A replication-competent adenovirus-human immunodeficiency virus (Ad-HIV) tat and Ad-HIV env priming/Tat and envelope protein boosting regimen elicits enhanced protective efficacy against simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIV89.6P challenge in rhesus macaques.
We previously demonstrated that replication-competent adenovirus (Ad)-simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) recombinant prime/protein boost regimens elicit potent immunogenicity and strong, durable protection of rhesus macaques against SIV(mac251). Additionally, native Tat vaccines have conferred strong protection against simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIV(89.6P) challenge of cynomolgus monkeys, while native, inactivated, or vectored Tat vaccines have failed to elicit similar protective efficacy in rhesus macaques. Here we asked if priming rhesus macaques with replicating Ad-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) tat and boosting with the Tat protein would elicit protection against SHIV(89.6P). We also evaluated a Tat/Env regimen, adding an Ad-HIV env recombinant and envelope protein boost to test whether envelope antibodies would augment acute-phase protection. Further, expecting cellular immunity to enhance chronic viremia control, we tested a multigenic group: Ad-HIV tat, -HIV env, -SIV gag, and -SIV nef recombinants and Tat, Env, and Nef proteins. All regimens were immunogenic. A hierarchy was observed in enzyme-linked immunospot responses (with the strongest response for Env, followed by Gag, followed by Nef, followed by Tat) and antibody titers (with the highest titer for Env, followed by Tat, followed by Nef, followed by Gag). Following intravenous SHIV(89.6P) challenge, all macaques became infected. Compared to controls, no protection was seen in the Tat-only group, confirming previous reports for rhesus macaques. However, the multigenic group blunted acute viremia by approximately 1 log (P = 0.017), and both the multigenic and Tat/Env groups reduced chronic viremia by 3 and 4 logs, respectively, compared to controls (multigenic, P = 0.0003; Tat/Env, P < 0.0001). The strikingly greater reduction in the Tat/Env group than in the multigenic group (P = 0.014) was correlated with Tat and Env binding antibodies. Since prechallenge anti-Env antibodies lacked SHIV(89.6P)-neutralizing activity, other functional anti-Env and anti-Tat activities are under investigation, as is a possible synergy between the Tat and Env immunogens.
Demberg
Thorsten
T
Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute/NIH, 41 Medlars Drive, Building 41, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065, USA.
Florese
Ruth H
RH
Heath
Megan J
MJ
Larsen
Kay
K
Kalisz
Irene
I
Kalyanaraman
V S
VS
Lee
Eun Mi
EM
Pal
Ranajit
R
Venzon
David
D
Grant
Richard
R
Patterson
L Jean
LJ
Korioth-Schmitz
Birgit
B
Buzby
Adam
A
Dombagoda
Dilani
D
Montefiori
David C
DC
Letvin
Norman L
NL
Cafaro
Aurelio
A
Ensoli
Barbara
B
Robert-Guroff
Marjorie
M
D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D015686:Gene Products, env / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000276:immunology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000502:physiology*; D014779:Virus Replication; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D015686:Gene Products, env; D015696:Gene Products, tat; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus