title: Experience with the use of piperacillin-tazobactam in pediatric non-renal solid organ transplantation.
abstract: Bacterial infection remains a major problem after solid organ transplantation (SOT), especially in children. Piperacillin-tazobactam (Pip-Tazo) is a beta-lactam-antibiotic combination with a broad spectrum of activity including gram-positive cocci as well as gram-negative rods, non-fermentative and anaerobic bacteria. The aim of this retrospective study was to critically review our experience with Pip-Tazo as perioperative prophylactic agent in pediatric non-renal SOT. Between 1993 and 2003 Pip-Tazo was used as initial perioperative prophylaxis in 45 pediatric patients who underwent a total of 49 transplants (36 liver-, seven cardiac-, two lung-, and four small bowel-) at our department. Median age of the children was 7.9 (range 0.5-18.1) years. A total of 34 rejection episodes following 27 transplants were diagnosed. During first hospitalization 44 infectious episodes were observed. Bacteria were responsible for 22 episodes including sepsis (n = 10), pneumonia (n = 5), wound infection (n = 4), urinary tract infection (n = 1), and clostridial colitis (n = 2). The isolated organisms were gram-positive cocci (n = 12), gram-negative rods (n = 3), non-fermentative bacilli (n = 4), and anaerobes (n = 3). Ten episodes were caused by Pip-Tazo resistant bacteria. Twenty-one of these infections were observed following antirejection therapy with pulse steroids. At later time points nine infectious episodes were successfully treated with a second course of Pip-Tazo. During follow up, eight patients died. Six deceased perioperatively: five from infection including aspergillosis (n = 4) and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (n = 1) and cerebrovascular bleeding (n = 1) and two children later on. At present 37 children (82%) are alive with well functioning graft after a median follow up of 39.2 (range 0.6-123.5) months. No severe side effects caused by Pip-Tazo were observed in any of the children. Pip-Tazo may be a suitable single agent for perioperative prophylaxis in pediatric non-renal solid organs recipients, however, a prospective comparative study is needed to make final conclusions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiesmayr
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stelzmueller
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muehlmann
authors.forename: Walther
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tabarelli
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tabarelli
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laesser
authors.forename: Herwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Antretter
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ladurner
authors.forename: Lothar-Bernd
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Zimmerhackl
authors.forename: Raimund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Margreiter
authors.forename: Josef-Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Guggenbichler
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bonatti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009181:Mycoses / Q000517:prevention & control; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D010397:Penicillanic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010878:Piperacillin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000078142:Tazobactam
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010397:Penicillanic Acid; D000078142:Tazobactam; D010878:Piperacillin