title: Altered states: the impact of immediate craving on the valuation of current and future opioids.
abstract: Based on prior research showing that people underestimate the influence of motivational states they are not currently experiencing, we predicted and found that heroin addicts would value an extra dose of the heroin substitute Buprenorphine more highly when they were currently craving (right before receiving BUP) than when they were currently satiated (right after receiving BUP) -- even when the extra BUP was to be received 5 days later. If addicts cannot appreciate the intensity of craving when they are not currently experiencing it, as these results suggest, it seems unlikely that those who have never experienced craving could predict its motivational force. Under-appreciation of craving by non-addicts may contribute to initial decisions to experiment with drugs.
authors.affiliation: Biometry Facility, University of Vermont, VT, USA.
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Badger
authors.forename: Warren K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Bickel
authors.forename: Louis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Loewenstein
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marsch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000819:agonists / Q000191:economics; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000191:economics; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D002047:Buprenorphine