title: Inhibiting the inhibition: a neuronal network for sound localization in reverberant environments.
abstract: The precedence effect describes the phenomenon whereby echoes are spatially fused to the location of an initial sound by selectively suppressing the directional information of lagging sounds (echo suppression). Echo suppression is a prerequisite for faithful sound localization in natural environments but can break down depending on the behavioral context. To date, the neural mechanisms that suppress echo directional information without suppressing the perception of echoes themselves are not understood. We performed in vivo recordings in Mongolian gerbils of neurons of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL), a GABAergic brainstem nucleus that targets the auditory midbrain, and show that these DNLL neurons exhibit inhibition that persists tens of milliseconds beyond the stimulus offset, so-called persistent inhibition (PI). Using in vitro recordings, we demonstrate that PI stems from GABAergic projections from the opposite DNLL. Furthermore, these recordings show that PI is attributable to intrinsic features of this GABAergic innervation. Implementation of these physiological findings into a neuronal model of the auditory brainstem demonstrates that, on a circuit level, PI creates an enhancement of responsiveness to lagging sounds in auditory midbrain cells. Moreover, the model revealed that such response enhancement is a sufficient cue for an ideal observer to identify echoes and to exhibit echo suppression, which agrees closely with the percepts of human subjects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pecka
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Zahn
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Saunier-Rebori
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Siveke
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Felmy
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wiegrebe
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klug
authors.forename: George D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Pollak
authors.forename: Benedikt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grothe
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004777:Environment; D007839:Functional Laterality; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005849:Gerbillinae; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007245:Inferior Colliculi / Q000166:cytology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques / Q000379:methods; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D013017:Sound Localization
chemical_list: D018756:GABA Antagonists; D011724:Pyridazines; C049853:gabazine