title: Electrophysiological evidence of the motivational salience of drug cues in opiate addiction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug-related stimuli reliably induce craving in experimental paradigms, yet are rarely cited by drug users as major precipitants of relapse. We examined the motivational significance of drug cues in opiate dependence, by exploring their impact on central attentional processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen methadone-maintained subjects and 14 matched controls were studied. Subjects performed a novel active visual oddball task, consisting of opiate-related and matched neutral pictures, some of which (the oddballs) included a white cup. Subjects were fitted with a 32-channel electrode cap. The P300 for each stimulus category was identified using temporal principal components analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The P300 elicited by opiate stimuli was significantly larger than that elicited by neutral stimuli in the methadone-maintained group but not in the controls. There was also a non-significant trend for the opiate stimuli to elicit larger P300s than the oddball stimuli in the addicted group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that drug cues acquire motivational salience and automatically capture attentional resources in opiate addicts, even when engaged in a non-drug-related task. Enhanced P300s to drug cues may provide an important biological marker of crucial psychological mechanisms relevant to addiction.
authors.affiliation: ORYGEN Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Australia. dan.lubman@mh.org.au
authors.forename: Dan I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Lubman
authors.forename: Nicholas B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Lesley A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: J F William
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Deakin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D003463:Cues; D004569:Electroencephalography; D018913:Event-Related Potentials, P300 / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009042:Motivation; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone