title: [Misleading information on smoking in German medical textbooks].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease and lung cancer. While nicotine causes addiction, heart and lung diseases are caused by other substances contained in tobacco smoke. This study assessed whether these facts are adequately portrayed in German medical textbooks.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sections on cardiovascular and lung cancer risk factors in 28 German textbooks of internal medicine, available in two bookstores as well as the library of Göttingen University (Germany), were scanned for the words "smoking" and "nicotine" as risk factors for coronary artery disease and lung cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 12 of the 25 textbooks covering cardiovascular disease, smoking was mentioned as a risk factor for coronary artery disease; another 12 textbooks listed nicotine or nicotine addiction. In one textbook both terms were used. While smoking was referred to in all 21 textbooks that also discussed risk factors for lung cancer, nicotine was not mentioned in this context.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many German textbooks of internal medicine contain misleading terms for the health effects of smoking, which may influence the thoughts and possibly also the behaviour of their readers. The use of the words "smoking" and "nicotine" as synonymous within the context of cardiovascular risk factors, suggesting a causal relationship between nicotine and coronary heart disease, is incorrect and should be removed from the specialist medical literature.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany. raupach@med.uni-goettingen.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Raupach
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bätzing
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wiebel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andreas
mesh_terms: D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000592:standards*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013782:Textbooks as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine