title: Bivalirudin versus heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in drug-eluting stent implantations in the absence of acute myocardial infarction: clinical and economic results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of bivalirudin in percutaneous coronary interventions has been shown to be clinically safe and effective, and may be associated with shorter hospital stays and lower costs than heparin + glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibition. This study compared the utilization, clinical outcomes and costs associated with the planned use of bivalirudin versus heparin + GP IIb/IIIa inhibition in drug-eluting stent (DES) patients without acute myocardial infarction (MI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively studied 1,842 patients who underwent DES placement between May 2003 and December 2004. Planned treatment with heparin + GP IIb/IIIa inhibition was administered to 1,305 and planned bivalirudin alone was administered to 537 patients. Clinical follow ups (mean = 782 +/- 204 days) were obtained via telephone or mailed surveys in 1,813 patients (98.4%). Propensity analysis was utilized to adjust for between-groups baseline differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The unadjusted data revealed similar in-hospital outcomes in both groups. After propensity adjustment, the rate of vascular complications was significantly lower in the bivalirudin-treated group (0.2% vs. 1.2%; p = 0.04). At 1 year, clinical outcomes were similar in both groups. The overall unadjusted and adjusted cost analysis revealed similar mean hospital costs (11,384 U.S. dollars vs. 11,018 U.S. dollars; p = ns) and length of stay (2.9 days vs. 2.8 days; p = ns) in both groups. The unadjusted and adjusted mean hospital costs were significantly lower in patients treated with bivalirudin versus patients who received heparin + abciximab.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that bivalirudin is a safe, cost-effective alternative to heparin + GP IIb/IIIa inhibition in patients undergoing DES in the absence of acute MI.
authors.affiliation: Prairie Heart Institute at St. John's Hospital, Springfield, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Mishkel
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Markwell
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Ligon
mesh_terms: D000077284:Abciximab; D000368:Aged; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000628:therapy; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D000077542:Eptifibatide; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006629:Hirudins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010455:Peptides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015607:Stents / Q000191:economics; D000077466:Tirofiban; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000925:Anticoagulants; D006629:Hirudins; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010455:Peptides; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014443:Tyrosine; D006493:Heparin; D000077466:Tirofiban; D000077542:Eptifibatide; D017239:Paclitaxel; C074619:bivalirudin; D020123:Sirolimus; D000077284:Abciximab