title: Putative mechanism of the itch-scratch circle: repeated scratching decreases the cutaneous level of prostaglandin D2, a mediator that inhibits itching.
abstract: In atopic dermatitis, scratching of the skin as a reaction to itching causes injury to the skin, which, in turn, further increases the itching resulting in the establishment of the so-called itch-scratch circle. We have shown that prostaglandin (PG) D2 plays an inhibitory role against pruritus in mice with atopic-like dermatitis; therefore, we examined the relationship between scratching and the cutaneous PGD2 level using an artificial scratching model with a wire brush. Mechanical scratching induced a temporary increase of the skin PGs levels (PGE2, PGD2, 6-ketoPGF1alpha, PGF2alpha). The skin PGD2 level and the ability of PGD2 production decreased at 48 h after repeated scratch, compared to that of normal skin, not so after single scratch. Immunohistochemical analysis and Western blotting revealed a decrease in the levels of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and hematopoietic PGD synthase in mechanically scratched skin. The reduced ability of the skin for PGD2 production following mechanical scratching could be caused by this decrease in the expression levels of COX-1 and PGD2 synthase. The results suggest that repeated scratching in mice decreases the ability of the skin to produce PGD2, which is an endogenous mediator that inhibits pruritus, resulting in the establishment of the itch-scratch circle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-403 Saitama 331-9530, Japan. masanori.sugimoto@po.rd.taisho.co.jp
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Iwao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Nobuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Futaki
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Honma
authors.forename: Takanobu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakaike
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000378:metabolism; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D054834:Lipocalins; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000378:metabolism; D011537:Pruritus / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D054834:Lipocalins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011453:Prostaglandins; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496512:Ptgs1 protein, mouse; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; C022466:prostaglandin R2 D-isomerase; D015230:Prostaglandin D2