title: Simultaneous in vivo measurements of intranasal air and mucosal temperature.
abstract: Nasal cavity volume and blood temperature along the nasal airways, reflecting the mucosal temperature, are considered to be the most important predictors of nasal air conditioning. The purpose of this study was to simultaneously in vivo measure intranasal air as well as mucosal temperature for the first time. Fifteen healthy subjects were enrolled into the study. Two combined miniaturized thermocouples were used for simultaneous recording of intranasal air and mucosal temperature within the anterior turbinate area close to the head of the middle turbinate without interruption of nasal breathing. The highest air and mucosal temperature values were detected at the end of expiration, the lowest values at the end of inspiration. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The mean mucosal temperature ranged from 30.2 +/- 0.9 to 32.2 +/- 0.8 degrees C. The mean air temperature ranged from 28.5 +/- 1.2 to 34.1 +/- 0.7 degrees C. The mean differences between air and mucosal temperature were 1.7 +/- 0.5 degrees C after inspiration and 1.9 +/- 0.7 degrees C after expiration. Simultaneous measurements of intranasal air and mucosal temperature are practicable. The detected temperature gradient between air and mucosa confirm a relevant heat exchange during inspiration and expiration. This gradient between air and mucosa is obligatory for heat and water exchange to ensure adequate nasal air conditioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ulm, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Germany. kerstin.wiesmiller@uniklinik-ulm.de
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wiesmiller
authors.forename: Tilman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Keck
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leiacker
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindemann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000388:Air; D001831:Body Temperature; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D008297:Male; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric