title: Evaluation of the effects of the marine toxin okadaic acid by using FETAX assay.
abstract: The Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay Xenopus (FETAX), is a screening assay using embryos at gastrula stage of the anuran Xenopus laevis to identify substances that may pose a developmental hazard in humans. The FETAX assay evaluates three parameters, i.e. mortality, delayed growth and embryo malformation. In the present investigation, the FETAX protocol was applied to the marine toxin okadaic acid (OA) and the experiments show that OA affects the above parameters in a dose-correlated manner. The morpho-functional modifications induced in embryo organs by OA were also studied. The nervous system, tail skeletal musculature, intestine and kidney appeared particularly damaged, with the former being the most sensitive. On the whole, various advantages emerge from using the FETAX assay: different parameters can be tested simultaneously, the indication of the presence of a potentially dangerous substance is rapid and the assay is a valid alternative to mammalian systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D 41100 Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Livio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Casarini
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franchini
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malagoli
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ottaviani
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009421:Nervous System Malformations / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000196:embryology; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013623:Tail / Q000187:drug effects; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D019319:Okadaic Acid