title: Imaging synaptosomal calcium concentration microdomains and vesicle fusion by using total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy.
abstract: Transmitter release at chemical synapses is triggered by high calcium concentration microprofiles at the presynaptic cytosol. Such microprofiles, generated by the opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels at the presynaptic plasma membrane, have been defined as calcium concentration microdomains. Using total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy in conjunction with calcium and vesicular release indicator dyes, we have directly visualized the close apposition of calcium concentration microdomains and synaptic release sites at single synaptic terminals from the CNS from rat cerebellar mossy fiber and squid optic lobe. These findings demonstrate the close apposition of calcium entry and release sites and the dynamics of such site locations over time. Kinetic analysis shows that vesicles can be released via two distinct mechanisms: full-fusion and kiss-and-run. Calcium triggers vesicular motion toward the membrane, and the speed of such movement is calcium concentration-dependent. Moreover, the immediately available vesicular pool represents molecularly trapped vesicles that can be located at a larger distance from the plasma membrane than the field illuminated by total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy.
authors.affiliation: Program in Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Yafell
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Serulle
authors.forename: Mutsuyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugimori
authors.forename: Rodolfo R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Llinás
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005089:Exocytosis; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013569:Synapses / Q000378:metabolism; D013574:Synaptosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C073804:FM1 43; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D002118:Calcium