title: A disruptive mutation in exon 3 of the GNAS gene with albright hereditary osteodystrophy, normocalcemic pseudohypoparathyroidism, and selective long transcript variant Gsalpha-L deficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The GNAS gene encodes the alpha-subunit of stimulatory G proteins, which play a crucial role in intracellular signal transduction of peptide and neurotransmitter receptors. In addition to transcript variants that differ in their first exon due to different promoters, there are two long (Gsalpha-L) and two short (Gsalpha-S) splice variants, created by alternative splicing. Heterozygous inactivating maternally inherited mutations of GNAS lead to a phenotype in which Albright hereditary osteodystrophy is associated with pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GNAS gene of a 10-yr-old girl with brachymetacarpia, mental retardation, normocalcemic pseudohypoparathyroidism, and hypothyroidism was investigated. We found a heterozygous insertion of an adenosine in exon 3 altering codon 85 and leading to a frame shift inducing a stop codon in exon 4. Molecular studies of cDNA from blood RNA demonstrated normal, biallelic expression of Gsalpha-S transcripts, whereas expression of Gsalpha-L transcripts from the maternal allele was reduced. Immunoblot analysis revealed a reduced Gsalpha-L protein level to about 50%, whereas the protein level of Gsalpha-S was unaltered. Furthermore, the Gsalpha protein activity in erythrocyte membranes was diminished to about 75% of normal. Both the reduced activity and the mutation were also found in the mother and the affected younger brother.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report demonstrates the first evidence for a pathogenic mutation in exon 3 of the GNAS gene. The mutation is associated with a phenotype of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy and pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia due to selective deficiency of Gsalpha-L and a partial reduction of Gsalpha activity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thiele
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Wiebke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ahrens
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hoppe
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marschke
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Staedt
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hiort
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002864:Chromogranins; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000737:chemistry; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005359:Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic / Q000235:genetics*; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000235:genetics; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000235:genetics; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D011547:Pseudohypoparathyroidism / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D002864:Chromogranins; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C406732:GNAS protein, human; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs; D002118:Calcium