title: Helicobacter pylori infection in combination with the serum pepsinogen I/II ratio and interleukin-1beta-511 polymorphisms are independent risk factors for gastric cancer in Thais.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thailand has the lowest incidence of gastric cancer in the world. Helicobacter pylori infection, a low serum pepsinogen I/II ratio, and interleukin (IL)-1beta-511 polymorphisms are suspected to be risk factors for gastric cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 167 Thais, comprising 56 cancer patients and 111 volunteers without cancer, underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopic examination and three fixed-point biopsies; a cancer tissue biopsy was also done, and blood samples were collected. The subjects without cancer were divided into normal subjects and chronic gastritis patients. IL-1beta-511 polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and the serum levels of pepsinogen I and II were determined by a radioimmunoassay. Helicobacter pylori IgG antibody and tissue pathology were tested in all groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pepsinogen I/II ratio was significantly lower in the gastric cancer group than in the normal and chronic gastritis groups [odds ratio (OR), 2.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10-4.80; P = 0.025]. Gastric cancer patients were positive for the H. pylori IgG antibody more frequently than negative (OR, 2.946; 95% CI, 1.4-6.39; P = 0.005). However, only 15 (27%) cancer patients were both positive for H. pylori IgG antibody and had low serum pepsinogen I/II. The C/C genotype was found more frequently in the gastric cancer group than in the group with a normal gastric mucosa (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.50-0.81; P = 0.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A low serum pepsinogen I/II ratio combined with positivity for H. pylori IgG, and a IL-1beta-511 C/C genotype may be independent risk factors for gastric cancer in Thais.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Endoscopy, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sirikan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuhisa
authors.forename: Luksana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Makonkawkeyoon
authors.forename: Suparp
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaidatch
authors.forename: Shunji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsukura
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005756:Gastritis / Q000097:blood; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics*; D020116:Pepsinogen A / Q000097:blood*; D020115:Pepsinogen C / Q000097:blood*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012307:Risk Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D020115:Pepsinogen C; D020116:Pepsinogen A