title: Effect of iron on the dissolution of bovine enamel powder in vitro by carbonated beverages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the effect of iron on the dissolution of bovine enamel powder, when added to two carbonated beverages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Powdered enamel was produced by griding enamel fragments of bovine incisor in a steel pestle and mortar. Particles between 75 and 106 microm were selected using appropriated meshes. At time zero, the carbonated beverage (Coke or Sprite Zero) was added to powdered enamel (1 mg enamel powder/10 microL of beverage) and vortexed for 30 s. The sample was immediately centrifuged (11,000 rpm) for 30 s and the supernatant was removed at 1 min 40 s. This procedure was repeated five times with the beverage containing increasing ferrous sulphate concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 mmol/L). The phosphate released in the medium was analysed spectrophotometrically. Data were analysed using ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When iron at 30 and 60 mmol/L was added to Coke, a significant reduction in the dissolution of powdered enamel was observed when compared to control (11 and 17%, respectively), while lower iron concentrations did not have any effect on enamel powder dissolution. Regarding Sprite Zero, iron concentrations up to 10 mmol/L had no significant effect, while higher concentrations significantly increased enamel powder dissolution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that iron can interfere with the dissolution of dental enamel powder in the presence of acidic beverages and the type of acid in these beverages seems to modulate this effect.
authors.affiliation: Social Dentistry Department, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75 Bauru-SP 17012-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Melissa Thiemi
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Andrea Gutierrez
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Maria
authors.forename: Sílvia Helena de Carvalho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Sales-Peres
authors.forename: Marília Afonso Rabelo
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Buzalaf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002253:Carbonated Beverages; D002417:Cattle; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects*; D003747:Dental Enamel Solubility / Q000187:drug effects*; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010316:Particle Size; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D011208:Powders; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; D011208:Powders; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C020748:ferrous sulfate