title: Pain among the oldest old in community and institutional settings.
abstract: The relationship between pain and increasing age was investigated using data from two different care settings collected on a province-wide basis in Ontario. Home care clients (HC) and complex continuing care patients (CCC) are assessed using the Resident Assessment Instrument-Home Care and Resident Assessment Instrument 2.0 instruments, respectively, as part of normal clinical practice. For this study, the sample was restricted to those aged 65 years and older and totaled 193,158 individuals. Centenarians (those 100 years of age or older) made up 0.41% (n=788) of the sample. Pain was assessed according to a previously validated pain scale embedded in both assessments that uses items on frequency and intensity. Based on 5-year age groups beginning at 65, the mean reported pain score was lower with each increment in age for men and women. Multiple logistic regression models were constructed and the odds ratios for pain in both HC and CCC groups decreased consistently in higher age groups after adjusting for disease diagnoses, cognition, functional status and health indicators. A model that included categories of analgesic medications coded based on the WHO pain ladder showed the relationship persisted after controlling for analgesia. In clinical settings, the oldest old appear to have lower levels of pain compared with the young old after adjusting for a variety of potential confounding variables.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases and Gerontology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zyczkowska
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szczerbińska
authors.forename: Micaela R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jantzi
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hirdes
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D018710:Pain Clinics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011788:Quality of Life; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support