title: Microwave assisted extraction of drugs of abuse from human urine.
abstract: Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) was used to extract drugs of abuse from urine samples for the simultaneous determination of morphine, codeine, 6-acetylmorphine (6AM), cocaine, cocaethylene, benzoylecgonine (BEG), methadone and 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The working wavelengths used were 285 nm for morphine, codeine and 6AM; 233 nm for cocaine, cocaethylene and BEG; and 292 nm for methadone and EDDP. The mobile phase was a gradient of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer at pH 6.5. A full factorial design was used to identify the most suitable extraction conditions as regards pH, solvent and time of extraction. The optimum conditions thus established provided analyte recoveries from 61% to 109%. The detector response was linear over the drug concentration range 0.1-4.0 microg ml(-1) in urine. The within- and between-day precision and accuracy were less than 8% and 6.5%, respectively. The method was applied successfully to samples obtained from Galician hospitals and courts.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Toxicology Service, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. imlpuri@usc.es
authors.forename: Purificación
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lago
authors.forename: Rosa Antonia
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lorenzo
authors.forename: Antonia María
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Carro
authors.forename: Ana María
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bermejo
authors.forename: María Jesús
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tabernero
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D003061:Codeine / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000652:urine*; D008691:Methadone / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D008872:Microwaves; D009020:Morphine / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D011759:Pyrrolidines; C005618:benzoylecgonine; D009020:Morphine; C066444:cocaethylene; D003042:Cocaine; D008691:Methadone; D003061:Codeine; C010724:2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine