title: Magnetic characterization of superparamagnetic nanoparticles pulled through model membranes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To quantitatively compare in-vitro and in vivo membrane transport studies of targeted delivery, one needs characterization of the magnetically-induced mobility of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION). Flux densities, gradients, and nanoparticle properties were measured in order to quantify the magnetic force on the SPION in both an artificial cochlear round window membrane (RWM) model and the guinea pig RWM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional maps were created for flux density and magnetic gradient produced by a 24-well casing of 4.1 kilo-Gauss neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) disc magnets. The casing was used to pull SPION through a three-layer cell culture RWM model. Similar maps were created for a 4 inch (10.16 cm) cube 48 MGOe NdFeB magnet used to pull polymeric-nanoparticles through the RWM of anesthetized guinea pigs. Other parameters needed to compute magnetic force were nanoparticle and polymer properties, including average radius, density, magnetic susceptibility, and volume fraction of magnetite.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A minimum force of 5.04 x 10(-16) N was determined to adequately pull nanoparticles through the in-vitro model. For the guinea pig RWM, the magnetic force on the polymeric nanoparticles was 9.69 x 10-20 N. Electron microscopy confirmed the movement of the particles through both RWM models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As prospective carriers of therapeutic substances, polymers containing superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were succesfully pulled through the live RWM. The force required to achieve in vivo transport was significantly lower than that required to pull nanoparticles through the in-vitro RWM model. Indeed very little force was required to accomplish measurable delivery of polymeric-SPION composite nanoparticles across the RWM, suggesting that therapeutic delivery to the inner ear by SPION is feasible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 S,L, Young Blvd,, Oklahoma City, OK 73104-0505, USA. allison-barnes@ouhsc.edu
authors.forename: Allison L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Ronald A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wassel
authors.forename: Fadee
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mondalek
authors.forename: Kejian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Dormer
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Kopke