title: Bilateral angle closure glaucoma induced by sulphonamide-derived medications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sulphonamide-derived medications are widely used, although not always recognized as such. We report the occurrence of bilateral angle closure glaucoma with sulphonamide-derived medications and highlight features of the presentation and treatment to assist in early diagnosis and management.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical records of three cases with bilateral angle closure glaucoma induced by three sulphonamide-derived medications, sulfasalazine, oral acetazolamide, and hydrochlorothiazide, were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three cases identified presented with bilateral angle closure glaucoma and persistent elevated intraocular pressure despite patent iridotomy. Patients may be pseudophakic (2) or phakic (1). Cessation of the suspected medication is necessary to reverse the mechanism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed mechanism of angle closure glaucoma induced by sulphonamide medication involves an idiosyncratic reaction in the uveal tissues to these systemic drugs that is associated with expansion of the extracellular tissue of the ciliary body and choroid. Management identification of sulphonamide-derived medications and immediate cessation of suspected sulphonamide-derived medication, refraction and ultrasound B scan or ultrasound biomicroscopy may aid in the proper diagnosis and can also be helpful for confirmation.
authors.affiliation: Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Grace C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Christina P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: Helen V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Danesh-Meyer
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: L Jay
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Katz
mesh_terms: D000086:Acetazolamide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004232:Diuretics / Q000009:adverse effects; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015812:Glaucoma, Angle-Closure / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy; D006068:Gonioscopy; D006801:Humans; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D033401:Microscopy, Acoustic; D008875:Middle Aged; D012460:Sulfasalazine / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide; D012460:Sulfasalazine; D000086:Acetazolamide