title: Infantile spasm-associated microencephaly in tuberous sclerosis complex and cortical dysplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In children with and without infantile spasms, this study determined brain volumes and cell densities in epilepsy surgery patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and cortical dysplasia with balloon cells (CD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared TSC (n = 18) and CD (n = 17) patients with normal/autopsy controls (n = 20) for MRI gray and white matter volumes and neuronal nuclei (NeuN) cell densities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients without a history of infantile spasms, TSC cases showed decreased gray and white matter volumes (-16%). In cases with a history of infantile spasms, both CD (-25%) and TSC (-35%) patients showed microencephaly. This was confirmed in monozygotic twins with TSC, where the twin with a history of spasms had cerebral volumes less (-16%) than the twin without a history of seizures. Regardless of seizure history, TSC patients showed decreased NeuN cell densities in lower gray matter (-36%), whereas CD patients had increased densities in upper cortical (+52%) and white matter regions (+65%). For TSC patients, decreased lower gray matter NeuN densities correlated with reduced MRI volumes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with tuberous sclerosis without spasms showed microencephaly associated with decreased cortical neuronal densities. In contrast, cortical dysplasia patients without spasms were normocephalic with increased cell densities. This supports the concept that tuberous sclerosis and cortical dysplasia have different pathogenetic mechanisms despite similarities in refractory epilepsy and postnatal histopathology. Furthermore, a history of infantile spasms was associated with reduced cerebral volumes in both cortical dysplasia and tuberous sclerosis patients, suggesting that spasms or their treatment may contribute to microencephaly independent of etiology.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salamon
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Huynh
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cepeda
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Neder
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Vinters
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Mathern
mesh_terms: D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008831:Microcephaly / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D013036:Spasms, Infantile / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*