title: Management of urolithiasis in the congenitally abnormal kidney (horseshoe and ectopic).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urolithiasis in horseshoe and ectopic kidneys presents unique challenges in the decision-making and technical aspects of stone treatment. Specific renal anatomy, stone size and associated conditions such as ureteropelvic junction obstruction are factors that may influence treatment. Detailed review of imaging is important to ensure efficient stone treatment and minimize complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Widespread use of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for calculi in congenitally abnormal kidneys is now giving way to stone-size and anatomy-appropriate therapeutic decision making. Multiple modalities including shockwave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and laparoscopy are being employed in this group of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment decisions for stones in horseshoe and ectopic kidneys can be challenging, and must be made on an individual basis taking into account multiple variables.
authors.affiliation: Glickman Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Mihir M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Desai
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities*; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*