title: Asynchronous administration of xenon and hypothermia significantly reduces brain infarction in the neonatal rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neonatal asphyxia causes long-term neurological and behavioural impairment in the developing brain. Concurrent administration of xenon and hypothermia synergistically reduces long-term damage in a rat model of neonatal asphyxia. This study sought to investigate whether asynchronous administration of xenon and hypothermia is capable of combining synergistically to provide neuroprotection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven-day-old rats were subjected to right common carotid artery occlusion followed by 90 min hypoxia with 8% oxygen. After a 1 h recovery period, rats received asynchronous administration of mild hypothermia (35 degrees C) and xenon (20%) with a 1 or 5 h gap between interventions, xenon (20%) alone, or mild hypothermia (35 degrees C) alone. Infarct volume in the brain was measured 4 days after injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of hypothermia or xenon alone, 1 and 6 h after the hypoxic ischaemic insult, respectively, provided no neuroprotection. Asynchronous administration of xenon and hypothermia at a 1 h interval produced a significant reduction in infarct volume [93 (7) vs 74 (8); P < 0.05]. Reduction in infarct volume was also present when hypothermia and xenon were asynchronously administered with an intervening gap of 5 h [97 (5) vs 83 (3); P < 0.05].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This finding provides a rationale for investigating the combined use of hypothermia and xenon in a progressive manner for the management of neonatal asphyxia. Thus, hypothermia can be administrated at the site of delivery and xenon can be administered later.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Franks
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maze
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D014978:Xenon / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D014978:Xenon