title: Pediatric pancreatic trauma: predictors of nonoperative management failure and associated outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonoperative management (NOM) is an accepted treatment of pediatric solid organ injuries and is typically successful. Blunt pancreatic trauma tends to require operative intervention more frequently. We sought to identify predictors of failure of NOM and compare the outcome of operative management against NOM.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was performed from January 1993 to December 2002 of all children with blunt pancreatic injuries from the trauma registries of 7 designated level 1 pediatric trauma centers. Failure of NOM was defined as the need for intraabdominal operative intervention. Injuries were graded I to V, and ductal injury was defined as grades III to V. Parameters included mechanism of injury, injury severity score (ISS), organ grade, Glasgow Coma Scale score, and outcome. Data were analyzed by Fisher exact test and Mann-Whitney U test, with mean values +/- SD and significance of P < .05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pancreatic injuries were present in 173 (9.2%) of 1823 patients. Of these, 43 (26.0% [43/173]) required an operation. Valid morbidity data was obtained in 118 of 173 patients. ISS was significantly higher in all patients treated operatively. Patients with an injury of grade III to V failed NOM more frequently than all patients with pancreatic injury (P =.0169). Length of stay was longer, and the incidence of pseudocysts, drainage procedures, and pancreatitis was higher in NOM patients, although not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with pancreatic injuries had a NOM failure rate of 26.0%. ISS and injury grades III to V were predictors of NOM failure. Patients with pancreatic ductal injury require more aggressive management.
authors.affiliation: Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. kmattix@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Kelly D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Mattix
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tataria
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kristoffersen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Groner
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scaife
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nance
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scherer
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D010179:Pancreas / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D010180:Pancreatectomy / Q000379:methods; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011336:Probability; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014193:Trauma Centers; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy