title: Computational modeling to predict effect of treatment schedule on drug delivery to prostate in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a computational approach that incorporates experimental data in preclinical models to depict doxorubicin human tissue pharmacokinetics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Beagle dogs were given 2 mg/kg doxorubicin as i.v. bolus, 4-h infusion, or 96-h infusion. Concentrations in plasma, prostate (target tissue), heart (toxicity), and major tissues for disposition were determined and modeled. Model parameters were obtained after the bolus injection with model validation based on the 4-h and 96-h infusion data. Clinical pharmacokinetic data and scale-up gave doxorubicin profiles in human prostate and heart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In agreement with in vitro results, tissues were best modeled with two compartments, one rapidly and one slowly equilibrating. The developed tissue distribution model predicted concentrations for all three administration regimens well, with an average deviation of 34% (median, 29%). Interspecies scale-up to humans showed that the change from a bolus injection to a slow, 96-h infusion (a) had different effects on the drug partition and accumulation in heart and prostate, and (b) lowered the peak concentration in the plasma by approximately 100-fold but had relatively little effect on maximal heart concentration ( approximately 33% lower). The simulated drug exposure in a human prostate was above the exposure required to inhibit tumor proliferation but was 30 to 50 times below that needed for cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows a computation-based paradigm for translating in vitro and in vivo preclinical data and to estimate and compare the drug delivery and pharmacokinetics in target tissues after different treatment schedules.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Leijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jessie L-S
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: M Guillaume
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Wientjes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004285:Dogs; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D004317:Doxorubicin