title: Parasite vaccines - recent progress and problems associated with their development.
abstract: The treatment and prevention of parasitism in both humans and livestock continues to rely almost exclusively on the use of antiparasitic drugs - an approach which has limitations, particularly as reinfection, which occurs rapidly in endemic regions, is not prevented. In addition, the widespread appearance of drug-resistant parasites of animals (Kaplan, 2004;) together with emerging evidence of resistance problems in human parasites (Fallon et al. 1995; Ismail et al. 1996; De Clerq et al. 1997; East African Network for Monitoring Antimalarial Treatment, 2003), emphasise the importance of developing alternative methods of control, with anti-parasite vaccines a prime target.
authors.affiliation: Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK. dave.knox@moredun.ac.uk
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Knox
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Redmond
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016052:Protozoan Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic
chemical_list: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D016052:Protozoan Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic