title: Patterns of sustained heroin abstinence amongst long-term, dependent heroin users: 36 months findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine patterns of past month, 12 month and sustained 36 month heroin abstinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a longitudinal cohort study, 429 heroin users re-interviewed at 36 month follow-up for the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion who had sustained heroin abstinence since baseline declined from 14% at 12 months to 8% at 36 months. The proportion who reported abstinence over the preceding 12 months, however, increased significantly from 14% at 12 months to 40% at 36 months. There were no significant gender differences in the proportions reporting sustained 36 month abstinence. Females, however, were significantly more likely to have maintained abstinence over the 12 months preceding 36 month follow-up. Independent predictors of sustained abstinence over 36 months were fewer treatment episodes since baseline, not committing crime at baseline and higher levels of global psychological distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a decline in the proportion who had maintained complete heroin abstinence over 36 months, there were substantial increases in 12 month abstinence patterns. The results illustrate the importance of stable treatment retention.
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia. s.darke@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darke
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Alys
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Havard
authors.forename: Maree
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teesson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence