title: Early gene expression analyzed by cDNA microarray and real-time PCR in osteoblasts cultured with chitosan monomer.
abstract: Chitosan has a variety of biological activities. Although it has been reported that chitosan promotes osteogenesis in bone lesions, little is known about how it modulates the hard tissue forming cells at the gene level. This study focused on gene expressions in osteoblasts cultured with a super-low concentration of chitosan monomer. cDNA probes were synthesized from isolated RNA and labeled with fluorescent dye. They were hybridized with Human 3.8 II cDNA microarray, and the fluorescent signal was analyzed. cDNA microarray analysis revealed that 10 genes concerning to various signaling-related molecules were expressed at > or =2.0-fold higher signal ratio levels in the experimental group when compared with the control group after 3 days. Real-time PCR analysis showed that chitosan monomer induced an increase in the expression of four signal transduction genes, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)K3, MAPKKK11, Rac1 and Shc1, together with the alkaline phosphatase gene. These results suggest that a super-low concentration of chitosan monomer could modulate the activity of osteoblastic cells through mRNA levels and that chitosan monomer directly affects signal transduction inside cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ganno
authors.forename: Shizuka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohara
authors.forename: Tsunenori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: Kajiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yanagiguchi
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Hidetaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017931:DNA Primers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D048271:Chitosan; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase