title: Effect of melatonin on sleep, behavior, and cognition in ADHD and chronic sleep-onset insomnia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of melatonin treatment on sleep, behavior, cognition, and quality of life in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and chronic sleep onset insomnia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 105 medication-free children, ages 6 to 12 years, with rigorously diagnosed ADHD and chronic sleep onset insomnia participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using 3 or 6 mg melatonin (depending on body weight), or placebo for 4 weeks. Primary outcome parameters were actigraphy-derived sleep onset, total time asleep, and salivary dim light melatonin onset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep onset advanced by 26.9 +/- 47.8 minutes with melatonin and delayed by 10.5 +/- 37.4 minutes with placebo (p < .0001). There was an advance in dim light melatonin onset of 44.4 +/- 67.9 minutes in melatonin and a delay of 12.8 +/- 60.0 minutes in placebo (p < .0001). Total time asleep increased with melatonin (19.8 +/- 61.9 minutes) as compared to placebo (-13.6 +/- 50.6 minutes; p = .01). There was no significant effect on behavior, cognition, and quality of life, and significant adverse events did not occur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Melatonin advanced circadian rhythms of sleep-wake and endogenous melatonin and enhanced total time asleep in children with ADHD and chronic sleep onset insomnia; however, no effect was found on problem behavior, cognitive performance, or quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kristiaan B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Van der Heijden
authors.forename: Marcel G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: Eus J W
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Van Someren
authors.forename: K Richard
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Ridderinkhof
authors.forename: W Boudewijn
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Gunning
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D008550:Melatonin