title: Do community pharmacists have the attitudes and knowledge to support evidence based self-management of low back pain?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In many countries, community pharmacists can be consulted without appointment in a large number of convenient locations. They are in an ideal position to give advice to patients at the onset of low back pain and also reinforce advice given by other healthcare professionals. There is little specific information about the quality of care provided in the pharmacy for people with back pain. The main objectives of this survey were to determine the attitudes, knowledge and reported practice of English pharmacists advising people who present with acute or chronic low back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was designed for anonymous self-completion by pharmacists attending continuing education sessions. Demographic questions were designed to allow comparison with a national pharmacy workforce survey. Attitudes were measured with the Back Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ) and questions based on the Working Backs Scotland campaign. Questions about the treatment of back pain in the community pharmacy were written (or adapted) to reflect and characterise the nature of practice. In response to two clinical vignettes, respondents were asked to select proposals that they would recommend in practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  335 responses from community pharmacists were analysed. Middle aged pharmacists, women, pharmacy managers and locums were over-represented compared to registration and workforce data. The mean (SD) BBQ score for the pharmacists was 31.37 (5.75), which was slightly more positive than in similar surveys of other groups. Those who had suffered from back pain seem to demonstrate more confidence (fewer negative feelings, more advice opportunities and better advice provision) in their perception of advice given in the pharmacy. Awareness of written information that could help to support practice was low. Reponses to the clinical vignettes were generally in line with the evidence base. Pharmacists expressed some caution about recommending activity. Most respondents said they would benefit from more education about back pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Those sampled generally expressed positive attitudes about back pain and were able to offer evidence based advice. Pharmacists may benefit from training to increase their ability and confidence to offer support for self-care in back pain. Further research would be useful to clarify the representativeness of the sample.
authors.affiliation: School of Healthcare, University of Leeds, PO Box 214, Leeds, LS2 9UT, UK. j.silcock@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silcock
authors.forename: Jennifer Klaber
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Moffett
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Edmondson
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waddell
authors.forename: A Kim
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Burton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000639:trends*; D004513:Education, Pharmacy, Continuing; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*; D013222:State Medicine; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology