title: Hyperglycemia in the pediatric intensive care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies on critically ill adults demonstrate the benefits of glycemic control. There is a paucity of data, however, in pediatric intensive care settings. This review summarizes sentinel papers in the adult literature, outlines mechanisms by which hyperglycemia mediates its effects in the critically ill, highlighting those described in pediatrics, and discusses studies that associate hyperglycemia with negative outcome in critically ill children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retrospective studies and prospective cohort studies have linked hyperglycemia to worse outcome in critically ill children. Investigations in small, homogenous groups, such as trauma, sepsis, burn and neonatal patients, have shown negative associations between hyperglycemia and injury-specific outcomes and have elucidated previously proposed mechanisms of tissue injury in children. In addition, certain properties of hyperglycemia, such as duration, peak, and excursion, may be more relevant than absolute levels of glucose. Larger studies generalize findings to heterogeneous pediatric intensive care populations, across ages and diagnoses. Further, in studies accounting for insulin administration, no obvious increases in hypoglycemia-related morbidity have been noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glucose control in pediatric intensive care has been receiving increasing attention. Large, prospective studies are needed to address certain issues in pediatrics, such as differences in diseases, target values, complications of disease, risks and sequelae of hypoglycemia and logistical challenges.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Kravis Children's Hospital at Mount Sinai, New York 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Genna W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hojsak
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rapaport
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D016638:Critical Illness; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose