title: Retinol-binding protein 4 is associated with insulin resistance and body fat distribution in nonobese subjects without type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adipose tissue is responsible for releasing various adipokines that have been related to insulin resistance. Understanding the relationship of these adipokines to insulin resistance may foster the development of new treatments for diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of this study was to determine whether an association between retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and insulin resistance exists in nonobese individuals without a family history or diagnosis of diabetes. The secondary objective was to determine by a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan which adipose tissue depot most closely relates to RBP4 levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of 92 study participants ranging in age from 20 to 83 yr was performed. The range of body mass index (BMI) was from 18 to 30 kg/m(2). Exclusion criteria were a BMI greater than 30 kg/m(2), family history of diabetes, or a diagnosis of diabetes. Insulin sensitivity was determined by a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Body fat was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RBP4 values were lower in females (35.8 +/- 1.7 microg/ml) compared with males (39.9 +/- 1.4 microg/ml; P = 0.06). RBP4 levels were found to correlate negatively with insulin sensitivity (r = -0.32; P = 0.002) and positively with age (r = 0.38; P < 0.001). RBP4 levels did not correlate with BMI (r = -0.13; P = 0.22), trunk fat (r = 0.16; P = 0.22), or percent body fat (r = 0.07; P = 0.65). However, RBP4 levels did correlate with percent trunk fat (r = 0.36; P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate a relationship between RBP4, insulin sensitivity, and percent trunk fat in individuals who may not have features of insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8154, USA. sgavi@notes.cc.sunysb.edu
authors.forename: Shai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gavi
authors.forename: Louise M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Mark M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Melendez
authors.forename: Dennis C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Mynarcik
authors.forename: Marie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gelato
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McNurlan
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; C101326:RBP4 protein, human; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma