title: Pathological gambling: a review of phenomenological models and treatment modalities for an underrecognized psychiatric disorder.
abstract: Pathological gambling (PG) is a prevalent and highly disabling impulse-control disorder. Two dominant phenomenological models for PG have been presented in the literature. According to one model, PG is included as an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder, while according to the second model, PG represents a form of nonpharmacologic addiction. In this article, we present an expanded conceptualization of the phenomenology of PG. On the basis of our clinical research experience and a review of data in the field, we propose 3 subtypes of pathological gamblers: the "impulsive" subtype, the "obsessive-compulsive" subtype, and the "addictive" subtype. We also review the current pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment strategies for PG. A further aim of this article is to encourage awareness of the importance of improved screening procedures for the early detection of PG.
authors.affiliation: Rehovot Community Mental Health & Rehabilitation Center affililated with Ness Ziona Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, Rehovot, Israel. pinhasd@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Pinhas N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Dannon
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lowengrub
authors.forename: Yehudit
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gonopolski
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Musin
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kotler