title: Regional differences in cystine accumulation point to a sutural delivery pathway to the lens core.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an imaging technique that maps the distribution of free cystine in the rat lens at subcellular resolution and enables cystine accumulation to be compared with the expression of the cystine-glutamate exchanger (Xc-).
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole lenses were fixed, cryoprotected, and then cryosectioned in either an equatorial or axial orientation. Sections were double labeled with either a cystine antibody designed to detect free cystine (the oxidized form of cysteine) or an antibody against the light chain of Xc-, and the membrane marker wheat germ agglutinin. Sections were imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cystine labeling was quantified using image analysis software and an intensity profile plotted as a function of distance from the lens periphery. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine cyst(e)ine levels in the outer cortex, inner cortex, and core fractions and verify the cystine profiles derived from immunocytochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Qualitative and quantitative imaging approaches both showed that cystine labeling at the lens equator was most intense in the outer cortex, but diminished in the inner cortex before increasing again in the core. HPLC from the outer cortex, inner cortex, and core fractions confirmed high levels of cyst(e)ine in the core relative to the inner cortex. The bimodal distribution of cystine labeling in the outer cortex and core correlated well with the expression of the cystine-glutamate exchanger in these regions, but this was not the case in the inner cortex. A similar bimodal distribution of cystine labeling was observed in axial sections. However, in these sections a track of high-intensity cystine labeling was observed that was associated with the sutures indicating that the sutures act as a delivery pathway to the core.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These imaging approaches have revealed two distinct regions of cystine uptake in the outer cortex and core of the lens. Furthermore, this bimodal distribution of cystine has been shown to be the result of cystine delivery to the core via the sutures. This newly identified pathway opens an opportunity for the delivery of therapeutic antioxidants aimed at preventing age-related nuclear cataract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Marc D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kistler
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Donaldson
mesh_terms: D027182:Amino Acid Transport System y+ / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D003553:Cystine / Q000378:metabolism*; D007904:Lens Cortex, Crystalline / Q000378:metabolism*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D027182:Amino Acid Transport System y+; D003553:Cystine; D003545:Cysteine