Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) : usefulness of the Apfel-score for identification of high risk patients for PONV.
OBJECTIVE
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) still represent an important problem in surgery. Treatment and prevention of PONV requires accurate risk stratification. The simplified Apfel-score includes the four factors female gender, no smoking, postoperative use of opioides and previous PONV or motion-sickness in patients' history. Each of these risk factors is supposed to elevate the PONV-incidence about 20%. The aim of the study was to validate this clinical risk assessment score in patients with high risk for PONV.


METHODS
In a prospective study 93 patients with high risk preoperative score for PONV (Apfel Score III and IV) were analyzed. Patients and nurses were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire at the time of discharge from the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) as well as 6 hours and 24 hours after admission to the PACU. General anaesthesia was applied as total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with mivacurium, propofol and remifentanil (no nitrous oxide / FI 02 0.5)


RESULTS
In the group with Apfel score III PONV occurred in 59.7% of patients and in the Apfel score group IV in 91.3% of all patients. The incidence of PONV corresponds to the predicted values of 60% for Apfel III and 80% for Apfel IV although the use of TIVA should have reduced the incidence of PONV about 26%. This apparent overestimation could be explained by the frequent questioning of patients and nurses for PONV leading to assessment of very minor symptoms.


CONCLUSIONS
The Apfel-score is a useful and simple tool for stratification of patients with high risk for PONV.
Weilbach
C
C
Clinic for Anaesthesia, St. Josefs-Hospital Cloppenburg, Krankenhausstrasse 13, 49661 Cloppenburg, Germany. c.weilbach@kh-clp.de
Rahe-meyer
N
N
Raymondos
K
K
Weissig
A
A
Scheinichen
D
D
Piepenbrock
S
S
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010880:Piperidines / Q000009:adverse effects; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015742:Propofol / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077208:Remifentanil; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015742:Propofol