title: Relationship between vascular reactivity and lipids in Mexican-Americans with type 2 diabetes treated with pioglitazone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular dysfunction and insulin resistance precede atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Better knowledge of the interaction between these is of considerable clinical interest.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine the association between inflammation, glucose, and lipid metabolism and vascular dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of pioglitazone vs. placebo and other therapies aimed at equal glycemic control for 24 wk at an academic tertiary referral clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mexican-American subjects with T2DM and no complications were randomly assigned to pioglitazone 45 mg daily (PIO, n=16) or placebo (CON, n=15) and matched for age, gender, body mass index, diabetes duration, and glycemic control. All subjects completed the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We looked for improved vascular reactivity independent of glycemic control but closely related to plasma adiponectin, lipids, and insulin sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 24 wk, there was an equal decrease in fasting plasma glucose (approximately 135 mg/dl), glycosylated hemoglobin (approximately 7.0%), and glucose production (approximately 15%). The decrease in free fatty acids (30 vs. 10%) and increase in glucose disposal (40 vs. 25%) were greater in PIO vs. CON (P<0.05). In PIO, plasma high-density lipoprotein rose by 15% (P<0.05), and low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein particle size rose significantly (P<0.01). Plasma adiponectin doubled in PIO (from 6.1+/-0.8 to 12.7+/-2.1 microg/ml). Forearm blood flow rose equally (approximately 130%) during reactive hyperemia in both groups, although after therapy, the increase was greater (P<0.001) in PIO (153%) than in CON (137%); vasodilation was greater (P=0.01) in PIO (92, 160, and 204%) than in CON with acetylcholine (74, 130, and 144%) and with sodium nitroprusside (PIO=164 and 253% vs. 116 and 230%; P=0.04). The elevation in diameter was also greater in PIO (13 vs. 10%; P<0.05). Vascular responses correlated with plasma free fatty acids, adiponectin, and low-density lipoprotein particle size but not with glycemic control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that pioglitazone improves vascular reactivity irrespective of glycemic control and suggest a close association with changes in fat cell metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Mail Code 7886, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA.
authors.forename: Estela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wajcberg
authors.forename: Apiradee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sriwijitkamol
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Musi
authors.forename: Ralph A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: DeFronzo
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cersosimo
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D010919:Placebos; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D019332:Endothelin-1; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010919:Placebos; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D000077205:Pioglitazone