title: Epsilon PKC may contribute to the protective effect of hypothermia in a rat focal cerebral ischemia model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protein kinase C epsilon (epsilonPKC) has been implicated as a neuroprotectant in vitro. We studied epsilonPKC activation (by its localization and proteolysis) in a rodent stroke model and correlated the effects of hypothermia with epsilonPKC activity after cerebral ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were subjected to permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion plus 1 hour of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Body temperatures were maintained at 37 degrees C or 30 degrees C during common carotid artery occlusion. Brains were harvested at 10 minutes, 4 hours, and 24 hours after common carotid artery release, and the cortex corresponding to the ischemic core and penumbra was dissected. epsilonPKC localization after stroke was assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. A caspase-3 inhibitor was used to test whether epsilonPKC cleavage is caspase dependent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  epsilonPKC in the membrane fraction and whole-protein homogenates decreased moderately in the penumbra but decreased markedly in the ischemic core. Hypothermia blocked this decrease in both the ischemic core and penumbra. Confocal microscopy confirmed that neuronal epsilonPKC expression decreased in the ischemic core at 4 hours after reperfusion, and this loss was prevented by hypothermia. Two carboxyl-terminal cleavage products of epsilonPKC with molecular masses of 43 and 35 kDa were detected. Although the protein band of 43 kDa decreased after stroke, the 35-kDa band increased. Such changes were not dependent on caspase-3. However, hypothermia blocked changes in the cleavage form of 35 kDa but not 43 kDa after stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate hypothermia preserves epsilonPKC activity after stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr R200, Stanford, CA 94305-5327, USA.
authors.forename: Takayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimohata
authors.forename: Heng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Gary K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon