title: Linear and nonlinear analysis of heart rate patterns associated with fetal behavioral states in the antepartum period.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fetal behavioral states are important indicators of fetal physiology and pathology associated to typical fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide linear and nonlinear analysis of FHR patterns associated with fetal behavioral states regarding a better understanding of these states and patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty FHR tracings from normal term pregnancies with a median duration of 40.3 min were acquired with the SisPorto 2.01 system for computerized analysis of cardiotocograms. Each tracing was divided into consecutive 10-minute segments and each segment was classified by two experts as pattern A, B, C or D.
  
  
  METHODS
  Linear and nonlinear indices were computed in each segment, namely mean FHR, long-term irregularity index (LTI), very low (VLF), low (LF) and high (HF) frequency spectral indices, approximate entropy (ApEn) and sample entropy (SampEn). Kappa statistic (kappa) and proportions of agreement (Pa) were used for assessment of inter-observer agreement. Bootstrap percentile confidence intervals and nonparametric statistical tests were calculated for statistical inference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall agreement between experts in pattern classification was good to excellent with values for kappa and Pa of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.64-0.94) and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.92-0.96), respectively. Most linear domain indices increased significantly with rising fetal activity whereas the opposite occurred with nonlinear indices, except for SampEn(2, 0.1). LF/(MF+HF) ratio also significantly increased with fetal activity, denoting an increased sympatho-vagal balance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results support the hypothesis that entropy and linear variability indices measure different FHR features. FHR patterns associated with active sleep (B) and active wakefulness (D) evidenced more signs of autonomous nervous system activity, with sympatho-vagal imbalance, and less signs related to complexity or irregularity control systems than patterns associated with calm sleep (A) and calm wakefulness (C).
authors.affiliation: Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. hernani.goncalves@fc.up.pt
authors.forename: Hernâni
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernardes
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: Diogo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ayres-de-Campos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015148:Cardiotocography / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005323:Fetal Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D016014:Linear Models; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D011247:Pregnancy