title: PACAP stimulates the sustained phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at serine 40.
abstract: Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. Its activity is controlled by PACAP, acutely by phosphorylation at Ser40 and chronically by protein synthesis. Using bovine adrenal chromaffin cells we found that PACAP, acting via the continuous activation of PACAP 1 receptors, sustained the phosphorylation of TH at Ser40 and led to TH activation for up to 24 h in the absence of TH protein synthesis. The sustained phosphorylation of TH at Ser40 was not mediated by hierarchical phosphorylation of TH at either Ser19 or Ser31. PACAP caused sustained activation of PKA, but did not sustain activation of other protein kinases including ERK, p38 kinase, PKC, MAPKAPK2 and MSK1. The PKA inhibitor H89 substantially inhibited the acute and the sustained phosphorylation of TH mediated by PACAP. PACAP also inhibited the activity of PP2A and PP2C at 24 h. PACAP therefore sustained TH phosphorylation at Ser40 for 24 h by sustaining the activation of PKA and causing inactivation of Ser40 phosphatases. The PKA activator 8-CPT-6Phe-cAMP also caused sustained phosphorylation of TH at Ser40 that was inhibited by the PKA inhibitor H89. Using cyclic AMP agonist pairs we found that sustained phosphorylation of TH was due to both the RI and the RII isotypes of PKA. The sustained activation of TH that occurred as a result of TH phosphorylation at Ser40 could maintain the synthesis of catecholamines without the need for further stimulus of the adrenal cells or increased TH protein synthesis.
authors.affiliation: The School of Biomedical Sciences and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Larisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bobrovskaya
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Gelain
authors.forename: Conor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gilligan
authors.forename: Phillip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Dunkley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000378:metabolism; D051236:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D038744:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa / Q000378:metabolism; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism*; D012756:Sheep; D013997:Time Factors; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099190:MAP-Kinase-Activated Kinase 2
chemical_list: D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D021122:Protein Subunits; D051236:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D038744:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa; D012694:Serine; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D000099190:MAP-Kinase-Activated Kinase 2; C116919:mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase 1