title: Increased response to cadmium and Bacillus thuringiensis maize toxicity in the snail Helix aspersa infected by the nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita.
abstract: To determine the effect of nematode infection on the response of snails to selected toxins, we infected Helix aspersa with 0-, 0.25-, 1-, or 4-fold the recommended field dose of a commercial nematode application for agricultural use. In the first experiment, the snails also were exposed to cadmium via food and soil at concentrations of 0, 30, 60, 120, or 240 mg/kg in a full-factorial design. In the second experiment, snails were infected with nematodes and also fed either Bt (expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxin) maize or non-Bt maize. The snails were weighed at the beginning and end (after four weeks) of the experiments, and mortality was checked daily. Neither exposure of snails to nematodes nor exposure of snails to cadmium or Bt toxin affected the survival rates of snails. The number of dead snails was highest for combinations of nematode treatments with cadmium concentrations of 120 and 240 mg/kg. In both experiments (Bt and cadmium), the growth rate decreased with increasing nematode dose. The Bt maize was not harmful to the snails in the absence of nematodes, but infected snails grew faster when fed non-Bt maize. The growth rate of snails exposed to cadmium decreased with exposure to increasing Cd concentrations and differed significantly between the no-nematode treatment and the treatments with nematode doses of one- and fourfold the recommended field dose. Snails treated with the highest dose of nematodes accumulated the highest cadmium concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecotoxicology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland. uxkramar@cyf.kr.edu.pl
authors.forename: Paulina E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Kramarz
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Vaufleury
authors.forename: Piotr M S
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Zygmunt
authors.forename: Cyrille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Verdun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000502:physiology*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D006372:Helix, Snails / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000469:parasitology; D009348:Nematoda / Q000502:physiology*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium