title: Factors associated with depression in patients referred to headache specialists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between selected demographic characteristics and clinical features in patients with headache and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied demographic and clinical data collected at the time of consultation for 712 new patients with headache referred to five headache specialty clinics in Canada. Data were analyzed as part of the Canadian Headache Outpatient Registry and Database (CHORD) Project. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) was used to identify the presence of depression. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to evaluate associations between age, gender, employment status, marital status, diagnosis, headache days per month, medication overuse, headache impact (HIT-6), and headache disability (MIDAS) and the presence of depression as measured by the BDI-II.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the sample of patients with headache, 27% (n = 189) had moderate to severe depression. Factors independently associated with depression included age less than 50 years, being unemployed, being on disability pension or welfare, being widowed, separated, or divorced, a diagnosis of transformed migraine or headache associated with head trauma or cervical spine disorder, and showing severe headache impact as measured by the HIT-6, or severe disability as measured by the MIDAS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with headache referred for specialist consultation, depression is strongly associated with being on disability or welfare, unemployment, age under 50 years, showing severe headache impact on the Headache Impact Test-6, and receiving a diagnosis of transformed migraine. The possibility of a concomitant depression should be strongly considered in patients with headache with any of these characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Jelinski
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.forename: Werner J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications; D009462:Neurology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012946:Social Welfare; D014478:Unemployment