title: Phototherapeutic keratectomy for epithelial irregular astigmatism: an emphasis on map-dot-fingerprint degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the changes in irregular astigmatism in patients with recurrent corneal erosion syndrome due to map-dot-fingerprint degeneration and to demonstrate that both symptomatic and asymptomatic map-dot-fingerprint degeneration/recurrent corneal erosion syndrome may be related to irregular astigmatism, which can effectively be corrected by phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) or standard spherical photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven eyes with irregular astigmatism related to map-dot-fingerprint degeneration/recurrent corneal erosion syndrome with and without changes at the slit-lamp microscope were treated with PTK or spherical PRK, which was performed with a VISX S2 or S4 excimer laser. All eyes underwent videokeratography performed pre- and postoperatively using either the Tomey TMS-2N Topographic Modeling System or EyeSys Technologies Corneal Analysis System 2000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean pre- and postoperative best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) was -0.18 +/- 0.14 logMAR and 0.04 +/- 0.04 logMAR, respectively. This improvement in BSCVA was statistically significant. The mean gain in Snellen lines was 2.4 +/- 2.1. Preoperative corneal videokeratography showed irregular astigmatism with an elevation pattern that was corrected in all eyes despite the fact that no astigmatic photorefractive correction was performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following PTK, eyes with irregular astigmatism related to map-dot-fingerprint degeneration showed significant improvement in BSCVA and correction of irregular astigmatism as revealed by videokeratography. This study shows that irregular astigmatism can be exclusively of epithelial origin and in some eyes abnormal corneal epithelium may create optical aberrations. This possibility should be taken into account when, for example, wavefront-guided stromal photoablation procedures are being planned.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Waldir Neira
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Zalentein
authors.forename: Juha M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Holopainen
authors.forename: Timo M T
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Tervo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001251:Astigmatism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019781:Corneal Topography; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D054018:Lasers, Excimer; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018903:Photorefractive Keratectomy / Q000379:methods*; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013577:Syndrome; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology