title: Epidural steroids in the management of chronic spinal pain: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidural injection of corticosteroids is one of the most commonly used interventions in managing chronic spinal pain. However, there has been a lack of well-designed randomized, controlled studies to determine the effectiveness of epidural injections. Consequently, debate continues as to the value of epidural steroid injections in managing spinal pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of various types of epidural steroid injections (interlaminar, transforaminal, and caudal), in managing various types of chronic spinal pain (axial and radicular) in the neck and low back regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review utilizing the criteria established by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) for evaluation of randomized and non-randomized trials, and criteria of Cochrane Musculoskeletal Review Group for randomized trials were used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data sources included relevant English literature performed by a librarian experienced in Evidence Based Medicine (EBM), as well as manual searches of bibliographies of known primary and review articles and abstracts from scientific meetings within the last 2 years. Three reviewers independently assessed the trials for the quality of their methods. Subgroup analyses were performed among trials with different control groups, with different techniques of epidural injections (interlaminar, transforaminal, and caudal), with different injection sites (cervical/thoracic, lumbar/sacral), and with timing of outcome measurement (short- and long-term).
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure is pain relief. Other outcome measures were functional improvement, improvement of psychological status, and return to work. Short-term improvement is defined as 6 weeks or less, and long-term relief is defined as 6 weeks or longer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In managing lumbar radicular pain with interlaminar lumbar epidural steroid injections, the evidence is strong for short-term relief and limited for long-term relief. In managing cervical radiculopathy with cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injections, the evidence is moderate. The evidence for lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections in managing lumbar radicular pain is strong for short-term and moderate for long-term relief. The evidence for cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections in managing cervical nerve root pain is moderate. The evidence is moderate in managing lumbar radicular pain in post lumbar laminectomy syndrome. The evidence for caudal epidural steroid injections is strong for short-term relief and moderate for long-term relief, in managing chronic pain of lumbar radiculopathy and postlumbar laminectomy syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is moderate evidence for interlaminar epidurals in the cervical spine and limited evidence in the lumbar spine for long-term relief. The evidence for cervical and lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections is moderate for long-term improvement in managing nerve root pain. The evidence for caudal epidural steroid injections is moderate for long-term relief in managing nerve root pain and chronic low back pain.
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA. sabdi@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Salahadin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdi
authors.forename: Sukdeb
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Trescot
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Rajive
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adlaka
authors.forename: Sairam L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Atluri
authors.forename: Howard S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Laxmaiah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manchikanti
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001416:Back Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones