title: Social psychological determinants of the use of performance-enhancing drugs by gym users.
abstract: The aim of this study is to identify the social psychological determinants of the use of performance-enhancing drugs by gym users who practice bodybuilding, fitness, powerlifting or combat sports. In this questionnaire-based study, 144 respondents answered questions on their actual use and intention to use such drugs and also on their background characteristics and beliefs, such as their attitudes, social influences and self-efficacy. While all social psychological determinants correlated with intention to use these drugs, the most important predictors were personal norms, beliefs about performance outcomes and the perceived behavior of others. Non-users held more restrictive norms about using performance-enhancing drugs, were less optimistic about the performance-enhancing outcomes and believed that fewer significant others used performance-enhancing drugs than users and ex-users. The results of this study indicate that users attribute advantages to performance-enhancing drugs and are inclined to overlook the risks of using them. Preventive interventions should focus on influencing personal norms and social processes.
authors.affiliation: TNO Quality of Life, Leiden, the Netherlands. ch.wiefferink@pg.tno.nl
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wiefferink
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Detmar
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coumans
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vogels
authors.forename: T G W
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Paulussen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D045930:Anabolic Agents; D001290:Attitude; D004300:Doping in Sports / Q000523:psychology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents