title: Variants in ARHGEF11, a candidate gene for the linkage to type 2 diabetes on chromosome 1q, are nominally associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians.
abstract: A prior genome-wide linkage scan in Pima Indians indicated a young-onset (aged <45 years) type 2 diabetes susceptibility locus on chromosome 1q21-q23. ARHGEF11, which encodes the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11, was analyzed as a positional candidate gene for this linkage because this protein may stimulate Rho-dependent signals, such as the insulin signaling cascade. The ARHGEF11 gene, and two adjacent genes NTRK1 and INSRR, were sequenced in 24 Pima Indians who were not first-degree relatives. Sequencing of the coding regions, 5' and 3' untranslated regions and putative promoter regions of these genes, identified 28 variants in ARHGEF11, 11 variants in NTRK1, and 8 variants in INSSR. These 47 variants, as well as 84 additional public database variants within/between these genes, were genotyped for association analysis in the same group of Pima Indians who had participated in the linkage study (n = 1,228). An R1467H in ARHGEF11, and several additional noncoding variants that were in high linkage disequilibrium with this variant, were nominally associated with young-onset type 2 diabetes (P = 0.01; odds ratio 3.39) after adjusting for sex, family membership, and Pima heritage. The risk allele H had a frequency of 0.10. In a subgroup of 262 nondiabetic, full-heritage Pima Indians who had undergone detailed metabolic testing, the risk allele H also was associated with a lower mean insulin-mediated glucose disposal rate and a lower mean nonoxidative glucose storage rate after adjusting for age, sex, nuclear family membership, and percentage of body fat (P < or = 0.01). These findings suggest that variation within ARHGEF11 nominally increases risk of type 2 diabetes, possibly as a result of increased insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Molecular Genetics Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Lorem N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Que
authors.forename: Anna M G
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cali
authors.forename: Mao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Janel L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: Aniello M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Infante
authors.forename: Sayuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobes
authors.forename: Clifton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bogardus
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shuldiner
authors.forename: Leslie J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Baier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001130:Arizona; D002878:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015894:Genome, Human; D005838:Genotype; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000235:genetics; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D064067:Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors
chemical_list: C577234:ARHGEF11 protein, human; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D064067:Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors