title: Evasion of added isotopic mercury from a northern temperate lake.
abstract: Isotopically enriched Hg (90% 202Hg) was added to a small lake in Ontario, Canada, at a rate equivalent to approximately threefold the annual direct atmospheric deposition rate that is typical of the northeastern United States. The Hg spike was thoroughly mixed into the epilimnion in nine separate events at two-week intervals throughout the summer growing season for three consecutive years. We measured concentrations of spike and ambient dissolved gaseous Hg (DGM) concentrations in surface water and the rate of volatilization of Hg from the lake on four separate, week-long sampling periods using floating dynamic flux chambers. The relationship between empirically measured rates of spike-Hg evasion were evaluated as functions of DGM concentration, wind velocity, and solar illumination. No individual environmental variable proved to be a strong predictor of the evasion flux. The DGM-normalized flux (expressed as the mass transfer coefficient, k) varied with wind velocity in a manner consistent with existing models of evasion of volatile solutes from natural waters but was higher than model estimates at low wind velocity. The empirical data were used to construct a description of evasion flux as a function of total dissolved Hg, wind, and solar illumination. That model was then applied to data for three summers for the experiment to generate estimates of Hg re-emission from the lake surface to the atmosphere. Based on ratios of spike Hg to ambient Hg in DGM and dissolved total Hg pools, ratios of DGM to total Hg in spike and ambient Hg pools, and flux estimates of spike and ambient Hg, we concluded that the added Hg spike was chemically indistinguishable from the ambient Hg in its behavior. Approximately 45% of Hg added to the lake over the summer was lost via volatilization.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA. southworthgr@ornl.gov
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Southworth
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hintelmann
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amyot
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poulain
authors.forename: Maryanna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bogle
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rudd
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sandilands
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krabbenhoft
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D005618:Fresh Water; D007554:Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis*; D009864:Ontario; D012621:Seasons; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D007554:Isotopes; D008628:Mercury