title: Analysis of verbal communication during teaching in the operating room and the potentials for surgical training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Verbal communication in the operating room during surgical procedures affects team performance, reflects individual skills, and is related to the complexity of the operation process. During the procedural training of surgeons (residents), feedback and guidance is given through verbal communication. A classification method based on structural analysis of the contents was developed to analyze verbal communication. This study aimed to evaluate whether a classification method for the contents of verbal communication in the operating room could provide insight into the teaching processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight laparoscopic cholecystectomies were videotaped. Two entire cholecystectomies and the dissection phase of six additional procedures were analyzed by categorization of the communication in terms of type (4 categories: commanding, explaining, questioning, and miscellaneous) and content (9 categories: operation method, location, direction, instrument handling, visualization, anatomy and pathology, general, private, undefinable). The operation was divided into six phases: start, dissection, clipping, separating, control, closing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Classification of the communication during two entire procedures showed that each phase of the operation was dominated by different kinds of communication. A high percentage of explaining anatomy and pathology was found throughout the whole procedure except for the control and closing phases. In the dissection phases, 60% of verbal communication concerned explaining. These explaining communication events were divided as follows: 27% operation method, 19% anatomy and pathology, 25% location (positioning of the instrument-tissue interaction), 15% direction (direction of tissue manipulation), 11% instrument handling, and 3% other nonclassified instructions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed classification method is feasible for analyzing verbal communication during surgical procedures. Communication content objectively reflects the interaction between surgeon and resident. This information can potentially be used to specify training needs, and may contribute to the evaluation of different training methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of BioMechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628, CD, Delft, The Netherlands. e.m.blom@tudelft.nl
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Blom
authors.forename: E G G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Verdaasdonk
authors.forename: L P S
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Stassen
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Stassen
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wieringa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dankelman
mesh_terms: D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000193:education*; D003142:Communication; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D007396:Internship and Residency; D009873:Operating Rooms; D013663:Teaching