title: Miniature near-infrared dual-axes confocal microscope utilizing a two-dimensional microelectromechanical systems scanner.
abstract: The first, to our knowledge, miniature dual-axes confocal microscope has been developed, with an outer diameter of 10 mm, for subsurface imaging of biological tissues with 5-7 microm resolution. Depth-resolved en face images are obtained at 30 frames per second, with a field of view of 800 x 100 microm, by employing a two-dimensional scanning microelectromechanical systems mirror. Reflectance and fluorescence images are obtained with a laser source at 785 nm, demonstrating the ability to perform real-time optical biopsy.
authors.affiliation: Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. jonliu@stanfordalumni.org
authors.forename: Jonathan T C
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mandella
authors.forename: Hyejun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ra
authors.forename: Larry K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Olav
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Solgaard
authors.forename: Gordon S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Kino
authors.forename: Wibool
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Piyawattanametha
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Contag
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D003199:Computer Systems; D004581:Electronics; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019563:Mechanics; D008846:Micromanipulation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008904:Miniaturization; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014159:Transducers