title: Pauses in chest compression and inappropriate shocks: a comparison of manual and semi-automatic defibrillation attempts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Semi-automatic defibrillation requires pauses in chest compressions during ECG analysis and charging, and prolonged pre-shock compression pauses reduce the chance of a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). We hypothesised that pauses are shorter for manual defibrillation by trained rescuers, but with an increased number of inappropriate shocks given for a non-VF/VT rhythm.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a prospective study of CPR quality during in- and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the duration of pre-shock, inter-shock, and post-shock pauses were compared with Mann-Whitney U-test during manual and AED mode with the same defibrillator, and proportions of inappropriate shocks were compared with Chi-squared tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 635 manual and 530 semi-automatic shocks were studied. Number of shocks per episode was similar for the two groups. All pauses measured in seconds (s) were shorter for manual use (P<0.0001); median (25, 75 percentiles); 15 (11, 21) versus 22 (18, 28) pre-shock, 13 (9, 20) versus 23 (22, 26) inter-shock, and 9 (6, 18) versus 20 (11, 31) post-shock, but 163 (26%) manual shocks were inappropriate compared with 30 (6%) AED shocks, odds ratio (OR) 5.7 (95% CI; 3.8-8.7). A 150 (78%) of the inappropriate shocks were delivered for organised rhythms. The proportion of inappropriate manual shocks was higher for resident physicians in-hospital than paramedics out-of-hospital; 77/228 (34%) versus 86/407 (21%), OR 1.9 (1.3-2.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Manual defibrillation resulted in shorter pauses in chest compressions, but a higher frequency of inappropriate shocks. A higher formal level of education did not prevent inappropriate shocks. Trial registrationhttp://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ (NCT00138996 and NCT00228293).
authors.affiliation: Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Ullevaal University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway. jo.kramer-johansen@medisin.uio.no <jo.kramer-johansen@medisin.uio.no>
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kramer-Johansen
authors.forename: Dana P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Edelson
authors.forename: Benjamin S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Abella
authors.forename: Lance B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wik
authors.forename: Petter Andreas
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Steen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001331:Automation; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods; D004554:Electric Countershock; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation