title: Alcohol and hepatitis C mortality among males and females in the United States: a life table analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence from previous studies suggests that heavy alcohol use (HAU) exacerbates the rate of fibrosis progression in the liver and results in increased probability for premature death among patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The current study uses population-based mortality data to investigate whether heavy drinking affects the age of death among individuals with HCV and, if so, whether this effect differs between men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 7,263,163 death records in the United States between 2000 and 2002 were drawn from the Multiple Cause of Death (MCD) public-use data files compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes were used to identify the presence of HCV (B17.1 and B18.2) and HAU (as indicated by alcohol-induced medical conditions, F10 and K70) either as the underlying cause or as one of the contributing causes of death. The deaths were divided into 4 distinctive cause-of-death categories: HCV without HAU, HAU without HCV, HCV plus HAU, and all others. The mean ages of death and the cumulative probabilities of death derived from multiple-cause life table were compared across these categories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hepatitis C virus deaths showed an excessive prevalence of HAU when compared with non-HCV deaths. Compared with deaths of HCV without HAU, the mean age of death was shortened for deaths of HCV plus HAU (from 55.1 to 50.0 years among males, and from 61.0 to 49.1 years among females). The cumulative probability of death before age 65 was much higher for the latter than the former group (0.91 vs 0.68 among males, and 0.88 vs 0.47 among females). While HCV alone showed a disproportionate effect on premature death in males, HAU presented a stronger effect in females, resulting in a "catching-up" effect that diminished the gender difference in age of HCV death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides mortality-based evidence to further establish heavy alcohol consumption as one of the key risk factors contributing to premature deaths from HCV in the United States. More importantly, this study, for the first time, presents empirical evidence that alcohol consumption affects men and women differently in HCV mortality.
authors.affiliation: CSR, Incorporated, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA. cchen@csrincorporated.com
authors.forename: Chiung M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Young-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Hsiao-ye
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Diane L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Lucas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology