title: Enhancement of macrophage stimulation by lipoteichoic acid and the costimulant hemoglobin is dependent on Toll-like receptors 2 and 4.
abstract: Macrophage stimulation by lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and hemoglobin (Hb) requires Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and -4). There are two distinct temporal phases of interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. The first results in a slight enhancement of IL-6 secretion in response to LTA plus Hb compared to that with LTA alone and is TLR4 independent. The second requires TLR4 and accounts for most of the additional stimulation seen with LTA plus Hb.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 800 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Itzhak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ofek
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hasty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D013682:Teichoic Acids; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; C009900:lipoteichoic acid