title: Does social cohesion modify the association between area income deprivation and mental health? A multilevel analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the increasing belief that the places where people live influence their health, there is surprisingly little consistent evidence for their associations with mental health. We investigated the joint effect of community and individual-level socio-economic deprivation and social cohesion on individual mental health status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multilevel analysis of population survey data on 10,653 adults aged 18-74 years nested within the 325 census enumeration districts in Caerphilly county borough, Wales, UK. The outcome measure was the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) subscale of the SF-36 instrument. A social cohesion subscale was derived from a factor analysis of responses to the Neighbourhood Cohesion scale and was modelled at individual and area level. Area income deprivation was measured by the percentage of low income households.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Poor mental health was significantly associated with area-level income deprivation and low social cohesion after adjusting for individual risk factors. High social cohesion significantly modified the association between income deprivation and mental health: the difference between the predicted mean area mental health scores at the 10th and 90th centiles of the low income distribution was 3.7 in the low cohesion group and 0.9 in the high cohesion group (difference of the difference in means = 2.8, 95% CI: 0.2, 5.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Income deprivation and social cohesion measured at community level are potentially important joint determinants of mental health. Further research on the impact of the social environment on mental health should investigate causal pathways in a longitudinal study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Statistics & Public Health, Centre for Health Sciences Research, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK. foned@cf.ac.uk
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fone
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dunstan
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012307:Risk Factors; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D012946:Social Welfare / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology