title: Ischemic and hemorrhagic complications after intra-arterial fibrinolysis in vertebrobasilar occlusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence and location of hemorrhagic and ischemic lesions after local intra-arterial (IA) fibrinolysis in patients with acute vertebrobasilar occlusion (VBO).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty-three patients with VBO treated with local IA fibrinolysis were retrospectively evaluated. Two different thrombolytic substances, namely urokinase (UK, n = 57 patients) and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA, n = 86 patients), were used. Incidence and location of intracranial hemorrhage and ischemic infarction were assessed by means of 403 peri-interventional CT and MR imaging scans. Recanalization success and bleeding rate were correlated with the type and dosage of fibrinolytic agent. Multiple logistic regression was used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intracranial hemorrhage was detected in 46 (32%) patients. Bleeding rate was significantly higher for high-dose rtPA than for UK (36% versus 21%, P < .01). Neurologic outcome was worse in patients with postinterventional bleeding (P < .001). Ischemic infarctions were present in 136 (95%) patients. Ischemic lesions of the occipital lobe and thalamus were more frequently seen in the case of successful recanalization than after absent recanalization (P < .005). Occlusion of the postcommunicating segment of the posterior cerebral artery after successful recanalization was seen in 39% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In acute VBO, bleeding rate after IA rtPA seems to be higher than that using IA UK, especially after high-dose rtPA. Ischemic lesion patterns after successful local IA fibrinolysis are common and correspond to the frequent distal migration of the thrombus. Novel recanalization techniques allowing for endovascular thrombectomy are needed to reduce ischemic and hemorrhagic complications in the treatment of acute VBO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, University of Munich, Klinikum Grosshadern, Germany. gernot.sad@gmx.de
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schulte-Altedorneburg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brückmann
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Hamann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mull
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liebetrau
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kühne
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Mayer
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014715:Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator