title: Comparison of nicardipine versus esmolol in attenuating the hemodynamic responses to anesthesia emergence and extubation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of intravenous (IV) nicardipine versus esmolol in controlling heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) responses to emergence and extubation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double blind.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital, single institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two American Society of Anesthesiologists physical class 1 to 3 adult inpatients scheduled for general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  General endotracheal anesthesia with oxygen/isoflurane and muscle relaxation. At end of surgery, with at least 2 twitches by nerve stimulator and end-tidal isoflurane <0.4%, muscle relaxant reversal was accomplished with neostigmine and glycopyrrolate. Two minutes postreversal, the IV study drug nicardipine, 0.03 mg/kg, or esmolol, 1.5 mg/kg, was administered. HR and BP were measured every minute up to 10 minutes and at minute 15 postreversal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between groups in age, weight, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical class or preoperative hemodynamics (HR, BP, mean arterial pressure [MAP]). Compared with nicardipine, 0.03 mg/kg IV, esmolol, 1.5 mg/kg IV, significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated HR more than nicardipine for the 15-minute time period poststudy drug. Compared with esmolol, nicardipine was significantly (p < 0.05) more effective in controlling MAP and systolic BP for the 1- to 3-minute and diastolic BP for the 1- to 2-minute time periods poststudy drug. There were no episodes of hypotension or adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although esmolol, 1.5 mg/kg, IV was more effective than nicardipine, 0.03 mg/kg, IV for attenuating the HR response to extubation, nicardipine was more effective in controlling the BP response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. akovac@kumc.edu
authors.forename: Anthony L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kovac
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masiongale
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000379:methods; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009529:Nicardipine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D011412:Propanolamines; D009529:Nicardipine; C036604:esmolol