title: Expression of islet inducible nitric oxide synthase and inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin release after long-term lipid infusion in the rat is counteracted by PACAP27.
abstract: Chronic exposure of pancreatic islets to elevated plasma lipids (lipotoxicity) can lead to beta-cell dysfunction, with overtime becoming irreversible. We examined, by confocal microscopy and biochemistry, whether the expression of islet inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the concomitant inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin release seen after lipid infusion in rats was modulated by the islet neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)27. Lipid infusion for 8 days induced a strong expression of islet iNOS, which was mainly confined to beta-cells and was still evident after incubating islets at 8.3 mmol/l glucose. This was accompanied by a high iNOS-derived NO generation, a decreased insulin release, and increased cyclic GMP accumulation. No iNOS expression was found in control islets. Addition of PACAP27 to incubated islets from lipid-infused rats resulted in loss of iNOS protein expression, increased cyclic AMP, decreased cyclic GMP, and suppression of the activities of neuronal constitutive (nc)NOS and iNOS and increased glucose-stimulated insulin response. These effects were reversed by the PKA inhibitor H-89. The suppression of islet iNOS expression induced by PACAP27 was not affected by the proteasome inhibitor MG-132, which by itself induced the loss of iNOS protein, making a direct proteasomal involvement less likely. Our results suggest that PACAP27 through its cyclic AMP- and PKA-stimulating capacity strongly suppresses not only ncNOS but, importantly, also the lipid-induced stimulation of iNOS expression, possibly by a nonproteasomal mechanism. Thus PACAP27 restores the impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin release and additionally might induce cytoprotection against deleterious actions of iNOS-derived NO in beta-cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Saleem S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Qader
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jimenez-Feltström
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ekelund
authors.forename: Ingmar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lundquist
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salehi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D007976:Leupeptins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin; D007546:Isoquinolines; D007976:Leupeptins; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D005947:Glucose; C063509:N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide; C072553:benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde