title: Methylation-independent silencing of the tumor suppressor INK4b (p15) by CBFbeta-SMMHC in acute myelogenous leukemia with inv(16).
abstract: The tumor suppressor gene INK4b (p15) is silenced by CpG island hypermethylation in most acute myelogenous leukemias (AML), and this epigenetic phenomenon can be reversed by treatment with hypomethylating agents. Thus far, it was not investigated whether INK4b is hypermethylated in all cytogenetic subtypes of AML. A comparison of levels of INK4b methylation in AML with the three most common cytogenetic alterations, inv(16), t(8;21), and t(15;17), revealed a strikingly low level of methylation in all leukemias with inv(16) compared with the other types. Surprisingly, the expression level of INK4b in inv(16)+ AML samples was low and comparable with that of the other subtypes. An investigation into an alternative mechanism of INK4b silencing determined that the loss of INK4b expression was caused by inv(16)-encoded core binding factor beta-smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (CBFbeta-SMMHC). The silencing was manifested in an inability to activate the normal expression of INK4b RNA as shown in vitamin D3-treated U937 cells expressing CBFbeta-SMMHC. CBFbeta-SMMHC was shown to displace RUNX1 from a newly determined CBF site in the promoter of INK4b. Importantly, this study (a) establishes that the gene encoding the tumor suppressor p15(INK4b) is a target of CBFbeta-SMMHC, a finding relevant to the leukemogenesis process, and (b) indicates that, in patients with inv(16)-containing AML, reexpression from the INK4b locus in the leukemia would not be predicted to occur using hypomethylating drugs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute and National Human Genome Research Institute/NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Markus
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Garin
authors.forename: Juraj
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bies
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Galili
authors.forename: Azra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thirman
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Le Beau
authors.forename: Janet D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rowley
authors.forename: P Paul
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wolff
mesh_terms: D007446:Chromosome Inversion; D002896:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6; D050676:Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D050658:Core Binding Factor beta Subunit / Q000235:genetics*; D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000235:genetics*; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: C493966:CDKN2B protein, human; D050676:Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit; D050658:Core Binding Factor beta Subunit; D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; C493728:RUNX1 protein, human; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains