title: Compression-induced changes in the physiological state of the breast as observed through frequency domain photon migration measurements.
abstract: We use optical spectroscopy to characterize the influence of mammographic-like compression on the physiology of the breast. We note a reduction in total hemoglobin content, tissue oxygen saturation, and optical scattering under compression. We also note a hyperemic effect during repeated compression cycles. By modeling the time course of the tissue oxygen saturation, we are able to obtain estimates for the volumetric blood flow (1.64+/-0.6 mL/100 mL/min) and the oxygen consumption (1.97+/-0.6 micromol/100 mL/min) of compressed breast tissue. These values are comparable to estimates obtained from previously published positron emission tomography (PET) measurements. We conclude that compression-induced changes in breast physiological properties are significant and should be accounted for when performing optical breast imaging. Additionally, the dynamic characteristics of the changes in breast physiological parameters, together with the ability to probe the tissue metabolic state, may prove useful for breast cancer detection.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. carp@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Stefan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Carp
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kauffman
authors.forename: Qianqian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rafferty
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kopans
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boas
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D001940:Breast / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000502:physiology*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D017785:Photons; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016474:Weight-Bearing
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010100:Oxygen