title: Immediate inflammatory response and scar formation in wounded vocal folds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vocal fold scarring is the major cause of voice disorders after voice surgery or laryngeal trauma. The role of inflammatory factors in vocal fold wound healing and fibrosis has not been adequately investigated. Scarless wound healing has been associated with decreased inflammatory responses. To understand scar formation and develop reliable treatments, it is necessary to control extracellular matrix production and inflammation. Thus, we examined the inflammation profile and extracellular matrix production in wounded vocal folds in the acute phase of wound healing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vocal fold stripping was performed on 30 Sprague-Dawley rats. Vocal fold tissue was collected at 5 time points (4, 8, 16, 24, and 72 hours). We examined the in vivo messenger RNA expression profile of inflammatory factors interleukin 1beta, interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, nuclear factor kappa beta, transforming growth factor beta, and cyclooxygenase 2, as well as hyaluronic acid synthases 1 and 2, procollagen subtypes I and III, and elastin synthase in scarred vocal folds after injury, compared to normal vocal folds, using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inflammatory factors showed a time-dependent sequence of expression peaks, starting with interleukin 1beta, nuclear factor kappa beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha (4 and 8 hours), and transforming growth factor beta (72 hours). Interferon gamma decreased at 24 hours. Correspondingly, hyaluronic acid synthase 1 expression peaked first (4 and 8 hours), whereas hyaluronic acid synthase 2 expression peaked at 16 hours and again at 72 hours. Procollagen I expression peaked at 72 hours, whereas procollagen III decreased from 8 to 16 hours but peaked at 72 hours. Cyclooxygenase 2 expression was elevated, whereas elastin expression remained constant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show a clear profile of vocal fold inflammation with corresponding changes in extracellular matrix production.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.
authors.forename: Xinhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tateya
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tateya
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Del-Río
authors.forename: Diane M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bless
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000235:genetics; D024061:Collagen Type III / Q000235:genetics; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D004549:Elastin / Q000235:genetics; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D000076002:Hyaluronan Synthases; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000276:immunology* / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D024061:Collagen Type III; D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D004549:Elastin; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase; D000076002:Hyaluronan Synthases