title: The impact of self-reported depressive symptoms on memory function in neurological outpatients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of self-reported depressive symptoms on memory function in a non-psychiatric, non-litigation outpatient sample and to identify which memory tests may be most susceptible for depression-related decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported depressive symptoms were measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and memory function was assessed using a wide range of neuropsychological memory tests (digit span, word-list learning, visuospatial learning, incidental memory, story recall). Patients who visited the neurological outpatients clinic and were referred for a neuropsychological examination were included (N=50).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlation analyses showed that the BDI-II was significantly correlated with immediate story recall, delayed verbal recognition and the digit span. Furthermore, patients with mild or moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms performed worse than non-depressed patients on immediate story recall, but not on any of the other memory tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Memory performance is only minimally disrupted in neurological outpatients with depressive symptoms compared to non-depressed outpatients. These results are discussed in relation to limited mental effort and weak encoding in patients with self-reported depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands. r.kessels@ger.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Roy P C
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kessels
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruis
authors.forename: L Jaap
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kappelle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012153:Retention, Psychology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014706:Verbal Learning