Radionuclides in marine fishes and birds from Amchitka and Kiska Islands in the Aleutians: establishing a baseline.
Amchitka Island (51degrees N lat, 179 degrees E long) was the site of three underground nuclear tests from 1965-1971. There have been no substantive studies of radionuclides in marine fishes and birds in the area since the mid-1970's. In this study, levels of 60Co, 52Eu, 90Sr, 99Tc, 129I, 137Cs, and the actinides (241Am, 238Pu, 239,240Pu, 234U, 235U, 236U, and 238U) were studied in ten marine fish species (including Pacific Cod Gadus macrocephalus and Pacific Halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis) and five marine bird species (including Glaucous-winged Gulls Larus glaucescens, Tufted Puffins Fratercula cirrhata, and Common Eider Ducks Somateria mollissima) from Amchitka. The same species were collected at a reference site, Kiska Island (52 degrees N lat; 177 degrees E long), about 130 km west of Amchitka. Each sample was a composite of edible muscle from five or more individual fish or birds of similar size (+/-15%) from the same sampling station. The null hypotheses of no differences among species or between Amchitka and Kiska were tested. Most analytic results were below the minimum detectable activity (MDA), even when 1,000 g sizes and 72 h counting times were used. The only radionuclides detected above the MDA were 137Cs, 241Am, 239,240Pu, 234U, 235U, and 238U. There were significant differences in 137Cs as a function of species, but not location, for top predatory fishes. Of the fishes, eight of ten species had 137Cs values above the MDA for some samples; only one bird, Glaucous-winged Gull, had 137Cs values above the MDA. The highest concentrations of 137Cs were in Dolly Varden [Salvelinus malma, 0.780 (Bq kg(-1) wet weight)] and Pacific Cod (0.602 Bq kg(-1)). In aggregate for any actinides, 73 of 234 (31%) composites for fish were above the MDA, compared to only 3 of 98 (3%) for birds. 234U and 238U, radionuclides that are primarily natural in origin, were routinely detected in these biological samples, but there were no significant differences in mean concentrations between Amchitka and Kiska. The concentrations of all radionuclides examined at Amchitka are similar to those of other uncontaminated Northern Hemisphere sites, and are lower than those reported for fishes and birds from the Irish Sea in the vicinity of the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing facility, an area with known contamination.
Burger
Joanna
J
Division of Life Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, USA. burger@biology.rutgers.edu
Gochfeld
Michael
M
Kosson
David
D
Powers
Charles W
CW
Friedlander
Barry
B
Stabin
Michael
M
Favret
Derek
D
Jewett
Stephen
S
Snigaroff
Daniel
D
Snigaroff
Ronald
R
Stamm
Tim
T
Weston
James
J
Jeitner
Christian
C
Volz
Conrad
C
D008671:Actinoid Series Elements / Q000032:analysis*; D000413:Alaska; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005399:Fishes; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D012016:Reference Values; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis
D008671:Actinoid Series Elements; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D011868:Radioisotopes; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive