title: Infectious disease morbidity among young HIV-1-exposed but uninfected infants in Latin American and Caribbean countries: the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development International Site Development Initiative Perinatal Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal was to describe the frequency, characteristics, and correlates of infectious disease morbidity during the first 6 months of life among HIV-1-exposed but uninfected infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of infants enrolled in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development International Site Development Initiative Perinatal Study who were HIV-1 uninfected and had follow-up data through the 6-month study visit. Definitive and presumed infections were recorded at study visits (birth, 6-12 weeks, and 6 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 462 HIV-1-uninfected infants with 11,644 child-weeks of observation, 283 experienced > or = 1 infection. These 283 infants experienced 522 infections (1.8 infections per infant). The overall incidence rate of infections was 4.5 cases per 100 child-weeks of observation. Overall, the most common infections were skin or mucous membrane infections (1.9 cases per 100 child-weeks) and respiratory tract infections (1.7 cases per 100 child-weeks). Thirty-six percent of infants had > 1 respiratory tract infection (1.8 cases per 100 child-weeks). Incidence rates of upper and lower respiratory tract infections were similar (0.89 cases per 100 child-weeks and 0.9 cases per 100 child-weeks, respectively). Cutaneous and/or oral candidiasis occurred in 48 neonates (10.3%) and 92 older infants (19.3%). Early neonatal sepsis was diagnosed in 12 infants (26.0 cases per 1000 infants). Overall, 81 of 462 (17.5%) infants were hospitalized with an infection. Infants with lower respiratory tract infections were hospitalized frequently (40.7%). The occurrence of > or = 1 neonatal infection was associated with more-advanced maternal HIV-1 disease, tobacco use during pregnancy, infant anemia, and crowding. Lower maternal CD4+ cell counts, receipt of intrapartum antibiotic treatment, and country of residence were associated with postneonatal infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Close monitoring of HIV-1-exposed infants, especially those who are anemic at birth or whose mothers have more-advanced HIV-1 disease or who smoked during pregnancy, remains important.
authors.affiliation: University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil. mmmpinha@fmrp.usp.br
authors.forename: Marisa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mussi-Pinhata
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Freimanis
authors.forename: Aparecida Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Korelitz
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Maria L S
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Marcelo H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Losso
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Read
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007843:Latin America / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents