title: The normal age-corrected and reaction time-corrected isopter derived by semi-automated kinetic perimetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the increase in isopter extent, resulting from the measurement of, and correction for, individual reaction time (RT; the latency between stimulus presentation and individual patient response), derived under the standardized conditions of semi-automated kinetic perimetry (SKP), and to model the age- and RT-corrected normative isopter values for SKP applicable to any Goldmann stimulus combination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-three healthy participants aged 10 to 80 years (11-12 participants per decade of age).
  
  
  METHODS
  One eye of each participant underwent SKP using the Octopus 101 perimeter (Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland). Four Goldmann stimulus combinations, III4e at 25 degrees/second, III4e at 5 degrees/second, I3e at 5 degrees/second, and I2e at 2 degrees/second, were presented centripetally (i.e., in a direction toward the center of the bowl) along the 8 cardinal meridia in random order. The local kinetic threshold (LKT) for each stimulus combination along each meridian was corrected for the angular distance traveled during the individual geometric mean RT and was modeled in terms of the covariables stimulus size, stimulus luminance, meridian, and age, and then presented in terms of a graphical reference plot.
  
  
  METHODS
  The variation of the LKT with RT, stimulus combination, meridian, and age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median of the individual geometric mean RTs initially decreased and then increased with increase in age and was greater for stimulus combinations producing small isopters compared with those generating large isopters. Reaction time-corrected LKTs were fitted optimally by a multiple regression model (R2 = 0.86). For large (> or =size III) and intense (4e) stimuli, RT-corrected LKTs were independent of age and mainly were influenced by instrument- and facial anatomy-related characteristics. Reaction time-corrected LKTs, particularly for small (< or = size II) stimuli, exhibited a clear age dependence above the age of 40 years particularly for reduced luminance stimuli (< or = 2e), with an approximate reduction in angular extent of 2 degrees per decade for the I1e stimulus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of a graphical reference plot with mean isopters and accompanying reference intervals for age- and RT-corrected SKP, applicable to any individual patient, should facilitate the evaluation of clinical data and the implementation of a computerized alternative to manual Goldmann kinetic perimetry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biometry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vonthein
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rauscher
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paetzold
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nowomiejska
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krapp
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sadowski
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chaumette
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schiefer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011930:Reaction Time; D012016:Reference Values; D058609:Visual Field Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*