title: Drosophila SnoN modulates growth and patterning by antagonizing TGF-beta signalling.
abstract: Signalling by TGF-beta ligands through the Smad family of transcription factors is critical for developmental patterning and growth. Disruption of this pathway has been observed in various cancers. In vertebrates, members of the Ski/Sno protein family can act as negative regulators of TGF-beta signalling, interfering with the Smad machinery to inhibit the transcriptional output of this pathway. In some contexts ski/sno genes function as tumour suppressors, but they were originally identified as oncogenes, whose expression is up-regulated in many tumours. These growth regulatory effects and the normal physiological functions of Ski/Sno proteins have been proposed to result from changes in TGF-beta signalling. However, this model is controversial and may be over-simplified, because recent findings indicate that Ski/Sno proteins can affect other signalling pathways. To address this issue in an in vivo context, we have analyzed the function of the Drosophila Ski/Sno orthologue, SnoN. We found that SnoN inhibits growth when overexpressed, indicating a tumour suppressor role in flies. It can act in multiple tissues to selectively and cell autonomously antagonise signalling by TGF-beta ligands from both the BMP and Activin sub-families. By contrast, analysis of a snoN mutant indicates that the gene does not play a global role in TGF-beta-mediated functions, but specifically inhibits TGF-beta-induced wing vein formation. We propose that SnoN normally functions redundantly with other TGF-beta pathway antagonists to finely adjust signalling levels, but that it can behave as an extremely potent inhibitor of TGF-beta signalling when highly expressed, highlighting the significance of its deregulation in cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Le Gros Clark Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK. marie-christine.ramel@anat.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: M-C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ramel
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Foulger
authors.forename: D C I
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Goberdhan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000217:Acyltransferases / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000502:physiology*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C521131:Snoo protein, Drosophila; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C446031:rasp protein, Drosophila; C106204:sno protein, Drosophila; D000217:Acyltransferases