title: Distinct and predictive chromatin signatures of transcriptional promoters and enhancers in the human genome.
abstract: Eukaryotic gene transcription is accompanied by acetylation and methylation of nucleosomes near promoters, but the locations and roles of histone modifications elsewhere in the genome remain unclear. We determined the chromatin modification states in high resolution along 30 Mb of the human genome and found that active promoters are marked by trimethylation of Lys4 of histone H3 (H3K4), whereas enhancers are marked by monomethylation, but not trimethylation, of H3K4. We developed computational algorithms using these distinct chromatin signatures to identify new regulatory elements, predicting over 200 promoters and 400 enhancers within the 30-Mb region. This approach accurately predicted the location and function of independently identified regulatory elements with high sensitivity and specificity and uncovered a novel functional enhancer for the carnitine transporter SLC22A5 (OCTN2). Our results give insight into the connections between chromatin modifications and transcriptional regulatory activity and provide a new tool for the functional annotation of the human genome.
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0653 USA.
authors.forename: Nathaniel D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Heintzman
authors.forename: Rhona K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hon
authors.forename: Yutao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Christina W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Ching
authors.forename: R David
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: Leah O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Barrera
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Calcar
authors.forename: Chunxu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ching
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhiping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: Roland D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ren
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D015894:Genome, Human; D023281:Genomics; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D000074058:Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D006657:Histones; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins; C492020:SLC22A5 protein, human; D000074058:Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5