title: Schmeissneria: a missing link to angiosperms?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The origin of angiosperms has been under debate since the time of Darwin. While there has been much speculation in past decades about pre-Cretaceous angiosperms, including Archaefructus, these reports are controversial. The earliest reliable fossil record of angiosperms remains restricted to the Cretaceous, even though recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest an origin for angiosperms much earlier than the current fossil record.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this paper, after careful SEM and light microscopic work, we report fossils with angiospermous traits of the Jurassic age. The fossils were collected from the Haifanggou Formation (middle Jurassic) in western Liaoning, northeast China. They include two female structures and an associated leaf on the same slab. One of the female structures is physically connected to the apex of a short shoot. The female organs are borne in pairs on short peduncles that are arranged along the axis of the female structure. Each of the female organs has a central unit that is surrounded by an envelope with characteristic longitudinal ribs. Each central unit has two locules completely separated by a vertical septum. The apex of the central unit is completely closed. The general morphology places these fossils into the scope of Schmeissneria, an early Jurassic genus that was previously attributed to Ginkgoales.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the closed carpel is a character only found in angiosperms, the closed apex of the central unit suggests the presence of angiospermy in Schmeissneria. This angiospermous trait implies either a Jurassic angiosperm or a new seed plant group parallel to angiosperms and other known seed plants. As an angiosperm, the Liassic age (earliest Jurassic) of Schmeissneria microstachys would suggest an origin of angiosperms during the Triassic. Although still uncertain, this could have a great impact on our perspective of the history, diversity and systematics of seed plants and angiosperms.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China. wangxin@flmnh.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shuying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Baoyin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: Jinzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D002681:China; D005580:Fossils; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000145:classification / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics*