title: Using transcranial magnetic stimulation to investigate the cortical origins of motor overflow: a study in schizophrenia and healthy controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research has confirmed the presence of increased motor overflow in schizophrenia. There are essentially two theories regarding the cortical origins of overflow. Recent research suggests that both may be correct, and that the cortical origin of overflow is highly dependent upon the population in which it presents. Motor overflow, due to an abnormally active ipsilateral corticospinal tract, may indicate a potentially severe brain abnormality arising in early development. In contrast, bilaterally active corticospinal tracts accounting for overflow probably represent a naturally occurring response during fatiguing contractions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cortical origins of motor overflow in 20 participants with schizophrenia and 20 normal controls were investigated through the use of a number of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each of the experimental protocols employed independently supported the contention that overflow was originating in the hemisphere contralateral to the involuntary movement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicated that the origins of overflow in schizophrenia are the same as those seen in the normal control group, i.e. motor overflow seems to be due to the presence of bilaterally active corticospinal tracts. Potential explanations for greater motor overflow seen in schizophrenia are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Melbourne, Australia. k.hoy@alfred.org.au
authors.forename: Kate E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hoy
authors.forename: Nellie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Georgiou-Karistianis
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laycock
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*