title: Treatment for Fisher syndrome, Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis and related disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fisher syndrome is one of the regional variants of Guillain-Barré syndrome, characterised by impairment of eye movements (ophthalmoplegia), incoordination (ataxia) and loss of tendon reflexes (areflexia). It can occur in more limited forms, and may overlap with Guillain-Barré syndrome. A further variant is associated with upper motor neuron signs and disturbance of consciousness (Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis). All of these variants are associated with anti-GQ1b IgG antibodies. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and plasma exchange are often used as treatments in this patient group. This review was undertaken to systematically assess any available randomised controlled data on acute immunomodulatory therapies in Fisher Syndrome or its variants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide the best available evidence from randomised controlled trials on the role of acute immunomodulatory therapy in the treatment of Fisher Syndrome and related disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Trials register (March 2004), MEDLINE (from January 1966 to November 2004), EMBASE (from January 1980 to November 2004), CINAHL (from January 1982 to November 2004) and LILACS (from January 1982 to November 2004) for randomised controlled trials, quasi-randomised trials, historically controlled studies and trials with concurrent controls. We adapted this strategy to search MEDLINE from 1966 and EMBASE from 1980 for comparative cohort studies, case-control studies and case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised and quasi-randomised controlled clinical trials (in which allocation was not random but was intended to be unbiased, e.g. alternate allocation, and non-randomised controlled studies were to have been selected. Since no such clinical trials were discovered, all retrospective case series containing five or more patients were assessed and summarised in the discussion section.
  
  
  METHODS
  All studies of Fisher Syndrome and its clinical variants were scrutinised for data on patients treated with any form of acute immunotherapy. Information on the outcome was then collated and summarised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no randomised or non-randomised prospective controlled trials of immunotherapy in Fisher Syndrome or related disorders. We summarised the results of retrospective series containing five or more patients in the discussion section.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are no randomised controlled trials of immunomodulatory therapy in Fisher Syndrome or related disorders on which to base practice.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurological Sciences, Department of Neurology, Southern General Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, UK, G51 4TF. j.overell@clinmed.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Overell
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Odaka
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yuki
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Willison
mesh_terms: D001933:Brain Stem; D003244:Consciousness Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D019846:Miller Fisher Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*