title: Regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase by a pseudosubstrate sequence on the gamma subunit.
abstract: The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) system monitors cellular energy status by sensing AMP and ATP, and is a key regulator of energy balance at the cellular and whole-body levels. AMPK exists as heterotrimeric alphabetagamma complexes, and the gamma subunits contain two tandem domains that bind the regulatory nucleotides. There is a sequence in the first of these domains that is conserved in gamma subunit homologues in all eukaryotes, and which resembles the sequence around sites phosphorylated on target proteins of AMPK, except that it has a non-phosphorylatable residue in place of serine. We propose that in the absence of AMP this pseudosubstrate sequence binds to the active site groove on the alpha subunit, preventing phosphorylation by the upstream kinase, LKB1, and access to downstream targets. Binding of AMP causes a conformational change that prevents this interaction and relieves the inhibition. We present several lines of evidence supporting this hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Fiona A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: J K David
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: D Grahame
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Hardie
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D017931:DNA Primers; D004926:Escherichia coli; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D015003:Yeasts
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D021122:Protein Subunits; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases