title: Cigarette smoking and radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking is a well-established environmental risk factor for the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, it remains unclear whether smoking influences RA disease progression and whether smokers have more radiographic damage progression than non-smokers over time.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the rates of radiographic damage progression in current smokers and non-smokers in a large prospective RA cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SCQM-RA is a population-based registry monitoring disease activity, radiographic damage and symptoms at regular intervals. All patients in the SCQM-RA database with sequential plain radiographs were included. Joint erosions were assessed in 38 hand and foot joints with a validated scoring method. The rate of erosion progression was analysed using multivariate longitudinal regression models and adjusted for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2004 RA patients with a mean of 3.6 sequential radiographs and 3.1 years of follow-up were included. The 545 (27%) current smokers smoked on average 16 cigarettes per day and had a mean past smoking exposure of 20.6 pack-years. Radiographic joint damage progressed at a similar rate in current smokers and non-smokers (p = 0.26). However, smoking intensity was associated with a significant inverse dose-response; heavy smokers (>1 pack-day) progressed significantly less than non-smokers or moderate smokers (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiographic joint damage progressed at an equivalent rate in smokers and non-smokers. Furthermore, a significant trend was observed for reduced radiographic progression and generally more favourable functional scores among heavy smokers, suggesting that cigarette smoke does not accelerate RA disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Geneva, 26 Av. Beau-Sejour, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland. axel.finckh@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finckh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dehler
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Costenbader
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gabay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D033023:Foot Joints / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D050823:Hand Joints / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents