title: Prodigiosin induces the proapoptotic gene NAG-1 via glycogen synthase kinase-3beta activity in human breast cancer cells.
abstract: Prodigiosin (2-methyl-3-pentyl-6-methoxyprodigiosene) is a bacterial metabolite that has anticancer and antimetastatic properties. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for these abilities are not fully understood. Gene expression profiling of the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 treated with prodigiosin was analyzed by cDNA array technology. The majority of the significantly modified genes were related to apoptosis, cell cycle, cellular adhesion, or transcription regulation. The dramatic increase of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene 1 (NAG-1) made this gene an interesting candidate regarding the possible mechanism by which prodigiosin induces cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells. Our results show that prodigiosin triggers accumulation of the DNA-damage response tumor-suppressor protein p53 but that NAG-1 induction was independent of p53 accumulation. Moreover, prodigiosin caused AKT dephosphorylation and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) activation, which correlated with NAG-1 expression. Prodigiosin-induced apoptosis was recovered by inhibiting GSK-3beta, which might be due, at least in part, to the blockade of the GSK-3beta-dependent up-regulation of death receptors 4 and 5 expression. These findings suggest that prodigiosin-mediated GSK-3beta activation is a key event in regulating the molecular pathways that trigger the apoptosis induced by this anticancer agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Cancer Cell Biology Research Group, Universitat de Barcelona, Pavelló Central, 5a planta, LR 5101 C/Feixa Llarga s/n, E 08907 L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Soto-Cerrato
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Viñals
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pérez-Tomás
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D052138:Genes, Neoplasm; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D006801:Humans; D011353:Prodigiosin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; C526140:GDF15 protein, human; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D011353:Prodigiosin