title: Treatments for non-epileptic attack disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (NES) have the outward appearance of epilepsy in the absence of physiological or electroencephalographic correlates. Non-epileptic seizures can occur in isolation or in combination with epileptic seizures. The development and maintenance of non-epileptic seizures has been well documented and there is a growing literature on the treatment of NES which includes non-psychological (including anti-anxiety and antidepressant pharmacological treatment) and psychological therapies (including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), hypnotherapy and paradoxical therapy). Various treatment methodologies have been tried with variable success. The purpose of this Cochrane review was to establish the evidence base for the treatment of NES.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether treatments for NES result in a reduction in frequency of seizures and/or improvement in quality of life, and whether any treatment is significantly more effective than others.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group's Specialised Register (September 2005), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2005), MEDLINE (1966 to July 2005), and PsycINFO (1806 to July 2005). No language restrictions were imposed. We checked the reference lists of retrieved studies for additional reports of relevant studies
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised or quasi-randomised studies were included that assessed one or more types of psychological or non-psychological interventions for the treatment of NES. Studies of childhood NES were excluded from our review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three review authors independently assessed the trials for inclusion and extracted data. Outcomes included reduction in seizure frequency and improvements in quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three small studies met our inclusion criteria and were of poor methodological quality. Two assessed hypnosis and the other paradoxical therapy. There were no detailed reports of improved seizure frequency or quality of life outcomes, and these trials provide no reliable evidence of a beneficial effect of these interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In view of the methodological limitations and the small number of studies, we have no reliable evidence to support the use of any treatment including hypnosis or paradoxical injunction therapy in the treatment of NES. Randomised studies of these and other interventions are needed.
authors.affiliation: Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Neuropsychology, Lower Lane, Fazakerley, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK, L9 7LJ. Jayne.Brooks@thewaltoncentre.nhs.uk
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goodfellow
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bodde
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aldenkamp
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis / Q000379:methods; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012640:Seizures / Q000628:therapy*