title: Microchambers and macrochambers in heel pads: are they functionally different?
abstract: The heel pad consists of a superficial microchamber layer and a deep macrochamber layer. This study highlights the different biomechanical behaviors between the microchamber and macrochamber layers using ultrasonography. The heel pad in each left foot of six healthy volunteers aged approximately 25 yr old was measured with a device consisting of a 10-MHz linear-array ultrasound transducer and a load cell. The testing heels were loaded on the ultrasound transducer with a loading velocity of approximately 0.5 cm/s and were withdrawn when the specified maximum stress (158 kPa) was reached. Unloaded tissue thickness, end-loaded thickness, deformation proportion, average deformation, and rebound rates and elastic modulus of the microchamber and macrochamber layers were assessed. The unloaded thickness of the microchamber layer was approximately 30% of the macrochamber layer. The microchamber layer also had significantly less unloaded thickness, end-loaded thickness, mean deformation rate, mean rebound rate, and deformation proportion than the macrochamber layer. A significant difference between the unloaded and end-loaded thickness in the macrochamber layer was observed. The average soft tissue deformation rate was significantly different from the rebound rate in the microchamber layer. A similar trend was detected in the macrochamber layer. The elastic modulus of the microchamber layer was 450 kPa (SD 240), which was nearly 10 times of that in the macrochamber layer. In conclusion, ultrasound can identify the heterogeneous tissue properties of the heel pad. The macrochamber layer responds to loading with large deformation, and the microchamber layer has a high degree of tissue stiffness.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Industrial Technology Research Institute, No. 1, Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei 106, and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Chin
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Wen-Chung
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Chung-Li
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sun-Hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Pao
authors.forename: Yio-Wha
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Shau
authors.forename: Yu-Shuan
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chuan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D006365:Heel / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014463:Ultrasonography; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*