title: Assessment of developmental toxicity of vorinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in Sprague-Dawley rats and Dutch Belted rabbits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The developmental toxicity potential of vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid [SAHA], ZOLINZA), a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC), was assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats and Dutch Belted rabbits. HDAC inhibitors have been shown to mediate the regulation of gene expression, induce cell growth, cell differentiation, and apoptosis of tumor cells. Range-finding studies established oral dose levels of 5, 15, or 50 mg/kg/day and 20, 50, or 150 mg/kg/day in rats and rabbits, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were dosed on Gestation Days 6-20 or 7-20, respectively, with litter/fetal parameters evaluated on GD 21 and 28, respectively. Separate studies evaluated toxicokinetic parameters at the mid- and high-dose levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no maternal toxicity observed at the highest dose levels; however, hematology and serum biochemistry changes were characterized in the range-finding studies. Vorinostat did not induce morphological malformations in either rat or rabbit fetuses. In rats, drug-related developmental toxicity was observed only in the high-dose group and consisted of markedly decreased fetal weight and increases in fetuses with a limited number of skeletal variations. In rabbits, drug-related developmental toxicity was also observed only in the high-dose group and consisted of slightly decreased fetal weight and increases in fetuses with a short 13th rib and incomplete ossification of metacarpals. Maternal exposures to vorinostat based on AUC and Cmax values were comparable at the high-dose levels of both species. Rabbits tolerated higher dosages probably due to more extensive metabolism. Maternal concentrations of vorinostat were approximately 1,000-fold above the known in vitro HDAC inhibitory concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Review of previous work with valproic acid, another HDAC inhibitor, suggest that the developmental toxicity profiles of these 2 compounds are not the result of HDAC inhibition but involve other mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA. ld_wise@merck.com
authors.forename: L David
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: Katie J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Janet S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kerr
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000077337:Vorinostat
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D000077337:Vorinostat