title: Guideline implementation results in a decrease of pressure ulcer incidence in critically ill patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the short-term and long-term effects of a hospital-wide pressure ulcer prevention and treatment guideline on both the incidence and the time to the onset of pressure ulcers in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult intensive care department of a university medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Critically ill patients (n = 399).
  
  
  METHODS
  A guideline for pressure ulcer care was implemented on all intensive care units. The attention of nurses for timely transfer to a specific pressure-reducing device was an important part of this guideline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient characteristics, demographics, pressure ulcer risk profile at admission, daily pressure ulcer grading, and type of mattress were determined to describe the short-term and long-term effects 3 and 12 months after the implementation. The incidence density of pressure ulcers grade II-IV decreased from 54 per 1000 patient days at baseline to 32 per 1000 days (p = .001) 12 months after the implementation. The median pressure ulcer-free time increased from 12 days to 19 days (hazard rate ratio, 0.58; p = .02). After adjustment for differences in risk factors in a Cox proportional hazard model, the number of preventive transfers to special mattresses was the strongest indicator for the decreased risk of pressure ulcers (hazard rate ratio, 0.22; p < .001). The number needed to treat to prevent one pressure ulcer during the first 9 days was six.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implementation of a guideline for pressure ulcer care resulted in a significant and sustained decrease in the development of grade II-IV pressure ulcers in critically ill patients. Timely transfer to a specific mattress (i.e., transfer before the occurrence of a pressure ulcer) was the main indicator for a decrease in pressure ulcer development.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Quality of Care Research, Nursing Science Section, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erik H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: de Laat
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pickkers
authors.forename: Lisette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schoonhoven
authors.forename: André L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Verbeek
authors.forename: Ton
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Feuth
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Achterberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001513:Beds; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016638:Critical Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012985:Software Design