title: Cross-cultural adaptation into Punjabi of the English version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We wanted to use a Punjabi version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to enable non-English speaking patients to participate in a clinical trial. The aim of the study was to translate and validate the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale into Punjabi.
  
  
  METHODS
  The HADS was translated into Punjabi by a multidisciplinary team, verified against the original version, and administered to 73 bilingual patients attending an outpatient clinic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One sample t-tests and the Bland-Altman plots demonstrated acceptable linguistic agreement between the two versions of the HADS. Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficients (p < 0.0001) demonstrate excellent conceptual agreement between each item and its corresponding subscale score, for both versions. Concordance rates revealed that the Punjabi HADS adequately identified borderline cases of anxiety (80.8%), definite cases of anxiety (91.8%) and depression (91.8%), but was less reliable in identifying borderline cases of depression (65.8%). Cronbach alpha coefficients revealed high levels of internal consistency for both the Punjabi and English versions (0.81 and 0.86 for anxiety and 0.71 and 0.85 for depression, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Punjabi HADS is an acceptable, reliable and valid measure of anxiety and depression among physically ill Punjabi speaking people in the United Kingdom.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QH, UK. deirdre.lane@swbh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Deirdre A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Jagdish
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jajoo
authors.forename: Rod S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Gregory Yh
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lip
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jolly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results