title: Vitreoretinal surgery using bromphenol blue as a vital stain: evaluation of staining characteristics in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the staining characteristics of bromphenol blue used during vitreoretinal surgery in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  13 patients with epiretinal membranes were included. Before and after surgery a complete clinical examination including best corrected visual acuity, funduscopy, fluorescein angiography, OCT (Stratus), Goldmann perimetry and multifocal ERG as well as photography of the macular area was performed. Bromphenol blue was used in concentrations of 0.2% in most patients. Removed epiretinal tissue was evaluated using electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using dye concentrations of 0.2% a good demarcation of epiretinal membranes was seen in 11/13 patients. Staining of vitreous remnants at the vitreous base was seen in all patients. No dye-related adverse events were seen during follow-up in the functional tests (VA, ERG, perimetry) performed. Histological evaluation of epiretinal membranes showed unremarkable aspects of epiretinal cellular layers and unremarkable retinal surface of the internal limiting membrane (ILM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bromphenol blue appears to be a very helpful and safe tool in posterior segment surgery. The staining characteristics need to be further evaluated in prospective study settings and larger numbers of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. christos.haritoglou@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haritoglou
authors.forename: Ricarda G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Schumann
authors.forename: Rupert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: Siegfried G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Priglinger
authors.forename: Aljoscha S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Neubauer
authors.forename: Anselm
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kampik
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001978:Bromphenol Blue; D004396:Coloring Agents; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D012160:Retina / Q000601:surgery* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D014821:Vitrectomy / Q000379:methods; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000601:surgery* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D001978:Bromphenol Blue