title: Progressive outer retinal necrosis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: successful management with intravitreal injections and monitoring with quantitative PCR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) is an ocular disease in individuals with AIDS and is associated with substantial morbidity. The optimal management of PORN and its clinical course in the HAART era is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We report a case of successfully managed PORN that provides insight into the monitoring and treatment of this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intravitreal injections and intravenous therapy targeted towards varicella zoster virus (VZV) were used to treat PORN. HAART was initiated for HIV-1 therapy. Serial PCR for VZV was performed on aqueous humor to monitor the clinical course.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of VZV DNA from aqueous humor correlated with clinical exacerbations of disease. Initiation of twice weekly intravitreal injections with dual antiviral drugs appeared to be an important therapeutic intervention that resulted in remission of PORN. Secondary prophylaxis against VZV was successfully withdrawn after HAART induced partial immune recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to aggressive therapy with intravitreal injections, HAART and quantitative measurements of VZV DNA from aqueous humor have important roles in the management of PORN. A multidisciplinary approach involving specialists in infectious diseases, ophthalmology, and clinical microbiology will improve the chances for successful long-term outcomes.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA. pdyin@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Philip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Shree K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kurup
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Henry H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: Gordon A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Byrnes
authors.forename: Grace A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Levy-Clarke
authors.forename: Ronald R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Buggage
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Nussenblatt
authors.forename: JoAnn M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mican
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D015497:HIV-1; D006562:Herpes Zoster / Q000188:drug therapy; D014645:Herpesvirus 3, Human / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015882:Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology*; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects