title: Gastroprotective strategies among NSAID users: guidelines for appropriate use in chronic illness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review proper use of gastroprotective strategies in family medicine for patients requiring chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evidence of the efficacy and safety of strategies currently in use (prostaglandin analogues, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, proton pump inhibitors) is derived from randomized controlled trials (level I evidence). The simultaneous use of multiple medications for very high-risk NSAID users is supported only by expert opinion (level III evidence).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gastroprotective strategies should be reserved for NSAID users at substantially increased risk of gastrointestinal complications; low-risk patients can safely use NSAIDs alone. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, prostaglandin analogues, and proton pump inhibitors reduce the risk of NSAID-related gastointestinal complications by 40% to 90%. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors should be avoided by patients who have or are at risk for cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic NSAID use has been implicated in the development of severe and potentially life-threatening gastointestinal complications, though certain strategies are known to decrease the risk of these NSAID-related gastointestinal complications. Prescribing physicians must know which of their patients should be prescribed medications and which strategies are appropriate for particular patients.
authors.affiliation: Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. targowni@cc.umanitoba.ca
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Targownik
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Thomson
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002170:Canada; D002908:Chronic Disease; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011379:Prognosis; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D017494:Proton Pumps / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D017494:Proton Pumps