title: Association between Escherichia coli bacteriuria and renal function in women: long-term follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We sought to investigate whether Escherichia coli bacteriuria is associated with a decline in renal function or with the development of end-stage renal failure after long-term follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a full cohort analysis for women who participated in 2 population-based studies. The baseline cohort consisted of women who collected morning midstream urine samples that were stored. In the cohort study, the presence of E coli bacteriuria was subsequently determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. After a mean +/- SD follow-up of 11.5 +/- 1.7 years, blood samples were drawn from 490 women. In the nested case-control study, cases comprised all women who underwent kidney therapy (hemodialysis or renal transplantation) between participation in the baseline cohort study and a mean +/- SD of 13.8 +/- 7.4 years later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean +/- SD age at baseline was 45.0 +/- 3.2 years, and 48 women (10%) had E coli bacteriuria. After 11.5 years, the mean +/- SD creatinine clearance (Cockroft-Gault formula) was similar between the 2 groups (87 +/- 21 mL/min [1.5 +/- 0.4 mL/s] and 85 +/- 18 mL/min [1.4 +/- 0.3 mL/s] for women who had and those who did not have bacteriuria, respectively). In the nested case-control study, the prevalence of E coli bacteriuria was 14% among cases and control subjects. The odds ratio corrected for age for the development of end-stage renal failure in the presence of E coli bacteriuria at baseline was 1.1 (95% confidence interval, 0.4-2.8; P = .86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Escherichia coli bacteriuria is not associated with a decline in renal function or with the development of end-stage renal failure in a population of generally healthy women during 12 to 14 years of follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ruby
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meiland
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Stolk
authors.forename: Suzanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Geerlings
authors.forename: Petra H M
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Diederick E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grobbee
authors.forename: Frank E J
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Coenjaerts
authors.forename: Ellen C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: Andy I M
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Hoepelman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001437:Bacteriuria / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004926:Escherichia coli; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors