title: Requirement of KISS1 secretion for multiple organ metastasis suppression and maintenance of tumor dormancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The KISS1 protein suppresses metastasis of several tumor models without blocking orthotopic tumor growth, but the mechanism remains elusive. For its role in human sexual maturation, KISS1 protein is secreted and processed to kisspeptins, which bind to the G protein-coupled receptor GPR54. We tested the hypothesis that KISS1 secretion is required for metastasis suppression via GPR54.
  
  
  METHODS
  KISS1 containing an internal FLAG epitope with (KFM) or without (KFMdeltaSS) a signal sequence was transfected into C8161.9 human melanoma cells, which do not express endogenous KISS1. Whole-cell lysates and conditioned medium from C8161.9(KFM) and C8161.9(KFMdeltaSS) cells were collected and analyzed for kisspeptins by immunoprecipitation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. GPR54 levels were measured using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The ability of conditioned medium from C8161.9(KFM) and C8161.9(KFMdeltaSS) cells to stimulate calcium mobilization in GPR54-expressing Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-G) and in C8161.9 cells was evaluated. Metastasis was monitored in athymic mice (groups of 10 per experiment) that were injected with C8161.9(KFM) or C8161.9(KFMdeltaSS) cells labeled with enhanced green fluorescent protein. Survival of mice injected with C8161.9 or C8161.9(KFM) cells was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Full-length KFM and KFMdeltaSS were detected in whole-cell lysates of C8161.9(KFM) and C8161.9(KFMdeltaSS) cells, respectively, but kisspeptins were detected only in conditioned medium of C8161.9(KFM) cells. In vivo, C8161.9(KFM), but not C8161.9(KFMdeltaSS), cells were suppressed for metastasis to lung, eye, kidney, and bone, with corresponding differences in mouse survival (median > 120 versus 42 days). C8161.9(KFM) cells seeded mouse lungs but did not form macroscopic metastases. Conditioned medium from C8161.9(KFM), but not C8161.9(KFMdeltaSS), cells stimulated calcium mobilization in CHO-G cells. GPR54 expression was low in C8161.9 cells, which were not stimulated by conditioned medium from C8161.9(KFM) cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  KISS1 secretion was required for multiple organ metastasis suppression and for maintenance of disseminated cells in a dormant state. The absence of GPR54 expression in C8161.9 cells (whose metastatic spread was suppressed by KFM) suggests that metastasis suppression is not mediated through this receptor. The results imply the existence of another KISS1 receptor and/or paracrine signaling. The findings raise the possibility that soluble KISS1, kisspeptins, or mimetics could be used to maintain tumor dormancy, rendering treatment of already disseminated tumor cells (i.e., micrometastases) a legitimate target.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.forename: Pushkar A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Phadke
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Navenot
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hurst
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Accavitti-Loper
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sztul
authors.forename: Kedar S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Vaidya
authors.forename: Andra R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kappes
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Peiper
authors.forename: Danny R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Welch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D059648:Kisspeptins; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000074502:Receptors, Kisspeptin-1; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C106628:KISS1 protein, human; C118688:KISS1R protein, human; D059648:Kisspeptins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D000074502:Receptors, Kisspeptin-1; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins