title: Cardiovascular abnormalities in Folr1 knockout mice and folate rescue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periconceptional folic acid supplementation is widely believed to aid in the prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs), orofacial clefts, and congenital heart defects. Folate-binding proteins or receptors serve to bind folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, representing one of the two major mechanisms of cellular folate uptake.
  
  
  METHODS
  We herein describe abnormal cardiovascular development in mouse fetuses lacking a functional folate-binding protein gene (Folr1). We also performed a dose-response study with folinic acid and determined the impact of maternal folate supplementation on Folr1 nullizygous cardiac development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Partially rescued preterm Folr1(-/-) (formerly referred to as Folbp1) fetuses were found to have outflow tract defects, aortic arch artery abnormalities, and isolated dextracardia. Maternal supplementation with folinic acid rescued the embryonic lethality and the observed cardiovascular phenotypes in a dose-dependant manner. Maternal genotype exhibited significant impact on the rescue efficiency, suggesting an important role of in utero folate status in embryonic development. Abnormal heart looping was observed during early development of Folr1(-/-) embryos partially rescued by maternal folinic acid supplementation. Migration pattern of cardiac neural crest cells, genetic signals in pharyngeal arches, and the secondary heart field were also found to be affected in the mutant embryos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observations suggest that the beneficial effect of folic acid for congenital heart defects might be mediated via its impact on neural crest cells and by gene regulation of signaling pathways involved in the development of the pharyngeal arches and the secondary heart field.
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A and M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA. hzhu@ibt.tamhsc.edu
authors.forename: Huiping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Bogdan J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wlodarczyk
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merriweather
authors.forename: Janee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gelineau-van Waes
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Finnell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018376:Cardiovascular Abnormalities / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D005260:Female; D058975:Folate Receptor 1; D058973:Folate Receptors, GPI-Anchored; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D058975:Folate Receptor 1; D058973:Folate Receptors, GPI-Anchored; C520574:Folr1 protein, mouse; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D005492:Folic Acid; D002955:Leucovorin