title: Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-9 agonists-induced cytokines and chemokines: I. Comparison with T cell receptor-induced responses.
abstract: The cells of innate and adaptive immunity, although activated by different ligands, engage in cross talk to ensure a successful immune outcome. To better understand this interaction, we examined the demographic picture of individual TLR (TLRs 2-9) -driven profiles of eleven cytokines (IFN-alpha/beta, IFN-gamma, IL-12p40/IL-12p70, IL-4, 1L-13, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-10) and four chemokines (MCP-1, MIP1beta, IL-8, and RANTES), and compared them with direct T-cell receptor triggered responses in an assay platform using human PBMCs. We find that T-cell activation by a combination of anti-CD3/anti-CD28/PHA induced a dominant IL-2, IL-13, and Type-II interferon (IFN-gamma) response without major IL-12 and little Type-I interferon (IFN-alphabeta) release. In contrast, TLR7 and TLR9 agonists induced high levels of Type-I interferons. The highest IFN-gamma levels were displayed by TLR8 and TLR7/8 agonists, which also induced the highest levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta. Amongst endosomal TLRs, TLR7 displayed a unique profile producing weak IL-12, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-8. TLR7 and TLR9 resembled each other in their cytokine profile but differed in MIP-1beta and MCP1 chemokine profiles. Gram positive (TLR2, TLR2/6) and gram negative (TLR4) pathogen-derived TLR agonists displayed significant similarities in profile, but not in potency. TLR5 and TLR2/6 agonists paralleled TLR2 and TLR4 in generating pro-inflammatory chemokines MCP-1, MIP-1beta, RANTES, and IL-8 but yielded weak TNF-alpha and IL-1 responses. Taken together, the data show that diverse TLR agonists, despite their operation through common pathways induce distinct cytokine/chemokine profiles that in turn have little or no overlap with TCR-mediated response.
authors.affiliation: 3M Pharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmacology, St. Paul, MN 55144, USA. tkghosh@mmm.com
authors.forename: Tarun K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Dan J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mickelson
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Solberg
authors.forename: Jon R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Inglefield
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hook
authors.forename: Shalley K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Sefik S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Alkan
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007372:Interferons / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000819:agonists*
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12; D007372:Interferons