title: High-speed gas chromatography in doping control: fast-GC and fast-GC/MS determination of beta-adrenoceptor ligands and diuretics.
abstract: In official doping controls, about 300 drugs and metabolites have to be screened for each sample. Moreover, the number of determinations to be routinely processed increases continuously as the number of both samples and potential illicit drugs keeps growing. As a consequence, increasingly specific, sensitive, and, above all, fast methods for doping controls are needed. The present study presents an efficient fast-GC/MS approach to the routine screening of two different classes of doping agents, namely beta-adrenoceptor ligands and diuretics (belonging to the S3, P2, and S5 groups of the WADA list of prohibited substances). Narrow bore columns (100 mm id) of different lengths and coated with apolar stationary phases were successfully used to separate the derivatized analytes; preliminary experiments (results not shown) showed better performances with OV-1701 for the separation of beta-adrenoceptor ligands. On the same stationary phase some diuretics required too high a temperature or a long isothermal time for elution, in which case a DB1-MS column was preferred. Two methods of sample preparation, derivatization, and analysis were used on aqueous standard mixtures of, respectively, (i) eight beta-adrenoceptor ligands, including five beta-antagonists (acebutolol, alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol) and three beta2-agonists (salbutamol, clenbuterol, terbutaline) and (ii) seventeen diuretic drugs (acetazolamide, althiazide, bendroflumethiazide, bumethanide, canrenone, chlorothiazide, chlortalidone, clopamide, ethacrinic acid, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, indapamide, indomethacine, spironolactone, triamterene, trichloromethiazide) and one masking agent (probenecid). The mixture of beta-adrenoceptor ligand derivatives was efficiently separated in about 5.6 min, while the one of 18 diuretics and masking agents required less than 5 min for analysis. Limits of detection were from 1 microg/L for pindolol, ethacrinic acid, furosemide, indomethacine, and trichloromethiazide, to 20 microg/L for terbutaline, salbutamol, and metoprolol, and 50 microg/L for clopamide; the instrumental repeatability proved to be excellent (area RSD% <2 for almost all analytes). For this work a quadrupole MS with inert ion source has been used, demonstrating that the quadrupole technology is perfectly adequate to provide precise integration of 400 ms-wide GC peaks.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Italy. Claudio.Brunelli@Pfizer.com
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brunelli
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bicchi
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Stilo
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salomone
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vincenti
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods*; D004232:Diuretics / Q000032:analysis*; D004300:Doping in Sports; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D008024:Ligands; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta