title: Prostate-specific antigen kinetics after brachytherapy or external beam radiotherapy and neoadjuvant hormonal therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the kinetics of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after radiotherapy (RT) and neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (NHT) for localized prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PSA kinetics of 75 consecutive patients who had undergone RT and NHT (median time 4 months) were followed up for a minimum of 24 months after treatment. RT included a permanent iodine-125 implant (n = 29), a temporary iridium-192 implant as a boost to external beam RT (n = 21), and sole external beam RT (n = 25). A median number of 11 PSA levels per patient were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a first nadir (median level 0.1 ng/mL 3 months after RT), rising PSA levels were found in 83% of patients and progressively rising PSA levels until the end of follow-up or salvage hormonal therapy for 21% of patients. The PSA levels dropped again after one (23%), two (21%), or more (17%) consecutive increases up to a median level of 0.6 ng/mL (median time 16 months after RT), so that a nadir of 0.1 ng/mL was reached for a second time (median time 35 months after RT). A first nadir of less than 0.1 ng/mL, a PSA increase of less than 1 ng/mL, and a longer PSA doubling time (median time 10 months) were strongly predictive for long-term biochemical control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temporarily rising PSA levels can be expected for most patients after primary RT and NHT following a first nadir. The increasing effects of testosterone owing to NHT withdrawal have a stronger effect than RT in the first months after treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. mpinkawa@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pinkawa
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fischedick
authors.forename: Marc D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Piroth
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gagel
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Borchers
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jakse
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Eble
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001918:Brachytherapy; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000819:agonists; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen