title: Analysis of the replication of HIV-1 forced to use tRNAMet(i) supports a link between primer selection, translation and encapsidation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have suggested that the process of HIV-1 tRNA primer selection and encapsidation of genomic RNA might be coupled with viral translation. In order to further investigate this relationship, proviruses were constructed in which the primer-binding site (PBS) was altered to be complementary to elongator tRNAMet (tRNAMet(e)) (HXB2-Met(e)) or initiator tRNAMet (tRNAMet(i)) (HXB2-Met(i)). These tRNAMet not only differ with respect to the 3' terminal 18-nucleotides, but also with respect to interaction with host cell proteins during protein synthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with previous studies, HXB2-Met(e) were infectious and maintained this PBS following short-term in vitro culture in SupT1 cells. In contrast, transfection of HBX2-Met(i) produced reduced amounts of virus (as determined by p24) and did not establish a productive infection in SupT1 cells. The low infectivity of the virus with the PBS complementary to tRNAMet(i) was not due to differences in endogenous levels of cellular tRNAMet(i) compared to tRNAMet(e); tRNAMet(i) was also capable of being selected as the primer for reverse transcription as determined by the endogenous reverse transcription reaction. The PBS of HXB2-Met(i) contains an ATG, which could act as an upstream AUG and syphon scanning ribosomes thereby reducing initiation of translation at the authentic AUG of Gag. To investigate this possibility, a provirus with an A to G change was constructed (HXB2-Met(i)AG). Transfection of HXB2-Met(i)AG resulted in increased production of virus, similar to that for the wild type virus. In contrast to HXB2-Met(i), HXB2-Met(i)AG was able to establish a productive infection in SupT1 cells. Analysis of the PBS following replication revealed the virus favored the genome with the repaired PBS (A to G) even though tRNAMet(i) was continuously selected as the primer for reverse transcription.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of these studies suggest that HIV-1 has access to both tRNAMet for selection as the replication primer and supports a co-ordination between primer selection, translation and encapsidation during virus replication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA. uros@uab.edu
authors.forename: Uros V
authors.initials: UV
authors.lastname: Djekic
authors.forename: Casey D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Morrow
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D018387:Codon, Initiator / Q000235:genetics; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000032:analysis; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017354:Point Mutation; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011533:Proviruses / Q000235:genetics; D012313:RNA / Q000502:physiology*; D012358:RNA, Transfer, Met / Q000378:metabolism*; D048348:Reverse Transcription; D014162:Transfection; D019065:Virus Assembly; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D018387:Codon, Initiator; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; C034477:RNA primers; D012358:RNA, Transfer, Met; D012313:RNA