Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice.
The trillions of microbes that colonize our adult intestines function collectively as a metabolic organ that communicates with, and complements, our own human metabolic apparatus. Given the worldwide epidemic in obesity, there is interest in how interactions between human and microbial metabolomes may affect our energy balance. Here we report that, in contrast to mice with a gut microbiota, germ-free (GF) animals are protected against the obesity that develops after consuming a Western-style, high-fat, sugar-rich diet. Their persistently lean phenotype is associated with increased skeletal muscle and liver levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its downstream targets involved in fatty acid oxidation (acetylCoA carboxylase; carnitine-palmitoyltransferase). Moreover, GF knockout mice lacking fasting-induced adipose factor (Fiaf), a circulating lipoprotein lipase inhibitor whose expression is normally selectively suppressed in the gut epithelium by the microbiota, are not protected from diet-induced obesity. Although GF Fiaf-/- animals exhibit similar levels of phosphorylated AMPK as their wild-type littermates in liver and gastrocnemius muscle, they have reduced expression of genes encoding the peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor coactivator (Pgc-1alpha) and enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation. Thus, GF animals are protected from diet-induced obesity by two complementary but independent mechanisms that result in increased fatty acid metabolism: (i) elevated levels of Fiaf, which induces Pgc-1alpha; and (ii) increased AMPK activity. Together, these findings support the notion that the gut microbiota can influence both sides of the energy balance equation, and underscore the importance of considering our metabolome in a supraorganismal context.
Bäckhed
Fredrik
F
Center for Genome Sciences and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
Manchester
Jill K
JK
Semenkovich
Clay F
CF
Gordon
Jeffrey I
JI
D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000075803:Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4; D042682:Angiopoietins; D000818:Animals; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005856:Germ-Free Life; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009043:Motor Activity; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D009765:Obesity / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors
D000075803:Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4; D042682:Angiopoietins; C407088:Angptl4 protein, mouse; D001798:Blood Proteins; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; C485290:Ppargc1a protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases