title: Discriminating inhalational anthrax from community-acquired pneumonia using chest radiograph findings and a clinical algorithm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limiting the effects of a large-scale bioterrorist anthrax attack will require rapid and accurate detection of the earliest victims. We undertook this study to improve physicians' ability to rapidly detect inhalational anthrax victims.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study to compare chest radiograph findings from 47 patients from historical inhalational anthrax cases and 188 community-acquired pneumonia control subjects. We then used classification tree analyses to derive an algorithm of chest radiograph findings and clinical characteristics that accurately and explicitly discriminated between inhalational anthrax and community-acquired pneumonia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two of the 47 patients from historical inhalational anthrax cases (46.8%) had reported chest radiograph findings. All 22 case patients (100%) had mediastinal widening, pleural effusion, or both. However, 16 case patients (72.7%) also had infiltrates. In comparison, all 188 community-acquired control subjects had reported chest radiographs. Of these, 127 control subjects (67.6%) had infiltrates, 43 control subjects (22.9%) had pleural effusions, and 15 control subjects (8.0%) had mediastinal widening. A derived algorithm with three predictor variables (chest radiograph finding of mediastinal widening, altered mental status, and elevated hematocrit) is 100% sensitive (95% confidence interval [CI], 73.5 to 100) and 98.3% specific (95% CI, 95.1 to 99.6). The derivation process used 12 patients with inhalational anthrax and 177 control subjects with community-acquired pneumonia who had information available for all three variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are significant chest radiograph differences between inhalational anthrax and community-acquired pneumonia, but none of the chest radiograph findings are both highly sensitive and highly specific. The derived clinical algorithm can improve physicians' ability to discriminate inhalational anthrax from community-acquired pneumonia, but its utility is limited to previously healthy individuals and its accuracy may be limited by missing values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 259 Erie St, Suite 100, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. dkyriacou@aol.com
authors.forename: Demetrios N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Kyriacou
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Yarnold
authors.forename: Adam C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Brian P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Soltysik
authors.forename: Regina R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Ralph R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Frerichs
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Noskin
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Belknap
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D000881:Anthrax / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011859:Radiography