title: Clozapine and prazosin slow the rhythm of head movements during focused stereotypy induced by d-amphetamine in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clozapine is an efficacious, symptom-ameliorating, atypical antipsychotic drug with few extrapyramidal side effects. Clozapine has been reported either not to affect or to increase d-amphetamine-induced stereotypy, a behavior that is blocked by typical antipsychotic drugs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This work used a high-resolution measurement system to reassess clozapine's effects on d-amphetamine-induced focused stereotypy (FS) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A force-plate actometer permitted the quantitation of the rhythm and vigor of movements during FS. Eight rats received a sensitizing series of doses of 5.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine sulfate, and this dosing regimen induced head movements with a rhythm near 10 Hz. Thirty minutes after d-amphetamine treatment, rats received acute clozapine (2.5-10.0 mg/kg), followed by eight, daily clozapine injections (5.0 mg/kg) given with d-amphetamine on days 2, 5, and 8. Effects of acute doses of the alpha1-noradrenergic antagonist prazosin (0.5-2.0 mg/kg) on the d-amphetamine response were also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clozapine dose-dependently slowed the near 10-Hz rhythm and reduced the vigor of the d-amphetamine-induced FS. Clozapine significantly lengthened the duration of the FS phase, but the rhythm remained slowed. No evidence for tolerance to clozapine's rhythm-slowing effects was seen in the subchronic phase. Prazosin dose-dependently reduced the near 10-Hz rhythm induced by d-amphetamine, but prazosin did not lengthen the FS phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that clozapine diminished the rhythm and vigor of d-amphetamine-induced stereotyped head movements but, at the same time, lengthened the duration of the expression of the stereotypy. alpha1 antagonism is a likely contributor to the rhythm-modulating effects of clozapine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-2505, USA. scfowler@ku.edu
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Pinkston
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vorontsova
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D003024:Clozapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D019416:Head Movements / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D011224:Prazosin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003024:Clozapine; D003913:Dextroamphetamine; D011224:Prazosin