title: Family characteristics of anxious ADHD children: preliminary results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the family environments of children in a community sample with ADHD and co-occurring anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family Environment Scale, Behavioral Assessment System for Children, and Structured Clinical Interview are administered to parents of children with ADHD with and without anxiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ADHD families are uniformly less cohesive and expressive and possess more conflict than families representing the community sample. In contrast to community or nonanxious ADHD families, anxious ADHD families do not encourage independence and tend to be distinctly less assertive, self-sufficient, and autonomous. Although anxious and nonanxious ADHD children tend to have a uniformly high incidence of maternal ADHD, mothers of anxious ADHD children tend to display a much higher incidence of substance/alcohol abuse than either nonanxious or community participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings are consistent with the notion that an insular, dependent, and somewhat controlling family environment characterizes families of children with ADHD and comorbid childhood anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. hayden@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Hayden O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Kepley
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ostrander
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D001242:Assertiveness; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007207:Individuation; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D010552:Personality Assessment; D012016:Reference Values; D012931:Social Environment; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology