title: Determining optimal clinical target volume margins on the basis of microscopic extracapsular extension of metastatic nodes in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the optimal clinical target volume (CTV) margins around the nodal gross tumor volume (GTV) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients by assessing microscopic tumor extension beyond regional lymph node capsules.
  
  
  METHODS
  The incidence of nodal extracapsular extension (ECE) and relationship with nodal size were reviewed in 243 patients. Histologic sections of dissected regional lymph nodes up to 30 mm in size were examined to measure the extent of microscopic ECE. We determined the distribution of cases according to extent of ECE and the relationships between ECE extent and lymph node size, regional nodal disease extent, histologic type, and degree of differentiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nodal ECE was seen in 41.6% of patients (101/243) and 33.4% of lymph nodes (214/640), and the incidence correlated to larger lymph node size positively. The extent of ECE was 0.7 mm in mean (range, 0-12.0 mm) and <or=3 mm in 95% of the nodes. Positive correlations were found between extent of ECE and larger lymph node size (>or=20 mm vs. 10-19 mm or <10 mm, p = 0.005), advanced nodal stage (N2 vs. N1, p = 0.046), and moderate or poor (vs. good or unknown) nodal differentiation (p = 0.002). ECE did not differ significantly by histologic type or nodal station.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of ECE related to lymph node size, and ECE extent related to lymph node size, stage, and differentiation. It may be reasonable to recommend 3-mm CTV margins for pathologic lymph nodes <20 mm and more generous margins for lymph nodes >or=20 mm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Shuanghu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Jinming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Dianbin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.forename: K S Clifford
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Jiandong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Weixia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Yonghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jialin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xindong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Guoren
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yongzheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008482:Mediastinum; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies