title: Ultrasound versus 'clinical touch' for catheter guidance during embryo transfer in women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many women undergoing an Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) cycle will not achieve a live birth. Failure at the embryo transfer stage may be due to poor embryo quality, lack of uterine receptivity, or the transfer technique itself. Numerous methods, including the use of ultrasound guidance for proper catheter placement in the endometrial cavity, have been suggested as a means of improving the technique of embryo transfer. This review evaluates the effectiveness of ultrasound (UGET) in comparison with 'clinical touch' embryo transfer (CTET) the traditional method of embryo transfer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  :To determine whether ultrasound guidance influences treatment outcomes in women undergoing embryo transfer (ET) during assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles.
  
  
  METHODS
  All electronic databases were searched on 20 th August 2006. We searched the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group trials register (searched August 2006), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2006), MEDLINE (1970-2006), EMBASE (1985-2006), BIO Extracts (1980-2006). Relevant conference proceedings were also hand searched (ASRM, ESHRE and FIGO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Only randomised controlled trials were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently assessed eligibility and quality of trials and extracted data from those selected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen out of fifteen identified studies were eligible for analysis. No study reported live births, however, personal communication resulted in data relating to this outcome being obtained in two of the studies. Six studies reported on ongoing pregnancies. The live birth/ ongoing pregnancies per woman randomised associated with UGET (452/1376) was significantly higher than for clinical touch (353/1338) OR 1.40, 95%CI 1.18 to 1.66, P<0.0001). This means, for example, that for a population of women with a 25% chance of pregnancy using clinical touch this would be increased to 32% (28% to 46%) by using UGET. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of adverse events between the two comparison groups with the exception of blood on the catheter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studies are limited by their quality with only one of the thirteen studies reporting details of both computerised randomisation techniques and adequate allocation concealment. Ultrasound guidance does appear to improve the chances of live/ongoing and clinical pregnancies compared with clinical touch methods. The quality of future studies should be improved with adequate reporting of randomisation, allocation concealment, and power calculations. The primary outcome measure of future studies should be the reporting of live births per woman randomised.
authors.affiliation: University of Auckland, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, FMHS, Auckland, New Zealand. j.brown@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buckingham
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abou-Setta
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Buckett
mesh_terms: D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional