title: The role of the fear-avoidance model in female workers with neck-shoulder pain related to computer work.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explores the fear-avoidance model in a sample of women with neck-shoulder pain related to computer work who were still functioning at the workplace. Exploring this model in this population could produce starting points for new treatment approaches in occupational health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight women with work-related neck-shoulder pain and 45 healthy controls were included. Differences in components of the fear-avoidance model between cases and controls were computed using t tests. In addition, correlations were calculated and structural equation modeling techniques were performed to investigate the fear-avoidance model in the case group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In line with the fear-avoidance model, cases had lower performance levels and felt significantly more disabled compared with their controls but showed, in contrast to the model, significantly lower levels of catastrophizing thoughts. Of the fear-avoidance beliefs measures, all correlations were significant except, between catastrophizing and fear of movement. Fear-avoidance beliefs about work seem to play an important role in disability levels of work-related neck-shoulder pain patients as illustrated by the high(est) association with disabilities. The results of the present study also showed that the original fear-avoidance model proposed in people with work-related neck-shoulder pain who are still functioning at the workplace could only be confirmed by 1 of the 3 fit indices. Interestingly, adding an extrapath between fear-avoidance beliefs and disability in the original model approached good model fit as shown by all 3 fit indices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In line with the fear-avoidance model, the current results addressed the importance of pain-related fear in people with neck-shoulder pain disability related to computer work. Interestingly, and not in accordance with the fear-avoidance model, fear-avoidance beliefs directly influence disability levels in the current sample; regardless of lower levels of performance that is, physical impairment.
authors.affiliation: Roessingh Research and Development B.V., Enschede, The Netherlands. r.huisintveld@rrd.nl
authors.forename: Rianne M H A
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Huis 't Veld
authors.forename: Miriam M R
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Vollenbroek-Hutten
authors.forename: Karin C G M
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Groothuis-Oudshoorn
authors.forename: Hermie J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hermens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D003201:Computers; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009068:Movement; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*