title: Multimodality imaging of tumor xenografts and metastases in mice with combined small-animal PET, small-animal CT, and bioluminescence imaging.
abstract: Recent developments have established molecular imaging of mouse models with small-animal PET and bioluminescence imaging (BLI) as an important tool in cancer research. One of the disadvantages of these imaging modalities is the lack of anatomic information. We combined small-animal PET and BLI technology with small-animal CT to obtain fusion images with both molecular and anatomic information.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used small-animal PET/CT and BLI to detect xenografts of different cell lines and metastases of a melanoma cell line (A375M-3F) that had been transduced with a lentiviral vector containing a trimodality imaging reporter gene encoding a fusion protein with Renilla luciferase, monomeric red fluorescent protein, and a mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Validation studies in mouse xenograft models showed a good coregistration of images from both PET and CT. Melanoma metastases were detected by 18F-FDG PET, 9-[4-(18)F-fluoro-3-(hydroxymethyl)butyl]guanine (18F-FHBG) PET, CT, and BLI and confirmed by ex vivo assays of Renilla luciferase and mutant thymidine kinase expression. 18F-FHBG PET/CT allowed detection and localization of lesions that were not seen on CT because of poor contrast resolution and were not seen on 18F-FDG PET because of higher background uptake relative to 18F-FHBG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of 18F-FHBG PET, small-animal CT, and BLI allows a sensitive and improved quantification of tumor burden in mice. This technique is potentially useful for the study of the biologic determinants of metastasis and for the evaluation of novel cancer treatments.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Christophe M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Deroose
authors.forename: Abhijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De
authors.forename: Andreas M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Loening
authors.forename: Patrick L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Pritha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Arion F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Chatziioannou
authors.forename: Sanjiv S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gambhir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000201:enzymology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008156:Luciferases; D049449:Luminescence; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013937:Thymidine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: C113308:9-(4-fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006147:Guanine; D008156:Luciferases; D013937:Thymidine Kinase