Anticancer effects of gallic acid isolated from Indonesian herbal medicine, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl, on human cancer cell lines.
The natural antioxidant gallic acid (GA) was isolated from fruits of a medicinal Indonesian plant, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. The structure was identified on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and comparison with authentic compound. GA demonstrated a significant inhibition of cell proliferation in a series of cancer cell lines and induced apoptosis in esophageal cancer cells (TE-2) but not in non-cancerous cells (CHEK-1). Observation of the molecular mechanism of apoptosis showed that GA up-regulated the pro-apoptosis protein, Bax, and induced caspase-cascade activity in cancer cells. On the other hand, GA down-regulated anti-apoptosis proteins such as Bcl-2 and Xiap. In addition, GA also induced down-regulation of the survival Akt/mTOR pathway. In non-cancerous cells, we observed delayed expression of pro-apoptosis related proteins. Our results suggest that GA might be a potential anticancer compound. However, in depth in vivo studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanism.
Faried
A
A
Department of General Surgical Science (Surgery I), Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan. afaried@med.gunma-u.ac.jp
Kurnia
D
D
Faried
L S
LS
Usman
N
N
Miyazaki
T
T
Kato
H
H
Kuwano
H
H
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000494:pharmacology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D005707:Gallic Acid; D020169:Caspases; C022616:thiazolyl blue