title: Subnuclear localization and dynamics of the Pre-mRNA 3' end processing factor mammalian cleavage factor I 68-kDa subunit.
abstract: Mammalian cleavage factor I (CF Im) is an essential factor that is required for the first step in pre-mRNA 3' end processing. Here, we characterize CF Im68 subnuclear distribution and mobility. Fluorescence microscopy reveals that in addition to paraspeckles CF Im68 accumulates in structures that partially overlap with nuclear speckles. Analysis of synchronized cells shows that CF Im68 distribution in speckles and paraspeckles varies during the cell cycle. At an ultrastructural level, CF Im68 is associated with perichromatin fibrils, the sites of active transcription, and concentrates in interchromatin granules-associated zones. We show that CFIm68 colocalizes with bromouridine, RNA polymerase II, and the splicing factor SC35. On inhibition of transcription, endogenous CF Im68 no longer associates with perichromatin fibrils, but it can still be detected in interchromatin granules-associated zones. These observations support the idea that not only splicing but also 3' end processing occurs cotranscriptionally. Finally, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis reveals that the CF Im68 fraction associated with paraspeckles moves at a rate similar to the more dispersed molecules in the nucleoplasm, demonstrating the dynamic nature of this compartment. These findings suggest that paraspeckles are a functional compartment involved in RNA metabolism in the cell nucleus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cardinale
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cisterna
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonetti
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aringhieri
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biggiogera
authors.forename: Silvia M L
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Barabino
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000818:Animals; D001976:Bromouracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D022003:Cell Nucleus Structures / Q000378:metabolism*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004004:Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008322:Mammals; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000379:methods; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D038761:Photobleaching; D021122:Protein Subunits; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000378:metabolism; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000068103:Serine-Arginine Splicing Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014529:Uridine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D039221:mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D021122:Protein Subunits; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins; C450562:cleavage factor Im, human; D039221:mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors; C073288:SRSF2 protein, human; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D000068103:Serine-Arginine Splicing Factors; D001976:Bromouracil; D004004:Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole; D012313:RNA; D012319:RNA Polymerase II; C006824:5-bromouridine; D014529:Uridine