title: Intravesical instillation of bacille Calmette-Guérin for superficial bladder cancer: cost-effectiveness analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Frequent recurrence of superficial bladder cancer is a major problem that impairs patients' quality of life. We studied the current treatment of superficial bladder cancer, including the economic aspects of intravesical instillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 138 superficial bladder cancers were assessed. The tumor characteristics and treatments were investigated during a mean observation period of 86 months by univariate and multivariate analyses. The costs associated with intravesical instillation of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and its side effects were subjected to cost-effectiveness analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor histologic examination revealed grade 1 in 21 lesions, grade 2 in 60 lesions, grade 3 in 40 lesions, and unclassified in 17 lesions. The pathologic stage was Stage Ta in 85 lesions, T1 in 47 lesions, and Tis in 6 lesions. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that intravesical instillation of BCG was the most significant factor preventing recurrence, and intravesical chemotherapy had no impact on recurrence. The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate was 78% and 28% for tumors with and without BCG instillation, respectively. The cost-effectiveness ratio of BCG instillation was approximately 3900 dollars/5-yr recurrence-free period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results have indicated that BCG is an effective adjuvant therapy after transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer in the current medical environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of the Ryukyus School of Medicine, Okinawa, Japan. auchida02@aol.com
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yonou
authors.forename: Eiri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iha
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyazato
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oshiro
authors.forename: Sanehiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hokama
authors.forename: Kimio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugaya
authors.forename: Yoshihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine