title: Imaging delta- and mu-opioid receptors by PET in lung carcinoma patients.
abstract: In the present study, we measured the kinetics and distribution in vivo of the selective delta-opioid antagonist 11C-methylnaltrindole (11C-MeNTI) and the mu-opioid agonist 11C-carfentanil (11C-CFN) in patients with lung carcinoma using PET.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paired measurements of 11C-MeNTI and 11C-CFN binding were performed in biopsy-proven small-cell (n = 2), squamous (n = 2), and adenocarcinoma (n = 3) lung cancer patients. Dynamic PET scans of increasing duration (0.5-8 min) were acquired over 90 min after an intravenous bolus injection of 370 MBq of tracer. Time-activity curves for tumor and normal lung parenchyma binding were generated using the region-of-interest (ROI) method. The mean activity at equilibrium was measured, and the specific-to-nonspecific binding ratio (tumor - lung)/lung was calculated. Four of 7 patients underwent an additional static 18F-FDG PET scan for clinical indications. Three of 7 patients underwent surgery, and stained sections of tumor were inspected for inflammation, necrosis, and scar tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased binding of 11C-MeNTI and 11C-CFN was detected in all tumor types studied. 11C-MeNTI binding in tumor and healthy lung tissue was significantly more intense than that of 11C-CFN. The average specific-to-nonspecific binding ratio across cell types for 11C-MeNTI (4.32 +/- 1.31; mean +/- SEM) was greater than that of 11C-CFN (2.42 +/- 1.17) but lower than that of 18F-FDG (7.74 +/- 0.53). Intravenous naloxone produced 50% and 44% decreases in the specific-to-nonspecific binding ratios of 11C-MeNTI and 11C-CFN, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide in vivo evidence for the presence of delta- and mu-opioid receptor types in the 3 major human lung carcinomas and suggest the suitability of 11C-MeNTI and 11C-CFN as investigational probes of lung carcinoma biology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. imadar@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Igal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Madar
authors.forename: Badreddine
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bencherif
authors.forename: Badredin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bencherif
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lever
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Heitmiller
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brahmer
authors.forename: Hayden
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ravert
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dannals
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Frost
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009336:Necrosis; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000378:metabolism*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D009270:Naloxone