title: Sustained improvement of motor function in hemiparkinsonian rats chronically treated with low doses of caffeine or trihexyphenidyl.
abstract: The effects of chronic oral treatment with low doses of caffeine (1-3 mg/kg) and trihexyphenidyl (0.1-0.2 mg/kg) were tested on hemiparkinsonian rats, which received the following treatments in a counterbalanced order: vehicle, caffeine, trihexyphenidyl, and caffeine plus trihexyphenidyl. Three preclinical models were used: the stepping test, the cylinder test, and the staircase test. Compared to pre-lesion values, the forepaw contralateral to the dopamine-denervated side showed impaired stepping, fewer wall contacts in the cylinder test, and fewer pellets retrieved in the staircase test. In the stepping test both doses of caffeine produced a complete recovery of motor function (100%), whereas the effect of trihexyphenidyl was less intense (77-80%). In this same test the maximal effect of drugs did not develop tolerance during 2-3 weeks, and was completely reversible after drug cessation. In the cylinder test only the wall contacts performed simultaneously with both forepaws were significantly increased by caffeine (3 mg/kg) and trihexyphenidyl (0.2 mg/kg), and this effect was also reversible. In the staircase test none of the treatments improved food pellet retrieval with the contralateral forepaw. Altogether, these results show that chronic treatment with caffeine, at doses similar to daily human consumption, produces a sustained improvement in the use of the contralateral forelimb in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine denervated rats, without the development of tolerance. Although the combined administration of caffeine plus trihexyphenidyl showed no synergism in these models, the results suggest that low doses of caffeine (1-3 mg/kg/day) could be of therapeutic value for the reversal of motor symptoms in parkinsonian patients.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Avenida Itzaes 490, Mérida, Yucatán, 97000, Mexico.
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bata-García
authors.forename: Jairo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Villanueva-Toledo
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Ospina
authors.forename: Fernando J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Cervera
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Heredia-López
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Góngora-Alfaro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005552:Forelimb / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006892:Hydroxydopamines; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D014282:Trihexyphenidyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D006892:Hydroxydopamines; D002110:Caffeine; D014282:Trihexyphenidyl