title: rTMS over the intraparietal sulcus disrupts numerosity processing.
abstract: It has been widely argued that the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is involved in tasks that evoke representations of numerical magnitude, among other cognitive functions. However, the causal role of this parietal region in processing symbolic and non-symbolic numerosity has not been established. The current study used repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) to the left and right IPS to investigate the effects of temporary deactivations of these regions on the capacity to represent symbolic (Arabic numbers) and non-symbolic (arrays of dots) numerosities. We found that comparisons of both symbolic and non-symbolic numerosities were impaired after rTMS to the left IPS but enhanced by rTMS to the right IPS. A signature effect of numerical distance was also found: greater impairment (or lesser facilitation) when comparing numerosities of similar magnitude. The reverse pattern of impairment and enhancement was found in a control task that required judging an analogue stimulus property (ellipse orientation) but no numerosity judgements. No rTMS effects for the numerosity tasks were found when stimulating an area adjacent but distinct from the IPS, the left and right angular gyrus. These data suggest that left IPS is critical for processing symbolic and non-symbolic numerosity; this processing may thus depend on common neural mechanisms, which are distinct from mechanisms supporting the processing of analogue stimulus properties.
authors.affiliation: Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. m.cappelletti@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Marinella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cappelletti
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fregni
authors.forename: Elizabeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Spelke
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013561:Symbolism; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*