title: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex N-acetylaspartate/total creatine (NAA/tCr) loss in male recreational cannabis users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cannabinoids present neurotoxic and neuroprotective properties in in vitro studies, inconsistent alterations in human neuroimaging studies, neuropsychological deficits, and an increased risk for psychotic episodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS), neuropsychological testing, and hair analysis for cannabinoids was performed in 13 male nontreatment-seeking recreational cannabis users and 13 male control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significantly diminished N-acetylaspartate/total creatine (NAA/tCr) ratio in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was observed in cannabis users (p = .0003). The NAA/tCr in the putamen/globus pallidum region correlated significantly with cannabidiol (R(2) = .66, p = .004). Results of the Wisconsin Card Sorting test, Trail making Test, and D2 test for attention were influenced by cannabinoids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic recreational cannabis use is associated with an indication of diminished neuronal and axonal integrity in the DLPFC in this study. As chronic cannabis use is a risk factor for psychosis, these results are interesting because diminished NAA/tCr ratios in the DLPFC and neuropsychological deficits were also reported in schizophrenia. The strong positive correlation of NAA/tCr and cannabidiol in the putamen/globus pallidum is in line with neuroprotective properties of cannabidiol, which were also observed in in vitro model studies of Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Derik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sartorius
authors.forename: Helga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Welzel
authors.forename: Sigrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Skopp
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ende
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism*; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000378:metabolism*; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D011699:Putamen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001224:Aspartic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine