title: Prevalence and clinical importance of spontaneous echo contrast within the carotid artery in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) is composed of numerous microechoes swirling in the cardiovascular lumen, usually appearing during blood stasis. This study aimed to clarify the clinical importance of SEC in the carotid artery (CA) in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 264 CAs of 132 consecutive patients with ICVD and in 40 CAs of 20 healthy control subjects, SEC was classified as none, faint, or dense, and CA abnormalities, including plaque, plaque ulcer, mural thrombus, and internal CA stenosis, were assessed with 10-MHz sonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of SEC was greater in CAs of patients with ICVD (164/264 [62%]) than in CAs of control subjects (6/40 [15%]; P < .0001). Dense SEC was more specifically detected in CAs of ICVD with the prevalence of 81 (31%) of 264, which was greater than that of controls (1/40 [3%]; P = .0002). Dense SEC was more frequently detected in CAs with plaque (38/98 [39%]) than in those without (43/166 [26%]; P = .0285), in CA plaque with ulcerative lesions (7/10 [70%]) than in those without (31/88 [35%]; P = .0325), in CA plaque with a thrombus (11/12 [92%]) than in those without (27/86 [31%]; P < .0001), and in CAs with severe stenosis (11/13 [85%]) than in those with mild stenosis (25/75 [33%]; P = .0005) and in those without stenosis (45/176 [26%]; P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dense SEC was frequently observed in CAs of patients with ICVD, especially in those with local atheromatous lesions, although the influence of systemic factors could not be excluded. Dense SEC within a CA may be a marker of ICVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan. honozuka@med.hokudai.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Onozuka
authors.forename: Mutsuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muraki
authors.forename: Taisei
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mikami
authors.forename: Tetsuyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshimoto
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshizumi
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitaguchi
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: Kohichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tokuda
authors.forename: Sadao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kashiwaba
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsutsui
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kitabatake
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence