title: Cavernous carotid injury during functional endoscopic sinus surgery: case presentations and guidelines for optimal management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgery in the parasellar and paranasal regions is technically challenging because of the complex anatomic relationships between the sphenoid sinus, cavernous sinus, optic nerve, and internal carotid artery. Normal anatomic variations and pathological changes can lead to disastrous outcomes including carotid artery injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present two cases of carotid injury managed at our institution. The first case involves an elective endoscopic biopsy of a clival tumor encasing a friable carotid artery. The second case features a patient transferred emergently to our medical center when brisk bleeding was encountered during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Both carotid injuries were managed via balloon embolization with close interaction between otolaryngology and interventional radiology. We review pertinent anatomic and surgical considerations as a backdrop to a treatment algorithm for cavernous carotid hemorrhage secondary to FESS complication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The treatment algorithm prevented mortality and minimized morbidity in the two cases considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through rare, injury to the cavernous carotid during FESS can be managed successfully given efficient hemostasis and seamless cooperation among emergency room physicians, otolaryngologists, and interventional radiologists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine Medical Center-Pavillion II, Orange, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jon-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pepper
authors.forename: Ashish K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wadhwa
authors.forename: Fong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: Brian J F
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal; D002404:Catheterization; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000293:injuries*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D013101:Sphenoid Sinus / Q000601:surgery