title: A case of spontaneous venous embolism with carbon dioxide during laparoscopic surgery in a pig.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carbon dioxide (CO2) embolism is a possible complication of capnoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery. Experimentally induced venous CO2 embolism has been studied in pigs. In this paper we report a case of spontaneous CO2 embolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 4-month-old Large White pig weighing 20 kg underwent experimental laparoscopic surgery under general anaesthesia. Monitoring consisted of pulse oximetry, capnography, airway pressure, electrocardiography, invasive arterial and central venous blood pressures, and arterial blood-gas analysis. Shortly after the start of laparoscopy and onset of CO2 insufflation, sudden decreases in end-tidal CO2 (Pe'CO2), haemoglobin saturation of oxygen (SpO2), systolic arterial blood pressure and heart rate were observed. Airway pressure increased and pulmonary compliance decreased simultaneously. Insufflation was immediately discontinued and epinephrine (2 mg IV), atropine (0.5 mg IV) and a 50 mL bolus of a polygeline solution were administered without effect. At this time arterial blood-gas analysis revealed a pH of 7.29 and a PaCO2 of 6.8 kPa (51.2 mmHg); PaO2 was 26.6 kPa (199.5 mmHg). After 4 minutes asystole occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sudden decrease of Pe'CO2 and lung compliance combined with the sudden decrease in systolic blood pressure, heart rate and a poor response to resuscitation suggest a case of fatal gaseous venous embolism.
authors.affiliation: University of Bari, DETO, Section of Veterinary Surgery, Valenzano, Bari, Italy. francescostaff@libero.it
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Staffieri
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lacitignola
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Siena
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crovace
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide