title: Antibacterial activity of snake, scorpion and bee venoms: a comparison with purified venom phospholipase A2 enzymes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Venoms of snakes, scorpions, bees and purified venom phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes were examined to evaluate the antibacterial activity of purified venom enzymes as compared with that of the crude venoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four crude venoms, nine purified PLA(2)s and two L-amino acid oxidases (LAAO) were studied for antibacterial activity by disc-diffusion assay (100 microg ml(-1)). Several snake venoms (Daboia russelli russelli, Crotalus adamanteus, Naja sumatrana, Pseudechis guttata, Agkistrodon halys, Acanthophis praelongus and Daboia russelli siamensis) showed activity against two to four different pathogenic bacteria. Daboia russelli russelli and Pseudechis australis venoms exhibited the most potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus, while the rest showed only a moderate activity against one or more bacteria. The order of susceptibility of the bacteria against viperidae venoms was -S. aureus > Proteus mirabilis > Proteus vulgaris > Enterobacter aerogenes > Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against S. aureus was studied by dilution method (160-1.25 microg ml(-1)). A stronger effect was noted with the viperidae venoms (20 microg ml(-11)) as compared with elapidae venoms (40 microg ml(-1)). The MIC were comparable with those of the standard drugs (chloramphenicol, streptomycin and penicillin).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings indicate that viperidae (D. russelli russelli) and elapidae (P. australis) venoms have significant antibacterial effects against gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria, which may be the result of the primary antibacterial components of laao, and in particular, the PLA(2) enzymes. The results would be useful for further purification and characterization of antibacterial agents from snake venoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The activity of LAAO and PLA(2) enzymes may be associated with the antibacterial activity of snake venoms.
authors.affiliation: Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Perumal Samy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gopalakrishnakone
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Thwin
authors.forename: T K V
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bow
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.forename: T W J
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Thong
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D001514:Bee Venoms / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003439:Crotoxin / Q000737:chemistry; D021902:Enterobacter aerogenes / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D011513:Proteus mirabilis / Q000187:drug effects; D011514:Proteus vulgaris / Q000187:drug effects; D012604:Scorpion Venoms / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012910:Snake Venoms / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001514:Bee Venoms; D011506:Proteins; D012604:Scorpion Venoms; D012910:Snake Venoms; D003439:Crotoxin; D010741:Phospholipases A; D054467:Phospholipases A2