title: Autoantibodies involved in neuropsychiatric SLE and antiphospholipid syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought (1) to identify and (2) to define the association of all reported antibodies (Abs) with neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE), (3) to search for possible mechanisms that are involved in NPSLE, and (4) to determine whether we can recognize a panel of Abs associated with specific neuropsychiatric (NP) manifestations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search (1975 to 2005) was performed utilizing the following terms: neuropsychiatric lupus, antiphospholipid syndrome, or central nervous system systemic lupus erythematosus matched with the term antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty Abs (11 brain-specific and 9 systemic) were described in NPSLE patients. These include Abs that target brain-specific antigens (neuronal, ganglioside, synaptosomes, glia, methyl-d-aspartate receptors, lymphocytotoxic) and systemic antigens (nuclear, cytoplasmic, phospholipid, endothelial cells). Cognitive impairment, psychosis, and depression were associated with many Abs. Elevated titers of anticardiolipin Abs (aCL) were reported most often and found in patients with cognitive impairment, psychosis, depression, seizures, chorea, and migraine. No specificity was encountered among brain-specific or systemic Abs for any single NP manifestation. No studies evaluated a specific NP manifestation with the full panel of 20 Abs. A panel of brain-specific and systemic Abs may be helpful in establishing the diagnosis of NPSLE. Postulated mechanisms in experimental models included vascular occlusion and injury by pathogenic Abs in a disrupted blood brain barrier.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NPSLE is associated with brain-specific and systemic Abs. Cognitive impairment, psychosis, and depression were associated with many Abs, including aCL Abs. Possible mechanisms include vascular occlusion and injury by pathogenic Abs in a disrupted blood brain barrier.
authors.affiliation: Lecturer of Internal Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Head of the Department of Medicine C, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.
authors.forename: Gisele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zandman-Goddard
authors.forename: Joab
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shoenfeld
mesh_terms: D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D020945:Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D016239:MEDLINE
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers