title: Enhanced spatial ability in aged dogs following dietary and behavioural enrichment.
abstract: We examined the benefits of a broad spectrum antioxidant diet and enrichment comprised of physical exercise, environmental stimulants and cognitive testing, on spatial memory performance in beagle dogs. Both aged (N=48) and young (N=16) beagle dogs (Canus familiaris) were tested yearly on a three-component delayed non-match to position spatial task for three consecutive years. The results showed that young enriched animals acquired the task in fewer sessions, made fewer errors, responded slower and made fewer positional responses, compared to aged enriched animals. An analysis restricted to aged animals revealed that antioxidant administration and enrichment resulted in fewer errors, slower responses and decreased positional responses, particularly in Year 3. Finally, cohort differences emerged, which exemplify the significance of early environmental intervention. Aged dogs that were housed with other animals and exposed to an outdoor environment in early development displayed greater benefits from both interventions. These findings indicate that long-term dietary intervention and enrichment can buffer age-associated cognitive decline.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Science, Division of Life Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. pria.nippak@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: P M D
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Nippak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mendelson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Muggenburg
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Milgram
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000502:physiology*; D001245:Association Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003067:Coenzymes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004285:Dogs; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D008297:Male; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D003067:Coenzymes