific intermittent exercise starting at 14:30h. On the other occasion, participants performed two bouts of exercise [starting at 10:30h (AMEX(1)) and at 14:30h (PMEX(2))]. Timed unstimulated saliva samples were collected before and immediately after exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean salivary IgA levels increased significantly immediately post-exercise in the single afternoon trial (PMEX). Performance of a second soccer-specific exercise bout in 1 day elicited an increase in heart rate and perceived exertion, compared with the single session, but did not appear to suppress salivary IgA outcomes. Performing soccer-specific exercise at these different times of day did not affect the salivary IgA concentration and secretion rate or salivary cortisol in the short term.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that, two 90-min exercise sessions performed at a moderate intensity with a 2.25h rest in between do not necessarily have adverse effects on salivary IgA levels.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Henry Cotton Campus, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK. vsarisarraf@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sari-Sarraf
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Dominic A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Doran
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Atkinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012636:Secretory Rate / Q000502:physiology; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D006854:Hydrocortisone