title: Human biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of the tachykinin NK1 antagonist radioligand [18F]SPA-RQ: comparison of thin-slice, bisected, and 2-dimensional planar image analysis.
abstract: (18)F-Labeled substance P antagonist-receptor quantifier ([(18)F]SPA-RQ) [2-fluoromethoxy-5-(5-trifluoromethyl-tetrazol-1-yl)-benzyl]-[(2S,3S)-2-phenyl-piperidin-3-yl)amine] is a selective radioligand for in vivo quantification of tachykinin NK(1) receptors with PET. The aims of this study were to estimate the radiation safety profile and relative risks of [(18)F]SPA-RQ with 3 different methods of image analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole-body PET images were acquired in 7 healthy subjects after injection of 192 +/- 7 MBq (5.2 +/- 0.2 mCi) [(18)F]SPA-RQ. Emission images were serially acquired at multiple time-points from 0 to 120 min and approximately 180-240 min after injection. Urine samples were collected after each imaging session and for 24 h after the last scan to measure excreted radioactivity. Horizontal tomographic images were compressed to varying degrees in the anteroposterior direction to create 3 datasets: thin-slice, bisected, and 2-dimensional (2D) planar images. Regions of interest were drawn around visually identifiable source organs to generate time-activity curves for each dataset. Residence times were determined from these curves, and doses to individual organs and the body as a whole were calculated using OLINDA/EXM 1.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lungs, upper large intestine wall, small intestine, urinary bladder wall, kidneys, and thyroid had the highest radiation-absorbed doses. Biexponential fitting of mean bladder and urine activity showed that about 41% of injected activity was excreted via urine. Assuming a 2.4-h urine voiding interval, the calculated effective doses from thin-slice, bisected, and 2D planar images were 29.5, 29.3, and 32.3 microSv/MBq (109, 108, and 120 mrem/mCi), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insofar as effective dose is an accurate measure of radiation risk, all 3 methods of analysis provided quite similar estimates of risk to human subjects. The radiation dose was moderate and would potentially allow subjects to receive multiple PET scans in a single year. Individual organ exposures varied among the 3 methods, especially for structures asymmetrically located in an anterior or posterior position. Bisected and 2D planar images almost always provided higher organ dose estimates than thin-slice images. Thus, either the bisected or 2D planar method of analysis appears acceptable for quantifying human radiation burden, at least for radioligands with a relatively broad distribution in the body and not concentrated in a small number of radiation sensitive organs.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Branch, NIMH, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0135, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Sprague
authors.forename: Frederick T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Jeih-San
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Liow
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: H Donald
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hargreaves
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Stubbs
authors.forename: Victor W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Pike
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Innis
authors.forename: P David
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Mozley
mesh_terms: D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D064729:Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010880:Piperidines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012306:Risk; D012984:Software; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D051598:Whole Body Imaging
chemical_list: C517420:(2-fluoromethoxy-5-(5-trifluoromethyltetrazol-1-yl)benzyl)(2-phenylpiperidin-3-yl)amine; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D064729:Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists; D010880:Piperidines; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013777:Tetrazoles