title: The deployment of intersensory selective attention: a high-density electrical mapping study of the effects of theanine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  : Ingestion of the nonproteinic amino acid theanine (5-N-ethylglutamine) has been shown to increase oscillatory brain activity in the so-called alpha band (8-14 Hz) during resting electroencephalographic recordings in humans. Independently, alpha band activity has been shown to be a key component in selective attentional processes. Here, we set out to assess whether theanine would cause modulation of anticipatory alpha activity during selective attentional deployments to stimuli in different sensory modalities, a paradigm in which robust alpha attention effects have previously been established.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Electrophysiological data from 168 scalp electrode channels were recorded while participants performed a standard intersensory attentional cuing task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : As in previous studies, significantly greater alpha band activity was measured over parieto-occipital scalp for attentional deployments to the auditory modality than to the visual modality. Theanine ingestion resulted in a substantial overall decrease in background alpha levels relative to placebo while subjects were actively performing this demanding attention task. Despite this decrease in background alpha activity, attention-related alpha effects were significantly greater for the theanine condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : This increase of attention-related anticipatory alpha over the right parieto-occipital scalp suggests that theanine may have a specific effect on the brain's attention circuitry. We conclude that theanine has clear psychoactive properties, and that it represents a potentially interesting, naturally occurring compound for further study, as it relates to the brain's attentional system.
authors.affiliation: Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gomez-Ramirez
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rycroft
authors.forename: Gail N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shpaner
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Foxe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003463:Cues; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005971:Glutamates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005971:Glutamates; C026166:theanine