title: Transnasal small-caliber esophagogastroduodenoscopy for preoperative evaluation of the high-risk morbidly obese patient.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is an important facet of the preoperative evaluation for bariatric surgery. Morbidly obese patients are at high risk for airway complications during this procedure, and an attractive alternative is transnasal EGD. This report describes a series of patients evaluated successfully using this technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients undergoing preoperative transnasal small-caliber EGD for morbid obesity surgery between September 2004 and June 2005 at a Veterans Affairs Hospital were included in the analysis. The variables assessed were the adequacy of the examination, patient tolerance, the need for sedation, and the ability to perform interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study enrolled 25 patients (17 men and 8 women) with an average age of 55 years (range, 44-63 years) and an average body mass index (BMI) of 47 kg/m2 (range, 38-69 kg/m2). All the patients met the 1991 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Criteria for bariatric surgery and were undergoing preoperative evaluation. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (82%), diabetes mellitus (80%), and obstructive sleep apnea (68%). All 25 patients had successful cannulation of the duodenum's second portion with excellent tolerance. There were no sedation requirements for 23 (92%) of the 25 patients. Significant pathology was found in 14 (56%) of the 25 patients, including hiatal hernia (28%), gastritis (16%), esophageal intestinal metaplasia (16%), esophagitis (12%), gastric polyps (8%), gastric ulcer (4%) and esophageal varices (4%). Biopsies were indicated for 12 patients and successful for all 12 (100%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transnasal small-caliber EGD is a feasible and safe alternative to conventional EGD for the preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing bariatric surgery. It requires minimal to no sedation in a population at high risk for complications in this setting. In addition, this technique is effective in identifying pathology that requires preoperative treatment and offers a complete examination with biopsy capabilities. This technique should be considered for all morbidly obese patients at high risk for airway compromise during EGD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Palo Alto Veterans Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Alami
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Friedland
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Curet
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wren
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soetikno
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: B Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Safadi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050110:Bariatric Surgery; D004384:Duodenoscopy; D020776:Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005773:Gastroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009296:Nasal Cavity; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012307:Risk Factors