title: Large temperature drop across the Eocene-Oligocene transition in central North America.
abstract: The Eocene-Oligocene transition towards a cool climate (approximately 33.5 million years ago) was one of the most pronounced climate events during the Cenozoic era. The marine record of this transition has been extensively studied. However, significantly less research has focused on continental climate change at the time, yielding partly inconsistent results on the magnitude and timing of the changes. Here we use a combination of in vivo stable isotope compositions of fossil tooth enamel with diagenetic stable isotope compositions of fossil bone to derive a high-resolution (about 40,000 years) continental temperature record for the Eocene-Oligocene transition. We find a large drop in mean annual temperature of 8.2 +/- 3.1 degrees C over about 400,000 years, the possibility of a small increase in temperature seasonality, and no resolvable change in aridity across the transition. The large change in mean annual temperature, exceeding changes in sea surface temperatures at comparable latitudes and possibly delayed in time with respect to marine changes by up to 400,000 years, explains the faunal turnover for gastropods, amphibians and reptiles, whereas most mammals in the region were unaffected. Our results are in agreement with modelling studies that attribute the climate cooling at the Eocene-Oligocene transition to a significant drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA. azanazzi@geol.sc.edu
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanazzi
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kohn
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: MacFadden
authors.forename: Dennis O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Terry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry; D044822:Biodiversity; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D003081:Cold Climate; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry; D005580:Fossils; D049690:History, Ancient; D009656:North America; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D012621:Seasons; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D002245:Carbon Dioxide