title: Single trial somatosensory evoked potential extraction with ARX filtering for a combined spinal cord intraoperative neuromonitoring technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When spinal cord functional integrity is at risk during surgery, intraoperative neuromonitoring is recommended. Tibial Single Trial Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SEPs) and H-reflex are here used in a combined neuromonitoring method: both signals monitor the spinal cord status, though involving different nervous pathways. However, SEPs express a trial-to-trial variability that is difficult to track because of the intrinsic low signal-to-noise ratio. For this reason single trial techniques are needed to extract SEPs from the background EEG.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis is performed off line on data recorded in eight scoliosis surgery sessions during which the spinal cord was simultaneously monitored through classical SEPs and H-reflex responses elicited by the same tibial nerve electrical stimulation. The single trial extraction of SEPs from the background EEG is here performed through AutoRegressive filter with eXogenous input (ARX). The electroencephalographic recording can be modeled as the sum of the background EEG, which can be described as an autoregressive process not related to the stimulus, and the evoked potential (EP), which can be viewed as a filtered version of a reference signal related to the stimulus. The choice of the filter optimal orders is based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The reference signal used as exogenous input in the ARX model is a weighted average of the previous SEPs trials with exponential forgetting behavior.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The moving average exponentially weighted, used as reference signal for the ARX model, shows a better sensibility than the standard moving average in tracking SEPs fast inter-trial changes. The ability to promptly detect changes allows highlighting relations between waveform changes and surgical maneuvers. It also allows a comparative study with H-reflex trends: in particular, the two signals show different fall and recovery dynamics following stressful conditions for the spinal cord.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ARX filter showed good performances in single trial SEP extraction, enhancing the available information concerning the current spinal cord status. Moreover, the comparison between SEPs and H-reflex showed that the two signals are affected by the same surgical maneuvers, even if they monitor the spinal cord through anatomically different pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Physiology, University of Milan, Italy. lorenzo.rossi@polimi.it
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Merzagora
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaggiani
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cerutti
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bracchi
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003943:Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; D006181:H-Reflex; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*