title: Kickboxing sport as a new cause of traumatic brain injury-mediated hypopituitarism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traumatic brain injury, which is a frequent and a worldwide important public health problem, may result in pituitary dysfunction. Concussion, a common type of lesion after traumatic brain injury, is an injury associated with sports including boxing and kickboxing. Kickboxing is one of the most popular martial arts and approximately 1-million people around the world participate in kickboxing sport. Head is the most common site of injury in amateur and professional kickboxers. Pituitary consequences of chronic repetitive head trauma in kickboxing have not been investigated until now. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the pituitary function in both retired and active amateur kickboxers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two amateur kickboxers who have boxed in national and international championships (16 men, 6 women) with a mean age of 27.3 +/- 7.1 years, and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in the study. Basal hormone levels were obtained from the participants. To assess GH-IGF-I axis, GHRH + GHRP-6 test and glucagon stimulation tests were used. Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis was assessed by glucagon stimulation test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When mean basal hormone levels were compared between kickboxers and the controls, IGF-I level was significantly lower in kickboxers (P < 0.05). Five (22.7%) and two (9.1%) of the 22 kickboxers had GH deficiency had ACTH deficiency, respectively. There were significant negative correlations between IGF-I levels and age, duration of sports and number of bouts (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Present data clearly demonstrate for the first time that amateur kickboxing is a novel cause of hypopituitarism and kickboxers are at a risk for hypopituitarism especially isolated GH deficiency. Therefore, participants of the combative sports who were exposed to chronic repetitive head trauma need to be screened.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tanriverdi
authors.forename: Kursad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Unluhizarci
authors.forename: Bekir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coksevim
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Selcuklu
authors.forename: Felipe F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Casanueva
authors.forename: Fahrettin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kelestimur
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007018:Hypopituitarism / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D016139:Martial Arts / Q000293:injuries*; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010901:Pituitary Function Tests; D012008:Recurrence; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical
chemical_list: D009842:Oligopeptides; C041048:growth hormone releasing hexapeptide; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D013006:Growth Hormone; D005934:Glucagon; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone