title: The inhibitory effect of vitamin E on cigarette smoke-induced oxidative damage to the rat urothelium: can it prevent transitional cell carcinoma?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) and assess subsequent carcinogenesis in terms of cellular proliferation in the bladder and kidney epithelial tissues of rats exposed to cigarette smoke (CS), and to investigate the changes following vitamin E treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups: group 1 was kept intact; group 2 was subjected to CS exposure for 8 weeks, and group 3 received intraperitoneal vitamin E injections (200 mg/kg/week) for 8 weeks in addition to CS exposure. Histological examination and Ki67 antigen expression measurements were made from bladder and renal pelvic tissue sections. Luminol-amplified chemiluminescence was used to measure ROS levels. All results were compared using a one-way ANOVA test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In CS-exposed rats, light microscopy of renal and bladder tissues revealed nonspecific epithelial changes; however, Ki67 expression was significantly increased in bladder tissues compared to other groups (17.5 +/- 4.7, 35 +/- 2.9 and 18.7 +/- 5.1% in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively, p < 0.05). Chemiluminescence levels in bladder and renal tissues were also significantly higher in the CS-exposed animals (78.1 +/- 11.4, 148 +/- 13.3, 97.8 +/- 6.1 rlu/mg for the bladder, and 99.8 +/- 12.2, 176.1 +/- 27.9, 67.1 +/- 9 rlu/mg, for renal pelvic tissues, respectively, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin E can alleviate CS-induced oxidative damage in rat bladder and kidney epithelium suggesting a potential role for vitamin E in the prevention of CS-mediated carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. ffonol@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Fikret Fatih
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Onol
authors.forename: Aslan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Temiz
authors.forename: Meral
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yüksel
authors.forename: Funda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eren
authors.forename: Levent N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Türkeri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012906:Smoke; D014810:Vitamin E