title: Policies and opportunities for physical activity in middle school environments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examined physical activity opportunities and barriers at 36 geographically diverse middle schools participating in the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Principals, physical education and health education department heads, and program leaders were interviewed to assess policies and instructional practices that support physical activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Schools provided approximately 110 hours per year in physical education instruction. Approximately 20% of students walked or bicycled to school. Eighty-three percent of schools offered interscholastic sports and 69% offered intramural sports. Most schools offered programs for girls, but on average, only 24 girls ( approximately 5%) in the schools attended any programs. Only 25% of schools allowed after school free play. An overall score created to assess school environmental support for physical activity indicated that, on average, schools met 6.7 items of 10 items. Free/reduced lunch program participation versus not (p = .04), perceived priority of physical education instruction over coaching (p = .02), and safety for walking/bicycling to school (p = .02) predicted environmental support score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Schools have policies and practices that support physical activity, although unfavorable practices exist. Schools must work with community partners and officials to provide environments that optimally support physical activity, especially schools that serve low-income students.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, 2312 Health and Human Performance Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA. dryoung@umd.edu
authors.forename: Deborah R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Gwen M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Felton
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grieser
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Jung-Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Martha Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kubik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D016134:Organizational Policy; D050177:Overweight / Q000502:physiology*; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012574:Schools / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States