title: Conservative treatment of isolated fractures of the medial malleolus.
abstract: Between 1992 and 2000, 57 patients with 57 isolated fractures of the medial malleolus were treated conservatively by immobilisation in a cast. The results were assessed by examination, radiography and completion of the short form-36 questionnaire and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score. Of the 57 fractures 55 healed without further treatment. The mean combined dorsi- and plantar flexion was 52.3 degrees (25 degrees to 82 degrees ) and the mean short form-36 and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society scores 48.1 (28 to 60) and 89.8 (69 to 100), respectively. At review there was no evidence of medial instability, dermatological complications, malalignment of the mortise or of post-traumatic arthritis. Isolated fractures of the medial malleolus can obtain high rates of union and good functional results with conservative treatment. Operation should be reserved for bi- or trimalleolar fractures, open fractures, injuries which compromise the skin or those involving the plafond or for patients who develop painful nonunion.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Trauma Service, Florida Orthopaedic Institute, Temple Terrace, Florida 33637, USA. fixbones@aol.com
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herscovici
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Scaduto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Infante
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D017102:Fracture Healing; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome