title: Non-smoking and non-drinking patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a distinct population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To recognize specific clinicopathological characteristics of non-smoking and non-drinking (NSND) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. This can increase our knowledge regarding a potentially different carcinogenesis in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of data for 195 NSND patients with HNSCC and comparison with data for patients with HNSCC obtained from the Netherlands Cancer Registry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with all HNSCC patients in the Netherlands, our NSND patients with HNSCC were typically female (n = 142; 73%vs 26%), old at disease presentation (mean 73 years vs 64 years), and had tumors mainly of the oral cavity (n = 130; 66%vs 25%). Most tumors were stage I (n = 67; 34%) and stage IVA (n = 59; 30%). The incidence of second primary tumors (SPTs) was high (n = 32; 16%), mainly occurring in the oral cavity (n = 26; 13%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirms that NSND HNSCC patients have different clinicopathological characteristics from those of the overall HNSCC population; however, the frequency of SPTs is as high in NSND patients as in patients who smoke and drink alcohol. More research, and particularly molecular data are needed to obtain a better understanding of head and neck cancer in NSND patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. F.Farshadpour@azu.nl
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farshadpour
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hordijk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koole
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Slootweg
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000453:epidemiology; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking