title: Focal cortical dysplasia: long term seizure outcome after surgical treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of long term outcome after epilepsy surgery for cortical malformations are rare. In this study, we report our experience with surgical treatment and year to year long term outcome for a subgroup of patients with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analysed the records of 49 patients (females n = 26; males n = 23; mean age 25 (11) years) with a mean duration of epilepsy of 18 years (range 1-45). Preoperative MRI, histological results based on the Palmini classification and clinical year to year follow-up according to the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification were available in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  98% of patients had a lesion on preoperative MRI. In addition to lobectomy (n = 9) or lesionectomy (n = 40), 14 patients had multiple subpial transections of the eloquent cortex. The resected tissue was classified as FCD type II b in 41 cases with an extratemporal (88%) and FCD type II a in 8 cases with a temporal localisation (100%). After a mean follow-up of 8.1 (4.5) years, 37 patients (76%) were seizure free, a subgroup of 23 patients (47%) had been completely seizure free since surgery (ILAE class 1a) and 4 patients (8%) had only auras (ILAE class 2). Over a 10 year follow-up, the proportion of satisfactory outcomes decreased, mainly within the first 3 years. During long term follow-up, 48% stopped antiepileptic drug treatment, 34% received a driver's license and 57% found a job or training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical treatment of epilepsy with FCD is not only successful in the short term but also has a satisfying long term outcome which remains constant after 3 years of follow-up but is not associated with better employment status or improvement in daily living.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn, Medical Centre, Sigmund Freud Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany. Thomas.Kral@ukb.uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kral
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von Lehe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Podlogar
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Clusmann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Süssmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurthen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Urbach
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schramm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome