title: Bladder cancer incidence and risk factors in men with prostate cancer: results from Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated a large disease registry to determine the incidence of bladder cancer in patients with prostate cancer and investigate whether the type of treatment for prostate cancer increased the risk of bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the CaPSURE disease registry for men diagnosed with prostate cancer plus bladder cancer between 1989 and 2003. Demographics, comorbidities and prostate cancer treatment modalities were compared in patients with and without bladder cancer. A backward stepwise Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to predict bladder cancer onset after treatment for prostate cancer in patients who had bladder cancer 30 days or greater after prostate cancer treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 9,780 patients from CaPSURE 143 (1.46%) also had bladder cancer. Patients with bladder cancer and prostate cancer were older (p<0.01) and more likely to be white (p=0.03), and they had lower levels of income (p<0.01) and education (p=0.04) than patients with prostate cancer only. Comorbidities did not differ between patients with and without bladder cancer. Patients treated with radical prostatectomy were approximately half as likely to have posttreatment bladder cancer as patients who underwent radiation therapy (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.29-0.89). Patients who smoked had an independent increase in the risk of bladder cancer (HR 2.08, 95% CI 1.09-3.97), while smokers treated with radiation therapy were at almost 4-fold risk for bladder cancer (HR 3.65, 95% CI 1.45-9.16).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of bladder cancer in patients with prostate cancer was 1.5%. Radiation therapy and smoking increased the risk of bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill-Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boorjian
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: Badrinath R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Konety
authors.forename: Janeen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DuChane
authors.forename: Ashutosh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tewari
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kane
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*