title: Chemotherapy resistance and oncogene expression in non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Empiric chemotherapy for patients with non-small cell lung cancer who have undergone resection is recommended without knowledge of the tumor's specific biologic characteristics, and many patients may not benefit. In vitro chemotherapy resistance is associated with clinical unresponsiveness in some tumors, and in lung cancer, chemotherapy resistance is prevalent. Multiple-agent chemotherapy resistance and association of chemotherapy resistance with molecular markers are described.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chemotherapy resistance to doublets--carboplatin and paclitaxel, cisplatin and navelbline, cisplatin and docetaxel, and cisplatin and gemcitabine--was analyzed in 4571 non-small cell lung cancer tumors with the extreme drug resistance assay. Chemotherapy resistance is defined as follows: extreme drug resistance, 1 SD above the median chemotherapy resistance; intermediate drug resistance, between the median and extreme drug resistances; and low drug resistance, 1 SD below the median. Chemotherapy resistance was compared with DNA ploidy measured by flow cytometry, and markers p53 and epithelial growth factor receptor were assayed by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumors with extreme or intermediate drug resistance were noted in 30% to carboplatin-paclitaxel, in 24% to cisplatin-navelbline, in 42% to cisplatin-gemcitabine, and in 27% to cisplatin-docetaxel. Extreme or intermediate drug resistance to at least one drug occurred in 74% to carboplatin-paclitaxel, in 68% to cisplatin-navelbline, in 88% to cisplatin-gemcitabine, and in 68% to cisplatin-docetaxel. More intermediate plus extreme chemotherapy resistances occurred in aneuploid tumors to etoposide (53% vs 36%, P = .0002) and topotecan (48% vs 36%, P = .0094), with less intermediate or extreme chemotherapy resistance to gemcitabine (88% vs 81%, P = .0345). p53-Positive tumors had more intermediate or extreme resistance to etoposide (57% vs 44%, P = .0009) and doxorubicin (73% vs. 58%, P = .0324) and less intermediate or extreme resistance to cisplatin (44% vs 54%, P = .0125), to carboplatin (47% vs 57%, P = .0129), to taxol (47% vs 57%, P = .0056), and to gemcitabine (78% vs 87%, P = .0108). Fewer epithelial growth factor receptor-positive tumors were extremely drug resistant to cisplatin (13% vs 26%, P = .0074) and carboplatin (13% v. 30%, P = .0008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multi-drug chemotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer tumor cultures is common, and associations between molecular markers and in vitro chemotherapy resistance are noted. Clinical validation through integration of such testing into clinical trials seems warranted.
authors.affiliation: Jefferson Medical College, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa 19107, USA. thomas.damato@jefferson.edu
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: d'Amato
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Landreneau
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ricketts
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mechetner
authors.forename: Ing-Ru
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Luketich
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077143:Docetaxel; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009857:Oncogenes / Q000235:genetics; D011003:Ploidies; D011336:Probability; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D043823:Taxoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics*; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D043823:Taxoids; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000077143:Docetaxel; D014747:Vinblastine; D016190:Carboplatin; D002945:Cisplatin; D000093542:Gemcitabine