title: Evaluation of manometric temperature measurement (MTM), a process analytical technology tool in freeze drying, part III: heat and mass transfer measurement.
abstract: This article evaluates the procedures for determining the vial heat transfer coefficient and the extent of primary drying through manometric temperature measurement (MTM). The vial heat transfer coefficients (Kv) were calculated from the MTM-determined temperature and resistance and compared with Kv values determined by a gravimetric method. The differences between the MTM vial heat transfer coefficients and the gravimetric values are large at low shelf temperature but smaller when higher shelf temperatures were used. The differences also became smaller at higher chamber pressure and smaller when higher resistance materials were being freeze-dried. In all cases, using thermal shields greatly improved the accuracy of the MTM Kv measurement. With use of thermal shields, the thickness of the frozen layer calculated from MTM is in good agreement with values obtained gravimetrically. The heat transfer coefficient "error" is largely a direct result of the error in the dry layer resistance (ie, MTM-determined resistance is too low). This problem can be minimized if thermal shields are used for freeze-drying. With suitable use of thermal shields, accurate Kv values are obtained by MTM; thus allowing accurate calculations of heat and mass flow rates. The extent of primary drying can be monitored by real-time calculation of the amount of remaining ice using MTM data, thus providing a process analytical tool that greatly improves the freeze-drying process design and control.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaolin Charlie
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Nail
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pikal
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004735:Energy Transfer; D005612:Freeze Drying / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008365:Manometry / Q000379:methods*; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D008956:Models, Chemical; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D011312:Pressure; D012984:Software; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014867:Water