title: Sinonasal epithelial cell expression of toll-like receptor 9 is decreased in chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Innate immune recognition of pathogens by sinonasal epithelial cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Previous studies have indicated that toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNA is present in sinonasal mucosa, and levels of TLR9 expression are decreased in recalcitrant CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). However, the cellular source and function of TLR9 in the sinonasal epithelium is not known. In this study, primary epithelial cell cultures were analyzed from control subjects and CRSwNP patients to determine the presence and function of TLR9 protein.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary epithelial cell cultures were established from 5 controls and 10 CRSwNP patients undergoing sinus surgery. Flow cytometry was used to confirm purity of epithelial cells and to assess expression of TLR9 protein. Epithelial cells were stimulated with TLR9 agonist, and mRNA was analyzed by real-time PCR for expression of human beta-defensin (HBD) 2 and interleukin (IL)-8.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flow cytometry showed TLR9 protein in 100% of epithelial cells from controls and CRSwNP patients. The level of expression was 50% lower in CRS patients than in controls. Stimulation of epithelial cells with TLR9 agonist produced a 1.5- to 9-fold increase in HBD-2 and IL-8 mRNA expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional TLR9 protein is expressed by normal and diseased sinonasal epithelial cells. The level of TLR9 expression is decreased in CRSwNP patients, consistent with the previous finding of decreased TLR9 mRNA in whole sinonasal tissue. These findings suggest that impaired innate immune responses to pathogens via TLR9 on sinonasal epithelial cells may represent a critical mechanism in chronic inflammatory sinus disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramanathan
authors.forename: Won-Kyung
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Marc G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Dubin
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Ernst W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Spannhake
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9