title: Dual action of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.
abstract: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is expressed and secreted by immune cells, hepatocytes, and renal tubular cells in various pathologic states. NGAL exerts bacteriostatic effects, which are explained by its ability to capture and deplete siderophores, small iron-binding molecules that are synthesized by certain bacteria as a means of iron acquisition. Consistently, NGAL deficiency in genetically modified mice leads to an increased growth of bacteria. However, growing evidence suggests effects of the protein beyond fighting microorganisms. NGAL acts as a growth and differentiation factor in multiple cell types, including developing and mature renal epithelia, and some of this activity is enhanced in the presence of siderophore:iron complexes. This has led to the hypothesis that eukaryotes might synthesize siderophore-like molecules that bind NGAL. Accordingly, NGAL-mediated iron shuttling between the extracellular and intracellular spaces may explain some of the biologic activities of the protein. Interest in NGAL has been sparked by the observation that NGAL is massively upregulated after renal tubular injury and may participate in limiting kidney damage. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the dual effects of NGAL as a siderophore:iron-binding protein and as a growth factor and examines the role of these effects in renal injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Kai M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Ott
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Jau Yi
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Avtandil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalandadze
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Prasad
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Devarajan
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barasch
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000293:injuries*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000502:physiology; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D007501:Iron