title: Low-dose radiotherapy as a chemopotentiator of gemcitabine in tumors of the pancreas or small bowel: a phase I study exploring a new treatment paradigm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the maximum tolerated dose of upper abdominal low-dose fractionated radiotherapy (<1.0 Gy per fraction) given in combination with, and as a chemopotentiator for, gemcitabine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gemcitabine was given at 1,250 mg/m(2) at 10 mg/m(2)/min on Days 1 and 8 of a 3-week cycle. Low-dose fractionated radiotherapy was tested at two dose levels: 60 cGy per fraction and 70 cGy per fraction. Radiotherapy was given b.i.d. on Days 1, 2, 8, and 9. Four cycles were planned.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven patients have been put on study. Ten patients have been entered in Phase I: 6 with metastatic/recurrent pancreatic carcinoma and 4 with unresectable pancreatic/small bowel carcinoma. Two of four patients at Dose Level 2 experienced dose-limiting toxicity. The overall radiographic response was 30%, and median survival was 11 months (range, 4-37 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose fractionated radiotherapy to the upper abdomen is well tolerated at 60 cGy per fraction when combined with gemcitabine. Phase II evaluation is ongoing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA. wregine@umm.edu
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Regine
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Garofalo
authors.forename: Austin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Ritesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kataria
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sims
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohiuddin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D007421:Intestine, Small; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine