title: Prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in a population of Polish schoolchildren.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in a population of Polish schoolchildren.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 4422 students were examined (2107 boys and 2315 girls, aged 6-18 years, mean age 11.1, S.D. 3.5). The examination included retinoscopy under cycloplegia induced with 1% tropicamide. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent (SE) of at least -0.5 dioptres (D), and hyperopia as a SE of at least +1.0 D. Data analysis was performed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficients and chi-squared test; p-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was observed that 13.3% of Polish students in the age group ranging from 6 to 18 years were myopic while 13.1% of students were hyperopic. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the prevalence of myopia and age (p < 0.001) and a negative correlation between prevalence of hyperopia and age (p < 0.001). It was observed that the prevalence of myopia increases substantially between 7 and 8 years of age (p < 0.01). Moreover, it was determined that with age the average refractive error among schoolchildren becomes more myopic (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The occurrence, degree and progress of myopia and hyperopia in Poland is similar to that in other European countries with a predominantly Caucasian population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical Academy, Al. Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland. czepita@pro.onet.pl
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Czepita
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zejmo
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mojsa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012030:Refractive Errors