title: Two consecutive large outbreaks of Salmonella enterica serotype Agona infections in infants linked to the consumption of powdered infant formula.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increase of isolation of Salmonella Agona was observed in January through February 2005 among infants in France.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study, food trace-back and microbiologic investigations were promptly carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 141 confirmed cases <12 months of age were identified. Most had diarrhea (99%; bloody 56%) and fever (75%) and 36% were hospitalized for 5 days on average and none died. In the case-control analysis, all 23 cases and none of the 23 controls had consumed powdered formula of brand A (P < 10(-5)). Active follow up of all cases showed that after the withdrawal of formula A, cases that had consumed formula A decreased rapidly, but new cases had consumed another formula (brand B). The trace-back found that 5 batches of formula B had been manufactured on the same production line as formula A. Forty-four cases were linked to formula A and 92 to formula B. All routine controls performed by the producers were negative for Salmonella. However, enhanced microbiologic investigations yielded S. Agona in one of 176 samples of formula A, in 4 of 27 tins of formula B consumed by cases and in 6 of 420 environmental swabs from the production line. All clinical, food and environmental isolates were of the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Powdered infant formulas are not sterile products and may contain low levels of Salmonella. Routine microbiologic controls are insufficient to detect a low-grade contamination, which may cause serious illness and outbreaks among infants.
authors.affiliation: Institut de veille sanitaire, Saint-Maurice, France. c.brouard@invs.sante.fr
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brouard
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Espié
authors.forename: Francois-Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Weill
authors.forename: Annaëlle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kérouanton
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brisabois
authors.forename: Anna-Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Forgue
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaillant
authors.forename: Henriette
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Valk
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005602:France; D005838:Genotype; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012478:Salmonella Food Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial