title: Hyperpolarized water as an authentic magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent.
abstract: Pure water in a highly (1)H spin-polarized state is proposed as a contrast-agent-free contrast agent to visualize its macroscopic evolution in aqueous media by MRI. Remotely enhanced liquids for image contrast (RELIC) utilizes a (1)H signal of water that is enhanced outside the sample in continuous-flow mode and immediately delivered to the sample to obtain maximum contrast between entering and bulk fluids. Hyperpolarization suggests an ideal contrast mechanism to highlight the ubiquitous and specific function of water in physiology, biology, and materials because the physiological, chemical, and macroscopic function of water is not altered by the degree of magnetization. We present an approach that is capable of instantaneously enhancing the (1)H MRI signal by up to 2 orders of magnitude through the Overhauser effect under ambient conditions at 0.35 tesla by using highly spin-polarized unpaired electrons that are covalently immobilized onto a porous, water-saturated gel matrix. The continuous polarization of radical-free flowing water allowed us to distinctively visualize vortices in model reactors and dispersion patterns through porous media. A (1)H signal enhancement of water by a factor of -10 and -100 provides for an observation time of >4 and 7 s, respectively, upon its injection into fluids with a T(1) relaxation time of >1.5 s. The implications for chemical engineering or biomedical applications of using hyperpolarized solvents or physiological fluids to visualize mass transport and perfusion with high and authentic MRI contrast originating from water itself, and not from foreign contrast agents, are immediate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
authors.forename: Evan R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: McCarney
authors.forename: Brandon D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lingwood
authors.forename: Songi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D014867:Water