title: Evaluation of cardiovascular effects of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol or a combination of ketamine-medetomidine-propofol in horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cardiovascular effects of total IV anesthesia with propofol (P-TIVA) or ketamine-medetomidine-propofol (KMP-TIVA) in horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  5 Thoroughbreds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Horses were anesthetized twice for 4 hours, once with P-TIVA and once with KMP-TIVA. Horses were medicated with medetomidine (0.005 mg/kg, IV) and anesthetized with ketamine (2.5 mg/kg, IV) and midazolam (0.04 mg/kg, IV). After receiving a loading dose of propofol (0.5 mg/kg, IV), anesthesia was maintained with a constant rate infusion of propofol (0.22 mg/kg/min) for P-TIVA or with a constant rate infusion of propofol (0.14 mg/kg/min), ketamine (1 mg/kg/h), and medetomidine (0.00125 mg/kg/h) for KMP-TIVA. Ventilation was artificially controlled throughout anesthesia. Cardiovascular measurements were determined before medication and every 30 minutes during anesthesia, and recovery from anesthesia was scored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiovascular function was maintained within acceptable limits during P-TIVA and KMP-TIVA. Heart rate ranged from 30 to 40 beats/min, and mean arterial blood pressure was > 90 mm Hg in all horses during anesthesia. Heart rate was lower in horses anesthetized with KMP-TIVA, compared with P-TIVA. Cardiac index decreased significantly, reaching minimum values (65% of baseline values) at 90 minutes during KMP-TIVA, whereas cardiac index was maintained between 80% and 90% of baseline values during P-TIVA. Stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance were similarly maintained during both methods of anesthesia. With P-TIVA, some spontaneous limb movements occurred, whereas with KMP-TIVA, no movements were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular measurements remained within acceptable values in artificially ventilated horses during P-TIVA or KMP-TIVA. Decreased cardiac output associated with KMP-TIVA was primarily the result of decreases in heart rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Umar
authors.forename: Kazuto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Tokiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kushiro
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Muir
mesh_terms: D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006736:Horses; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020926:Medetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine; D020926:Medetomidine; D015742:Propofol