title: Prognostic markers of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions: the role of p16INK4a and high-risk human papillomavirus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  p16INK4a seems to be an indicator of the grade of Human Papillomavirus-induced lesions and a possible predictor of the lesion evolution. There are few studies about the role of HPV test and p16INK4a in diagnosis of high-grade cervical lesions in South-American women. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of p16INK4a and high-risk HPV-DNA expression in cases diagnosed as squamous intra-epithelial lesion and evaluate their role in the approach of high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion.
  
  
  METHODS
  p16INK4a and high-risk Human papillomavirus were investigated in 96 samples of the cervix (13 cases of high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 26 cases of low grade intraepithelial lesions and 57 normal tissues). The p16INK4a was identified by immunohistochemistry using the p16INK4a kit (E6H4 clone, DakoCytomation, Carpinteria, CA) and Human papillomavirus DNA was classified by hybrid capture (Digene). Associations were evaluated by the KAPPA index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The p16INK4a was detected in 92.3% of the high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, in 15.4% of the low-grade and in none of the normal tissues. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for high-grade lesion were 92.3%, 100%, 100%, and 98.3%, respectively when considering p16INK4a expression, and 100%, 70.2%, 43.3% and 100%, respectively when considering high-risk HPV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  p16INK4a test was better associated with high-grade intraepithelial lesion (kappa = 0.95) than was the presence of high-risk HPV (kappa = 0.47). Both tests could be complementary to high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion screening and help to define the diagnosis of the inconclusive low-grade/high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. labpec@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eleutério
authors.forename: Paulo César
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Giraldo
authors.forename: Ana Katherine
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Diane Isabelle Magno
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Cavalcante
authors.forename: Francisco Valdeci
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: de Almeida Ferreira
authors.forename: Suzana Moreira
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mesquita
authors.forename: Sirlei Siani
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Morais
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000032:analysis*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004279:DNA, Viral