title: Sertraline and fluoxetine: safe treatments for children and adolescents with epilepsy and depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression is frequent, underdiagnosed, and untreated in people with epilepsy. The lack of treatment is partially explained by the concerns over the proconvulsive effects of psychoactive drugs. There are few studies on the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in adults with epilepsy and none in children. The main purpose of the present study was to analyze the impact of SSRIs on the severity and frequency of seizures in children and adolescents with epilepsy and major depressive disorders. In addition, we also evaluated the efficacy of SSRIs in the treatment of depressive symptoms and side effects other than seizure aggravation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monthly frequency of seizures was recorded in the 3-6 months preceding the introduction of SSRIs. According to the criteria proposed by A.M. Kanner, A.M. Kozak and M. Frey (Epilepsy Behav 2000;1:100-5), a positive correlation between introduction of SSRIs and seizure worsening should be considered in the following circumstances: (1) occurrence of de novo generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures; (2) recurrence of GTC seizures following a period of at least 1 year without such episodes; and (3) increase in monthly seizure frequency compared with that reported before introduction of SSRIs. Seizure worsening was considered as probably caused by an SSRI when the increase in monthly frequency occurred in a period up to 3 months after the beginning of SSRI use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six children with epilepsy had a depressive disorder. Seizures worsened in two patients. Among this group of patients with depression, all had an improvement in their depressive symptoms. One patient taking fluoxetine had a facial rash and one patient taking sertraline had gastrointestinal disorders. These conditions improved, with total remission, when fluoxetine was replaced with sertraline and vice versa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this sample of children and adolescents with epilepsy and depressive disorders, we observed that SSRIs are a good therapeutic option, considering their efficacy in remission of depressive symptoms, their few adverse effects, and their maintenance of satisfactory seizure control. Treatment of depression should be considered relevant in the treatment of patients with epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. sigridethome@hotmail.com
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Thomé-Souza
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuczynski
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Valente
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020280:Sertraline / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D005473:Fluoxetine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D020280:Sertraline