title: Antimalarials may influence the risk of malignancy in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies suggest that antimalarials have antineoplastic properties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether antimalarials decrease the risk of cancer in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational prospective cohort study was carried out. 235 patients were included in the study at the time of diagnosis (American College of Rheumatology criteria). The end point was the diagnosis of cancer. Kaplan-Meier cancer-free survival curves for patients treated and not treated with antimalarials were compared. A Cox proportional hazards model was fitted, with cancer as the dependent variable. Age at diagnosis, gender, treatment with azathioprine, cyclophosphamide and methotrexate, smoking, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) Damage Index 6 months after diagnosis, year of diagnosis and treatment with antimalarials were entered as independent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  209 (89%) patients were women. 233 (99%) patients were white. Mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 37 (16) years. Median (range) follow-up was 10 (1-31) years. 156 (66%) patients had ever received antimalarials. 2/156 (1.3%) ever-treated patients compared with 11/79 (13%) never-treated patients had cancer (p<0.001). Cumulative cancer-free survival in treated and not treated patients was 0.98 and 0.73, respectively (p<0.001). Adjusted hazard ratio for cancer among malaria drug users compared with non-users was 0.15 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study launches the hypothesis of a protective action of antimalarials against cancer in patients with SLE. This effect should be confirmed in larger multicentre studies.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Cruces, 48903-Bizkaia, Spain. r.irastorza@euskalnet.net
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Irastorza
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ugarte
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Egurbide
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garmendia
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Pijoan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinez-Berriotxoa
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aguirre
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents