title: Fluoroscopy-guided transurethral removal and exchange of ureteral stents in female patients: technical notes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe simple and safe techniques for transurethral removal and for exchange of ureteral stents in female patients under fluoroscopic guidance.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a period of 33 months, the authors removed 4 and exchanged 34 double-J ureteral stents in 17 female patients. Four techniques were implemented to remove or exchange these stents: simple snare technique, modified snare technique, guide-wire lasso technique, and direct grasping technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All stents were either exchanged or removed successfully. The average time elapsed per procedure was 21.5 minutes. Simple snare techniques were used with 19 (50%) stents, and modified snare techniques were used with 13 (34%) stents where grasping the tip of a stent was not possible with the snare alone. Lasso and direct grasping techniques were each used with three (8%) stents. Self-limited microscopic hematuria was observed in all subjects after the procedure, but none reported gross hematuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluoroscopy-guided transurethral removal and exchange of ureteral stents is a safe and effective procedure, and it can be considered as an alternative to cystoscopic removal and exchange.
authors.affiliation: Deparment of Radiology, Konkuk University Hospital, Konkuk University, School of Medicine, 4-12 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, 143-729 Seoul, Republic of Korea. psw0224@kuh.ac.kr
authors.forename: Sang Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: In Ho
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Suk Joo
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Jeong Geun
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Hae Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Jeong Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Sang Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020878:Device Removal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000628:therapy; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000628:therapy