title: Cellular processes and pathways that protect Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells against the plasma membrane-perturbing compound chitosan.
abstract: Global fitness analysis makes use of a genomic library of tagged deletion strains. We used this approach to study the effect of chitosan, which causes plasma membrane stress. The data were analyzed using T-profiler, which was based on determining the sensitivities of groups of deletion strains to chitosan, as defined by Gene Ontology (GO) and by genomic synthetic lethality screens, in combination with t statistics. The chitosan-hypersensitive groups included a group of deletion strains characterized by a defective HOG (high-osmolarity glycerol) signaling pathway, indicating that the HOG pathway is required for counteracting chitosan-induced stress. Consistent with this, activation of this pathway in wild-type cells by hypertonic conditions offered partial protection against chitosan, whereas hypotonic conditions sensitized the cells to chitosan. Other chitosan-hypersensitive groups were defective in RNA synthesis and processing, actin cytoskeleton organization, protein N-glycosylation, ergosterol synthesis, endocytosis, or cell wall formation, predicting that these cellular functions buffer the cell against the deleterious effect of chitosan. These predictions were supported by showing that tunicamycin, miconazole, and staurosporine (which target protein N-glycosylation, ergosterol synthesis, and the cell wall integrity pathway, respectively) sensitized Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to chitosan. Intriguingly, the GO-defined group of deletion strains belonging to the "cytosolic large ribosomal subunit" was more resistant to chitosan. We propose that global fitness analysis of yeast in combination with T-profiler is a powerful tool to identify specific cellular processes and pathways that are required for survival under stress conditions.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbial Physiology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. A.M.Zakrzewska@uva.nl
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zakrzewska
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boorsma
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Delneri
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brul
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Frans M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Klis
mesh_terms: D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D005990:Glycerol / Q000378:metabolism; D006031:Glycosylation / Q000187:drug effects; D006720:Homozygote; D008055:Lipids; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008954:Models, Biological; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013012:Sorbitol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D013012:Sorbitol; D048271:Chitosan; D005990:Glycerol