title: Quantification of red myotomal muscle volume and geometry in the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) and the salmon shark (Lamna ditropis) using T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in conjunction with image and segmentation analysis (i.e., the process of digitally partitioning tissues based on specified MR image characteristics) was evaluated as a noninvasive alternative for differentiating muscle fiber types and quantifying the amounts of slow, red aerobic muscle in the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) and the salmon shark (Lamna ditropis). MRI-determinations of red muscle quantity and position made for the mid-body sections of three mako sharks (73.5-110 cm fork length, FL) are in close agreement (within the 95% confidence intervals) with data obtained for the same sections by the conventional dissection method involving serial cross-sectioning and volumetric analyses, and with previously reported findings for this species. The overall distribution of salmon shark red muscle as a function of body fork length was also found to be consistent with previously acquired serial dissection data for this species; however, MR imaging revealed an anterior shift in peak red muscle cross-sectional area corresponding to an increase in body mass. Moreover, MRI facilitated visualization of the intact and anatomically correct relationship of tendon linking the red muscle and the caudal peduncle. This study thus demonstrates that MRI is effective in acquiring high-resolution three-dimensional digital data with high contrast between different fish tissue types. Relative to serial dissection, MRI allows more precise quantification of the position, volume, and other details about the types of muscle within the fish myotome, while conserving specimen structural integrity.
authors.affiliation: Center for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and VA San Diego Health Care System, USA.
authors.forename: Cameron N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Cartamil
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bernal
authors.forename: Chugey A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sepulveda
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Theilmann
authors.forename: Jeffrey B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Lawrence R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Frank
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004210:Dissection; D005260:Female; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009929:Organ Size; D012754:Sharks / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D051598:Whole Body Imaging