title: Effects of conditioned reward and nonreward cues on the heart rate response to alcohol intoxication in male social drinkers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An exaggerated heart rate (HR) increase following alcohol intoxication has been suggested to reflect sensitivity to alcohol-induced reward. The goal of this study is to verify whether pairing alcohol ingestion with conditioned reward and nonreward cues can influence HR responses to alcohol in previously identified individuals with a low and a high HR response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six male social drinkers participated in a 2-day study. On day 1, participants consumed 0.75 g/kg of body weight of pure ethanol. A median split of the alcohol-induced HR responses identified groups of low and high HR responders. On day 2, both groups participated while sober in a computer task where distinct auditory and visual cues were paired either with monetary reward or no monetary reward. Subsequently, participants were randomly assigned to an alcohol challenge, which occurred while they were exposed to either the conditioned cues of reward or to the nonreward cues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The physiological response to alcohol intoxication on day 2 was compared with alcohol-induced HR responses on day 1 (neutral alcohol challenge) for both low and high HR responders. Paired t-tests showed that high HR responders had significantly decreased alcohol-induced HR responses on day 2 in the nonreward condition when compared with day 1. No other relationships between cardiac responses to alcohol and cue conditions were obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rewarding nature of alcohol can be altered by the context in which it is consumed in a subset of individuals who are sensitive to alcohol's stimulating properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. cbrunell@unbsj.ca
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brunelle
authors.forename: Robert O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Pihl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000503:physiopathology; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012201:Reward