title: The mechanical master-slave manipulator: an instrument improving the performance in standardized tasks for endoscopic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a mechanical minimally invasive manipulator for endoscopic surgery. In contrast to currently available motorized master-slave manipulators, this mechanical manipulator consists of two purely mechanical, hand-controlled endoscopic arms with joints that allow seven degrees of freedom (DOF).
  
  
  METHODS
  For the study, 30 medical students performed four different tasks in a pelvic trainer box using either two conventional endoscopic needleholders or a set of mechanical manipulators. The exercise consisted of four different tasks: repositioning of coins, rope passing, passing of a suture through rings, and tying of a surgical knot. All experiments were recorded on videotape (S-VHS), and the data were analyzed afterwards by an independent observer using a quantitative time-action analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant difference in the number of total actions (including failures) favoring the mechanical manipulator group was shown in most exercises. A significant difference in failures per task was shown in favor of the mechanical manipulator group as well. There was no significant difference shown in the total time per exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tasks clearly demonstrated the efficacy of the mechanical manipulator, although some technical flaws emerged during the experiments. Considering the fact that a first prototype of the mechanical manipulator was tested, modifications are to be expected in a next model. These experiments show the potential of the mechanical manipulator, and it is expected to be a competitive and economical instrument for endoscopic surgery in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Diks
authors.forename: J E N
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jaspers
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wisselink
authors.forename: B A M J
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: de Mol
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Grimbergen
mesh_terms: D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000193:education*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D012371:Robotics; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014743:Videotape Recording