title: Retinopathy predicts cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetic men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of retinopathy with the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in type 2 diabetic subjects in a population-based 18-year follow-up study with particular emphasis on sex differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study cohort comprised 425 Finnish type 2 diabetic men and 399 type 2 diabetic women who were free of CVD at baseline. The findings were classified based on standardized clinical ophthalmoscopy to categories of no retinopathy, background retinopathy, and proliferative retinopathy. The study end points were all-cause, CVD, and CHD mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted Cox model hazard ratios (95% CIs) of all-cause, CVD, and CHD mortality in men were 1.34 (0.98-1.83), 1.30 (0.86-1.96), and 1.18 (0.74-1.89), respectively, for background retinopathy and 3.05 (1.70-5.45), 3.32 (1.61-6.78), and 2.54 (1.07-6.04), respectively, for proliferative retinopathy and in women 1.61 (1.17-2.22), 1.71 (1.17-2.51), and 1.79 (1.13-2.85), respectively, for background retinopathy and 2.92 (1.41-6.06), 3.17 (1.38-7.30), and 4.98 (2.06-12.06), respectively, for proliferative retinopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proliferative retinopathy in both sexes and background retinopathy in women predicted all-cause, CVD, and CHD death. These associations were independent of current smoking, hypertension, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, glycemic control of diabetes, duration of diabetes, and proteinuria. This suggests the presence of common background pathways for diabetic microvascular and macrovascular disease other than those included in the conventional risk assessment of CVD. The sex difference observed in the association of background retinopathy with macrovascular disease warrants closer examination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio, 70210 Kuopio, Finland. markku.laakso@kuh.fi
authors.forename: Auni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Juutilainen
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lehto
authors.forename: Tapani
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rönnemaa
authors.forename: Kalevi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pyörälä
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laakso
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000401:mortality*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004032:Diet; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D002784:Cholesterol