title: Differential effects of single versus multiple administrations of haloperidol and risperidone on functional outcome after experimental brain trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antipsychotics are routinely administered to patients with traumatic brain injury, even though the benefits vs. risks of this approach on behavioral recovery are unclear. To clarify the issue, the present study evaluated the effect of single and multiple administrations of haloperidol and risperidone on functional outcome after traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective and randomized study in rodents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental research laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300-325 g.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthetized rats received either a cortical impact or sham injury and then were randomly assigned to five traumatic brain injury groups (0.045 mg/kg, 0.45 mg/kg, or 4.5 mg/kg risperidone; 0.5 mg/kg haloperidol; or 1 mL/kg vehicle) or three sham groups (4.5 mg/kg risperidone, 0.5 mg/kg haloperidol, or 1 mL/kg vehicle). The experiment consisted of three phases. In the first phase, a single treatment was provided (intraperitoneally) 24 hrs after surgery, and motor and cognitive function was assessed on postoperative days 1-5 and 14-18, respectively. During the second phase, after completion of the initial behavioral tasks, the same rats were treated once daily for 5 days and behavior was reevaluated. During the third phase, treatments were discontinued, and 3 days later, the rats were assessed one final time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time (seconds) to maintain beam balance, traverse an elevated beam, and to locate a submerged platform in a Morris water maze was recorded. Neither motor nor cognitive performance was affected after a single treatment, regardless of group assignment (p > .05). In contrast, both behavioral deficits reoccurred after daily treatments of risperidone (4.5 mg/kg) and haloperidol (p < .05). The cognitive deficits persisted even after a 3-day washout period during the third phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that although single or multiple low doses of risperidone and haloperidol may be innocuous to subsequent recovery after traumatic brain injury, chronic high-dose treatments are detrimental.
authors.affiliation: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: Jaime L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Massucci
authors.forename: Roos D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Zafonte
authors.forename: C Edward
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Judith R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: DeFeo
authors.forename: Emily H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004924:Escape Reaction / Q000187:drug effects; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000187:drug effects; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects*; D009949:Orientation / Q000187:drug effects; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018967:Risperidone / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D006220:Haloperidol; D018967:Risperidone