title: Use of atomic force microscopy as a diagnostic tool to identify orthopoxvirus.
abstract: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile technique that permits the imaging of surfaces and generates topographical images from a variety of materials. Due to the fact that AFM requires minimum sample manipulation, it is a valuable tool for studying biological materials such as cells, DNA, bacteria and viruses. The aim of the present study was to standardize the AFM technique as a diagnostic tool for detection of naturally occurring orthopoxviruses. The samples analyzed were collected during natural outbreaks of Vaccinia virus (VACV) in dairy cattle in Brazil. These viruses are zoonotic infections; and therefore safe manipulation of all samples is required. The AFM technique would provide a more secure way to diagnose infection. By using the "in air" AFM technique after purification and inactivation process, relatively crude preparations of viruses were visualized rapidly. Details for efficient sample preparation and AFM imaging are described. The AFM technique provides a rapid and biosecure tool for the diagnosis of emerging orthopoxviruses and has potential as a tool for screening bioterrorism samples.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. gitrindade@yahoo.com.br <gitrindade@yahoo.com.br>
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Trindade
authors.forename: J M C
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vilela
authors.forename: J M S
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: P H N
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.forename: M I M C
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Guedes
authors.forename: Z I P
authors.initials: ZI
authors.lastname: Lobato
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Madureira
authors.forename: M I N
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: da Fonseca
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Kroon
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Andrade
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023482:Bioterrorism / Q000517:prevention & control; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D014615:Vaccinia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*