title: High-fidelity medical simulation as an assessment tool for pediatric residents' airway management skills.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate high-fidelity medical simulation as an assessment tool for pediatric residents' ability to manage an acute airway.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective, observational study in which 16 pediatric residents were consented and then brought to the medical simulation center. They were placed in 2 different computer-driven scenarios and asked to manage the cases. The first scenario was a 3-month-old infant with bronchiolitis and severe respiratory distress and was programmed to develop respiratory failure. The second case was a 16-year-old adolescent with alcohol intoxication and respiratory depression and was programmed for emesis and aspiration. Both cases included a nurse, parent, and intern. We recorded performance of predetermined critical actions and any harmful actions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 47 attempts at intubation with 27 successes (56%). Appropriate preoxygenation was performed in 15 (47%) of 32 cases. Appropriate rapid sequence induction was administered in 21 (66%) of 32 cases. Cricoid pressure was applied in 20 (63%) of 32 cases. End-tidal carbon dioxide detector was used in 11 (34%) of 32 cases. A nasogastric tube was placed in 14 (44%) of 32 cases. Harmful actions included rapid sequence induction administered before intubation equipment setup, bag-valve mask not connected to oxygen, inappropriate endotracheal tube size, pulling cuffed endotracheal tube out while inflated, and placing the laryngoscope blade on backwards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data identified many areas of concern with resident skills in managing an airway. This project suggests that high-fidelity medical simulation can assess a resident's ability to manage an airway as well as a program's effectiveness in teaching the skills necessary to manage an acute pediatric airway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA. foverly@lifespan.org
authors.forename: Frank L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Overly
authors.forename: Stephanie N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Sudikoff
authors.forename: Marc J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000592:standards*; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000193:education*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000628:therapy*