title: Modelling the geochemical fate and transport of wastewater-derived phosphorus in contrasting groundwater systems.
abstract: A 1D reactive transport model (RTM) is used to obtain a mechanistic understanding of the fate of phosphorus (P) in the saturated zone of two contrasting aquifer systems. We use the field data from two oxic, electron donor-poor, wastewater-impacted, sandy Canadian aquifers, (Cambridge and Muskoka sites) as an example of a calcareous and non-calcareous groundwater system, respectively, to validate our reaction network. After approximately 10 years of wastewater infiltration, P is effectively attenuated within the first 10 m down-gradient of the source mainly through fast sorption onto calcite and Fe oxides. Slow, kinetic sorption contributes further to P removal, while precipitation of phosphate minerals (strengite, hydroxyapatite) is quantitatively unimportant in the saturated zone. Nitrogen (N) dynamics are also considered, but nitrate behaves essentially as a conservative tracer in both systems. The model-predicted advancement of the P plume upon continued wastewater discharge at the calcareous site is in line with field observations. Model results suggest that, upon removal of the wastewater source, the P plume at both sites will persist for at least 20 years, owing to desorption of P from aquifer solids and the slow rate of P mineral precipitation. Sensitivity analyses for the non-calcareous scenario (Muskoka) illustrate the importance of the sorption capacity of the aquifer solids for P in modulating groundwater N:P ratios in oxic groundwater. The model simulations predict the breakthrough of groundwater with high P concentrations and low N:P ratios after 17 years at 20 m from the source for an aquifer with low sorption capacity (<0.02% w/w Fe(OH)(3)). In this type of system, denitrification plays a minor role in lowering the N:P ratios because it is limited by the availability of labile dissolved organic matter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Sciences-Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands. c.spiteri@geo.uu.nl
authors.forename: Claudette
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spiteri
authors.forename: Caroline P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Slomp
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Regnier
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meile
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Cappellen
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D010758:Phosphorus; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen