title: Novel application of computer-assisted cisternal endoscopy for the biopsy of pineal region tumors: cadaveric study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-standing debate continues about the management and biopsy of pineal tumors because of their complex microsurgical anatomy and deep location. Inspired by the concept of biopsy under direct visualization in the absence of hydrocephalus, we explored the effectiveness of neuroendoscope outside of its traditional territory using a new minimally invasive technique, computer-assisted cisternal endoscopy (CACE), for the biopsy of pineal tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five cadaver heads were dissected to expose the pineal region through the posterior fossa. In the other 5 heads, a rigid endoscope-wand combination was introduced in the supracerebellar space lateral to the arachnoid of the superior cerebellar cistern in midline. Endoscopic exposure of the pineal gland was correlated with the real-time image of the localizing wand. After the wand was removed, arachnoid was further dissected from the deep veins and the pineal gland, and a four-quadrant biopsy was obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combination of technologies of frameless guided stereotaxy and neuroendoscopy enhanced our ability to navigate the ventriculoscope in narrow spaces (e.g., posterior fossa cisterns). Compared with transventricular and conventional stereotactic trajectories, application of CACE in supracerebellar infratentorial trajectory offered the shortest route to the pineal region, anatomical orientation, no violation of eloquent neurovascular structures, and adequate visibility to deep veins and arteries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CACE may be used to approach pineal lesions outside the cerebral ventricular system for biopsy or debulking. Continuous computer updates on the endoscope position allows its safe navigation in narrow spaces (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid cistern). Its success will await future surgical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA. editor@mayfieldclinic.com
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: van Loveren
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002102:Cadaver; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010870:Pineal Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010871:Pinealoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012828:Silicones; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D013346:Subarachnoid Space / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D012828:Silicones