title: Real-time PCR assay for ultrasensitive quantification of DNA-binding proteins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The specific binding of proteins to DNA is a key step for many cellular activities, such as transcription regulation, DNA replication, recombination, repair, and restriction. The detection of DNA-binding proteins, as well as the identification of specific binding sites, is therefore important to understand gene expression mechanisms and cellular function. We describe an ultrasensitive method for quantification of DNA-binding proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  We combined the common exonuclease III (ExoIII) footprinting assay and real-time PCR for quantification of DNA-binding proteins, for an assay that does not require antibodies against the target proteins. Double-strand DNA probes were designed to monitor the activities of DNA-binding protein. The protein-binding site is at the 5' end of the forward primer. When a target protein is present, it will specifically bind to the protein-binding site and produce a physical hindrance to ExoIII, which protects the reverse DNA strand from digestion by ExoIII. The remaining single-strand DNA template can be quantitatively detected by real-time PCR. Conversely, in the absence of the target protein, the naked primer regions will be degraded by ExoIII, which then cannot be amplified by real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected the binding of 10 different transcription factors in crude cell extracts. The assay quantitatively detected binding at femtomolar concentrations of protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This technique is customizable and easy to establish. It has potential applications in research, medical diagnosis, and drug discovery.
authors.affiliation: Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory, Department of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Zaozao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Meiju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Nongyue
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Zuhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D002457:Cell Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors