title: The beneficial influence of ultrasound in the polymerization of epsilon-caprolactam to polyamide-6 (Nylon 6). Part I: primary experimental results.
abstract: Epsilon-caprolactam (CL) polymerization to polyamide-6 (Nylon 6) was studied at different contents of water in CL (0.01-2 wt%), with or without epsilon-amino-caproic acid (ACA) as an activator, applying to the mixture an initial treatment of Ultrasound (US) (17.5-20 kHz) at low temperatures (70-110 degrees C) and for short times (max 10 min). It was verified that polymerization at 260 degrees C produces a polymer having a much higher molecular weight (MW) when US is applied with respect to silent (SIL) conditions i.e. without the use of ultrasound. This constitutes a "pre-sonication effect". The ratio (MW)(US)/(MW)(SIL) is inversely proportional to the initial content of water in CL. The action of US converts CL at very low temperatures (70-110 degrees C) and water content, in comparison with silent conditions where CL was unconverted. Optimized conditions are studied with respect to nature and pressure of gas inside the reactor, temperature, time and frequency of US irradiation, energy consumption and nature of activator.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University of Milan, via Golgi n. 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy. vittorio.ragaini@unimi.it
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ragaini
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guaita
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pirola
mesh_terms: D002209:Caprolactam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000528:radiation effects; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011108:Polymers / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012996:Solutions; D013010:Sonication; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; C016240:polycaprolactone; C009916:nylon 6; D002209:Caprolactam