title: Fluvastatin and atorvastatin affect calcium homeostasis of rat skeletal muscle fibers in vivo and in vitro by impairing the sarcoplasmic reticulum/mitochondria Ca2+-release system.
abstract: The mechanism by which the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) induce skeletal muscle injury is still under debate. By using fura-2 cytofluorimetry on intact extensor digitorum longus muscle fibers, here we provided the first evidence that 2 months in vivo chronic treatment of rats with fluvastatin (5 and 20 mg kg-1) and atorvastatin (5 and 10 mg kg-1) caused an alteration of calcium homeostasis. All treated animals showed a significant increase of resting cytosolic calcium [Ca2+]i, up to 60% with the higher fluvastatin dose and up to 20% with the other treatments. The [Ca2+]i rise induced by statin administration was not due to an increase of sarcolemmal permeability to calcium. Furthermore, the treatments reduced caffeine responsiveness. In vitro application of fluvastatin caused changes of [Ca2+]i, resembling the effect obtained after the in vivo administration. Indeed, fluvastatin produced a shift of mechanical threshold for contraction toward negative potentials and an increase of resting [Ca2+]i. By using ruthenium red and cyclosporine A, we determined the sequence of the statin-induced Ca2+ release mechanism. Mitochondria appeared as the cellular structure responsible for the earlier event leading to a subsequent large sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release. In conclusion, we suggest that calcium homeostasis alteration may be a crucial event for myotoxicity induced by this widely used class of hypolipidemic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pharmacology, Dept. of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liantonio
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giannuzzi
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cippone
authors.forename: Giulia Maria
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Camerino
authors.forename: Sabata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pierno
authors.forename: Diana Conte
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Camerino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006706:Homeostasis; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000187:drug effects; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012508:Sarcolemma / Q000378:metabolism; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D011758:Pyrroles; D002110:Caffeine; D008345:Manganese; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D002118:Calcium