title: Statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) decrease postoperative adhesions by increasing peritoneal fibrinolytic activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to determine if statins reduce adhesion formation in vivo and to identify the mechanism of action in vitro.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  : Intraperitoneal adhesions develop in up to 95% of patients following laparotomy. Adhesions are reduced by mechanisms that up-regulate fibrinolysis within the peritoneum. Statins promote fibrinolysis in the cardiovascular system and may play a role in the prevention of adhesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adhesions were induced in rats (n = 102) using our previously described ischemic button model. Rats received vehicle (controls), lovastatin (30 mg/kg), or atorvastatin (30 mg/kg) as a single intraperitoneal dose at the time of laparotomy. Animals were killed and adhesions were quantified at day 7. Peritoneal fluid and tissue were collected at day 1 to measure tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) by real-time PCR and ELISA. To assess the effects of statins on wound healing, burst pressures were measured in anastomoses of the colon. The effects of lovastatin on tPA and PAI-1 production were measured in vitro in human mesothelial cells (HMC) in the presence or absence of mevalonate (MVA), geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate (GGPP) and farnesyl-pyrophosphate (FPP), all intermediates in the cholesterol pathway downstream of HMG-CoA. The effect of a Rho protein inhibitor, exoenzyme C3 transferase, on tPA production was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lovastatin and atorvastatin reduced adhesion formation by 26% and 58%, respectively (P < 0.05), without affecting anastomotic burst pressure. At 24 hours, tPA mRNA levels in peritoneal tissue and tPA activity in peritoneal fluid from lovastatin-treated animals were increased by 57% and 379%, respectively (P < 0.05), while PAI-1 levels were unchanged. HMC incubated with either lovastatin or atorvastatin showed concentration-dependent increases in tPA production and decreases in PAI-1 production (P < 0.05). These lovastatin-induced changes in tPA and PAI-1 production were significantly reversed by the addition of MVA, GGPP, and FPP. The Rho protein inhibitor increased tPA production and rescued tPA production from the inhibitory effect of GGPP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that statins administered within the peritoneum can up-regulate local fibrinolysis, while the in vitro studies show that this effect may be mediated, in part, by intermediates of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway that regulate Rho protein signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Cary B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Aarons
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gower
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Leeman
authors.forename: Arthur F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Stucchi
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008148:Lovastatin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000517:prevention & control; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D008148:Lovastatin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator