title: Microorganisms in bioaerosol emissions from wastewater treatment plants during summer at a Mediterranean site.
abstract: Measurements were conducted at a Mediterranean site (latitude 35 degrees 31' north and longitude 24 degrees 03' east) during summer, to study the concentration of microorganisms emitted from a wastewater treatment plant under intensive solar radiation (520-840 W/m2) and at elevated air temperatures (25-31 degrees C). Air samples were taken with the Air Sampler MAS 100 (Merck) at each stage of an activated-sludge wastewater treatment (pretreatment, primary settling tanks, aeration tanks, secondary settling tanks, chlorination, and sludge processors). Cultivation methods based on the viable counts of mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria, as well as of indicator microorganisms of faecal contamination (total and faecal coliforms and enterococci), and fungi were performed. During air sampling, temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity and wind speed were measured. The highest concentrations of airborne microorganisms were observed at the aerated grit removal of wastewater at the pretreatment stage. A gradual decrease of bioaerosol emissions was observed during the advanced wastewater treatment from the pretreatment to the primary, secondary and tertiary treatment (97.4% decrease of mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria, and 100% decrease of total coliforms, faecal coliforms and enterococci), 95.8% decrease of fungi. The concentration of the airborne microorganisms at the secondary and tertiary treatment of the wastewater was lower than in the outdoor control. At the same time, the reduction of the microbial load at the waste sludge processors was 19.7% for the mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria, 99.4% for the total coliforms, and 100% for the faecal coliforms and the enterococci, 84.2% for the fungi. The current study concludes that the intensive solar radiation, together with high ambient temperatures, as well as optimal wastewater treatment are the most important factors for low numbers of microbes in the air.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Biochemical Processes, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Romanou 3, Halepa, GR 73133 Chania, Greece.
authors.forename: Styliani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karra
authors.forename: Eleftheria
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Katsivela
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000009:adverse effects; D000391:Air Microbiology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002980:Climate; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006115:Greece; D012621:Seasons; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols