title: MEG predicts outcome following surgery for intractable epilepsy in children with normal or nonfocal MRI findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the predictors of postsurgical seizure freedom in children with refractory epilepsy and normal or nonfocal MRI findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 22 children with normal or subtle and nonfocal MRI findings, who underwent surgery for intractable epilepsy following extraoperative intracranial EEG. We compared clinical profiles, neurophysiological data (scalp EEG, magnetoencephalography (MEG) and intracranial EEG), completeness of surgical resection and pathology to postoperative seizure outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen children (77%) had a good postsurgical outcome (defined as Engel class IIIA or better), which included eight (36%) seizure-free children. All children with postsurgical seizure freedom had an MEG cluster in the final resection area. Postsurgical seizure freedom was obtained in none of the children who had bilateral MEG dipole clusters (3) or only scattered dipoles (1). All five children in whom ictal onset zones were confined to < or = 5 adjacent intracranial electrodes achieved seizure freedom compared to three of 17 children with ictal onset zones that extended over >5 electrodes (p = 0.002). None of six children with more than one type of seizure became seizure-free, compared to eight of 16 children with a single seizure type (p = 0.04). Complete resection of the preoperatively localized epileptogenic zone resulted in seizure remission in 63% (5/8) and incomplete resections, in 21% (3/14) (p = 0.06). Age of onset, duration of epilepsy, number of lobes involved in resection, and pathology failed to correlate with seizure freedom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgery for intractable epilepsy in children with normal MRI findings provided good postsurgical outcomes in the majority of our patients. As well, restricted ictal onset zone predicted postoperative seizure freedom. Postoperative seizure freedom was less likely to occur in children with bilateral MEG dipole clusters or only scattered dipoles, multiple seizure types and incomplete resection of the proposed epileptogenic zone. Seizure freedom was most likely to occur when there was concordance between EEG and MEG localization and least likely to occur when these results were divergent.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. rajeshrnair@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: RamachandranNair
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Otsubo
authors.forename: Manohar M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Shroff
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ochi
authors.forename: Shelly K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Rutka
authors.forename: O Carter
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Snead
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome