title: Pattern recognition of sleep in rodents using piezoelectric signals generated by gross body movements.
abstract: Current research on sleep using experimental animals is limited by the expense and time-consuming nature of traditional EEG/EMG recordings. We present here an alternative, noninvasive approach utilizing piezoelectric films configured as highly sensitive motion detectors. These film strips attached to the floor of the rodent cage produce an electrical output in direct proportion to the distortion of the material. During sleep, movement associated with breathing is the predominant gross body movement and, thus, output from the piezoelectric transducer provided an accurate respiratory trace during sleep. During wake, respiratory movements are masked by other motor activities. An automatic pattern recognition system was developed to identify periods of sleep and wake using the piezoelectric generated signal. Due to the complex and highly variable waveforms that result from subtle postural adjustments in the animals, traditional signal analysis techniques were not sufficient for accurate classification of sleep versus wake. Therefore, a novel pattern recognition algorithm was developed that successfully distinguished sleep from wake in approximately 95% of all epochs. This algorithm may have general utility for a variety of signals in biomedical and engineering applications. This automated system for monitoring sleep is noninvasive, inexpensive, and may be useful for large-scale sleep studies including genetic approaches towards understanding sleep and sleep disorders, and the rapid screening of the efficacy of sleep or wake promoting drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering of Stanford University, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Judith E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Hrishikesh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Picazo
authors.forename: Xinmin Simon
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Franken
authors.forename: H Craig
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: Dennis A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Grahn
authors.forename: Bruce F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: O'Hara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D051379:Mice; D008806:Mice, Inbred AKR; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods*; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D014159:Transducers