title: The relationship between anti-HPV-16 IgG seropositivity and cancer of the cervix, anogenital organs, oral cavity and pharynx, oesophagus and prostate in a black South African population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) infection is an important cause of cervical cancer, other anogenital cancers and, possibly, some oral and pharyngeal cancers. The association of HPV-16 with oesophageal and with prostate cancers has not been firmly established.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed sera from 3,757 HIV seronegative black South Africans using an anti-HPV IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The subjects were recruited from 1995 to 2000 as part of an ongoing cancer case control study. Cases were patients with newly diagnosed cancers of the cervix (n = 946), other anogenital organs (n = 80), the oral cavity and pharynx (n = 102), the oesophagus (n = 369) or the prostate (n = 205). The comparison group consisted of 2,055 age and sex-matched patients randomly selected from the same data base, diagnosed at the same hospitals, but with a vascular disease or with a cancer unrelated to HPV infection. Subjects' sera were randomly and blindly allocated onto ELISA plates. Optical density (OD) levels of anti-HPV-16 IgG of > 0.45 and > or = 0.767 were taken to be cut-offs for negative, medium and high antibody levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for potential confounders, cancer types that showed a statistically significant association with increased anti-HPV-16 IgG antibody (Ab) levels were cancer of the cervix (OR for medium Ab levels = 1.6, and for high = 2.4, p < 0.0001), cancers of other anogenital organs (OR for medium or high Ab levels = 2.5, p = 0.002), and cancer of the oesophagus (OR for medium Ab = 1.3, and high Ab levels = 1.6 p = 0.002). Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx showed a borderline significant association in the unadjusted model (p = 0.05) but after adjustment for confounding the trend in relation to Ab levels was positive but not statistically significant (OR for medium Ab = 1.1, and high Ab = 1.5 p = 0.13). Prostate cancer was not associated with HPV-16 seropositivity (OR for medium Ab level = 1.4, and for high Ab level = 1.3, p = 0.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If there is indeed an association between HPV-16 and oesophageal and possibly also some oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers, then emerging HPV vaccines may also reduce, at least in part, the incidence of these leading cancer types.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, National Health Laboratory Service, P,O,Box 1038, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa. freddys@nswcc.org.au
authors.forename: Freddy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sitas
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Beral
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruff
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: Moosa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: Xue Qin
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verzijden
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marais
authors.forename: Anna-Lise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Williamson