title: Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitors type 1 and type 3 and urokinase plasminogen activator protein and mRNA in breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system has been involved in cancer cell invasion and in metastasis. uPA activity is controlled by its principal inhibitor, the PA inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), but it can also be inhibited by PAI-3. Increased levels of uPA and PAI-1 are known to be associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. To our knowledge this is the first study of the expression and role of PAI-3 in human breast cancer tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Protein and mRNA levels were evaluated for uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-3 in breast cancer tissues from 70 different patients. The localization of antigen and mRNA of these proteins was studied by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were observed for PAI-3 mRNA or protein levels between the nodal status groups or the different post-surgical tumor-node-metastasis (pTNM) stages. However, uPA and PAI-1 mRNA and antigen levels significantly increased at the pTNM stage and in node-positive patients. PAI-3 antigen levels were significantly higher in early relapse-free patients, whereas PAI-1 antigen levels were significantly higher in patients who suffered a relapse. PAI-3 protein and mRNA were localized in stromal cells. PAI-1 and uPA protein were detected in cancer, endothelial and stromal cells and their mRNA mainly in stromal cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that PAI-3 is expressed in human breast cancer tissues, and that elevated levels of PAI-3 could be a positive prognostic factor in this disease. A potential mechanism for the contribution of PAI-3 to a positive long-term outcome may involve suppression of tumor invasion through protease inhibition in stroma.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Remedios
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Castelló
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Landete
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: España
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fuster
authors.forename: Sergio M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Almenar
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ramón
authors.forename: Klaus-Peter
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Radtke
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Estellés
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018046:Protein C Inhibitor / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D018046:Protein C Inhibitor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator