title: Bacteraemia in patients admitted to an urban hospital in West Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies on bacteraemia in Africa have been published. We aimed to prospectively identify the causative organisms of bacteraemia in The Gambia and their relation to clinical diagnoses, outcome and antimicrobial susceptibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 2003 and February 2005 we studied those admitted to the Medical Research Council hospital who were suspected of having bacteraemia. We documented clinical features, outcome, pathogens identified and their susceptibility patterns, and searched for factors associated with bacteraemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  871 patients were admitted and had a blood culture taken. The median age was 2 years (range 2 months to 80 years) and 36 of 119 tested were HIV positive; 54.5% were male. 297 (34%) had a positive result and 93 (10.7% overall) were considered a genuine pathogen. Those with bacteraemia were more likely to die in hospital (OR 2.79; 1.17-6.65, p = 0.017) and to have a high white cell count (WCC; OR 1.81;95% CI 1.09-3.02; p = 0.022). Three organisms accounted for 73% of bacteraemias: Streptococcus pneumoniae (45.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (18.3%) and Escherichia coli (9.7%) while non-typhoidal salmonellae (NTS) accounted for 8.6%. Antimicrobial susceptibility of S. pneumoniae was very high to penicillin (97.5%); high resistance was found to co-trimoxazole. S. aureus was generally highly susceptible to cloxacillin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol. E. coli and NTS were all susceptible to ciprofloxacin and mostly susceptible to gentamicin. Thirteen (33%) S. pneumoniae isolates were of serotypes contained in a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 20 (51.3%) were of the same serogroup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In The Gambia, those with bacteraemia are more likely than those without to die in hospital and to have a raised peripheral blood WCC. S. pneumoniae is the most common organism isolated. Introduction of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine can be expected to lead to a reduction in disease incidence.
authors.affiliation: Bacterial Diseases Programme, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia. phill@mrc.gm
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Charles O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Onyeama
authors.forename: Usman N A
authors.initials: UN
authors.lastname: Ikumapayi
authors.forename: Ousman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Secka
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ameyaw
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Simmonds
authors.forename: Simon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Donkor
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Howie
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tapgun
authors.forename: Tumani
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Corrah
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Adegbola
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D005714:Gambia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents