title: Hypoxia induces apoptosis of HUVECs in an in vitro capillary model by activating proapoptotic signal p38 through suppression of ERK1/2.
abstract: We recently reported that hypoxia induces chromatin condensation and cell nuclear fragmentation, morphological markers of apoptosis, to tube-forming HUVECs in an in vitro blood vessel model by activating p38 MAPK. In this report, we further examined what role p38 plays and how it is activated during hypoxia-induced apoptosis. First, in order to confirm that p38 can indeed induce apoptosis, the cells were treated with anisomycin, a p38 activator, during normoxia. The activator treatment induced apoptosis and activation of p38 and caspase-3 in a very short time, which indicated that p38 activation alone was sufficient to trigger apoptosis in tube-forming HUVECs. We then observed hypoxia-induced changes in intracellular signals, ERK1/2 and Akt. ERK1/2 inactivation was shown to occur prior to p38 activation and caspase-3 cleavage during hypoxia. On the other hand, anisomycin had no inhibitory effect on ERK1/2 activation during normoxia. It was also shown that the amount of Akt protein slightly decreased by either hypoxia or anisomycin treatment. We then investigated how these two survival signals, ERK1/2 and Akt, are involved in p38 activation by using MEK inhibitor U0126 and PI3K inhibitor LY294002. When tube-forming HUVECs were treated with U0126 or LY294002 during normoxia, the two inhibitors were able to induce apoptosis and activation of p38 and caspase-3 in a relatively short time. U0126 was able to inhibit ERK1/2 activation, but had almost no effect on Akt activation. In contrast, LY294002 was able to inhibit Akt activation, but had very little effect on ERK1/2 activation. These results indicate that ERK1/2 inactivation, rather than Akt decrease, is responsible for hypoxia-induced p38 activation. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that hypoxia-induced apoptosis is regulated through signal transduction in which inactivation of ERK1/2 leads to activation of p38, which then triggers caspase cascade as an execution mechanism of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology of Aging and COE Program in the 21st Century, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyakaze
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaji
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohta
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D002196:Capillaries / Q000201:enzymology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D053148:Caspase 3