title: The metabolic syndrome predicts cardiovascular mortality: a 13-year follow-up study in elderly non-diabetic Finns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors characterized by insulin resistance. We investigated the relationship of the MetS and its single components, defined by all six different criteria, with coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all-cause mortality in a prospective population-based study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MetS was defined according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR), the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), the American College of Endocrinology (ACE), the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), and the American Heart Association (updated NCEP) criteria. We investgated the relationship of the MetS defined by aforementioned six criteria with CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality with Cox regression analyses in a non-diabetic Finnish population of 1025 subjects, aged 65-74 years, during the 13-year follow-up. The MetS defined by all aforementioned criteria was associated with a statistically significant risk for CVD mortality when adjusted for all confounding variables (Hazards Ratios, HRs from 1.31 to 1.51). The MetS defined by the WHO, ACE, and IDF criteria was associated with an increased risk of CHD mortality (HRs from 1.42 to 1.58). There was no association between the MetS by any criteria and all-cause mortality. Of the single components of the MetS, the following predicted CVD mortality in multivariable models: impaired fasting glucose by the WHO, NCEP, and ACE criteria (HR 1.34) and by the IDF and updated NCEP criteria (HR 1.29); impaired glucose tolerance by the WHO and ACE criteria (HR 1.55); low HDL cholesterol by the EGIR criteria (HR 1.50) and by the NCEP, IDF, and updated NCEP criteria (HR 1.29); and microalbuminuria according to the WHO definition (HR 1.86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MetS defined by all six current criteria predicts CVD mortality in elderly subjects. However, of the single components of the MetS, IFG, IGT, low HDL cholesterol, and microalbuminuria predicted CVD mortality with equal or higher HRs when compared with the different definitions of the MetS. Therefore, our study suggests that the MetS is a marker of CVD risk, but not above and beyond the risk associated with its individual components.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio, Kuopio University Hospital, PO Box 1777, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruotsalainen
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moilanen
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lepistö
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laakso
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuusisto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL