title: Appraisals and cognitive coping styles associated with chronic post-traumatic symptoms in child road traffic accident survivors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Comparatively little is known about the cognitive appraisals and coping styles of child road traffic accident (RTA) survivors that are associated with chronic post-traumatic reactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-five children and young people aged 7-18 who were involved in a road traffic accident and attended an accident and emergency department were assessed 8 months after their accident. Post-traumatic symptoms were assessed by diagnostic interview (CAPS-C) and self-report questionnaires (IES). Demographic, accident and injury severity variables were recorded. Informed by the Ehlers and Clark (2000) model, trauma memory, subjective appraisals of the trauma and cognitive coping styles were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gender was the only non-cognitive variable associated with significant post-traumatic reactions and explained 5-6% of the overall variance. Trauma memory did not significantly contribute to the final regression model. The addition of the remaining cognitive factors assessing subjective appraisals of the trauma and cognitive coping style resulted in the model accounting for 61-65% of the variance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms 8 months post trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study adds support to the applicability of the Ehlers and Clark (2000) cognitive model to children. The results indicate that the theoretically determined appraisals and cognitive coping styles are associated with chronic post-traumatic reactions. The findings suggest the need to develop trauma-focused interventions for children that directly address these key cognitions during therapy.
authors.affiliation: University of Bath/Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, UK. paul.stallard@awp.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stallard
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*