title: Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human growth hormone (GH) is widely used as an antiaging therapy, although its use for this purpose has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and its distribution as an antiaging agent is illegal in the United States.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of GH therapy in the healthy elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for English-language studies published through 21 November 2005 by using such terms as growth hormone and aging.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors included randomized, controlled trials that compared GH therapy with no GH therapy or GH and lifestyle interventions (exercise with or without diet) with lifestyle interventions alone. Included trials provided GH for 2 weeks or more to community-dwelling participants with a mean age of 50 years or more and a body mass index of 35 kg/m2 or less. The authors excluded studies that evaluated GH as treatment for a specific illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently reviewed articles and abstracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  31 articles describing 18 unique study populations met the inclusion criteria. A total of 220 participants who received GH (107 person-years) completed their respective studies. Study participants were elderly (mean age, 69 years [SD, 6]) and overweight (mean body mass index, 28 kg/m2 [SD, 2]). Initial daily GH dose (mean, 14 microg per kg of body weight [SD, 7]) and treatment duration (mean, 27 weeks [SD, 16]) varied. In participants treated with GH compared with those not treated with GH, overall fat mass decreased (change in fat mass, -2.1 kg [95% CI, -2.8 to -1.35] and overall lean body mass increased (change in lean body mass, 2.1 kg [CI, 1.3 to 2.9]) (P < 0.001), and their weight did not change significantly (change in weight, 0.1 kg [CI, -0.7 to 0.8]; P = 0.87). Total cholesterol levels decreased (change in cholesterol, -0.29 mmol/L [-11.21 mg/dL]; P = 0.006), although not significantly after adjustment for body composition changes. Other outcomes, including bone density and other serum lipid levels, did not change. Persons treated with GH were significantly more likely to experience soft tissue edema, arthralgias, carpal tunnel syndrome, and gynecomastia and were somewhat more likely to experience the onset of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some important outcomes were infrequently or heterogeneously measured and could not be synthesized. Most included studies had small sample sizes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The literature published on randomized, controlled trials evaluating GH therapy in the healthy elderly is limited but suggests that it is associated with small changes in body composition and increased rates of adverse events. On the basis of this evidence, GH cannot be recommended as an antiaging therapy.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6019, USA. hauliu@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Hau
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Dena M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bravata
authors.forename: Ingram
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Olkin
authors.forename: Smita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Garber
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000187:drug effects*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019382:Human Growth Hormone