title: Control of sperm concentration is necessary for standardization of sperm cryopreservation in aquatic species: evidence from sperm agglutination in oysters.
abstract: A lack of standardization in sperm cryopreservation of aquatic organisms is one of the main reasons for inconsistency observed among various studies. In particular, there have been few attempts to standardize sperm concentration during procedural optimization. This study was intended to call attention to sperm concentration standardization through research of sperm agglutination in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas. Sperm agglutination after thawing is a relatively frequent phenomenon observed for various aquatic species, especially when sub-optimal cryopreservation protocols are used; however, no systematic attempts have been made to explain this phenomenon. The present study evaluated various factors affecting sperm agglutination of thawed samples from diploid and tetraploid Pacific oysters, and is the first detailed report addressing the sperm agglutination phenomenon of thawed samples from any aquatic organism. Agglutination of oyster sperm was classified into six levels with a scale ranging from 0 (homogenous suspension) to 5 (well-developed "noodles"). It was found that agglutination in thawed samples was mainly due to the lack of sufficient cryoprotectant for a specific sperm concentration. Interestingly, high levels of agglutination did not necessarily lead to low fertilization. On the contrary, some sperm cells appeared to gain protection from the formation of peripheral agglutination within 0.5-ml French straws. The exact mechanism of sperm agglutination remains unclear. However, morphological examination of cross sections of the noodles (agglutination level 5) indicated at least two forms of agglutination (formed with and without cryoprotectant) which could be used as a tool to understand the cryopreservation process within the micro-environment of the straw. Furthermore, the fact that the level of sperm agglutination was directly determined by sperm concentration, in addition to the type of cryoprotectant, cryoprotectant concentration, and cooling and thawing methods emphasized the importance of procedural standardization and systematic optimization and integration of protocols involving multiple factors.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, PR China.
authors.forename: Qiaoxiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Changjiang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Terrence R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Tiersch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005615:Freezing; D008297:Male; D000432:Methanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019946:Propylene Glycol / Q000494:pharmacology; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D013073:Sperm Agglutination / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013076:Sperm Count; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D019946:Propylene Glycol; D000432:Methanol; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide