title: Socioeconomic disparities in outcomes after acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients of low socioeconomic status (SES) have higher mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Little is known about the underlying mechanisms or the relationship between SES and rehospitalization after AMI.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from the PREMIER observational study, which included 2142 patients hospitalized with AMI from 18 US hospitals. Socioeconomic status was measured by self-reported household income and education level. Sequential multivariable modeling assessed the relationship of socioeconomic factors with 1-year all-cause mortality and all-cause rehospitalization after adjustment for demographics, clinical factors, and quality-of-care measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both household income and education level were associated with higher risk of mortality (hazard ratio 2.80, 95% CI 1.37-5.72, lowest to highest income group) and rehospitalization after AMI (hazard ratio 1.55, 95% CI 1.17-2.05). Patients with low SES had worse clinical status at admission and received poorer quality of care. In multivariable modeling, the relationship between household income and mortality was attenuated by adjustment for demographic and clinical factors (hazard ratio 1.19, 95% CI 0.54-2.62), with a further small decrement in the hazard ratio after adjustment for quality of care. The relationship between income and rehospitalization was only partly attenuated by demographic and clinical factors (hazard ratio 1.38, 95% CI 1.01-1.89) and was not influenced by adjustment for quality of care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients' baseline clinical status largely explained the relationship between SES and mortality, but not rehospitalization, among patients with AMI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8088, USA.
authors.forename: Susannah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bernheim
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Spertus
authors.forename: Kimberly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Elizabeth H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Rani A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Saif S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rathore
authors.forename: Sharon-Lise T
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Normand
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.forename: Harlan M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Krumholz
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome