title: Candida in oral lichen planus patients undergoing topical steroid therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence, intensity, and species of Candida in the oral cavity of oral lichen planus (OLP) patients who were being treated with a topical steroid.
  
  
  METHODS
  The incidence and intensity of oral Candida carriage were assessed by salivary and imprint cultures. Cytological smears were used to investigate the presence of Candida spores and hyphae in the OLP lesions. Candida species were identified by a chlamydospore formation test and the API 20C system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The salivary cultures were positive in 76.7% of the OLP patients and 43.3% of the controls (P = .008), whereas the imprint cultures were positive in 76.7% of the OLP patients and 40% of the controls (P = .004). A high-level Candida count in saliva was more frequently found in the OLP patients than in the controls (73.9% vs. 38.5%; P = .004). The mean scores of Candida growth from imprint cultures were higher in OLP patients than in the controls (P = .002). The mean scores of Candida growth were also higher in OLP patients who were taking xerogenic or immunosuppressive drugs (P = .038) and in OLP denture wearers (P = .022). Spores and hyphae were detected in 83.3% of the OLP lesions. Candida albicans, the most frequently isolated yeast, was found in 76.7% OLP patients and 40% of the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that topical steroids induce Candida growth and the associated risk factors are age, medication use, and the wearing of dentures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Aree.J@chula.ac.th <Aree.J@chula.ac.th>
authors.forename: Aree
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jainkittivong
authors.forename: Jintakorn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuvatanasuchati
authors.forename: Patchara
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pipattanagovit
authors.forename: Wanpen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sinheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002175:Candida / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003778:Dentures / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017676:Lichen Planus, Oral / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013256:Steroids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids