title: TLR3 signaling in a hepatoma cell line is skewed towards apoptosis.
abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) leading to the activation of the innate immune response and subsequently to the shaping of the adaptive immune response. Of the known human TLRs, TLR3, 7, 8, and 9 were shown to recognize nucleic acid ligands. TLR3 signaling is induced by double-stranded (ds)RNA, a molecular signature of viruses, and is mediated by the TRIF (TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFNbeta) adaptor molecule. Thus, TLR3 plays an important role in the host response to viral infections. The liver is constantly exposed to a large variety of foreign substances, including pathogens such as HBV (hepatitis B virus) and HCV (hepatitis C virus), which frequently establish persistent liver infections. In this work, we investigated the expression and signaling pathway of TLR3 in different hepatoma cell lines. We show that hepatocyte lineage cells express relatively low levels of TLR3 mRNA. TLR3 signaling in HEK293 cells (human embryonic kidney cells) activated NF-kappaB and IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) and induced IFNbeta (interferon beta) promoter expression, which are known to lead to pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. In Huh7 cells, there was only a short-term IRF3 activation, and a very low level of IFNbeta expression. In HepG2 cells on the other hand, while no induction of pro-inflammatory factors was observed, signaling by TLR3 was skewed towards the induction of apoptosis. These results indicate preferential induction of the apoptotic pathway over the cytokine induction pathway by TLR3 signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma cells with potential implications for therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Elina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Khvalevsky
authors.forename: Ludmila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rivkin
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rachmilewitz
authors.forename: Eithan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Galun
authors.forename: Hilla
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Giladi
mesh_terms: D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D050838:Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008156:Luciferases; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010957:Plasmids; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051200:Toll-Like Receptor 8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; C494232:IRF3 protein, human; D050838:Interferon Regulatory Factor-3; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C470409:TICAM1 protein, human; C495344:TLR3 protein, human; C495348:TLR7 protein, human; C495349:TLR8 protein, human; C495371:TLR9 protein, human; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7; D051200:Toll-Like Receptor 8; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D008156:Luciferases