Return on investment in disease management: a review.
The results of 44 studies investigating financial impact and return on investment (ROI) from disease management (DM) programs for asthma, congestive heart failure (CHF), diabetes, depression, and multiple illnesses were examined. A positive ROI was found for programs directed at CHF and multiple disease conditions. Some evidence suggests that diabetes programs may save more than they cost, but additional studies are needed. Results are mixed for asthma management programs. Depression management programs cost more than they save in medical expenses, but may save money when considering productivity outcomes.
Goetzel
Ron Z
RZ
Institute for Health and Productivity Studies, Cornell University Institute for Policy Research, Medstat, Washington, DC 20008, USA. ron.goetzel@thomson.com
Ozminkowski
Ronald J
RJ
Villagra
Victor G
VG
Duffy
Jennifer
J
D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D019468:Disease Management; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational / Q000191:economics*; D006264:Health Benefit Plans, Employee; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D014481:United States