title: Bedside rationing by health practitioners: a case study in a Ugandan hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to describe bedside rationing by health practitioners in a teaching hospital in Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a case study involving in-depth interviews. A modified thematic approach was used in data analysis. Types of decisions, the decision-making process, key players, and hospital-, medical-, and patient-related considerations in the process were identified. Klein's 6 forms of rationing were used to identify the forms of rationing used. The setting was a tertiary hospital in Uganda. Theoretical sampling was used to identify 40 doctors and 16 nurses from the Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Paediatrics, and Obstetric and Gynaecology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four types of bedside rationing decisions were identified: 1) which patients are seen first, 2) which treatment the patients receive, 3) which patients are admitted, and 4) which patients are taken to the operating theatre first. Hospital-related considerations regarding bedside rationing included the hospital budget and number of beds; medical-related considerations included the patient's diagnosis and effectiveness of treatment; and patient-related considerations included poverty, social status, and age. All forms of rationing (denial, dilution, deflection, deterrence, delay, and termination) were practiced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although bedside rationing decisions in the study hospital seem somewhat similar to that in developed countries, the rationing of 1st-line drugs by health practitioners in Uganda is complex, difficult, and different from what has been described in industrialized countries. The complexity and severity of the consequences of the bedside decisions necessitate the development of resource-sensitive clinical guidelines and transparent decision-making processes to foster patients' understanding of the reasons and the procedures and to ensure fair decision-making processes.
authors.affiliation: Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. lydia.kapiriri@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kapiriri
authors.forename: Douglas K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D019049:Developed Countries; D003906:Developing Countries; D032984:Ethics, Research; D015276:Health Care Rationing; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D014454:Uganda