title: Effect of genistein on mouse blastocyst development in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the cytotoxic effects of genistein, an isoflavone compound, on early postimplantation embryonic development in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse blastocysts were incubated in medium with or without genistein (25 or 50 micromol/L) or daidzein (50 micromol/L) for 24 h. Cell proliferation and growth was investigated by dual differential staining, apoptosis was analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and apoptotic or necrotic cells were visualized by Annexin-V and propidium iodide (PI) staining. Implantation and postimplantation development of embryos were measured by in vitro development analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TUNEL staining and Annexin-V/PI staining showed that genistein dose-dependently increased apoptosis in mouse blastocysts, while daidzein, another soy isoflavone, had no such effect. The pretreatment of the blastocysts with genistein caused fewer cells than the control group and this effect was primary in the inner cell mass. The genistein-pretreated blastocysts showed normal levels of implantation on culture dishes in vitro, but significantly fewer genistein-pretreated embryos reached the later stages of embryonic development versus the controls, with many of the former embryos dying at relatively early stages of development. In addition, genistein treatment decreased the development of morulas into blastocysts, and dietary genistein was found to induce cell apoptosis and decrease cell proliferation in an animal assay model of embryogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results collectively indicate that genistein treatment of mouse blastocysts induces apoptosis, decreases cell numbers, retards early postimplantation blastocyst development, and increases early-stage blastocyst death in vitro, while dietary genistein appears to negatively affect mouse embryonic development in vivo by inducing cell apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. These novel findings provide important new insights into the effect of genistein on mouse blastocysts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience Technology and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li 32023, Taiwan, China. whchan@cycu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Wen-hsiung
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Hsiang-yu
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Nion-heng
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Shiao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D019833:Genistein