title: Sense of humor and survival among a county cohort of patients with end-stage renal failure: a two-year prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the significance of sense of humor for survival in a county cohort of patients diagnosed with end-stage renal failure. This diagnosis is a life-threatening condition that calls upon coping skills and regular dialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients receiving dialysis in the county of Sør-Trøndelag during February of one year (N= 52) were invited. Forty-one completed the survey and had complete data (78.9%). Predictors were related to survival status two years later. Three blocks of predictors were tested: 1) age, gender and education; 2) duration of disease, number of dialyses per week, and co-morbidity; and 3) quality of life and sense of humor. Confounding effects of variables in blocks one and two were controlled for using Cox survival analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen patients (46.3 %) died over the 2-year observation period. Survival decreased with higher age at time of survey (p < .044), but was not significantly predicted by variables in block two. A highly significant increase in survival was due to the psychological variables of block three (p <.001) essentially accounted for by sense of humor (p < .005). Those who scored above the median in sense of humor increased their odds for survival by on average 31%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sense of humor appeared to mediate better coping and, therefore, protected against detrimental effects of disease-related stressors upon survival.
authors.affiliation: The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. sven.Svebak@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Svebak
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kristoffersen
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aasarød
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017741:Survivors; D014925:Wit and Humor as Topic