title: Kinematic constraints associated with the acquisition of overarm throwing part II: upper extremity actions.
abstract: The purposes of this study were to: (a) examine the differences within 11 specific kinematic variables and an outcome measure (ball velocity) associated with component developmental levels of humerus and forearm action (Roberton & Halverson, 1984), and (b) if the differences in kinematic variables were significantly associated with the differences in component levels, determine potential kinematic constraints associated with skilled throwing acquisition. Significant differences among component levels in five of six humerus kinematic variables (p <.01) and all five forearm kinematic variables (p < .01) were identified using multivariate analysis of variance. These kinematic variables represent potential control parameters and, therefore, constraints on overarm throwing acquisition.
authors.affiliation: Division of Kinesiology, Bowling Green State University, OH 43403, USA. dfstodd@bgnet.bgsu.edu
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Stodden
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Langendorfer
authors.forename: Glenn S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Fleisig
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D014741:Video Recording