title: Control of foot trajectory in walking toddlers: adaptation to load changes.
abstract: On earth, body weight is an inherent constraint, and accordingly, load-regulating mechanisms play an important role in terrestrial locomotion. How do toddlers deal with the effects of their full body weight when faced with the task of independent upright locomotion for the first time? Here we studied the effect of load variation on walking in 12 toddlers during their first unsupported steps, 15 older children (1.3-5 yr), and 10 adults. To simulate various levels of body weight, an experimenter held the trunk of the subject with both hands and supplied an approximately constant vertical force during stepping on a force platform. During unsupported stepping, the shape of the foot path in toddlers (typically single-peak toe trajectory) was different from that of adults and older children (double-peak trajectory). In contrast to adults and older children, who showed only limited changes in kinematic coordination, the "reduced-gravity" condition considerably affected the shape of the foot path in toddlers: they tended to make a high lift and forward foot overshoot at the end of swing. In addition, stepping at high levels of body unloading was characterized by a significant change in the initial direction of foot motion during early swing. Intermediate walkers (1.5-5 mo after walking onset) showed only partial improvement in foot trajectory characteristics. The results suggest that, at the onset of walking, changes in vertical body loads are not compensated accurately by the kinematic controllers; compensation necessitates a few months of independent walking experience.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuromotor Physiology, Santa Lucia Foundation, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dominici
authors.forename: Yuri P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Ivanenko
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lacquaniti
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*