title: LDL resistance to oxidation: effects of lipid phenotype, autologous HDL and alanine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although LDL resistance to copper-induced oxidation is a time-honoured method, how it is modulated by the physiologic variability of lipid phenotype and what influences the protective action of homologous HDL and exogenous alanine is still unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 159 subjects without severe dyslipidemias, LDL resistance to copper-induced oxidation (lag phase) was measured under standardised conditions, with alanine and with autologous HDL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lag phase was normally distributed and averaged 68+/-10 min (range: 40-105 min). Both VLDL-triglycerides (37+/-5, 52+/-7, 59+/-7, 53+/-5 mg/dl, p<0.05) and LDL-triglycerides (27+/-2, 27+/-1, 30+/-2, 35+/-3 mg/dl, p<0.01) increased across quartiles of lag phase. The relative LDL enrichment in triglycerides (triglycerides percent or triglycerides/cholesterol ratio) was strongly related to lag phase (r=0.29 and r=0.31, p<0.0005 for both) independently of age, gender, BMI, and presence of diabetes or hypertension. The protective effect of HDL was variable (+42+/-18 min) and largely dependent on the capacity of HDL to resist oxidation (r=0.69, p<0.0001). Alanine induced a rather constant lag phase prolongation (+32+/-7 min) that was weakly related only to baseline lag phase (r=0.17, p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relative triglyceride abundance protects LDL from ex-vivo oxidation, HDL particles protect LDL mainly through substrate dilution and alanine probably through a direct anti-oxidant effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and C N R Institute of Clinical Physiology, University of Pisa School of Medicine, Pisa, Italy. sbaldi@ifc.cnr.it
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baldi
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frascerra
authors.forename: Ele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrannini
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Natali
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000409:Alanine / Q000737:chemistry*; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000737:chemistry*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; C032607:low density lipoprotein triglyceride; D003300:Copper; D000409:Alanine