title: Right ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in arterial switch patients without pulmonary artery stenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess pulmonary flow dynamics and right ventricular (RV) function in patients without significant anatomical narrowing of the pulmonary arteries late after the arterial switch operation (ASO) by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  17 patients (mean (SD), 16.5 (3.6) years after ASO) and 17 matched healthy subjects were included. MRI was used to assess flow across the pulmonary trunk, RV systolic and diastolic function, and RV mass.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased peak flow velocity (>1.5 m/s) was found across the pulmonary trunk in 14 of 17 patients. Increased RV mass was found in ASO patients: 14.9 (3.4) vs 10.0 (2.6) g/m2 in normal subjects (p<0.01). Delayed RV relaxation was found after ASO: mean tricuspid valve E/A peak flow velocity ratio = 1.60 (0.96) vs 1.92 (0.61) in normal subjects (p = 0.03), and E-deceleration gradients = -1.69 (0.73) vs -2.66 (0.96) (p<0.01). After ASO, RV mass correlated with pulmonary trunk peak flow velocity (r = 0.49, p<0.01) and tricuspid valve E-deceleration gradients (r = 0.35, p = 0.04). RV systolic function was well preserved in patients (ejection fraction = 53 (7)% vs 52 (8)% in normal subjects, p = 0.72).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased peak flow velocity in the pulmonary trunk was often observed late after ASO, even in the absence of significant pulmonary artery stenosis. Haemodynamic consequences were RV hypertrophy and RV relaxation abnormalities as early markers of disease, while systolic RV function was well preserved.
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Radiology, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Grotenhuis
authors.forename: L J M
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kroft
authors.forename: S G C
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: van Elderen
authors.forename: J J M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Westenberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doornbos
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hazekamp
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Vliegen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ottenkamp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Roos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000601:surgery*; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017380:Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000503:physiopathology*