title: Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite improved understanding of atherothrombosis, cardiovascular prediction algorithms for women have largely relied on traditional risk factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate cardiovascular risk algorithms for women based on a large panel of traditional and novel risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five factors were assessed among 24 558 initially healthy US women 45 years or older who were followed up for a median of 10.2 years (through March 2004) for incident cardiovascular events (an adjudicated composite of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, coronary revascularization, and cardiovascular death). We used data among a random two thirds (derivation cohort, n = 16 400) to develop new risk algorithms that were then tested to compare observed and predicted outcomes in the remaining one third of women (validation cohort, n = 8158).
  
  
  METHODS
  Minimization of the Bayes Information Criterion was used in the derivation cohort to develop the best-fitting parsimonious prediction models. In the validation cohort, we compared predicted vs actual 10-year cardiovascular event rates when the new algorithms were compared with models based on covariates included in the Adult Treatment Panel III risk score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the derivation cohort, a best-fitting model (model A) and a clinically simplified model (model B, the Reynolds Risk Score) had lower Bayes Information Criterion scores than models based on covariates used in Adult Treatment Panel III. In the validation cohort, all measures of fit, discrimination, and calibration were improved when either model A or B was used. For example, among participants without diabetes with estimated 10-year risks according to the Adult Treatment Panel III of 5% to less than 10% (n = 603) or 10% to less than 20% (n = 156), model A reclassified 379 (50%) into higher- or lower-risk categories that in each instance more accurately matched actual event rates. Similar effects were achieved for clinically simplified model B limited to age, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A(1c) if diabetic, smoking, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and parental history of myocardial infarction before age 60 years. Neither new algorithm provided substantive information about women at very low risk based on the published Adult Treatment Panel III score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We developed, validated, and demonstrated highly improved accuracy of 2 clinical algorithms for global cardiovascular risk prediction that reclassified 40% to 50% of women at intermediate risk into higher- or lower-risk categories.
authors.affiliation: Donald W. Reynolds Center for Cardiovascular Research and the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA. pridker@partners.org
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ridker
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Buring
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rifai
authors.forename: Nancy R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors