title: Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in pregnant women in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in a national cross-sectional sample of pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnancy tests (urine and serum) were performed for female patients 12-59 years of age who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999-2002. Immunodot assays were used to detect antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the 626 pregnant women was 27 years, and the median number of lifetime sex partners was 4. Overall, HSV-1 seroprevalence was 63%; HSV-2 seroprevalence was 22%; infection with both HSV-1 and HSV-2 was 13%, and HSV seronegativity was 28%. HSV seroprevalence differed by race/ethnicity, with nonHispanic white patients more likely to be seronegative compared with other racial/ethnic groups (40% vs 11%; P < .001). The number of lifetime sex partners was also associated with serostatus. On the basis of serostatus-specific rates of neonatal herpes from a published study, the rate of neonatal herpes is projected to be 33/100,000 live births and is 40% higher in nonHispanic white women than in other racial/ethnic groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 varied by race/ethnicity; babies born to nonHispanic white mothers, whose HSV seroprevalence was the lowest, appear to be at greater risk for neonatal herpes.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. fax1@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Fujie
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Lauri E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: Sami L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: Stuart M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Berman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral