title: Prevalence of modic degenerative marrow changes in the cervical spine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence and distribution of Modic degenerative marrow changes as seen on magnetic resonance imaging scans have been reported for the lumbar spine, and research suggests that type 1 Modic changes are linked to low back pain. The purpose of this study was to report on the prevalence, types, and distribution of the changes found for the cervical spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-three cervical spine T1-weighted and T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging scans were viewed retrospectively by two radiologists. Data were recorded for patient age, patient sex, and the presence or absence of Modic changes. If Modic changes were present, then the precise vertebral levels of these changes and the specific Modic type were recorded. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the prevalence of Modic changes overall, the prevalence of types 1, 2, and 3 changes, and the prevalence in male vs female patients. The frequency of these changes by spinal level was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred eighteen patients met the inclusion criteria. Modic changes were seen in 19 patients (16%), with 4 showing changes in more than one segmental level. The most common Modic change observed was type 1. Type 3 marrow changes were the second most common category to be noted. Only 3 patients had Modic type 2 marrow changes. The most common cervical spinal level to show Modic changes was C5-6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modic degenerative bone marrow changes are observed in the cervical spine, with the C5-6 level being the most commonly involved. Unlike in the lumbar spine in which Modic type 2 changes predominate, type 1 marrow changes were far more common in the cervical spine. Further studies should focus on the clinical relevance of these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Chief of Clinical Radiology, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. cpeterson@cmcc.ca
authors.forename: Cynthia K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: B Kim
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Humphreys
authors.forename: Tania C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Pringle
mesh_terms: D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology