Oral clefts and life style factors--a case-cohort study based on prospective Danish data.
This study examines the association between oral clefts and first trimester maternal lifestyle factors based on prospective data from the Danish National Birth Cohort. The cohort includes approximately 100,000 pregnancies. In total 192 mothers gave birth to child with an oral cleft during 1997-2003. Information on risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, tea, coffee, cola, and food supplements was obtained during pregnancy for these and 828 randomly selected controls. We found that first trimester maternal smoking was associated with an increased risk of oral clefts (odds ratio (OR): 1.50; 95% confidence interval (CIs): 1.05, 2.14). Although not statistically significant, we also saw associations with first trimester consumption of alcohol (OR: 1.11; CIs: 0.79, 1.55), tea (OR: 1.31; CIs: 0.93, 1.86), and drinking more than 1 l of cola per week (OR: 1.40; CIs: 0.92, 2.12). Furthermore supplementation with > or =400 mcg folic acid daily during the entire first trimester (OR: 0.75; CIs: 0.46, 1.22) suggested an inverse associated with oral clefts, similar to our results on coffee drinking. No effects were found for smaller doses of folic acid, vitamin A, B6 or B12 in this study. The present study found an association between oral clefts and smoking and, although not conclusive, supports an association of oral cleft with alcohol.
Bille
Camilla
C
Center for the Prevention of Congenital Malformations, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 9B, 5000 Odense C, Denmark. cbille@health.sdu.dk
Olsen
Jorn
J
Vach
Werner
W
Knudsen
Vibeke Kildegaard
VK
Olsen
Sjurdur Frodi
SF
Rasmussen
Kirsten
K
Murray
Jeffrey C
JC
Andersen
Anne Marie Nybo
AM
Christensen
Kaare
K
D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008019:Life Style; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014815:Vitamins / Q000009:adverse effects
D014815:Vitamins