title: Reactions to cold exposure emphasize the need for weather protection in prehospital care: an experimental study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to cold temperature is a serious but often neglected problem in prehospital care. It not only is an uncomfortable, subjective experience, but it also can cause severe disturbances in vital functions, gradually leading to hypothermia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine healthy subjects' physiological and subjective reactions to cold exposure (30 minutes at -5 degrees C in the a climatic chamber) while they were lying in a protective covering.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy volunteers (n = 20) participated in the experiment, which consisted of a 10-minute stabilization period of vital functions at room temperature (23 degrees C), 30 minutes of cold exposure (-5 degrees C), and a 30-minute recovery period at room temperature. Subjects lay supinely in protective covering during the entire experiment. Skin temperatures, oxygen saturation, pulse rates, pulse wave amplitude in the middle finger, and surface electromyography (EMG) activity of the major pectoral muscle were recorded continuously during the test. Before and immediately after the cold exposure, tympanic membrane temperatures were measured. In addition, subjects were asked to estimate cold using a standard scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the cold exposure, the decrease in tympanic membrane temperature was not significant. The pulse wave amplitude in the finger decreased sharply upon entering the cold chamber. Skin temperatures, especially of the fingers and toes, decreased during the cold exposure. There were no clear signs of shivering in electromyographic recordings. Subjective cold feelings followed decreasing skin temperatures. Skin temperatures did not return quickly. Even 30 minutes after the exposure, all the skin temperatures still had not returned to normal levels. However, subjective cold feeling was relieved immediately.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cold exposure provoked immediate protective vasoconstriction in the peripheral compartment, which caused linear decreases of local skin temperatures. This probably was triggered from the unprotected face and upper respiratory areas.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine/Department of Physiology, University of Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Niina S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Lintu
authors.forename: Matti A K
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mattila
authors.forename: Jaana A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Holopainen
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koivunen
authors.forename: Osmo O P
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Hänninen
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011481:Protective Clothing