title: Genetic analysis of early holocene skeletal remains from Alaska and its implications for the settlement of the Americas.
abstract: Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome DNA were analyzed from 10,300-year-old human remains excavated from On Your Knees Cave on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska (Site 49-PET-408). This individual's mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) represents the founder haplotype of an additional subhaplogroup of haplogroup D that was brought to the Americas, demonstrating that widely held assumptions about the genetic composition of the earliest Americans are incorrect. The amount of diversity that has accumulated in the subhaplogroup over the past 10,300 years suggests that previous calibrations of the mtDNA clock may have underestimated the rate of molecular evolution. If substantiated, the dates of events based on these previous estimates are too old, which may explain the discordance between inferences based on genetic and archaeological evidence regarding the timing of the settlement of the Americas. In addition, this individual's Y-chromosome belongs to haplogroup Q-M3*, placing a minimum date of 10,300 years ago for the emergence of this haplogroup.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-7703, USA. brian.m.kemp@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Ripan S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Malhi
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDonough
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bolnick
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eshleman
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rickards
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martinez-Labarga
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: E James
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Terence E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Fifield
authors.forename: Timothy H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: Rosita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Worl
authors.forename: David Glenn
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000413:Alaska; D001483:Base Sequence; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005580:Fossils; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000235:genetics*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011157:Population Dynamics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial