title: Risk factors for and effect of a one-year surveillance program on surgical site infection at a university hospital in Turkey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surveillance of surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most effective methods for decreasing the incidence. We determined the risk factors for SSI and the effect of a one-year surveillance program on the rate at a tertiary-care center.
  
  
  METHODS
  The annual SSI rate before the study period was determined in a preliminary study. Risk factors related to SSI, the bacteria cultured from infected sites, and the effect of surveillance were then analyzed prospectively. Risk factors were determined by logistic regression analysis, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of SSI decreased from 12.8% before the study to 8.8% at the end of the surveillance period. There were 90 SSIs (8.8%) in 1,017 procedures during the study period, most of which (77; 69%) were detected during the hospital stay. The distribution of superficial incisional, deep incisional, and organ/space SSI was 61.1%, 33.4%, and 5.5%, respectively. Prolonged preoperative hospital stay (>8 days), abdominal incision, early preoperative hair removal, inappropriate antimicrobial prophylaxis, whole blood transfusion, famotidine treatment, repair with mesh, age >75 years, wound contamination, high American Society of Anesthesiologists score, malnutrition, diabetes mellitus, emergency surgery, obesity, and coexistent infection proved to be independent risk factors for SSI, whereas the skin closure technique, patient sex, presence of malignancy, smoking history, and duration of operation were not. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the bacteria isolated most frequently. Six infected patients (5.4%) died, four because of SSI. Development of SSI increased hospital expenses by around 600 US dollars per patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surveillance even for one year decreases the incidence of SSI.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Ondokuz Mayis University School of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey. ekremkaya@uludag.edu.tr
authors.forename: Ekrem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yetim
authors.forename: Adem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dervisoglu
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sunbul
authors.forename: Yuksel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D014421:Turkey