title: Evidence-based strategies for reducing cesarean section rates: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Canada's cesarean section rate reached an all-time high of 22.5 percent of in-hospital deliveries in 2002 and was associated with potential maternal and neonatal complications. Clinical practice guidelines represent an appropriate mean for reducing cesarean section rates. The challenge now lies in implementing these guidelines. Objectives of this meta-analysis were to assess the effectiveness of interventions for reducing the cesarean section rate and to assess the impact of this reduction on maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and MEDLINE were consulted from January 1990 to June 2005. Additional studies were identified by screening reference lists from identified studies and expert suggestions. Studies involving rigorous evaluation of a strategy for reducing overall cesarean section rates were identified. Randomized controlled trials, controlled before-and-after studies, and interrupted time series studies were evaluated according to Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 10 included studies, a significant reduction of cesarean section rate was found by random meta-analysis (pooled RR = 0.81 [0.75, 0.87]). No evidence of publication bias was identified. Audit and feedback (pooled RR = 0.87 [0.81, 0.93]), quality improvement (pooled RR = 0.74 [0.70, 0.77]), and multifaceted strategies (pooled RR=0.73 [0.68, 0.79]) were effective for reducing the cesarean section rate. However, quality improvement based on active management of labor showed mixed effects. Design of studies showed a higher effect for noncontrolled studies than for controlled studies (pooled RR = 0.76 [0.72, 0.81] vs 0.92 [0.88, 0.96]). Studies including an identification of barriers to change were more effective than other interventions for reducing the cesarean section rate (pooled RR = 0.74 [0.71, 0.78] vs 0.88 [0.82, 0.94]). Among included studies, no significant differences were found for perinatal and neonatal mortality and perinatal and maternal morbidity with respect to the mode of delivery. Only 1 study showed a significant reduction of neonatal and perinatal mortality (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cesarean section rate can be safely reduced by interventions that involve health workers in analyzing and modifying their practice. Our results suggest that multifaceted strategies, based on audit and detailed feedback, are advised to improve clinical practice and effectively reduce cesarean section rates. Moreover, these findings support the assumption that identification of barriers to change is a major key to success.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre of Sainte-Justine Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaillet
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dumont
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017604:Cesarean Section, Repeat / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D018743:Perinatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012107:Research Design