TMD and occlusion part II. Damned if we don't? Functional occlusal problems: TMD epidemiology in a wider context.
OBJECTIVE
To review studies investigating how functional occlusion may relate to TMD and how bruxism may relate to TMD; to review the epidemiology of TMD and relate this to the context of clinical occlusal studies and other aetiological factors. Deficiencies in study design are highlighted and suggestions made to improve future study designs in order to provide an evidence-base for clinical practice.


METHODS
Review article.


METHODS
Electronic databases (MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) were used to select relevant and frequently cited studies (mean: 40 citations). Citation rate was confirmed using the Web of Science. Study designs are reviewed and weaknesses and implications discussed.


RESULTS
Evidence is lacking to suggest functional occlusal factors cause TMD. Investigation of other aetiological factors has been relatively neglected.


CONCLUSIONS
Neither static nor dynamic occlusal factors (including orthodontics) can be said to 'cause' TMD. However, other potential aetiological factors exist which would benefit from more investigation. This, together with improved study designs, would help provide a stronger evidence-base for clinical practice in the future.
Luther
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Department of Orthodontics, Child Dental Health, Leeds Dental Institute, Clarendon Way, Leeds, UK. f.luther@leeds.ac.uk
D018865:Dental Research; D006801:Humans; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000150:complications*; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012107:Research Design; D012744:Sex Ratio; D020186:Sleep Bruxism / Q000150:complications*; D013035:Spasm / Q000150:complications; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*