title: The use of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) for penile reconstruction in bladder exstrophy and total epispadias patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of intramuscular human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) administration on penile enlargement before genital surgery, its influence on penile skin histology and testicular descent were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 45 male patients (median age, 8 months; range 3-28) with total epispadias and classic bladder exstrophy, combined with cryptorchidism. 30 patients were administered 250-500 IU HCG intramuscularly 2 times per week for 3 weeks before reconstructive surgery. Skin biopsies were obtained for human epidermal growth factor (EGF) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (Her2/neu) determination. Skin specimens of the prepuce of 18 circumcised patients were used as controls. Post treatment testicle position was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HCG caused a mean increase in penile length of 1.8 cm (p < 0.01) and in circumference of 1.2 cm (p < 0.05) as well as improved local vascularity in all patients. Compared to the controls, the penile skin of exstrophy/epispadias patients showed a significant decrease in the average amount per field of EGF and Her2/neu positive material (controls 81% [mean 79, SE 2.3] vs. 31% [mean 28, SE 3.6; p < 0.001]). Treatment with HCG led to an increase in average EGF and Her2/neu positive material by 10% (mean 8, SE 2; p < 0.05). The potential side effects of HCG treatment were monitored 3 to 6 months postoperatively. Basal testosterone and LH levels were obtained in patients before and during therapy and postoperatively. Testicular descent was achieved in 21 patients (70%). No significant side effects or complications were encountered in any of our patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean EGF and Her2/neu values are decreased in the penile skin of exstrophy/epispadias patients. The use of preoperative HCG administration leads to an increase in EGF and Her2/neu values and significantly contributes to successful reconstruction in these patients, especially in cases with a paucity of penile skin and in patients who have undergone previous repairs. Temporary penile stimulation by HCG in patients with bladder exstrophy combined with cryptorchidism allows the penile operation to be carried out earlier and contributes to testicular descent while demonstrating negligible side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine. igor_makedonsky@yahoo.com
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Makedonsky
mesh_terms: D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000601:surgery*; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000601:surgery*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000032:analysis; D004842:Epispadias / Q000601:surgery*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D010413:Penis / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D066246:ErbB Receptors