title: Ultrasound-assisted collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the lumbosacral space in equids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe ultrasonographic landmarks for use in collection of CSF from the lumbosacral region in equids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  37 equids (27 with neurologic disease and 10 with nonneurologic disease).
  
  
  METHODS
  Standing equids (n = 17) were sedated with detomidine hydrochloride (0.006 to 0.01 mg/kg [0.003 to 0.005 mg/lb], IV) followed by butorphanol tartrate (0.01 mg/kg, IV) and restrained with a nose twitch for collection of CSF. The CSF was collected from 20 laterally recumbent equids (10 sedated and 10 immediately after euthanasia). Anatomic landmarks were identified ultrasonographically. Height at the dorsal point of the shoulders, body weight, depth of the spinal needle, number of attempts to collect CSF, and cytologic evaluation of CSF were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lumbosacral puncture cranial to the cranial border of the most superficial location of both tuber sacrale along the midline was consistently successful for CSF collection (35/37 equids). Two horses had anatomic abnormalities that precluded CSF collection. Mean number of attempts to collect CSF per animal was 1.1. Height and body weight were strongly correlated with needle depth for CSF collection. Pelvic and sacral displacement was observed in several laterally recumbent animals, which resulted in discrepancies of the midline between the cranial and caudal aspects of the vertebral column. In most equids, the spinal needle was aligned on the midline of the caudal aspect of the vertebral column.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonography was a useful aid for collection of CSF from the lumbosacral space and decreased the risk of repeated trauma and contamination in equids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aleman
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borchers
authors.forename: Philip H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kass
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Puchalski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D018397:Equidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*