title: Evaluation of analytical methods for determining the distribution of biofilm and active bacteria in a commercial heating system.
abstract: Danish district heating systems have good water quality, but continue to suffer from biofouling and biocorrosion. Localisation analyses of bacteria using microautoradiography were performed for one system in order to obtain detailed information for solving these problems. A mass balance showed that 77% of the bacteria were located at surfaces, with 23% in the bulk water, and 9% of the total carbon originated from biomass, while 91% was dissolved in the bulk water. The presence of active bacteria was determined with microautoradiography which showed that biofilms contained 99% and 1% were in the bulk water. A high bacterial functional diversity was observed, with active mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and with potentially corrosive biofilm bacteria present. The study reveals that by applying the activity based approach, the ratio of living and dead bacteria in the biofilm and bulk water in this type of system could be accurately determined. Also, the results emphasise that to minimise biofilm growth and biocorrosion, monitoring should be established focusing on the surfaces, since bulk water parameters do not reflect bacterial activity.
authors.affiliation: Danish Technological Institute, Center for Chemistry and Water, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark. kjelleru@umbi.umd.edu
authors.forename: B V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Kjellerup
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gudmonsson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sowers
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D018533:Biomass; D006361:Heating; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D010100:Oxygen