Study of the risk factors for viral hepatitis C infection among Egyptians applying for work abroad.
The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for viral hepatitis C infection among Egyptians. A cross-sectional study with case-control analysis was conducted including 5071 Egyptians applying to the Ministry of Health Laboratories for certification of freedom from viral hepatitis (B and C) to work abroad. A questionnaire designed to cover the most important known and suspected risk factors was filled out by physicians interviewers before blood drawing and after proper orientation of the purpose of the study. The overall seropositivity among the whole sample for HCV was 31.5% and was significantly lower among females (13.2%) than among males (34%). A consistent increase of seropositivity for HCV antibodies with age (in males and females and in urban and rural areas) was observed with a peak level of 54.9% in all individuals for the age group 45-49 years (significant trend p < 0.0001). A significant increase of seropositivity (p < 0.005) above 25 years of age (35.7%) than below this age 12.8%) was observed on examination of HCV distribution in 5-year age group. Married individuals have a significant higher seropositivity for HCV than non-married (38.2% and 20.9% respectively OR = 2.3, 95% CL 2.1-2.7). Individuals living in rural areas had significantly more HCV seropositivity than those living in urban areas (OR = 1.7, 95% CL 1.5-2.0). Also, individuals living in Cairo and seashore governorates had significantly lower seropositivity (14.7% and 12.7% respectively) than those living in governorates in upper or lower Egypt (29.4% and 36.3% respectively). Medical procedures risk factors identified to be associated with significant higher HCV seropositivity included: past history of injections for bilharziasis, use of common syringes, dental extraction, injections for urography, blood transfusions and previous hospitalizations. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that only age, male sex, marriage, rural residence, living in upper and lower Egypt, injections for bilharziasis and urography were significant in the final equation for the whole group. Blood transfusion was significant in the final regression analysis among females in urban living and hospitalization was significant among males in urban living and females in rural living. Further research is needed to elucidate those factors prevailing in rural areas and in upper and lower Egypt associated with increased risk for HCV infection.
Mohamed
M K
MK
Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
Hussein
M H
MH
Massoud
A A
AA
Rakhaa
M M
MM
Shoeir
S
S
Aoun
A A
AA
Aboul Naser
M
M
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000276:immunology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies; D012367:RNA, Viral