title: Echovirus infection causes rapid loss-of-function and cell death in human dendritic cells.
abstract: Coxsackie B viruses (CVB) and Echoviruses (EV) form a single species; Human enterovirus B (HeV-B), within the genus Enterovirus. Although HeV-B infections are usually mild or asymptomatic, they can cause serious acute illnesses. In addition, HeV-B infections have been associated with chronic immune disorders, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus and chronic myocarditis/dilated cardiomyopathy. It has therefore been suggested that these viruses may trigger an autoimmune process. Here, we demonstrate that human dendritic cells (DCs), which play an essential role in orchestration of the immune response, are productively infected by EV, but not CVB strains, in vitro. Infection does not result in DC activation or the induction of antiviral immune responses. Instead, EV infection rapidly impedes Toll-like receptor-mediated production of cytokines and upregulation of maturation markers, and ultimately causes loss of DC viability. These results describe for the first time the effect of EV on the function and viability of human DCs and suggest that infection of DCs in vivo can impede regulation of immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Scinces and Nijmegen University Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmigen Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Matthijs
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Barbara M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: Liza W J
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Toonen
authors.forename: Mike A M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: de Bruijni
authors.forename: Jochem M D
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Galama
authors.forename: Gosse J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Adema
authors.forename: Frank J M
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Kuppeveld
mesh_terms: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death; D003384:Coxsackievirus Infections / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D004457:Echovirus Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D029822:Enterovirus B, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000821:virology; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology; D014162:Transfection; D000099215:DC-Specific ICAM-3 Grabbing Nonintegrin
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D000099215:DC-Specific ICAM-3 Grabbing Nonintegrin