title: Influence of lever arm and stabilization on measures of hip abduction and adduction torque obtained by hand-held dynamometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the reliability of clinical techniques for testing hip abductor and adductor muscle performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 21 healthy subjects (12 men, 9 women) between 22 and 31 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reliability of repeated measures was estimated by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients. Torque production capability was calculated by multiplying force output obtained with a hand-held dynamometer by the length of the resistance lever arm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reliability of abduction testing was greatest in the long-lever condition. Adduction test reliability was greatest in the long-lever condition with bench stabilization. The maximal hip abduction torque tested in the long-lever position was significantly greater (t(20)=9.21, P<.001) than that in the short-lever position. The maximal hip adduction torque occurred using a long lever for resistance application and a bench to stabilize the nontest leg (F(1,20)=15.64, P=.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Muscle performance testing of hip abductors and adductors with a hand-held dynamometer can be performed with good to excellent intratester and intertester reliability. Hip abduction testing is best performed with a long lever. Hip adduction is best performed with a long lever and a bench to stabilize the nontest extremity.
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA. krause.david@mayo.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Schlagel
authors.forename: Beth M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Stember
authors.forename: Janice E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Zoetewey
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hollman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006615:Hip / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D053581:Muscle Strength Dynamometer / Q000592:standards*; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D015588:Observer Variation; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D011403:Pronation / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013484:Supination / Q000502:physiology*; D019415:Torque