title: Cardiovascular responses across stressor phases: the match of gender and gender-role identification with the gender relevance of the stressor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that cardiovascular responses across stressor phases (anticipation, stressor, recovery) are higher when gender or gender-role identification match with the gender relevance of the stressor than in case of a mismatch and gender irrelevance which are not supposed to differ.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind design, 151 healthy women and men were assigned to the Cold Pressor Test with feminine, masculine, or gender-irrelevant introductions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pattern of responding was vascular [high on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and total peripheral resistance (TPR), and relatively low on heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output] across stressor phases. SBP, DBP, and TPR responses supported the gender match hypothesis, although men showed higher TPR responses to irrelevance than to mismatch. DBP and TPR responses supported the gender-role identification match hypothesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The match-mismatch-irrelevance paradigm contributes to the understanding of gender differences in stress responses and related health risks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. A.M.M.Kolk@uva.nl < A.M.M.Kolk@uva.nl>
authors.forename: Annmarie M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kolk
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Well
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D011930:Reaction Time; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires