title: Importance of red patches diagnosed in cystoscopy for haematuria and lower urinary tract symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biopsy of the red patches in the bladder, when found at cystoscopy, is routinely performed in urological practice. This is done to establish the sinister diagnosis of carcinoma-in-situ among other causes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the pathology of the red patches and to determine if routine biopsy of these patches is warranted.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study conducted over a period of 36 months, in which 50 patients were identified, who underwent biopsies of their red patches. All patients with a history of bladder carcinoma and obvious bladder tumours were excluded from this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients was 60.8 years. 25 patients had cystoscopy for lower urinary tract symptoms, 21 for haematuria and 4 for recurrent urinary tract infection. Carcinoma in situ was found in 4 (8%) patients, of whom only 2 had positive urine cytology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is prudent to perform a biopsy of all incidentally diagnosed red patches because of a major yield rate of carcinoma in situ. This procedure also picks up other important pathologies, which help in further management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Bedford Hospital NHS Trust, Bedford, UK. herman.fernando@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fernando
authors.forename: Sreenivasa S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Thota
authors.forename: Glyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burtt
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Waterfall
authors.forename: Imtiaz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Husain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000473:pathology*; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000592:standards; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053448:Prostatism / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*