title: A novel extremophile strategy studied by Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: A case is made for the classification of the colonisation by Dirina massiliensis forma sorediata of pigments on ancient wall-paintings as extremophilic behaviour. The lichen encrustations studied using FT-Raman spectroscopy have yielded important molecular information which has assisted in the identification of the survival strategy of the organism in the presence of significant levels of heavy metal toxins. The production of a carotenoid, probably astaxanthin, at the surface of the lichen thalli is identified from its characteristic biomolecular signatures in the Raman spectrum, whereas the presence of calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite) has been identified at both the upper and lower surfaces of the thalli and in core samples taken from depths of up to 10mm through the encrustation into the rock substrate. The latter observation explains the significant disintegrative biodeteriorative effect of the colonisation upon the integrity of the wall-paintings and can be used to direct conservatorial and preservation efforts of the art work. A surprising result proved to be the absence of Raman spectroscopic evidence for the complexation of the metal pigments by the oxalic acid produced by the metabolic action of the organisms, unlike several cases that have been reported in the literature.
authors.affiliation: Chemical & Forensic Sciences, University Analytical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK. h.g.m.edwards@bradford.ac.uk
authors.forename: Howell G M
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000737:chemistry; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008011:Lichens / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development*; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D010151:Paintings; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D008670:Metals; D002129:Calcium Oxalate