title: Brain aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations: advancements and emerging treatments in endovascular embolization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Brain aneurysms and vascular malformations can cause cerebral hemorrhages, with devastating consequences for the patients and their families. Since the development of microcatheters and materials used for endovascular embolization, we have witnessed a rapid advancement in the technology and in the number or patients treated with this approach. The aim of this review is to survey recent data relevant to new technologies and emerging treatment strategies in these areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical trials assessing the safety and efficacy of coil embolization for cerebral aneurysms were based on the use of bare platinum, helical coils. Since then, endovascular operators have been testing and using new materials such as bioactive coils, expandable coils, and complex-shaped coils. Based on the data so far obtained, third and fourth generation coil designs are rapidly emerging and will be ready for clinical application in the near future. Balloon- and stent-assisted coil embolization is enabling the treatment of complex, large-neck aneurysms and the vascular reconstruction of lesions previously considered not treatable. New open- and closed-cell designs allow the navigation and deployment of stents in extremely tortuous vessels. With regards to the embolization of vascular malformations, it is possible to safely navigate microcatheters and microwires through very small arteries previously considered not accessible. In addition, embolization materials such as n-butyl cyanoacrylate and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer are now routinely injected to safely reduce or obliterate large and complex arteriovenous malformations and fistulae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advancements in technology are rapidly improving the endovascular approach to the treatment of cerebral aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroimaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. linfanti@ummhc.org
authors.forename: Italo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Linfante
authors.forename: Ajay K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wakhloo
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003487:Cyanoacrylates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011095:Polyethylenes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*
chemical_list: D003487:Cyanoacrylates; D011095:Polyethylenes