title: Swahili translation and validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression scale in the Kenyan head and neck cancer patient population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is an important predictor of post therapy quality of life (QOL) in head and neck (H&N) cancer patients. In addition, depression rates may vary among cultures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  As part of a larger cross cultural study on post therapy QOL differences in H&N cancer patients, the goal of this project was to translate a well-validated English language depression scale into Swahili, and then validate this scale in Kenyan H&N cancer patients. METHODS, SETTINGS AND SUBJECTS: In Part 1 of the study, we translated the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) into Swahili, adhering to established International Quality of Life Association (IQOLA) guidelines. In Part 2, we psychometrically validated the newly translated scale using a prospective study of 48 patients at the Kenyatta National Hospital ENT clinic in Nairobi, Kenya.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Swahili PHQ-9 had good test retest reliability (Intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.71) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.80). It also had good construct validity, as scores correlated strongly with TNM stage (Chi square = 123, p < 0.05), and with the compositeand global scores of an H&N cancer specific QOL scale (UW-QOL, r = -0.87, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Swahili version of the PHQ-9 is a reliable scale in Kenyan H&N cancer patients, and is a valuable tool in screening for and monitoring of depression as a function of QOL in this population.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Department Of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, USA. somoro@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: S A O
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Omoro
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fann
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Weymuller
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Macharia
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yueh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003710:Demography; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014177:Translations