Bovine herpesvirus 1 infection and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), classified as an alphaherpesvirus, is a major pathogen of cattle. Primary infection is accompanied by various clinical manifestations such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, abortion, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, and systemic infection in neonates. When animals survive, a life-long latent infection is established in nervous sensory ganglia. Several reactivation stimuli can lead to viral re-excretion, which is responsible for the maintenance of BoHV-1 within a cattle herd. This paper focuses on an updated pathogenesis based on a molecular characterization of BoHV-1 and the description of the virus cycle. Special emphasis is accorded to the impact of the latency and reactivation cycle on the epidemiology and the control of BoHV-1. Several European countries have initiated BoHV-1 eradication schemes because of the significant losses incurred by disease and trading restrictions. The vaccines used against BoHV-1 are described in this context where the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals is of critical importance to achieve BoHV-1 eradication.
Muylkens
Benoît
B
Virology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20, B43b, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
Thiry
Julien
J
Kirten
Philippe
P
Schynts
Frédéric
F
Thiry
Etienne
E
D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000821:virology*; D007242:Herpesvirus 1, Bovine / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D007241:Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*