title: Use of hematopoietic growth factors as adjuvant therapy for anemia and neutropenia in the treatment of hepatitis C.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the hematologic adverse effects of hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy and adjuvant treatment with epoetin alfa and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (ie, filgrastim).
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical literature indexed in MEDLINE (1966-January 2007) and EMBASE (1980-January 2007) was searched, and published conference abstracts were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peer-reviewed articles and relevant conference abstracts regarding the use of epoetin alfa and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ribavirin induces a dose-dependent hemolytic anemia. Studies using epoetin alfa 40 000 units subcutaneously once weekly have demonstrated efficacy in maintaining hemoglobin, ribavirin dose, and quality of life scores, but clear benefit shown with sustained virologic response (SVR) is lacking. The hemoglobin threshold for initiation of epoetin alfa used in studies may not adequately reflect values used in clinical practice. Treatment-related neutropenia is caused primarily by interferon or peginterferon. Few studies have investigated the impact of granulocyte or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor derivatives on neutropenia. Results of dose maintenance evaluation vary, and studies reporting data on SVR showed no effect from growth factor therapy. The frequency of bacterial infections was not reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The role and benefit of hematopoietic growth factors in HCV therapy have not been conclusively determined to date. However, the possibility of a benefit to individual patients seen on an outpatient basis remains, and an individualized treatment approach is recommended.
authors.affiliation: British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. adarsantos@bccancer.bc.ca
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Dar Santos
authors.forename: Nilufar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Partovi
authors.forename: Jo-Ann E
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069585:Filgrastim; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006397:Hematinics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007372:Interferons / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016239:MEDLINE; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D006397:Hematinics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D012254:Ribavirin; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa; D007372:Interferons; D000069585:Filgrastim