title: Peptide drug delivery strategies for the treatment of diabetes.
abstract: Drug delivery strategies for diabetes have included a wide range of scientific and engineering approaches, including molecular design, formulation and device design. Molecular engineering has resulted in modified pharmacokinetics, such as rapid-acting or slow-release analogs of insulin. Long-acting insulin formulations are designed to meet the body's basal needs, whereas rapid-acting insulin formulations are designed to cover mealtime glucose spikes. Furthermore, the discovery of new therapeutic biomolecules, which like insulin need to be injected, will drive the need for more flexible and universally applicable delivery systems. Formulation design, such as particle engineering, can be used to modify pharmacokinetic profiles. In general, suspension formulations of insulin commonly demonstrate reduced solubility and result in sustained release. Similarly, depot injections can result in precipitation of insulin at the site of injection, again resulting in lower solubility and sustained release. Particle engineering also has been applied to pulmonary formulations for delivery to the deep lung. The creation of novel drug delivery methods for the treatment of diabetes should remove barriers to insulin therapy and increase patient acceptance and compliance. Eliminating routine injections with needle-free injectors, insulin pumps, inhalation, buccal sprays, intra-nasal delivery, and transdermal patches may offer increasingly attractive alternatives.
authors.affiliation: Nektar Therapeutics, 150 Industrial Road, San Carlos, California 94070-6039, USA.
authors.forename: Negar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sadrzadeh
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Glembourtt
authors.forename: Cynthia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019281:Dimerization; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D015202:Protein Engineering; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004220:Disulfides; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D010455:Peptides; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D015032:Zinc