title: Proteasome inhibitors synergize with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-induced ligand to induce anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is one of the most aggressive types of cancer characterized by complete refractoriness to multimodal treatment approaches. Therapeutic strategies based on the simultaneous use of proteasome inhibitors and death receptor ligands have been shown to induce apoptosis in several tumor types but have not yet been explored in ATC.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib to induce apoptosis in ATC cell lines. Bortezomib was used as a single agent or in combination with TNF-related apoptosis-induced ligand (TRAIL), a member of the TNF family that selectively induces tumor cell apoptosis. The molecular effects of Bortezomib were investigated by analyzing the expression of key regulators of cell cycle and apoptosis and the activation of different apoptotic pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bortezomib induced apoptosis in ATC cells at doses achieved in the clinical setting, differently from conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Simultaneous treatment with low doses of Bortezomib and TRAIL had a synergistic effect in inducing massive ATC cell apoptosis. Bortezomib increased the expression of cytotoxic TRAIL receptors, p21 (WAF/CIP1) and proapoptotic second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases/direct inhibitor of apoptosis binding protein with low pI, and reduced the expression of antiapoptotic mediators such as cellular Fas-associated death domain-like IL-1beta converting enzyme inhibitory protein, Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), and inhibitor of apoptosis-1, thus resulting in cell death induction through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of proteasome inhibitors and TRAIL synergizes to induce the destruction of chemoresistant neoplastic thyrocytes and could represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Oncology, Meditteranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conticello
authors.forename: Luana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Adamo
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giuffrida
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vicari
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zeuner
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eramo
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anastasi
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Memeo
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giuffrida
authors.forename: Gioacchin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iannolo
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gulisano
authors.forename: Ruggero
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Maria
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000069286:Bortezomib; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D001897:Boronic Acids; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D000069286:Bortezomib; D020169:Caspases