title: Filamentous fungi in a tertiary care hospital: environmental surveillance and susceptibility to antifungal drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate filamentous fungi with respect to environmental load and potential drug resistance in a tertiary care teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monthly survey in 2 buildings of the hospital during a 12-month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hippokration Hospital in Thessaloniki, Greece.
  
  
  METHODS
  Air, surface, and tap water sampling was performed in 4 departments with high-risk patients. As sampling sites, the solid-organ transplantation department and the hematology department (in the older building) and the pediatric oncology department and the pediatric intensive care unit (in the newer building) were selected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From January to May of 2000, the fungal load in air (FLA) was low, ranging from 0 to 12 colony-forming units (cfu) per m(3) in both buildings. During the summer months, when high temperature and humidity predominate, the FLA increased to 4-56 cfu/m(3). The fungi commonly recovered from culture of air specimens were Aspergillus niger (25.9%), Aspergillus flavus (17.7%), and Aspergillus fumigatus (12.4%). Non-Aspergillus filamentous fungi, such as Zygomycetes and Dematiaceous species, were also recovered. The pediatric intensive care unit had the lowest mean FLA (7.7 cfu/m(3)), compared with the pediatric oncology department (8.7 cfu/m(3)), the solid-organ transplantation department (16.1 cfu/m(3)), and the hematology department (22.6 cfu/m(3)). Environmental surfaces were swabbed, and 62.7% of the swab samples cultured yielded filamentous fungi similar to the fungi recovered from air but with low numbers of colony-forming units. Despite vigorous sampling, culture of tap water yielded no fungi. The increase in FLA observed during the summer coincided with renovation in the building that housed the solid-organ transplantation and hematology departments. All 54 Aspergillus air isolates randomly selected exhibited relatively low minimum inhibitory or effective concentrations for amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, micafungin, and anidulafungin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Air and surface fungal loads may vary in different departments of the same hospital, especially during months when the temperature and humidity are high. Environmental Aspergillus isolates are characterized by lack of resistance to clinically important antifungal agents.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Paraskevi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Panagopoulou
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Filioti
authors.forename: Evangelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Farmaki
authors.forename: Avgi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maloukou
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roilides
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006115:Greece; D006749:Hospital Design and Construction; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents