title: Error-related event-related potentials in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, reading disorder, and math disorder.
abstract: We studied error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) during a discrimination task in 319 unmedicated children divided into subtypes of ADHD (Not-ADHD/inattentive/combined), learning disorder (Not-LD/reading/math/reading+math), and oppositional defiant disorder. Response-locked ERPs contained a frontocentral ERN and posterior Pe. Error-related negativity and positivity exhibited larger amplitude and later latency than corresponding waves for correct responses matched on reaction time. ADHD did not affect performance on the task. The ADHD/combined sample exceeded controls in ERN amplitude, perhaps reflecting patients' adaptive monitoring efforts. Compared with controls, subjects with reading disorder and reading+math disorder performed worse on the task and had marginally more negative correct-related negativities. In contrast, Pe/Pc was smaller in children with reading+math disorder than among subjects with reading disorder and Not-LD participants; this nonspecific finding is not attributable to error processing. The results reflect anomalies in error processing in these disorders but further research is needed to address inconsistencies in the literature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0266, United States.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burgio-Murphy
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klorman
authors.forename: Sally E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Shaywitz
authors.forename: Jack M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Marchione
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holahan
authors.forename: Karla K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Stuebing
authors.forename: Joan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Thatcher
authors.forename: Bennett A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Shaywitz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000502:physiology; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D011337:Probability Learning; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology