title: [2000 Chinese total diet study--the dietary lead and cadmium intakes].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to assess the safety of dietary lead (P) and cadmium (Cd) intakes in different areas in China, we carried out Chinese total diet study (TDS) in 2000 and obtained total lead and cadmium contents and intakes data and assessed the safety of lead and cadmium in Chinese dietary.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Chinese total dietary study method, the analytical samples were obtained in different areas by food consumption survey, food aggregation, food sampling and preparation. The levels of dietary lead and cadmium were determined by the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The dietary lead and cadmium intakes in different areas were obtained by timing the food consumption data and the lead and cadmium content in different dietary samples. The safety of dietary lead and cadmium was evaluated in Chinese four regions and average adults by using the dietary lead and cadmium PTWI recommended by JECFA of FAO/WHO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dietary lead and cadmium intakes of the adult were estimated in Chinese total diet study. Dietary lead and cadmium (of PTWI) intakes in four different regions and average adults were 135.6 microg (60.3%) and 18.3 microg (29.1%), 33.6 microg (14.9%) and 12.1 microg (19.2%), 25.6 microg (11.4%) and 27.6 microg (43.8%), 129.8 microg (57.7%) and 30.8 microg (48.9%), 81.1 microg (36.1% ) and 22.2 microg (35.3%) respectively. Except South 1, mainly sources of dietary lead were cereals, legumes, eggs and vegetables, that of other regions were cereals and vegetables; Mainly sources of dietary cadmium, North 1 were cereals, aquatic foods and vegetables, North 2 and South 2 were cereals and vegetables, South I were cereals, meats, aquatic foods and vegetables. Lead and cadmium concentrations in other food groups of four regions were well below the maximum levels of China national standard, except a few samples in some areas exceeded maximum levels, such as lead of eggs in South 1 region exceeded 8. 1% of maximum levels as well as cadmium of aquatic foods of in North 1 and South 1 exceeded 49.0% and 27.6% of maximum levels respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the dietary lead and cadmium intakes were safe in different regions. Only lead and cadmium concentrations in a few samples of some areas exceeded maximum levels of China national standard.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Jun-quan
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Xiao-wei
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jing-ling
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002104:Cadmium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead