title: Effect of free ammonia on the respiration and growth processes of an enriched Nitrobacter culture.
abstract: The inhibitory effect of free ammonia (FA;NH(3)) on the metabolism of Nitrobacter is investigated using a method that allows decoupling energy generation from growth processes. A lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated for the enrichment of Nitrobacter. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed that 73% of the bacterial population in the reactor was Nitrobacter, while no Nitrospira was detected. Batch tests were carried out to measure the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) by the culture at various FA levels, in the presence (OUR with CO(2)) or absence (OUR without CO(2)) of inorganic carbon (CO(2), HCO(3)(-) and CO(3)(2-)). The FA inhibition on the respiration initiated at below 1mgNH(3)-NL(-1) in both cases. OUR without CO(2) gradually decreased by 12% when the FA concentration increased from 0 to approximately 4mgNH(3)-NL(-1) and remained at the same level till an FA level of 9mgNH(3)-NL(-1) (the highest FA concentration applied in this study). This indicates that FA has a limited inhibitory effect on the respiratory capability of Nitrobacter. Starting from a level that is 15% higher than OUR without CO(2) when no FA was present, OUR with CO(2)decreased more rapidly than OUR without CO(2) reaching the same level as OUR without CO(2) when FA was between 6-9mgNH(3)-NL(-1). This implies that in this range of FA the presence of inorganic carbon did not cause any increase in the respiration activity of Nitrobacter. The results suggest that, while still oxidizing nitrite at approximately 75% of the non-inhibited rate, Nitrobacter likely ceased to grow at an FA level of above 6mgNH(3)-NL(-1). While the real mechanisms remain to be identified, this study indicates that the FA inhibition on Nitrobacter is likely much more serious than suggested by previous studies where OUR with CO(2) (or the equivalent nitrite oxidation rate) was used as the sole measure of the inhibitory effects.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Wastewater Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Vel M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Vadivelu
authors.forename: Jurg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Zhiguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D018533:Biomass; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D009576:Nitrobacter / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D013997:Time Factors; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid
chemical_list: D009573:Nitrites; D000641:Ammonia