title: A phase II and pharmacodynamic study of gefitinib in patients with refractory or recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the biochemical effects of gefitinib on its target signal-transduction pathways in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The secondary objectives included assessing clinical activity and toxicity and determining the association between biochemical and clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four heavily pretreated patients with EOC who had good end-organ function and performance status and who had measurable disease received gefitinib 500 mg daily. Prospectively planned core-needle tumor biopsies were obtained before treatment and after 4 weeks. Protein expression of total and phosphorylated (p) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), protein kinase B (AKT), and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) was quantified in microdissected tumor cells using tissue lysate array proteomics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All tumor samples had detectable levels of EGFR and p-EGFR. A decrease in the quantity of both EGFR and p-EGFR was observed with gefitinib therapy in >50% of patients. This was not associated with clinical benefit, nor were responses observed. However, trends for increased gastrointestinal and skin toxicity were observed with greater phosphorylation or quantities of EGFR, ERK, and AKT in tumor samples (P </= .05). Gefitinib had limited clinical activity as monotherapy despite documented target inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this study demonstrated that gefitinib inhibited the phosphorylation of EGFR in EOC tumor cells, providing proof of target in a clinical setting. Combinatorial therapy with molecular therapeutics against complementary targets may prove successful.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Edwin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Posadas
authors.forename: Meghan S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Liel
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kwitkowski
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Minasian
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Godwin
authors.forename: Mahrukh M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Espina
authors.forename: Bradford J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Seth M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Elise C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Kohn
mesh_terms: D018262:Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018269:Carcinoma, Endometrioid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018284:Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D000077156:Gefitinib; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009375:Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011799:Quinazolines; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D000077156:Gefitinib