title: Texas coral snake (Micrurus tener) bites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical features of bites from Texas coral snakes (Micrurus tener) have not been well studied. Our goal was to review the largest number of victims of Texas coral snakebites to determine their characteristics, effects, treatment, and outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series of Micrurus tener exposures reported to the Texas Poison Center Network from 2000 to 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-two patients were included in the analysis. Most (57.3%) were 18 to 49-year-old men. Almost 90% had local swelling, pain, erythema, or paresthesias. Only 7.3% had systemic effects, and none of these were severe. Over half received coral snake antivenin, and 15.9% were given opioids for pain. No patient died and no patient required mechanical ventilation due to hypoventilation from the snakebite.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were more local findings and less severe systemic effects than previously reported. Antivenin is not needed for most of these patients, and opioids may be administered safely.
authors.affiliation: Central Texas Poison Center, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Scott and White Memorial Hospital, Texas A&M System Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76508, USA.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Borys
authors.forename: Rhandi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stanford
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kjar
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tobleman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017815:Elapidae; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D012910:Snake Venoms / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D012910:Snake Venoms