title: Baseline disease activity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension are predictive factors for ischemic stroke and stroke severity in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine factors associated with ischemic stroke and stroke severity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1992 and January 2005, 238 consecutive systemic lupus erythematosus patients with no history of stroke were followed-up longitudinally at the Maryland Lupus Clinic. Patients were monitored quarterly for a mean of 8 years after their systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosis, and 44 patients (19%) developed first-ever ischemic stroke. At the end of study, Cox proportional regression analyses were used to determine the effect of baseline clinical variables of systemic lupus erythematosus patients in relation to the subsequent occurrence of ischemic stroke and stroke severity after first-ever ischemic strokes. Severe stroke was defined as having a National Institute of Health Stroke Scale > or =6.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Severe ischemic strokes occurred in 34 of 44 (77%) patients. Baseline predictors of ischemic strokes and severe ischemic strokes included disease activity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe ischemic strokes in systemic lupus erythematosus are not uncommon. Aggressive primary and secondary stroke prevention measures, particularly treatment of hyperlipidemia and hypertension, as well as vigorous treatment of clinical symptoms of active lupus, are needed to prevent serious morbidity and neurological disability.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, Suite 834, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. jmikdash@umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Jamal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mikdashi
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Handwerger
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Langenberg
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kittner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology