title: Increased induction of antitumor response by exosomes derived from interleukin-2 gene-modified tumor cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) have been proposed as a new kind of cancer vaccine; however, their in vivo antitumor effects are not satisfactory. In order to further improve the efficacy of vaccination with TEX, we investigated whether interleukin-2 (IL-2) genetic modification of tumor cells can make IL-2 presence in the exosomes, thus increasing antitumor effects of the TEX.
  
  
  METHODS
  E.G7-OVA tumor cells expressing Ovalbumin (OVA) as a tumor model antigen were used to prepare TEX by serial centrifugation and sucrose gradients ultracentrifugation. To demonstrate their antitumor effects, IL-2-containing exosomes (Exo/IL-2) were injected subcutaneously into C57BL/C mice: either bearing tumor or followed by tumor inoculation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found IL-2 within those exosomes as detected by both ELISA and Western blot. Vaccination with these Exo/IL-2 could induce antigen-specific Th1-polarized immune response and Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) more efficiently, resulting in more significant inhibition of tumor growth. CD8(+) T cells are the main effector cells, however, CD4(+) T cells, and NK cells are also involved in the induction of antitumor response of this approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that IL-2 genetic modification of tumor cells can make the TEX contain IL-2 with the increased antitumor effects, representing a promising way of exosome-based tumor vaccine.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310031, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yunshan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Fangming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xiu
authors.forename: Zhijian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Jianli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qingqing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yangxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Xuetao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D013945:Thymoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D014162:Transfection; D022161:Transport Vesicles / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D010047:Ovalbumin