title: Effects of gadolinium on regionally stunned myocardium: temporal considerations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The lanthanide cation, gadolinium (Gd(3+)), accelerates recovery of stunned myocardium when given prior to ischemia. This study sought to determine whether giving Gd(3+) during ischemia or during reperfusion also ameliorates stunning, as these temporal relationships could help determine the clinical utility of this novel agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regional myocardial stunning was induced in anesthetized dogs by coronary occlusion for 15 min followed by reperfusion for 3 h. Gd(3+) (500 micromol) was given intravenously in three treatment groups: [1] preischemia; [2] during ischemia; [3] after reperfusion. No Gd(3+) was given to controls (Group 4). Measures of global and regional myocardial function were assessed serially.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with Gd(3+) prior to ischemia (Group 1) had no effects on hemodynamics or regional contraction. Coronary occlusion resulted in diastolic lengthening and paradoxical systolic bulging equally in all groups. After 3 h of reperfusion, regional systolic shortening (%) in the stunned segment was greater in Groups 1 (10.9 +/- 3.4; P = 0.02) and 2 (6.6 +/- 1.3; P = 0.047) compared with controls (-0.6 +/- 0.03). Recovery of systolic function (% of baseline shortening) after 3 h of reperfusion was similarly improved in Groups 1 (56.1 +/- 16.8; P = 0.02) and 2 (43.3 +/- 8.1; P = 0.04) compared with controls (-11.5 +/- 4.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gadolinium has no inherent inotropic effects but enhances recovery of stunned myocardium. This effect appears maximal if Gd(3+) is given prior to ischemia, indicating potential utility in elective cardiac surgical procedures or percutaneous coronary interventions. Gadolinium also enhances recovery if given during ischemia but prior to reperfusion, and may thus be useful in acute coronary syndromes as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery (Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery), The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA. nicolosi@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Alfred C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Nicolosi
authors.forename: Chiaki S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Logan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000503:physiopathology; D017682:Myocardial Stunning / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013599:Systole; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005682:Gadolinium