title: Correlation of cross-axis eye movements and motoneuron activity in non-human primates with "A" pattern strabismus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors showed earlier that animals reared with certain types of visual sensory deprivation during their first few months of life develop large horizontal strabismus, A/V patterns, and dissociated vertical deviation (DVD). Cross-axis eye movements were observed in the nonfixating eye that reflected pattern strabismus and DVD. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether neuronal activity within the oculomotor nucleus could be driving the abnormal cross-axis eye movements observed in the nonfixating eye.
  
  
  METHODS
  Burst-tonic activity was recorded from oculomotor nucleus neurons in three animals with A-pattern exotropia as they performed horizontal or vertical smooth pursuit during monocular viewing. Two animals were reared by alternate monocular occlusion for 4 months, and one animal was reared by binocular deprivation for 3 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, efforts were focused on neurons modulated for vertical eye movements. Vertical burst-tonic motoneurons were strongly correlated with vertical eye movements regardless of whether the movement was purposeful, as in vertical smooth pursuit, or whether it was inappropriate, as in a vertical component observed in the nonfixating eye during horizontal smooth pursuit. Quantitative analysis of position and velocity sensitivities of the cells measured during the different tracking conditions suggested that motoneuron activity was sufficient to account for most of the inappropriate vertical cross-axis component.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that, in animals with sensory-induced strabismus, innervation to extraocular muscles from motor nuclei produce the inappropriate cross-axis eye movements, resulting in change in ocular misalignment with gaze position associated with pattern strabismus and DVD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Sensory-Motor Systems, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. vdas@rmy.emory.edu
authors.forename: Vallabh E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mustari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005099:Exotropia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D015840:Oculomotor Nerve Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011698:Pursuit, Smooth; D012683:Sensory Deprivation