title: Sample size and statistical power in the small-animal analgesia literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document the power and required sample sizes to achieve certain treatment objectives in the veterinary analgesia literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pubmed's MEDLINE database and selected journals were searched. Only publications produced between 1994 and 2004 that reported 'no difference' between experimental groups in the abstract, results or conclusion sections and those that were randomised, prospective and blinded were reviewed. The data reported in the publications were then subjected to power analyses to determine the power and necessary sample size (to achieve a power of 0.8) to allow detection of 20 per cent, 50 per cent and 80 per cent treatment effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two studies provided sufficient data for analysis. Five out of 22 (23 per cent) had sufficient power to detect a 20 per cent treatment effect, 12 of 22 (54 per cent) had sufficient power to detect a 50 per cent treatment effect and 18 of 22 (82 per cent) had sufficient power to detect an 80 per cent treatment effect. The mean number of animals required per group to document a 20 per cent, 50 per cent and 80 per cent treatment effect were 90, 15 and 7, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Publications that report no significant difference between analgesic regimens may have committed a Type II error. The reader may inappropriately conclude that there is no difference between treatments when there may, in fact, be a superior analgesic regimen. Clinical practice based on the principles of evidence-based medicine could therefore result in suboptimal care for patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Hofmeister
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Budsberg
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004285:Dogs; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D018401:Sample Size; D014730:Veterinary Medicine / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics