title: Utility of lung density measurements in the diagnosis of emphysema.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of computerised tomography (CT) lung density measurements in objective quantification of emphysema is uncertain. The aim of this study was to determine normal reference values for CT lung density measurements and investigate their utility in identifying subjects with clinical emphysema.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal subjects (non-smokers, no respiratory disease, n=185) and subjects with clinical emphysema (post-bronchodilator FEV(1)/FVC <70%, > or =10 pack years tobacco smoking, no childhood asthma and, either D(LCO)/VA <80% predicted and/or macroscopic emphysema on CT, n=22) were identified from a random population survey. Subjects underwent CT scanning, with measurement of areas of low attenuation as a percentage of total area (RA%) for three standardised slices and two reconstruction algorithms with a density threshold of -950 HU. Reference values in normal subjects, and ability of the measurements to discriminate between the two groups were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reference values for individual subjects showed wide confidence intervals (standard resolution scans, RA% females 0.2-3.9%, males 0.4-8.7%.) Subjects with emphysema had greater RA% values compared with normal subjects, the difference being most marked in apical slices (standard resolution algorithm, apical slice, median RA% 2.9% (95% CI 0.4-11.1%) vs. 0.1% (95% CI 0.0-0.5%), emphysema vs. normal subjects, respectively). Logistic regression analysis showed poor discriminant ability to distinguish between the groups, the most favourable cut-off yielding a sensitivity and specificity of 83.3% and 62.8%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT lung density measurements cannot reliably detect the presence of emphysema in an individual. We recommend further investigation into lung density measurements before their widespread use in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, P.O. Box 10055, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aldington
authors.forename: Mathew V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nowitz
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kingzett-Taylor
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weatherall
authors.forename: Philippa M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Shirtcliffe
authors.forename: Amanda A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: McNaughton
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pritchard
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beasley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012016:Reference Values; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods