title: Postmenopausal hormone therapy and changes in mammographic density.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hormone therapy (HT) use has been associated with an increased breast cancer risk. We explored the underlying mechanism further by determining the effects of HT on mammographic density, a measure of dense tissue in the breast and a consistent breast cancer risk factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 620 HT users and 620 never users from the Dutch Prospect-European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort and 175 HT users and 161 never users from the United Kingdom EPIC-Norfolk cohort were included. For HT users, one mammogram before and one mammogram during HT use was included. For never users, mammograms with similar time intervals were included. Mammographic density was assessed using a computer-assisted method. Changes in density were analyzed using linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median time between mammograms was 3.0 years and the median duration of HT use was 1 year. The absolute mean decline in percent density was larger in never users (7.3%) than in estrogen therapy users (6.4%; P = .22) and combined HT users (3.5%; P < .01). The effect of HT appeared to be high in a small number of women, whereas most women were unaffected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that HT use, and especially estrogen and progestin use, slows the changes from dense patterns to more fatty patterns that are normally seen in women with increasing age. Given that it is postulated that lifetime cumulative exposure to high density may be related to breast cancer risk, a delay in density decline in HT users potentially could explain their increased breast cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fränzel J B
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Duijnhoven
authors.forename: Petra H M
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Ruth M L
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Sheila A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: Paulus A H
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van Noord
authors.forename: Evelyn M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Monninkhof
authors.forename: Diederick E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grobbee
authors.forename: Carla H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: van Gils
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires