title: Exploring and validating patient concerns: relation to prescribing for depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined moderating effects of physician communication behaviors on relationships between patient requests for antidepressant medications and subsequent prescribing.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a secondary analysis of a randomized trial. Primary care physicians (N = 152) each had 1 or 2 unannounced visits from standardized patients portraying the role of major depression or adjustment disorder. Each standardized patient made brand-specific, general, or no requests for antidepressants. We coded covert visit audio recordings for physicians' exploration and validation of patient concerns (EVC). Effects of communication on prescribing (the main outcome) were evaluated using logistic regression analysis, accounting for clustering and for site, physician, and visit characteristics, and stratified by request type and standardized patient role.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the absence of requests, high-EVC visits were associated with higher rates of prescribing of antidepressants for major depression. In low-EVC visits, prescribing was driven by patient requests (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] for request vs no request = 43.54, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.69-1,120.87; P < or = .005), not clinical indications (AOR for depression vs adjustment disorder = 1.82; 95% CI, 0.33-9.89; P = NS). In contrast, in high-EVC visits, prescribing was driven equally by requests (AOR = 4.02; 95% CI, 1.67-9.68; P < or = .005) and clinical indications (AOR = 4.70; 95% CI, 2.18-10.16; P < or = .005). More thorough history taking of depression symptoms did not mediate these results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quality of care for depression is improved when patients participate more actively in the encounter and when physicians explore and validate patient concerns. Communication interventions to improve quality of care should target both physician and patient communication behaviors. Cognitive mechanisms that link patient requests and EVC to quality of care warrant further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14610, USA. Ronald_Epstein@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Cleveland G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Franks
authors.forename: Sean C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Meldrum
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kravitz
mesh_terms: D000275:Adjustment Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003142:Communication; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents