title: Carotid atherosclerosis and vascular age in the assessment of coronary heart disease risk beyond the Framingham Risk Score.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess how ultrasound measurements of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and plaque burden compare with the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) in a clinical setting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a cross-sectional study, we determined CIMT and plaque in 409 asymptomatic, non-diabetic hyperlipidemic subjects (242 men, age 49+/-11 years) who were assessed for risk factors and classified into FRS categories: 10-year risk < or =5% (n=191), 6-20% (n=176), and >20% (n=42). Percentiles of CIMT and plaque height and regression equations of CIMT against age obtained in 250 controls subjects were used to define atherosclerosis and estimate vascular age, respectively. There was a wide dispersion of CIMT for each FRS category. CIMT values were discordant in 242 (59%) subjects, 80% of them showing more atherosclerosis than predicted. Smoking and the metabolic syndrome explained part of the discrepancies in the intermediate-risk group. Triglycerides, homocysteine, and lipoprotein(a) did not predict atherosclerotic burden. Mean vascular age was 14.5 years older than chronological age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carotid atherosclerosis findings readjust FRS categories in many asymptomatic subjects. Both carotid atherosclerotic burden and vascular age may be used to refine CHD risk and tailor preventive treatment beyond the FRS.
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Lípids, Servei d'Endocrinologia i Nutrició, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mireia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Junyent
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zambón
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gilabert
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Núñez
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cofán
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ros
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography