title: Formulation, preparation and evaluation of flunarizine-loaded lipid microspheres.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of preparing flunarizine-loaded lipid microspheres. Lipid microspheres (LMs) are excellent drug carriers for drug delivery systems (DDS) and are relatively stable and easily mass-produced. They have no particular adverse effects. LMs have been widely studied as drug carriers for water-soluble drugs, lipid-soluble drugs and inadequately soluble (in water or in lipid) drugs, in that they have a lipid layer, a water layer and an emulsifier layer. Flunarizine (FZ), a poorly water-soluble drug, was incorporated in lipid microspheres to reduce side effects by avoiding the use of supplementary agents, compared with solution injection. After investigation, the final formulation was as follows: 10% oil phase (long-chain triglyceride (LCT); medium-chain fatty acid (MCT) = 50:50); 1.2% egg lecithin; 0.2% Tween-80; 2.5% glycerin; 0.3% dl-alpha-tocopherol; 0.02% EDTA; 0.03% sodium oleate; 0.1% FZ and double-distilled water to give a total volume of 100 mL. Homogenization was the main method of preparation and the best conditions were a temperature of 40 degrees C, a pressure of 700-800 bar and a suitable cycle frequency of about 10. The particle size distribution, zeta-potential and entrapment efficacy were found to be 198.7+/-54.0 nm, -26.4 mV and 96.2%, respectively. Its concentration in the preparation was 1.0 mg mL(-1). The lipid microspheres were stable during storage at 4 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C for 3 months. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in rats using a dose of 1.0 mg kg(-1). The pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: AUC(0-t) 6.13 mug.h mL(-1), t(1/2) 5.32 h and Ke 0.16 L h(-1). The preparation data fitted a two-compartment model estimated by using 3p87 analysis software. From the observed data, FZ encapsulated in LMs did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic characteristic compared with the FZ solution injection and did not produce a delayed release effect, when it was released in-vivo in rats. However, the availability of the drug was increased. These results suggested that this LM system is a promising option for the preparation of the liquid form of FZ for intravenous administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
authors.forename: Yan Jiao
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hong Yao
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hai Bing
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004355:Drug Stability; D004356:Drug Storage; D005444:Flunarizine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008055:Lipids; D008863:Microspheres; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D012995:Solubility; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D008055:Lipids; D005444:Flunarizine