title: Beta-blocker use is associated with improved outcomes in adult trauma patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beta-adrenoreceptor blocker (beta-blocker) therapy may improve outcomes in surgical patients by decreasing cardiac oxygen consumption and hypermetabolism. Because beta-blockers can lower the systemic blood pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure, there is concern regarding their use in patients with head injury. However, beta-blockers may protect beta-receptor rich brain cells by attenuating cerebral oxygen consumption and metabolism. We hypothesized that beta-blockers are safe in trauma patients, even if they have suffered a significant head injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using pharmacy and trauma registry data of a Level I trauma center, we identified a cohort of trauma patients who received beta-blockers during their hospital stay (beta-cohort). Trauma admissions who did not receive beta-blockers were in the control cohort. beta-blocker status, in combination with other variables associated with mortality, were placed in a stepwise multivariate logistic regression to identify independent predictors of fatal outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 303 (7%) of 4,117 trauma patients received beta-blockers. In the beta-cohort, 45% of patients were on beta-blockers preinjury. The most common reason to initiate beta-blocker therapy was blood pressure (60%) and heart rate (20%) control. The overall mortality rate was 5.6% and head injury was considered to be the major cause of death. After adjusting for age, Injury Severity Scale score, blood pressure, Glasgow Coma Scale score, respiratory status, and mechanism of injury, the odds ratio for fatal outcome was 0.3 (p < 0.001) for beta-cohort as compared with control. Decreased risk of fatal outcome was more pronounced in patients with a significant head injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  beta-blocker therapy is safe and may be beneficial in selected trauma patients with or without head injury. Further studies looking at beta-blocker therapy in trauma patients and their effect on cerebral metabolism are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. sarbabi@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Saman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arbabi
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Campion
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hemmila
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dimo
authors.forename: Karla S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ahrns
authors.forename: Andreas D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Niederbichler
authors.forename: Kyros
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ipaktchi
authors.forename: Wendy L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Wahl
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000188:drug therapy; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists