title: Sleep duration and snoring in relation to biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk among women with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sleep habits have been associated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic disturbances, but the mechanisms underlying these associations have yet to be fully elucidated. We aim to determine whether sleep duration and/or snoring are associated with biomarkers of CVD in women with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 935 women aged 43-69 years enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study cohort with type 2 diabetes who had no history of documented coronary heart disease or stroke in 1990. Information on sleep duration and snoring frequency was collected in 1986 from mailed questionnaires, and biomarkers of CVD were measured from blood samples taken in 1989-1990.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Longer sleep duration was associated with increased levels of C-reactive protein after adjusting for age, BMI, lifestyle factors, family history of diabetes, glycemic control, and medication use (P = 0.05). HDL was decreased with short and long sleep duration among normotensive (P = 0.02) but not hypertensive women. More frequent snoring was directly associated with triglycerides (P = 0.02) and inversely associated with HDL cholesterol (0.03) and adiponectin (P = 0.03) in multivariate-adjusted analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The associations of sleep duration and snoring with lipid profile, hormone measures, and/or inflammatory markers may partially explain the previously reported relationship between sleep habits and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Sanjay R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Christos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Mantzoros
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012913:Snoring / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein