title: Acidic hydrolysis of N-Ethoxybenzylimidazoles (NEBIs): potential applications as pH-sensitive linkers for drug delivery.
abstract: This paper describes the development of a new class of N-linked imidazoles as potential pH-sensitive, cleavable linkers for use in cancer drug delivery systems. Kinetic analysis of eight derivatives of N-ethoxybenzylimidazoles (NEBIs) showed that their rates of hydrolysis are accelerated in mild aqueous acidic solutions compared to in solutions at normal, physiological pH. Incorporation of electron donating or electron withdrawing substituents on the phenyl ring of the NEBI resulted in the ability to tune the rates of hydrolysis under mild acidic conditions with half-lives ranging from minutes to months. A derivative of NEBI carrying doxorubicin, a widely used anticancer agent, also showed an increased rate of hydrolysis under mild acid compared to that at normal physiological pH. The doxorubicin analogue resulting from hydrolysis from the NEBI exhibited good cytotoxic activity when exposed to human ovarian cancer cells. These results demonstrate a potentially useful, general strategy for conjugating a wide range of drugs to imidazole-containing delivery vessels via NEBI functionalities for controlled release of therapeutics for drug delivery applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, USA.
authors.forename: Seong Deok
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luong
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Manorek
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004317:Doxorubicin