title: Cortical and spinal adaptations induced by balance training: correlation between stance stability and corticospinal activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the sites of adaptation responsible for improved stance stability after balance (=sensorimotor) training, changes in corticospinal and spinal excitability were investigated in 23 healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neural adaptations were assessed by means of H-reflex stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and conditioning of the H-reflex by TMS (Hcond) before and after 4 weeks of balance training. All measurements were performed during stance perturbation on a treadmill. Fast posterior translations induced short- (SLR), medium- and long-latency responses (LLR) in the soleus muscle. Motor-evoked potential- (MEP) and Hcond-amplitudes as well as Hmax/Mmax ratios were determined at SLR and LLR. Postural stability was measured during perturbation on the treadmill.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Balance training improved postural stability. Hmax/Mmax ratios were significantly decreased at LLR. MEPs and Hcond revealed significantly reduced facilitation at LLR following training. A negative correlation between adaptations of Hcond and changes in stance stability was observed (r = -0.87; P < 0.01) while no correlation was found between stance stability and changes in Hmax/Mmax ratio. No changes in any parameter occurred at the spinally organized SLR and in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The decrease in MEP- and Hcond-facilitation implies reduced corticospinal and cortical excitability at the transcortically mediated LLR. Changes in cortical excitability were directly related to improvements in stance stability as shown by correlation of these parameters. The absence of such a correlation between Hmax/Mmax ratios and stance stability suggests that mainly supraspinal adaptations contributed to improved balance performance following training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. wolfgang.taube@sport.unifreiburg.de
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Taube
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faist
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gollhofer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schubert
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006181:H-Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods