title: Interaction of angiotensin I-converting enzyme insertion-deletion polymorphism and daily salt intake influences hypertension in Japanese men.
abstract: The contribution of angiotensin I-converting enzyme insertion-deletion polymorphism (ACE I/D) to salt-sensitivity hypertension has been extensively studied by means of salt-loading tests, but whether or not the interaction with daily salt intake affects blood pressure still remains to be clarified. We therefore conducted a cross-sectional study of 284 Japanese male workers (age range, 20-64 years) to examine the effect of ACE I/D genotype and daily salt intake on hypertension. Blood pressure was measured and the ACE I/D was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Daily salt intake was calculated from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). In multivariate analyses, we explored the interaction of ACE I/D and salt intake by means of logistic regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. ACE I/D per se was not associated with blood pressure levels or hypertension. ACE I/D interacted with daily salt intake and correlated with hypertension (p for interaction = 0.047). In the ID+II genotype, hypertension was increased by high salt intake (p = 0.005), while in the DD genotype it was not (p = 0.257). The interaction was more prominent in the overweight group (p = 0.039) than in non-overweight group. In the overweight group, high salt intake induced a 10.5 mmHg higher diastolic blood pressure in the ID+II genotype than in the DD genotype (p = 0.042). Our results suggest that ACE I/D and daily salt intake constitute a gene-environment interaction, which may be further modulated by overweight.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyaki
authors.forename: Jungo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: Yixuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Omae
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muramatsu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D017353:Gene Deletion; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000208:ethnology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A