title: Seeds use temperature cues to ensure germination under nurse-plant shade in xeric Kalahari savannah.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In arid environments many plant species are found associated with the canopies of woody perennials. Favourable conditions for establishment under canopies are likely to be associated with shade, but under canopies shade is distributed patchily and differs in quality. Diurnal temperature fluctuations and maximum temperatures could be reliable indicators of safe sites. Here, an examination is made as to whether canopy-associated species use temperature cues to germinate in shade patches, rather than matrix areas between trees.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out in arid southern Kalahari savannah (Republic of South Africa). Perennial and annual species associated with Acacia erioloba trees and matrix species were germinated at temperature regimes resembling shaded and unshaded conditions. Soil temperature was measured in the field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Germination of all fleshy-fruited perennial acacia-associated species and two annual acacia-associated species was inhibited by the temperature regime resembling unshaded conditions compared with at least one of the regimes resembling shaded conditions. Inhibition in perennials decreased with seed mass, probably reflecting that smaller seedlings are more vulnerable to drought. Germination of matrix species was not inhibited by the unshaded temperature regime and in several cases it increased germination compared with shaded temperature regimes or constant temperature. Using phylogenetically independent contrasts a significant positive relationship was found between canopy association and the germination at shade temperatures relative to unshaded temperatures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data support the hypothesis that canopy species have developed mechanisms to prevent germination in open sun conditions. The results and data from the literature show that inhibition of germination at temperature regimes characteristic of open sun conditions can be found in fleshy-fruited species of widely divergent taxonomic groups. It is predicted that germination mechanisms to detect canopy shade based on temperature cues are widespread in species depending on nurse plants, especially bird-dispersed species.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Botanik, Universität Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany. martijn.kos@biologie.uni-regensburg.de
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kos
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poschlod
mesh_terms: D000045:Acacia / Q000502:physiology; D001902:Botswana; D002980:Climate; D003463:Cues; D017753:Ecosystem; D018525:Germination; D063245:Plant Development; D010944:Plants / Q000196:embryology; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development*; D013696:Temperature