title: Effect of a nurse-directed diabetes disease management program on urgent care/emergency room visits and hospitalizations in a minority population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether nurse-directed diabetes care reduced preventable diabetes-related urgent care/emergency room visits and hospitalizations in a minority population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetic patients who receive care in a county public health clinic were randomly selected for a Diabetes Managed Care Program (DMCP) in which a specially trained nurse followed detailed treatment algorithms to provide diabetes care for 1 year. Preventable diabetes-related urgent care/emergency room visits and hospitalizations for these patients incurred during the intervention year and the year before enrollment were compared. Preventable diabetes-related causes were defined as metabolic (diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemia, or hypoglycemia) or infection (cellulitis, foot ulcer, osteomyelitis, fungal infection, or urinary tract infection).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of the urgent care/emergency room and hospitalizations during the intervention year and the year prior were available for 331 patients who completed the DMCP intervention. There were 95 [corrected] total urgent care/emergency room visits and hospitalizations in the year before entering the DMCP and 52 [corrected] during the DMCP year, a 45[corrected]% reduction. Preventable diabetes-related episodes were far fewer. During the prior year, 14 patients made 15 urgent care/emergency room visits and 5 patients incurred 6 hospitalizations. During the DMCP year, four different patients made five emergency room/urgent care visits and one other patient was hospitalized. Preventable diabetes-related use was significantly (P < 0.001) lower during the intervention year compared with the prior year. Total charges for urgent care/emergency room visits and hospitalizations only (not other charges related to diabetes care) during the year before entering the DMCP were $129,176 compared with $24,630 during the DMCP year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When compared with usual care, nurse-directed diabetes care resulted in significantly fewer urgent care/emergency room visits and hospitalizations for preventable diabetes-related causes. Policy makers seeking to improve diabetes care and conserve resources should seriously consider adopting this approach.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Center for Research Excellence, Charles R. Drew University, 1731 East 120th St., Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA. mayerdavidson@cdrewu.edu
authors.forename: Mayer B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Adeela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: Vicki J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Karlan
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005006:Ethnicity; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008329:Managed Care Programs; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents