The dying role.
BACKGROUND
Roles are relevant during the last stage of the life cycle, as at any other stage. Awareness and an understanding of the dying role have the capacity to guide the process. Lack thereof can impede good deaths and may have been in part responsible for the intense and often futile interventions provided to many dying patients in the past.


OBJECTIVE
We describe relevant aspects of role theory and recent scholarship and then examine the dying role, describing three key elements: the practical element, which involves concrete tasks of preparation; the relational element, which involves engaging with others; and the personal element, which involves tasks that foster personal growth and finishing one's life story. We also identify some barriers to and misuses of the dying role that appear to limit productive engagement with it, and offer suggestions for how clinicians can assist patients with the dying role.


CONCLUSIONS
The described elements of the dying role, and appreciation of how to avoid barriers and facilitate its implementation, can help patients access the unique quality of life that can occur near the end of life.
Emanuel
Linda
L
Northwestern University, 750 N. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. L-Emanuel@northwestern.edu
Bennett
Katherine
K
Richardson
Virginia E
VE
D000739:Anecdotes as Topic; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel / Q000208:ethnology; D001293:Attitude to Death / Q000208:ethnology; D001364:Awareness; D006801:Humans; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000523:psychology; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D012803:Sick Role; D012925:Social Conformity; D013240:Stereotyping; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000523:psychology*