title: Endothelial function across an oral contraceptive cycle in women using levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol.
abstract: Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are a popular contraception method. Currently, lower-dose ethinyl estradiol formulations are most commonly prescribed, although they have been linked to increased arterial vascular risk. The aim of this study was to investigate endothelial function in healthy young women using lower-dose ethinyl estradiol OCPs. We examined flow-mediated, endothelium-dependent and nitroglycerin-mediated, endothelium-independent vasodilation of the brachial artery, comparing two doses of ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel OCPs in 15 healthy young women on two study days: once during the active phase and once during the placebo phase of an OCP cycle. Group low dose (LD) (n=7) active pills contained 150 microg levonorgestrel/30 microg ethinyl estradiol versus Group very low dose (VLD) (n=8) with 100 microg levonorgestrel/20 microg ethinyl estradiol. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was lower during the active phase in Group VLD (5.33 +/- 1.77% vs. 7.23 +/- 2.60%; P=0.024). This phase difference was not observed in Group LD (8.00 +/- 0.970% vs. 7.61 +/- 1.07%; P=0.647). Endothelium-independent vasodilation did not differ between phases in either group. Finally, we measured endothelium-dependent vasodilation in two additional women who received 10 microg of unopposed ethinyl estradiol. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was increased by unopposed ethinyl estradiol compared with the placebo phase (10.88 +/- 2.34% vs. 6.97 +/- 1.83%). These results suggest that levonorgestrel may antagonize the activity of ethinyl estradiol. Thus both the progestin type and estradiol dose need to be considered when assessing arterial vascular risk of OCP use in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
authors.forename: Britta N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Torgrimson
authors.forename: Jessica R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Meendering
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Minson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000187:drug effects*; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D004967:Estrogens; D011372:Progestins; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D005996:Nitroglycerin