title: Pharmacokinetic properties of esomeprazole in children aged 1 to 11 years with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a randomized, open-label study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the overall exposure, other pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, and tolerability of esomeprazole magnesium after repeated oral doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg in pediatric patients who had symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized, open-label study was conducted at West Coast Clinical Trials, Long Beach, California. Boys and girls aged 1 to 11 years who had a clinical diagnosis of GERD were included and stratified by age (1-5 years [younger group] and 6-11 years [older group]). For this 5-day study, children in the younger group were randomly assigned to receive 1 esomeprazole 5- or 10-mg capsule p.o. QD, and those in the older group were randomly assigned to receive 1 esomeprazole 10- or 20-mg capsule p.o. QD. On days 1 to 4, study medications were administered with the supervision of the study personnel 1 hour before breakfast. Blood samples were collected within 0.5 hour before and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours after study drug administration on day 5. Plasma concentrations of esomeprazole were measured using reverse-phase liquid chromatography and mass-spectrometric detection. Tolerability assessments were performed by reviewing the number and severity of adverse events (collected via spontaneous reporting and direct questioning) and findings from the physical examination, which included vital-sign measurements and laboratory analysis (hematology, biochemistry, and urinalysis). Site personnel supervised the administration of the study drug to ensure compliance with treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 31 children (17 boys, 14 girls; mean age, 5 years; 18 children in the younger group, 13 in the older group). A total of 27 children were included in the PK analysis. In the younger group, the geometric mean AUC(0-infinity) and Cmax values in the esomeprazole 10-mg group were >2-fold that in the 5-mg group (AUC(0-infinity), 4.83 and 0.74 pmol x h/L [0.32 and 0.04 micromol x h x L(-1)/kg], respectively; Cmax, 2.98 and 0.62 micromol/L [0.19 and 0.03 micromol/L x kg(-1)], respectively). In the older group, the geometric mean AUC(0-infinity) and Cmax values for the 20-mg dose group were approximately 2-fold those for the 10-mg dose group (AUC(0-infinity), 6.28 and 3.70 micromol x h/L [0.21 and 0.12 pmol x h x L(-1)/kg], respectively; Cmax, 3.73 and 1.77 micromol/L [0.13 and 0.06 micromol/L x kg 1], respectively). For the 10-mg esomeprazole dose, the geometric mean body-weight-normalized apparent oral clearance was approximately 50% higher in the younger group compared with the older group (0.40 and 0.25 L/h x kg(-1), respectively). Thirty patients were included in the tolerability analysis. The adverse events that occurred were skin excoriation, discolored feces, and skin laceration (1 [3.3%] patient each); none were considered related to treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this small study suggest that, in children aged 1 to 11 years who had GERD, the PK properties of esomeprazole may be both dose and age dependent and that younger children might have a more rapid metabolism of esomeprazole per kilogram of body weight compared with older children. Esomeprazole was well tolerated at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg in the pediatric patients studied.
authors.affiliation: AstraZeneca LP, Wilmington, Delaware 19850-5437, USA.
authors.forename: June
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hamer-Maansson
authors.forename: Tommy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fulmer
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Illueca
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lundborg
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D064098:Esomeprazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D064098:Esomeprazole