title: Topical corticosteroids in infants: prescribing pattern and prescribing errors in Bahrain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A nationwide, primary care-based prescription audit in infants to determine the prescribing pattern and prescribing errors of topical corticosteroid preparations in Bahrain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prescriptions dispensed for infants were collected for two successive weeks from 20 primary-care health centres.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 2282 out of 102,084 prescriptions (2.2%) dispensed for infants, 296 (13.0%) had corticosteroids for topical application to the skin, eye and ear. Plain corticosteroids comprised 6.7%, whereas corticosteroids with antiinfectives accounted for 6.3% of topical corticosteroid preparations. Based on potency the proportions of corticosteroids prescribed were: mild (6.7%), moderately potent (2.6%) and potent (3.7%). The frequency of dosing and length of therapy were not stated in 21.6% and 43.6% of prescriptions, respectively. Base cream as a dilutional vehicle was prescribed in 11.2% (11/98) and 32.4% (12/37) prescriptions containing hydrocortisone acetate 1% cream and betamethasone valerate 0.1%, respectively. In few instances two corticosteroids were concomitantly prescribed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prescribing moderate-to-potent topical preparations in approximately half of the infants, co-prescription of multiple corticosteroid preparations, omission of important components of prescription, and resorting to the controversial vehicle diluting technique suggest that topical corticosteroid therapy is sub-optimal. In infants, topical corticosteroids should be rationally prescribed. Establishing the treatment guidelines, pharmacovigilance programme and revision of the primary care essential drug list are needed in Bahrain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Arabian Gulf University, P.O. Box 22979, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain. khlidj@agu.edu.bh
authors.forename: Khalid A J
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Al Khaja
authors.forename: Awatif H H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Damanhori
authors.forename: Thuraya M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Al-Ansari
authors.forename: Reginald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Sequeira
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001445:Bahrain; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011320:Primary Health Care
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones