title: Prefrontal cortex activity is reduced in gambling and nongambling substance users during decision-making.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Poor decision-making is a hallmark of addiction, whether to substances or activities. Performance on a widely used test of decision-making, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), can discriminate controls from persons with ventral medial frontal lesions, substance-dependence, and pathological gambling. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies indicate that substance-dependent individuals show altered prefrontal activity on the task. Here we adapted the IGT to an fMRI setting to test the hypothesis that defects in ventral medial and prefrontal processing are associated with impaired decisions that involve risk but may differ depending on whether substance dependence is comorbid with gambling problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 controls, 14 substance-dependent individuals (SD), and 16 SD with gambling problems (SDPG) underwent fMRI while performing a modified version of the IGT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group differences were observed in ventral medial frontal, right frontopolar, and superior frontal cortex during decision-making. Controls showed the greatest activity, followed by SDPG, followed by SD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support a hypothesis that defects in ventral medial frontal processing lead to impaired decisions that involve risk. Reductions in right prefrontal activity during decision-making appear to be modulated by the presence of gambling problems and may reflect impaired working memory, stimulus reward valuation, or cue reactivity in substance-dependent individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA. jody.tanabe@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Claus
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dalwani
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.forename: Marie T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Banich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003463:Cues; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D030141:Feedback, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014888:Wechsler Scales