title: Factors affecting survival of bacteriophage on tomato leaf surfaces.
abstract: The ability of bacteriophage to persist in the phyllosphere for extended periods is limited by many factors, including sunlight irradiation, especially in the UV zone, temperature, desiccation, and exposure to copper bactericides. The effects of these factors on persistence of phage and formulated phage (phage mixed with skim milk) were evaluated. In field studies, copper caused significant phage reduction if applied on the day of phage application but not if applied 4 or 7 days in advance. Sunlight UV was evaluated for detrimental effects on phage survival on tomato foliage in the field. Phage was applied in the early morning, midmorning, early afternoon, and late evening, while UVA plus UVB irradiation and phage populations were monitored. The intensity of UV irradiation positively correlated with phage population decline. The protective formulation reduced the UV effect. In order to demonstrate direct effects of UV, phage suspensions were exposed to UV irradiation and assayed for effectiveness against bacterial spot of tomato. UV significantly reduced phage ability to control bacterial spot. Ambient temperature had a pronounced effect on nonformulated phage but not on formulated phages. The effects of desiccation and fluorescent light illumination on phage were investigated. Desiccation caused a significant but only slight reduction in phage populations after 60 days, whereas fluorescent light eliminated phages within 2 weeks. The protective formulation eliminated the reduction caused by both of these factors. Phage persistence was dramatically affected by UV, while the other factors had less pronounced effects. Formulated phage reduced deleterious effects of the studied environmental factors.
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology Department, P.O. Box 110680, University of Florida-IFAS, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Iriarte
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balogh
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Momol
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D003300:Copper / Q000494:pharmacology; D008027:Light; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000821:virology*; D050296:Microbial Viability; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D013696:Temperature; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D003300:Copper