title: Preferred clinical measures of central obesity for predicting mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the clinical measures of obesity that best predict all cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven-year mortality follow-up of an Australian urban population sample of 9309 adults aged 20-69 years in 1989. Baseline measures of obesity included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-stature ratio and the waist-to-hip ratio. The age-standardized hazard ratios for mortality were calculated for 1 s.d. above the mean for each measure of obesity using Cox regression analysis. We constructed receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves to assess sensitivity and specificity of the measures and to identify approximate cut-points for the prediction of risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Waist-to-hip ratio was superior by magnitude and significance in predicting all cause mortality (male hazard ratio 1.25, P=0.003, female hazard ratio 1.24, P=0.003) and CVD mortality (male hazard ratio 1.62, P<0.001, female hazard ratio 1.59, P<0.001). Waist-to-stature ratio and WC were highly significant but less powerful predictors for CVD mortality. ROC analysis showed higher 'area under the curve' values for waist-related measures in males, with similar less marked trends in females. The ROC cut-points yielded values that corresponded to current promulgated criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The waist-to-hip ratio is the preferred clinical measure of obesity for predicting all cause and CVD mortality. WC is a practical alternative. Waist-to-stature ratio is not more useful than WC alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Australia. carolyn.bond@health.wa.gov.au
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Welborn
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dhaliwal
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat; D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012372:ROC Curve; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio