title: Effect of nitric-oxide synthesis on tumour blood volume and vascular activity: a phase I study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitric oxide has been implicated in tumour angiogenesis and in the maintaining of vasodilator tone of tumour blood vessels. The tumour vascular effects of inhibition of nitric-oxide synthesis have not been investigated in patients with cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven women and 11 men (12 with non-small-cell lung cancer, five prostate cancer, and one cervical cancer) were recruited onto a phase I dose-escalation study and received a single dose of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA). Dose escalation was done by a modified Fibonacci scale with three patients at each dose level, starting with 0.1 mg/kg. Changes in dynamic contrast-enhanced CT measures of tumour relative blood volume and transfer constant (K) were measured at 1 h and 24 h after L-NNA administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 18 patients, toxic effects were self-limiting cardiovascular changes: three patients had Common Toxicity Criteria version 2.0 grade 1 hypertension; two had grade 1 sinus bradycardia; and one had grade 1 palpitation. L-NNA area under the curve (AUC) increased linearly with dose from 163 micromol min(-1) L(-1) at 0.1 mg/kg L-NNA to 2150 micromol min(-1) L(-1) at 0.9 mg/kg L-NNA. In eight patients that underwent dynamic CT scanning, tumour blood volume decreased 1 h after L-NNA treatment (mean 42.9% [range 12.0-62.1]; paired t test p=0.0070), which was sustained for up to 24 h (mean 33.9% [range 6.5-64.9]; p=0.035). This decrease in blood volume was associated with an increase in the number of non-perfused pixels from 7.3% (SD 5.5) at baseline to 25.1% (15.3; p=0.0089) at 1 h, and 18.2% (12.9; p=0.050) at 24 h. There was a significant correlation between L-NNA plasma AUC and the reduction in tumour blood volume at 24 h after L-NNA (r=0.83; p=0.010).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown in vivo in patients with cancer that nitric oxide has a role in maintaining tumour blood supply, and we provide early clinical evidence that inhibition of nitric-oxide synthesis has tumour antivascular activity.
authors.affiliation: Marie Curie Research Wing, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: Quan-Sing
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Vicky
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Milner
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Stratford
authors.forename: Lisa K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Folkes
authors.forename: Gillian M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Tozer
authors.forename: Michele I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hoskin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000187:drug effects*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019335:Nitroarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase