title: Rat epigastric flap survival and VEGF expression after local copper application.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Copper has been used in wound healing since ancient times, and copper insufficiency seems to impair wound healing. Much less is known about the local effects of copper application on wound healing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 250 and 350 g for 5 days. Full-thickness random skin flaps, measuring 1.5 x 7.5 cm, were elevated on the epigastric region. The rats were randomized into two groups according to the local treatment that was used. In group 1 (20 animals), 1 ml of copper ointment was applied on the flap bed after flap suturing. In group 2 (10 animals), 1 ml of placebo ointment (petroleum jelly) was used. Intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg body weight of Hypoxyprobe-1 was performed in each rat on the fourth postoperative day and all animals were killed 3 hours later. Histologic examination of the distal end of the flaps was used for detection of hypoxic tissue changes. Expression, density, and extent of vascular endothelial growth factor activity was detected with the aid of immunocytochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All rats survived throughout the study period. This experimental study showed that local application of copper at the random flap bed may promote wound-related angiogenesis by inducing vascular endothelial growth factor expression. The authors demonstrated statistically significant flap survival after local copper application at the flap bed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The marked benefits of copper application in flap survival in this experimental model may guarantee its clinical application in flaps with questionable viability.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Research, the Second Propedeutic Surgical Department, and the Department of Pathology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece. mariosfrag@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Marios
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frangoulis
authors.forename: Panagis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: Chrisostomos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chrisostomidis
authors.forename: Despoina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perrea
authors.forename: Ismini
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dontas
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kavantzas
authors.forename: Alkiviadis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kostakis
authors.forename: Othon
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
mesh_terms: D034861:Abdominal Wall; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D003300:Copper / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006085:Graft Survival; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis; D009593:Nitroimidazoles; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D009593:Nitroimidazoles; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; C033815:pimonidazole; D003300:Copper