title: Zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) using microinjection.
abstract: Low membrane permeability is one of the major obstacles to the successful cryopreservation of zebrafish embryos. The aim of the present study was to explore if this could be overcome by yolk modification with different cryoprotectants by micro-injection. Initial investigation of two cryoprotectants, methanol and sucrose, was undertaken to determine their suitability for micro-injection supplementation of the yolk mass. Intact zebrafish embryos at 50% epiboly stage were injected with Hanks' solution, 5.2 M methanol or 1.3 M sucrose yielding approximate final concentrations of 2.0 and 0.5 M of the cryoprotectants within the yolk sac respectively. After micro-manipulation, the embryos were cultured at 28 degree C for three days and their survival assessed at the hatching stage. All micro-manipulations performed in the present study resulted in a significant decrease in embryo survival (P < 0.05). Embryos micro-injected with methanol or sucrose were also subjected to a cooling procedure. They were placed in 3M methanol + 0.5 M sucrose at room temperature for 30 min and then cooled from 20 degree C to 0 degree C at 2 degree/min, from 0 degree C to -7.5 degree/min at 1 degree/min, seeded at -7.5 degree C and held for 10 min, before cooling at 0.3 degree/min to - 20 degree C or until full crystallization in all embryos. The processes of extra- and intracellular crystallization were studied by cryomicroscopy. The temperature of intracellular crystallization did not differ significantly between control and injected embryos. However, it was found that intracellular crystallization did not always happen instantly after extracellular crystallization.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Research in the Applied Natural Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, UK.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kopeika
authors.forename: Tiantian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rawson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020285:Cryoelectron Microscopy; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003460:Crystallization; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D047108:Embryonic Development; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D000432:Methanol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008845:Microinjections; D013395:Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013534:Survival; D015017:Yolk Sac; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D013395:Sucrose; D000432:Methanol