title: Cost-effectiveness of aprepitant for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting associated with highly emetogenic chemotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a significant problem for cancer patients. Aprepitant, a novel NK-1 receptor antagonist, is approved for use with 5-HT3 antagonists and corticosteroids to prevent CINV associated with highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Nevertheless, the cost-effectiveness of standard aprepitant use has not been established.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a Markov model to compare three strategies for CINV: conventional treatment with a 5-HT3 antagonist and a corticosteroid, conventional treatment plus aprepitant, and conventional treatment with aprepitant added after the onset of CINV. Data from published clinical trials provided probabilities and utilities for the model. Data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the Federal Supply Scale provided costs for medical resources and medications utilized. Resource use data were based on a randomized clinical trial and routine clinical practice. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for each aprepitant strategy was calculated in US$ per healthy day equivalent (HDE) and converted to dollars per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses addressed uncertainty in model parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adding aprepitant after CINV occurred cost $264 per HDE ($96,333/QALY). The three-drug strategy cost $267/HDE with a 95% confidence range of $248-$305/HDE ($97,429/QALY; $90,396-$111,239/QALY). In univariate analyses, the most influential factors on the ICER were: the cost of aprepitant, the likelihood of delayed CINV without aprepitant, the likelihood of acute CINV with/without aprepitant, and the increase in HDE from avoiding CINV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aprepitant provides modest incremental benefits compared with conventional management of CINV. Routine aprepitant use appears most cost-effective when the likelihood of delayed CINV or the cost of rescue medications is high.
authors.affiliation: Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tumeh
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wojtanowski
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flowers
mesh_terms: D000932:Antiemetics / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000077608:Aprepitant; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D017059:Models, Econometric; D009025:Morpholines / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014481:United States; D026712:Value of Life / Q000191:economics*; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D009025:Morpholines; D000077608:Aprepitant