title: High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in black and white pregnant women residing in the northern United States and their neonates.
abstract: In utero or early-life vitamin D deficiency is associated with skeletal problems, type 1 diabetes, and schizophrenia, but the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in U.S. pregnant women is unexplored. We sought to assess vitamin D status of pregnant women and their neonates residing in Pittsburgh by race and season. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured at 4-21 wk gestation and predelivery in 200 white and 200 black pregnant women and in cord blood of their neonates. Over 90% of women used prenatal vitamins. Women and neonates were classified as vitamin D deficient [25(OH)D<37.5 nmol/L], insufficient [25(OH)D 37.5-80 nmol/L], or sufficient [25(OH)D>80 nmol/L]. At delivery, vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency occurred in 29.2% and 54.1% of black women and 45.6% and 46.8% black neonates, respectively. Five percent and 42.1% of white women and 9.7% and 56.4% of white neonates were vitamin D deficient and insufficient, respectively. Results were similar at <22 wk gestation. After adjustment for prepregnancy BMI and periconceptional multivitamin use, black women had a smaller mean increase in maternal 25(OH)D compared with white women from winter to summer (16.0+/-3.3 nmol/L vs. 23.2+/-3.7 nmol/L) and from spring to summer (13.2+/-3.0 nmol/L vs. 27.6+/-4.7 nmol/L) (P<0.01). These results suggest that black and white pregnant women and neonates residing in the northern US are at high risk of vitamin D insufficiency, even when mothers are compliant with prenatal vitamins. Higher-dose supplementation is needed to improve maternal and neonatal vitamin D nutriture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. bodnar@edc.pitt.edu
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bodnar
authors.forename: Hyagriv N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Simhan
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cooperstein
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012279:Rickets; D012621:Seasons; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D