title: Migration and schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An exploration of the evidence that a history of migration is a risk factor for schizophrenia and an evaluation of those studies that seek an explanation for this.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A meta-analysis found an increased risk for schizophrenia among first-generation and second-generation migrants and found a particularly high risk for migrants from countries where the majority of the population was Black. The latter finding was confirmed and extended by a large first-contact incidence study in the UK, which found excessive risks for schizophrenia and mania in the African-Caribbean and black-African sections of the population. A very high risk of schizophrenia has also been reported for Moroccan males in the Netherlands. The explanation for these findings is uncertain. Social adversity, racial discrimination, family dysfunction, unemployment and poor housing conditions have been proposed as contributing factors. According to one hypothesis, the chronic experience of social defeat disturbs dopamine function in the brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A personal or family history of migration is a high risk factor for schizophrenia and there is now strong evidence against selective migration as the explanation. There is an increasing interest in the impact of social stressors on brain functioning and on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands, and Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden. j.p.selten@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Selten
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cantor-Graae
authors.forename: René S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005195:Family Relations; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000503:physiopathology; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000503:physiopathology; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology; D011287:Prejudice; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine