title: Screening for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis using the Symbol digit Modalities Test.
abstract: Cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), yet difficult to detect during routine neurologic examination. Therefore, brief screening tests that identify patients who may benefit from a more thorough assessment or treatment are needed. We investigated the utility of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) as a screen for cognitive dysfunction because it can be administered and scored in about 5 minutes. One hundred MS patients and 50 healthy controls, matched on demographic variables, participated in the study. Examination procedures included the neuropsychological (NP) tests included in the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS (MACFIMS) battery. Patients were considered impaired if they performed one and a half standard deviations below controls on two or more MACFIMS variables, excluding the SDMT. Bayesian statistics showed that a total score of 55 or lower on the SDMT accurately categorized 72% of patients, yielding sensitivity of 0.82, specificity of 0.60, positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.71, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.73. These results suggest that the effectiveness of the SDMT as a screen for cognitive impairment in MS is roughly equal to that of other psychometric and questionnaire methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Division of Developmental and Behavioral Neurosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Parmenter
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weinstock-Guttman
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Munschauer
authors.forename: R H B
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Benedict
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors