title: Teletherapeutic drug administration by long distance closed-loop control of propofol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the feasibility of an EEG-controlled closed-loop administration of propofol over a long distance of about 200 km.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a teletherapeutic propofol infusion during total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol in 11 patients undergoing general surgery. The teletherapeutic system consisted of a computer at the patient site in Munich and a computer at the control site in Erlangen, which were connected via the internet through a virtual private network. The patient's EEG signal was sent to the control site computer, where the median frequency (MEF) of the EEG power spectrum was calculated. The propofol infusion, determined by a model-based adaptive feedback algorithm to maintain a MEF of 1.5 to 2 Hz, was sent to the patient site computer connected to the infusion pump. The quality of the control was assessed by the performance error defined as the percentage deviation of the measured MEF from the set point and the necessity of interventions by the anaesthetist at the patient site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During closed-loop administration of propofol [83 (52) min] the median performance error of the system was - 4.6 (4.4)% and the median absolute performance error was 18.8 (5.7)%. From a total number of 10 905 transmitted EEG epochs, there were five epochs with transmission errors, without further consequences for drug control. In one patient, teletherapy was stopped because the internet connection was interrupted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Teletherapeutic drug administration could be realized over a longer distance. Further studies have to investigate the practicability and safety of teletherapeutic drug control in anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Universiätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany. harald.ihmsen@kfa.imed.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ihmsen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naguib
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schwilden
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schüttler
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kochs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000379:methods; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D015742:Propofol