title: Radiofrequency ablation therapy for small breast cancer followed by immediate surgical resection or delayed mammotome excision.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing demand for minimally invasive treatment approaches. Although radiofrequency (RF) ablation therapy is promising for the local treatment of small, well-localized breast cancer, the problem of determining tumor cell death after RF ablation remains.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first series of this study, 17 patients underwent surgical resection immediately after RF ablation and 7 patients received delayed mammotome excision in the second series. The ablated tumor tissue was examined histologically with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-diaphorase staining to assess tumor cell viability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histological examination with H&E staining revealed a spectrum of changes ranging from complete coagulation necrosis to normal-appearing tumor cells, although the degenerative changes were more remarkable in the second than in the first series. However, NADH-diaphorase staining revealed no viable tumor cells in the ablated lesion in either series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NADH-diaphorase staining is essential to assess the effects of RF ablation. However, further studies are needed to determine whether RF ablation may provide equivalent local control and survival compared with conventional BCT for patients with small breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Breast Care Center, Yatsuo General Hospital, Toyama, Japan. earashi3286@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Mitsuharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Earashi
authors.forename: Masakuni
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Motoyoshi
authors.forename: Hisatake
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujii
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001365:Axilla; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004801:Eosine Yellowish-(YS); D005260:Female; D006416:Hematoxylin; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008875:Middle Aged; D009243:NAD; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D014618:Vacuum
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D009243:NAD; D004801:Eosine Yellowish-(YS); D006416:Hematoxylin