title: Apolipoprotein E and traumatic brain injury in a military population: evidence of a neuropsychological compensatory mechanism?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although research has implicated the apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon-4 genotype as having a negative effect on neuropsychological outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI), the potentially negative role of the epsilon4 allele on TBI outcomes has recently been challenged. In light of this debate, the present study served to examine the role of APOE genotype on neuropsychological outcomes approximately 1 month following mild to moderate TBI in a military population. Because of the well documented role of the APOE-epsilon4 allele in increasing the risk of Alzheimer's disease, we predicted that persons with the APOE-epsilon4 genotype would display relatively greater deficits in cognition than their non-epsilon4 counterparts.
  
  
  METHODS
  78 participants were consecutively recruited following a mild to moderate TBI and were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of an APOE epsilon4 allele. Groups were comparable on demographic characteristics and psychosocial outcomes. Participants were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses revealed comparable performances on most neuropsychological measures and better performances by epsilon4 carriers on select measures of attention, executive functioning and episodic memory encoding. Furthermore, differences remained after accounting for the effects of TBI severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence from these analyses supports current literature refuting the notion of relatively poorer neuropsychological functioning associated with the APOE-epsilon4 genotype among young adult participants shortly following mild or moderate brain injury. Neuropsychological performance differences by APOE genotype following TBI are discussed in terms of the importance of considering severity of injury, timing of postinjury assessment and possible neurocognitive compensatory mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: S Duke
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Angela I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: Lynne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cessante
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Jak
authors.forename: Wes S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.forename: Dean C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Delis
authors.forename: J Vincent
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Filoteo
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Bondi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4 / Q000235:genetics*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4