title: Psychosocial and behavioral aspects of cardiovascular disease prevention in men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiovascular disease is a serious threat to population health. The true causes are not fully known, but a number of biological and behavioral risk factors have been identified. In this review we aim at understanding psychosocial, behavioral and lifestyle factors and their role in clinical care of patients with cardiovascular disease. We describe recent scientific evidence of psychosocial and life style risk and behavioral interventions to reduce risk in cardiovascular disease. We also discuss whether intervention programs are effective against cardiovascular disease and its risk factors, and whether they are of benefit to the patients. Gender aspects and ethnic variations are highlighted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In recent European Guidelines of CVD Prevention in Clinical Practice, behavioral factors have become recognized to be true risk factors and identified as important barriers to lifestyle change for patients with cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle changes play a pivotal role in clinical prevention of cardiovascular disease, as they are recommended as the first choice of intervention modalities before pharmacological treatment is initiated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While there is now common agreement about the importance of psychosocial risk factors for cardiovascular disease, a better consensus about intervention methods is needed in order to evaluate and appreciate the future scientific evidence from behavioral cardiovascular preventive efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. K.orth-gomer@phs.ki.se
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Orth-Gomér
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D020521:Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology