title: Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of traveler's diarrhea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traveler's diarrhea (TD) is a common health complaint among travelers. Rates of TD can range from 5% to 50%, depending on the destination. The use of probiotics for this disease remains controversial. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of probiotics for the prevention of TD based on published randomized, controlled clinical trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, Google Scholar, metaRegister, NIH registry of clinical trials and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from 1977 to 2005, unrestricted by language. Secondary searches of reference lists, authors, reviews, commentaries, associated diseases, books and meeting abstracts. Inclusion criteria included: randomization, controlled, blinded, efficacy trials, in humans, peer-reviewed journals. Exclusion criteria were: pre-clinical, safety, phase 1 studies in volunteers, reviews, duplicate reports, trials of unspecified probiotics, trials of prebiotics, and inconsistent outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve of 940 screened studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The pooled relative risk indicates that probiotics significantly prevent TD (RR=0.85, 95% CI 0.79,0.91, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several probiotics (Saccharomyces boulardii and a mixture of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum) had significant efficacy. No serious adverse reactions were reported in the 12 trials. Probiotics may offer a safe and effective method to prevent TD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research and Development, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, S-152, Metropolitan Park West, 1100 Olive Way, Suite 1400, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. Lynne.McFarland@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Lynne V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: McFarland
mesh_terms: D000930:Antidiarrheals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001644:Bifidobacterium; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012440:Saccharomyces; D014195:Travel
chemical_list: D000930:Antidiarrheals