title: Peptic ulcer and bleeding events associated with rofecoxib in a 3-year colorectal adenoma chemoprevention trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to establish the incidence of symptomatic upper gastrointestinal ulcers, ulcer perforation, ulcer obstruction, or bleeding episodes (PUBs) associated with the use of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors at standard clinical doses compared with placebo. We report here on the PUB outcomes associated with the use of rofecoxib 25 mg in a 3-year, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial designed to determine the effect of rofecoxib on the risk of recurrent neoplastic polyps of the colon.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2587 patients with a history of colorectal adenomas underwent randomization to 25 mg/day of rofecoxib or to placebo. Investigator-reported PUBs were adjudicated by an external blinded committee. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards techniques were used to estimate incidence and relative risks of PUBs in an intention-to-treat analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients assigned to rofecoxib had a higher incidence of confirmed PUBs than those randomized to placebo (.88 vs .18 events per 100 patient-years; relative risk, 4.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.98-14.54). The incidence of confirmed complicated PUBs (ulcer perforation, obstruction, or bleeds) was low, but was numerically higher in the rofecoxib than in the placebo group (.23 vs .06 events per 100 patient-years; relative risk, 3.8; 95% confidence interval, .72-37.46; P = .14). Rofecoxib increased the incidence of confirmed PUBs vs placebo in both low-dose aspirin users and nonusers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with a history of colorectal adenomas, the long-term use of 25 mg/day of rofecoxib was associated with an increased risk of clinically relevant upper gastrointestinal events when compared with placebo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University Clinic Hospital, Instituto Aragones de Ciencias de la Salud (CIBER HEPAD) Zaragoza, Spain. alanas@posta.unizar.es
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lanas
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horgan
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bolognese
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oxenius
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Tomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schoen
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loftus
authors.forename: Yaron
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niv
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ridell
authors.forename: Dion
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bresalier
mesh_terms: D018256:Adenomatous Polyps / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007783:Lactones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010439:Peptic Ulcer Perforation / Q000139:chemically induced; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D013450:Sulfones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D007783:Lactones; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib