title: Adjustment disorders as stress response syndromes: a new diagnostic concept and its exploration in a medical sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adjustment disorders (AD) are an ill-defined category in the present diagnostic nomenclature. We propose a new diagnostic model that describes AD as particular forms of stress response syndrome, in which intrusions, avoidance of reminders and failure to adapt are the central processes and symptoms. In line with the existing classification, the description of AD subtypes is included. Backgrounds on existing psychopathological models of stress response disorders are outlined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from a clinical sample of patients with an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (n = 160, mean age 63 years, 90% males) are investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The items tapping the individual symptoms meet psychometric requirements for diagnostic applications. The diagnostic algorithm chosen indicates a 17% prevalence of AD in the sample. The subtype most commonly diagnosed is AD with mixed emotional features (41%). In a subsample, diagnostic sensitivity was 0.58 and specificity 0.81 in relation to traditional AD cases diagnosed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. By applying the most strongly conservative exclusion rule analogous to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, the AD prevalence was reduced to 9%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new AD concept is theory driven and shows methodological soundness. Its application to further samples is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychopathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. maercker@psychologie.unizh.ch
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maercker
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Einsle
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kollner
mesh_terms: D000275:Adjustment Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D036262:Empirical Research; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011582:Psychological Theory; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D009626:Terminology as Topic