title: Internodal function in normal and regenerated mammalian axons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Following Wallerian degeneration, peripheral myelinated axons have the ability to regenerate and, given a proper pathway, establish functional connections with targets. In spite of this capacity, the clinical outcome of nerve regeneration remains unsatisfactory. Early studies have found that regenerated internodes remain persistently short though this abnormality did not seem to influence recovery in conduction. It remains unclear to which extent abnormalities in axonal function itself may contribute to the poor outcome of nerve regeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We review experimental evidence indicating that internodes play an active role in axonal function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By investigating internodal contribution to axonal excitability we have found evidence that axonal function may be permanently compromised in regenerated nerves. Furthermore, we illustrate that internodal function is also abnormal in regenerated human nerves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that persistently shorter regenerated internodes lead to increased Na+/K+-pump activity in response to increased Na+ entry during conduction. This may impair axonal function during prolonged repetitive activity and drain the energy reserves of the axons.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurophysiology, Institute of Medical Physiology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. m.moldovan@mfi.ku.dk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moldovan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krarup
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008322:Mammals / Q000502:physiology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000502:physiology; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D014855:Wallerian Degeneration / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium