title: Angle analysis of Haglund syndrome and its relationship with osseous variations and Achilles tendon calcification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Haglund syndrome is a cause of posterior heel pain. The prominent posterosuperior projection into the retrocalcaneal bursa is thought to be a major etiology. Many methods have been proposed to measure the posterosuperior projection of the tuberosity into this bursa. The Fowler angle and the parallel pitch lines are the most frequently used. However, the relation between symptomatic Haglund syndrome and the measuring methods, especially the Fowler angle and parallel pitch lines, is not clear. The purposes of this paper were to study the predictive value of the most frequently used measurement methods to evaluate bursal impingement and to determine if other osseous variations and Achilles tendon calcification are associated with the development of Haglund syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  From October, 1996, to March, 2003, we evaluated 37 heels in 31 patients with symptomatic Haglund syndrome, and 40 heels in 27 individuals without posterior heel pain. On a lateral view radiograph, the Fowler angle, and the parallel pitch lines were measured, in addition to Achilles tendon calcification and the osseous variations, such as a posterior calcaneal step spur or plantar osseous projection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average Fowler angles in the control group and study group were 62.31 +/- 7.79 degrees and 60.14 +/- 7.01 degrees, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.490). The positive parallel pitch lines in the symptomatic group were 56.8% and in the control group 42.5%. There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.474) between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No statistically significant differences were noted between the groups concerning the Fowler angle and parallel pitch lines. The posterior calcaneal step spur and Achilles tendon calcification were statistically significant between these two groups. The Fowler angle and parallel pitch lines were of little predictive value for the Haglund syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Chang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Yu-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Yin-Chih
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Yin-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Tien
authors.forename: Shen-Kai
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Peng-Ju
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000473:pathology*; D002114:Calcinosis; D005096:Exostoses / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged