title: A retrospective review of hearing in children with retinoblastoma treated with carboplatin-based chemotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinoblastoma occurs in approximately 4 per million children per year in the United States, usually before 2 years of age. In developed countries, 95% of children with tumor in one eye can be cured with enucleation, while children with tumor in both eyes require individualized therapy to preserve vision. Although enucleation and radiation are very effective therapies for children with bilateral disease, the resultant visual impairment, cosmetic deformity and risk for new tumors result in morbidity to these children who otherwise have a near normal lifespan. Therefore, since 1994, chemoreduction with vincristine, carboplatin, and etoposide combined with focal treatment, have been used successfully. However, a major concern with the use of carboplatin has been ototoxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine whether carboplatin, in the doses and schedule used by us and others to treat retinoblastoma (18.6 mg/kg q 4 weeks for six cycles) results in hearing impairment, we reviewed the records of 248 children with retinoblastoma, 164 of whom had received carboplatin. Children generally received carboplatin, vincristine, and etoposide (CEV) for six cycles of chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hearing evaluations prior to initiating therapy were abnormal in 14 patients (5.6%). No patients with normal initial audiograms were found to have abnormal studies following repeated evaluations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While ototoxicity is a potential concern in this young patient population, carboplatin in the treatment of retinoblastoma does not appear to produce impairment. Screening can identify children who require frequent audiologic follow-up, but children whose hearing is normal prior to therapy do not require routine surveillance following six cycles of standard CEV therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Michele P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Anna T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Meadows
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000187:drug effects; D006309:Hearing / Q000187:drug effects*; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014750:Vincristine; D005047:Etoposide; D016190:Carboplatin