title: Discontinuous fragmentation of nuclear DNA during apoptosis revealed by discrete "sub-G1" peaks on DNA content histograms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation is one of the hallmarks of apoptosis. Because the low molecular weight DNA fragments are extracted during cell staining in aqueous solutions, apoptotic cells can be identified on DNA content frequency histograms as cells with fractional ("sub-G(1)") DNA content. The aim of the present study was to explore whether in situ DNA fragmentation during apoptosis is discontinuous or progresses incessantly and if it is discontinuous, to define the resistant to cleavage fraction of DNA that remains stainable with the fluorochrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The model of activation-induced apoptosis of human lymphocytes was chosen as it provides uniform cell population with identical DNA content (DI = 1.00) that undergo apoptosis. Their apoptosis was induced by multivalent mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in the absence and presence of geldanamycin (GA), the benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic which binds to Hsp90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) and alters its function. The cells were stained with acridine orange, the metachromatic fluorochrome that differentially stains cellular DNA and RNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A sharp, discrete peak representing the subpopulation of "sub-G(1)" cells with highly reproducible DI = 0.42 +/- 0.02 (CV = 5.5 +/- 1.2) was observed on DNA content histograms of lymphocytes whose apoptosis was induced by PHA alone. Two distinct peaks, one representing cell subpopulations with DI = 0.42 (as above) and another, with DI = 0.79 +/- 0.04 (CV = 5.8 +/- 0.4), respectively, were seen in apoptotic cells from cultures stimulated with PHA in the presence of GA. The frequency of cells represented by the sub-G(1) peaks varied depending on time of induction of apoptosis and GA concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apoptosis-induced DNA fragmentation is discontinuous; approximately 42% of DNA is relatively stable and remains within the cell. The data suggest that the stable DNA is associated with nuclear matrix while the degradable fraction represents DNA in loop domains. A transient DNA stabilization is apparent in the presence of GA as evidenced by the presence of cell subpopulations with 79% of DNA retained in the cell. The observed discontinuity of DNA fragmentation appears to reflect sequential involvement of different nucleases and may also be modulated by chromatin structure.
authors.affiliation: Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kajstura
authors.forename: H Dorota
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Halicka
authors.forename: Juliusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pryjma
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Darzynkiewicz
mesh_terms: D000165:Acridine Orange / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D016193:G1 Phase; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D004247:DNA; D000165:Acridine Orange