title: Corneal absorption and anterior chamber pharmacokinetics of dipeptide monoester prodrugs of ganciclovir (GCV): in vivo comparative evaluation of these prodrugs with Val-GCV and GCV in rabbits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The overall aim of this study was to evaluate the corneal absorption of dipeptide monoester prodrugs of ganciclovir (GCV) and compare these results with L-valine-GCV and GCV. Another aim was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of these prodrugs in aqueous humor.
  
  
  METHODS
  A well was placed on the cornea of anesthetized New Zealand albino rabbits with linear probes implanted in the aqueous humor. Two hundred microlitres (200 microL) of a 0.43% w/v (saturation concentration) solution of GCV and equimolar concentrations of its prodrugs, VGCV, glycine-valine-GCV (GVGCV), valine-valine-GCV (VVGCV), and tyrosine-valine- GCV (YVGCV), were placed in the corneal well and were allowed to diffuse for a period of 2 h. Subsequently, the drug solution was aspirated and the well removed. Samples were collected every 20 min throughout the infusion and postinfusion phases and were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the aqueous humor concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Area under the concentration time profile (AUC)infinity and maximum concentration (Cmax) of YVGCV were found to be higher than other prodrugs. AUC of total GCV obtained from YVGCV administration was found to be twelvefold more than AUC of GCV and 6.2-fold more than AUC obtained with total GCV from VGCV administration. VVGCV also exhibited 3.2 times higher AUC relative to VGCV. Also, AUC and Cmax of regenerated GCV from YVGCV was 8.6 and 4.9 times more than GCV, respectively. VVGCV did not produce higher concentrations of GCV. Elimination half-life of regenerated GCV from YVGCV administration was observed to be 157 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  YVGCV and VVGCV exhibited superior corneal absorption and bioavailability, in comparison with GVGCV, VGCV, and GCV. Such facilitated absorption of prodrugs may be a result of a combination of transcellular passive diffusion and peptide transporter (PEPT1)-mediated transport across the corneal epithelium.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110-2499, USA.
authors.forename: Sriram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gunda
authors.forename: Sudharshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hariharan
authors.forename: Ashim K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mitra
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D000867:Anterior Chamber / Q000378:metabolism*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism*; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004952:Esters; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011817:Rabbits; D000077562:Valganciclovir
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004151:Dipeptides; D004952:Esters; D011355:Prodrugs; D000077562:Valganciclovir; D015774:Ganciclovir