title: Patellofemoral evaluation with radiographs and computed tomography scans in 60 knees of asymptomatic subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to show the results of patellofemoral joint imaging in healthy volunteers, to propose a standardization of the technique, and to test the statistical correlation and reliability of the different imaging results.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 30 healthy police academy student volunteers of both sexes, standard knee radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained. The angles and distances were measured, and a statistical analysis was applied. The results are presented as mean +/- 2 SDs throughout.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean Laurin lateral patellofemoral angle on radiographs was 16.4 degrees +/- 8.7 degrees. The mean Insall-Salvati and Caton-Deschamps indexes were 1.09 +/- 0.24 and 0.95 +/- 0.29, respectively. The CT scan values for tilt were determined for the lateral patellofemoral angle by use of both facets (-8.1 degrees +/- 9.8 degrees), the Laurin lateral patellofemoral angle (8.1 degrees +/- 14.5 degrees), the condyle-patellar angle with the lateral facet (14.5 degrees +/- 14 degrees), and the patella major axis (-11.1 degrees +/- 10.6 degrees). The sulcus angle, congruence angle (Merchant angle), and condyle-lateral angle were also obtained on CT scans, with mean values of 139.7 degrees +/- 20.4 degrees , 5.15 degrees +/- 32.6 degrees , and 22.1 degrees +/- 9 degrees , respectively. The tibiofemoral rotation was assessed with the indexes for the distance between the trochlear groove and anterior tibial tuberosity and the distance between the posterior femoral dome and anterior tibial tuberosity. The values for these two indexes were 13.6 +/- 8.8 mm and 17.8 +/- 9.2 mm, respectively. Some parameters showed sex differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are good statistical correlations between some of the tilt values on the radiographs and CT scans, indicating that they move together. The values on the CT scans show good reliability. The CT scans and radiographs are good tests by which to evaluate and quantify patellar alignment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level I, testing of previously developed diagnostic criteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Hospital Dipreca, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile. alemcorv@hotmail.com
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alemparte
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ekdahl
authors.forename: Loreto
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burnier
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cardemil
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cielo
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Danilla
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000592:standards