title: Addressing nicotine dependence in psychodynamic psychotherapy: perspectives from residency training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  According to APA treatment recommendations, psychiatrists should assess and intervene in tobacco use with all of their patients who smoke. The ease with which this occurs may vary by treatment model. This study examined perspectives in residency training to identify a framework for addressing nicotine dependence within psychodynamic psychotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors collected data from a focus group of psychiatry residents and interviews with psychiatry residency faculty with expertise in psychodynamic psychotherapy. The transcribed interviews were analyzed for key themes and synthesized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Though the residents reported hesitancy to address patients' tobacco use, specifically in psychodynamic psychotherapy, the consensus from the expert faculty consultants was that tobacco interventions can and should be incorporated. The faculty provided suggestions, consistent with a psychodynamic formulation, for assessing patients' tobacco use and their interest in quitting, providing cessation treatment and/or referrals, and following up with patients to address relapse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings provide a useful framework, consistent with a psychodynamic model, for assessing and treating tobacco use with patients. Additional training and supervision likely are needed to increase residents' confidence and comfort with implementing these strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. JProchaska@lppi.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Judith J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Prochaska
authors.forename: Sebastien C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Fromont
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Banys
authors.forename: Stuart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Eisendrath
authors.forename: Mardi J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Horowitz
authors.forename: Marc H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Sharon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods; D005180:Faculty, Medical; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D014481:United States