title: Urine toxicology screening among chronic pain patients on opioid therapy: frequency and predictability of abnormal findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the incidence of abnormal urine toxicology screening among chronic pain patients prescribed opioids for their pain and to relate these results to patient descriptors and type, number, and dose of prescribed opioids.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of data from 470 patients who had urine screening at a pain management program in an urban teaching hospital was performed. Urine samples were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Patients were categorized as having urine screens that were "normal" (expected findings based on their prescribed drugs) or abnormal. Abnormal findings were those of (1) absence of a prescribed opioid, (2) presence of an additional nonprescribed controlled substance, (3) detection of an illicit substance, and (4) an adulterated urine sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five percent of the patients were found to have abnormal urine screens. Twenty percent were categorized as having an illicit substance in their urine. Illicit substances and additional drugs were found more frequently in younger patients than in older patients (P<0.001). No other variables were found to predict abnormal urine screen results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm past findings that random urine toxicology screens among patients prescribed opioids for pain reveal a high incidence of abnormal findings. Common patient descriptors, and number, type, and dose of prescribed opioids were found to be poor predictors of abnormal results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Michna
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Jamison
authors.forename: Loc-Duyen
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: Edgar L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Janfaza
authors.forename: Srdjan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Nedeljkovic
authors.forename: Sanjeet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narang
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palombi
authors.forename: Ajay D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Wasan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000652:urine; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000652:urine*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000652:urine*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations