title: Stiffness gradient in the crystalline lens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While the overall stiffness of the lens has been measured in a number of studies, the knowledge about the stiffness distribution within the lens is still limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the stiffness gradient in the human crystalline lens. A secondary purpose was to determine whether the stiffness gradient depends on age.
  
  
  METHODS
  The local dynamic stiffness was measured in 10 human crystalline lenses (age range: 19 to 78 years). The lenses were stored at -70 degrees C before being measured. The influence of freezing on the mechanical properties has been determined in a previous study. A small oscillating probe was used to measure the local dynamic shear modulus as a measure of lens stiffness. The measurements were taken in the cross-sectional plane through the lens equator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The local dynamic shear modulus varied with location for all tested lenses. The central stiffness of the oldest lens (78 years) was 10(4) times higher than the youngest (19 years) lens. The equatorial stiffness of the oldest lens was 10(2) times higher than the youngest lens. For the older lenses, the centre was 5.8-210 times stiffer than the periphery, as opposed to earlier results described by Fisher (1971), who found that the periphery was up to 3 times softer than the centre for lenses younger than 70-years-old. For the three youngest lenses (19 to 49 years), the periphery was 2.2-16.6 times stiffer than the centre.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dynamic stiffness of the crystalline lens varies with location within the lens. The stiffness gradient depends on the age of the lens. The results of the 10 lenses indicate that the stiffness of both centre and periphery increase with age, but at a different rate.
authors.affiliation: AMO, Van Swietenlaan 5, 9728 NX Groningen, The Netherlands. henk.weeber@amo-inc.com
authors.forename: Henk A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Weeber
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eckert
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pechhold
authors.forename: Rob G L
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: van der Heijde
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D003187:Compliance; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014019:Tissue Donors