title: Mechanism of origin of conduction disturbances in aging human atrial bundles: experimental and model study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aging is associated with a significant increase in atrial tachyarrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation. A macroscopic repolarization gradient created artificially by a stimulus at one site before a premature stimulus from a second site is widely considered to be part of the experimental protocol necessary for the initiation of such arrhythmias in the laboratory. How such gradients occur naturally in aging atrial tissue is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine if the pattern of cellular connectivity in aging human atrial bundles produces a mechanism for variable early premature responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extracellular and intracellular potentials were recorded after control and premature stimuli at a single site in aging human atrial bundles. We also measured cellular geometry, the distribution of connexins, and the distribution of collagenous septa. A model of the atrial bundles was constructed based on the morphological results. Action potential propagation and the sodium current were analyzed after premature stimuli in the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Similar extracellular potential waveform responses occurred after early premature stimuli in the aging bundles and in the model. Variable premature conduction patterns were accounted for by the single model of aging atrial structure. A major feature of the model results was that the conduction events and the magnitude of the sodium current at multiple sites were very sensitive to small changes in the location and the timing of premature stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In aging human atrial bundles stimulated from only a single site, premature stimuli induce variable arrhythmogenic conduction responses. The generation of these responses is greatly enhanced by remodeling of cellular connectivity during aging. The results provide insight into sodium current structural interactions as a general mechanism of arrhythmogenic atrial responses to premature stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. cspach@duke.edu
authors.forename: Madison S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Spach
authors.forename: J Francis
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Heidlage
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Dolber
authors.forename: Roger C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Barr
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D016880:Anisotropy; D005117:Cardiac Complexes, Premature / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017630:Connexins / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular
chemical_list: D017630:Connexins; D007473:Ion Channels