title: Trends in the prevalence of female genital mutilation and its effect on delivery outcomes in the kassena-nankana district of northern ghana.
abstract: Summary
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Female genital mutilation (FGM) is prevalent in northern Ghana, as the practice is seen as a passage rite to women adulthood and thus undertaken just before marriage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We determined the changes in trend of FGM in deliveries at the Navrongo War Memorial hospital, and compared the outcomes and FGM status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective extraction and analysis of delivery data at the hospital from 1(st) January 1996 to 31(st) December 2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 5071 deliveries, about 29% (1466/5071) were associated with FGM. The highest prevalence (95% CI) of 61.5% (50.9, 71.2) was in women aged 40 years and above, and the lowest of 14.4% (11.7, 17.0) was in women below 20 years. The all-age prevalence of FGM showed a significant decline (p-value for linear trend < 0.01) from 35.2% in 1996 to 21.1% in 2003. About 6% (89/1466) of mothers with FGM had stillbirths compared with about 3% (123/3605) of mothers without FGM. Again FGM was associated with 8.2% (120/1466) caesarean section rate compared with 6.7% (241/3605) in mothers without FGM. Mean birth weight and frequency of low birth weights were not significantly associated with FGM status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there is a high rate of FGM among mothers in the district and is associated with a higher proportion of stillbirths and caesarean sections, practice has shown a significant decline in the district in recent years due to the prevailing campaigns and intervention studies. There is therefore the need to sustain the ongoing intervention efforts.
authors.affiliation: Navrongo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana.
authors.forename: Ar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oduro
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ansah
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.forename: Tm
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Afful
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baiden
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adongo
authors.forename: Ka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koram