title: An accurate risk score based on anthropometric, dietary, and lifestyle factors to predict the development of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to develop a precise risk score for the screening of large populations for individuals at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes based on noninvasive measurements of major risk factors in German study populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition [EPIC]-Potsdam study) of 9,729 men and 15,438 women aged 35-65 years was used to derive a risk score predicting incident type 2 diabetes. Multivariate Cox regression model coefficients were used to weigh each variable in the calculation of the score. Data from the EPIC-Heidelberg, the Tübingen Family Study for Type 2 Diabetes (TUF), and the Metabolic Syndrome Berlin Potsdam (MeSyBePo) study were used to validate this score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Information on age, waist circumference, height, history of hypertension, physical activity, smoking, and consumption of red meat, whole-grain bread, coffee, and alcohol formed the German Diabetes Risk Score (mean 446 points [range 118-983]). The probability of developing diabetes within 5 years in the EPIC-Potsdam study increased from 0.3% for 300 to 23.2% for 750 score points. The area under the receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.84 in the EPIC-Potsdam and 0.82 in the EPIC-Heidelberg studies. Correlation coefficients between the German Diabetes Risk Score and insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic individuals were -0.56 in the TUF and -0.45 in the MeSyBePo studies. ROC values for undiagnosed diabetes were 0.83 in the TUF and 0.75 in the MeSyBePo studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The German Diabetes Risk Score (available at www.dife.de) is an accurate tool to identify individuals at high risk for or with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Epidemiology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany. mschulze@dife.de
authors.forename: Matthias B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Linseisen
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rohrmann
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Möhlig
authors.forename: Andreas F H
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spranger
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thamer
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Häring
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fritsche
authors.forename: Hans-Georg
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Joost
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000886:Anthropometry; D001604:Berlin / Q000453:epidemiology; D049628:Body Size; D001939:Bread; D003069:Coffee; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008460:Meat; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013177:Sports
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee