title: Cardiovascular disease, its risk factors and treatment, and age-related macular degeneration: Women's Health Initiative Sight Exam ancillary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of cardiovascular disease (CVD), CVD risk factors, and CVD treatment with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational analysis of a randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  The Women's Health Initiative Sight Examination (WHISE), an ancillary study to the Women's Health Initiative's clinical trial of hormone replacement therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 4,288 women age 63 years and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on CVD and its risk factors were obtained from a standardized questionnaire and examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  AMD as determined by standardized grading of fundus photographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of any AMD was 21.4% (n = 919). Of those with AMD, 5.8% (n = 53) had signs of exudative AMD (n = 39) or pure geographic atrophy (n = 14), limiting the power to examine associations. Significant associations between late AMD and CVD risk factors were (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI]) older age (1.19, 1.13 to 1.27, P < .0001), more pack years smoked (1.02 per pack-year smoked, 1.003 to 1.03, P = .01), systolic blood pressure (0.84 per 10 mm Hg, 0.71 to 0.995, P = .04), report of taking calcium channel blockers (2.49, 1.21 to 5.12, P = .04), self-reported history of diabetes (2.00, 1.01 to 3.96, P = .05), and greater body mass index (1.05 per 1 kg/m, 1.001 to 1.10, P = .05). History of myocardial infarction, stroke, use of statins, or white blood cell count was not associated with AMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that smoking, use of calcium channel blockers, diabetes, and obesity are risk factors for late AMD in women. However, the association of late AMD with systolic blood pressure and the effects of other CVD risk factors on early AMD need to be further explored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA. kleinr@epi.ophth.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Yingzi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Barbara E K
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hyman
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seddon
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hendrix
authors.forename: Baruch D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Kuppermann
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: Lewis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: Karen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Asha M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers