title: Epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of acute diarrhoeal disease using geographic information systems.
abstract: An outbreak of acute diarrhoeal disease in a village in southern India was investigated through personal interviews of all households. Maps were drawn using geographic information system (GIS) tools of the water supply system, sewage channels and areas with observed faecal contamination of soil within and around the village. Geographic coordinates for each house in the village were extracted from a central database from the healthcare service provider for the village. Geographical clustering of cases was looked for using the SaTScan software, and diarrhoeal disease attack rates were calculated. Diarrhoeal disease occurred uniformly throughout the village without clustering in any area. All ages and both sexes were affected, but extremes of ages were at higher risk. Water samples collected for microbiological examination after instituting control measures showed high coliform counts. Chlorine levels in the water tested were found to be inadequate to decontaminate common pathogens. Local cultural practices such as indiscriminate defecation in public places, washing clothes and cleaning utensils from water taps where the community collected its drinking water, and poor engineering design and maintenance of the water supply system were the risk factors that could have contributed to this outbreak.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Appaswamy Thirumal
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Prabhakar
authors.forename: Suraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manickam
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Selvapandian
authors.forename: Mohan Venkata
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Raghava
authors.forename: Gagandeep
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Vinohar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Balraj
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D014881:Water Supply