title: Cumulative index of health disorders as an indicator of aging-associated processes in the elderly: results from analyses of the National Long Term Care Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We employ an approach based on the elaborated frailty index (FI), which is capable of taking into account variables with mild effect on the aging, health and survival outcomes, and investigate the connections between the FI, chronological age and the aging-associated outcomes in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of pooled data from the National Long Term Care Survey (NLTCS) assessing health and functioning of the U.S. elderly in 1982, 1984, 1989, 1994, and 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Distributions of frequency, residual life span, mortality rate, and relative risk of death are remarkably similar over age and FI. Coefficients of correlation between FI and age are low both for males (0.127, p<.01) and females (0.221, p<.01). The FI-specific age patterns show deceleration at advanced ages. The FI can provide order of magnitude better resolution in estimating mean remaining life span compared to age. Males have smaller FI than females while males' mortality risks are higher. For short-time horizons, the FI and age are largely independently associated with mortality risks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FI: (i) can be considered as an adequate sex-specific indicator of the aging-associated processes in the elderly, (ii) can characterize these processes independently of age, and (iii) is a better characteristic of the aging phenotype than chronological age.
authors.affiliation: Center for Demographic Studies, Duke University, 2117 Campus Drive, Box 90408, Durham, NC 27708, United States. Alexander.Kulminski@duke.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kulminski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yashin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arbeev
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Akushevich
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ukraintseva
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Land
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Manton
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology