title: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide response to low versus high glycaemic index preloads in overweight subjects with and without type II diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glucagon-like-peptide-1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1) is an insulin secretagogue and potential treatment for type II diabetes mellitus. An alternative to GLP-1 administration is endogenous dietary stimulation. We described a greater GLP-1 release following ingestion of liquids versus solids. We add to this work studying the effect of fluid preloads with differing glycaemic indices (GI) on the metabolic response to a meal.
  
  
  METHODS
  GLP-1, insulin and glucose responses were measured in six overweight individuals and six subjects with type II diabetes on three occasions, after preload (milk, low GI; Ovaltine Light, high GI; or water, non-nutritive control) and meal ingestion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In people with and without diabetes, the high GI preload produced the greatest glucose incremental area under the curve (IAUC)(0-20), followed by the low GI preload, and water (P<0.001). In both groups, insulin IAUC(0-20) was higher following high and low GI preloads compared with water (NS). In people without diabetes, the GLP-1 response was higher when high and low GI preloads were consumed compared with water (P=0.041), with no significant difference between nutritive preloads. GLP-1 response did not differ between preloads in people with diabetes. Despite initial differences, total IAUCs(0-200) for biochemical variables did not differ by preload.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirm that nutritive liquids stimulate GLP-1 to a greater extent than water in subjects without diabetes; however, this does not influence subsequent meal-induced response. The GI of preloads does not influence the degree of GLP-1 stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Milton
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Sananthanan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ghatei
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Frost
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000145:classification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism; D050177:Overweight / Q000378:metabolism*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007328:Insulin; D014867:Water; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1