title: Genistein-induced apoptosis and autophagocytosis in ovarian cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Genistein, a naturally occurring isoflavenoid abundant in soy products, has anti-neoplastic activity in multiple tumor types. There are several mechanisms reported for genistein's anti-neoplastic activity. In the present study, we studied the mechanism of genistein-induced cell death in ovarian cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of genistein on the induction of apoptosis, autophagy, and inhibition of glucose uptake in ovarian cancer cells was determined. The effect of genistein on the expression of phosphorylated Akt was determined by immunoblotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genistein is cytotoxic to ovarian cancer cells. The mechanism of genistein-induced cell death includes both apoptosis and autophagy. Because autophagy is typically an adaptive response to nutrient starvation, we hypothesized that genistein could induce a starvation-like signaling response. We show here that genistein treatment results in caspase-independent cell death with hallmarks of autophagy. Genistein treatment dramatically inhibits glucose uptake in ovarian cancer cells, and methyl pyruvate, a cell-permeable 3-carbon substrate for oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid synthesis, rescues cells from genistein-induced autophagy. In addition, genistein treatment results in reduced levels of phosphorylated Akt, which may contribute towards a mechanism to limit glucose utilization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most conventional chemotherapeutic agents induce apoptotic cell death. Because genistein can induce both apoptotic and autophagic cell death, it has the potential to circumvent chemoresistance due to alterations in apoptotic signaling.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Gabrielle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gossner
authors.forename: Milheon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fogoros
authors.forename: Kent A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuenker
authors.forename: J Rebecca
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005260:Female; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D019833:Genistein; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt