title: Saddle pulmonary embolism diagnosed by CT angiography: frequency, clinical features and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the frequency, clinical presentation and outcome associated with saddle pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosed by computed tomographic angiography (CTA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of 546 consecutive patients diagnosed to have acute PE by CTA from 1 September 2002 to 31 December 2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen of 546 patients (2.6%) had saddle PE; 10 were men (71%). None of these patients had pre-existing cardiopulmonary disease. Most common presenting symptoms included dyspnea (72%) and syncope (43%). Hypotension was documented in 2 patients (14%). The most common risk factor for PE was obesity (64%). CTA revealed saddle PE and additional filling defects in the main pulmonary arteries in all patients. Echocardiography was performed within 48 h of the PE diagnosis in 10 patients and revealed right ventricular dysfunction in 8 (80%). All patients were initially managed in the hospital, median length of stay of 4 days (range, 1-45 days). Standard anticoagulant therapy with heparin and warfarin was administered to all patients. Five patients (36%) received additional therapy; thrombolytic therapy was administered to 1 patient (7%) and 4 patients (29%) received an inferior vena cava filter. None of the patients died during their hospitalization. Four patients (29%) died following their hospitalization after intervals of 1, 5, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Causes of death were known in 3 patients, all of whom died from progressive malignancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Saddle PE in patients without pre-existing cardiopulmonary disease is associated with a relatively low in-hospital mortality rate and may not necessitate aggressive medical management.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. ryu.jay@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Jay H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pellikka
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Froehling
authors.forename: Steve G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Aughenbaugh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D011379:Prognosis; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D013575:Syncope / Q000209:etiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants