title: An estimate of cancer mortality rate reductions in Europe and the US with 1,000 IU of oral vitamin D per day.
abstract: Solar ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiance and/or vitamin D have been found inversely correlated with incidence, mortality, and/or survival rates for breast, colorectal, ovarian, and prostate cancer and Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Evidence is emerging that more than 17 different types of cancer are likely to be vitamin D-sensitive. A recent meta-analysis concluded that 1,000 IU of oral vitamin D per day is associated with a 50% reduction in colorectal cancer incidence. Using this value, as well as the findings in a multifactorial ecologic study of cancer mortality rates in the US, estimates for reductions in risk of vitamin D-sensitive cancer mortality rates were made for 1,000 IU/day. These estimates, along with annual average serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, were used to estimate the reduction in cancer mortality rates in several Western European and North American countries that would result from intake of 1,000 IU/day of vitamin D. It was estimated that reductions could be 7% for males and 9% for females in the US and 14% for males and 20% for females in Western European countries below 59 degrees. It is proposed that increased fortification of food and increased availability of supplements could help increase vitamin D intake and could augment small increases in production of vitamin D from solar UVB irradiance. Providing 1,000 IU of vitamin D per day for all adult Americans would cost about $1 billion; the expected benefits for cancer would be in the range of $16-25 billion in addition to other health benefits of vitamin D.
authors.affiliation: Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Center, San Francisco, CA 94109-2510, USA.
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Cedric F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Gorham
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D014481:United States; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D