title: Anisotropic surface chemistry of crystalline pharmaceutical solids.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to establish the link between the wetting behavior of crystalline pharmaceutical solids and the localized surface chemistry. A range of conventional wetting techniques were evaluated and compared with a novel experimental approach: sessile drop contact angle measurements on the individual facets of macroscopic (>1 cm) single crystals. Conventional measurement techniques for determining surface energetics such as capillary rise and sessile drops on powder compacts were found not to provide reliable results. When the macroscopic crystal approach was used, major differences for advancing contact angles, theta(a), of water were observed-as low as 16 degrees on facet (001) and as high as 68 degrees on facet (010) of form I paracetamol. theta(a) trends were in excellent agreement with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy surface composition and known crystallographic structures, suggesting a direct relationship to the local surface chemistry. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was further used to probe the surface properties of milled and unmilled samples, as a function of particle size. IGC experiments confirmed that milling exposes the weakest attachment energy facet, with increasing dominance as particle size is reduced. The weakest attachment energy facet was also found to exhibit the highest theta(a) for water and to be the most hydrophobic facet. This anisotropic wetting behavior was established for a range of crystalline systems: paracetamol polymorphs, aspirin, and ibuprofen racemates. theta(a) was found to be very sensitive to the local surface chemistry. It is proposed that the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of facets reflects the presence of functional groups at surfaces to form hydrogen bonds with external molecules.
authors.affiliation: Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jerry Y Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Heng
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bismarck
authors.forename: Daryl R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D016880:Anisotropy; D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods*; D003461:Crystallography; D008422:Materials Testing; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D011208:Powders; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011208:Powders