title: Antacid interaction with new quinolones: dose regimen recommendations based on pharmacokinetic modeling of clinical data for ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and norfloxacin and metal cations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  New quinolones (NQs) are widely used to treat various infections. However, concomitant oral administration of metal cations may decrease absorption of NQs and consequently decrease their blood concentration and pharmacological effect. A convenient approach to avoid this interaction is to separate the dosages by a certain interval. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel pharmacokinetic model to describe NQs-metal cation interactions in order to estimate the optimal dosing interval.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma concentration-time profiles of NQs after administration without or with metal cations at various dosing intervals were collected from the literature and analyzed with a pharmacokinetic model incorporating the formation ofNQs-metal cations complex. The model was fitted to the reported time profiles ofciprofloxacin (CPFX) plasma concentration after concomitant administration with aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide antacid (Al/Mg antacid; Maalox, Maalox70) at various dosing intervals to obtain the pharmacokinetic parameters of CPFX. Model analysis was also carried out for gatifloxacin (GFLX) and norfloxacin (NFLX).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The developed model could adequately explain the interactions in all the combinations investigated. The model predicted, in the cases of usual doses of CPFX with Maalox, GFLX with Maalox70 and NFLX with sucralfate, that the NQ should be administered 4.5, 4.5 and 3.5 hours after, or 1, 1 and 0.5 hours before the administration of metal cations, respectively, to ensure 90% of control absorption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The developed model can adequately describe the extent of interaction between NQs and metal cations, and should be clinically useful to design dosage regimens to circumvent the interaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medico-Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohtani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsujimoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sawada
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000863:Antacids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002412:Cations / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004347:Drug Interactions; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000077734:Gatifloxacin; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D008276:Magnesium Hydroxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008954:Models, Biological; D009643:Norfloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012016:Reference Values; D013392:Sucralfate / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000863:Antacids; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002412:Cations; D004338:Drug Combinations; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; C013591:aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination; D013392:Sucralfate; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide; D000077734:Gatifloxacin; D009643:Norfloxacin; D008276:Magnesium Hydroxide