title: The histopathological and electron-microscopic examination of the stereotactic pulsed radiofrequency and conventional radiofrequency thermocoagulation lesions in rat brain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neurodestructive procedures have been used for treating intractable pain for a long time. Pulsed radiofrequency (RF) is a newly defined energy type. Pulsed RF may be used in the treatment of patients with some pain syndromes in whom the pain could not be controlled by the alternative techniques. The objective of the present study was to examine the histological and electron microscopical changes in rat brain after pulsed RF application.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five male rats were used in these experiments. Lesions were applied stereotactically to the target areas of the rat brains. Two different RF energy type were used as representative models of pulsed-RF and conventional-RF procedures. The rats were kept alive for 21 days and then killed. The effect of pulsed RF lesions on cerebral tissue ultrastructure was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the pulsed RF group, intracytoplasmic edema, clarity of the mitochondrial cristas and opening in the cell membrane pores were observed on the electron microscopic examination. In the conventional RF group, these findings were more prominent. In the pulsed RF group, the ratio of the effected neurons was 5.5% on light microscopic examination. In the conventional RF group, the ratio of the effected neurons was 14.26% and central necrosis was observed additionally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulsed RF caused ultrastructural changes in the neurons. The pulsed RF may possibly cause a depression on the cell membrane potential by opening the cell membrane pores and resulting in the ion entrance into the cell cytoplasm and intracytoplasmic edema. However, it seems that all these changes were reversible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey. kagantun@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Kagan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tun
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Savas
authors.forename: Mustafa F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Sargon
authors.forename: Ihsan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Solaroglu
authors.forename: Yucel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanpolat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004566:Electrodes; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051381:Rats; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques