title: State anxiety during watchful waiting for urinary lithiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Guidelines on many disorders recommend a variable period of watchful waiting between diagnosis and indicated action. In this study, we assessed stress during the watchful waiting period for urinary lithiasis, a benign disorder treated with minimally invasive procedures, without the pitfall of the emotional burden of a terminal or debilitating disease or fear of impending major surgery and to assess the distress caused by waiting per se. Furthermore, we attempt to identify individual patients at risk of prolonged or debilitating psychological distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 112 lithiasis patients with stones < or =5 mm completed the study. State and trait anxiety were assessed both at baseline and after the end of watchful waiting using STAI, and then they were informed of the indicated action for their case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 30 days of watchful waiting, patients experienced a significant increase in state anxiety scores, especially if they were male, had high state or trait anxiety scores at baseline, or if they had experienced more than one episode of colicky pain during the waiting period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should be more flexible when they face the above group of patients, as far as the duration of watchful waiting period is concerned, because a long waiting sets those patients under significant emotional burden.
authors.affiliation: Athens' General Hospital, Greece. ckalatzi@yahoo.gr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kalaitzi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalantzis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gravas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Georgiadis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Christodoulou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013997:Time Factors; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy