title: Mechanism of the sulfurisation of phosphines and phosphites using 3-amino-1,2,4-dithiazole-5-thione (xanthane hydride).
abstract: Contrary to a previous report, the sulfurisation of phosphorus(III) derivatives by 3-amino-1,2,4-dithiazole-5-thione (xanthane hydride) does not yield carbon disulfide and cyanamide as the additional reaction products. The reaction of xanthane hydride with triphenyl phosphine or trimethyl phosphite yields triphenyl phosphine sulfide or trimethyl thiophosphate, respectively, and thiocarbamoyl isothiocyanate which has been trapped with nucleophiles. The reaction pathway involves initial nucleophilic attack of the phosphorus at sulfur next to the thiocarbonyl group of xanthane hydride followed by decomposition of the phosphonium intermediate formed to products. The Hammett rho-values for the sulfurisation of substituted triphenyl phosphines and triphenyl phosphites in acetonitrile are approximately -1.0. The entropies of activation are very negative (-114+/-15 J mol-1 K-1) with little dependence on solvent which is consistent with a bimolecular association step leading to the transition state. The negative values of DeltaS(not equal) and rho values indicate that the rate limiting step of the sulfurisation reaction is formation of the phosphonium ion intermediate which has an early transition state with little covalent bond formation. The site of nucleophilic attack has been also confirmed using computational calculations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Cs. Legií 565, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic. Jiri.Hanusek@upce.cz
authors.forename: Jirí
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanusek
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Laws
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jansa
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Atherton
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fettes
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Page
mesh_terms: D000640:Amitrole / Q000737:chemistry; D002246:Carbon Disulfide / Q000737:chemistry; D003484:Cyanamide / Q000737:chemistry; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D006868:Hydrolysis; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010720:Phosphines / Q000737:chemistry*; D017905:Phosphites / Q000737:chemistry*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry; D013455:Sulfur / Q000737:chemistry*; D013816:Thermodynamics; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D013871:Thiones / Q000737:chemistry*; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017879:Isothiocyanates; D010720:Phosphines; D017905:Phosphites; D013844:Thiazoles; D013871:Thiones; D014227:Triazines; C520724:xanthane hydride; C085327:3-amino-1,2,4-triazine; D010758:Phosphorus; C037152:isothiocyanic acid; D003484:Cyanamide; D013455:Sulfur; C044646:phosphine; D002246:Carbon Disulfide; D000640:Amitrole