title: Reduction of Cr(VI) under acidic conditions by the facultative Fe(lll)-reducing bacterium Acidiphilium cryptum.
abstract: The potential for biological reduction of Cr(VI) under acidic conditions was evaluated with the acidophilic, facultatively metal-reducing bacterium Acidiphilium cryptum strain JF-5 to explore the role of acidophilic microorganisms in the Cr cycle in low-pH environments. An anaerobic suspension of washed A. cryptum cells rapidly reduced 50 microM Cr(VI) at pH 3.2; biological reduction was detected from pH 1.7-4.7. The reduction product, confirmed by XANES analysis, was entirely Cr(III) that was associated predominantly with the cell biomass (70-80%) with the residual residing in the aqueous phase. Reduction of Cr(VI) showed a pH optimum similar to that for growth and was inhibited by 5 mM HgCl2, suggesting that the reaction was enzyme-mediated. Introduction of O2 into the reaction medium slowed the reduction rate only slightly, whereas soluble Fe(III) (as ferric sulfate) increased the rate dramatically, presumably by the shuttling of electrons from bioreduced Fe(II) to Cr(VI) in a coupled biotic-abiotic cycle. Starved cells could not reduce Cr(VI) when provided as sole electron acceptor, indicating that Cr(VI) reduction is not an energy-conserving process in A. cryptum. We speculate, rather, that Cr(VI) reduction is used here as a detoxification mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Department, The Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, Department of Biology, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, California 92106, USA. dcumming@pointloma.edu
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fendorf
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Rajesh K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sani
authors.forename: Brent M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Peyton
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Magnuson
mesh_terms: D041801:Acidiphilium / Q000378:metabolism*; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D018533:Biomass; D002857:Chromium / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013053:Spectrophotometry
chemical_list: D002857:Chromium; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion