title: Construct validity of the LapSim: can the LapSim virtual reality simulator distinguish between novices and experts?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Virtual reality simulators may be invaluable in training and assessing future endoscopic surgeons. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the results of a training session reflect the actual skill of the trainee who is being assessed and thereby establish construct validity for the LapSim virtual reality simulator (Surgical Science Ltd., Gothenburg, Sweden).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight subjects were assigned to one of three groups: 16 novices (0 endoscopic procedures), 16 surgical residents in training (>10 but <100 endoscopic procedures), and 16 experienced endoscopic surgeons (>100 endoscopic procedures). Performance was measured by a relative scoring system that combines single parameters measured by the computer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The higher the level of endoscopic experience of a participant, the higher the score. Experienced surgeons and surgical residents in training showed statistically significant higher scores than novices for both overall score and efficiency, speed, and precision parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that performance of the various tasks on the simulator corresponds to the respective level of endoscopic experience in our research population. This study demonstrates construct validity for the LapSim virtual reality simulator. It thus measures relevant skills and can be integrated in an endoscopic training and assessment program.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, P.O. Box 85500, 3508, GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: van Dongen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tournoij
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: van der Zee
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Schijven
authors.forename: I A M J
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Broeders
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004521:Educational Measurement; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy; D014584:User-Computer Interface