title: Calpain activation causes a proteasome-dependent increase in protein degradation and inhibits the Akt signalling pathway in rat diaphragm muscle.
abstract: The role of the calpain proteases in skeletal muscle atrophy is poorly understood. One goal of these experiments was to clarify whether calpains act upstream of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP). Calpain activation may also inhibit the anabolic signalling of Akt, since a molecular chaperone previously shown to mediate Akt activity, heat shock protein 90 (HSP 90), is a calpain substrate. Thus, an additional objective was to determine whether calpain activation affects the Akt signalling pathway. Ex vivo experiments were conducted using isolated rat diaphragm muscle. Calpain activation increased total protein degradation by 65%. Proteasome inhibition prevented this large rise in proteolysis, demonstrating that the proteasome was necessary for calpain-activated protein degradation. In addition, calpain activation increased proteasome-dependent proteolysis by 144%, further supporting the idea of sequential proteolytic pathways. Calpain reduced Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation by 35 and 50%, respectively, and activated glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3beta) by 40%. Additionally, calpain activation reduced HSP 90beta and mTOR protein content by 33 and 50%, respectively. These data suggest that calpains play a dual role in protein metabolism by concomitantly activating proteasome-dependent proteolysis and inhibiting the Akt pathway of protein synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. ira4@duke.edu
authors.forename: Ira J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Dodd
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002154:Calpain / Q000502:physiology*; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000502:physiology*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546845:mTOR protein, rat; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605508:Gsk3b protein, rat; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D002154:Calpain; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex