title: Sutureless stented aortic valve implantation under direct vision: lessons from a negative experience in sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Percutaneous aortic valve replacement has been proposed as a valid alternative to surgery in selected cases; however, it still has many problems. As a less radical preliminary step, we implanted a balloon-expandable stented aortic valve under direct vision in sheep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and through a transverse aortotomy, an aortic valve mounted in a long tubular balloon-expandable stent was implanted in six acute sheep. The leaflets were not excised and no anchoring sutures were used between stent and native annulus. Epicardial, two-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography was used to assess the function of the stented valve followed by macroscopic inspection at necropsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Direct visualization of the entire annulus when the collapsed, valved stent was placed within the aortic root was difficult in all animals. Valve deployment took less than 1 minute. The surgical procedure resulted in major complications in all cases. Migration (3/6), paravalvular leak (2/6), mitral conflicts resulting in mitral regurgitation (1/6), and coronary ostia obstruction (2/6) were the major events at the origin of the failure. Only three animals could be weaned from CPB but did not recover enough to survive the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sutureless implantation of a stented aortic valve through standard CPB and aortotomy is far more complex than expected. Changes in stent design and surgical approach are indicated.
authors.affiliation: The International Heart Institute of Montana Foundation at Saint Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center and The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59802, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Joudinaud
authors.forename: Erwan M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Flecher
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Curry
authors.forename: Corrine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Kegel
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Carlos M G
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Duran
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D023421:Models, Animal; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012756:Sheep; D013536:Suture Techniques; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color