title: Preclinical pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of noscapine, a tubulin-binding anticancer agent.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Noscapine, a naturally occurring antitussive phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid, is a tubulin-binding agent currently in Phase I/II clinical trials for anticancer therapy. Unlike currently available antimitotics such as taxanes and vincas, noscapine is water-soluble, well tolerated, and shows no detectable toxicity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal was to develop a simple, sensitive, quantitative, selective, and less time-consuming high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determination of noscapine and to study its pharmacokinetics in mice models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Noscapine was extracted from mice plasma using the protein-precipitation method and detected using a reversed-phase C8 column with mobile phase consisting of 35% acetonitrile and 65% ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4.5) at 232 nm wavelength. Pharmacokinetic studies of noscapine were performed in mice following intravenous bolus at 10 mg/kg and oral administrations at 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The standard curves for noscapine estimation were linear between 390 and 50,000 ng/ml (lower limit of quantification was 390 ng/ml) and the recovery was approximately 80%. Following 10 mg/kg intravenous dose, mean plasma concentrations of 7.88 microg/ml were achieved at 5 min in mice and declined with undetectable levels at 4 h. The mean total body clearance was 4.78 l/h. The mean volume of distribution (V (d)) was 5.05 l. Non-compartmental analysis yielded the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for noscapine as 53.42, 64.08, and 198.35 h microg/ml reaching maximum plasma concentrations (C (max)) of 12.74, 23.24, and 46.73 microg/ml at a t (max) of 1.12, 1.50, and 0.46 h at the linearly increasing dose levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A rapid and simple HPLC/UV method for the quantification of noscapine in plasma has been developed to study pharmacokinetics of noscapine at tumor-suppressive doses in the mouse. Since orally available anticancer drugs are rare, therefore, noscapine, an innocuous agent, having a mean oral bioavailability of 31.5% over the studied dose range merits its further advancement in humans for anticancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. raneja@emory.edu
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aneja
authors.forename: Neerupma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dhiman
authors.forename: Jyoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Idnani
authors.forename: Anshumali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Awasthi
authors.forename: Sudershan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Harish C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Joshi
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009665:Noscapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D014404:Tubulin; D009665:Noscapine