title: Multifaceted implementation of stroke prevention guidelines in primary care: cluster-randomised evaluation of clinical and cost effectiveness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate clinical and cost effectiveness of implementing evidence-based guidelines for the prevention of stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cluster-randomised trial
  
  
  METHODS
  Three primary care organisations in the North of England covering a population of 400,000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy six primary care teams in four clusters: North, South & West, City I and City II.
  
  
  METHODS
  Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation and transient ischaemic attack (TIA) were developed and implemented using a multifaceted approach including evidence-based recommendations, audit and feedback, interactive educational sessions, patient prompts and outreach visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Identification and appropriate treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation or TIA, and cost effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Implementation led to 36% increase (95% CI 4% to 78%) in diagnosis of atrial fibrillation, and improved treatment of TIA (odds ratio of complying with guidelines 1.8; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.8). Combined analysis of atrial fibrillation and TIA estimates that compliance was significantly greater (OR 1.46 95% CI 1.10 to 1.94) in the condition for which practices had received the implementation programme. The development and implementation of guidelines cost less than 1500 pounds per practice. The estimated costs per quality-adjusted life year gained by patients with atrial fibrillation or TIA were both less than 2000 pounds, very much less than the usual criterion for cost effectiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation of evidence-based guidelines improved the quality of primary care for atrial fibrillation and TIA. The intervention was feasible and very cost effective. Key components of the model include contextual analysis, strong professional support, clear recommendations based on robust evidence, simplicity of adoption, good communication and use of established networks and opinion leaders.
authors.affiliation: Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK. john.wright@bradfordhospitals.nhs.uk
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bibby
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eastham
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McGeorge
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Small
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004739:England; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016019:Survival Analysis