title: Growth promoting antibiotics in food animal production: an economic analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Considerable controversy persists regarding the use of human antibiotics to promote growth in animals raised for food. The authors examined the economic effect of removing antibiotics used for growth promotion in commercial broiler chickens.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors utilized data published by the Perdue company, the fourth largest poultry producer in the United States, in which a non-randomized controlled trial of growth-promoting antibiotic (GPA) use was conducted with seven million broiler chickens to evaluate the impact of removing GPAs on production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive production changes were associated with GPA use, but were insufficient to offset the cost of the antibiotics. The net effect of using GPAs was a lost value of 0.0093 dollars per chicken (about 0.45% of total cost). Based upon these data, the authors found no basis for the claim that the use of GPAs lowers the cost of production. Note that this study does not include veterinary cost changes or changes in performance variability associated with the removal of GPAs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This economic analysis is the first study to the authors' knowledge utilizing large-scale empirical data collected by U.S. industry, in which it is demonstrated that the use of GPAs in poultry production is associated with economic losses to the producers. These data are of considerable importance in the ongoing national debate concerning the continued use of antibiotics for growth promotion of food animals. Based on the industry study and the resulting economic impact, the use of GPAs in U.S. poultry production should be reconsidered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Environmental Health Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. jgraham@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Jay P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Boland
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Silbergeld
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000191:economics*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics*; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D018803:Models, Economic
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents