title: Effects of calcitonin, risedronate, and raloxifene on erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aims of this study were to compare erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide levels (NO) in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) and non-porotic postmenopausal healthy controls and to assess the relationship between bone mineral density and these oxidant/antioxidant parameters. Additionally, in vivo effects of three different anti-osteoporotic drugs, calcitonin, risedronate and raloxifene, on the erythrocyte oxidant-antioxidant status in women with PMO were also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postmenopausal women aged 40-65 years and without previous diagnosis or treatment for osteoporosis and independent in activities of daily living were included. Bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine and proximal femur using DXA. Erythrocyte enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation end-product malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite/nitrate levels, by product of NO, were assessed. Fifty-nine women with PMO were included (mean age 56.7 years), 44 completed course of therapy and were analyzed. Twenty-two non-porotic healthy women (mean age 55.8 years) were included as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients had significantly lower CAT and GSH-Px enzyme activity and higher levels of MDA and NO than non-porotic healthy controls. Proximal femur BMD measurements significantly correlated with NO levels. QUALEFFO scores improved in different levels with these short-term treatments. In all treatment groups, erythrocyte MDA levels significantly decreased; moreover, risedronate reduced NO levels and raloxifene enhanced CAT enzyme activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PMO. Studied drugs had ultimate effects on reducing lipid peroxidation. Raloxifene also had potent effects in the enhancement of antioxidant defense system.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey. sozgocmen@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Salih
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozgocmen
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.forename: Ersin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fadillioglu
authors.forename: Zumrut
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015519:Bone Density; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D012968:Etidronic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000032:analysis*; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D000068296:Risedronic Acid
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002116:Calcitonin; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D000068296:Risedronic Acid; D012968:Etidronic Acid