title: Upregulation of pirin expression by chronic cigarette smoking is associated with bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoke disrupts the protective barrier established by the airway epithelium through direct damage to the epithelial cells, leading to cell death. Since the morphology of the airway epithelium of smokers does not typically demonstrate necrosis, the most likely mechanism for epithelial cell death in response to cigarette smoke is apoptosis. We hypothesized that cigarette smoke directly up-regulates expression of apoptotic genes, which could play a role in airway epithelial apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microarray analysis of airway epithelium obtained by bronchoscopy on matched cohorts of 13 phenotypically normal smokers and 9 non-smokers was used to identify specific genes modulated by smoking that were associated with apoptosis. Among the up-regulated apoptotic genes was pirin (3.1-fold, p < 0.002), an iron-binding nuclear protein and transcription cofactor. In vitro studies using human bronchial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and an adenovirus vector encoding the pirin cDNA (AdPirin) were performed to test the direct effect of cigarette smoke on pirin expression and the effect of pirin expression on apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quantitative TaqMan RT-PCR confirmed a 2-fold increase in pirin expression in the airway epithelium of smokers compared to non-smokers (p < 0.02). CSE applied to primary human bronchial epithelial cell cultures demonstrated that pirin mRNA levels increase in a time-and concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.03, all conditions compared to controls). Overexpression of pirin, using the vector AdPirin, in human bronchial epithelial cells was associated with an increase in the number of apoptotic cells assessed by both TUNEL assay (5-fold, p < 0.01) and ELISA for cytoplasmic nucleosomes (19.3-fold, p < 0.01) compared to control adenovirus vector.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that up-regulation of pirin may represent one mechanism by which cigarette smoke induces apoptosis in the airway epithelium, an observation that has implications for the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced diseases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA. geneticmedicine@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Gelbman
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heguy
authors.forename: Timothy P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zabner
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Crystal
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001980:Bronchi / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D049308:Dioxygenases; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D013638:Tars / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D013638:Tars; C024746:tobacco tar; D049308:Dioxygenases; C105340:PIR protein, human