title: Surgical treatment of postinfarction left ventricular pseudoaneurysm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm from myocardial infarction is rare and is associated with a high risk of rapid enlargement and rupture. The purposes of this study were to describe its clinical presentation, assess the accuracy of diagnostic imaging modalities, and determine operative and late surgical results.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1986 through December 2001, 30 patients aged 50 to 85 years (mean, 68; 70% male) underwent left ventricular pseudoaneurysm repair. Two surgical approaches were used: primary repair (n = 5, 17%) and patch closure (n = 25, 83%). Twenty-one patients (70%) had concomitant procedures, including coronary revascularization (n = 17, 57%) and mitral valve surgery (n = 9, 30%); 8 patients (29%) underwent emergent surgery. Clinical presentation, preoperative imaging data, and surgical outcomes were abstracted from medical records or obtained by patient follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common clinical presentations were heart failure (n = 22, 73%) and angina (n = 11, 41%). Pseudoaneurysm was rarely suspected at clinical presentation. Contrast ventriculography was diagnostic in 54% of patients in whom it was performed, as opposed to 97% for two-dimensional echocardiography (p = 0.2). Postoperative intra-aortic balloon pump was required in 7 patients (23%). Hospital mortality was 20%, and late survival was 73%, 59%, and 45% at 1, 5, and 8 years, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm should be suspected in postinfarction patients with unexplained heart failure. Echocardiography is usually diagnostic and is superior to ventriculography. The surgical mortality rate is elevated in this complex patient population. Long-term survival is also poor, mainly because of underlying ischemic cardiomyopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Fernando A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Atik
authors.forename: Jose L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Navia
authors.forename: Pablo Ruda
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.forename: Gonzalo V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Stawinski
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Alster
authors.forename: A Marc
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gillinov
authors.forename: Lars G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: B Gösta
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.forename: Bruce W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Lytle
authors.forename: Eugene H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Blackstone
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D003287:Contrast Media; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006322:Heart Aneurysm / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications*; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media