title: Multimodality imaging for focus localization in pediatric pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
abstract: Multiple structural and functional imaging modalities are available to localize the epileptogenic focus. In pre-surgical evaluation of children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy, investigations with the maximum yield should be considered in order to reduce the complexity of the workup.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the extent to which PET, ictal/interictal SPECT and its co-registration with the patient's MRI contributes to correct localization of the epileptogenic focus, surgical intervention and to the post surgical outcome in paediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included children and adolescents with pharmacoresistant epilepsy (n = 50) who underwent preoperative evaluation, surgery and had postoperative follow-up for at least 12 months. Outcome was measured by postoperative seizure frequency using Engel's classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine patients (78%) became completely seizure free after surgical intervention. The likelihood to benefit from surgical treatment was significantly higher if localization with more imaging modalities (MRI, PET, SPECT) were concordant with respect to the resected brain area (p < 0.01). Preoperative PET examination provided better localizing information in patients with extratemporal epilepsy and/or dysplastic lesions, whereas SPECT was found to be superior to PET in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and/or tumors (p < 0.05). No significant difference was noted in the surgical outcome in younger or older age group, in children with or without special education needs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In paediatric epilepsy pre-surgical evaluation, the combined use of multiple functional imaging modalities for a precise localisation of the epileptogenic focus is worthwhile for both extratemporal and temporal lobe epilepsy, also when EEG and MRI alone are non-contributive, given the potential benefit of complete postoperative seizure control.
authors.affiliation: Pre-surgical Epilepsy Evaluation Unit, Functional Neurology and Neurosurgery Program of the University Hospitals Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland. mary.kurian@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurian
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spinelli
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delavelle
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Willi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Velazquez
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Habre
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meagher-Villemure
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roulet
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Villeneuve
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seeck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011300:Preoperative Care; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014741:Video Recording