title: Effect of interleukin-4 on vascular endothelial growth factor production in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts.
abstract: Interleukin (IL)-4 has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour activity. Because aberrant angiogenesis is a significant pathogenic component of tumour growth and chronic inflammation, we investigated the effect of IL-4 on the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by synovial fibroblasts derived from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were prepared from synovial tissues of RA and incubated with different concentrations of IL-4 in the presence or absence of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. VEGF level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and semiquantitative reverse transcription--polymerase chain reaction. Treatment of FLS with IL-4 alone caused a dose-dependent increase in VEGF levels. In contrast, IL-4 exhibited the inhibitory effect on VEGF production when FLS were stimulated with TGF-beta. Combined treatment of IL-4 and IL-10 inhibited TGF-beta-induced VEGF production in an additive fashion. TGF-beta increased the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA, which was inhibited significantly by the treatment of IL-4. NS-398, a COX-2 inhibitor, inhibited TGF-beta-induced VEGF production in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, exogenous addition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) restored IL-4 inhibition on TGF-beta induced VEGF production. Collectively, our results suggest that IL-4 have an anti-angiogenic effect, especially in the inflammatory milieu of RA by inhibiting the VEGF production in synovial fibroblasts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, St Mary's Hospital, Research Institute of Immunobiology, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: K-H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: M-L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: S-Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Y-J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: S-A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: J-J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: W-U
authors.initials: WU
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S-W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: C-S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D015847:Interleukin-4; D015232:Dinoprostone