title: Refractive defects and cataracts in mice lacking lens intrinsic membrane protein-2.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the optical properties of lenses from mice deficient in the gene for lens intrinsic membrane protein-2 (Lim2), which encodes the second most abundant integral protein (Lim2) of lens fiber cell plasma membranes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lim2-deficient mice were derived from a library of gene-trap embryo stem cells. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of tail genomic DNA and resequencing. Lim2 expression was analyzed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and Northern blotting of lens total RNA, immunoblotting of lens membrane extracts, and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy of lens sections. Lens morphology was assessed by light microscopy, and lens refractive properties were quantified with a laser imaging system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genomic PCR amplification and resequencing indicated that the gene-trap vector had disrupted intron 3 of Lim2, effectively resulting in a null allele (Lim2(Gt)), as verified by RT-PCR amplification and sequencing, RNA blotting, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Heterozygous Lim2 gene-trap lenses (Lim2(Gt/+)) were morphologically indistinguishable from wild type, whereas homozygous Lim2 gene-trap lenses (Lim2(Gt/Gt)) consistently developed faint, central pulverulent cataracts. Laser imaging analysis indicated that rays passing through the peripheral cortex of the Lim2(Gt/Gt) lens were more strongly refracted than normal, suggesting that the internal gradient refractive index of the lens was disturbed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that heterozygous loss of Lim2 is insufficient to trigger cataracts in mice, and they provide the first direct evidence that Lim2 plays a critical role in establishing the correct internal refractive properties of the crystalline lens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8096, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. shiels@vision.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shiels
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Donna S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Mackay
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bassnett
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002386:Cataract / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020868:Gene Silencing / Q000502:physiology*; D005838:Genotype; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; C489025:Lim2 protein, mouse; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins