title: Anxiety-induced performance catastrophes: investigating effort required as an asymmetry factor.
abstract: Two studies are reported that test the hypothesis that previous support for the cusp catastrophe model of anxiety and performance, and the hysteresis effect in particular, could have been due to a complex interaction between cognitive anxiety and effort required rather than between cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal. We used task difficulty to manipulate effort required in a letter transformation task. Experiment 1 (N=32) used high levels of trait anxiety together with a competitive environment to induce state anxiety. Experiment 2 (N=20) used a competitive environment with social pressure and ego threat instructions to induce high levels of worry. Both studies revealed significant three-way interactions as hypothesized with follow-up tests showing some support for the hysteresis hypothesis in Study 1, and strong support for the hysteresis hypothesis in Study 2. The findings support a processing efficiency theory explanation of anxiety-induced performance catastrophes and indicate that two cusp catastrophe models of performance may exist; one that incorporates the interactive effects of cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal upon performance and the other that incorporates the interactive effects of cognitive anxiety and effort required upon performance.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Health, and Exercise Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK. l.hardy@bangor.ac.uk
authors.forename: Lew
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Woodman
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011340:Problem Solving; D011582:Psychological Theory; D011930:Reaction Time; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012931:Social Environment