title: Turbidimetric measurement and prediction of dissolution rates of poorly soluble drug nanocrystals.
abstract: Rapid dissolution rates of nanocrystal suspensions of the poorly water-soluble drugs, danazol and itraconazole were measured continuously by in-situ turbidimetry. For pre-wetted suspensions of 300 nm particles, dissolution half-lives as short as a few seconds were determined upon adding surfactant to initiate dissolution. A mass transfer model is presented to determine the particle size distribution and dissolution rate in terms of two steps: interfacial reaction, consisting of micelle uptake and desorption, followed by diffusion of the drug-loaded micelles. The interfacial reaction rate constant, k(S), regressed from turbidity versus time data, in conjunction with the Mie theory of light scattering, was independent of particle size. Therefore, dissolution rate data for micron-sized drug particles, which are widely available, may be used to predict the behavior for submicron particle sizes down to 100 nm. The micellar solubility and k(S) are significantly smaller for itraconazole than danazol, consistent with itraconazole's larger molecular size. For particles smaller than 1 mum, the interfacial reaction resistance was dominant. Since this resistance has received little attention in previous studies, further emphasis on the design of drug nanoparticles with more rapid interfacial reaction offers the possibility of improvements in dissolution rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew Todd
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Crisp
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: True L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Robert O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Keith P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D003613:Danazol / Q000737:chemistry; D004058:Diffusion; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008823:Micelles; D008956:Models, Chemical; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D010316:Particle Size; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D012995:Solubility; D013501:Surface-Active Agents
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D008823:Micelles; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D017964:Itraconazole; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D003613:Danazol