title: Improving the school food environment: results from a pilot study in middle schools.
abstract: Our objective for this study was to examine the feasibility of instituting environmental changes during a 6-week pilot in school foodservice programs, with long-term goals of improving dietary quality and preventing obesity and type 2 diabetes in youth. Participants included students and staff from six middle schools in three states. Formative assessment with students and school staff was conducted in the spring of 2003 to inform the development of school foodservice policy changes. Thirteen potential policy goals were delineated. These formed the basis for the environmental change pilot intervention implemented during the winter/spring of 2004. Questionnaires were used to assess the extent to which the 13 foodservice goals were achieved. Success was defined as achieving 75% of goals not met at baseline. Daily data were collected on goal achievement using the schools' daily food production and sales records. Qualitative data were also collected after the pilot study to obtain feedback from students and staff. Formative research with staff and students identified potential environmental changes. Most schools made substantial changes in the National School Lunch Program meal and snack bar/a la carte offerings. Vending goals were least likely to be achieved. Only one school did not meet the 75% goal achievement objective. Based on the objective data as well as qualitative feedback from student focus groups and interviews with students and school staff, healthful school foodservice changes in the cafeteria and snack bar can be implemented and were acceptable to the staff and students. Implementing longer-term and more ambitious changes and assessing cost issues and the potential enduring impact of these changes on student dietary change and disease risk reduction merits investigation.
authors.affiliation: Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-2600, USA. kcullen@bcm.edu
authors.forename: Karen W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hartstein
authors.forename: Kim D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Maihan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Resnicow
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Mamie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D001628:Beverages; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005509:Food Dispensers, Automatic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005518:Food Preferences; D005522:Food Services / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012574:Schools; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D014675:Vegetables