title: Sequential and combinatorial roles of maf family genes define proper lens development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maf proteins have been shown to play pivotal roles in lens development in vertebrates. The developing chick lens expresses at least three large Maf proteins. However, the transcriptional relationship among the three large maf genes and their various roles in transactivating the downstream genes largely remain to be elucidated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chick embryos were electroporated with wild-type L-maf, c-maf, and mafB by in ovo electroporation, and their effects on gene expression were determined by in situ hybridization using specific probes or by immunostaining. Endogenous gene expression was determined using nonelectroporated samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A regulation mechanism exists among the members of maf family gene. An early-expressed member of this gene family typically stimulates the expression of later-expressed members. We also examined the regulation of various lens-expressing genes with a focus on the interaction between different Maf proteins. We found that the transcriptional ability of Maf proteins varies, even when the target is the same, in parallel with their discrete functions. L-Maf and c-Maf have no effect on E-cadherin expression, whereas MafB enhances its expression and thereby impedes lens vesicle formation. This study also revealed that Maf proteins can regulate the expression of gap junction genes, connexins, and their interacting partner, major intrinsic protein (MIP), during lens development. Misexpression of L-Maf and c-Maf induces ectopic expression of Cx43 and MIP; in contrast, MafB appears to have no effect on Cx43, but induces MIP significantly as evidenced from our gain-of-function experiments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that large Maf function is indispensable for chick lens initiation and development. In addition, L-Maf positively regulates most of the essential genes in this program and directs a series of molecular events leading to proper formation of the lens.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan. m-reza@bs.naist.jp
authors.forename: Hasan Mahmud
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Reza
authors.forename: Atsuyo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urano
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020346:Aquaporins / Q000378:metabolism; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D002642:Chick Embryo; D017630:Connexins / Q000378:metabolism; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000196:embryology*; D050977:Maf Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005810:Multigene Family; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D038207:delta-Crystallins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000097607:Homeobox Protein SIX3
chemical_list: D020346:Aquaporins; D015820:Cadherins; D017630:Connexins; D005136:Eye Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D050977:Maf Transcription Factors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D038207:delta-Crystallins; D000097607:Homeobox Protein SIX3; C111440:L-MAF protein, Gallus gallus; C030328:aquaporin 0