title: Effect of 6-gingerol on pro-inflammatory cytokine production and costimulatory molecule expression in murine peritoneal macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pro-inflammatory cytokines produced primarily by macrophages are key elements in many surgical conditions including sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and transplant rejection. Herbal products are being used as alternative treatments in such inflammatory conditions. Ginger is known for its ethno-botanical applications as an anti-inflammatory agent. 6-gingerol is one of the active ingredients of ginger that imparts ginger with its anti-inflammatory properties. We hypothesized that the anti-inflammatory effect of 6-gingerol is because of inhibition of macrophage activation, more specifically by an inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antigen presentation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated macrophages.
  
  
  METHODS
  To study the effect of 6-gingerol on pro-inflammatory cytokines, we measured the liberation of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-12 by murine peritoneal macrophages exposed to several doses of 6-gingerol in the presence of LPS stimulation. We also studied the effect of 6-gingerol on the cell surface expression of B7.1, B7.2, and MHC II. Finally, we examined the APC function of the 6-gingerol treated macrophages by a primary mixed lymphocyte reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  6-gingerol inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from LPS stimulated macrophages but had no effect on the LPS-induced expression of B7.1, B7.2, and MHC II. The APC function of LPS stimulated macrophages was also unaffected by 6-gingerol treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that 6-gingerol selectively inhibits production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages but does not affect either the APC function or cell surface expression of MHC II and costimulatory molecules. We, thus, provide a mechanistic insight into the anti-inflammatory properties of 6-gingerol that may be useful to treat inflammation without interfering with the antigen presenting function of macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
authors.forename: Sudipta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.forename: Kristopher G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bruch
authors.forename: Dilip S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kittur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000187:drug effects; D002396:Catechols; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000378:metabolism; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D007959:Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009153:Mutagens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002396:Catechols; D016207:Cytokines; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009153:Mutagens; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018664:Interleukin-12; C007845:gingerol