title: Influence of hypothermia on right atrial cardiomyocyte apoptosis in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing evidence that programmed cell death can be triggered during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and may be involved in postoperative complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether apoptosis occurs during aortic valve surgery and whether modifying temperature during CPB has any influence on cardiomyocyte apoptotic death rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 patients undergoing elective aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis were randomly assigned to either moderate hypothermic (ModHT group, n = 10, 28 degrees C) or mild hypothermic (MiHT group, n = 10, 34 degrees C) CPB. Myocardial samples were obtained from the right atrium before and after weaning from CPB. Specimens were examined for apoptosis by flow cytometry analysis of annexin V-propidium iodide (PI) and Fas death receptor staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the ModHT group, non apoptotic non necrotic cells (annexin negative, PI negative) decreased after CPB, while early apoptotic (annexin positive, PI negative) and late apoptotic or necrotic (PI positive) cells increased. In contrast, no change in the different cell populations was observed over time in the MiHT group. Fas expression rose after reperfusion in the ModHT group but not in MiHT patients, in which there was even a trend for a lower Fas staining after CPB (p = 0.08). In ModHT patients, a prolonged ischemic time tended to induce a higher increase of Fas (p = 0.061).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that apoptosis signal cascade is activated at early stages during aortic valve replacement under ModHT CPB. This apoptosis induction can effectively be attenuated by a more normothermic procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain. evaristocm@terra.es
authors.forename: Evaristo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castedo
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Castejón
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Monguio
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramis
authors.forename: Carlos G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Montero
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Serrano-Fiz
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burgos
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Escudero
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ugarte
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000473:pathology; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000502:physiology*; D053218:Receptors, Death Domain / Q000378:metabolism; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053218:Receptors, Death Domain; D019014:fas Receptor