title: Nifedipine capsules may provide a viable alternative to oral powders for paediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare content uniformities between different sizes of extemporaneously compounded nifedipine oral powders and capsules, in order to find out if capsules could be used instead of oral powders as paediatric medications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Actual content and content uniformity of extemporaneously compounded 1-mg nifedipine oral powders and capsules were evaluated by a high performance liquid chromatographic assay. Capsules and powders were prepared by triturating 10-mg nifedipine tablets with different amounts of lactose or microcrystalline cellulose with a mortar and pestle using a standard geometric dilution technique. Oral powders were weighed individually and capsules were filled by a hand-operated capsule-filling machine. Four different sizes of powders (500, 300, 100 and 50 mg) and three different sizes of capsules (numbers 1, 3 and 4) were prepared. Ten oral powders and 10 capsules from each batch were randomly selected and individually assayed for nifedipine amount.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extemporaneously prepared nifedipine oral powders and capsules were within acceptable limits for content uniformity, as defined by the European Pharmacopoeia, but the results indicate that the loss of nifedipine during the preparation process may be considerable for both preparations. The concentration on nifedipine decreased while the total mass of the oral powder decreased. These results demonstrate that nifedipine oral powders can be replaced by capsules, whose contents are emptied for use, in paediatric medications. Compounding small capsules, such as size number 3 or 4, is acceptable when considering the average drug content. The total weight of the oral powder should be at least 300 mg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preparation of nifedipine in all studied capsule sizes was safe with either lactose monohydrate or microcrystalline cellulose as excipients. Thus, emptied capsules seem to be a good choice for delivering a paediatric medication. The loss of nifedipine was considerable in oral powders with low total weight.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Department, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. minna.helin-tanninen@kuh.fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helin-Tanninen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naaranlahti
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kontra
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Savolainen
mesh_terms: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*; D002214:Capsules; D002482:Cellulose; D002648:Child; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000592:standards*; D005079:Excipients; D006801:Humans; D007785:Lactose; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*; D010602:Pharmacopoeias as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D011208:Powders; D011786:Quality Control
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002214:Capsules; D005079:Excipients; D011208:Powders; D002482:Cellulose; D009543:Nifedipine; D007785:Lactose; C109691:microcrystalline cellulose