title: Potassium and phosphorus repletion in hospitalized patients: implications for clinical practice and the potential use of healthcare information technology to improve prescribing and patient safety.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate potassium and phosphorus repletion in hospitalized patients. Assess the potential role for use of various methods, including healthcare information technology, to improve prescribing and patient safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient medication profiles were screened to identify orders for potassium and phosphorus replacement products. Electronic laboratory and medical records were used to evaluate efficacy and safety. Eligibility for oral therapy was defined by the presence of other scheduled oral medications on the medication profile. Appropriateness of prescribing was based on adherence to the hospital guidelines for repletion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 134 orders for potassium in 92 patients and 36 orders for phosphorus in 27 patients were evaluated over a 3-week data collection period. Intravenous (IV) potassium was prescribed in 73% of replacement episodes (46% as single doses and 54% within large volume IV fluids), with 85% for normokalemia or mild-to-moderate cases of hypokalemia. Phosphorus orders involved single doses of IV potassium phosphate (mean 13.1 mmol) in 75% of cases. Approximately 85% of doses were for mild or moderate hypophosphatemia. Eligibility for oral therapy was evident in 74% of normokalemic or mild hypokalemic cases receiving IV potassium products and in 33% of cases receiving IV phosphorus replacement. Six cases of mild hyperkalemia were observed. No hyperphosphatemia was documented. Study limitations include use of a retrospective design, inability to discern whether some electrolyte doses were given with a preventative intent, potential overestimation of the number of patients eligible for oral repletion, and lack of data on the accessibility of the laboratory serum concentrations or the awareness of serum values to the prescribers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous potassium and phosphate products are commonly prescribed for mild or moderate cases of hypokalemia or hypophosphatemia. Many patients met eligibility for oral therapy. Efforts to enhance prescriber education and implement computerized prescribing and decision support systems have the potential to improve prescribing and reduce possibilities of adverse drug events and medication errors related to potassium and phosphate administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Hemstreet
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stolpman
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Badesch
authors.forename: Sondra K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCollum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007008:Hypokalemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017674:Hypophosphatemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008490:Medical Informatics; D008875:Middle Aged; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011188:Potassium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D010758:Phosphorus; D011188:Potassium