title: Urinary pheromones promote ERK/Akt phosphorylation, regeneration and survival of vomeronasal (V2R) neurons.
abstract: The G protein-coupled pheromone receptor neurons (V1R and V2R) of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) are continually replaced throughout the lifetime of the mouse. Moreover, active signalling of V2Rs via the transient receptor potential 2(TRPC2) channel is necessary for regeneration of receptors, as the TRPC2 null mutant mouse showed a 75% reduction of V2Rs by the age of two months. Here we describe V2R mediated signalling in a neuronal line established from vomeronasal stem cells taken from postnatal female mice. Cells were immunoreactive for Galpha(o) and V2R, whereas V1R and Galpha(i) immunoreactivity could not be detected. Biological ligands (dilute urine and its protein fractions) were found to increase proliferation and survival of these neurons. Dilute mouse urine but not artificial urine also induced ERK, Akt and CREB signalling in a dose dependent way. The volatile fraction of male mouse urine alone was without effect while the fraction containing peptides (> 5 kDa) also stimulated ERK and Akt phosphorylation. The ERK, Akt and CREB phosphorylation response was sensitive to pertussis toxin, confirming the involvement of V2R linked Galpha(o). Dilute mouse urine or its high molecular weight protein fraction increased survival and proliferation of these neurons. Hence, urinary pheromones, which signal important social information via mature neurons, also promote survival and proliferation of their regenerating precursors. These data show that regenerating V2Rs respond to urine and the urinary peptides by activation of the Ras-ERK and PI3-Akt pathways, which appear to be important for vomeronasal neural survival and proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratories of Molecular Neuroscience and Protein Technology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Lynda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sellers
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oxley
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Piers
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Emson
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Keverne
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D010675:Pheromones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011506:Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D043563:Receptors, Pheromone / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D019147:Vomeronasal Organ / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D043563:Receptors, Pheromone; C035737:major urinary proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases