title: Urban neighborhoods and depressive symptoms among older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study seeks to determine whether depressive symptoms among older persons systematically vary across urban neighborhoods such that experiencing more symptoms is associated with low socioeconomic status (SES), high concentrations of ethnic minorities, low residential stability and low proportion aged 65 years and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey data are from the Study of Assets and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD), a 1993 U.S. national probability sample of noninstitutionalized persons born in 1923 or earlier (i.e. people aged 70 or older). Neighborhood data are from the 1990 Census at the tract level. Hierarchical linear regression is used to estimate multilevel models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average number of depressive symptoms varies across Census tracts independent of individual-level characteristics. Symptoms are not significantly associated with neighborhood SES, ethnic composition, or age structure when individual-level characteristics are controlled statistically. However, net of individual-level characteristics, symptoms are positively associated with neighborhood residential stability, pointing to a complex meaning of residential stability for the older population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that apparent neighborhood-level socioeconomic effects on depressive symptoms among urban-dwelling older adults are largely if not entirely compositional in nature. Further, residential stability in the urban neighborhood may not be emotionally beneficial to its aged residents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951772, 650 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA. anshnsl@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Carol S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Aneshensel
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Wight
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miller-Martinez
authors.forename: Amanda L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Botticello
authors.forename: Arun S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Karlamangla
authors.forename: Teresa E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Seeman
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010379:Peer Group; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*