title: Clinicophysiological effects of spinally administered ketamine and its combination with xylazine and medetomidine in healthy goats.
abstract: The study was conducted in 9 healthy adult goats of either sex, weighing 15-20 kg, to evaluate and compare the clinicophysiological effects of spinally administered ketamine alone and in combination with xylazine and medetomidine. Nine trials each of the three treatments were conducted randomly by injecting ketamine (2.5 mg/kg) (n = 9), ketamine and xylazine (2.5 mg/kg and 0.05 mg/kg) (n = 9) and ketamine and medetomidine (2.5 mg/kg and 10 microg/kg) (n = 9). The drugs were administered at the lumbosacral subarachnoid space under strict aseptic conditions. The treatments were evaluated on the basis of clinicophysiological, haematological, biochemical and haemodynamic observations. Ketamine produced mild to moderate analgesia of the hindquarters. Its combination with either xylazine or medetomidine produced complete analgesia of the hindquarters for 45-60 min. Ataxia was moderate in the ketamine group, whereas animals attained sternal recumbency in the combination groups. A moderate degree of sedation was recorded in the combination groups. Heart rate and respiratory rate depression in the combination groups and heart rate and respiratory rate stimulation in ketamine group were recorded. Haematological parameters decreased in all the groups. Increase in serum glucose, creatinine and urea nitrogen was recorded in all the groups. Serum electrolytes did not show any significant change. The results showed that the combination of ketamine with xylazine or medetomidine at these dose rates produced a comparable degrees of analgesia of hindquarters with transient and minimal cardiopulmonary side effects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India. p.kinjavdekar@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kinjavdekar
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.lastname: Amarpal
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Aithal
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pawde
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000662:veterinary; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001259:Ataxia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D020926:Medetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014991:Xylazine / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine; D020926:Medetomidine