Fate of major compounds in source-separated urine.
Urine separation is a promising alternative to present-day waste water management. It can help to manage our nutrient flows in a sustainable way. Currently, techniques are being developed to recycle and treat source-separated urine. These techniques, however, must consider the spontaneous processes that change the separated urine. The initial cause of changes is the contamination with microorganisms, which can hardly be avoided in urine-collecting systems. The most important transformation processes are microbial urea hydrolysis, mineral precipitation and ammonia volatilisation. Additionally, a variety of microorganisms may grow in source-separated urine, because the content of biodegradable organic compounds is very high. These microorganisms may also include pathogens. In this paper we give an overview of the effects that the spontaneous transformation processes may have. We focus on nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, potassium, sulphur, organic substances, pathogens and the buffering capacity. The discussion is based on own experiences and literature reviews. This overview will help to develop appropriate technologies for urine recycling.
Udert
K M
KM
Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG) 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland. udert@mit.edu
Larsen
T A
TA
Gujer
W
W
D000641:Ammonia / Q000652:urine; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007287:Inorganic Chemicals / Q000652:urine; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000652:urine; D014038:Toilet Facilities; D016482:Urinalysis; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
D007287:Inorganic Chemicals; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D000641:Ammonia