title: Kinesiographic and sonographic changes in young Class II patients treated with functional appliances.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this prospective, longitudinal, case-series study was to analyze the effect of orthodontic treatment by means of an activator appliance on the temporomandibular joint disc-condyle complex.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 27 consecutively treated subjects with Class II Division 1 malocclussions (21 boys, 6 girls) who underwent orthodontic therapy with activators. The average pretreatment age was 11 years 2 months. Before treatment, all subjects were free of signs and clinical symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorders. The average treatment time with the activator appliance was 366 days; then all patients had Class I dental relationships. Kinesiographic and sonographic records before and after orthodontic treatment with the activator appliance were used to evaluate the disc-condyle complex. Univariate statistics were used in these outcome measurements to evaluate differences before and after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After treatment, the maximum opening increased significantly (4.81 mm), but the lateral and protrusive excursions did not change. The sonographic study showed no differences in temporomandibular joint sounds before and after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that orthodontic treatment with an activator in a child without signs and clinical symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorders before treatment is not a risk factor for the development of temporomandibular pathology or mandibular dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain. acacho@odon.ucm.es
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cacho
authors.forename: Conchita
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy*; D008334:Mandible / Q000502:physiology; D017289:Orthodontic Appliances, Functional / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012307:Risk Factors; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography