title: In vivo evaluation of a porous, elastic, biodegradable patch for reconstructive cardiac procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several synthetic materials have been used for cardiac reconstruction in patients with complex congenital heart defects. These materials are not viable, do not grow with children, and may necessitate reoperation. We report here on the cardiac implantation of a recently developed, degradable porous material designed to facilitate cellular ingrowth during the healing process.
  
  
  METHODS
  An elastomeric, biodegradable polyester urethane urea (PEUU) was processed into circular scaffolds and used to replace a surgical defect in the right ventricular outflow tract of adult rats. Control rats were implanted with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. Histologic evaluation was performed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks postsurgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All animals survived the surgery. Both PEUU and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene were encapsulated with fibrous tissue and had complete endothelialization on the endocardial surface with no aneurysm formation or thrombus noted. With PEUU patching, fibroblast ingrowth occurred at 4 weeks, increasing with time. In contrast, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene patches exhibited no ingrowth and elicited local inflammation that moderated with time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PEUU patch demonstrated suitable mechanical properties and biocompatible characteristics in the right ventricular outflow tract replacement model, permitting cellular integration and endocardial endothelialization with minimal inflammation. Future application of this material as a cardiovascular scaffold seems promising.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Kazuro L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000592:standards*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D004548:Elasticity; D020724:Elastomers; D004727:Endothelium / Q000473:pathology; D004867:Equipment Design; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000473:pathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D011140:Polyurethanes; D016062:Porosity; D011184:Postoperative Period; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000592:standards*; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020724:Elastomers; D011140:Polyurethanes; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; C044690:polyetherurethane urea