title: Topical iodine facilitates transdermal delivery of insulin.
abstract: Transdermal delivery of insulin is a non-invasive alternative to the subcutaneous injection of insulin in diabetic patients. It has been found that skin pretreatment with iodine followed by a dermal application of insulin results in reduced glucose and elevated hormone levels in the plasma. Topical iodine protects the dermally applied insulin presumably by inactivation of endogenous sulfhydryls such as glutathione and gamma glutamylcysteine which can reduce the disulfide bonds of the hormone. Thus, the effect of iodine is mediated by retaining the potency of the hormone during its penetration via the skin into the circulation. The proposed procedure might be applicable for additional disulfide-containing peptides such as calcitonin, somatostatin, oxytocin/vasopressin and their analogs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and School of Pharmacy, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
authors.forename: Amnon C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sintov
authors.forename: Uri
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wormser
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D016877:Oxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011206:Povidone-Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004151:Dipeptides; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D016877:Oxidants; D011206:Povidone-Iodine; D005978:Glutathione; C017341:gamma-glutamylcysteine