title: Checkpoint-apoptosis uncoupling in human and mouse embryonic stem cells: a source of karyotpic instability.
abstract: Karyotypic abnormalities in cultured embryonic stem cells (ESCs), especially near-diploid aneuploidy, are potential obstacles to ESC use in regenerative medicine. Events causing chromosomal abnormalities in ESCs may be related to events in tumor cells causing chromosomal instability (CIN) in human disease. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Using multiparametric permeabilized-cell flow cytometric analysis, we found that the mitotic-spindle checkpoint, which helps maintain chromosomal integrity during all cell divisions, functions in human and mouse ESCs, but does not initiate apoptosis as it does in somatic cells. This allows an unusual tolerance to polyploidy resulting from failed mitosis, which is common in rapidly proliferating cell populations and which is reduced to near-diploid aneuploidy, which is also common in human neoplastic disease. Checkpoint activation in ESC-derived early-differentiated cells results in robust apoptosis without polyploidy/aneuploidy similar to that in somatic cells. Thus, the spindle checkpoint is "uncoupled" from apoptosis in ESCs and is a likely source of karyotypic abnormalities. This natural behavior of ESCs to tolerate/survive varying degrees of ploidy change could complicate genome-reprogramming studies and stem-cell plasticity studies, but could also reveal clues about the mechanisms of CIN in human tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, and the Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. cmantel@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Charlie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mantel
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Man Ryul
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Min-Kyoung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Myung-Kwan
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Hirohiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shibayama
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Mervin C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yoder
authors.forename: Louis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Pelus
authors.forename: Kye-Seong
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hal E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Broxmeyer
mesh_terms: D000782:Aneuploidy; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D043171:Chromosomal Instability / Q000502:physiology*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D011123:Polyploidy; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; C507838:Lif protein, mouse