title: Characteristics of spore germination in a mouse model of cutaneous anthrax.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cutaneous infection is the most common form of human anthrax, but little is known about Bacillus anthracis spore germination in these infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used experimental inoculations of B. anthracis Sterne spores or vegetative bacilli onto intact or abraded mouse flank skin, followed by evaluation of the infections and enumeration of germinating spores and vegetative bacilli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacilli developed from a spore inoculum after application onto abraded, but not intact, skin of the mice. Germination appeared to occur extracellularly at the skin surface before the development of a phagocytic response; in fact, vegetative bacilli were seen after inoculation of the spores on top of a filter that separated them from the host phagocytic cells below. Malachite green staining demonstrated that spores began germinating 1-3 h after inoculation onto abraded skin. Vegetative bacilli were found not to be capable of initiating infection in the absence of cutaneous abrasion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that epidermal damage is required for germination of B. anthracis spores in these infections; even so, spore germination by itself is not sufficient to produce infection of undamaged skin. In contrast to events in experimental inhalational anthrax, spore germination in these cutaneous infections appears to occur extracellularly.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Bischof
authors.forename: Beth L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Sohnle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000881:Anthrax / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology