title: The effectiveness of early intervention and the factors related to child behavioural problems at age 2: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of early home-based intervention as a community health service and evaluate the influence of both early maternal depression and mother-infant relationships on child behavioral problems at age 2 in a longitudinal setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial was conducted in this study. A total of 95 mother-infant pairs were assigned randomly to intervention (48) or control (47) groups. The intervention group received monthly specific home visits between the infant ages of 5 and 9 months while the control group received only routine center-based services. Maternal depression and the mother-infant relationship were assessed by medical checkups at the ages of 4 and 10 months. Child behavioral problems were assessed at age 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intervention had no significant impact on child behavioral problems. However, for mothers who had a disturbed relationship with their infants, the rate of improvement in the quality of the relationship was higher in the intervention group. Disturbed mother-infant relationships at 10 months and early maternal depression significantly increased the risk of high scores on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that intervention is most likely to have a positive impact on the quality of mother-infant relationships in cases where the relationship is disturbed and that a disturbed mother-infant relationship and maternal depression during infancy are relevant to the future mental health of the child. To prevent difficulties in child functioning, more prolonged interventions focusing on disturbed mother-infant relationships may be required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Shunyue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Naoji
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: Yasuhisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Zentaro
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yamagata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019052:Depression, Postpartum; D018479:Early Intervention, Educational; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D012946:Social Welfare