title: Comparison of protein and mRNA expression evolution in humans and chimpanzees.
abstract: Even though mRNA expression levels are commonly used as a proxy for estimating functional differences that occur at the protein level, the relation between mRNA and protein expression is not well established. Further, no study to date has tested whether the evolutionary differences in mRNA expression observed between species reflect those observed in protein expression. Since a large proportion of mRNA expression differences observed between mammalian species appears to have no functional consequences for the phenotype, it is conceivable that many or most mRNA expression differences are not reflected at the protein level. If this is true, then differences in protein expression may largely reflect functional adaptations observed in species phenotypes. In this paper, we present the first direct comparison of mRNA and protein expression differences seen between humans and chimpanzees. We reproducibly find a significant positive correlation between mRNA expression and protein expression differences. This correlation is comparable in magnitude to that found between mRNA and protein expression changes at different developmental stages or in different physiological conditions within one species. Noticeably, this correlation is mainly due to genes with large expression differences between species. Our study opens the door to a new level of understanding of regulatory evolution and poses many new questions that remain to be answered.
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Drinnenberg
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kelso
authors.forename: Jia-Rui
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Svante
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pääbo
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Khaitovich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics*; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013045:Species Specificity; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger