title: Auditory feedback control for improvement of gait in patients with Multiple Sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the use of auditory feedback for gait management and rehabilitation in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
  
  
  METHODS
  An auditory feedback cue, responding to the patient's own steps in closed-loop, was produced by a wearable motion sensor and delivered to the patient through ear phones. On-line (device on) and residual short-term therapeutic effects on walking speed and stride length were measured in fourteen randomly selected patients with gait disturbances predominantly due to cerebellar ataxia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients showed an average improvement of 12.84% on-line and 18.75% residually in walking speed. Average improvement in stride length was 8.30% on-line and 9.93% residually. The improvement results are particularly noteworthy when compared with the lack of change in healthy control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with MS using auditory feedback cues showed improvement in walking abilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. yoram.baram@gmail.com
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baram
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002524:Cerebellar Ataxia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003463:Cues; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000295:instrumentation*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology