title: The role of organic ligands in ferrous-induced photochemical degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
abstract: Recent studies have shown that hydrogen peroxide is generated in a ferrioxalate-induced photoreductive reaction, but information about the effect of organic ligands on the photochemical behaviour of ferrous species is limited. The degradation of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) by a ferrous-catalyzed oxidation in the presence of various ligands such as formate, citrate, malelate, oxalate, and ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) was studied. The experiments were conducted under either dark or irradiated (350n m) conditions. Forty-two percent and 34% of 2,4-D were removed by the Fe(2+)/oxalate/UV and Fe(2+)/citrate/UV processes, respectively, after 30 min of reaction and oxidative intermediates were obtained in both cases. The presence of hydroxylated intermediates suggests that 2,4-D may be attacked by hydroxyl radicals, which are the products of the photo-Fenton-like reaction. As such, hydrogen peroxide was produced by the photolysis of ferrous oxalate or ferrous citrate, referred to hereafter as photogenerated H(2)O(2). As expected, the total removal percentage of 2,4-D jumped to 97% when 1mM of hydrogen peroxide (so-called spiked H(2)O(2)) was externally added to the reaction vessel to initiate the Fe(2+)/oxalate/UV process. Therefore, the treatment of 2,4-D by the Fe(2+)/oxalate/H(2)O(2)/UV system can be operated in two steps: the photolysis of ferrous oxalate first, followed by adding the spiked H(2)O(2) sometime after the commencement of the reaction. A two-phase model has been developed to describe this tandem ferrous-catalyzed photooxidation, which would help to achieve the mineralization of 2,4-D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Research Centre for Urban Environmental Technology and Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D005561:Formates / Q000737:chemistry; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D008024:Ligands; D008298:Maleates / Q000737:chemistry; D010070:Oxalates / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010777:Photochemistry; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D005561:Formates; D008024:Ligands; D008298:Maleates; D010070:Oxalates; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; C030544:formic acid; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D019343:Citric Acid; C030272:maleic acid; D004492:Edetic Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide