title: Progression of intermittent, small-angle, and variable esotropia in infancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Esotropia (ET) in infancy may initially manifest as a small-angle, variable-angle, or intermittent deviation. Some patients experience spontaneous resolution and become orthophoric. Others progress to constant large-angle ET and require surgery. The authors examined factors that may be associated with risk for progression to constant large-angle ET.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-seven infants who initially presented with intermittent, small (<20 prism diopter [pd]) or variable-angle ET at 2 to 12 months of age were followed up until the ET was resolved, the infants had surgery, or the parents or guardians refused surgery. All infants with refractive correction >/=+3.50 D were treated initially with glasses. Four risk factors were examined: prescription of occlusion therapy, initial visit before 6 months of age, presence of amblyopia, and abnormal stereoacuity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 12 infants with small or variable angles progressed to constant large-angle ET and surgery. ET resolved spontaneously in 44.6% (29/65) infants in whom it was intermittent. Infants with intermittent ET who received patches as initial treatment and who had abnormal stereoacuity had 3.4x (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.83-6.29) and 3.4x (95% CI, 1.66-6.78) higher risk for progression to constant large-angle ET, respectively. Neither age at initial visit nor amblyopia presented risk for progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal stereoacuity and occlusion therapy pose significant risks for progression from intermittent to constant large-angle ET. Intermittent ET that develops during the first year of life has a high likelihood of spontaneous resolution, whereas constant small-angle or variable-angle ET seldom resolves.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Eye Research Laboratory, Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA. vfu@retinafoundation.org
authors.forename: Valeria L N
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Stager
authors.forename: Eileen E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Birch
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D004948:Esotropia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D012075:Remission, Spontaneous; D012307:Risk Factors; D012683:Sensory Deprivation; D014792:Visual Acuity