title: Pretreatment with adenosine and adenosine A1 receptor agonist protects against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of adenosine and A1 receptor activation on reperfusion-induced small intestinal injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were randomized into groups with sham operation, ischemia and reperfusion, and systemic treatments with either adenosine or 2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine, A1 receptor agonist or 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, A1 receptor antagonist, plus adenosine before ischemia. Following reperfusion, contractions of ileum segments in response to KCl, carbachol and substance P were recorded. Tissue myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, and reduced glutathione levels were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ischemia significantly decreased both contraction and reduced glutathione level which were ameliorated by adenosine and agonist administration. Treatment also decreased neutrophil infiltration and membrane lipid peroxidation. Beneficial effects of adenosine were abolished by pretreatment with A1 receptor antagonist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that adenosine and A1 receptor stimulation attenuate ischemic intestinal injury via decreasing oxidative stress, lowering neutrophil infiltration, and increasing reduced glutathione content.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Kozlu 67600, Zonguldak, Turkey. vhaktan@yahoo.com
authors.forename: V Haktan
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Ozacmak
authors.forename: Hale
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sayan
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D058907:Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists; D000818:Animals; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis; D007082:Ileum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000032:analysis; D014970:Xanthines / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D058907:Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014970:Xanthines; C058394:2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine; C051360:1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; D009195:Peroxidase; D005978:Glutathione; D000241:Adenosine