title: Timing of clinically significant microembolism after carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Post-operatively detected transcranial Doppler (TCD) embolic signals (ES) are associated with an increased risk of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) stroke/TIA. The aims here were to quantify this risk and determine the most efficient monitoring protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sequential patients undergoing CEA (enrolled in a randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled trial of peri-operative dextran therapy) had 30-min TCD monitoring in the first post-operative hour. 30-min monitoring was also performed 2-3, 4-6 and 24-36 h post-operatively. First post-operative hour ES counts were correlated with peri-operative ipsilateral carotid stroke/TIA to determine the size of a clinically significant ES load and the magnitude of the associated risk. The exact Cochran-Armitage test for trend in proportions was used to determine when a clinically significant ES load was first detected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  141 patients (mean age 69.3 years, 72% male) were monitored during the first post-operative hour. An ES count >10 per recording was identified as the best overall predictor of ipsilateral stroke/TIA (sensitivity 72%, specificity 89%). 3/119 (2.5%) patients with 0-10 ES had ipsilateral carotid events compared to 8/22 (36.4%) patients with 11-115 ES (OR = 22.1, 95% CI 4.5, 138.4, p < 0.0001). 13/18 (72%) of subjects with >10 ES were identified in the first post-operative hour with no significant increase in the number of new cases over the subsequent 24-36 post-operative h (p = 0.354).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with clinically significant post-operative microembolism had an approximately 15 times higher risk of ipsilateral stroke/TIA and most were identified during a 30-min study in the first post-operative hour.
authors.affiliation: National Stroke Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. a.abbott@nsri.org.au
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Stork
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Donnan
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Chambers
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial