title: The mystery of Etruscan origins: novel clues from Bos taurus mitochondrial DNA.
abstract: The Etruscan culture developed in Central Italy (Etruria) in the first millennium BC and for centuries dominated part of the Italian Peninsula, including Rome. The history of the Etruscans is at the roots of Mediterranean culture and civilization, but their origin is still debated: local or Eastern provenance? To shed light on this mystery, bovine and human mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) have been investigated, based on the well-recognized strict legacy which links human and livestock populations. In the region corresponding to ancient Etruria (Tuscany, Central Italy), several Bos taurus breeds have been reared since historical times. These breeds have a strikingly high level of mtDNA variation, which is found neither in the rest of Italy nor in Europe. The Tuscan bovines are genetically closer to Near Eastern than to European gene pools and this Eastern genetic signature is paralleled in modern human populations from Tuscany, which are genetically close to Anatolian and Middle Eastern ones. The evidence collected corroborates the hypothesis of a common past migration: both humans and cattle reached Etruria from the Eastern Mediterranean area by sea. Hence, the Eastern origin of Etruscans, first claimed by the classic historians Herodotus and Thucydides, receives strong independent support. As the Latin philosopher Seneca wrote: Asia Etruscos sibi vindicat (Asia claims the Etruscans back).
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Zootecnica, Laboratorio di Genetica Animale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pellecchia
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Negrini
authors.forename: Licia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Colli
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patrini
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Milanesi
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Achilli
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bertorelle
authors.forename: Luigi L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Cavalli-Sforza
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piazza
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torroni
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ajmone-Marsan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000266:history*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011157:Population Dynamics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial