title: Minimally invasive determination of cardiac output by transthoracic bioimpedance, partial carbon dioxide rebreathing, and transesophageal Doppler echocardiography in beagle dogs.
abstract: Minimally invasive cardiac output was determined using transthoracic bioimpedance (BICO), partial carbon dioxide rebreathing (NICO) and transesophageal Doppler echocardiography (TEECO) and compared to thermodilution (TDCO) in 6 beagle dogs. The dogs were 2 years old, weigh between 9.1-13.0 kg and were anesthetized with nitrous oxide-oxygen-sevoflurane. All dogs were administered a neuromuscular blocking drug and artificially ventilated during anesthesia. Thirty paired measurements of TDCO and each non-invasive method were collected during low, intermediate, and high values of cardiac output achieved by varying the depth of anesthesia and the administration of dobutamine. Cardiac output values ranged from 1.10-2.50 L/min for BICO compared to 0.81-4.88 L/min for TDCO; 0.70-2.60 L/min for NICO compared to 0.89-4.45 L/min for TDCO; and 0.59-4.37 L/min for TEECO compared to 0.57-4.15 L/min for TDCO. The limits of agreement and percentage error were -0.58 +/- 1.56 L/min and +/- 75.4% for BICO, -1.04 +/- 1.08 L/min and +/- 56.0% for NICO, and 0.03 +/- 0.26 L/min and +/- 12.3% for TEECO compared to TDCO. In conclusion, TEECO provided the best agreement to TDCO in sevoflurane anesthetized beagle dogs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Yukie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueyama
authors.forename: Kenjiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyoshi
authors.forename: Ritsuyo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Igarashi
authors.forename: Tokiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kushiro
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Umar
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Muir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology*; D002307:Cardiography, Impedance / Q000662:veterinary; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000662:veterinary; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006334:Heart Function Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000662:veterinary*; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D013815:Thermodilution / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D008738:Methyl Ethers; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000077149:Sevoflurane