title: A prospective cohort study of bladder cancer risk in relation to active cigarette smoking and household exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke.
abstract: Active cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for bladder cancer. Secondhand exposure to cigarette smoke may also contribute to bladder carcinogenesis. The authors conducted a prospective cohort study to examine the influence of both active smoking and household exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) on subsequent bladder cancer risk. The study population included persons from two cohorts established from private censuses conducted in Washington County, Maryland, in 1963 (n = 45,749; 93 cases) and 1975 (n = 48,172; 172 cases). Poisson regression models were fitted to estimate the relative risk of bladder cancer associated with active and passive smoke exposure in the two cohorts (referent category: never smokers who did not live with any smokers). Current smokers had an elevated risk of bladder cancer in both the 1963 cohort (relative risk (RR) = 2.7, 95% confidence limits (CL): 1.6, 4.7) and the 1975 cohort (RR = 2.6, 95% CL: 1.7, 3.9) after adjustment for age, education, and marital status. Among nonsmoking women, current household SHS exposure was associated with bladder cancer risk in the 1963 cohort (RR = 2.3, 95% CL: 1.0, 5.4) but not in the 1975 cohort (RR = 0.9, 95% CL: 0.4, 2.3). This study further solidifies the evidence that active smoking is causally associated with bladder cancer. Additional studies are needed to determine whether passive smoking is a risk factor for bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. alberg@musc.edu
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Alberg
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kouzis
authors.forename: Jeanine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Genkinger
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gallicchio
authors.forename: Alyce E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Sandra C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diener-West
authors.forename: Kathy J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Helzlsouer
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Comstock
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015984:Causality; D019352:Censuses; D004522:Educational Status; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012044:Regression Analysis; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution