title: The impact of vision impairment questionnaire: an assessment of its domain structure using confirmatory factor analysis and rasch analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess and validate the subscale structure of the 28-item Impact of Visual Impairment (IVI) Scale by using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analysis for use as an outcome measure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred nineteen participants completed the IVI questionnaire, and the responses then were subjected to Rasch analysis by RUMM2020 software. With the person estimates for each item, CFA was used to assess two hypothesized structures: three-and four-factor models. The subscales of the model with the best fit were then further validated by Rasch analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CFA supported a three-factor model that included items from the emotional well-being, reading and accessing information, and mobility and independence subscales. Almost all the selected goodness-of-fit statistics for the three-factor model were better than the recommended values. The factor loadings of the items on their respective domains were all statistically significant (P < 0.001) and ranged between 0.54 and 0.81. The three subscales individually fitted the Rasch model according to the item-trait interaction test (mobility and independence chi(2) [df] = 45.9 [44], P = 0.39; emotional well-being = 28.4 [32], P = 0.65; and reading and accessing information = 43.5 [36], P = 0.18). The item-fit residuals values of the three subscales were <2.5 and showed mean and standard deviations approximating 0 and 1, respectively. The internal consistency reliability of the subscales (alpha) was substantial, ranging between 0.89 and 0.91.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An examination of the IVI dimension confirmed a three-subscale structure that displays interval measurement characteristics likely to provide a valid and reliable assessment of restriction of participation. The findings provide an opportunity for a more detailed measurement of the effects of different types of low-vision rehabilitation programs.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ecosse@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Ecosse L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Lamoureux
authors.forename: Julie F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Pallant
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pesudovs
authors.forename: Gwyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hassell
authors.forename: Jill E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Keeffe
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation*