title: Achalasia and thyroid disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate some possible etiologies of achalasia by screening patients with achalasia for some autoimmune diseases such as thyroid disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 30 known cases of achalasia (20 females, 10 males). Their age ranged 15-70 years. All of them were referred to our institute for treatment. Their sera were evaluated to detect some possible associations with rheumatoid disease, thyroid disease, inflammatory process, anemia, etc.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven out of 30 patients (23%) had thyroid disease including four patients with hypothyroidism (13.3%), two patients with hyperthyroidism (6.6%), and one had only thyroid nodule but was in euthyroid state (3.3%). Two of these hypothyroid patients had no related clinical symptoms (subclinical) and two had clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism. There were no correlations between the intensity of thyroid diseases and the severity of achalasia symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The etiology of achalasia is unknown although autoimmunity has been implicated and is supported by several studies. Thyroid disease presents concomitantly with achalasia in about one fourth of our patients who may have a common etiology.
authors.affiliation: Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Hakim Research Institution, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hassan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Emami
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raisi
authors.forename: Jaleh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amini
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Daghaghzadeh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000150:complications*