title: Modulation of neurotransmitter release by carbon monoxide at the frog neuro-muscular junction.
abstract: Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenous gaseous messenger, which regulates numerous physiological functions in a wide variety of tissues. Using extracellular microelectrode recording from frog neuro-muscular preparation the mechanisms of exogenous and endogenous CO action on evoked quantal acetyl-choline (Ach) release were studied. It was shown that CO application increases Ach-release in dose-dependent manner without changes in pre-synaptic Na+ and K+ currents. The effect of exogenous CO on Ach-release was decreased by prior application of guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ and prevented by application of a cyclic guanylate monophosphate (cGMP) analog 8Br-cGMP. Pre-treatment of the preparation with adenylate cyclase inhibitor MDL-12330A has completely abolished the effect of CO, whereas elevation of intracellular level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) mimicked and eliminated CO action. Application of cGMP-activated phosphodiesterase-2 inhibitor EHNA did not prevent CO action, whereas inhibition of cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase-3 by quazinone has partially blocked the effect of CO. Utilizing immuno-histochemical methods CO-producing enzyme heme-oxygenase-2 (HO-2) was shown to be expressed in skeletal muscle fibers, mostly in sub-sarcolemmal region, karyolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum. Zn-protoporphirin-IX, the selective HO-2 blocker, has depressed Ach-release, suggesting the tonic activating effect of endogenous CO on pre-synaptic function. These results suggest that facilitatory effect of CO on Ach-release is mediated by elevation of intracellular cAMP level due to activation of adenylate cyclase and decrease of cAMP breakdown. As such, endogenous skeletal muscle-derived CO mediates tonic retrograde up-regulation of neuro-transmitter release at the frog neuro-muscular junction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Kazan State Medical University, Russia.
authors.forename: Guzel F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Sitdikova
authors.forename: Rustem R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Islamov
authors.forename: Marat A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mukhamedyarov
authors.forename: Vladlena V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Permyakova
authors.forename: Andrey L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Zefirov
authors.forename: András
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palotás
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000378:metabolism*; D011895:Rana ridibunda; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); C105245:heme oxygenase-2; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D000109:Acetylcholine