title: Characterization of two spontaneously generated human muller cell lines from donors with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Müller cells are the principal glial cells of the retina. They span the entire thickness of the neural retina, and they are in close contact with neurons. Müller cells grow very slowly, and they undergo senescence with increasing passages. Moreover, successful primary cultures of Müller cells can be obtained only with donors no older than 35 years. These limitations of primary cultures motivated the characterization of cell lines. The purpose of this study was thus to compare normal human Müller cells (NHMCs) with two spontaneously generated human Müller cell lines from donors with type 1 and 2 diabetes (HMCLs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Both cell lines were investigated for the expression of known markers of Müller cells as well as epithelial and endothelial cells by immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses. RT-PCR was also performed with growth factors that are typical of human Müller cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In contrast to the typical fibroblast-like morphology of Müller cells, HMCLs showed an epithelial shape. Immunofluorescence analyses and Western blot showed that both NHMCs and HMCLs express the known markers of Müller cells. In addition, HMCLs express cytokeratins K8 and K18 as well as typical growth factors for NHMCs. Finally, HMCLs have reached 30 passages until now without any change in their morphology or expression of markers, whereas NHMCs cannot typically be passed beyond small number of passages. HMCLs are the only human Müller cells lines that have a normal karyotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HMCLs can be used as a model to improve the understanding of Müller cells in the context of chronic diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Unité de recherche en ophtalmologie, Centre de recherche du CHUQ, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Caroline B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Lupien
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Salesse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D008297:Male; D008858:Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014019:Tissue Donors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005819:Genetic Markers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine