title: Symptoms of interstitial cystitis, painful bladder syndrome and similar diseases in women: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In women symptoms of interstitial cystitis are difficult to distinguish from those of painful bladder syndrome and they appear to overlap with those of urinary tract infection, chronic urethral syndrome, overactive bladder, vulvodynia and endometriosis. This has led to difficulties in formulating a case definition for interstitial cystitis, and complications in the treatment and evaluation of its impact on the lives of women. We performed a systematic literature review to determine how best to distinguish interstitial cystitis from related conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed comprehensive literature searches using the terms diagnosis, and each of interstitial cystitis, painful bladder syndrome, urinary tract infection, overactive bladder, chronic urethral syndrome, vulvodynia and endometriosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2,680 screened titles 604 articles were read in full. The most commonly reported interstitial cystitis symptoms were bladder/pelvic pain, urgency, frequency and nocturia. Interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome share the same cluster of symptoms. Chronic urethral syndrome is an outdated term. Self-reports regarding symptoms and effective antibiotic use can distinguish recurrent urinary tract infections from interstitial cystitis in some but not all women. Urine cultures may also be necessary. Pain distinguishes interstitial cystitis from overactive bladder and vulvar pain may distinguish vulvodynia from interstitial cystitis. Dysmenorrhea distinguishes endometriosis from interstitial cystitis, although many women have endometriosis plus interstitial cystitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In terms of symptoms interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome may be the same entity. Recurrent urinary tract infections may be distinguished from interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome via a combination of self-report and urine culture information. Interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome may be distinguished from overactive bladder, vulvodynia and endometriosis, although identifying interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome in women with more than 1 of these diseases may be difficult.
authors.affiliation: Rand Corp., Santa Monica, California, USA. lbogart@rand.org
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bogart
authors.forename: Sandra H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: J Quentin
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Clemens
mesh_terms: D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis