title: The impact of haemodialysis-associated variables on lipid profile in Egyptian haemodialysis population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Haemodialysis (HD) patients appear to have particular susceptibility for cardiovascular (CV) diseases with lipid abnormalities among its significant contributors. However, there is controversy concerning the combined effect on lipid constituents during HD of the three commonly used variables; the type of heparin, dialysis membrane and the constituent of dialysate buffer bases. Consequently, this controlled prospective study was thought of.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomly 63 patients were assigned from Urology and Nephrology haemodialysis (HD) unit, Mansoura, Egypt for the planned study. Their mean age was 45.79 +/- 13.11 years. Fourteen patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) served as control group for the remaining 49 HD patients. They were subdivided according to the HD duration (< and > 1 year), anticoagulant used (unfractionated [UFH] and low-molecular weight heparin [LMWH, Enoxaparin), membrane type (Hemophane [HP] and polysulfone [PS] membrane) and dialysate buffer bases (bicarbonate versus acetate based).
  
  
  METHODS
  Determining the fasting lipid value of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) as well as lipoproteins including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)] was completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bicarbonate dialysate was associated with significantly lower TG (134.7 +/- 11 mg/dl vs. 153 +/- 14 mg/dl, p = 0.004), higher HDL-C (33.1 +/- 3 vs. 28.3 +/- 2, p = 0.0002) and subsequently better atherosclerosis risk ratio [TC/HDL-C (ARR)] (6.02 +/- 0.09 vs. 5.3 +/- 0.9, p = 0.001) despite its insignificant effect on TC and LDL-C. However, logarithm (log) Lp (a) level was significantly higher (1.92 +/- 0.05 vs. 1.82 +/- 0.04 p = 0.001) in comparison with acetate dialysate. Membrane type was not influential in those dialyzed for < 1 year before intervention while after a year of HD, PS (n = 11) compared to HP filters (n = 11) significantly lowered TC (151.7 +/- 16 vs. 172.6 +/- 12, p = 0.003), TG (127.8 +/- 15 vs. 155.7 +/- 15, p = 0.004), LDL-C (122.1 +/- 5 vs. 130.6 +/- 7, p = 0.006) levels as well as ARR (5.9 +/- 0.5 vs. 5.4 +/- 0.3, p = 0.02). Likewise was the reduction in log Lp (a) (1.9 +/- 0.03 vs. 1.8 +/- 0.04, p = 0.002) with insignificant effect on HDL-C. After 6 months, Enoxaparin caused significant improvement of TC (0.0004), TG (p = 0.018), LDL-C (p = 0.006), HDL-C (0.041) and Lp (a) (0.047) compared to UFH. Patients who continued on Enoxaparin for 3 more months displayed an even better attenuation in most of lipid parameters whilst continuation of UFH was insignificant. Switching few patients (n = 4) from UFH to LMWH for 3 months resulted in significant lowering of TC (153 +/- 7 vs. 177.7 +/- 3, p = 0.01), TG (127.5 +/- 5 vs. 137.3 +/- 4, p = 0.03) and LDL-C (124.7 +/- 5 vs. 127.5 +/- 5, p = 0.005). However, switching equal number of patients from LMWH to UFH caused no significant change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dyslipidaemia in Egyptian haemodialysis patients was improved when bicarbonate-based haemodialysis, the use of polysulfone membrane, and more so when the low-molecular weight heparin Enoxaparin were used.
authors.affiliation: Sheffield University Teaching Hospitals, Northern General Hospital Campus, Sheffield, UK. abozenahamdy@hotmail.com
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abo-Zenah
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sabry
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farouk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abdelhalim
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: El-Sayed
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sobh
mesh_terms: D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides; D006493:Heparin; D002784:Cholesterol