title: Use of dried spots of whole blood, plasma, and mother's milk collected on filter paper for measurement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 burden.
abstract: We studied the use of dried spots of bodily fluids (plasma, whole blood, and mother's milk) on filter paper as a means of sample collection and storage for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral load testing under stringent field conditions. Plasma placed directly in lysis buffer, which is customarily used for viral load assays, was used for comparison in all our experiments. Utilizing reconstruction experiments, we demonstrate no statistical differences between viral loads determined for plasma and mother's milk spotted on filter paper and those for the same fluids placed directly in lysis buffer. We found that the addition of whole blood directly to lysis buffer was unreliable and could not be considered a feasible option. However, viral load measurements for whole blood spotted onto filter paper correlated with plasma viral load values for both filter spots and lysis buffer (Pearson correlation coefficients, 0.7706 and 0.8155, respectively). In conclusion, dried spots of plasma, whole blood, or mother's milk provide a feasible means for the collection, storage, and shipment of samples for subsequent viral load measurement and monitoring. Virus material spotted and dried on filter paper is a good inexpensive alternative for collecting patient material to monitor the HIV-1 viral load. Measuring the HIV-1 burden from whole blood dried on filter paper provides a suitable alternative for low-technology settings with limited access to refrigeration, as can be found in sub-Saharan Africa.
authors.affiliation: Ethio-Netherlands AIDS Research Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Workenesh
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ayele
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schuurman
authors.forename: Tsehaynesh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Messele
authors.forename: Wendelien
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dorigo-Zetsma
authors.forename: Yohannes
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mengistu
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goudsmit
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Paxton
authors.forename: Michel P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: de Baar
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pollakis
mesh_terms: D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000821:virology*; D010209:Paper; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral