Balancing Selection, Inversion Polymorphism and Adaptation in Ddt-Resistant Populations of DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER.
The modes of selection important in maintaining an inversion-allozyme polymorphism in two laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster were examined. The populations, 731R and J2, are highly resistant to DDT. The polymorphism involves the Standard and In(3R)P chromosomal arrangements in very strong linkage association with the AO( 1) and AO(4) allozymes, respectively, of the aldehyde oxidase locus-The mean fertilities of the three karyotypes were not significantly different in 731R, but, in J2, In/In was significantly inferior to St/St and St/In. Egg-to-adult viability tests indicated very strong heterozygote advantage at all frequency combinations of the karyotypes in both populations when DDT was present. When DDT was excluded, the viabilities varied over the frequency combinations but were not inversely correlated with karyotype frequency, as predicted by balancing frequency-dependent selection. Discrete, multiple-generation experiments showed a rapid increase in heterozygote frequency to about 80% in both populations when DDT was present. Without DDT, 731R showed apparent directional selection favoring St, whereas J2 showed persistence of the polymorphism, although with extensive fluctuation.-Thus, the inversion-allozyme polymorphism is directly involved in the adaptation to a specific environmental component, DDT, and the selective advantage of the heterozygotes is the important balancing force. Balancing frequency-dependent selection was not observed, which suggests the hypothesis that this form of selection may not be involved in adaptation to novel environmental conditions.
Barnes
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Zoology Program, Department of Ecology and Behavioral Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.