title: Cranial location of level II lymph nodes in laryngeal cancer: Implications for elective nodal target volume delineation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the cranial distribution of level II lymph nodes in patients with laryngeal cancer to optimize the elective radiation nodal target volume delineation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The most cranially located metastatic lymph node was delineated in 67 diagnostic CT data sets. The minimum distance from the base of the skull (BOS) to the lymph node was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 98 lymph nodes were delineated including 62 ipsilateral and 36 contralateral lymph nodes. The mean ipsilateral and contralateral distance from the top of the most cranial metastatic lymph node to the BOS was 36 mm (range, -9-120; standard deviation [SD], 17.9) and 35 mm (range, 14-78; SD 15.0), respectively. Only 5% and 12% of the ipsilateral and 3% and 9% of the contralateral metastatic lymph nodes were located within 15 mm and 20 mm below the BOS, respectively. No significant differences were found between patients with only ipsilateral metastatic lymph nodes and patients with bilateral metastatic lymph nodes. Between tumors that do cross the midline and those that do not, no significant difference was found in the distance of the most cranial lymph node to the BOS and the occurrence ipsilateral or contralateral.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Setting the cranial border of the nodal target volume 1.5 cm below the base of the skull covers 95% of the lymph nodes and should be considered in elective nodal irradiation for laryngeal cancer. Bilateral neck irradiation is mandatory, including patients with unilateral laryngeal cancer, when elective irradiation is advised.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. P.M.Braam@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Pètra M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Braam
authors.forename: Cornelis P J
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Raaijmakers
authors.forename: Chris H J
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Terhaard
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000556:secondary*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012886:Skull; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed