title: The influence of sterilization processes on the micromechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK composites for bone implant applications.
abstract: The effect of sterilization on the structural integrity of the thermoplastic matrix composite polyetheretherketone (PEEK) reinforced with carbon fibers (CF) is investigated by nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests. The use of the material as a medical implant grade requires a detailed understanding of the micromechanical properties which primarily define its in vivo behavior. Sterilization is a mandatory process for such materials used in medical applications like bone implants. The steam and gamma radiation sterilization processes employed in this study are at sufficient levels to affect the micromechanical properties of some polymer materials, particularly in the interphase region between the polymer matrix and the reinforcing fibers. Nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests are used in this work to reveal local gradients in the hardness and the elastic properties of the interphase regions. Both methods help to explore microscopic changes in the hardness, reduced stiffness and scratch resistance in the interphase region and in the bulk polymer matrix due to the different sterilization processes employed. The results reveal that neither steam nor gamma radiation sterilization entails significant changes of the reduced elastic modulus, hardness or coefficient of friction in the bulk polymer matrix. However, minor material changes of the PEEK matrix were observed in the interphase region. Of the two sterilization methods used, the steam treatment has a more significant influence on these small changes in this region and appears to increase slightly the thickness of the interphase zone.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany. a.godara@mpie.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Godara
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raabe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D001577:Benzophenones; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry*; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D004548:Elasticity; D005720:Gamma Rays; D007595:Joint Prosthesis; D007659:Ketones / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D053758:Nanoparticles; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001843:Bone Cements; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D007659:Ketones; D011108:Polymers; C063834:polyetheretherketone; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D002244:Carbon