title: Insight into transcription factor gene duplication from Caenorhabditis elegans Promoterome-driven expression patterns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The C. elegans Promoterome is a powerful resource for revealing the regulatory mechanisms by which transcription is controlled pan-genomically. Transcription factors will form the core of any systems biology model of genome control and therefore the promoter activity of Promoterome inserts for C. elegans transcription factor genes was examined, in vivo, with a reporter gene approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transgenic C. elegans strains were generated for 366 transcription factor promoter/gfp reporter gene fusions. GFP distributions were determined, and then summarized with reference to developmental stage and cell type. Reliability of these data was demonstrated by comparison to previously described gene product distributions. A detailed consideration of the results for one C. elegans transcription factor gene family, the Six family, comprising ceh-32, ceh-33, ceh-34 and unc-39 illustrates the value of these analyses. The high proportion of Promoterome reporter fusions that drove GFP expression, compared to previous studies, led to the hypothesis that transcription factor genes might be involved in local gene duplication events less frequently than other genes. Comparison of transcription factor genes of C. elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae was therefore carried out and revealed very few examples of functional gene duplication since the divergence of these species for most, but not all, transcription factor gene families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Examining reporter expression patterns for hundreds of promoters informs, and thereby improves, interpretation of this data type. Genes encoding transcription factors involved in intrinsic developmental control processes appear acutely sensitive to changes in gene dosage through local gene duplication, on an evolutionary time scale.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds, LS2 9JT, West Yorkshire, UK. John.Reece-Hoyes@umassmed.edu <John.Reece-Hoyes@umassmed.edu>
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Reece-Hoyes
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shingles
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dupuy
authors.forename: Christian A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Grove
authors.forename: Albertha J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Walhout
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Hope
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002107:Caenorhabditis / Q000235:genetics*; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics*; D020440:Gene Duplication; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005821:Genetic Techniques; D023281:Genomics; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D013045:Species Specificity; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014157:Transcription Factors; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins