title: Neural substrates of resisting craving during cigarette cue exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In cigarette smokers, the most commonly reported areas of brain activation during visual cigarette cue exposure are the prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and visual cortices. We sought to determine changes in brain activity in response to cigarette cues when smokers actively resist craving.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two tobacco-dependent smokers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging, during which they were presented with videotaped cues. Three cue presentation conditions were tested: cigarette cues with subjects allowing themselves to crave (cigarette cue crave), cigarette cues with the instruction to resist craving (cigarette cue resist), and matched neutral cues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Activation was found in the cigarette cue resist (compared with the cigarette cue crave) condition in the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and precuneus. Lower magnetic resonance signal for the cigarette cue resist condition was found in the cuneus bilaterally, left lateral occipital gyrus, and right postcentral gyrus. These relative activations and deactivations were more robust when the cigarette cue resist condition was compared with the neutral cue condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suppressing craving during cigarette cue exposure involves activation of limbic (and related) brain regions and deactivation of primary sensory and motor cortices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. abrody@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Arthur L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mandelkern
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Olmstead
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jou
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tiongson
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scheibal
authors.forename: Edythe D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Monterosso
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Tiffany
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Korb
authors.forename: Joanna J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D062789:Tobacco Products