title: Craniofacial, craniocervical, and pharyngeal morphology in bilateral cleft lip and palate and obstructive sleep apnea patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to analyze craniofacial, craniocervical, and pharyngeal morphology in surgically treated bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) men, untreated men with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and a reference group of men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lateral cephalograms were obtained of 27 male BCLP patients (mean age 29.0 +/- 8.3 years), 27 untreated male OSA patients (mean age 38.6 +/- 5.3 years), and 27 male controls serving as a reference group (mean age 30.8 +/- 9.2 years). Tracings were made, and 26 variables representing craniofacial, craniocervical, and pharyngeal dimensions were obtained using Viewbox 3.1.1.6. software. The groups were compared using a one-way analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Craniofacial, craniocervical, and pharyngeal morphology of BCLP and OSA patients was similar except for a significantly more retrusive maxilla in the BCLP group. Compared to the reference group, the BCLP and OSA groups had significantly larger craniocervical angulations, smaller depth of the oropharynx at the tip of the velum, and a more inferiorly positioned hyoid bone. Significantly larger vertical dimensions were found in the BCLP group compared to the reference group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Craniofacial, craniocervical, and pharyngeal morphology of BCLP and OSA patients demonstrate substantial similarities except for a significantly more retrusive maxilla in the BCLP group. It is suggested that airway obstruction and postural adaptation to the obstruction may possibly be related to the aberrant craniofacial, craniocervical, and pharyngeal morphology in OSA and in BCLP patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthoontics, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands. b.c.m.oosterkamp@dmo.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Barbara C M
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Oosterkamp
authors.forename: Hendrik J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Remmelink
authors.forename: Gerard J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Pruim
authors.forename: Aarnoud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoekema
authors.forename: Pieter U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000473:pathology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000473:pathology; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000473:pathology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000473:pathology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D012886:Skull / Q000473:pathology*; D019291:Skull Base / Q000473:pathology; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000473:pathology*; D014716:Vertical Dimension