title: Five-year lung cancer screening experience: CT appearance, growth rate, location, and histologic features of 61 lung cancers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To retrospectively evaluate the computed tomography (CT)-determined size, morphology, location, morphologic change, and growth rate of incidence and prevalence lung cancers detected in high-risk individuals who underwent annual chest CT screening for 5 years and to evaluate the histologic features and stages of these cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was institutional review board approved and HIPAA compliant. Informed consent was waived. CT scans of 61 cancers (24 in men, 37 in women; age range, 53-79 years; mean, 65 years) were retrospectively reviewed for cancer size, morphology, and location. Forty-eight cancers were assessed for morphologic change and volume doubling time (VDT), which was calculated by using a modified Schwartz equation. Histologic sections were retrospectively reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean tumor size was 16.4 mm (range, 5.5-52.5 mm). Most common CT morphologic features were as follows: for bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) (n = 9), ground-glass attenuation (n = 6, 67%) and smooth (n = 3, 33%), irregular (n = 3, 33%), or spiculated (n = 3, 33%) margin; for non-BAC adenocarcinomas (n = 25), semisolid (n = 11, 44%) or solid (n = 12, 48%) attenuation and irregular margin (n = 14, 56%); for squamous cell carcinoma (n = 14), solid attenuation (n = 12, 86%) and irregular margin (n = 10, 71%); for small cell or mixed small and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (n = 7), solid attenuation (n = 6, 86%) and irregular margin (n = 5, 71%); for non-small cell carcinoma not otherwise specified (n = 5), solid attenuation (n = 4, 80%) and irregular margin (n = 3, 60%); and for large cell carcinoma (n = 1), solid attenuation and spiculated shape (n = 1, 100%). Attenuation most often (in 12 of 21 cases) increased. Margins most often (in 16 of 20 cases) became more irregular or spiculated. Mean VDT was 518 days. Thirteen of 48 cancers had a VDT longer than 400 days; 11 of these 13 cancers were in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overdiagnosis, especially in women, may be a substantial concern in lung cancer screening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 2-290, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. lindell.rebecca@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lindell
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Swensen
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jett
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Midthun
authors.forename: Henry D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Tazelaar
authors.forename: Jayawant N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Mandrekar
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002282:Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D000368:Aged; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*