title: Lithium ions: a novel treatment for pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Operative resection is the only curative treatment for patients with pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, and other catecholamine-producing neoplasms. Activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) is thought to promote tumor growth and neuroendocrine (NE) peptide secretion in NE neoplasms. Thus, we hypothesized that inhibition of this signaling pathway with lithium chloride (LiCl), a well-known GSK3beta inhibitor, could be a potential therapeutic strategy to control tumor growth and hormone production.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells were treated with varying concentrations of LiCl (0 to 30 mM). Levels of active and inactive GSK3beta and NE peptides chromogranin A (CgA) and Mash1 were determined by Western blot. Cellular growth was measured by MTT cell-proliferation assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, PC-12 cells had increased active GSK3beta signaling. Treatment of PC-12 cells with increasing dosages of LiCl resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of GSK3beta. Importantly, LiCl inhibited pheochromocytoma cellular proliferation significantly. Furthermore, inhibition of GSK3beta by LiCl was associated with marked suppression of CgA and Mash1 levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that GSK3beta inhibition may be a novel strategy to treat pheochromocytoma and other catecholamine-producing neoplasms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Section of Endocrine Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kappes
authors.forename: Abram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
authors.forename: Muthusamy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kunnimalaiyaan
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D053379:Chromogranin A / Q000187:drug effects; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016716:PC12 Cells; D010235:Paraganglioma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D053379:Chromogranin A; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D018021:Lithium Chloride; C499318:Ascl1 protein, rat; C000605508:Gsk3b protein, rat