title: Combination of SELDI-TOF-MS and data mining provides early-stage response prediction for rectal tumors undergoing multimodal neoadjuvant therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether proteomic analysis of the low molecular weight region of the serum proteome could predict histologic response of locally advanced rectal cancer to neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (RCT).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Proteomic analysis of serum is emerging as a powerful new modality in cancer, in terms of both screening and monitoring response to treatment. No study has yet assessed its ability to predict and monitor the response of rectal cancer to RCT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sequential serum samples from 20 patients undergoing RCT were prospectively collected. Time points sampled were as follows: pretreatment, 24/48 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 5 weeks (last day of RCT), and presurgery. Response to treatment was measured using a 5-point tumor regression grade (TRG) based on the degree of residual tumor to fibrosis. All serum samples were analyzed in duplicate using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS). Support vector machine (SVM) analysis of spectra was used to generate a predictive algorithm for each time point based on proteins that were maximally differentially expressed between good and poor responders. This algorithm was then tested using leave-one-out cross validation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 230 spectra were generated representing all available time points from 9 good responders (TRG 1+2) and 11 poor responders (TRG 3-5). SVM analysis indicated that changes within the serum proteome at the 24/48 hours time point into treatment provided optimal classification accuracy. In more detail, a cohort of 14 protein peaks were identified that collectively differentiated between good and poor responders, with 87.5% sensitivity and 80% specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum proteomic analysis may represent an early response predictor in multimodal treatment regimens of rectal cancer. These data suggest that this novel, minimally invasive modality may be a useful adjunct in the multimodal management of rectal cancer, and in the design of future clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and the Academic Unit of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, St. James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Fraser M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Elton
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rexhepaj
authors.forename: Emanuel F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Petricoin
authors.forename: Lance
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liotta
authors.forename: M John
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: John V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy / Q000379:methods; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor