title: Clinical depression versus distress among patients with type 2 diabetes: not just a question of semantics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine differences between structured interviews, symptom questionnaires, and distress measures for assessment of depression in patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed 506 diabetic patients for major depressive disorder (MDD) by a structured interview (Composite International Diagnostic Interview [CIDI]), a questionnaire for depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale [CESD]), and on the Diabetes Distress Scale. Demographic characteristics, two biological variables (A1C and non-HDL cholesterol), and four behavioral management measures (kilocalories, calories of saturated fat, number of fruit and vegetable servings, and minutes of physical activity) were assessed. Comparisons were made between those with and without depression on the CIDI and the CESD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings showed that 22% of patients reached CESD > or = 16, and 9.9% met a CIDI diagnosis of MDD. Of those above CESD cut points, 70% were not clinically depressed, and 34% of those who were clinically depressed did not reach CESD scores > or = 16. Those scoring > or = 16, compared with those < 16 on the CESD, had higher A1C, kilocalories, and calories of saturated fat and lower physical activity. No differences were found using the CIDI. Diabetes distress was minimally related to MDD but substantively linked to CESD scores and to outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients with diabetes and high levels of depressive symptoms are not clinically depressed. The CESD may be more reflective of general emotional and diabetes-specific distress than clinical depression. Most treatment of distress, however, is based on the depression literature, which suggests the need to consider different interventions for distressed but not clinically depressed diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Box 0900, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. fisherl@fcm.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Marilyn M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Skaff
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Mullan
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arean
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: Umesh
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Masharani
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Glasgow
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laurencin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents