title: Long-term outcome of Guillain-Barré syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate long-term neurological residua after Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and to evaluate the predictive value of respiratory insufficiency during the acute stage of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four patients with GBS including 5 patients with Miller-Fisher syndrome admitted to a university hospital between 1994 and 2002 underwent a neurological and electrophysiological follow-up examination 7 - 86 months after onset of GBS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 34 patients, 5 patients had completely recovered, 11 patients demonstrated mild residual symptoms and/or signs, and 18 patients presented with functionally relevant neurological deficits predominantly in the lower extremity, although all patients could walk without assistance and none showed respiratory failure. Nerve conduction studies revealed abnormal findings in 30 patients. Autonomic function testing of the cardiovascular system showed a pathological blood pressure response to standing in 27 of 33 patients. No association was found between the course of the disease and sleep-disordered breathing at follow-up. Age at onset, need for mechanical ventilation, and duration of the plateau phase correlated with severity of neurological residua at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a high persistence of residual sensorimotor signs and symptoms after GBS in our cohort. In addition, abnormal blood pressure declines not associated with clinically overt orthostatic dysregulation were detected in the majority of our patients at follow-up. This is in contrast to previous reports describing a gradual improvement of autonomic dysfunction after 2 - 18 months. A combined prognostic score based on patient age, duration of the plateau phase, and ventilatory failure in the acute stage of GBS might predict the long-term outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany. susanne.koeppen@uni-essen.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koeppen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kraywinkel
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Wessendorf
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ehrenfeld
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schürks
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Diener
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weimar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020275:Guillain-Barre Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019846:Miller Fisher Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000503:physiopathology; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology