title: Systemic and bronchial inflammation following LPS inhalation in asthmatic and healthy subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhaled endotoxin is known to induce airway inflammation, causing bronchial hyperreactivity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We characterized the response to lipopolysaccharide-inhalation by measuring exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) and inflammatory mediators.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 43 adult volunteers (13 asthmatics, 30 healthy controls) inhaled stepwise LPS every 30 min up to a cumulative dose of 100 microg (2.5, 10.5, 42, 45 microg). After each provocation and up to 24 h later, FEV(1) was determined; the procedure was stopped when FEV(1) declined more than 12.5%. We measured eNO, leucocytes, eosinophils, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), C-reactive protein (CrP), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP), leucotriene B4 (LTB4), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), and body temperature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial eNO values were higher in asthmatics (P < 0.01), but only increased in an asthmatic subgroup. Marked differences were observed in the systemic response to LPS inhalation. Significant increases were found for CrP, LBP, and PMNs. There was no correlation between FEV(1) decrease and basal eNO levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhalation of endotoxin was followed by clinical and laboratory signs of systemic inflammation, with asthmatics responding to the challenge similar as healthy subjects. Bronchial eNO increased only temporarily in asthmatics.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, Goethe University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kitz
authors.forename: Markus A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borgmann
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zielen
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D049628:Body Size; D001835:Body Weight; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007975:Leukotriene B4 / Q000097:blood; D015289:Leukotrienes / Q000097:blood; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008925:Mites; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015289:Leukotrienes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D007975:Leukotriene B4; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III