title: Effect of evaporation and pasteurization in the biochemical and immunological composition of human milk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of evaporation and pasteurization of human milk on its biochemical and immunological composition and on its osmolarity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The samples of mature human milk were categorized into four study groups: in natura human milk, pasteurized human milk, human milk evaporated at 70% of the baseline volume and human milk pasteurized and evaporated at 70%, with 12 different samples of milk in each group. The samples were used to determine the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, protein, fat, lactose, immunoglobulin A and osmolarity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pasteurization of human milk did not show statistically significant changes in the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, protein, fat, lactose, or in osmolarity; however, it showed remarkable reduction in the mean concentration of immunoglobulin A. Evaporation had a mean increase of 38% in the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, protein, fat and lactose and mean reduction of 45% in the concentration of immunoglobulin A, without significant change in osmolarity in unprocessed milk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By evaporation at 70% of the baseline value of human milk, it is possible to obtain human milk that meets the nutritional requirements recommended for preterm infants, except for calcium and phosphorus.
authors.affiliation: Universidade para o Desenvolvimento do Estado e da Região do Pantanal (UNIDERP), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. mullerlb@terra.com.br
authors.forename: Lucylea P M
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Braga
authors.forename: Durval B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Palhares
mesh_terms: D005223:Fats / Q000032:analysis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000592:standards*; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology; D007785:Lactose / Q000032:analysis; D008672:Metals, Alkali / Q000032:analysis; D008673:Metals, Alkaline Earth / Q000032:analysis; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009753:Nutritive Value; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D013242:Sterilization; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D005223:Fats; D008672:Metals, Alkali; D008673:Metals, Alkaline Earth; D010758:Phosphorus; D007785:Lactose