title: Polymorphisms at XPD and XRCC1 DNA repair loci and increased risk of oral leukoplakia and cancer among NAT2 slow acetylators.
abstract: Polymorphisms at N-acetyl transferase 2 locus (NAT2) lead to slow, intermediate and rapid acetylation properties of the enzyme. Improper acetylation of heterocyclic and aromatic amines, present in tobacco, might cause DNA adduct formation. Generally, DNA repair enzymes remove these adduct to escape malignancy. But, tobacco users carrying susceptible NAT2 and DNA repair loci might be at risk of oral leukoplakia and cancer. In this study, 389 controls, 224 leukoplakia and 310 cancer patients were genotyped at 5 polymorphic sites on NAT2 and 3 polymorphic sites on each of XRCC1 and XPD loci by PCR-RFLP method to determine the risk of the diseases. None of the SNPs on these loci independently could modify the risk of the diseases in overall population but variant genotype (Gln/Gln) at codon 399 on XRCC1 and major genotype (Lys/Lys) at codon 751 on XPD were associated with increased risk of leukoplakia and cancer among slow acetylators, respectively (OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 1.2-15.0; OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1-2.3, respectively). Variant genotype (Asn/Asn) at codon 312 on XPD was also associated with increased risk of cancer among rapid and intermediate acetylators (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.2-2.9). Variant C-G-A haplotype at XRCC1 was associated with increased risk of leukoplakia (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.2-2.4) but leukoplakia and cancer in mixed tobacco users (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.4-7.1, OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.1-5.4, respectively) among slow acetylators. Although none of the 3 loci could modulate the risk of the diseases independently but 2 loci in combination, working in 2 different biochemical pathways, could do so in these patient populations.
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics Unit, Biological Sciences Division, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B.T. Road, Kolkata 700108, India.
authors.forename: Mousumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Majumder
authors.forename: Nilabja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sikdar
authors.forename: Saurabh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Bidyut
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001191:Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects; D000076105:X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1; D051759:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000076105:X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1; C000619371:XRCC1 protein, human; D001191:Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase; C478900:NAT2 protein, human; D051759:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein; C497292:ERCC2 protein, human