title: Free fetal DNA in maternal plasma in anembryonic pregnancies: confirmation that the origin is the trophoblast.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that free fetal DNA (ffDNA) circulating in maternal plasma originates mainly from the placenta we studied ffDNA levels in anembryonic pregnancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal blood samples were collected from 15 normal first-trimester pregnancies in which fetal sex was subsequently determined and nine patients with a diagnosis of anembryonic gestation (AG). The Y chromosome DYS14 gene was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) for the determination of fetal sex in both plasma and chorionic tissue samples. Fetal sex in chorionic tissue samples was also determined using quantitative fluorescence PCR (QF-PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The correct sex result was obtained from maternal plasma in all. Four AG pregnancies were female (DYS14 negative) results. In five of the AG cases, the chorionic tissue was found to be male (by both QF-PCR and RT-PCR which agreed) and positive male signal was found in maternal plasma by RT-PCR. There was no statistical difference between median free fetal DNA concentration in plasma between the AG male cases (148.3 GE/mL) and controls (145.8 GE/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since ffDNA levels are normal in pregnancies without a fetus, the data support the hypothesis that the trophoblastic cells are the major source ffDNA in maternal plasma.
authors.affiliation: St. Michael's Hospital, Southwell Street, Bristol, UK. Medhat.Alberry@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alberry
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maddocks
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdel Hadi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdel-Fattah
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Avent
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Soothill
mesh_terms: D000782:Aneuploidy; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D012732:Sex Determination Analysis / Q000379:methods; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004247:DNA