title: Total and component carbon fluxes of a Scots pine ecosystem from chamber measurements and eddy covariance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Distinguishing between, and quantifying, the different components of ecosystem C fluxes is critical in predicting the responses of ecosystem C cycling to climate change. The aims of this study were to quantify the photosynthetic and respiratory fluxes of a 50-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) ecosystem, and to distinguish respiration of branches with needles from that of stems, and that of soil.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CO2 flux of the ecosystem was continuously measured using the eddy covariance (EC) method, and its components (respiration and photosynthesis of a branch with needles, stem and soil surface) were measured with an automated chamber system, from 2001 to 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All values below are chamber based. The average temperature coefficient (Q10) of respiration was 2.7, 2.2 and 4.0, respectively, for branch (Rbran), stem (Rstem) and the soil surface (Rsoil). Respiration at a reference temperature of 15 degrees C (R15) was 1.27, 0.49 and 4.02 micromol CO2 m(-2) ground s(-1) for the three components, respectively. Over 4 years, the annual Rbran, Rstem and Rsoil ranged from 196 to 256, 56 to 83 and 439 to 598 g C m(-2) ground year(-1), respectively, with a 4-year average of 227, 72 and 507 g C m(-2) ground year(-1). Annual ecosystem respiration (Reco) was 731, 783, 909 and 751 g C m(-2) ground year(-1) in years 2001-2004, respectively, gross primary production (GPP) was 922, 1030, 1138 and 1001 g C m(-2) ground year(-1), and net ecosystem production (NEP) was 191, 247, 229 and 251 g C m(-2) ground year(-1). The average contribution of Rbran, Rstem and Rsoil to Reco was 29, 9 and 62 %, respectively. Overstorey photosynthesis accounted for 96 % of GPP. The average Reco/GPP ratio was 0.78. Net primary production (NPP) in the 4 years was 469, 581, 600 and 551 g C m(-2) year(-1), respectively, with the NPP/GPP ratio 0.54 averaged over the years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Respiration from the soil is the dominant component of ecosystem respiration. Differences between years in Reco were due to differences in temperature during the growing season. Rsoil was more sensitive to temperature than Rbran and Rstem, and differences in Rsoil were responsible for the differences in Reco between years.
authors.affiliation: Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Rd, Saskatoon SK, S7N 3H5, Canada. tianshan.zha@ec.gc.ca
authors.forename: Tianshan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zha
authors.forename: Sini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niinisto
authors.forename: Zisheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Kai-Yun
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kellomäki
authors.forename: Alan G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Barr
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D017753:Ecosystem; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010788:Photosynthesis; D041605:Pinus sylvestris / Q000378:metabolism*; D018526:Plant Transpiration; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002244:Carbon