title: Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of implantable cardioverter defibrillators for arrhythmias: a systematic review and economic evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) for arrhythmias was assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature of systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials that reported mortality outcomes associated with implantable cardioverter defibrillators compared with antiarrhythmic drug therapy in people at risk of sudden cardiac death due to arrhythmias was undertaken. Economic evaluations were also sought. Inclusion criteria, data extraction, and quality assessment were undertaken by standard methodology. A decision analytic model was constructed using best available evidence to determine cost-effectiveness in a UK setting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight randomized controlled trials, two systematic reviews, and a meta-analysis met the inclusion criteria and were of variable quality. Evidence suggests that ICDs reduce mortality in both secondary and primary prevention, although the magnitude of benefit depends on baseline risk for sudden cardiac death. Incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year ranged from 52,000 UK pounds ($98,000) to over 200,000 UK pounds ($379,000), depending on mortality risk and assumptions made.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence suggests that ICDs reduce total mortality but may be cost-effective only in some subgroups of patients at high risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Further research is needed on risk stratification of patients in whom ICDs are most likely to be clinically and cost-effective.
authors.affiliation: Southampton Health Technology Assessments Centre, Wessex Institute for Health Research and Development, University of Southampton, Boldrewood, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, UK. jsb1@soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brodin
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Loveman
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clegg
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome