title: Characteristics of speech errors produced by children with and without delayed phonological awareness skills.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the types of speech errors that are produced by children with speech-sound disorders and the children's phonological awareness skills during their prekindergarten and kindergarten years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight children with speech-sound disorders were assessed during the spring of their prekindergarten year and then again at the end of their kindergarten year. The children's responses on the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation (R. Goldman & M. Fristoe, 2000) were described in terms of match ratios for the features of each target sound and the type of error produced. Match ratios and error type frequencies were then examined as a function of the child's performance on a test of phonological awareness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower match ratios for +distributed and higher frequencies of typical syllable structure errors and atypical segment errors were associated with poorer phonological awareness test performance. However, no aspect of the children's error patterns proved to be a reliable indicator of which individual child would pass or fail the test. The best predictor of test performance at the end of the kindergarten year was test performance 1 year earlier. Children who achieved age-appropriate articulation skills by the end of kindergarten also achieved age-appropriate phonological awareness skills.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children who enter kindergarten with delayed articulation skills should be monitored to ensure age-appropriate acquisition of phonological awareness and literacy skills.
authors.affiliation: Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, 1266 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3G 1A8. susan.rvachew@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rvachew
authors.forename: Pi-Yu
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001364:Awareness; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D010700:Phonetics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013068:Speech Production Measurement