title: Scanning electrochemical microscopy for direct imaging of reaction rates.
abstract: Not only in electrochemistry but also in biology and in membrane transport, localized processes at solid-liquid or liquid-liquid interfaces play an important role at defect sites, pores, or individual cells, but are difficult to characterize by integral investigation. Scanning electrochemical microscopy is suitable for such investigations. After two decades of development, this method is based on a solid theoretical foundation and a large number of demonstrated applications. It offers the possibility of directly imaging heterogeneous reaction rates and locally modifying substrates by electrochemically generated reagents. The applications range from classical electrochemical problems, such as the investigation of localized corrosion and electrocatalytic reactions in fuel cells, sensor surfaces, biochips, and microstructured analysis systems, to mass transport through synthetic membranes, skin and tissue, as well as intercellular communication processes. Moreover, processes can be studied that occur at liquid surfaces and liquid-liquid interfaces.
authors.affiliation: Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Reine und Angewandte Chemie und Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany. gunther.wittstock@uni-oldenburg.de
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wittstock
authors.forename: Malte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burchardt
authors.forename: Sascha E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Pust
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Chuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D004563:Electrochemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D020527:Microscopy, Scanning Probe / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D010316:Particle Size; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013499:Surface Properties