title: Epidemiological survey of vitamin deficiencies in older Thai adults: implications for national policy planning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prevalence and risk factors of vitamin deficiencies among older Thai adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cross-sectional study was conducted in four rural communities, one from each of the four main regions of Thailand. In total, 2336 subjects aged 60 years and over were recruited. Anthropometric variables, demographic data, blood glucose and lipid profile, albumin, globulin and blood levels of vitamin A, beta-carotene, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin B1 were all measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of vitamin deficiencies was 0.6% for vitamin B12, 6.1% for vitamin A, 9.9% for vitamin C, 30.1% for vitamin B1, 38.8% for erythrocyte folate, 55.5% for vitamin E and 83.0% for beta-carotene. Male gender was a common risk factor for at least three vitamin deficiencies, i.e. beta-carotene, folate and vitamin E. Being a manual worker was a common risk factor of beta-carotene and vitamin B1 deficiency. Poor income was found as a risk factor only in erythrocyte folate deficiency while increasing age was a significant factor only in vitamin C deficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of vitamin deficiencies among older Thai people was quite different from that found in Western countries, reflecting different socio-economic backgrounds. Vitamin deficiency was not only from poor food intake but also from the dietary habit of monotonous food consumption in older people. Some common associated factors of atherosclerosis were also significantly related to folate and vitamin E deficiencies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Prasert
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Assantachai
authors.forename: Somsong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lekhakula
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000886:Anthropometry; D001361:Avitaminosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005494:Folic Acid Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011203:Poverty; D011640:Public Policy; D012424:Rural Population; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014811:Vitamin E Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology