title: Results and recommendations from the helicopter EMS pilot safety survey 2005.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2005, the Pilot Safety Study Group (PSSG), consisting of members of the Association of Air Medical Services Research Committee, wrote, distributed, and analyzed a survey of helicopter pilots regarding their knowledge, attitude, and perspectives on safety in the field of air medical transport.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Pilot Safety Survey 2005 (PSS2005) was based on another survey--one that was sponsored by Helicopter Association International (HAI) and National EMS Pilots Association (NEMSPA) and administered to pilots in 2001. The PSS2005 pared questions down so that the survey could be completed in 15 minutes on the internet, and the answers were organized in a manner to simplify analysis. An electronic link to the survey was distributed in a non-randomized fashion to HEMS pilots using the mailing lists of various operators and HEMS programs. Questions were clustered into eight groupings of safety, with a majority of responses being categorical, lending themselves to cross-tabulations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The information gathered indicated that Helicopter EMS (HEMS) pilots are very experienced, with the average pilot logging 6,625 flight hours. Collectively, they took responsibility for HEMS accidents; with 92% of total respondents citing "pushing weather minimums" and 82% citing "pilot decision making" as the main reasons for crashes. Crew resource management (CRM) was well appreciated by the pilots; there appeared to be a positive correlation with programs that offer their employees CRM and the pilots' general perspective on safety. The survey was also clear that amongst 40% of the respondents, mission-oriented training needs improvement, and 74% responded that more realistic training in flight simulators would improve safety overall. Finally, 57% of the pilots both desired night vision goggles or devices (NVG/NVD) and believed that their usage would improve safety in the field of air medical transport (55% vs 45%, P = .0025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the recommendations from the PSS2005 are lacking in definite evidence for a decrease in HEMS crashes, we consider the direct input from pilots as critical in the absolute elimination of crashes in Helicopter EMS (Vision Zero). Pilots are, after all, the very ones held responsible for HEMS crashes. Based on these findings, the PSSG hopes that the HEMS community will incorporate the following recommendations into their standard practices. We recommend that all HEMS operators have annual and regular CRM training. We recommend that all HEMS pilots have annual and regular training in realistic flight simulators. Finally, we recommend that all HEMS aircraft be in possession of NVGs, and if this is not possible (eg, light pollution from a highly urbanized region or cost-benefit issues), then to have annual and regular mission-oriented nighttime training.
authors.affiliation: Tulane University School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, USA. madery@tulane.edu
authors.forename: MarkAlain
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dery
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hustuit
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boschert
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wish
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017732:Air Ambulances; D003625:Data Collection; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017751:Safety Management; D014481:United States