title: Toxin profiles and resistances to macrolides and newer fluoroquinolones as epidemicity determinants of clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile from Warsaw, Poland.
abstract: Amplified fragment length polymorphism genotypes, antibiotic resistance profiles, and toxin profiles of Clostridium difficile strains from Warsaw were determined. The isolates segregate in six major genotypes, coinciding with toxin profiles. Most of the toxin A-negative toxin B-positive toxin CDT-negative strains possess ermB, and several strains were resistant to fluoroquinolones. Resistograms and toxin types of C. difficile strains are epidemicity determinants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinski Street, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland. hanna.pituch@ib.amwaw.edu.pl
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pituch
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maquelin
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wultańska
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Obuch-Woszczatyński
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nurzyńska
authors.forename: Haru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reijans
authors.forename: Felicja
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meisel-Mikołajczyk
authors.forename: Mirosław
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Łuczak
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Belkum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D018942:Macrolides