title: Recovery from spinal cord injury in tumor necrosis factor-alpha, signal transducers and activators of transcription 4 and signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 null mice.
abstract: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is a central cytokine involved in the regulation of the innate immune response. Signal transducers and activators of transcription 4 and signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 are second messengers mediating the Th1 and Th2-specific immune responses, respectively. We studied the outcome of spinal cord injury with respect to the locomotion and axonal regeneration in tumor necrosis factor-alpha, signal transducers and activators of transcription 4 and signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 knockout mice. Locomotor behavior after injury differed between mouse strains, but not between wild-type and the knockout genotypes of the same strain. Regeneration of descending tracts, assessed by fluorogold/fluororuby retrograde double-labeling, however, appeared hampered by Th2 deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, LIME, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. matt.fraidakis@neuro.ki.se
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fraidakis
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kiyotani
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pernold
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergström
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009043:Motor Activity; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000276:immunology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000276:immunology*; D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015290:Second Messenger Systems / Q000502:physiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000502:physiology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor; C494091:Stat4 protein, mouse; C494100:Stat6 protein, mouse; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha