title: Stress-induced and alcohol cue-induced craving in recently abstinent alcohol-dependent individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research has shown that exposure to stress/negative affect and to alcohol cues can each increase alcohol craving and relapse susceptibility in alcohol-dependent individuals. However, whether the emotional and physiological states associated with stress-induced and alcohol cue-induced craving are comparable has not been well studied. Therefore, this study examined the craving, emotional, and physiological responses to stress and to alcohol cues in treatment-engaged, 4-week abstinent, alcohol-dependent individuals using analogous stress and alcohol cue imagery methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty treatment-seeking, alcohol-dependent participants (18 males/2 females) were exposed to a brief 5-minute guided imagery procedure that involved imagining a recent personal stressful situation, a personal alcohol cue-related situation, and a neutral-relaxing situation, 1 imagery per session presented in random order. Alcohol craving, anxiety and emotion rating scales, cardiovascular measures, and salivary cortisol were compared across the 3 conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to stress and to alcohol cues each produced significant increases in alcohol craving, anxiety, and negative emotions and decreases in positive emotions. Stress-induced alcohol craving was significantly correlated with increases in sadness, anger, and anxiety ratings, but alcohol cue-induced craving was associated with decreases in positive affect (joy and neutral relaxed state) and increases in anxiety and fear ratings. Furthermore, stress increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure responses, but significant increases in salivary cortisol were only observed in the alcohol cue condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although both stress and alcohol cues produce increases in anxiety associated with alcohol craving, each produced a dissociable psychobiological state involving subjective emotional, cardiovascular, and cortisol responses. These data could have significant implications for understanding the specific psychobiology associated with stress or alcohol cue exposure and their potential effects on alcohol relapse susceptibility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Substance Abuse Center, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA. helen.fox@yale.edu
authors.forename: Helen C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Keri L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Bergquist
authors.forename: Kwang-Ik
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Rajita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone