title: Monte Carlo modelling of a-Si EPID response: the effect of spectral variations with field size and position.
abstract: This study focused on predicting the electronic portal imaging device (EPID) image of intensity modulated radiation treatment (IMRT) fields in the absence of attenuation material in the beam with Monte Carlo methods. As IMRT treatments consist of a series of segments of various sizes that are not always delivered on the central axis, large spectral variations may be observed between the segments. The effect of these spectral variations on the EPID response was studied with fields of various sizes and off-axis positions. A detailed description of the EPID was implemented in a Monte Carlo model. The EPID model was validated by comparing the EPID output factors for field sizes between 1 x 1 and 26 x 26 cm2 at the isocenter. The Monte Carlo simulations agreed with the measurements to within 1.5%. The Monte Carlo model succeeded in predicting the EPID response at the center of the fields of various sizes and offsets to within 1% of the measurements. Large variations (up to 29%) of the EPID response were observed between the various offsets. The EPID response increased with field size and with field offset for most cases. The Monte Carlo model was then used to predict the image of a simple test IMRT field delivered on the beam axis and with an offset. A variation of EPID response up to 28% was found between the on- and off-axis delivery. Finally, two clinical IMRT fields were simulated and compared to the measurements. For all IMRT fields, simulations and measurements agreed within 3%-0.2 cm for 98% of the pixels. The spectral variations were quantified by extracting from the spectra at the center of the fields the total photon yield (Ytotal), the photon yield below 1 MeV (Ylow), and the percentage of photons below 1 MeV (Plow). For the studied cases, a correlation was shown between the EPID response variation and Ytotal, Ylow, and Plow.
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Physics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parent
authors.forename: Joao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seco
authors.forename: Phil M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fielding
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Dance
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D004581:Electronics; D005720:Gamma Rays; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D017785:Photons; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012825:Silicon