title: Inactivation of human mutL homolog 1 and mutS homolog 2 genes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumors and leukoplakia samples by promoter hypermethylation and its relation with microsatellite instability phenotype.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) exhibits a microsatellite instability (MIN) phenotype. The authors correlated alterations in the mismatch-repair genes human mutL homolog 1 (hMLH1) and human mutS homolog 2 (hMSH2) in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumors and in samples of leukoplakia with the MIN phenotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-three paired HNSCC normal and tumor tissues and 27 leukoplakia samples were examined for hypermethylation of hMLH1 and hMSH2 promoters. The hypermethylation status of the tissues was confirmed by expression studies. Sixty-three of 123 randomly selected tumors and all 27 leukplakia samples were genotyped with 8 microsatellite markers to determine MIN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty percent of HNSCC tumors and 63% of leukoplakia samples harbored hypermethylation at either or both hMLH1 and hMSH2 promoters. Normal tissues adjacent to methylation-positive tumors also demonstrated hypermethylation of both promoters at a high frequency (25%). A positive correlation between tobacco habit and promoter hypermethylation was observed (P = .001). A correlation was observed between MIN and the frequency of promoter hypermethylation in the leukoplakia samples, but no such trend was observed in the HNSCC tumors. It is noteworthy that patients who had a high frequency of MIN-positive tumors exhibited hypermethylation in both the affected tissues and the adjacent normal tissues (P = .007). Patients with a tobacco habit who had promoter hypermethylation at both the affected tissues and the adjacent normal tissues had tumors that mostly were MIN positive (P = .047).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current results suggested that tobacco-addicted individuals are more susceptible to promoter hypermethylation of hMLH1 and hMSH2 and that, if such hypermethylation occurs in the normal squamous epithelium of the head and neck region, then those tissues are likely to develop into tumors that involve the MIN pathway.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.
authors.forename: Shiladitya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: Susmita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
authors.forename: Anup
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Chinmay K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Panda
authors.forename: Susanta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roychoudhury
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019175:DNA Methylation; D053843:DNA Mismatch Repair; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007971:Leukoplakia / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein