title: The sensitivity of murine spermiogenesis to miglustat is a quantitative trait: a pharmacogenetic study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major event in the post-meiotic development of male germ cells is the formation of the acrosome. This process can be perturbed in C57BL/6 mice by administration of the small molecule miglustat (N-butyldeoxynojirimycin, NB-DNJ). The miglustat-treated mice produce morphologically abnormal spermatozoa that lack acrosomes and are poorly motile. In C57BL/6 mice, miglustat can be used to maintain long-term reversible infertility. In contrast, when miglustat was evaluated in normal men, it did not affect spermatogenesis. To gain more insight into this species difference we have now evaluated the reproductive effects of miglustat in rabbits, in multiple mouse strains and in interstrain hybrid mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male mice of 18 inbred strains were administered miglustat orally or via miniosmotic pumps. Rabbits were given the compound in their food. Fourth-generation interstrain hybrid mice, bred from C57BL/6 and FVB/N mice (which differ in their response to miglustat), also received the drug. Data on fertility (natural mating), sperm motility and morphology, acrosome status, and serum drug levels were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In rabbits the drug did not induce aberrations of sperm shape or motility, although the serum level of miglustat in rabbits far exceeded the level in C57BL/6 mice (8.4 microM and 0.5 microM, respectively). In some strains of the Swiss and Castle lineages of inbred mice miglustat did not cause infertility, severe morphological sperm aberrations or reduced sperm motility. In these strains miglustat only had milder effects. However, miglustat strongly disturbed acrosome and sperm nucleus development in AKR/J and BALB/c mice and in a number of C57BL/6-related strains. The consequences of drug administration in the interstrain hybrid mice were highly variable. Judging by the number of grossly abnormal spermatozoa, these genetically heterogeneous mice displayed a continuous range of intermediate responses, distinct from either of their parental strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of miglustat on spermatogenesis in mice are strain-dependent, while in rabbits the drug is ineffective. Evaluation of interstrain hybrid mice indicated that the sensitivity of spermatogenesis to miglustat is a quantitative trait. These studies pave the way for identifying the genetic factors underlying the strain/species differences in the effect of miglustat.
authors.affiliation: Schering AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany. Wilhelm.Bone@SCHERING.DE
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bone
authors.forename: Charlotte M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Walden
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fritsch
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Voigtmann
authors.forename: Eckhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leifke
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gottwald
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boomkamp
authors.forename: Frances M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Platt
authors.forename: Aarnoud C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van der Spoel
mesh_terms: D017485:1-Deoxynojirimycin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D000177:Acrosome / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008806:Mice, Inbred AKR; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D019463:Mice, Inbred MRL lpr; D008814:Mice, Inbred NZB; D011247:Pregnancy; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D011817:Rabbits; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal; D013045:Species Specificity; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017485:1-Deoxynojirimycin; C059896:miglustat