title: Ubiquitin, hormones and biotic stress in plants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The covalent attachment of ubiquitin to a substrate protein changes its fate. Notably, proteins typically tagged with a lysine48-linked polyubiquitin chain become substrates for degradation by the 26S proteasome. In recent years many experiments have been performed to characterize the proteins involved in the ubiquitylation process and to identify their substrates, in order to understand better the mechanisms that link specific protein degradation events to regulation of plant growth and development.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review focuses on the role that ubiquitin plays in hormone synthesis, hormonal signalling cascades and plant defence mechanisms. Several examples are given of how targeted degradation of proteins affects downstream transcriptional regulation of hormone-responsive genes in the auxin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, ethylene and jasmonate signalling pathways. Additional experiments suggest that ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis may also act upstream of the hormonal signalling cascades by regulating hormone biosynthesis, transport and perception. Moreover, several experiments demonstrate that hormonal cross-talk can occur at the level of proteolysis. The more recently established role of the ubiquitin/proteasome system (UPS) in defence against biotic threats is also reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The UPS has been implicated in the regulation of almost every developmental process in plants, from embryogenesis to floral organ production probably through its central role in many hormone pathways. More recent evidence provides molecular mechanisms for hormonal cross-talk and links the UPS system to biotic defence responses.
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Plant Biology Graduate Group Program, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. jcallis@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dreher
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Callis
mesh_terms: D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010944:Plants / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D010940:Plant Proteins; D025801:Ubiquitin; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex