title: Effectiveness of transcendental meditation on functional capacity and quality of life of African Americans with congestive heart failure: a randomized control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of a Transcendental Meditation (TM) stress reduction program for African Americans with congestive heart failure (CHF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled study
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 23 African American patients > or = 55 years of age who were recently hospitalized with New York Heart Association class II or III CHF and with an ejection fraction of < .40. Participants were randomized to either TM or health education (HE) group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome measure was six-minute walk test; secondary outcomes were generic and disease-specific health-related quality of life, quality of well being, perceived stress, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), rehospitalizations, brain natriuretic peptide, and cortisol. Changes in outcomes from baseline to three and six months after treatment were analyzed by using repeated measures analysis of variance, covarying for baseline score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the primary outcome of functional capacity, the TM group significantly improved on the six-minute walk test from baseline to six months after treatment compared to the HE group (P = .034). On the secondary outcome measures, the TM group showed improvements in SF-36 subscales and total score on the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure scale. On the CES-D, the TM group showed significant decrease from baseline to six months compared to the HE group (P = .03). Also, the TM group had fewer rehospitalizations during the six months of followup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that TM can be effective in improving the quality of life and functional capacity of African American CHF patients. Further validation of outcomes is planned via a large, multicenter trial with long-term follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 224, Ralston-Penn Center, 3615 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2676, USA. jravi@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Ravishankar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jayadevappa
authors.forename: Jerry C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Bernard S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: Sanford
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nidich
authors.forename: Shashank
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Sumedha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chhatre
authors.forename: Donna B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Raziano
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011788:Quality of Life; D013315:Stress, Psychological