title: Direct care workers in the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network: characteristics, opinions, and beliefs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals with direct care responsibilities in 348 drug abuse treatment units were surveyed to obtain a description of the workforce and to assess support for evidence-based therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys were distributed to 112 programs participating in the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (CTN). Descriptive analyses characterized the workforce. Analyses of covariance tested the effects of job category on opinions about evidence-based practices and controlled for the effects of education, modality (outpatient or residential), race, and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women made up two-thirds of the CTN workforce. One-third of the workforce had a master's or doctoral degree. Responses from 1,757 counselors, 908 support staff, 522 managers-supervisors, and 511 medical staff (71% of eligible participants) suggested that the variables that most were most consistently associated with responses were job category (19 of 22 items) and education (20 of 22 items). Managers-supervisors were the most supportive of evidence-based therapies, and support staff were the least supportive. Generally, individuals with graduate degrees had more positive opinions about evidence-based therapies. Support for using medications and contingency management was modest across job categories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relatively traditional beliefs of support staff could inhibit the introduction of evidence-based practices. Programs initiating changes in therapeutic approaches may benefit from including all employees in change efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA. mccartyd@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McCarty
authors.forename: Bret E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arfken
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Edward V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Eldon
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Edmundson
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Copersino
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Floyd
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: Reesa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laws
authors.forename: Kathy M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Magruder
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oyama
authors.forename: Kristi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prather
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sindelar
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Wendt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003469:Culture; D003625:Data Collection; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D004522:Educational Status; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011361:Professional Competence; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs