title: Psychotropic medications and the risk of fracture: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Older adults throughout the developed world are at significant risk of osteoporotic fractures. Many studies have examined the relationship between the use of psychotropic medications and the risk of fractures, but these studies have reported conflicting results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To resolve discrepancies, we carried out a meta-analysis to assess the risk of fractures among users of several classes of psychotropic drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrieved studies published in any language by systematically searching MEDLINE, LILACS, EMBASE and ISI Proceedings databases and by manually examining the bibliographies of the articles retrieved electronically as well as those of recent reviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 98 cohort and case-control studies, published in 46 different articles, that reported relative risk (RR) estimates and confidence intervals (CIs) or sufficient data to calculate these values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study-specific RRs were weighted by the inverse of their variance to obtain fixed- and random effects pooled estimates. The random effects RR of fractures was 1.34 (95% CI 1.24, 1.45) for benzodiazepines (23 studies), 1.60 (95% CI 1.38, 1.86) for antidepressants (16 studies), 1.54 (95% CI 1.24, 1.93) for non-barbiturate antiepileptic drugs (13 studies), 2.17 (95% CI 1.35, 3.50) for barbiturate antiepileptic drugs (five studies), 1.59 (1.27, 1.98) for antipsychotics (12 studies), 1.15 (95% CI 0.94, 1.39) for hypnotics (13 studies) and 1.38 (95% CI 1.15, 1.66) for opioids (six studies). For non-specified psychotropic drugs (10 studies), the pooled RR was 1.48 (95% CI 1.41, 1.59).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Main concerns were the potential for residual confounding and for publication bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Globally, the increase in the risk of fractures among psychotropic drug users is moderate. Further research is needed, especially to examine high-risk populations and newer medications. Future studies should be prospective and emphasise control of confounding bias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. mrbahi@usc.es
authors.forename: Bahi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Takkouche
authors.forename: Agustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montes-Martínez
authors.forename: Sudeep S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Mahyar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Etminan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D001569:Benzodiazepines