title: Response to highly active antiretroviral therapy among severely immuno-compromised HIV-infected patients in Cambodia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HAART efficacy was evaluated in a real-life setting in Phnom Penh (Médecins Sans Frontières programme) among severely immuno-compromised patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Factors associated with mortality and immune reconstitution were identified using Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From July 2001 to April 2005, 1735 patients initiated HAART, with median CD4 cell count of 20 (inter-quartile range, 6-78) cells/microl. Mortality at 2 years increased as the CD4 cell count at HAART initiation decreased, (4.4, 4.5, 7.5 and 24.7% in patients with CD4 cell count > 100, 51-100, 21-50 and < or = 20 cells/microl, respectively; P < 10). Cotrimoxazole and fluconazole prophylaxis were protective against mortality as long as CD4 cell counts remained < or = 200 and < or = 100 cells/microl, respectively. The proportion of patients with successful immune reconstitution (CD4 cell gain > 100 cells/microl at 6 months) was 46.3%; it was lower in patients with previous ART exposure [odds ratio (OR), 0.16; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.05-0.45] and patients developing a new opportunistic infection/immune reconstitution infection syndromes (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.52-0.98). Similar efficacy was found between the stavudine-lamivudine-nevirapine fixed dose combination and the combination stavudine-lamivudine-efavirenz in terms of mortality and successful immune reconstitution. No surrogate markers for CD4 cell change could be identified among total lymphocyte count, haemoglobin, weight and body mass index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although CD4 cell count-stratified mortality rates were similar to those observed in industrialized countries for patients with CD4 cell count > 50 cells/microl, patients with CD4 cell count < or = 20 cells/microl posed a real challenge to clinicians. Widespread voluntary HIV testing and counselling should be encouraged to allow HAART initiation before the development of severe immuno-suppression.
authors.affiliation: Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Yoann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Madec
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laureillard
authors.forename: Loretxu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pinoges
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Narom
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Prak
authors.forename: Chanchhaya
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ngeth
authors.forename: Sumanak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moeung
authors.forename: Sovannara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Suna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balkan
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferradini
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quillet
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fontanet
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002160:Cambodia; D003906:Developing Countries; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D008297:Male; D015397:Program Evaluation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents