title: Staging of renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: As in other malignant tumors, prognosis in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) depends on tumor extent and metastasis at the time of primary diagnosis. Staging systems formalize the way in which the extent of RCC is being described and classified. Primary staging of RCC aims at evaluating surgical options. Since surgical excision, which is the mainstay of therapy in non-metastatic RCC, and, recently, minimally invasive ablation methods have evolved significantly over the last decades, staging systems continue to evolve along the way. The 40-year-old Robson classification has been replaced with the TNM classification of RCC, because the latter adapts more easily to changing patterns of diagnosis and therapy. Modern cross-sectional imaging methods, such as multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), perform highly in T-staging of local tumor extent and M-staging of distant metastasis. However, both MDCT and MRI perform poorly in N-staging of lymphadenopathy. At present, 18-F-desoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) appears to be unreliable in the detection of RCC and its metastasis. This overview of current radiological and surgical literature attempts to describe how modern staging systems for RCC are organized, and which radiological and surgical developments currently influence the way in which primary staging and prognosis of RCC depend on one another.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336 München, Germany. ullrich.mueller-lisse@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Ullrich G
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Mueller-Lisse
authors.forename: Ulrike L
authors.initials: UL
authors.lastname: Mueller-Lisse
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meindl
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Coppenrath
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Degenhart
authors.forename: Anno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Graser
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scherr
authors.forename: Maximilian F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Reiser
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media