title: Normalization of low-density microarray using external spike-in controls: analysis of macrophage cell lines expression profile.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The normalization of DNA microarrays allows comparison among samples by adjusting for individual hybridization intensities. The approaches most commonly used are global normalization methods that are based on the expression of all genes on the slide and on the modulation of a small proportion of genes. Alternative approaches must be developed for microarrays where the proportion of modulated genes and their distribution are unknown and they may be biased towards up- or down-modulated trends.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The aim of the work is to study the use of spike-in controls to normalize low-density microarrays. Our test-array was designed to analyze gene modulation in response to hypoxia (a condition of low oxygen tension) in a macrophage cell line. RNA was extracted from controls and cells exposed to hypoxia, mixed with spike RNA, labeled and hybridized to our test-array. We used eight bacterial RNAs as source of spikes. The test-array contained the oligonucleotides specific for 178 mouse genes and those specific for the eight spikes. We assessed the quality of the spike signals, the reproducibility of the results and, in general, the nature of the variability. The small values of the coefficients of variation revealed high reproducibility of our platform either in replicated spots or in technical replicates. We demonstrated that the spike-in system was suitable for normalizing our platform and determining the threshold for discriminating the hypoxia modulated genes. We assessed the application of the spike-in normalization method to microarrays in which the distribution of the expression values was symmetric or asymmetric. We found that this system is accurate, reproducible and comparable to other normalization methods when the distribution of the expression values is symmetric. In contrast, we found that the use of the spike-in normalization method is superior and necessary when the distribution of the gene expression is asymmetric and biased towards up-regulated genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that spike-in controls based normalization is a reliable and reproducible method that has the major advantage to be applicable also to biased platform where the distribution of the up- and down-regulated genes is asymmetric as it may occur in diagnostic chips.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy. paolofardin@ospedale-gaslini.ge.it
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fardin
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Biasotti
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ricciardi
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonassi
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Varesio
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002460:Cell Line; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D012313:RNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D012313:RNA