title: The pathogenesis of the white matter abnormalities in phenylketonuria. A multimodal 3.0 tesla MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To gain insights into the nature and pathogenesis of white matter (WM) abnormalities in PKU.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two patients with phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency (21 with early and 11 with late diagnosis and treatment) and 30 healthy controls underwent an integrated clinical, neuroimaging (3.0 T MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)) and neurochemical (1H MRS) investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had white matter abnormalities on T2-weighted (T2W) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) scans; parietal white was consistently affected, followed by occipital, frontal and temporal white matter. T1-weighted hypointense alterations were also found in 8 of 32 patients. DWI hyperintense areas overlapped with those detected on T2W/FLAIR. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was reduced and correlated inversely with severity of white matter involvement. Fractional anisotropy index, eigenvalues lambda(min), lambda(middle), lambda(max) obtained from DTI data, and the principal brain metabolites assessed by 1H MRS (except brain phenylalanine (Phe)) were normal. Brain Phe peak was detected in all but two subjects. Brain and blood Phe were strictly associated. Blood Phe at the diagnosis, patient's age, and concurrent brain Phe independently influence white matter alteration (as expressed by conventional MRI or ADC values).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (a) MRI abnormalities in phenylketonuria are the result of a distinctive alteration of white matter suggesting the intracellular accumulation of a hydrophilic metabolite, which leaves unaffected white matter architecture and structure. (b) White matter abnormalities do not seem to reflect the mechanisms involved in the derangement of mental development in PKU. (c) Our data do not support the usefulness of conventional brain MRI examination in the clinical monitoring of phenylketonuria patients.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e Psichiatriche dell'Età Evolutiva, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. vincenzo.leuzzi@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Leuzzi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tosetti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Montanaro
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carducci
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Artiola
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carducci
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Antonozzi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burroni
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carnevale
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiarotti
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Popolizio
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Giannatempo
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: D'Alesio
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scarabino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D010661:Phenylketonurias / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D010649:Phenylalanine