title: In vivo dysfunction of the term alveolar macrophage after in utero ethanol exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of in utero alcohol exposure on the immune function of the newborn remain under investigation. Fetal ethanol (ETOH) exposure increases oxidative stress in the developing lung, in part due to decreased availability of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). We have previously shown that in utero ETOH impairs alveolar macrophage phagocytosis and viability in the premature pup, while maintaining GSH availability with maternal supplementation of S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) during ETOH ingestion improves macrophage function and viability. We hypothesized that dysfunction of the neonatal alveolar macrophage exposed to ETOH in utero would persist at term gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a guinea-pig model of fetal ETOH exposure, timed-pregnant guinea-pigs were pair-fed ETOH+/-the GSH precursor SAM and the diet continued until spontaneous delivery. Term alveolar macrophages were evaluated using fluorescent microscopy for phagocytosis and apoptosis after in vitro incubation with Staphalococcus aureus. Using an in vivo model of intranasal Staph. aureus inoculation, the in vivo function of the term alveolar macrophage was also investigated using confocal fluorescent analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In utero ETOH exposure increased oxidant stress in the alveolar macrophage and decreased phagocytosis and viability in vitro and in vivo. Confocal analysis of phagocytosis in vivo demonstrated a marked impairment of internalization of the bacteria by the ETOH-exposed alveolar macrophage. The addition of SAM during maternal ETOH ingestion prevented loss of alveolar macrophage function and viability in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In utero ETOH exposure impairs alveolar macrophage function and viability in vitro and in vivo even at term gestation. The ETOH-induced changes in macrophage function and viability can be ablated with maternal SAM supplementation. Further investigations are required to identify the mechanisms of ETOH-induced derangement of phagocytosis in the neonatal alveolar macrophage and the clinical ramifications of altered immune function after in utero alcohol exposure for the newborn.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Xiao-Du
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Ping
authors.forename: Frank L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Lou Ann S
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Theresa W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Gauthier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol; D005978:Glutathione