title: Comparative results of conservative treatments for isolated anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) injury and injury to both the ATFL and calcaneofibular ligament of the ankle as assessed by subtalar arthrography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There have been no reports describing the results of conservative treatment of acute lateral ligament injury of the ankle in detail in terms of the severity of the injury, and the results of conservative treatment for injury with severe instability are still controversial. The purpose of this study was to assess the results of nonoperative treatment of acute lateral ligament injury according to its severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five consecutive acute lateral ankle ligament injuries in 54 patients who were treated nonoperatively were followed up as a prospective study. Twenty-seven were male patients and 27 were female patients; the average age was 23.9 years (12-55 years). The patients were divided into two groups according to the extent of the ligament injury: patients with an isolated injury of the anterior talofibular ligament and those with combined injuries of the anterior talofibular ligament and the calcaneofibular ligament. In addition to the routine examinations for inversion ankle sprain, subtalar arthrography was mainly used to assess the condition of the calcaneofibular ligament. The arthrography was performed an average of 3.5 days after the injury (0-5 days).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-five ankles of patients who were treated nonoperatively according to the same protocol were included in this study, and were followed up for an average of 5.0 years (37-86 months). At the time of the final follow-up, 22 of 25 (88%) ankles with an isolated injury to the anterior talofibular ligament were asymptomatic; in contrast, only 9 of 30 (30%) ankles with combined injuries of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligament were asymptomatic. The average American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score of the isolated injuries was 97.8 points, in contrast to 92.4 points for the combined injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of nonoperative treatment with 1 week immobilization followed by a functional brace were excellent in patients with an isolated injury of the anterior talofibular ligament, but were unsatisfactory in those with combined injuries of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Prefectural Hospital, 1-30-1 Hiramatsu, Nara, Nara, 631-0846, Japan.
authors.forename: Norihiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Samoto
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takaoka
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Chikara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kitada
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takakura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001175:Arthrography / Q000379:methods*; D001915:Braces; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005360:Fibula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013628:Talus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D016896:Treatment Outcome