title: Hypoxia and its downstream targets in DMBA induced mammary carcinoma: protective role of Semecarpus anacardium nut extract.
abstract: Tumors are usually exposed to a hypoxic microenvironment due to their irregular growth and abnormal vascular supply. Under hypoxia, gene regulation (selective activation and inactivation of genes) plays an important role in maintenance of tumor. Multiple hypoxic and angiogenic growth factors are expressed for tumor cell survival. In search of novel anticancer drug, Semecarpus anacardium nut extract (SA) was tried against breast cancer. Mammary carcinoma was induced in vivo by 7,12-dimethyl benz(a) anthracene (DMBA) (25mg/kg b.w., p.o.). Tumor development and vascular structures were accelerated by DMBA. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1) was coexpressed with its downstream genes in mammary tissue. Cancer rats were then treated with S. anacardium nut extract (SA) (250mg/kg b.w., p.o.). Delay in the tumor growth was paralleled with a drastic reduction in vascularization by SA treatment. Activities of glycolytic enzymes were normalized with decreased expression of glucose transporter-1 and carbonic anhydrase IX by drug treatment. Inhibition of HIF-1, vascular endothelial growth factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase by SA may in part explain its antiangiogenic action. SA also inhibits endothelial cell proliferation by blocking the overexpressed survival cytokines. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that at least some part of the antitumor activity of SA is due to the suppression of hypoxic and angiogenic factors. The mechanism of this inhibition seems to be through an action of SA on expression of HIF-1 and its downstream targets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM P-G IBMS, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600 113, India.
authors.forename: Panneerselvam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mathivadhani
authors.forename: Palanivelu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shanthi
authors.forename: Panchanatham
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sachdanandam
mesh_terms: D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000378:metabolism; D002273:Carcinogens; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D009754:Nuts / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D031023:Semecarpus / Q000737:chemistry*; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000187:drug effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002273:Carcinogens; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; C497444:Hif1a protein, rat; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D010936:Plant Extracts; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467498:vascular endothelial growth factor A, rat; D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases