title: Methods for selecting fixed-effect models for heterogeneous codon evolution, with comments on their application to gene and genome data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Models of codon evolution have proven useful for investigating the strength and direction of natural selection. In some cases, a priori biological knowledge has been used successfully to model heterogeneous evolutionary dynamics among codon sites. These are called fixed-effect models, and they require that all codon sites are assigned to one of several partitions which are permitted to have independent parameters for selection pressure, evolutionary rate, transition to transversion ratio or codon frequencies. For single gene analysis, partitions might be defined according to protein tertiary structure, and for multiple gene analysis partitions might be defined according to a gene's functional category. Given a set of related fixed-effect models, the task of selecting the model that best fits the data is not trivial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we implement a set of fixed-effect codon models which allow for different levels of heterogeneity among partitions in the substitution process. We describe strategies for selecting among these models by a backward elimination procedure, Akaike information criterion (AIC) or a corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc). We evaluate the performance of these model selection methods via a simulation study, and make several recommendations for real data analysis. Our simulation study indicates that the backward elimination procedure can provide a reliable method for model selection in this setting. We also demonstrate the utility of these models by application to a single-gene dataset partitioned according to tertiary structure (abalone sperm lysin), and a multi-gene dataset partitioned according to the functional category of the gene (flagellar-related proteins of Listeria).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fixed-effect models have advantages and disadvantages. Fixed-effect models are desirable when data partitions are known to exhibit significant heterogeneity or when a statistical test of such heterogeneity is desired. They have the disadvantage of requiring a priori knowledge for partitioning sites. We recommend: (i) selection of models by using backward elimination rather than AIC or AICc, (ii) use a stringent cut-off, e.g., p = 0.0001, and (iii) conduct sensitivity analysis of results. With thoughtful application, fixed-effect codon models should provide a useful tool for large scale multi-gene analyses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia, Canada. bao@mathstat.dal.ca
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bielawski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003062:Codon / Q000032:analysis*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005407:Flagella / Q000235:genetics; D005796:Genes; D016678:Genome; D008087:Listeria / Q000235:genetics; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009088:Mucoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D009088:Mucoproteins; C010393:lysin, gastropoda