title: Intracranial hemorrhage after carotid angioplasty: a pooled analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use a pooled analysis of the literature to find the incidence of and characteristics common to intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) associated with carotid artery stenting (CAS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of the English-language literature (1996-2005) was performed in PubMed to find cases of CAS-associated ICH. Information was derived from the identified case studies in 5 categories and 19 aspects: (1) incidence of CAS-associated ICH; (2) demographic data (sex, age, symptom presentation, and presence of preexisting hypertension); (3) imaging data (side of lesion, degree of maximal stenosis, lesion location, status of the contralateral carotid artery, collateral circulation, and preprocedural imaging features); 4) procedure-related characteristics (antithrombotic medication, use of cerebral protection devices, residual stenosis, symptoms, interval from the procedure to ICH, type of ICH, and blood pressure changes); and (5) clinical outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-four cases of CAS-associated ICH were reviewed: 51 cases from 36 published articles and our own 3 cases. The incidence of CAS-associated ICH was 0.63% (95% CI 0.38% to 0.97%) in studies consisting of >100 cases, which was significantly lower (p<0.0001) than that of case series consisting of <100 cases (2.69%, 95% CI 1.75% to 3.94%). Distinctive features included symptomatic lesions, severe stenosis (> or =90%), maximal stenosis in the internal carotid artery (ICA) distal to the bifurcation, and preexisting cerebral infarction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of CAS-associated ICH was significantly lower in series consisting of >100 cases. More caution should be directed toward patients with symptomatic lesions, severe stenosis, maximal ICA stenosis distal to the carotid bifurcation, and preexisting cerebral infarction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Seung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Moon Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: O-Ki
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Bae Ju
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Sung Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chang Wan
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome