title: The development and evaluation of alternative communication strategies to facilitate interactions with Somali refugees in primary care: a preliminary study.
abstract: The work reported in this paper forms part of a larger project to develop and evaluate alternative forms of communication to facilitate cross-cultural consultations in primary care. As a case study and proof-of-concept, work was conducted with Somali refugees who tend to experience significant communication difficulties in primary care consultations. The alternative communication methods developed in this study originate from the field of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC). These methods may include non-verbal communication or aided communication using a mix of pictographic symbols, bilingual text and digitised (recorded) or synthetic speech. These can be delivered on a range of paper-based or computer-based devices. A paper-based and computer-based method was developed to assess whether a group of literate and illiterate Somalis were able to answer a set of questions using these tools. The purpose of this preliminary study was to assess whether either of these communication methods were suitable for further evaluation in primary care consultations. Twenty Somalis were presented with three communication tools and were asked a set of general questions in Somali which they had to answer using each tool: (1) a paper-based communication book containing symbols and bilingual text labels; (2) a laptop PC with mouse pad containing the same symbols, text labels and augmented with digitised Somali speech; (3) a tablet PC with touch screen containing the same software and digitised Somali speech. These two computer-based delivery platforms were compared for ease of use among a participant group who are likely to have little computing experience. Each task was timed and scored for level of correctness; feedback was gained from Somalis and experimenters' observations were noted. Participants clearly found the computerised devices with Somali speech output easier to use and more acceptable than the simpler paper-based device.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, UK. bordehill@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Marianne J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: D Gareth
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Zeinab
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.forename: Ann-Louise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Caress
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008838:Microcomputers; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D012036:Refugees; D012998:Somalia / Q000208:ethnology; D006113:United Kingdom