title: In vitro and in vivo evaluation of Bola-surfactant containing niosomes for transdermal delivery.
abstract: A novel niosome formulation is proposed for topical drug delivery of ammonium glycyrrhizinate, a natural compound with an efficacious anti-inflammatory activity. Niosomes were made up of a new non ionic surfactant, alpha,omega-hexadecyl-bis-(1-aza-18-crown-6) (Bola-surfactant)-Span 80-cholesterol (2:3:1 molar ratio). Niosome vesicles were prepared with the thin layer evaporation method and were physico-chemically characterized. The tolerability of Bola-surfactant both as free molecules or assembled ion niosome vesicles was evaluated in vitro on cultured of human keratinocyte cells (NCTC2544). Human tolerability was evaluated on volunteers. The ability of Bola-niosomes to promote intracellular delivery was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) studies. Human stratum corneum and epidermis (SCE) membranes were used in vitro to investigate the percutaneous permeation. The anti-inflammatory activity of ammonium glycyrrhizinate was evaluated in vivo on human volunteers with a chemically induced erythema. Experimental data show that Bola-niosomes are characterized by a mean size of approximately 400 nm and are able to provide an encapsulation efficiency of 40% with respect to the drug amount used during preparation. CLSM showed that Bola-niosomes were able to promote the intracellular uptake of the delivered substances. Bola-niosomes were also able to significantly improve (p<0.001) the percutaneous permeation of ammonium glycyrrhizinate with respect to both the aqueous drug solution and a physical mixture between unloaded Bola-niosomes and the aqueous drug solution. Bola-niosomes showed a suitable tolerability both in vitro and in vivo. Ammonium glycyrrhizinate-loaded Bola-niosomes determined a significant (p<0.001) and noticeable improvement of the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the drug. An effective example of conjugating innovative colloidal carriers, coming from pharmaceutical nanotechnology, and therapeutically effective natural compounds, coming from traditional medicine, was reported.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacobiological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario, Building of Biosciences, Viale Europa, I-88100, Germaneto (CZ), Italy.
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paolino
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muzzalupo
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ricciardi
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Celia
authors.forename: Nevio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Picci
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fresta
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D043844:Crown Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D019695:Glycyrrhizic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D043844:Crown Ethers; D008081:Liposomes; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C576993:alpha,omega-hexadecyl-bis-(1-aza-18-crown-6); D019695:Glycyrrhizic Acid