title: Clinical review: Hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary syndrome in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At present, women with type 1 diabetes (DM1) are being treated with supraphysiological doses of exogenous insulin with the aim of providing a strict metabolic control, thereby avoiding the long-term complications of this disease. We hypothesized that PCOS would be especially prevalent in DM1, as might happen in any condition in which the ovary and the adrenals are exposed to excessive insulin concentrations. As will be seen in the present review, androgen excess and PCOS are very frequent complaints in women with DM1, yet nowadays hyperandrogenism is seldom diagnosed in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review of all the published studies addressing hyperandrogenic symptoms in women with DM1, identified through the Entrez-PubMed search engine, followed by a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology and clinical and laboratory features of PCOS in women with DM1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of PCOS in adult women with DM1 is 12-18, 40, and 31% using National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, Rotterdam, and Androgen Excess Society criteria, respectively. Mild hirsutism and biochemical hyperandrogenism are present in 30 and 20% of the patients, respectively. In addition, menstrual abnormalities are observed in 20% of adult women with DM1, and a prevalence of 50% of polycystic ovarian morphology is reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians treating women with DM1 should be aware of the risk of hyperandrogenism in them and should include evaluation of hirsutism, menstrual abnormalities, and biochemical hyperandrogenism in their routine examinations. Future studies are needed to determine the best preventive and therapeutic options for the hyperandrogenism of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile, and Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Universidad de Alcalá, Carretera de Colmenar Km 9'100, Madrid, E-28034 Spain.
authors.forename: Ethel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Codner
authors.forename: Héctor F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Escobar-Morreale
mesh_terms: D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017588:Hyperandrogenism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence