title: Identifying bacterial genes and endosymbiont DNA with Glimmer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Glimmer gene-finding software has been successfully used for finding genes in bacteria, archaea and viruses representing hundreds of species. We describe several major changes to the Glimmer system, including improved methods for identifying both coding regions and start codons. We also describe a new module of Glimmer that can distinguish host and endosymbiont DNA. This module was developed in response to the discovery that eukaryotic genome sequencing projects sometimes inadvertently capture the DNA of intracellular bacteria living in the host.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The new methods dramatically reduce the rate of false-positive predictions, while maintaining Glimmer's 99% sensitivity rate at detecting genes in most species, and they find substantially more correct start sites, as measured by comparisons to known and well-curated genes. We show that our interpolated Markov model (IMM) DNA discriminator correctly separated 99% of the sequences in a recent genome project that produced a mixture of sequences from the bacterium Prochloron didemni and its sea squirt host, Lissoclinum patella.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Glimmer is OSI Certified Open Source and available at http://cbcb.umd.edu/software/glimmer.
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. adelcher@umiacs.umd.edu
authors.forename: Arthur L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Delcher
authors.forename: Kirsten A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bratke
authors.forename: Edwin C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Salzberg
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D049832:Decapodiformes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D019691:Prochloron / Q000235:genetics*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods; D012984:Software; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial