title: Genetic variations in PPARD and PPARGC1A determine mitochondrial function and change in aerobic physical fitness and insulin sensitivity during lifestyle intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mitochondrial function is associated with aerobic physical fitness and insulin sensitivity and may play an important role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-delta (gene PPARD) and PPARgamma coactivator 1alpha (gene PPARGC1A) are determinants of mitochondrial function in animals and in vitro.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to establish whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PPARD and PPARGC1A modulate the effect of exercise training on change in aerobic physical fitness and insulin sensitivity and whether they affect mitochondrial function in human myotubes in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study setting was the Tuebingen Lifestyle Intervention Program in a university teaching hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 9 months of intervention, the minor G allele of SNP rs2267668 in PPARD and the minor serine-encoding allele of the common Gly482Ser SNP in PPARGC1A were independently associated with less increase in individual anaerobic threshold (n = 136, P = 0.002 and P = 0.005), a precise measurement of aerobic physical fitness. Moreover, individual anaerobic threshold (+11%) and insulin sensitivity (+4%) increased less in subjects carrying the minor alleles at both SNPs (X/G-X/Ser), compared with homozygous carriers of the major alleles (A/A-Gly/Gly, +120% and +40%; P < 0.0001 and P = 0.015), suggesting an additive effect of the SNPs. In addition, low skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in vitro was detected in young carriers of the G allele of the SNP rs2267668 in PPARD (n = 19, P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide evidence that the rs2267668 A/G SNP in PPARD and the Gly482Ser SNP in PPARGC1A have both independent and additive effects on the effectiveness of aerobic exercise training to increase aerobic physical fitness and insulin sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany. norbert.stefan@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stefan
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thamer
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Staiger
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Machicao
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Machann
authors.forename: Fritz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schick
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Venter
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niess
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laakso
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fritsche
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Häring
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000332:Aerobiosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D015308:Anaerobic Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006239:Haplotypes; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000502:physiology*; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D047494:PPAR delta / Q000235:genetics*; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D047494:PPAR delta; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D014157:Transcription Factors