title: Catheter-based infrared light scanner as a tool to assess conduit quality in coronary artery bypass surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endothelial disruption within saphenous vein and radial artery grafts increases thrombosis risk. However, no clinically applicable method for imaging the intima currently exists. We used a novel infrared imaging technology, optical coherence tomography (OCT; LightLab Imaging, Inc, Westford, Mass), to visualize the intima within harvested conduits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conduits were procured endoscopically (37 saphenous vein grafts and 8 radial artery grafts) or with the open technique (9 radial artery grafts) from 50 patients. Surplus segments were analyzed by means of OCT for evidence of preexisting pathology or traumatic injury. Focal plaques in radial artery grafts and the intimal hyperplasia area in saphenous vein grafts were quantified as having an intimal/medial thickness ratio of greater than 0.5. Biopsy specimens were obtained for histologic confirmation and to analyze matrix metalloproteinase 2 levels (saphenous vein grafts) and prostacyclin/nitric oxide metabolites (radial artery grafts). Interobserver kappa coefficients and a Bland-Altman analysis were used to determine the reproducibility and accuracy of OCT interpretations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radial artery imaging revealed plaque in 76%. Endoscopically harvested vessels showed intraluminal clot (38%) and intimal tears ranging from severe (6%) to mild (88%). In saphenous vein grafts intimal thickening was detected in 86% and intraluminal clotting in 68%. The intimal/medial thickness ratio determined by means of OCT correlated directly with matrix metalloproteinase 2 levels (R = 0.6804) in saphenous vein grafts and inversely with metabolites of prostacyclin (R = -0.55) and nitric oxide (R = -0.58) in radial artery grafts. OCT imaging was reproducible (interobserver kappa coefficients of >0.81 for the characterization of plaque types) and showed a strong correlation with histology (R = 0.8, P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OCT imaging provides an accurate, real-time, and reproducible means for assessing saphenous vein graft and radial artery graft bypass conduits. As a quality assurance tool, this technology might afford a more objective basis for conduit selection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Burris
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Cha-Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: M Samir
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Jafri
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Ozeki
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Toshinaga
authors.forename: Junyan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Emile
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pierson
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poston
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D047549:Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D017534:Radial Artery / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000473:pathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014654:Vascular Patency / Q000502:physiology