title: Validation of a food-frequency questionnaire for measurement of nutrient intake in a dietary intervention study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate a 171-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for measurement of nutrient intake in an intervention trial based on walnut supplementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Free-living adults from Southern California were randomly assigned to either an intervention (walnut-supplemented) or a control diet. The prescribed 6-month intervention was > or = 28 g of walnuts per day for the walnut-supplemented group and > or = 2 g of walnuts per day for the control group. Participants provided at least six 24-hour dietary recalls and completed a self-administered FFQ.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-seven adults aged 30-72 years (48 females, 39 males).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings from validation (by correlation with six diet recall measures) of the measurement of 32 nutrients by the FFQ are as follows. We found significant positive correlations (corrected for measurement error) between the FFQ and diet recalls for total energy (r = 0.34), total carbohydrate (r = 0.42), vegetable protein (r = 0.43), total fat (r = 0.51), polyunsaturated fat (r = 0.77), total fibre (r = 0.60), linoleic acid (r = 0.78) and alpha-linolenic acid (r = 0.79) - the last nutrient being an excellent nutrient biomarker of the intervention (walnut supplementation). Significant positive correlations were also found for vitamin C (r = 0.96) and certain minerals (r = 0.46-0.80 for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and potassium). Uncorrected correlations were also high (r>0.40) for retinol, beta-carotene, folate and alcohol. Both diet recalls and FFQ showed a similar significant difference in alpha-linolenic acid content between the walnut-supplemented and control diets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FFQ demonstrated good relative validity in the estimation intake of some of the major nutrients in a dietary intervention trial and was a particularly valid estimate of an important nutrient biomarker of walnut supplementation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA. gssiapco@aiias.edu
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Segovia-Siapco
authors.forename: Pramil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jaceldo-Siegl
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sabaté
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D031324:Juglans / Q000737:chemistry; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D019787:Linoleic Acid