title: Review article: steroid resistance in inflammatory bowel disease - mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Steroid resistance in inflammatory bowel disease presents a difficult clinical challenge. The advent of biological therapies coupled with an increasing understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease has provided new therapeutic options.
  
  
  METHODS
  We review the available literature of the mechanisms behind steroid resistance. In addition, we outline some of the options available for treating those patients who fail to respond adequately to glucocorticoids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 30% of patients prescribed glucocorticoids will not achieve clinical remission. Many such patients are offered immunosuppressive or, recently, biological agents. However, these agents are ineffective in a large proportion of patients. Immunosuppressive agents only bring 40-60% of patients into remission, and biological agents typically induce remission in just 40% of patients. In this review, the possible explanations for glucocorticoid resistance are discussed. Recent evidence suggests that in many patients it is mediated by interleukin-2. Basiliximab, a biological agent that interrupts interleukin-2 signalling, has shown significant benefit in early clinical studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who fail to respond to steroid therapy should have alternative agents introduced in a timely fashion. Steroid refractory inflammatory bowel disease remains a difficult condition to treat, but new therapies and managements are emerging.
authors.affiliation: University Research Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK. t.j.creed@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Creed
authors.forename: C S J
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Probert
mesh_terms: D001691:Biological Therapy; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids