title: Toxicogenomic responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes exposed to model chemicals and a synthetic mixture.
abstract: As more salmon gene expression data has become available, the cDNA microarray platform has emerged as an appealing alternative in ecotoxicological screening of single chemicals and environmental samples relevant to the aquatic environment. This study was performed to validate biomarker gene responses of in vitro cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes exposed to model chemicals, and to investigate effects of mixture toxicity in a synthetic mixture. Chemicals used for 24h single chemical- and mixture exposures were 10 nM 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2), 0.75 nM 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-di-benzodioxin (TCDD), 100 microM paraquat (PQ) and 0.75 microM 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (NQO). RNA was isolated from exposed cells, DNAse treated and quality controlled before cDNA synthesis, fluorescent labelling and hybridisation to a 16k salmonid microarray. The salmonid 16k cDNA array identified differential gene expression predictive of exposure, which could be verified by quantitative real time PCR. More precisely, the responses of biomarker genes such as cytochrome p4501A and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase to TCDD exposure, glutathione reductase and gammaglutamyl cysteine synthetase to paraquat exposure, as well as vitellogenin and vitelline envelope protein to EE2 exposure validated the use of microarray applied to RNA extracted from in vitro exposed hepatocytes. The mutagenic compound NQO did not result in any change in gene expression. Results from exposure to a synthetic mixture of the same four chemicals, using identical concentrations as for single chemical exposures, revealed combined effects that were not predicted by results for individual chemicals alone. In general, the response of exposure to this mixture led to an average loss of approximately 60% of the transcriptomic signature found for single chemical exposure. The present findings show that microarray analyses may contribute to our mechanistic understanding of single contaminant mode of action as well as mixture effects, but that its use in screening of complex environmental samples will need to be further evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadallèen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway. eivind.finne@niva.no
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Finne
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Koop
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hylland
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Tollefsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000633:toxicity*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000662:veterinary; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D043922:Toxicogenetics; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol