title: Patterns and rates of intron divergence between humans and chimpanzees.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Introns, which constitute the largest fraction of eukaryotic genes and which had been considered to be neutral sequences, are increasingly acknowledged as having important functions. Several studies have investigated levels of evolutionary constraint along introns and across classes of introns of different length and location within genes. However, thus far these studies have yielded contradictory results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present the first analysis of human-chimpanzee intron divergence, in which differences in the number of substitutions per intronic site (Ki) can be interpreted as the footprint of different intensities and directions of the pressures of natural selection. Our main findings are as follows: there was a strong positive correlation between intron length and divergence; there was a strong negative correlation between intron length and GC content; and divergence rates vary along introns and depending on their ordinal position within genes (for instance, first introns are more GC rich, longer and more divergent, and divergence is lower at the 3' and 5' ends of all types of introns).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that the higher divergence of first introns is related to their larger size. Also, the lower divergence of short introns suggests that they may harbor a relatively greater proportion of regulatory elements than long introns. Moreover, our results are consistent with the presence of functionally relevant sequences near the 5' and 3' ends of introns. Finally, our findings suggest that other parts of introns may also be under selective constraints.
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. elodie.gazave@upf.edu
authors.forename: Elodie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gazave
authors.forename: Tomàs
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marqués-Bonet
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fernando
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Charlesworth
authors.forename: Arcadi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Navarro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001482:Base Composition; D019295:Computational Biology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics*; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013045:Species Specificity