title: The role and clinical value of EUS in a multimodality esophageal carcinoma staging program with CT and positron emission tomography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  EUS, CT, and positron emission tomography (PET) have all been used in the preoperative staging of esophageal cancer separately or in various combinations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to determine the value and role of EUS when used in conjunction with CT and PET imaging in staging cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective single-center clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic tertiary care center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were examined for 56 patients who concomitantly underwent examination with EUS, CT, and PET in a multimodality staging program.
  
  
  METHODS
  EUS, CT, and PET were examined for their ability to detect the primary tumor, local tumor stage, locoregional adenopathy, and distant metastases. With use of surgical resection as baseline therapy, the frequency at which EUS, CT, and PET affected and changed management was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EUS is the only imaging test that identified all primary tumors and provided tumor staging. EUS identified a significantly greater number of patients (58.9%) with locoregional nodes than did CT (26.8%), P = .0006, or PET (37.5%), P = .02. CT identified 14.3% and PET identified 26.8% of patients with distant metastases. With CT alone, 15.2% of patients were not taken to surgery, whereas PET affected management by preventing surgery because of metastatic disease in 28.3% of patients. EUS changed management by guiding the need for neoadjuvant therapy in 34.8% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrospective study, nonblinded study, lack of pathologic reference standard.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The primary strength of EUS in a multimodality staging strategy is in identifying patients with locally advanced disease and guiding the need for preoperative neoadjuvant therapy. EUS is not suited to determine resectability of esophageal cancer alone and thus is most effective when used in conjunction with other imaging tests such as CT and PET.
authors.affiliation: Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Pfau
authors.forename: Scott B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Perlman
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stanko
authors.forename: Terrence J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Frick
authors.forename: Deepak V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Gopal
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: Zhengjun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weigel
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019160:Endosonography / Q000379:methods*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*