title: Normative analysis of pulmonary vein drainage patterns on multidetector CT with measurements of pulmonary vein ostial diameter and distance to first bifurcation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document the frequency of normal and anomalous drainage patterns of the pulmonary veins, and to establish normal values for pulmonary vein ostial diameters, and distance to first bifurcation using multidetector computed tomography, as pertinent to ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two cardiothoracic radiologists retrospectively reviewed thin-section contrast material-enhanced multidetector computed tomography examinations of the thorax in 200 consecutive patients (38 females and 162 males), age 24-79 years (mean 52.8) referred for imaging before radiofrequency ablation therapy for atrial fibrillation. Pulmonary vein anatomy was based on both the number of venous ostia and the drainage patterns of pulmonary veins. Pulmonary vein ostial diameters and distance to first bifurcation of the four major pulmonary veins (right inferior and superior, left inferior and superior) and any additional pulmonary veins were measured at a workstation using both axial images and multiplanar reconstructions by two experienced cardiothoracic radiologists; the mean pulmonary vein diameter and the shortest distance to first bifurcation of the two measurements are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of patients, 82% (164 patients) had four pulmonary veins, with a superior and inferior ostium on the right and a superior and inferior ostium on the left. Of the remainder, 9% (18 patients) had five veins, 4.5% (9 patients) had three veins, 3% (6 patients) had two anomalies each, and 0.5% (1 patient) had three anomalies. The middle lobe pulmonary vein drained into the right superior pulmonary vein in 83.5% of patients, directly into the left atrium in 11% of patients, and into the right inferior pulmonary vein in 5.5% of patients; 6.5% of patients had a single left pulmonary vein ostium. Mean pulmonary vein diameters with 95% confidence intervals at the ostia were as follows: right superior 17.6 (13.64-15.36) mm; left superior 16.6 (16.03-17.08) mm; right inferior 17.1 (16.58-17.55) mm; left inferior 14.8 (14.25-15.27) mm, and independent middle lobe 8.6 (8.27-8.86) mm. Mean distance to first bifurcation with 95% confidence intervals were: right superior 14.5 (17.02-18.23) mm; left superior 17.6 (16.63-18.53) mm; right inferior 7.0 (6.49-7.46) mm; left inferior 13.5 (12.83-14.16) mm, and independent middle lobe 8.4 (7.7-9.17) mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thin-section thoracic computed tomography demonstrates a greater variability of pulmonary venous drainage than previously described. There is greater variability of the right lung venous drainage compared to the left lung. Eighty-two percent of people have four standard pulmonary veins. There is significant variability in pulmonary vein diameter and distance to first bifurcation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Division of Thoracic Radiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, B1 132F Taubman Center/0302, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0030, USA. pcronin@med.umich.edu
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.forename: Aine Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Desjardins
authors.forename: Smita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Barry H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Ella A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kazerooni
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morady
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oral
authors.forename: Ruth C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Carlos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007472:Iohexol; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007472:Iohexol