title: [Investigation of tongue movements during swallowing with M-mode ultrasonography].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of tongue movements during swallowing with a computer-aided, M-mode ultrasonography system in combination with a cushioning device.
  
  
  METHODS
  Motion pattern and activity duration of the tongue dorsum during swallowing were investigated in 55 volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The duration, amplitude and pattern of tongue movements during swallowing differed interindividually, whereas they were reproduced well intra-individually. We thus observed three characteristic variations in phases I and IIIb and two in phases IIb and IIIa. The movement pattern in phase IIa and in the rest phase was uniform.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  M-mode ultrasonography provides valid information on tongue movements without any side-effects and is thus a useful tool in the diagnosis and research of tongue functions in orthodontics and dentistry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. einstein@tmu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Chien-Lun
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Rainer-Reginald
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Miethke
authors.forename: Suang-Jing
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pong
authors.forename: Che-Tong
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D014059:Tongue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*