A German family with glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism.
BACKGROUND
The prevalence of primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA) in the hypertensive population has increased in recent years. Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (GRA) is a rare monogenic form of PHA. Here we report a German family with GRA. Since the phenotype of GRA varies widely, we asked whether recommended algorithms for PHA diagnosis distinguish GRA from other forms of PHA.


METHODS
Plasma aldosterone (pg/ml) and renin (pg/ml) levels were determined in three hypertensive family members with GRA before and after sodium loading with 2 l of saline (0.9%), during posture and after 1 week of 2 mg dexamethasone daily. 24 h blood pressure and urinary excretion of aldosterone, cortisol precursors and metabolites were measured before and after dexamethasone. Southern blot hybridization and long-range PCR were performed to identify the chimeric gene.


RESULTS
All three affected patients had normal potassium levels but markedly increased aldosterone/renin ratios of 472, 213 and >322 (normal range<50) indicating PHA. Sodium loading failed to lower plasma aldosterone below the threshold of 50 pg/ml in all patients. During posture, aldosterone increased in one but decreased in both other GRA patients. Elevated 18-hydroxycortisol, free aldosterone and its main metabolite aldosterone-18-glucuronid and tetrahydroaldosterone returned to normal range after 1 week dexamethasone in all patients, but blood pressure was reduced only in one patient. The chimeric gene was identified in affected family members by Southern blot and PCR.


CONCLUSIONS
The aldosterone/renin ratio is a valid screening and sodium loading a valid confirmation test in GRA. Determination of elevated urinary excretion of specific aldosterone metabolites and identification of the chimeric gene are mandatory since a lacking blood pressure response to dexamethasone can be misleading.
Vonend
Oliver
O
Department of Internal Medicine I, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Marienhospital Herne, Germany.
Altenhenne
Christian
C
Büchner
Nicolaus J
NJ
Dekomien
Gabriele
G
Maser-Gluth
Christiane
C
Weiner
Stefan M
SM
Sellin
Lorenz
L
Hofebauer
Stefan
S
Epplen
Jörg T
JT
Rump
Lars C
LC
D000293:Adolescent; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D000465:Algorithms; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077545:Eplerenone; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D006929:Hyperaldosteronism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010375:Pedigree; D012964:Sodium / Q000494:pharmacology; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013252:Steroid 11-beta-Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics
D005938:Glucocorticoids; D013148:Spironolactone; D000450:Aldosterone; D000077545:Eplerenone; D003907:Dexamethasone; D012964:Sodium; D013252:Steroid 11-beta-Hydroxylase; D006854:Hydrocortisone