title: Free oxygen radicals reduce bile flow in rats via an intracellular cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative stress reduces hepatic bile formation. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is important in bile production; however, the role of basal amounts of intracellular cAMP in bile formation is not known. The aim of this study was to determine whether oxygen radicals reduce bile flow by mechanisms involving intrahepatocyte cAMP levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of an oxygen radical (tert-butyl hydroperoxide; t-BHP) on hepatic bile flow was determined in Wistar rats in vivo and in isolated perfused liver. Intracellular cAMP was measured in isolated hepatocytes with and without t-BHP in culture medium, while adenylate cyclase activity was measured in purified plasma membranes. To examine whether intracellular cAMP restoration could reverse t-BHP-induced bile flow reduction, dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP), a cell-membrane permeating cAMP, was used to treat isolated liver perfused with t-BHP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bile flow was significantly reduced 10 min following t-BHP administration in vivo and in isolated perfused liver (control vs 0.1 mg/mL t-BHP in perfusate, 29.3 vs 23.1 microg/kg per min, P < 0.05). Intracellular cAMP in isolated hepatocytes was reduced by adding t-BHP to the medium; this change was inhibited by DBcAMP. Adenylate cyclase activity in purified liver membrane fractions also was reduced by t-BHP. Administration of DBcAMP reversed bile flow reduction by t-BHP in isolated perfused liver.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bile flow reduction by oxygen radicals was at least partly explained by inactivation of adenylate cyclase causing decreases in intrahepatocytic cAMP. Exogenous DBcAMP administration restored intracellular cAMP preventing bile flow reduction after exposure to oxygen radicals.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagino
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nimura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020122:tert-Butylhydroperoxide / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D020122:tert-Butylhydroperoxide; D000242:Cyclic AMP