title: Plasminogen binding and activation at the breast cancer cell surface: the integral role of urokinase activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The regulation of extracellular proteolytic activity via the plasminogen activation system is complex, involving numerous activators, inhibitors, and receptors. Previous studies on monocytic and colon cell lines suggest that plasmin pre-treatment can increase plasminogen binding, allowing the active enzyme to generate binding sites for its precursor. Other studies have shown the importance of pre-formed receptors such as annexin II heterotetramer. However, few studies have used techniques that exclusively characterise cell-surface events and these mechanisms have not been investigated at the breast cancer cell surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have studied plasminogen binding to MCF-7 in which urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) levels were upregulated by PMA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) stimulation, allowing flexible and transient modulation of cell-surface uPA. Similar experiments were also performed using MDA-MB-231 cells, which overexpress uPAR/uPA endogenously. Using techniques that preserve cell integrity, we characterise the role of uPA as both a plasminogen receptor and activator and quantify the relative contribution of pre-formed and cryptic plasminogen receptors to plasminogen binding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell-surface plasminogen binding was significantly enhanced in the presence of elevated levels of uPA in an activity-dependent manner and was greatly attenuated in the presence of the plasmin inhibitor aprotinin. Pre-formed receptors were also found to contribute to increased plasminogen binding after PMA stimulation and to co-localise with uPA/uPAR and plasminogen. Nevertheless, a relatively modest increase in plasminogen-binding capacity coupled with an increase in uPA led to a dramatic increase in the proteolytic capacity of these cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that the majority of lysine-dependent plasminogen binding to breast cancer cells is ultimately regulated by plasmin activity and is dependent on the presence of significant levels of active uPA. The existence of a proteolytic positive feedback loop in plasminogen activation has profound implications for the ability of breast cancer cells expressing high amounts of uPA to accumulate a large proteolytic capacity at the cell surface, thereby conferring invasive potential.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: Gillian E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Stillfried
authors.forename: Darren N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ranson
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005341:Fibrinolysin / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C524898:PLAUR protein, human; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D010958:Plasminogen; D005341:Fibrinolysin; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D008239:Lysine