title: Reliability of confocal microscopy spectral imaging systems: use of multispectral beads.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a need for a standardized, impartial calibration, and validation protocol on confocal spectral imaging (CSI) microscope systems. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to have testing tools to provide a reproducible way to evaluate instrument performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated fluorescent spectral beads (FocalCheck) from Molecular Probes/Invitrogen that consist of four pairs with emissions between 500 and 725 nm and a europium macrocycle quantum dye bead. These bead tools compliment our previously published protocol for testing spectral imaging systems that used an inexpensive multi-ion discharge lamp (MIDL) that contains Hg(+), Ar(+), and inorganic fluorophores that emits distinct, stable spectral features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We acquired the spectra of the FocalCheck beads on a Zeiss 510 Meta, a Leica TCS-SP1, a Leica SP2 AOBS, an Olympus FV 1000, and a Nikon C1Si confocal systems and a PARISS microscopic spectral system and of the europium beads on the Leica TCS-SP1 and PARISS spectral imaging systems. A lack of performance with some equipment between 650 and 750 nm was identified using the far red pair of the FocalCheck beads. The position of the slider in front of PMT 2 that reflects light into PMT 1 and PMT 3 affected the measurement of all bead intensities. Unmixing algorithms were used to separate beads with different fluorochromes and separate two fluorochromes on the same bead.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FocalCheck multi-spectral beads yielded similar profiles on four CSI systems and a PARISS spectral system. The utilization of the spectral FocalCheck beads is helpful to evaluate proper spectral performance, especially in the far red region. Europium beads provide a very narrow spectrum that can help to identify machines that have spectral problems. The dyes located on individual beads or mixed together in ring-core configuration can be used as test particles to demonstrate spectral unmixing with various algorithms.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Toxicology Division (MD-67), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA. zucker.robert@.epa.gov
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Zucker
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rigby
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chua
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D005063:Europium / Q000737:chemistry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005063:Europium