title: Gefitinib and irinotecan in patients with fluoropyrimidine-refractory, irinotecan-naive advanced colorectal cancer: a phase I-II study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To establish the recommended dose level (RDL) and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of gefitinib plus irinotecan in patients with advanced fluoropyrimidine-refractory colorectal cancer (CRC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with advanced CRC progressing on or within 12 weeks of fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy, irinotecan naive and performance status of two or less were recruited. During dose-finding phase, dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was encountered at dose level 1, therefore subsequent dose de-escalation and pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were carried out. The RDL was then expanded in a multicentre setting to further evaluate safety and efficacy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From June 2002 to February 2005, 39 patients were treated in total with 27 at the RDL. The RDL was established at irinotecan 225 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks and gefitinib 250 mg daily. The DLTs were neutropenia and diarrhoea. For the patients treated at RDL, the objective tumour response rate was 11.1% (95% confidence interval 2.4% to 29.2%) and median survival was 9.3 months. PK studies indicated that the addition of irinotecan to gefitinib resulted in an average of 50% increase in exposure to gefitinib (P < 0.05), but gefitinib did not alter the PK profiles of irinotecan or SN-38. Grade 3-4 toxic effects in all patients included diarrhoea (35.9%), lethargy (15.4%), neutropenia (15.4%), febrile neutropenia (10.3%) and skin rash (7.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Irinotecan and gefitinib at this dose schedule was tolerable, but gefitinib did not appear to add substantial efficacy to irinotecan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, Downs Road, London and Surrey, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hickish
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Massey
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Botwood
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swaisland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D000077156:Gefitinib; D006801:Humans; D000077146:Irinotecan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D011799:Quinazolines; D000077146:Irinotecan; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D000077156:Gefitinib; D002166:Camptothecin