title: Robotic-assisted laparoscopy in gynecological surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic surgery has revolutionized the concept of minimally invasive surgery for the last 3 decades. Robotic-assisted surgery is one of the latest innovations in the field of minimally invasive surgery. Already, many procedures have been performed in urology, cardiac surgery, and general surgery. In this article, we attempt to report our preliminary experience with robotic-assisted laparoscopy in a variety of gynecological surgeries. We sought to evaluate the role of robotic-assisted laparoscopy in gynecological surgeries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a case series of 15 patients who underwent various gynecologic surgeries for combined laparoscopic and robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery. The da Vinci robot was used in each case at a tertiary referral center for laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. An umbilicus, suprapubic, and 2 lateral ports were inserted. These surgeries were performed both using laparoscopic and robotic-assisted laparoscopic techniques. The assembly and disassembly time to switch from laparoscopy to robotic-assisted surgery was measured. Subjective advantages and disadvantages of using robotic-assisted laparoscopy in gynecological surgeries were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen patients underwent a variety of gynecologic surgeries, such as myomectomies, treatment of endometriosis, total and supracervical hysterectomy, ovarian cystectomy, sacral colpopexy, and Moskowitz procedure. The assembly time to switch from laparoscopy to robotic-assisted surgery was 18.9 minutes (range, 14 to 27), and the disassembly time was 2.1 minutes (range, 1 to 3). Robotic-assisted laparoscopy acts as a bridge between laparoscopy and laparotomy but has the disadvantage of being costly and bulky.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgeries have advantages in providing a 3-dimensional visualization of the operative field, decreasing fatigue and tension tremor of the surgeon, and added wrist motion for improved dexterity and greater surgical precision. The disadvantages include enormous cost and added operating time for assembly and disassembly and the bulkiness of the equipment.
authors.affiliation: Department of OB/GYN and Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA. nssaberi@quimbus.com
authors.forename: Camran
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nezhat
authors.forename: Naghmeh S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Saberi
authors.forename: Babac
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shahmohamady
authors.forename: Farr
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nezhat
mesh_terms: D003127:Colposcopy / Q000379:methods; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000379:methods; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D009215:Myometrium / Q000601:surgery; D010048:Ovarian Cysts / Q000601:surgery; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*