title: Tissue engineering bone formation in novel recombinant human bone morphogenic protein 2-atelocollagen composite scaffolds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are important bone-induction factors, and the development of a suitable carrier for BMPs is a critical step to achieve osteoinductive function. The aims of the present study were to evaluate, at the cellular and molecular levels, the feasibility of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2)-collagen composite scaffold and its efficiency for carrying BMP-2 in ectopic bone formation in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scaffolds with (test) or without rhBMP-2 (control) were made and implanted into the calf muscle of 16 5-week-old rats. The tissue responses to the scaffolds were examined by histology. Masson's trichrome and von Kossa stainings were performed to examine collagen matrix deposition and calcification at 3, 7, 10, and 14 days. Expressions of bone phenotypic markers, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No detectable adverse responses were noted around the implanted scaffolds, and the area of the resorbed scaffold had been replaced by young connective tissue by 3 to 7 days in both groups. In the rhBMP-2 composite scaffold, collagen matrix deposition was found in the implanted site on day 7 and initial signs of endochondral differentiation also appeared. Mineralization and the expressions of key bone proteins were demonstrated in chondroblasts and osteoblasts at 7 to 14 days. Molecular cascades of bone induction were not shown in control specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rhBMP-2-atelocollagen scaffold showed excellent biocompatibility and possessed a bone-inducing capacity in rat within 2 weeks, and, thus, may provide a potential application in tissue engineering of bone tissue.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. lthou@ha.mc.ntu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Lein-Tuan
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Cheng-Meei
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bu-Yuan
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Po-Chun
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Min-Huei
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ming-Hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Su-Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jehng
authors.forename: Hwa-Chang
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D020219:Chondrogenesis; D003094:Collagen; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010012:Osteogenesis; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D004337:Drug Carriers; C546871:IBSP protein, human; C546873:Ibsp protein, rat; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C059821:atelocollagen; C499469:recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2; D015675:Osteocalcin; D053495:Osteopontin; D003094:Collagen