title: Long-term effect of botulinum toxin (A) in the management of calf spasticity in children with diplegic cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine possible long-term effects of multi-injections of botulinum toxin A (BT-A) on muscle tone and functional abilities in children with cerebral palsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, single blind study was carried out. Sixty patients with spastic diplegia were enrolled; 40 received 3 successive doses of BT-A to the calf muscle bilaterally at intervals of 3 to 4 months; 20 received no injections and were considered the control group. Evaluation included measurement of muscle tone, passive ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, and gross motor function. The children in the study group were assessed at entry into the study, at 3 months, and at 18 months after the last injection. An identical assessment protocol was applied to the control group, with measurements taken at entry into the study, at 12 to 15 months, and then at 27 to 30 months, roughly corresponding to the time periods set for the study group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Muscle tone and passive ankle dorsiflexion range showed clinically and statistically significant improvement following BT-A injection at 3 months (P=0.000, P=0.04, respectively) and at 18 months (P=0.005, P=0.007, respectively) compared to the control group, but gross motor function showed significant improvement only at 18 months (P=0.02). Comparison between the first and second evaluations after the last injection in the study group showed a significant improvement in gross motor function and ankle dorsiflexion range (P=0.000 for both parameters); however, muscle tone was significantly increased (P=0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study gives support to a possible prolonged effect of intramuscular BT-A as an adjunct to conventional physiotherapy to reduce spasticity and improve functional mobility in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. ziadnet2004@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Z M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Hawamdeh
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Qudah
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A