title: Massive apoptotic cell death of human glioma cells via a mitochondrial pathway following 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy.
abstract: The basic mechanism of cell death induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) (ALA-PDT) in glioma cells has not been fully elucidated. In this study, the details of the cell death mechanism induced by ALA-PDT were investigated in three human glioma cell lines (U251MG, U87MG, and U118MG) in vitro. To evaluate the manner of accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), intracellular PpIX contents were measured by flow cytometry after incubation with 5-ALA. To analyze the mechanism of cell death, U251MG cells were assayed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-FITC nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method, and the caspase activity was measured after ALA-PDT. Furthermore, the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c were determined. PpIX fluorescence reached a plateau 4 h after exposure to 5-ALA. The proportion of dead cells increased with increases in the dosage of light. These cells were confirmed by TUNEL staining to be apoptotic. Increases in the activity of both caspase-3 and -9, a decrease in MMP, and a marked increase in cytochrome c in the cytosolic fraction were found after cells were subjected to PDT. These results indicate that a dysfunction of MMP is followed by mitochondrial cytochrome c release, which triggers apoptosis through a mitochondrial pathway. ALA-PDT induces massive apoptosis due to the direct activation of a mitochondrial pathway, which is resistant to many anti-apoptotic processes, in human glioma cells. This finding implies that ALA-PDT is a promising therapy for the treatment of apoptosis-reluctant tumors such as malignant gliomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Yoshinaga
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kajimoto
authors.forename: Masa-Aki
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyoshi
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyatake
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Otsuki
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuroiwa
mesh_terms: D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; D045304:Cytochromes c; C028025:protoporphyrin IX; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9