title: Mitogenetic structure of brown bears (Ursus arctos L.) in northeastern Europe and a new time frame for the formation of European brown bear lineages.
abstract: We estimated the phylogenetic relationships of brown bear maternal haplotypes from countries of northeastern Europe (Estonia, Finland and European Russia), using sequences of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region of 231 bears. Twenty-five mtDNA haplotypes were identified. The brown bear population in northeastern Europe can be divided into three haplogroups: one with bears from all three countries, one with bears from Finland and Russia, and the third composed almost exclusively of bears from European Russia. Four haplotypes from Finland and European Russia matched exactly with haplotypes from Slovakia, suggesting the significance of the current territory of Slovakia in ancient demographic processes of brown bears. Based on the results of this study and those from the recent literature, we hypothesize that the West Carpathian Mountains have served either as one of the northernmost refuge areas or as an important movement corridor for brown bears of the Eastern lineage towards northern Europe during or after the last ice age. Bayesian analyses were performed to investigate the temporal framework of brown bear lineages in Europe. The molecular clock was calibrated using Beringian brown bear sequences derived from radiocarbon-dated ancient samples, and the estimated mutation rate was 29.8% (13.3%-47.6%) per million years. The whole European population and Western and Eastern lineages formed about 175,000, 70,000 and 25,000 years before present, respectively. Our approach to estimating the time frame of brown bear evolution demonstrates the importance of using an appropriate mutation rate, and this has implications for other studies of Pleistocene populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Zoology, Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia. urmas.saarma@ut.ee
authors.forename: Urmas
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Saarma
authors.forename: Simon Y W
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Oliver G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Pybus
authors.forename: Marju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaljuste
authors.forename: Igor L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Tumanov
authors.forename: Ilpo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kojola
authors.forename: Alex A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vorobiev
authors.forename: Nikolai I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Markov
authors.forename: Alexander P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Saveljev
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Valdmann
authors.forename: Elena A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Lyapunova
authors.forename: Alexei V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Abramov
authors.forename: Peep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Männil
authors.forename: Marju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korsten
authors.forename: Egle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vulla
authors.forename: Sergei V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Pazetnov
authors.forename: Valentin S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Pazetnov
authors.forename: Stanislav V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Putchkovskiy
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rõkov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D003710:Demography; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005387:Finland; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012426:Russia; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D001503:Ursidae / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial