title: [Design planning target volumes (PTVs) in intensity-modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) may help to diminish radiation-induced normal tissue damage and improve quality of life of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. However, highly conformal treatment techniques commonly establish steep dose gradients between tumor and normal tissues, therefore, daily setup variations can significantly compromise the ultimate precision of idealized IMRT delivery. This study was to investigate the setup accuracy of thermoplastic masks used for immobilizing NPC patients treated by simultaneous integrated boost IMRT, and to determine adequate margins to account for those uncertainties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients with early stage (T1-2N0M0) NPC received CT scan weekly during their 6-week treatment course of fractionated IMRT. A total of 85 scanning parameters were obtained. The differences in anatomic landmark coordinates in 3-dimensional directions between daily setup and the first day setup were calculated through comparing the CT images with Osiris software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean target isocenter translation was (0.89+/-0.69) mm in x-direction, (0.82+/-0.79) mm in y-direction, and (0.95+/-1.24) mm in z-direction. The systematic errors were 0.94 mm, 1.00 mm, and 1.32 mm. The random errors were 0.87 mm, 0.80 mm, and 1.04 mm. The mean total magnitude vector of isocenter motion was 1.87 mm; the 95% confidence interval (CI) was 2.03-7.24 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During IMRT for early stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma, setting appropriate margin of planning target volume (PTV) by widening 3 mm from clinical target volume (CTV) in x, y, z directions will be sufficient to compensate for the dosimetric uncertainty of target areas due to patient setup error. The measured data in the present study should enable the user of this kind of thermoplastic mask to assign appropriate margins for the generation of planning target volumes (PTVs).
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
authors.forename: Cheng-Guang
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Guo-Wen
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Liu-Wen
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yu-Qi
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Da-Yi
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Tai-Xiang
authors.initials: TX
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Nian-Ji
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D008297:Male; D008397:Masks; D008875:Middle Aged; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed