title: Cannabis use and cannabis use disorders and their relationship to mental disorders: a 10-year prospective-longitudinal community study in adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whereas the role of externalizing disorders is relatively well established in predicting the onset of cannabis use (CU) or cannabis use disorder (CUD), the status of anxiety and mood disorders in predicting CU and CUD remains controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To examine cross-sectional and prospective associations of CU and CUD with a range of mental disorders and whether anxiety and mood disorders are associated with CU/CUD after adjusting for externalizing disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  N=1395 community subjects aged 14-17 at baseline were followed-up at three waves prospectively over 10 years. Substance use, substance disorders and mental disorders were assessed using the DSM-IV/M-CIDI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) The baseline prevalence rates where 19.3% at t(0) for CU and 2.6% for CUD. Cumulative incidence rates at t(3) were 54.3% for CU and 13.7% for CUD. (2) In cross-sectional and prospective analyses other substance use disorders, mood and anxiety disorders were associated with CU and CUD. (3) Associations of panic-anxiety with CU and of depressive and bipolar disorders with CU and CUD were significant after controlling for externalizing disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A range of psychopathological conditions, including depressive, bipolar and less consistently anxiety disorders as well as the degree of their comorbidity are significantly associated with incident CU and progression to CUD, even when controlling for externalising disorders. A better understanding of this complex interplay may result in better aetiological models and intervention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technical University Dresden, D-01187 Dresden, Germany. wittchen@psychologie.tu-dresden.de
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Wittchen
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fröhlich
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Behrendt
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Günther
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehm
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Roselind
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lieb
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perkonigg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002188:Cannabis; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012111:Residence Characteristics