title: Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin are required for prostate regeneration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The regulation of the prostate size by androgens may be partly the result of androgen effects on the prostatic vasculature. We examined the effect of changes in androgen levels on the expression of a variety of angiogenic factors in the mouse prostate and determined if vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and the angiopoietins are involved in the vascular response to androgens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of angiogenic factors in prostate was quantitated using real-time PCR at different times after castration and after administration of testosterone to castrated mice. Angiopoietins were localized in prostate by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The roles of VEGF and the angiopoietins in regeneration of the prostate were examined in mice inoculated with cells expressing soluble VEGF receptor-2 or soluble Tie-2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Castration resulted in a decrease in VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, placenta growth factor, FGF-2, and FGF-8 expression after 1 day. In contrast, VEGF-D mRNA levels increased. No changes in angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), hepatocyte growth factor, VEGF receptor-1, VEGF receptor-2, or tie-2 mRNA levels were observed. Administration of testosterone to castrated mice had the opposite effect on expression of these angiogenic factors. Ang-2 was expressed predominantly in prostate epithelial cells whereas Ang-1 was expressed in epithelium and smooth muscle. Inoculation of mice with cells expressing soluble VEGF receptor-2 or Tie-2 blocked the increase in vascular density normally observed after administration of testosterone to castrated mice. The soluble receptors also blocked the increase in prostate weight and proliferation of prostatic epithelial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VEGF-A and angiopoietins are required for the vascular response to androgens and for the ability of the prostate to regenerate in response to androgens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and the Kaplan Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Gui-Min
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kovalenko
authors.forename: Yili
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moscatelli
mesh_terms: D042683:Angiopoietin-1 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D042702:Angiopoietin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011467:Prostate / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2 / Q000502:physiology; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013739:Testosterone / Q000502:physiology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D042683:Angiopoietin-1; D042702:Angiopoietin-2; C467628:Angpt1 protein, mouse; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D013739:Testosterone; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2