title: Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on tendon-bone healing in an intra-articular sheep knee model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study reports the mechanical and histologic properties of intra-articular tendon-bone healing with the application of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) in an ovine knee model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single digital extensor tendon autograft from the right hoof was used as the graft in 89 adult sheep. Femoral fixation was achieved with an EndoButton (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA) and tibial fixation by tying over a bony post. LIPUS treatment was performed daily for 20 minutes over the femoral and tibial tunnels until sacrifice in all groups, apart from the 26-week group, which was treated only for the first 12 weeks. Histology was performed at 3, 6, 12, and 26 weeks. Mechanical testing was performed at 6, 12, and 26 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LIPUS-treated group showed increased cellular activity at the tendon-bone interface and general improvement in tendon-bone integration and vascularity. Stiffness and peak load were greater compared with the control group at 26 weeks after surgery (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of LIPUS appears to improve healing at the tendon-bone interface for soft tissue grafts fixed with a suspensory fixation technique. Histology supports a benefit based on increased integration between tendon and bone and a biologically more active interface, which would account for the improved mechanical properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The indications of LIPUS may be expanded to include tendon-bone healing, for example, in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Surgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, University of New South Wales, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia. W.Walsh@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vizesi
authors.forename: Warwick
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huckle
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007719:Knee Joint; D012756:Sheep; D013710:Tendons / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology / Q000637:transplantation; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014945:Wound Healing