title: Perfluorocarbon in microcirculation during ischemia reperfusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions administered at a nonhemodiluting dose were studied in the hamster window chamber model to determine the difference in ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with PFC delivery before and after an ischemic episode.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ischemia was induced by compressing the periphery of the window chamber for 1 hour. Vessel diameter, red blood cell velocity, rolling and adherent leukocytes, and functional capillary density (FCD) were assessed by intravital microscopy. The animals received an infusion (10% blood volume) of PFC emulsion or equivalent volumes of saline, before or after ischemia. Two groups were studied in each experimental protocol: A, infusion after ischemia; and B, infusion before ischemia, where a fraction of the infused material stagnated in the ischemic zone during the occlusion time. Measurements were made before induced ischemia and at 0.5, 2, and 24 hours of reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animals treated with PFC after ischemia had substantially decreased leukocytes rolling and sticking in postcapillary venules and recovered functional capillary density and blood flow when compared with saline-treated controls. Conversely, administration of PFC before ischemia considerably reduced functional capillary density and increased leukocyte activation after reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that PFC without stagnation within an ischemic zone attenuates postischemic reperfusion injury of striated skin muscle, presumably through the reduction of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. Accordingly, PFC effects on ischemia-reperfusion injury are determined mainly by the time of administration relative to the ischemic episodes.
authors.affiliation: La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, La Jolla, CA.; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cabrales
authors.forename: Amy G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Intaglietta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001160:Arterioles / Q000187:drug effects; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002196:Capillaries / Q000187:drug effects; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D006224:Cricetinae; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000502:physiology; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000628:therapy*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D015424:Reperfusion; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014699:Venules / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001802:Blood Substitutes; D005466:Fluorocarbons