Effect of pyridoxamine (K-163), an inhibitor of advanced glycation end products, on type 2 diabetic nephropathy in KK-A(y)/Ta mice.
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) from the Maillard reaction contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes-associated complications such as diabetic nephropathy. In therapeutic interventions for reducing AGEs, many compounds have been reported as AGE inhibitors. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of pyridoxamine (K-163), an AGE inhibitor, in type 2 diabetic KK-A(y)/Ta mice. KK-A(y)/Ta mice were given pyridoxamine (200 or 400 mg/kg per day) starting at 8 weeks of age for 12 weeks. They were divided into 3 groups as follows: pyridoxamine 200 mg/kg per day treatment group (n = 10), pyridoxamine 400 mg/kg per day treatment group (n = 10), and a tap water group as the control group (n = 20). The urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), body weight (BW), levels of fasting and casual blood glucose, blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)), fasting serum insulin, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-Cho), and 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG), and systemic blood pressure were measured as biochemical parameters. N(epsilon)-(Carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and nitrotyrosine accumulations in glomeruli were evaluated by immunohistochemical analyses. Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and laminin-beta1 messenger RNA expressions in the kidneys were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Pyridoxamine, especially at 400 mg/kg per day, improved the levels of urinary ACR, fasting serum TG, and 3DG. CML and nitrotyrosine accumulations in glomeruli were decreased. Furthermore, large doses of pyridoxamine prevented not only urinary ACR but also increases of BW, casual blood glucose, and HbA(1c). TGF-beta1 and laminin-beta1 messenger RNA expressions in kidneys were significantly lower than those in the controls. There were no significant changes in the levels of fasting blood glucose, serum T-Cho, and systemic blood pressure among all groups. It appears that pyridoxamine improved urinary ACR by its anti-AGE and anti-oxidant effects in the kidneys of KK-A(y)/Ta mice.
Tanimoto
Mitsuo
M
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Gohda
Tomohito
T
Kaneko
Shigeru
S
Hagiwara
Shinji
S
Murakoshi
Maki
M
Aoki
Tatsuya
T
Yamada
Kaori
K
Ito
Takamichi
T
Matsumoto
Masakazu
M
Horikoshi
Satoshi
S
Tomino
Yasuhiko
Y
D000818:Animals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007797:Laminin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011733:Pyridoxamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012545:Schiff Bases; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D007797:Laminin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012545:Schiff Bases; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D011733:Pyridoxamine; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; D008239:Lysine