title: Geographical variation in radiological services: a nationwide survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Geographical variation in health care services challenges the basic principle of fair allocation of health care resources. This study aimed to investigate geographical variation in the use of X-ray, CT, MRI and Ultrasound examinations in Norway, the contribution from public and private institutions, and the impact of accessibility and socioeconomic factors on variation in examination rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationwide survey of activity in all radiological institutions for the year 2002 was used to compare the rates per thousand of examinations in the counties. The data format was files/printouts where the examinations were recorded according to a code system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall rates per thousand of radiological examinations varied by a factor of 2.4. The use of MRI varied from 170 to 2, and CT from 216 to 56 examinations per 1000 inhabitants. Single MRI examinations (knee, cervical spine and head/brain) ranged high in variation, as did certain other spine examinations. For examination of specific organs, the counties' use of one modality was positively correlated with the use of other modalities. Private institutions accounted for 28% of all examinations, and tended towards performing a higher proportion of single examinations with high variability. Indicators of accessibility correlated positively to variation in examination rates, partly due to the figures from the county of Oslo. Correlations between examination rates and socioeconomic factors were also highly influenced by the figures from this county.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The counties use of radiological services varied substantially, especially CT and MRI examinations. A likely cause of the variation is differences in accessibility. The coexistence of public and private institutions may be a source of variability, along with socioeconomic factors. The findings represent a challenge to the objective of equality in access to health care services, and indicate a potential for better allocation of overall health care resources.
authors.affiliation: Radiography Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo University College, Oslo, Norway. Kristin.Bakke-Lysdahl@hf.hio.no
authors.forename: Kristin Bakke
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Lysdahl
authors.forename: Ingelin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Børretzen
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009664:Norway; D011859:Radiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*