title: Sorafenib and sunitinib in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: Despite the optimization of chemotherapy regimens, treatment outcomes for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are still considered to be disappointing. Thus, clinical research of new treatment strategies is warranted. Several targeted agents have been introduced into clinical trials in NSCLC, but to date, only a few of these new agents can offer hope of a substantial impact on the natural history of the disease. One of the main reasons for the failure of several clinical trials of targeted therapy in lung cancer is that there is multilevel cross-stimulation among the targets of the new biological agents along several pathways of signal transduction that lead to neoplastic events; blocking only one of these pathways, as most first-generation targeted agents do, allows others to act as salvage or escape mechanisms for cancer cells. Sorafenib and sunitinib are two oral multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor that inhibits the kinase activity of both C-RAF and B-RAF and targets the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor family (VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor family (PDGFR-beta and stem cell factor receptor [KIT]). Sunitinib is a multitargeted inhibitor of PDGFR, KIT, fms-like tyrosine kinase 3, and VEGFR. The kinases targeted and inhibited by sorafenib and sunitinib directly and indirectly regulate tumor growth, survival, and angiogenesis, and this might be expected to result in broad antitumor efficacy. Sorafenib and sunitinib have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma; sunitinib has also been approved for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Their mechanism of action, preclinical data, and phase II studies suggest efficacy in the treatment of advanced NSCLC.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, S.G. Moscati Hospital, Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy. cgridelli@libero.it
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gridelli
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maione
authors.forename: Filomena
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Del Gaizo
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Colantuoni
authors.forename: Ciro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guerriero
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nicolella
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Comunale
authors.forename: Alba
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Vita
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011725:Pyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000077157:Sorafenib; D000077210:Sunitinib; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D007211:Indoles; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011725:Pyridines; D011758:Pyrroles; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D009536:Niacinamide; D000077157:Sorafenib; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D000077210:Sunitinib