title: Using continuous glucose monitoring to measure the frequency of low glucose values when using biphasic insulin aspart 30 compared with biphasic human insulin 30: a double-blind crossover study in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rapid-acting insulin analogs in basal-bolus regimens can reduce nocturnal hypoglycemia, so it is conceivable that twice-daily biphasic insulin analogs might reduce hypoglycemia in patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. We used a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) and self-reported episodes to investigate differences in the frequency of low glucose values in patients with type 2 diabetes, using either biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp 30) or biphasic human insulin 30 (BHI 30).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a double-blind, two-period, crossover trial involving 160 subjects. After 8 weeks' run-in, subjects were randomized to the first of two 16-week treatment periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences in overall incidence of low interstitial glucose (IG) were found. Twenty-four-hour plots of CGMS showed low IG was more frequent at night than during the day and was unrecognized by patients. At night, subjects spent significantly less time (percentage of total CGMS recorded) with IG <3.5 and <2.5 mmol/l during BIAsp 30 than during BHI 30 treatment, respectively (<3.5 mmol/l: 6.36 vs. 7.93% [mean], 0.67 vs. 2.43% [median], P = 0.018; <2.5 mmol/l: 2.35 vs. 2.86% [mean], 0 vs. 0% [median], P = 0.0467). No treatment difference in A1C was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall rates of low glucose over 24 h were not different but were twice as frequent at night than during the day in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Compared with BHI 30, BIAsp 30 was associated with similar low IG readings over 24 h but with fewer nocturnal episodes and less self-reported nocturnal hypoglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Leicester Royal Infirmary NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: McNally
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Compion
authors.forename: Simon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Heller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D061265:Biphasic Insulins; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D061267:Insulin Aspart; D007336:Insulin, Isophane; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D012648:Self Care
chemical_list: D061265:Biphasic Insulins; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D061267:Insulin Aspart; D007336:Insulin, Isophane; C557564:insulin aspart, insulin aspart protamine drug combination 30:70