title: Cognitive, psychomotor and actual driving performance in healthy volunteers after immediate and extended release formulations of alprazolam 1 mg.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alprazolam extended-release (XR) is approved for the treatment of panic disorder. This sustained formulation is absorbed in a delayed manner and is therefore expected to produce fewer and less severe side effects than its immediate release equivalent (alprazolam IR). The effect of alprazolam XR on potentially dangerous daily activities, such as driving a car, is expected to be less as compared to alprazolam IR.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to compare the effects of alprazolam XR (1 mg) and alprazolam IR (1 mg) on actual driving ability and cognitive function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen healthy volunteers (aged 20-45 years) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-way crossover study. At 4 h post-dose, subjects performed a standardized driving test on a primary highway in normal traffic. Cognitive and psychomotor tests were assessed 1, 2.5, and 5.5 h post-dose. Memory functioning was measured only 1 h after administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both formulations severely impaired driving performance between 4 and 5 h after administration. The magnitude of impairment in the driving test observed with alprazolam XR was about half that observed with alprazolam IR. Laboratory test results were in line with the driving data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The acute impairing effects of alprazolam XR 1 mg on driving and psychomotor functions were generally less, as compared to its immediate-release equivalent, but still of sufficient magnitude to increase the risk of becoming involved in traffic accidents.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Psychopharmacology Unit, Brain and Behavior Institute, Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. t.leufkens@psychology.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Tim R M
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Leufkens
authors.forename: Annemiek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vermeeren
authors.forename: Beitske E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Smink
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Ruitenbeek
authors.forename: Johannes G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ramaekers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000525:Alprazolam / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D001334:Automobile Driving; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D000525:Alprazolam