title: Extensive neuronal differentiation of human neural stem cell grafts in adult rat spinal cord.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effective treatments for degenerative and traumatic diseases of the nervous system are not currently available. The support or replacement of injured neurons with neural grafts, already an established approach in experimental therapeutics, has been recently invigorated with the addition of neural and embryonic stem-derived precursors as inexhaustible, self-propagating alternatives to fetal tissues. The adult spinal cord, i.e., the site of common devastating injuries and motor neuron disease, has been an especially challenging target for stem cell therapies. In most cases, neural stem cell (NSC) transplants have shown either poor differentiation or a preferential choice of glial lineages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present investigation, we grafted NSCs from human fetal spinal cord grown in monolayer into the lumbar cord of normal or injured adult nude rats and observed large-scale differentiation of these cells into neurons that formed axons and synapses and established extensive contacts with host motor neurons. Spinal cord microenvironment appeared to influence fate choice, with centrally located cells taking on a predominant neuronal path, and cells located under the pia membrane persisting as NSCs or presenting with astrocytic phenotypes. Slightly fewer than one-tenth of grafted neurons differentiated into oligodendrocytes. The presence of lesions increased the frequency of astrocytic phenotypes in the white matter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NSC grafts can show substantial neuronal differentiation in the normal and injured adult spinal cord with good potential of integration into host neural circuits. In view of recent similar findings from other laboratories, the extent of neuronal differentiation observed here disputes the notion of a spinal cord that is constitutively unfavorable to neuronal repair. Restoration of spinal cord circuitry in traumatic and degenerative diseases may be more realistic than previously thought, although major challenges remain, especially with respect to the establishment of neuromuscular connections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Leyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Annie M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hatfield
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hazel
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johe
authors.forename: Vassilis E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Koliatsos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D002452:Cell Count; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002470:Cell Survival; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D064231:Nestin; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D011923:Rats, Nude; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; C079240:Mtap2 protein, mouse; C577484:NES protein, human; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C577485:Nes protein, mouse; C577486:Nes protein, rat; D064231:Nestin; D014404:Tubulin; C462941:beta3 tubulin, mouse; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D004247:DNA