title: The clinicopathological and prognostic significance of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and MMP-9 according to their localization in invasive breast carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and MMP-9 proteins expression in invasive breast carcinoma and their relationship to tumour proliferation and expression of c-erbB2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry was carried out on 175 paraffin-embedded breast tissue specimens to detect MT1-MMP, MMP-9, oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, c-erbB-2, Ki67, topoisomerase IIalpha (topo IIalpha) and PPARgamma protein expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both MT1-MMP and MMP-9 were expressed in the cytoplasm of the malignant cells and the peritumoral stroma. Cytoplasmic MT1-MMP was more often observed in ER+ tumours (P = 0.022), of a lower nuclear grade (P = 0.020) and with reduced expression of Ki67 and topo IIalpha (P = 0.027 and P = 0.006, respectively). Moreover, cytoplasmic MT1-MMP was positively associated with MMP-9 (P = 0.010) and PPARgamma (P < 0.0001). Cytoplasmic MMP-9 was inversely associated with Ki67 (P = 0.034) and topo IIalpha (P = 0.004), whereas its relationship with MT1-MMP (P = 0.034) and PPARgamma (P = 0.024) was found to be positive. Stromal MMP-9 was more often observed in c-erbB2+ tumours (P = 0.043) and had an unfavourable impact on overall and relapse-free survival in both univariate (P = 0.0157 and P = 0.0274, respectively) and multivariate analyses (P = 0.007 and P = 0.024, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytoplasmic MT1-MMP and MMP-9 seem to be related to well-differentiated tumours, with a low proliferation potential, while stromal MMP-9 is associated with an aggressive tumour phenotype and is recognized as an independent poor prognostic indicator.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mylona
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nomikos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magkou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamberou
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Papassideri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keramopoulos
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nakopoulou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000201:enzymology / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary*; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D053511:Matrix Metalloproteinase 14 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D053511:Matrix Metalloproteinase 14; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D047495:PPAR gamma; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; C507086:MMP14 protein, human