title: Elevated tissue sodium concentration in malignant breast lesions detected with non-invasive 23Na MRI.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The hypothesis that physiological and biochemical changes associated with proliferating malignant tumors may cause an increase in total tissue sodium concentration (TSC) was tested with non-invasive, quantitative sodium ((23)Na) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with benign and malignant breast tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  (23)Na and (1)H MRI of the breast was performed on 22 women with suspicious breast lesions (> or =1 cm) at 1.5 Tesla. A commercial proton ((1)H) phased array breast coil and custom solenoidal (23)Na coil were used to acquire (1)H and (23)Na images during the same MRI examination. Quantitative 3-dimensional (23)Na projection imaging was implemented with negligible signal loss from MRI relaxation, or from radio-frequency field inhomogeneity, in less than 15 min. Co-registered (1)H and (23)Na images permitted quantification of TSC in normal and suspicious tissues on the basis of (1)H MRI contrast enhancement and anatomy, with histology confirmed by biopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sodium concentrations were consistently elevated in (N = 19) histologically proven malignant breast lesions by an average of 63% compared to glandular tissue. The increase in sodium concentration in malignant tissue was highly significant compared to unaffected glandular tissue (P < 0.0001, paired t-test), adipose tissue, and TSC in three patients with benign lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated TSC in breast lesions measured by non-invasive (23)Na MRI appears to be a cellular-level indicator associated with malignancy. This method may have potential to improve the specificity of breast MRI with only a modest increase in scan time per patient.
authors.affiliation: Division of MR Research, Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-0845, USA. rouwerke@mri.jhu.edu
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ouwerkerk
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Katarzyna J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Macura
authors.forename: Antonio C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Vered
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stearns
authors.forename: Sarah D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Mezban
authors.forename: Nagi F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Khouri
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bluemke
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bottomley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D011522:Protons; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D012964:Sodium