title: Magnetic resonance angiography and neuromonitoring to assess spinal cord blood supply in thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preoperative knowledge of the blood-supplying trajectory to the spinal cord is of interest, because spinal cord ischemia may occur during thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair and possibly leads to paraplegia. The Adamkiewicz artery (AKA) is considered to be the most important blood supplier of the thoracolumbar spinal cord and has therefore been the focus in preoperative diagnostic imaging. However, in TAA(A) patients, the blood supply to the spinal cord may strongly depend on (intersegmental) collateral circulation, because many segmental arteries are occluded as a result of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the importance of preserving the segmental artery supplying the AKA (SA-AKA) is debated. Here it was investigated whether (1) the AKA and its segmental supplier can be imaged by using magnetic resonance (MR) angiography and (2) aortic cross-clamping of the SA-AKA influences intraoperative spinal cord function, monitored by motor evoked potentials (MEPs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Preoperative MR angiography was performed to localize the SA-AKA and the AKA in 60 patients (19 TAA, 7 TAAA I, 18 TAAA II, 9 TAAA III, and 7 TAAA IV). Spinal cord function was monitored during surgery by using MEPs. When MEPs indicated critical ischemia, the SA-AKA was selectively reattached. To test whether aortic cross-clamping of the SA-AKA was associated with MEP decline, the Fisher statistical exactness test was applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AKA and SA-AKA could be localized in all 60 (100%) patients between vertebral levels T8 and L2 (72% left sided). In 44 (73%) patients, the SA-AKA was cross-clamped, which led in 32% (14/44) of cases to MEP decline. Reattachment of the preoperatively localized SA-AKA re-established MEPs and, thus, spinal cord function in 12 of 14 cases. When the SA-AKA was outside the area cross-clamped, the MEPs always remained stable. A significant association (P < .01) was found between the location of the SA-AKA relative to the aortic cross-clamps and the MEPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AKA can be localized before surgery in 100% of TAA(A) patients by using MR angiography. Location of the SA-AKA outside the cross-clamped aortic area is attended with stable MEPs. Interestingly, it was found that in most patients in whom the SA-AKA was cross-clamped, MEPs were not affected, thus indicating sufficient collateral blood supply to maintain spinal cord integrity. Nevertheless, preoperative knowledge of SA-AKA location is of importance, because in 32% of patients, spinal cord function was dependent on this supplier. Revascularization of the SA-AKA can thereby reverse spinal cord dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robbert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Nijenhuis
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Geert W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Schurink
authors.forename: Alphons G H
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kessels
authors.forename: Jos M A
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: van Engelshoven
authors.forename: Walter H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Backes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D017545:Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures