title: Clinical outcomes of laboratory-observed preschool behavioral disinhibition at five-year follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Behavioral disinhibition refers to a temperamental tendency to exhibit boldness, approach, and spontaneity in unfamiliar situations. We previously found it to be associated with childhood disruptive behavior and mood disorders, as well as with parental bipolar disorder. In the present study, our objective was to examine the diagnostic outcome in middle childhood of behavioral disinhibition assessed at preschool age among offspring at risk for anxiety and mood disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 284 children, including offspring of parents with panic disorder or major depression and comparison offspring of parents without these disorders, who had been assessed with laboratory observations of temperament at ages 21 months to 6 years. We reassessed 215 of the children (77%) at 5-year follow-up (mean age 9.6 years) with structured diagnostic interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with noninhibited, nondisinhibited control subjects, behaviorally disinhibited children had higher lifetime rates of comorbid mood plus disruptive behavior disorders and higher current rates of any disruptive behavior disorder and of oppositional defiant disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Behavioral disinhibition appears to be a temperamental antecedent of disruptive behavior disorders and their comorbidity with mood disorders in middle childhood, which may be targeted for preventive intervention.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Psychopharmacology Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Alewife Brook Parkway, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. dhirshfeld@partners.org
authors.forename: Dina R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hirshfeld-Becker
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.forename: Aude
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Henin
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: Jamie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Micco
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Grondelle
authors.forename: Brianne
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Jerrold F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D012107:Research Design; D012307:Risk Factors; D013694:Temperament