title: Cost-effectiveness analysis of treatment options for acute otitis media.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the costs and utility of observation and routine antibiotic treatment options for children with acute otitis media.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cost-effectiveness analysis was performed among children aged 6 months to 12 years seen in primary care offices. The interventions studied were watchful waiting as practiced in the Netherlands, delayed prescription, 5 days of amoxicillin, and 7 to 10 days of amoxicillin. The main outcome measure was cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the base case analysis, delayed prescription was the least costly option and 7 to 10 days of amoxicillin was the most effective. The incremental cost utility ratio (ICUR) of 7 to 10 days of amoxicillin compared with delayed prescription was 56,000 dollars per QALY gained. Watchful waiting and 5 days of amoxicillin were inferior options. The results were sensitive to the rate of nonattendance in the delayed prescription strategy: when the rate was less than 23%, watchful waiting was the least costly option and delayed prescription was an inferior option. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis, in which all model variables were simultaneously varied, showed with 95% certainty that compared with delayed prescription, 7 to 10 days of amoxicillin had a 61% probability of having an ICUR of greater than 50,000 dollars per QALY gained, and watchful waiting had a 23% probability of having an ICUR of less than 50,000 dollars per QALY gained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Economically, an approach to the treatment of acute otitis media with either an initial period of observation or routine treatment with amoxicillin is reasonable.
authors.affiliation: Von Hess Healthcare Research Center, Family and Community Medicine, Lancaster General Hospital, Lancaster, PA 17604-3555, USA. ascoco@lancastergeneral.org
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Coco
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009426:Netherlands; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000658:Amoxicillin