title: Type 2 diabetes and the risk of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether type 2 diabetes at baseline is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively followed 51,552 Finnish men and women 25-74 years of age without a history of Parkinson's disease at baseline. History of diabetes and other study parameters were determined at baseline using standardized measurements. Ascertainment of the Parkinson's disease status was based on the nationwide Social Insurance Institution's drug register data. Hazard ratios of incident Parkinson's disease associated with the history of type 2 diabetes were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up period of 18.0 years, 324 men and 309 women developed incident Parkinson's disease. Age- and study year-adjusted hazard ratios of incident Parkinson's disease among subjects with type 2 diabetes, compared with those without it, were 1.80 (95% CI 1.03-3.15) in men, 1.93 (1.05-3.53) in women, and 1.85 (1.23-2.80) in men and women combined (adjusted also for sex). Further adjustment for BMI, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, education, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, alcohol drinking, and coffee and tea consumption affected the results only slightly. The multivariate adjusted association between type 2 diabetes and the risk of Parkinson's disease was also confirmed in stratified subgroup analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Surveillance bias might account for higher rates in diabetes. The mechanism behind this association between diabetes and Parkinson's disease is not known.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases Prevention, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. hu.gang@ktl.fi
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jousilahti
authors.forename: Siamak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bidel
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Antikainen
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomilehto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires