title: Human TBX1 missense mutations cause gain of function resulting in the same phenotype as 22q11.2 deletions.
abstract: Deletion 22q11.2 syndrome is the most frequent known microdeletion syndrome and is associated with a highly variable phenotype, including DiGeorge and Shprintzen (velocardiofacial) syndromes. Although haploinsufficiency of the T-box transcription factor gene TBX1 is thought to cause the phenotype, to date, only four different point mutations in TBX1 have been reported in association with six of the major features of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Although, for the two truncating mutations, loss of function was previously shown, the pathomechanism of the missense mutations remains unknown. We report a novel heterozygous missense mutation, H194Q, in a familial case of Shprintzen syndrome and show that this and the two previously reported missense mutations result in gain of function, possibly through stabilization of the protein dimer DNA complex. We therefore conclude that TBX1 gain-of-function mutations can result in the same phenotypic spectrum as haploinsufficiency caused by loss-of-function mutations or deletions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zweier
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sticht
authors.forename: Inci
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aydin-Yaylagül
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rauch
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D002892:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22 / Q000235:genetics*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004062:DiGeorge Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D018628:Gene Dosage / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020125:Mutation, Missense / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D011487:Protein Conformation; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D010446:Peptide Fragments; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; C108625:TBX1 protein, human