title: Acute effects of cigarette smoking on multifocal electroretinogram.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking was shown to have stimulant effects on pattern visual-evoked potentials. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of cigarette smoking on multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG).
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective case-control study was held in a tertiary referral centre in Turkish Armed Forces. mfERGs were investigated in a group of habitual smokers (30 right eyes of 30 subjects) in separate real smoking and sham smoking sessions. mfERG responses of the subjects were recorded after overnight abstinence. The responses were averaged over five retinal regions, the central hexagon (CH; central 6 degrees) and four concentric rings (ring 1 [R1; 7-12 degrees], ring 2 [R2; 13-18 degrees], ring 3 [R3; 19-24 degrees], ring 4 [R4; 25-30 degrees]). On each session mfERGs were recorded before (BS) and after smoking (AS) conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding P1 amplitudes (first positive deflection of the mfERG) in the real smoking sessions, the differences were significant in the CH (BS: 66.2 +/- 16.3 microV, AS: 73.3 +/- 19.6 microV, P < 0.001), in R1 (BS: 44.3 +/- 13.0, AS: 48.3 +/- 16.0, P = 0.004) and in R2 (BS: 30.1 +/- 8.3, AS: 33.7 +/- 9.7, P = 0.002). Similar results were found for N1 amplitudes and P1 and N1 (first negative deflection of the mfERG) latencies in the CH, R1 and R2. The differences in outer retinal areas (R3, R4) in the real smoking sessions and in all rings in the sham smoking sessions were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking may stimulate the central retinal areas in the acute phase. This effect may be related with the stimulant effect of nicotine on neurotransmission, deleterious effects on retinal and/or choroidal circulation, carbon monoxide toxicity and nicotine withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara, Turkey. fgundogan@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Fatih C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Gundogan
authors.forename: Cuneyt
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Erdurman
authors.forename: Ali H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Durukan
authors.forename: Gungor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sobaci
authors.forename: M Zeki
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Bayraktar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012907:Smoking; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine