title: [The dystonias--botulinum toxin, deep brain stimulation, pharmacotherapy, motor training].
abstract: Despite great advances in the understanding of the dystonias, treatment for most patients remains symptomatic. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the treatment of choice for focal dystonias. Selected issues related to the use of BoNT are highlighted with pertinent illustrations. In certain focal, mainly in generalised dystonias BoNT may not be sufficient or appropriate. Besides BoNT pharmacotherapy, nowadays increasingly deep brain stimulation, psychotherapy, physio- and occupational therapy approaches can be included in the management of dystonic patients. The review focuses on experiences with established management guidelines and new developments in the treatment of dystonias.
authors.affiliation: Neurologisches Krankenhaus München, Zentrum für Parkinson und Bewegungsstörungen. a.ceballos@lrz.tum.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceballos-Baumann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004421:Dystonia / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009788:Occupational Therapy; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011613:Psychotherapy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D015259:Dopamine Agents; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D007980:Levodopa; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A