title: Persistent problems of access to appropriate, affordable TB services in rural China: experiences of different socio-economic groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Large-scale Tuberculosis (TB) control programmes in China have been hailed a success. Concerns remain, however, about whether the programme is reaching all sections of the population, particularly poorer groups within rural communities, and whether there are hidden costs. This study takes a household perspective to investigate receipt of appropriate care and affordability of services for different socio-economic groups with TB symptoms in rural China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of Chinese National Household Health Survey for 2003: 40,000 rural households containing 143,991 individuals, 2,308 identified as TB suspects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  use of services and expenditure of TB suspects, by gender and socio-economic position, indicated by household income, education, material assets, and insurance status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  37% of TB suspects did not seek any professional care, with low-income groups less likely to seek care than more affluent counterparts. Of those seeking care, only 35% received any of the recommended diagnostic tests. Of the 182 patients with a confirmed TB diagnosis, 104 (57%) received treatment at the recommended level, less likely if lacking health insurance or material assets. The burden of payment for services amounted to 45% of annual household income for the low-income group, 16% for the high-income group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Access to appropriate, affordable TB services is still problematic in some rural areas of China, and receipt of care and affordability declines with declining socio-economic position. These findings highlight the current shortcomings of the national TB control programme in China and the formidable challenge it faces if it is to reach all sections of the population, including the poor with the highest burden of disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing PR China. tzhang@bjmu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Tuohong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shenglan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Gao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whitehead
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011203:Poverty; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy