title: [The history of antitobacco actions in the last 500 years. Part. II. Medical actions].
abstract: Tobacco was brought to Europe by Christopher Columbus, who discovered it in Cuba in October, 1492. Spread of tobacco consumption was initiated by the French diplomat Jean Nicot de Villemain, who in 1560 recommended it in the form of powdered tobacco leaves to the French Queen Catherine de Medice to combat her migraine headaches, and introduced the term Nicotiana tobaccum. Tobacco consumption greatly rose after the I World War, and after the II World War it became very common, especially among man. In the first half of the 20th century the sale of tobacco products rose by 61%, and cigarettes dominated the market of tobacco products. At the beginning of the 20th century cigarettes constituted only 2% of the total sale of tobacco products, while in the middle of the 20th century--more than 80%. Although the first epidemiological papers indicating that "smoking is connected with the shortening of life span" were published in the first half of the 20th century, not until 1950 did Hill and Doll in Great Britain, and Wynder and Graham in USA in 1951 show a statistically significant correlation between cigarettes smoking and lung cancer occurrence. Many controversies according the use of tobacco accompanied it from the beginning of its presence in Europe. The conflicting opinions according to its influence to health coexisted in the 16th to 19th centuries. In this period, especially in the 19th century dominated moral and religious arguments against tobacco. In the 20th century however, and particularly in its second part, development in medical research was enhanced by civil voluntary actions against advertisement and passive smoking. This lead to the significant limitation of tobacco expansion in Europe, USA and Canada in the end of the 20th century.
authors.affiliation: Zakład Historii Nauk Medycznych, Akademia Medyczna w Poznaniu. andrzej_grzybowski@um.poznan.pl
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grzybowski
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D003462:Cuba; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000266:history / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000266:history*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000266:history* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000266:history* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000266:history / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution