title: Review of the spectrum and potency of orally administered cephalosporins and amoxicillin/clavulanate.
abstract: The antimicrobial spectrum and in vitro potency of the most frequently prescribed orally administered cephalosporins (cefaclor, cefdinir, cefpodoxime, cefprozil, cefuroxime axetil, cephalexin) and amoxicillin/clavulanate are reviewed. These beta-lactam agents have been widely used in the outpatient arena for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract and other mild-to-moderate infections. The data presented here were obtained from critical review articles on each of these compounds. Cephalexin and cefaclor were among the least potent and had the narrowest antimicrobial spectrums against the pathogens evaluated. In contrast, cefdinir, cefpodoxime, cefprozil, and cefuroxime were highly active against penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae and retained some activity against penicillin-intermediate strains, whereas amoxicillin/clavulanate was the most active against S. pneumoniae, including most penicillin nonsusceptible strains. Amoxicillin/clavulanate and cefdinir were the most potent compounds against methicillin (oxacillin)-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, whereas cefpodoxime was the most potent compound against Haemophilus influenzae. Amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefdinir, and cefpodoxime were also active against Moraxella catarrhalis, including beta-lactamase-producing strains. In summary, orally administered "3rd-generation" or extended spectrum cephalosporins exhibited more balanced spectrums of activity against the principal bacterial pathogens responsible for outpatient respiratory tract and other infections when compared with other widely used oral cephalosporins of earlier generations or amoxicillin alone.
authors.affiliation: JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, IA 52317, USA. helio-sader@jmilabs.com
authors.forename: Helio S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Sader
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Fritsche
mesh_terms: D019980:Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D019980:Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination