title: Detection of viruses in nasal swab samples from horses with acute, febrile, respiratory disease using virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction and serology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of viruses with acute febrile respiratory disease in horses. Design Nasal swab and serum samples were collected from 20 horses with acute febrile upper respiratory disease that was clinically assessed to have a viral origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each of the samples was inoculated onto equine fetal kidney, RK13 and Vero cell cultures, and viral nucleic acid was extracted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or reverse transcription PCR. PCR primers were designed to amplify nucleic acid from viruses known to cause or be associated with acute febrile respiratory disease in horses in Australia. A type specific ELISA was used to measure equine herpesvirus (EHV1 and EHV4) antibody, and serum neutralisation assays were used to measure equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) and equine rhinitis B virus 1 and 2 (ERBV1 and ERBV2) antibody titres in serum samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Virus was isolated from 4 of 20 nasal swab samples. There were three isolations of EHV4 and one of ERBV2. By PCR, virus was identified in the nasal swab samples of 12 of the 20 horses. Of the 12 horses [corrected] that were positive, 17 viruses were detected as follows: there was [corrected] one triple positive (EHV4, EHV2, and EHV5), three double positives (EHV4, ERBV and EHV5, ERBV (2 horses)) and 8 [corrected] single positives (EHV4 (2 horses), EHV5 (3 horses) and ERBV (3 [corrected] horses).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By virus isolation and PCR, 17 viruses were identified in nasal swab samples from 12 of 20 horses that had acute febrile respiratory disease consistent with a diagnosis of virus infection. Initial PCR identification and subsequent virus isolation led to the isolation of ERBV2 for the first time in Australia and the second time anywhere of ERBV2.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Equine Virology, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dynon
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ficorilli
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Studdert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005537:Aphthovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D052698:Erbovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D004861:Herpesvirus 1, Equid / Q000302:isolation & purification; D023141:Herpesvirus 4, Equid / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D006736:Horses; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000821:virology*; D010849:Picornaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D012698:Serologic Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D018140:Varicellovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*