title: Clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with advanced rectal cancer: a national prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  At the time of diagnosis, approximately one third of patients with rectal cancer present with advanced disease. In this study we focus on a group of patients with primary advanced rectal cancer considered as not operable. We address various clinical aspects relevant for decision-making in a group of patients in need of palliative care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1997 and December 2001, 4831 consecutive patients with rectal cancer were prospectively registered in the Norwegian Rectal Cancer Registry. In this national population-based cohort, 386 patients (8 percent) without surgical interventions were identified. These patients comprise the study population. Clinical characteristics and survivals were addressed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients not surgically treated were significantly older compared with other treatment groups (median age, 80 years; interquartile range, 72-86 vs. median age, 71 years; interquartile range, 62-79 years) (P<0.001). Median survival time was 4.5 (range, 3.5-5.4) months, regardless of age, gender, or hospital category. Patients who received radiotherapy had a significantly increased survival (P<0.001) compared with patients not treated with radiation, with a median survival time of 10.2 (range, 7.3-12.1) months vs. 2.8 (range, 2.1-3.6) months, respectively. Use of chemotherapy was not associated with improved survival. In multivariate analysis, only stage of disease and radiotherapy were independent predictors of better survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher age and comorbidity seem to influence choice of treatment in this subgroup of patients with advanced rectal cancer disease. In nonsurgically treated patients, radiotherapy was associated with an improved survival. Our prospective, population-based cohort study emphasizes the dismal prognosis of these patients, which also should challenge our efforts and clinical approaches in palliative care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
authors.forename: Helgi Kjartan
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Sigurdsson
authors.forename: Hartwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Körner
authors.forename: Olav
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skarstein
authors.forename: Jon Arne
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Søreide
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010166:Palliative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D012042:Registries; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome