title: Long-term effects of poultry litter, alum-treated litter, and ammonium nitrate on phosphorus availability in soils.
abstract: Alum (Al2(SO4)(3).14H2O) additions to poultry litter result in lower ammonia (NH3) volatilization and phosphorus (P) runoff; however, the long-term effects of alum on soil P behavior have been unknown. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the long-term effects of poultry litter, alum-treated litter, and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) on P availability in soils and P runoff. Two studies were initiated in 1995: a small plot (1.5x3.0 m) study and a paired watershed (0.405 ha) study. In the small plot study 13 treatments (control, four rates of normal litter, four rates of alum-treated litter, and four rates of NH4NO3) were applied to tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) plots. Results show that after 7 yr water-extractable P (WEP) in surface soil samples was greater with normal litter, but Mehlich III P was greater in surface soils fertilized with alum-treated litter. When soil samples were taken at depth intervals to 50 cm in Year 7, Mehlich III P was only greater in the surface 5 cm for soils fertilized with alum-treated litter. At lower depths Mehlich III P was greater with normal litter, and WEP was up to 288% greater when normal litter was used, indicating that alum significantly reduced P leaching. Uptake of P by fescue was not affected by alum. Results from the paired watershed study showed P loss in runoff was 340% greater for normal litter than for alum-treated litter. This research, combined with earlier work that shows alum use improves air and soil quality, supports the use of alum as a long-term solution to reducing P runoff and leaching.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Plant Sciences 115, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA. philipm@uark.edu
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D011200:Poultry; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D012987:Soil; D010758:Phosphorus; C006568:ammonium nitrate