title: Bone disease in multiple myeloma.
abstract: A new understanding of the regulation of bone resorption developed with the discovery of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand, and osteoprotegerin in 1997-1998. The RANK signaling system is abnormally regulated in multiple myeloma, and this favors increased osteoclast function, which early in the disease is compensated by increased osteoblast function. Later in the disease osteoblast activity decreases, resulting in osteolytic lesions. We review the factors implicated in osteoclast and osteoblast function. Among these are receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand, osteoprotegerin, hepatocyte growth factor, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, bone morphogenetic proteins, and the Wnt system. Bisphosphonates are the only drugs used in routine clinical management; however, the complex regulation system of bone homeostasis offers a number of of possible targets for therapy, which are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, St. Olav University Hospital, Institute of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology N-7006 Trondheim, Norway. Oyvind.hjertner@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Øyvind
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Hjertner
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Standal
authors.forename: Magne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Børset
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sundan
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waage
mesh_terms: D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000150:complications*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010006:Osteoblasts; D010010:Osteoclasts; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000378:metabolism; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004164:Diphosphonates; D016328:NF-kappa B; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B