title: Geminin: a good prognostic factor in high-grade astrocytic brain tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Geminin is a nuclear protein that belongs to the DNA replication inhibitor group. It inhibits DNA replication by preventing Cdt1 from loading minichromosome maintenance protein onto chromatin, as is required for DNA replication. For this study, the authors investigated geminin expression in high-grade astrocytic tumors, including anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), with a view to predicting clinical outcomes on this basis in patients with these malignant brain tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry was used to detect geminin expression in 51 patients with high-grade astrocytic tumors (19 AA and 32 GBM). Samples were categorized by taking the median value as the cut-off point for constructing Kaplan-Meier curves. The relation of geminin expression to clinical outcome in these malignant brain tumors was analyzed by using the Kaplan-Meier method and a Cox proportional hazards regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Geminin was expressed in all high-grade astrocytomas (mean geminin labeling index [LI], 24.90%). Kaplan-Meier curves showed that the group with higher geminin LI (>or=22.50%) had a better prognosis than the group with lower LI (<22.50%; P = .0296). Similarly, the Cox regression analysis showed that geminin expression has a significant correlation with survival in patients with high-grade astrocytoma (P = .0278), especially in an early stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although it is an inhibitor of DNA proliferation and, thus, is a cell cycle inhibitor, geminin expression was found in all malignant astrocytic tumors. The geminin LI was a significant predictive factor of outcomes in patients with high-grade astrocytoma, with higher expression indicating a good prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Prabin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: Taiichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hama
authors.forename: Muhamad T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Arifin
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kajiwara
authors.forename: Fumiyuki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.forename: Toshikazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hidaka
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurisu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D064248:Geminin; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C577995:GMNN protein, human; D064248:Geminin