title: Quantitative analysis of convective dose in hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration: "predilution" vs. "postdilution" reinfusion.
abstract: In hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF), removal of medium and high-molecular-weight solutes is greatly enhanced by convective mechanisms as compared with simple diffusion; increasing convective flows may allow greater removal rates of these solutes. Use of "predilution" (pre-H[D]F) may allow higher ultrafiltration rates than the "postdilution" mode (post-H[D]F); yet, the dilution of plasma water may have unpredictable effects on "endogenous" water convection. We have applied a mathematical analysis to evaluate and compare endogenous water convective flow rates in pre-H(D)F vs. post-H(D)F. Endogenous plasma water recovered in ultrafiltrate was calculated according to patient (hematocrit, total protein level) and session parameters (blood flow, ultrafiltration rate, programmed weight loss), in absolute terms and as a fraction of endogenous plasma water delivery to the filter. Maximally efficient post-H(D)F was modelled according to a preset postfilter hematocrit or filtration fraction. Nomograms were constructed expressing endogenous water convective fluxes in relation to parameters of interest (ultrafiltration rate, blood flow, hematocrit) with both post-H(D)F and pre-H(D)F, and "efficiency" of pre-H(D)F vs. post-H(D)F (as the ratio of endogenous water convective flow rate with the 2 techniques) as a function of the ultrafiltration/reinfusion rate. In post-H(D)F, the model predicts maximal ultrafiltration rates within the limits of a preset hemoconcentration at the filter outlet; additionally, the model allows to calculate ultrafiltration/reinfusion quantities to be set in pre-H(D)F to equal and overcome maximal convective efficiency of post-H(D)F. This "equivalence" ultrafiltration rate may greatly vary according to patient's hematocrit and blood flow, so that the ultrafiltrate-reinfusate volume available in the system dictates, in any patient, which mode of reinfusion may attain higher "endogenous" convective flow rates. Pre-H(D)F may allow higher fractional and absolute "endogenous" convective flow rates as compared with post-H(D)F, provided that adequate amounts of reinfusate are available. For lower reinfusate volumes than "equivalence" values, post-H(D)F remains a better option.
authors.affiliation: U.O. Nefrologia, A.O. Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy. giacomo.colussi@ospedale.varese.it
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Colussi
authors.forename: Gianmaria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frattini
mesh_terms: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D006400:Hematocrit; D017583:Hemodiafiltration; D006440:Hemofiltration / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008432:Mathematical Computing; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D014867:Water