title: Correction of angular limb deformity in two subspecies of flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) utilizing a transphyseal bridging technique.
abstract: Three hand-raised American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber) chicks and one hand-raised Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber chilensis) developed valgus angular limb deformities of the proximal tarsometatarsal bone. All flamingos underwent surgical correction to unequally retard the growth plate using transphyseal bridging. Positive profile pins were placed in the proximal epiphysis and distal to the growth plate in the metaphysis on the convex side of the affected tarsometatarsus. Various banding techniques were used in each flamingo to create tension. Three of the four flamingos responded in 7-14 days with correction or slight overcorrection of the valgus limb deformity. The fourth flamingo's leg deformity did not improve for reasons thought to be related to improper implant placement. Growth plate retardation by transphyseal bridging proved successful in correcting valgus limb deformity of the proximal tarsometatarsus. This technique may be considered as an option for correction of angular limb deformities of the proximal tarsometatarsus in flamingos less than 90-120 days of age.
authors.affiliation: Tulsa Zoo and Living Museum, 5701 North 37th Avenue, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74115, USA.
authors.forename: Tawnia J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Zollinger
authors.forename: Kay A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Backues
authors.forename: Armando G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Burgos-Rodriguez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D001717:Birds; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D005121:Extremities / Q000601:surgery; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D013045:Species Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome