title: Tissue localization of human trefoil factors 1, 2, and 3.
abstract: Trefoil factors (TTFs) are small, compact proteins coexpressed with mucins in the gastrointestinal tract. Three trefoil factors are known in mammals: TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3. They are implicated to play diverse roles in maintenance and repair of the gastrointestinal channel. We compared the expression pattern of the three trefoil factors analyzing mRNA from a panel of 20 human tissues by conventional reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR and, in addition, by real-time PCR. These findings were supported by immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human tissues using rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against these factors. TFF1 showed highest expression in the stomach and colon, whereas TFF2 and TFF3 showed highest expression in stomach and colon, respectively. All three TFFs were found in the ducts of pancreas. Whereas TFF2 was found to be restricted to these two tissues, the structurally more closely related TFF1 and TFF3 showed a more general tissue distribution and were found to colocalize on an array of mucosal surfaces. This is the first thorough parallel description of the tissue distribution of TFFs in normal tissues, and it provides a baseline for similar analysis in diseased tissues.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA. jens.madsen@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tornøe
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thim
authors.forename: Uffe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Holmskov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011817:Rabbits; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; C051838:TFF1 protein, human; C000604007:TFF2 protein, human; C082495:TFF3 protein, human; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins