title: Anti-inflammatory effects of pioglitazone and/or simvastatin in high cardiovascular risk patients with elevated high sensitivity C-reactive protein: the PIOSTAT Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to test the safety and efficacy of pioglitazone and simvastatin in combination versus each drug individually in non-diabetic subjects with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Low-grade inflammation is a pathogenic factor for atherosclerosis. High-sensitivity CRP, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 are markers of inflammation. Statins and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonists lower inflammatory markers and reduce CVD in type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a 12-week, prospective, double-blind trial, 125 subjects were randomized to simvastatin or pioglitazone plus placebo or a simvastatin/pioglitazone combination. We tested changes in hs-CRP by analysis of covariance. A subgroup analysis was performed in patients with and without the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The correlation between changes in hs-CRP and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA; a measure of insulin resistance) was calculated with the Spearman's rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, there were no significant between-group differences. At 12 weeks, pioglitazone and simvastatin monotherapies significantly reduced hs-CRP (3.64 +/- 2.42 mg/l to 2.48 +/- 1.77 mg/l and 3.26 +/- 2.02 mg/l to 2.81 +/- 2.11 mg/l) and the combination regimen had an additive effect (from 3.49 +/- 1.97 mg/l to 2.06 +/- 1.42 mg/l, p < 0.001). For subgroups, the difference between monotherapy and combination therapy was only significant for simvastatin versus simvastatin plus pioglitazone in patients without MetS. Homeostasis model assessment decreased in those receiving pioglitazone, and the correlation between changes in HOMA and hs-CRP was significant (r = 0.43; p < 0.05). The PAI-1 decreased significantly in the pioglitazone groups only, and MMP-9 was also significantly lowered in the pioglitazone groups. No treatment-related serious adverse events occurred in any group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pioglitazone, probably by reducing insulin resistance, has additive anti-inflammatory effects to simvastatin in non-diabetic subjects with CVD and high hs-CRP.
authors.affiliation: GWT, Center for Clinical Studies, Dresden, Germany. hanefeld@gwtonline-zks.de
authors.forename: Markolf
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hanefeld
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pfützner
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Baurecht
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lübben
authors.forename: Efstrathios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karagiannis
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Stier
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Forst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D019821:Simvastatin; D000077205:Pioglitazone