title: Levetiracetam in clinical practice: long-term experience in patients with refractory epilepsy referred to a tertiary epilepsy center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For the treatment of patients with chronic refractory epilepsies, development of new antiepileptic drugs is crucial. Three regulatory trials have demonstrated that add-on levetiracetam is efficacious in patients with localization-related epilepsy. However, results from these highly controlled short-term clinical trials cannot simply be extrapolated to everyday clinical practice. Therefore, more information is needed about the long-term profile of a new antiepileptic drug in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed all patients who had been treated with levetiracetam in the Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe from the introduction of the drug in early 2001 up to a final assessment point, at the end of 2003, using a medical information system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 301 patients were included. One hundred thirty-eight patients (45.8%) discontinued LEV treatment during the 24-month follow-up period. Reasons for discontinuation were lack of efficacy in 15.9% of patients, adverse events in 6.0% of patients, and a combination of lack of efficacy and adverse events in 16.3% of patients. By Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the continuation rate was 65.6% after 1 year and 45.8% after 2 years. About 15% of patients in this highly refractory group had a 3-month remission, whereas 10% of patients became seizure-free for longer periods. The most frequently reported side effects at the time of discontinuation were mood disorders, tiredness, and sleepiness. Variables predicting (dis)continuation of levetiracetam treatment could not be identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levetiracetam is a new antiepileptic drug that appears to be a useful add-on treatment in patients with refractory epilepsy. Its side effect profile is mild, with mood disorders being the most dominant adverse event.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuropsychology, and Pharmacology, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands. BootsmaHP@kempenhaeghe.nl
authors.forename: H P R
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Bootsma
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ricker
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diepman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gehring
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hulsman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lambrechts
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leenen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Majoie
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schellekens
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Krom
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Aldenkamp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D010889:Piracetam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012640:Seizures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D010889:Piracetam