title: Advanced glycation end products and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients with and without peripheral artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), pentosidine and malondialdehyde (MDA), are elevated in type 2 diabetic subjects with coronary and carotid angiopathy. We investigated the relationship of AGEs, MDA, total reactive antioxidant potentials (TRAPs), and vitamin E in type 2 diabetic patients with and without peripheral artery disease (PAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  AGEs, pentosidine, MDA, TRAP, vitamin E, and ankle-brachial index (ABI) were measured in 99 consecutive type 2 diabetic subjects and 20 control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AGEs, pentosidine, and MDA were higher and vitamin E and TRAP were lower in patients with PAD (ABI <0.9) than in patients without PAD (ABI >0.9) (P < 0.001). After multiple regression analysis, a correlation between AGEs and pentosidine, as independent variables, and ABI, as the dependent variable, was found in both patients with and without PAD (r = 0.9198, P < 0.001 and r = 0.5764, P < 0.001, respectively) but not in control subjects. When individual regression coefficients were evaluated, only that due to pentosidine was confirmed as significant. For patients with PAD, considering TRAP, vitamin E, and MDA as independent variables and ABI as the dependent variable produced an overall significant regression (r = 0.6913, P < 0.001). The regression coefficients for TRAP and vitamin E were not significant, indicating that the model is best explained by a single linear regression between MDA and ABI. These findings were also confirmed by principal component analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results show that pentosidine and MDA are strongly associated with PAD in type 2 diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via dei Colli 4, 35143 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Annunziata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lapolla
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Piarulli
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sartore
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceriello
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ragazzi
authors.forename: Rachele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reitano
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baccarin
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Laverda
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fedele
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001916:Brachial Artery; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D014810:Vitamin E