title: Spatial-temporal variation and comparative assessment of water qualities of urban river system: a case study of the river Bagmati (Nepal).
abstract: The study presents the assessment of variation of water qualities, classification of monitoring networks and detection of pollution sources along the Bagmati River and its tributaries in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal. Seventeen stations, monitored for 23 physical and chemical parameters in pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon and winter seasons, during the period 1999-2003, were selected for the purpose of this study. The study revealed that the upstream river water qualities in the rural areas were increasingly affected from human sewage and chemical fertilizers. In downstream urban areas, the river was heavily polluted with untreated municipal sewage. The contribution of industries to pollute the river was minimal. The higher ratio of COD to BOD (3.74 in the rural and 2.06 in the urban) confirmed the increased industrial activities in the rural areas. An increasing trend of nitrate was found in the rural areas. In the urban areas, increasing trend of phosphorus was detected. The water quality measurement in the study period showed that DO was below 4 mg/l and BOD, COD, TIN, TP and TSS above 39.1, 59.2, 10.1, 0.84 and 199 mg/l, respectively, in the urban areas. In the rural areas, DO was above 6.2 mg/l and BOD, COD, TIN, TP and TSS below 15.9, 31, 5.24, 0.41 and 134.5 mg/l, respectively. The analysis for data from 1988 to 2003 at a key station in the river revealed that BOD was increasing at a rate of 1.8 mg/l in the Bagmati River. A comparative study for the water quality variables in the urban areas showed that the main river and its tributaries were equally polluted. The other comparison showed the urban water qualities were significantly poor as compared with rural. The cluster analysis detected three distinct monitoring groups: (1) low water pollution region, (2) medium water pollution region, (3) heavy water pollution region. For rapid assessment of water qualities using the representative sites could serve to optimize cost and time without loosing any significance of the outcome. The factor analysis revealed distinct groups of sources and pollutions (organics, nutrients, solutes and physicochemical).
authors.affiliation: Water Environment and Remediation Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, South Korea. prakash.kannel@gmail.com
authors.forename: Prakash Raj
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kannel
authors.forename: Seockheon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sushil Raj
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kanel
authors.forename: Siddhi Pratap
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Young-Soo
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D009390:Nepal; D045483:Rivers; D014505:Urban Population; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014873:Water Pollutants