title: Systematic review: opioid treatment for chronic back pain: prevalence, efficacy, and association with addiction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence, efficacy, and risk for addiction for persons receiving opioids for chronic back pain are unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of opioid treatment, whether opioid medications are effective, and the prevalence of substance use disorders among patients receiving opioid medications for chronic back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language studies from MEDLINE (1966-March 2005), EMBASE (1966-March 2005), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials (to 4th quarter 2004), PsychInfo (1966-March 2005), and retrieved references.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles that studied an adult, nonobstetric sample; used oral, topical, or transdermal opioids; and focused on treatment for chronic back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two investigators independently extracted data and determined study quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Opioid prescribing varied by treatment setting (range, 3% to 66%). Meta-analysis of the 4 studies assessing the efficacy of opioids compared with placebo or a nonopioid control did not show reduced pain with opioids (g, -0.199 composite standardized mean difference [95% CI, -0.49 to 0.11]; P = 0.136). Meta-analysis of the 5 studies directly comparing the efficacy of different opioids demonstrated a nonsignificant reduction in pain from baseline (g, -0.93 composite standardized mean difference [CI, -1.89 to -0.03]; P = 0.055). The prevalence of lifetime substance use disorders ranged from 36% to 56%, and the estimates of the prevalence of current substance use disorders were as high as 43%. Aberrant medication-taking behaviors ranged from 5% to 24%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrieval and publication biases and poor study quality. No trial evaluating the efficacy of opioids was longer than 16 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opioids are commonly prescribed for chronic back pain and may be efficacious for short-term pain relief. Long-term efficacy (> or =16 weeks) is unclear. Substance use disorders are common in patients taking opioids for back pain, and aberrant medication-taking behaviors occur in up to 24% of cases.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8025, USA.
authors.forename: Bridget A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Martell
authors.forename: Patrick G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Kerns
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Knashawn H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kosten
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fiellin
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid