title: Noninvasive temperature estimation using sonographic digital images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a speckle-tracking method for tissue temperature estimation due to heating fields using digital sonographic images.
  
  
  METHODS
  The temperature change estimation method is based on the thermal dependence of the ultrasound speed and the thermal expansion of the medium. Local changes in the speed of sound due to changes in the temperature produce apparent displacement of the scatterers, and the expansion introduces physical displacement. In our study, a new technique has been introduced in which the axial physical displacements were obtained from digital sonographic images. The axial speckle pattern displacement was determined with a cross-correlation algorithm. The displacement data were then used for computing the temperature changes. To monitor the temperature in real time, the computational time was decreased by restricting the search region in the cross-correlation algorithm and carrying out the cross-correlation function in the frequency domain via a fast Fourier transform algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experiments were performed on tissue-mimicking phantoms. The imaging probe was a commercial linear array working at 10 MHz. In addition, the temperature changes during heating were measured invasively by negative temperature coefficient thermistors. There was good agreement between ultrasonic temperature estimations and invasive temperature measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed method verifies the capability of the speckle-tracking algorithm for determining both the magnitude and direction of displacement. The average error was 0.2 degrees C; the maximum error was 0.53 degrees C; and the SD was 0.19 degrees C. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is capable of extracting the temperature information from sonographic digital images.
authors.affiliation: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. abolhasm@sina.tums.ac.ir
authors.forename: Mohammad D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Abolhassani
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Norouzy
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takavar
authors.forename: Hosein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghanaati
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*