title: Multichannel microchip electrophoresis device fabricated in polycarbonate with an integrated contact conductivity sensor array.
abstract: A 16-channel microfluidic chip with an integrated contact conductivity sensor array is presented. The microfluidic network consisted of 16 separation channels that were hot-embossed into polycarbonate (PC) using a high-precision micromilled metal master. All channels were 40 microm deep and 60 microm wide with an effective separation length of 40 mm. A gold (Au) sensor array was lithographically patterned onto a PC cover plate and assembled to the fluidic chip via thermal bonding in such a way that a pair of Au microelectrodes (60 microm wide with a 5 microm spacing) was incorporated into each of the 16 channels and served as independent contact conductivity detectors. The spacing between the corresponding fluidic reservoirs for each separation channel was set to 9 mm, which allowed for loading samples and buffers to all 40 reservoirs situated on the microchip in only five pipetting steps using an 8-channel pipettor. A printed circuit board (PCB) with platinum (Pt) wires was used to distribute the electrophoresis high-voltage to all reservoirs situated on the fluidic chip. Another PCB was used for collecting the conductivity signals from the patterned Au microelectrodes. The device performance was evaluated using microchip capillary zone electrophoresis (mu-CZE) of amino acid, peptide, and protein mixtures as well as oligonucleotides that were separated via microchip capillary electrochromatography (mu-CEC). The separations were performed with an electric field (E) of 90 V/cm and were completed in less than 4 min in all cases. The conductivity detection was carried out using a bipolar pulse voltage waveform with a pulse amplitude of +/-0.6 V and a frequency of 6.0 kHz. The conductivity sensor array concentration limit of detection (SNR = 3) was determined to be 7.1 microM for alanine. The separation efficiency was found to be 6.4 x 10(4), 2.0 x 10(3), 4.8 x 10(3), and 3.4 x 10(2) plates for the mu-CEC of the oligonucleotides and mu-CZE of the amino acids, peptides, and proteins, respectively, with an average channel-to-channel migration time reproducibility of 2.8%. The average resolution obtained for mu-CEC of the oligonucleotides and mu-CZE of the amino acids, peptides, and proteins was 4.6, 1.0, 0.9, and 1.0, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to describe a multichannel microchip electrophoresis device with integrated contact conductivity sensor array.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shadpour
authors.forename: Mateusz L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hupert
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Changgeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.forename: Wieslaw
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stryjewski
authors.forename: Jost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goettert
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Soper
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004566:Electrodes; D046209:Electrophoresis, Microchip / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010455:Peptides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D011506:Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D010455:Peptides; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D011506:Proteins; C005506:polycarbonate