title: Disease-specific expression and regulation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) control cell proliferation; lack of C/EBPalpha correlates with increased proliferation of bronchial smooth muscle cells (BSMCs) of asthmatic patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to assess disease-specific expression of C/EBPalpha, beta, delta, and epsilon and the effects of budesonide (10(-8) mol/L) and formoterol (10(-8) mol/L).
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression and function of C/EBPalpha, beta, delta, and epsilon BSMCs of control subjects (n = 9), asthmatic patients (n = 12), and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; n = 10) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The control group expressed C/EBPalpha, beta, delta, and epsilon, which were upregulated by serum (5%). Budesonide completely inhibited C/EBPalpha and beta expression; formoterol increased C/EBPalpha expression (2-fold). C/EBPdelta and epsilon expression were not affected by the drugs. The asthmatic group did not appropriately express C/EBPalpha. Basal levels of C/EBPbeta, delta, and epsilon were upregulated by serum (5%). Budesonide and formoterol increased C/EBPbeta levels (3.4-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively), leaving C/EBPalpha, delta, and epsilon levels unaffected. The COPD group normally expressed C/EBPalpha, beta, and epsilon, which were upregulated by serum treatment (5%). Basal levels of C/EBPdelta were downregulated by serum in 7 of 10 BSMC lines. Budesonide inhibited C/EBPalpha and beta expression, upregulated C/EBPdelta (3.2-fold), and had no effect on C/EBPepsilon. Formoterol upregulated C/EBPalpha expression (3-fold) but not the other C/EBPs. Protein analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed the disease-specific expression pattern of C/EBPalpha in asthmatic patients and C/EBPdelta in patients with COPD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression and regulation of C/EBPs in BSMCs of asthmatic patients and patients with COPD seems disease specific. Budesonide and formoterol modulate C/EBP expression in a drug- and disease-specific pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data could provide a method to discriminate between asthma and COPD at an early disease stage.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Cell Research, Department of Research and Pneumology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. pieter.borger@unibas.ch
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Borger
authors.forename: Hisako
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boustany
authors.forename: Mikael M C
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gencay
authors.forename: Janette K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: Greg G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Judith L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamm
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D019819:Budesonide / Q000494:pharmacology; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D004983:Ethanolamines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019819:Budesonide; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate