title: Inhibitory effects of saikosaponin-d on CCl4-induced hepatic fibrogenesis in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the suppressive effect of saikosaponin-d (SSd) on hepatic fibrosis in rats induced by CCl(4) injections in combination with alcohol and high fat, low protein feeding and its relationship with the expression of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukins-6 (IL-6).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hepatic fibrosis models were induced by subcutaneous injection of CCl(4) at a dosage of 3 mL/kg in rats. At the same time, rats in treatment groups were injected intraperitoneally with SSd at different doses (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg) once daily for 6 wk in combination with CCl(4), while the control group received olive oil instead of CCl(4). At the end of the experiment, rats were anesthetized and killed (except for 8 rats which died during the experiment; 2 from the model group, 3 in high-dose group, 1 in medium-dose group and 2 in low-dose group). Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Van Gieson staining were used to examine the changes in liver pathology. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyeride (TG), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), hyaluronic acid (HA) and laminin (LN) in serum and the content of hydroxyproline (HYP) in liver were measured by biochemical examinations and radioimmuneoassay, respectively. In addition, the expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in liver homogenate was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the levels of NF-kappaBp65 and I-kappaBalpha in liver tissue were analyzed by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both histological examination and Van Gieson staining demonstrated that SSd could attenuate the area and extent of necrosis and reduce the scores of liver fibrosis. Similarly, the levels of ALT, TG, GLB, HA, and LN in serum, and the contents of HYP, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in liver were all significantly increased in model group in comparison with those in control group. Whereas, the treatment with SSd markedly reduced all the above parameters compared with the model group, especially in the medium group (ALT: 412 +/- 94.5 IU/L vs 113.76 +/- 14.91 IU/L, TG: 0.95 +/- 0.16 mmol/L vs 0.51 +/- 0.06 mmol/L, GLB: 35.62 +/- 3.28 g/L vs 24.82 +/- 2.73 g/L, HA: 42.15 +/- 8.25 ng/mL vs 19.83 +/- 3.12 ng/mL, LN: 27.56 +/- 4.21 ng/mL vs 13.78 +/- 2.57 ng/mL, HYP: 27.32 +/- 4.32 mug/mg vs 16.20 +/- 3.12 mug/mg, TNF-alpha: 4.38 +/- 0.76 ng/L vs 1.94 +/- 0.27 ng/L, IL-6: 28.24 +/- 6.37 pg/g vs 12.72 +/- 5.26 pg/g, respectively, P < 0.01). SSd also decreased ALB in serum (28.49 +/- 4.93 g/L vs 37.51 +/- 3.17 g/L, P < 0.05). Moreover, the expression of NF-kappaB p65 in the liver of treated groups was lower than that in model groups while the expression of I-kappaBalpha was higher in treated group than in model group (P < 0.01). The expression of NF-kappaBp65 and TNF-alpha had a positive correlation with the level of HA in serum of rats after treatment with CCl(4) (r = 0.862, P < 0.01; r = 0.928, P < 0.01, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SSd attenuates CCl(4)-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats, which may be related to its effects of hepato-protective and anti-inflammation properties, the down-regulation of liver TNF-alpha, IL-6 and NF-kappaBp65 expression and the increased I-kappaBalpha activity in liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China. shuangsuo640212@sohu.com
authors.forename: Shuang-Suo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: Bao-Feng
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yan-An
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Zhen-Guo
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zong-Fang
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000097:blood; D007797:Laminin / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008106:Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D009828:Oleanolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012503:Saponins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D007797:Laminin; D012503:Saponins; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009828:Oleanolic Acid; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; C025759:saikosaponin D