title: Anger, depression and personality dimensions in patients with migraine without aura.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Migraine without aura causes acute and chronic pain and partially compromises patients' social functioning and work performance. Over the past years, psychiatric comorbidities were frequently observed in these patients, together with coping difficulties and typical personality traits. The aim of this study was to identify whether migraine patients and controls share distinctive personality traits.
  
  
  METHODS
  105 consecutive patients suffering from migraine without aura referred to the Headache Center of Turin University were enrolled in the study and compared to a control group of 79 healthy subjects. Patients and controls completed several psychometric questionnaires, including the Temperament and Character Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients suffering from migraine show more depressive symptoms, difficult anger management with a tendency to hypercontrol, and a distinctive personality profile with high harm avoidance, high persistence and low self-directedness. When a logistic regression was performed, the only significant predictors of migraine were temperament variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the personality traits and psychosomatic mechanisms of migraine patients may make them vulnerable to stress and less skilled in coping with pain. These traits correlate with dysregulated neurotransmitter systems which may also be part of the psychobiological components of personality, depressive disorders and migraine itself.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Section, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale San Giovanni Battista, Psichiatria Universitaria CPR DCA, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abbate-Daga
authors.forename: Secondo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fassino
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lo Giudice
authors.forename: Innocenzo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rainero
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gramaglia
authors.forename: Lucrezia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marech
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amianto
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gentile
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pinessi
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D002605:Character; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020326:Migraine without Aura / Q000523:psychology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament