title: Potent activity of the lichen antibiotic (+)-usnic acid against clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and methicillin-resistant staphylococci, most notably methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), are serious clinical problems. The antibiotic arsenal available against them is limited, and new mutants worsen the situation. We studied the activity of (+)-usnic acid, an old lichen-derived drug, and its sodium salt against clinical isolates of VRE and MRSA using the agar diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. The acid and, especially, the sodium salt had potent antimicrobial activity against all clinical isolates of VRE and MRSA studied. The MIC values of the sodium salt against VRE strains ranged between 4 and 16 microg/ml (1-day test) and between 4 and 31 microg/ml (2-day test), being below 8 microg/ml for most strains. The salt had potent activity even against those strains that were not inhibited by ampicillin (125 microg/ml), and it never lost its activity after 24 h, in contrast to ampicillin. Thus, in spite of the fact that usnic acid can in some cases cause serious toxicity, it and its salts may be worth considering in clinical practice in cases where other therapies have failed or the microbe is resistant toward other agents.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Biocenter 2), Helsinki 00014, Finland. Hannu.Elo@Helsinki.Fi
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elo
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matikainen
authors.forename: Eila
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pelttari
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects; D008011:Lichens; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001572:Benzofurans; C073339:usnic acid; D014640:Vancomycin