title: Molecular genetic defects in endometrial carcinomas: microsatellite instability, PTEN and beta-catenin (CTNNB1) genes mutations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aims to assess the incidence of microsatellite instability (MSI) and mutations in the PTEN and beta-catenin (CTNNB1) genes in endometrial carcinomas and to analyze the detected defects in these factors in relation to each other and to the clinico-pathological features of tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a series of 56 endometrioid endometrial carcinomas, the status of MSI was determined using nine polymorphic markers, and mutations in all exons of the PTEN gene and in exon 3 of the CTNNB1 gene were evaluated by SSCP and sequencing methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microsatellite instability was found in 18 carcinomas (32.1%, MSI+); the remaining 38 tumors were microsatellite stable (MSI-). In 15 cases (26.8%), a loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the studied microsatellite markers also occurred. In 29 carcinomas (51.8%), mutations were found in the PTEN gene and in nine tumors (16.1%) in the CTNNB1 gene. PTEN mutations occurred significantly more frequently in MSI+ than in MSI- tumors (77.8 vs. 39.5%, p = 0.007), but, except for one, none of them was attributable to MSI. In contrast, incidence of CTNNB1 mutations in MSI+ and MSI- tumors no significantly differed between themselves (16.7 vs. 15.8%, p = 0.760). Interestingly, mutations in the CTNNB1 gene most frequently coexisted with mutations in the PTEN gene (7/9, 77.8%). However, this finding requires future verification on a larger group of cases. The incidence of MSI and PTEN, but not CTNNB1 mutations, was significantly more common in poorly, than in well-to-moderately, differentiated tumors (G3 vs. G1 + G2; p = 0.042, 0.039 and 0.958, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that most frequently occurring mutations in the PTEN gene may be a key event for the tumorigenesis of endometrioid endometrial carcinomas, while coexistence or absence of microsatellite instability or mutations in the CTNNB1 gene may reflect the heterogeneity of molecular mechanisms contributing to the development of these tumors.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Department, The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 5 W.K. Roentgen Street, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland. bkonopka@coi.waw.pl
authors.forename: Bozena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Konopka
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janiec-Jankowska
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Czapczak
authors.forename: Zygmunt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Paszko
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bidziński
authors.forename: Włodzimierz
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Olszewski
authors.forename: Cyprian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goluda
mesh_terms: D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D053842:Microsatellite Instability; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000235:genetics*; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D051176:beta Catenin; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C494929:PTEN protein, human