title: Mechanical efficacy of vertebroplasty: influence of cement type, BMD, fracture severity, and disc degeneration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteoporotic vertebral fractures can be treated by injecting bone cement into the damaged vertebral body. "Vertebroplasty" is becoming popular but the procedure has yet to be optimised. This study compared the ability of two different types of cement to restore the spine's mechanical properties following fracture, and it examined how the mechanical efficacy of vertebroplasty depends on bone mineral density (BMD), fracture severity, and disc degeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pair of thoracolumbar "motion-segments" (two adjacent vertebrae with intervening soft tissue) was obtained from each of 15 cadavers, aged 51-91 years. Specimens were loaded to induce vertebral fracture; then one of each pair underwent vertebroplasty with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement, the other with another composite material (Cortoss). Specimens were creep loaded for 2 h to allow consolidation. At each stage of the experiment, motion segment stiffness in bending and compression was measured, and the distribution of compressive loading on the vertebrae was investigated by pulling a miniature pressure transducer through the intervertebral disc. Pressure measurements, repeated in flexed and extended postures, indicated the intradiscal pressure (IDP) and neural arch compressive load-bearing (F(N)). BMD was measured using DXA. Fracture severity was quantified from height loss.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vertebral fracture reduced motion segment stiffness in bending and compression, by 31% and 43% respectively (p<0.001). IDP fell by 43-62%, depending on posture (p<0.001), whereas F(N) increased from 14% to 37% of the applied load in flexion, and from 39% to 61% in extension (p<0.001). Vertebroplasty partially reversed all these effects, and the restoration of load-sharing was usually sustained after creep-consolidation. No differences were observed between PMMA and Cortoss. Pooled results from 30 specimens showed that low BMD was associated with increased fracture severity (in terms of height loss) and with greater changes in stiffness and load-sharing following fracture. Specimens with low BMD and more severe fractures also showed the greatest mechanical changes following vertebroplasty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low vertebral BMD leads to greater changes in stiffness and spinal load-sharing following fracture. Restoration of mechanical function following vertebroplasty is little influenced by cement type but may be greater in people with low BMD who suffer more severe fractures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University of Bristol, Southwell Street, Bristol BS2 8EJ, UK.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Skrzypiec
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pollintine
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Annesley-Williams
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dolan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001843:Bone Cements; D015519:Bone Density; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery*; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery*; D013131:Spine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate