title: Urinary tract injuries during obstetrics and gynaecological surgical procedures at the Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi, Pakistan: a 20-year review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of urinary tract injuries, identification of risk factors and methods employed for repair and their outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of patients who had urinary tract injuries during major obstetric and gynaecological surgeries at the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) from 1985 to 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computer-generated discharge summaries of patients who underwent major obstetric and gynaecological procedures during the 20 years of study period were retrieved. Information was collected on data collection form, and entered in SPSS version 13 and analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period 12,567 obstetrics and 5,966 gynaecological procedures were performed. There were 3,910 abdominal hysterectomies, 984 myomectomies, 591 ovarian/adenexal surgeries and 481 vaginal hysterectomies. Out of these 110 urinary tract injuries were identified, 71 (64.5%) were of the urinary bladder and 39 (35.5%) were ureteric in origin, 31 (43.6%) bladder injuries were sustained during caesarean sections while 40 (56.3%) were during gynaecological procedures. In obstetric cases there were two ureteric injuries, the other ureteric injuries were sustained during surgeries for benign gynaecological conditions. The prevalence of bladder and ureteric injuries in obstetric surgeries was 0.25 and 0.02%, respectively, whereas in gynaecological surgeries the prevalence was 0.7 and 0.6% for urinary bladder and ureteric injuries. These figures compare well with other published series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary tract injuries are an uncommon occurrence but when they occur they have serious implications in terms of morbidity and litigation. The prevalence of urinary bladder and ureteric injuries observed in our review is comparable to previous reported international series. Of concern is the fact that most of the ureteric injuries were diagnosed post operatively which means that further vigilance and preventive strategies need to be designed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan. fauzia.nawaz@aku.edu
authors.forename: Fauzia Haq
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Nawaz
authors.forename: Zeenat Eva
authors.initials: ZE
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Javed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rizvi
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D010154:Pakistan; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000293:injuries*