title: Gene regulatory control of myocardial energy metabolism predicts postoperative cardiac function in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: inhalational versus intravenous anesthetics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anesthetic gases modulate gene expression and provide organ protection. This study aimed at identifying myocardial transcriptional phenotypes to predict cardiovascular biomarkers and function in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective randomized trial, patients undergoing elective off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery were allocated to receive either the anesthetic gas sevoflurane (n = 10) or the intravenous anesthetic propofol (n = 10). Blood samples were collected perioperatively to determine cardiac troponin T, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. Cardiac function was measured with transesophageal echocardiography and pulmonary artery thermodilution. Atrial biopsies were collected at the beginning and end of bypass surgery to determine gene expression profiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A blood levels were decreased with sevoflurane treatment. Echocardiography showed preserved postoperative cardiac function in sevoflurane patients, which paralleled higher cardiac index measurements. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide release was predicted by sevoflurane-induced transcriptional reduction in fatty acid oxidation, whereas changes in cardiac index were predicted by preoperative gene activity of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha pathway. Sevoflurane-mediated attenuation of transcripts involved in DNA-damage signaling and activation of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor survival pathway predicted improved postoperative cardiac index and diastolic heart function, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anesthetic-induced and constitutive gene regulatory control of myocardial substrate metabolism predicts postoperative cardiac function in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The authors' analysis further points to novel cardiac survival pathways as potential therapeutic targets in perioperative cardioprotection.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, and Center of Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Eliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lucchinetti
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bestmann
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hersberger
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Furrer
authors.forename: Marcus C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Schaub
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tavakoli
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Genoni
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zollinger
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaugg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D047549:Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006334:Heart Function Tests / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015742:Propofol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D013815:Thermodilution / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D015415:Biomarkers; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D015742:Propofol