title: Lipopolysaccharide activates calcineurin in ventricular myocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a proximate cause of inflammation, activates calcineurin in cardiac myocytes and if calcineurin regulates apoptosis in this setting.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Calcineurin regulates myocardial growth and hypertrophy, but its role in inflammation is unknown. Calcineurin has proapoptotic or antiapoptotic effects depending on the stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  Calcineurin activity was measured in left ventricular myocytes from adult Sprague Dawley rats. Cardiac apoptosis was measured by terminal deoxy-nucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling staining and caspase-3 activity after in vitro and in vivo exposure to LPS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lipopolysaccharide increased calcineurin activity in myocytes over 1 to 24 h (t 1/2 = 4.8 h) with an EC(50) of 0.80 ng/ml LPS (p < 0.05, n = 4). The LPS (10 ng/ml) effects were mimicked by angiotensin II (Ang II) (100 nmol/l); both increased calcineurin activity and induced apoptosis without additive effects (p < 0.05, n = 5 to 9). Lipopolysaccharide and/or Ang II effects were prevented by 1 h pre-treatment with an Ang II type 1 receptor blocker (losartan, 1 micromol/l), calcineurin inhibitor (cyclosporin A, 0.5 micromol/l), calcium chelator (1,2-Bis(2-amino-5-fluorophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl) ester, 0.1 micromol/l), or by inhibiting sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium (Ca)-ATPase (thapsigargin, 1 micromol/l) or SR calcium release channel (ryanodine, 1 micromol/l). Left ventricular apoptosis increased from 4 to 24 h after LPS (1 mg/kg intravenously) in vivo, but not in rats pre-treated with cyclosporin A (20 mg/kg/day subcutaneously) for 3 days (p < 0.05, n = 5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cardiac myocytes, LPS activates calcineurin in association with apoptosis by Ang II and SR calcium-dependent mechanisms. This expands the paradigm for cardiac calcineurin to be activated by low levels of LPS in inflammation and chronic conditions (e.g., infections, smoking, and heart failure).
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine, V.A. San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bayna
authors.forename: Hai Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Erminia Dalle
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Molle
authors.forename: Wilbur Y W
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lew
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019703:Calcineurin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000166:cytology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D019703:Calcineurin