title: Stages and sequences of initiation and regular substance use in a longitudinal cohort of black and white male adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined whether developmental sequences and stages of substance-use initiation and regular use differed and, if so, whether they varied for black and white adolescent males.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analyses were based on a cohort of inner-city boys in the Pittsburgh public schools, who had been followed prospectively from ages 7 to 19 across 18 data waves (N = 412).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blacks were most likely to end initiation of any use and regular use with marijuana, whereas alcohol and tobacco were the most common end stage drugs for whites. Whites were also more likely than blacks to initiate and to become regular users of hard drugs. For both races, the typical developmental sequence for substance-use initiation and regular use was alcohol and/or tobacco, then marijuana, and then hard drugs. However, blacks were more likely to deviate from this sequence than were whites. Participants who initiated any substance use faced a high probability of becoming a regular user of at least one substance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were differences in the sequences and stages of substance-use initiation and regular use by race. Further research is needed to identify the antecedents of escalation to regular use and progression of regular use across substances and to delineate the cultural and environmental factors that affect substance-use progression.
authors.affiliation: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8001, USA. hewhite@rci.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Helene R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jarrett
authors.forename: Elvia Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Valencia
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loeber
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D012931:Social Environment; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs