title: Hypoxic adipocytes pattern early heterotopic bone formation.
abstract: The factors contributing to heterotopic ossification, the formation of bone in abnormal soft-tissue locations, are beginning to emerge, but little is known about microenvironmental conditions promoting this often devastating disease. Using a murine model in which endochondral bone formation is triggered in muscle by bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), we studied changes near the site of injection of BMP2-expressing cells. As early as 24 hours later, brown adipocytes began accumulating in the lesional area. These cells stained positively for pimonidazole and therefore generated hypoxic stress within the target tissue, a prerequisite for the differentiation of stem cells to chondrocytes and subsequent heterotopic bone formation. We propose that aberrant expression of BMPs in soft tissue stimulates production of brown adipocytes, which drive the early steps of heterotopic endochondral ossification by lowering oxygen tension in adjacent tissue, creating the correct environment for chondrogenesis. Results in misty gray lean mutant mice not producing brown fat suggest that white adipocytes convert into fat-oxidizing cells when brown adipocytes are unavailable, providing a compensatory mechanism for generation of a hypoxic microenvironment. Manipulation of the transcriptional control of adipocyte fate in local soft-tissue environments may offer a means to prevent or treat development of bone in extraskeletal sites.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olmsted-Davis
authors.forename: Francis H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Gannon
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozen
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ittmann
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gugala
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hipp
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Fouletier-Dilling
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schumara-Martin
authors.forename: Ronald W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Lindsey
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Heggeness
authors.forename: Malcolm K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D052437:Adipocytes, Brown / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000637:transplantation; D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000235:genetics; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D020219:Chondrogenesis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016513:Mice, SCID; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; C525719:Bmp2 protein, mouse; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta