title: Endogenous PKI gamma limits the duration of the anti-apoptotic effects of PTH and beta-adrenergic agonists in osteoblasts.
abstract: PKI gamma knockdown substantially extended the anti-apoptotic effects of PTH and beta-adrenergic agonists, whereas PKI gamma overexpression decreased these effects. Therefore, inhibition of PKI gamma activity may provide a useful co-therapy in combination with intermittent PTH or beta-adrenergic agonists for bone loss in conditions such as osteoporosis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  PTH has both catabolic and anabolic effects on bone, which are primarily caused by cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling and regulation of gene expression. We previously showed that protein kinase inhibitor-gamma (PKI gamma) is required for efficient termination of cAMP/PKA signaling and gene expression after stimulation with PTH or beta-adrenergic agonists. Inhibition of osteoblast apoptosis is thought to be an important, but transient, mechanism partly responsible for the anabolic effects of intermittent PTH. Therefore, we hypothesized that endogenous PKI gamma also terminates the anti-apoptotic effect of PTH.
  
  
  METHODS
  PKI gamma knockdown by antisense transfection or siRNA was used to examine the ability of endogenous PKI gamma to modulate the anti-apoptotic effects of PTH and beta-adrenergic agonists in ROS 17/2.8 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Knockdown of PKI gamma substantially extended the anti-apoptotic effects of PTH, whether apoptosis was induced by etoposide or dexamethasone. In contrast, overexpression of PKI gamma decreased the anti-apoptotic effect of PTH pretreatment. This study is also the first demonstration that beta-adrenergic agonists mimic the anti-apoptotic effects of PTH in osteoblasts. Moreover, PKI gamma knockdown also substantially extended this anti-apoptotic effect of beta-adrenergic agonists. Taken together, these results show that endogenous PKI gamma limits the duration of the anti-apoptotic effects of cAMP/PKA signaling in osteoblasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because significant individual variability exists in the anabolic responses to PTH therapy in current clinical treatment of osteoporosis, inhibition of PKI gamma activity may provide a useful co-therapy in combination with intermittent PTH or beta-adrenergic agonists for bone loss in conditions such as osteoporosis. However, the potential use of such a co-therapy would depend on it not adversely affecting bone formation or other organ systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University and Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: In-Hwan
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Greenfield
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; C521166:Pkig protein, rat; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases