title: A facial mask comprising Dead Sea mud.
abstract: Many investigators have proved that Dead Sea salt and mud are useful in treating skin disorders and skin diseases. Therefore, the black mud has been extensively used as a base for the preparation of soaps, creams, and unguents for skin care. This study concerns a facial mask made mainly of Dead Sea mud. The effects of temperature and shearing conditions on the rheological behavior of the facial mask were investigated. The mud facial mask exhibited a shear thinning behavior with a yield stress. It was found that the apparent viscosity of the mask has a strong dependence on the shear rate as well as on the temperature. The facial mask exhibited a maximum yield stress and very shear thinning behavior at 40 degrees C, which is attributed to the gelatinization of the polysaccharide used to stabilize the mud particles. On the other hand, the mud mask exhibited a time-independent behavior at low temperatures and shear rates and changed to a thixotropic behavior upon increasing both the temperature and the shear rate. The shear thinning and thixotropic behaviors have a significant importance in the ability of the facial mask to spread on the skin: the Dead Sea mud mask can break down for easy spreading, and the applied film can gain viscosity instantaneously to resist running. Moreover, particle sedimentation, which in this case would negatively affect consumer acceptance of the product, occurs slowly due to high viscosity at rest conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Basim
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abu-Jdayil
authors.forename: Hazim A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Mohameed
mesh_terms: D003358:Cosmetics / Q000737:chemistry*; D005145:Face; D006801:Humans; D009094:Mud Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D012492:Salts / Q000737:chemistry; D017592:Skin Care / Q000379:methods*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D012492:Salts