title: Vaccine-based, long-term, stable control of simian/human immunodeficiency virus 89.6PD replication in rhesus macaques.
abstract: The X4-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) 89.6P (or 89.6PD) causes rapid CD4(+) T-cell depletion leading to an acute crash of the host immune system, whereas pathogenic R5-tropic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, like HIV-1 infection in humans, results in chronic disease progression in macaques. Recent pre-clinical vaccine trials inducing cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses have succeeded in controlling replication of the former but shown difficulty in control of the latter. Analysis of the immune responses involved in consistent control of SHIV would contribute to elucidation of the mechanism for consistent control of SIV replication. This study followed up rhesus macaques that showed vaccine-based control of primary SHIV89.6PD replication and found that all of these controllers maintained viraemia control for more than 2 years. SHIV89.6PD control was observed in vaccinees of diverse major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes and was maintained without rapid selection of CTL escape mutations, a sign of particular CTL pressure. Despite the vaccine regimen not targeting Env, all of the SHIV controllers showed efficient elicitation of de novo neutralizing antibodies by 6 weeks post-challenge. These results contrast with our previous observation of particular MHC-associated control of SIV replication without involvement of neutralizing antibodies and suggest that vaccine-based control of SHIV89.6PD replication can be stably maintained in the presence of multiple functional immune effectors.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.|International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.|International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawada
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.|International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.|International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Igarashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Kinki University School of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyazawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
authors.forename: Taeko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naruse
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yasunami
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.|Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan.|Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.|International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matano
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D018449:SAIDS Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D015483:HIV Antibodies; D018449:SAIDS Vaccines