title: Visual function and visual perception in cerebral palsied children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate visual function and perception in cerebral palsied (CP) children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 105 congenitally CP children (aged 6-15 years), without severe mental retardation, were classified into three groups: those with spastic quadriplegia, spastic diplegia and spastic hemiplegia. Data collected included patient history, IQ, refraction, far and near visual acuity, position of the eyes and eye movements, visual fields, colour perception, stereoacuity, slit lamp and fundoscopic examinations, and evaluation of visual perception. The results were compared with a control group from the general paediatric population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IQ of the CP children ranged between 70 and 100. A total of 59% of them had best corrected distance visual acuity <6/6, with 25.5% <6/9. Near visual acuity was also reduced (70.1% scored <6/6 and 38.4% scored <6/9). Incidence of refractive errors was higher than in the control group (hypermetropia in 43.8% of the eyes, myopia 16.19% and astigmatism 40.9%) as was the incidence of strabismus (26.7% esotropic and 27.6% exotropic). In visual field testing, 80.95% of CP children were normal. A total of 94.28% had normal colour perception and 89.52% were free of ocular pathology. Stereopsis was abnormal or absent in 85.71% of the cases. Visual perception was markedly reduced: in 57.14% of the cases it was less than or equal to that of 6-year-old children; in 26.66% equal to that of 6- to 7.5-year-old children, and in 16.2% of the cases greater than or equal to that of 7.5-year-old children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the absence of severe mental retardation, CP children have deficient visual skills. It is suggested that the poor visual skills of CP children are a separate, identifiable factor compounding the adverse effects of mental retardation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Hippokrateion Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. nkozeis@med.auth.gr
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kozeis
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anogeianaki
authors.forename: Daniela Tosheva
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Mitova
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anogianakis
authors.forename: Tosho
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mitov
authors.forename: Anelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klisarova
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D003118:Color Perception; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D012030:Refractive Errors; D013285:Strabismus / Q000150:complications; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D014787:Vision Tests; D014792:Visual Acuity