title: Differential retention of alpha-vitamin E is correlated with its transporter gene expression and growth inhibition efficacy in prostate cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological studies showed Vit E has protective effects against prostate cancer (PCa). Interestingly, different prostate cancer cells have different sensitivity to alpha-Vit E or VES treatment. The goal of this study is to determine whether cellular Vit E bioavailability and its transport proteins are important contributing factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  alpha-Vit E and its ester form, VES, were used to treat prostate cancer LNCaP, PC3, and DU145 cells, and their growth rates were determined by MTT assay. Cellular levels of Vit E were quantified using HPLC as the index of bioavailability. The expression levels of Vit E transport proteins were determined by real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among these PCa cells, only LNCaP cells were sensitive to 20 microM alpha-Vit E treatment, while both LNCaP and PC3 cells were sensitive to 20 microM VES treatment. Coordinately, cellular levels of alpha-Vit E and VES positively correlated to their inhibitory effects. Further study found expression levels of Vit E transport proteins, including tocopherol associated protein (TAP), scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (TTP), and ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), were different in various PCa cells, which may contribute to cellular Vit E bioavailability. This notion is further supported by the findings that overexpression or knockdown of TTP could coordinately alter cellular alpha-Vit E levels in PCa cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antiproliferative efficacy of alpha-Vit E is correlated with its cellular bioavailability in PCa cells. Modulating the expression of the efflux or influx transporters could sensitize the growth inhibition efficacy of Vit E in prostate cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: See-Too
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Shuyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yeh
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D024505:Tocopherols; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D014810:Vitamin E; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D024505:Tocopherols