title: Chromogranin A activates diverse pathways mediating inducible nitric oxide expression and apoptosis in primary microglia.
abstract: Chromogranin A (CgA) is associated with microglial activation cascades implicated in neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's, Pick's and Parkinson's diseases. In primary rat microglia, CgA-mediated inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) expression, nitric oxide (NO) production, mitochondrial depolarisation and apoptosis were inhibited by PP2 (Src kinase inhibitor). CgA-mediated iNOS expression and NO production were also inhibited by U0126 (MEK inhibitor), but mitochondrial depolarisation and apoptosis were not. PP2 inhibited ERK phosphorylation; therefore, Src mediates CgA-induced ERK phosphorylation leading to iNOS expression and NO production. Glutamate release induced by CgA was independent of both pathways. These findings provide insights into the way microglia are activated by CgA and the microglial signalling mechanisms associated with neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, MRC Centre for Neurodegenerative Research, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK. c.hooper@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Claudie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pocock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D053379:Chromogranin A / Q000378:metabolism*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D008954:Models, Biological; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D053379:Chromogranin A; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II