title: Urocanic acid is a major chemoattractant for the skin-penetrating parasitic nematode Strongyloides stercoralis.
abstract: Host-seeking behavior by parasitic nematodes relies heavily on chemical cues emanating from potential hosts. Nonspecific cues for Strongyloides stercoralis, a nematode that infects humans and a few other mammals, include carbon dioxide and sodium chloride; however, the characteristic species specificity of this parasite suggested the existence of other, more specific cues. Here we show that the infective larva of S. stercoralis is strongly attracted to an extract of mammalian skin and that the active component in this skin extract is urocanic acid. Urocanic acid, a histidine metabolite, is particularly abundant in mammalian skin and skin secretions, suggesting that it serves as an attractant specific to mammalian hosts. The attractant activity of urocanic acid is suppressed by divalent metal ions, suggesting a possible strategy for preventing infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Safer
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brenes
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dunipace
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000737:chemistry*; D002633:Chemotaxis; D002845:Chromatography; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006639:Histidine / Q000737:chemistry; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry; D010271:Parasites / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000469:parasitology*; D017171:Strongyloides stercoralis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014560:Urocanic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002630:Chemotactic Factors; D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals; D006639:Histidine; D014560:Urocanic Acid