title: Effect of robotic assistance on the "learning curve" for laparoscopic hand-assisted donor nephrectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of living-related donor kidney transplantations have increased since the advent of minimally invasive surgery. Robotic technology has emerged as a promising alternative to laparoscopic techniques. The authors reviewed their institution experience with robotic hand-assisted donor nephrectomies (RHADNs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between August 2000 and April 2006, 273 robotically assisted left donor nephrectomies were performed using a hand-assisted technique. Prospectively collected information for 214 patients regarding complications, hospital stay, blood loss, warm ischemia time, operative time, and outcomes is presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cohort of donors included 110 men and 104 women with a mean age of 36 years (range, 18-61 years). These donors included 86 African Americans, 46 Caucasians, 74 Hispanics, and 8 of other races. Left renal artery anomalies were found in 61 patients (29%). Four patients underwent conversion to open surgery. The hospital stay was 2.3 days (range, 1-8 days), the blood loss 82 ml (range, 10-1,500 ml), and the mean warm ischemia time 98 s (range, 50-200 s). The operative time was 201 min (range, 100-320 min) for the first 74 cases, 129 min (range, 65-240 min) for the second 70 cases, and 103 min for the last 70 cases (p < 0.001), for an overall average of 150 min. Complications decreased significantly after the first 74 cases. The 1-year patient survival rate was 100%, and the 1-year graft survival rate was 98%. The average recipient creatinine at 6 months was 1.4 mg/dl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific changes in operative technique over time have improved patient safety and diminished complications with RHADN. Currently, RHADN can be performed expeditiously with a minimal rate of complications and conversion to open procedure by a surgical team with appropriate training and experience.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery Center, 840 South Wood Street, Room 435 E, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. vgorodner_72@yahoo.com.ar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horgan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Galvani
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Gorodner
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manzelli
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oberholzer
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Fisichella
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bogetti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Sankary
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Benedetti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007858:Learning; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000193:education*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012371:Robotics; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000193:education*