title: Attachment security and immunity in healthy women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attachment security is associated with health and possibly autonomic and endocrine reactivity to stress, however the relationship between attachment style and immune function has not yet been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of 61 female nurses provided a blood sample and completed the Perceived Stress Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and the Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire. Immune measures included immunophenotypic analysis, lymphocyte proliferative response to Phytohemagglutinin, and NK cell cytotoxicity (NKCC). Statistical analysis focused on the relationship between attachment-related anxiety or avoidance and immune measures. Multiple regression was used to control for perceived stress and support, alexithymia, health-related behaviors possibly influencing immunity, and use of anti-inflammatory drugs, tobacco or alcohol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attachment-related anxiety was not associated with any immune parameter. Attachment-related avoidance was associated with lower NKCC. This association was independent from the number of circulating NK cells, which suggests a change in cell functionality. Perceived stress was also associated with lower NKCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests a link between attachment security and immunity. While our findings should be interpreted with great caution and need replication, they are consistent with previous work suggesting that insecure attachment may be a risk factor for health and may relate to biological processes relevant to health.
authors.affiliation: Center of Epidemiology and Health Surveillance & Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy. angelo.picardi@iss.it
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Picardi
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Battisti
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tarsitani
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baldassari
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Copertaro
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mocchegiani
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biondi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support