title: Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing early central venous catheter Gram positive infections in oncology patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term tunnelled central venous catheters (TCVCs) are increasingly used when treating oncology patients. Despite international guidelines on sterile insertion, appropriate catheter maintenance and use, infections still a complication of TCVC. These infections are mainly caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrobial prevention strategies aimed at these micro-organisms could potentially decrease the majority of TCVC infections. The aim of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotics in the prevention of early TCVC infections.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of administering antibiotics prior to insertion of a TCVC with or without vancomycin/heparin flush technique in the first 45 days after insertion of the catheter to prevent Gram-positive catheter-related infections in oncology patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) to July 2006. MEDLINE (1966 to 2006) and EMBASE (1966 to 2006). Reference lists from relevant articles were scanned and conference proceedings were hand searched. The authors of eligible studies were contacted to obtain additional information.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected RCTs which administered prophylactic antibiotics prior to insertion of the TCVC, and RCTs using the combination of an antibiotic and heparin to flush the CVC in oncology patients (both adults and children).
  
  
  METHODS
  The studies identified were assessed and the data extracted independently by the two authors. Authors were contacted for details of randomization, and a quality assessment was carried out. The analysis was carried out using the standard Cochrane software package, RevMan 4.2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included nine trials with a total of 588 patients. Four reported on vancomycin/teicoplanin prior to insertion of the TCVC compared to placebo, and five trials reported on antibiotic flushing combined with heparin, compared to heparin flushing only. The overall effect of administering an antibiotic prior to insertion of the catheter decreases the number of Gram positive TCVC infections (odds ratio [OR] = 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13 to 1.31), this effect is not significant. Flushing the TCVC with antibiotics and heparin proved to be beneficial (OR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.87). For intraluminal colonization the baseline infection rate is 15% which leads to a number needed to treat (NNT) of 13 (95 % CI 5 to 23).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flushing of the catheter with a vanco/heparin lock solution leads to a positive overall effect. Depending on the baseline TCVC infection rate it is justified to flush the catheter with a combination of an antibiotic and heparin, if the catheter related infection-rate is high.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center/ Emma Childrens Hospital, PO Box 22700, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1100 DE. m.d.vandewetering@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: van de Wetering
authors.forename: J B M
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: van Woensel
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic