title: The prognostic value of serum S-100B protein in spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the major progress in neurophysiological monitoring, there are still difficulties in the early identification and quantification of cerebral damage after a stroke. In this prospective study we examined the associations between serum S-100B protein, a serum marker of brain injury, and initial neurological-neuroimaging severity, secondary deterioration, external ventricular drainage (EVD: therapeutic intervention) and outcome in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH).
  
  
  METHODS
  We recorded all pertinent clinical data of 52 patients with SAH and measured S-100B serum levels on admission and every 24 h for a maximum of 9 consecutive days. Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal Wallis analysis were employed to assess the association of S-100B levels with all variables of interest. Log-rank test was used to evaluate survival and Cox's proportional hazard regression analysis to define the significant predictors of survival rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Admission S-100B was statistically significantly associated with initial neurological status, neuroimaging severity, and one-year outcome (p = 0.0002, 0.001, and 0.017, Kruskal Wallis analysis). Admission S-100B above 0.3 microg/L predicted unfavourable outcome (p < 0.0001, log rank test) and constituted an independent predictor of short-term survival (p = 0.035 Cox's proportional hazard regression analysis) with a hazard ratio of 2.2 (95% C.I.: 1.06-4.6) indicating a more than doubling of death probability. Secondary neurological deterioration associated with S-100B increase (p < 0.0001) and external ventricular drainage (EVD) with S-100B reduction (p = 0.003, Wilcoxon signed rank test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum S-100B protein seems to be a useful biochemical indicator of neurological - neuroimaging severity, secondary deterioration, EVD (therapeutic intervention), and outcome in patients with SAH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stranjalis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korfias
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Psachoulia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kouyialis
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Sakas
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Mendelow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D003399:Craniotomy; D004322:Drainage; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000097:blood*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014696:Ventriculostomy
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins