title: High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Chilean healthy postmenopausal women with normal sun exposure: additional evidence for a worldwide concern.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in healthy postmenopausal women with normal sun exposure but without vitamin D fortification in their diets.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 90 healthy ambulatory women who were residents of Santiago, Chile (latitude 33 degrees S); 30 were premenopausal (32.6 +/- 7.4 y), and 60 were postmenopausal (63.7 +/- 9.7 y). Half of the women were studied during the winter and the other half during the following summer. Each provided a fasting blood sample to measure biochemical parameters, parathyroid hormone, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D and completed a questionnaire to estimate sunlight exposure. A first morning urine sample was collected in postmenopausal women to measure deoxypyridinoline. Various cutoff points of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were used to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<9, <15, and <20 ng/mL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the women had normal renal and liver parameters. Sunlight exposure was adequate in almost all of the volunteers (93% in both groups, P > 0.05). In postmenopausal women, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was less than 9 ng/mL in 12%, less than 15 ng/mL in 40%, and less than 20 ng/mL in 60%, compared with 0%, 13%, and 27%, respectively, in premenopausal women. Deoxypyridinoline was 75% higher during winter than summer (9.8 +/- 2.5 vs 5.6 +/- 1.4 nmol/mmol creatinine, P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D deficiency is very common in Chilean healthy postmenopausal women with normal sun exposure but without vitamin D fortification in their diets. This finding is associated with higher bone resorption during winter time and emphasizes the need to increase vitamin D intake in healthy postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.ggonzale@med.puc.cl
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: José N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Alvarado
authors.forename: Auristela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rojas
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Navarrete
authors.forename: Carmen G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Velásquez
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arteaga
mesh_terms: D015652:25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2 / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002677:Chile; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012621:Seasons; D013472:Sunlight; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood*; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D015415:Biomarkers; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D015652:25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2; C036020:deoxypyridinoline