title: Radionuclides in marine fishes and birds from Amchitka and Kiska Islands in the Aleutians: establishing a baseline.
abstract: Amchitka Island (51degrees N lat, 179 degrees E long) was the site of three underground nuclear tests from 1965-1971. There have been no substantive studies of radionuclides in marine fishes and birds in the area since the mid-1970's. In this study, levels of 60Co, 52Eu, 90Sr, 99Tc, 129I, 137Cs, and the actinides (241Am, 238Pu, 239,240Pu, 234U, 235U, 236U, and 238U) were studied in ten marine fish species (including Pacific Cod Gadus macrocephalus and Pacific Halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis) and five marine bird species (including Glaucous-winged Gulls Larus glaucescens, Tufted Puffins Fratercula cirrhata, and Common Eider Ducks Somateria mollissima) from Amchitka. The same species were collected at a reference site, Kiska Island (52 degrees N lat; 177 degrees E long), about 130 km west of Amchitka. Each sample was a composite of edible muscle from five or more individual fish or birds of similar size (+/-15%) from the same sampling station. The null hypotheses of no differences among species or between Amchitka and Kiska were tested. Most analytic results were below the minimum detectable activity (MDA), even when 1,000 g sizes and 72 h counting times were used. The only radionuclides detected above the MDA were 137Cs, 241Am, 239,240Pu, 234U, 235U, and 238U. There were significant differences in 137Cs as a function of species, but not location, for top predatory fishes. Of the fishes, eight of ten species had 137Cs values above the MDA for some samples; only one bird, Glaucous-winged Gull, had 137Cs values above the MDA. The highest concentrations of 137Cs were in Dolly Varden [Salvelinus malma, 0.780 (Bq kg(-1) wet weight)] and Pacific Cod (0.602 Bq kg(-1)). In aggregate for any actinides, 73 of 234 (31%) composites for fish were above the MDA, compared to only 3 of 98 (3%) for birds. 234U and 238U, radionuclides that are primarily natural in origin, were routinely detected in these biological samples, but there were no significant differences in mean concentrations between Amchitka and Kiska. The concentrations of all radionuclides examined at Amchitka are similar to those of other uncontaminated Northern Hemisphere sites, and are lower than those reported for fishes and birds from the Irish Sea in the vicinity of the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing facility, an area with known contamination.
authors.affiliation: Division of Life Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, USA. burger@biology.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gochfeld
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kosson
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stabin
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Favret
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jewett
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Snigaroff
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Snigaroff
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stamm
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weston
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jeitner
authors.forename: Conrad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Volz
mesh_terms: D008671:Actinoid Series Elements / Q000032:analysis*; D000413:Alaska; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005399:Fishes; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D012016:Reference Values; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D008671:Actinoid Series Elements; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D011868:Radioisotopes; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive