title: Alcohol accounts for a high proportion of premature mortality in central and eastern Europe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a west-east mortality gradient in Europe, more pronounced in men. The objective of this article was to quantify the contribution of alcohol use to the gap in premature adult mortality between three old (France, Sweden and United Kingdom) and four new (Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania and Poland) European Union (EU) member states for the year 2002. Russia was added as an external comparator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exposure data were taken from surveys and per capita consumption records from the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Alcohol Database. Mortality data were taken from the WHO databank. The risk relationships were taken from published meta-analyses and from the WHO Comparative Risk Assessment project. Alcohol exposure and relative risk information was combined to derive alcohol-attributable fractions for relevant causes of premature mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol consumption was responsible for 14.6% of all premature adult mortality in the eight countries, 17.3% in men and 8.0% in women. This proportion was clearly higher in the new EU member states and Russia compared with the comparison countries from the old EU. For men, Russia with 29.0 alcohol-attributable premature deaths per 10,000 population had a more than 10-fold higher rate compared with Sweden (2.7 deaths/10,000). For women, the ratio between Hungary (5.0 alcohol-attributable deaths/10,000) and Russia (4.7 deaths/10,000) compared with Sweden (0.5 deaths/10,000) was almost as high, but the rates were much lower. The Czech Republic and Poland showed proportionally less alcohol-attributable premature mortality than the other new EU member states or Russia for both genders, which, however, was still higher than in any of the old EU member states.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol is a strong contributor to the health gap between western and central and eastern Europe, with both average volume of consumption and patterns of drinking contributing to burden of disease and injury. Alcohol also contributes substantially to male-female differences in mortality and life expectancy. However, there are feasible and cost-effective measures to reduce alcohol-related burden that should be implemented in central and eastern Europe.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Warsaw, Poland. jtrehm@aol.com
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehm
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sulkowska
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mańczuk
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Powles
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Popova
authors.forename: Witold
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zatoński
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D012307:Risk Factors