title: Persistent activation of Rac1 in squamous carcinomas of the head and neck: evidence for an EGFR/Vav2 signaling axis involved in cell invasion.
abstract: The poor prognosis associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is primarily due to both local invasion and the regional and/or distant metastatic spread. Recent findings have provided evidence that the acquisition of a motile and invasive phenotype by cancer cells involves the dysregulated function of key intracellular molecular mechanisms together with aberrant signaling events initiated by the surrounding microenvironment. These intrinsic and extrinsic biochemical pathways in turn often converge to stimulate the activity of members of the Rho family of Ras-related guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins, including RhoA, Rac and Cdc42, which control the organization of the actin cytoskeleton thereby regulating cell adhesion, polarity and motility. In this study, we examined the status of activation of these GTPases in a representative collection of HNSCC cell lines. Surprisingly, we found that most HNSCC cells exhibit remarkably high levels of GTP-bound Rac1. Further analysis revealed that the activation of Rac1 in these HNSCC cells could be due to two independent signaling events, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-based autocrine loop that leads to the activation of the Rac1 exchange factor Vav2 and an EGFR/Vav2-independent pathway that arises as a consequence of the oncogenic mutation of the H-ras proto-oncogene. Indeed, we provide evidence that the EGFR/Vav2/Rac1 axis is a crucial pathway for the acquisition of motile and invasive properties of most HNSCC cells. These findings shed light onto the molecular mechanisms involved in HNSCC cell invasion, and may reveal new therapeutic opportunities to halt the metastatic spread of these aggressive malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Vyomesh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Hans M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Rosenfeldt
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: Joan-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Servitja
authors.forename: Xosé R
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Bustelo
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siroff
authors.forename: J Silvio
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gutkind
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000502:physiology*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D051567:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D051567:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav; C093651:VAV2 protein, human; C512478:EGFR protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein