title: Exploring obstacles to and opportunities for professional success among ethnic minority medical students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the barriers and facilitators experienced by ethnic minority medical students in achieving personal and professional success.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2002 and 2003, 43 minority medical students participated in one of six two-hour focus groups located in Philadelphia, Pa; Kansas City, Mo; Baltimore, Md; Miami, Fl; New York, NY; and Los Angeles, Calif. Focus groups consisted of an average of seven (range 5-10) individuals. Eighty-eight percent were of black/African descent, 10% were Hispanic, and 2% were Asian/Pacific Islanders. Students discussed their views of personal and professional success, including opportunities and obstacles, and completed a brief demographic survey. Discussions were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and reviewed for thematic content in a three-stage independent review/adjudication process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 748 comments were grouped into themes relating to definitions of success (35%) and to perceived facilitators (25%) or inhibitors (40%) of success. Participants strove to achieve professional/academic status, financial security, and quality of life. In so doing, participants identified facilitators of success, including support systems, professional exposure, financial aid, and personal characteristics. Lack of financial and social support, challenges with standardized tests, experiences with racial stereotyping and discrimination, and self-imposed barriers were among inhibitors to success.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The opportunities for and barriers to academic success identified by minority students should be heeded by educators and administrators who develop programs and policies to recruit minority medical students and to ensure their professional development. To enhance the institutional climate for diversity, programs that improve cultural awareness and reduce biases among all students, faculty, staff, and administrators are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kara L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Odom
authors.forename: Laura Morgan
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002321:Career Choice; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004522:Educational Status; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000523:psychology*; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States