title: The effect of cigarette smoking, tea, and coffee consumption on the progression of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Previous epidemiological studies found a negative association between cigarette smoking, tea or coffee drinking with the occurrence of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is unknown how these factors affect the rate of progression of the disease. A retrospective study was conducted among 278 consecutive PD patients. Data on smoking and coffee or tea consumption were obtained through direct or proxy interviews, and the time from onset of motor symptoms until reaching Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) stage 3 was retrieved from the case records. Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meyer model were used to estimate whether the dependent variables (smoking, drinking coffee or tea) affect the rate of progression of the disease, which was measured by the time it took patients to reach H&Y stage 3. We found that disease progression was not affected by cigarette smoking, tea or coffee consumption. The present study suggests that these variables do not have a disease modifying effect in already diagnosed PD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kandinov
authors.forename: Nir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giladi
authors.forename: Amos D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Korczyn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013662:Tea / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D013662:Tea