title: Staphylococcus aureus sensitization and allergic disease in early childhood: population-based birth cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylococcus aureus-secreted enterotoxins (SEs) may be involved in the pathophysiology of atopic diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the role of SEs in allergic diseases during early childhood (using the mixture of SE-specific IgEs [SE-mix] as a marker).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children (N = 510) were followed from birth to age 5 years (repeated questionnaires, IgE to inhalant and food allergens, lung function [spirometry, plethysmography], airway reactivity [dry air challenge]). We measured SE-mix specific IgE (SE-A, SE-C, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1) by using fluorescence immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no association between rhinitis and SE-mix sensitization. Children with eczema were more frequently SE-mix-sensitized than children without (17.4% vs 8.3%; P = .02). SE-mix sensitization rate increased significantly with increasing eczema severity (no eczema, mild, moderate/severe: 8.3%, 14.8%, 42.9%; P = .003) and remained independently associated with eczema in a multivariate model adjusting for total IgE (adjusted odds ratio, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.05-4.56; P = .04). SE-mix sensitization was associated with current wheeze in the univariate but not the multivariate model. Among wheeze phenotypes, persistent wheezers were most commonly sensitized to SE-mix (never, transient, late-onset, persistent: 8.5%, 3.8%, 7.7%, 17.6%; P = .05). Among wheezers, those SE-mix-sensitized had significantly higher airway reactivity compared with those nonsensitized (mean FEV(1) change, mL [95% CI]: -59 [-121, 3] vs 19 [-10.2, 48.9]; P = .04), with little difference after adjusting for atopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found differences in SE-mix IgE antibodies between healthy 5-year-old children and children with eczema and wheeze. The proportion of patients sensitized to SE-mix increases with increasing disease severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Staphylococcal enterotoxins are potential modifiers of childhood wheeze and eczema.
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK. aidajusufagic@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Aida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Semic-Jusufagic
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bachert
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gevaert
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holtappels
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woodcock
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Custovic
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology*; D018089:Superantigens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D018089:Superantigens; C030107:enterotoxin F, Staphylococcal; C026066:enterotoxin A, Staphylococcal; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; C034959:enterotoxin C, staphylococcal