title: Hepatic granulomas: a 6-year experience in a single center in Greece.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatic granulomas have been reported in 2-15% of unselected liver biopsies, with a wide clinical profile responsible for their presence. To date, no series concerning the prevalence and the etiology of granulomas from Greece has been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence and the etiology of hepatic granulomas and to investigate whether there has been an alteration in distribution of diagnoses in our series compared with those published so far in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results of liver biopsy specimens performed in a Department of Medicine, between 1999 and 2004, were retrospectively reviewed and the cases revealing hepatic granulomas had their medical notes and the liver biopsies recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the study period, 1768 liver biopsies were performed. Hepatic granulomas were identified in 66 (3.7%). Of those, 51 were female with a mean age of 57 years (range 34-74 years) and 15 were male with a mean age of 42 years (range 18-78 years). Autoimmune liver diseases including primary biliary cirrhosis, overlap syndrome and autoimmune hepatitis accounted for the majority of cases (68%), followed by sarcoidosis (7.5%), chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection (7.5%), idiopathic (6%), drugs (3%) and other miscellaneous causes (7.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our series showed that autoimmune liver diseases, mainly primary biliary cirrhosis was the most common cause of granuloma formation, a finding rather similar to that stated in the studies from Western countries. A rather small number of idiopathic cases were recorded. Chronic viral hepatitis and sarcoidosis rates were equal, a finding possibly reflecting a fairly high proportion of viral hepatitis in our sample.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Medicine, Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Spyros P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Dourakis
authors.forename: Ruxandra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saramadou
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alexopoulou
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kafiri
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deutsch
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koskinas
authors.forename: Athanasios J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Archimandritis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications; D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D006099:Granuloma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D019693:Hepatitis, Autoimmune / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008105:Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary / Q000150:complications; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000150:complications