title: Laparoscopy in the evaluation of women with unexplained ascites: an invaluable diagnostic tool.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether laparoscopy is a reliable technique for the investigation of women presenting with ascites and in whom the diagnosis remains obscure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective nonrandomized clinical study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2).
  
  
  METHODS
  University Departments of a tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women presenting in our institution with ascites in whom the diagnosis remained obscure after an extensive nonoperative diagnostic work-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Undiagnosed cases were submitted to laparoscopy, and selective biopsy specimens were taken for histologic study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a 3-year period, 73 patients were admitted to our institution with diffuse ascites. In 9 patients (12.3%), the diagnosis remained obscure, and these patients were further investigated with laparoscopy. Selective biopsy specimens obtained at laparoscopy clarified the specific cause of the ascites in all 9 patients. Peritoneal carcinomatosis was responsible in 5 patients (a metastatic gastrointestinal tumor in 1 patient, a malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum in 1 patient, and a serous papillary carcinoma of the peritoneum and of the ovary in 2 and 1 patients, respectively). Three patients were found with miliary peritoneal tuberculosis, and the last patient had an unusual peritoneal reaction to methylene blue after laparoscopic adhesiolysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopy is a valuable means of assessing the peritoneal cavity in patients with unexplained ascites, where the primary cause remains unclear. The diagnosis can be accurately made with selective biopsy specimens, and appropriate treatment can be instituted without delay.
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Spyros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milingos
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Protopapas
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Papadimitriou
authors.forename: Alexandros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodolakis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kallipolitis
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Skartados
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Markaki
authors.forename: Meletios Athanasios
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dimopoulos
authors.forename: Aris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antsaklis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001201:Ascites / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014391:Tuberculosis, Miliary / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology