title: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of osmotic release oral system methylphenidate in adults with ADHD with assessment of oppositional and emotional dimensions of the disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The realization that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood has led to increased frequency of diagnosis and treatment in adults. Osmotic release oral system (OROS) methylpheni-date is a long-acting stimulant demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven adults entered and 41 completed this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of OROS methylphenidate. Each double-blind arm lasted 4 weeks; data were collected from August 2004 through December 2005. Subjects met both DSM-IV-TR and Utah Criteria for ADHD in adults. Outcome measures included the Wender-Reimherr Adult Attention Deficit Disorder Scale (WRAADDS), the adult ADHD-Rating Scale (ADHD-RS), and the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale (CGI-I). At baseline, subjects were categorized as having significant emotional symptoms with the WRAADDS and/or significant oppositional-defiant symptoms using a self-report scale assessing the DSM-IV criteria for oppositional defiant disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  17% of the sample (N = 8) had ADHD alone, 38% (N = 18) had ADHD plus significant emotional symptoms, and 40% (N = 19) had ADHD with both significant emotional and oppositional symptoms. At a mean +/- SD dose of 64.0 +/- 23.3 (0.75 mg/kg), OROS methylphenidate proved superior to placebo for all clinical measures: total WRAADDS score decrease of 42% versus 13%, respectively, p < .001 and total ADHD-RS score decrease of 41% versus 14%, respectively, p = .003, plus the subscales addressing inattention, hyperactivity/ impulsivity, and emotional dysregulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OROS methylphenidate proved effective in treating adult ADHD. ADHD alone was relatively uncommon. Over 80% of our patients had ADHD with a combination of emotional and/or oppositional symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. fred.reimberr@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: Frederick W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Reimherr
authors.forename: Erika D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Strong
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mestas
authors.forename: Poonam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Soni
authors.forename: Barrie K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Marchant
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009995:Osmosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D008774:Methylphenidate