title: Sensory aspects and water quality impacts of chlorinated and chloraminated drinking water in contact with HDPE and cPVC pipe.
abstract: Pipes constructed with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (cPVC) are commonly used in drinking water distribution systems and premise plumbing. In this comprehensive investigation, the effects on odor, organic chemical release, trihalomethane (THM) formation, free chlorine demand and monochloramine demand were determined for water exposed to HDPE and cPVC pipes. The study was conducted in accordance with the Utility Quick Test (UQT), a migration/leaching protocol for analysis of materials in contact with drinking water. The sensory panel consistently attributed a weak to moderate intensity of a "waxy/plastic/citrus" odor to the water from the HDPE pipes but not the cPVC-contacted water samples. The odor intensity generated by the HDPE pipe remained relatively constant for multiple water flushes, and the odor descriptors were affected by disinfectant type. Water samples stored in both types of pipe showed a significant increase in the leaching of organic compounds when compared to glass controls, with HDPE producing 0.14 microgTOC/cm(2) pipe surface, which was significantly greater than the TOC release from cPVC. Water stored in both types of pipe showed disinfectant demands of 0.1-0.9 microg disinfectant/cm(2) pipe surface, with HDPE exerting more demand than cPVC. No THMs were detected in chlorinated water exposed to the pipes. The results demonstrate the impact that synthetic plumbing materials can have on sensory and chemical water quality, as well as the significant variations in drinking water quality generated from different materials.
authors.affiliation: Charles E. Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 418 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0246, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Heim
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dietrich
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D020959:Polyethylene / Q000032:analysis*; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride / Q000032:analysis*; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014873:Water Pollutants; D014867:Water; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride; D020959:Polyethylene