title: Impact of fasting and postprandial glycemia on overall glycemic control in type 2 diabetes Importance of postprandial glycemia to achieve target HbA1c levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  HbA1c values reflect overall glycemic exposure over the past 2-3 months and are determined by both fasting (FPG) and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) levels. Cross-sectional studies suggest that attainment of HbA1c goals requires specific targeting of postprandial hyperglycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a prospective intervention trial to assess the relative contribution of controlling FPG and PPG for achieving recommended HbA1c goals. One hundred and sixty-four patients (90 male and 74 female) with unsatisfactory glycemic control (HbA1c >/=7.5%) were enrolled in an individualized forced titration intensified treatment program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 3 months HbA1c levels decreased from 8.7+/-0.1 to 6.5+/-0.1% (p<0.001); FPG decreased from 174+/-4 to 117+/-2mg/dl (p<0.001); PPG decreased from 224+/-4 to 159+/-3mg/dl (p<0.001) and daylong hyperglycemia (average of premeal, postprandial and bedtime plasma glucose excluding FPG) decreased from 199+/-4 to 141+/-2mg/dl (p<0.0001). Patients' weight remained unchanged (84.0+/-1.4kg versus 82.9+/-1.5kg, p=0.36). No severe hypoglycemia occurred. Only 64% of patients achieving FPG targets of <100mg/dl achieved an HbA1c target of <7% whereas 94% of patients achieving the postprandial target of <140mg/dl did. Decreases in PPG accounted for nearly twice as much for the decreases in HbA1c as did decreases in FPG. PPG accounted approximately 80% of HbA1c when HbA1c was <6.2% and only about 40% when HbA1c was above 9.0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Control of fasting hyperglycemia is necessary but usually insufficient for achieving HbA1c goals <7%. Control of postprandial hyperglycemia is essential for achieving recommended HbA1c goals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Grosshadern Marchioninistr. 15, Munich 81377, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Woerle
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zschau
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tenner
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Irsigler
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schirra
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gerich
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Göke
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005215:Fasting / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin