title: Compound versus fundamental imaging in the detection of subdermal contraceptive implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the use of fundamental versus compound sonographic imaging in the localization of nonpalpable subdermal contraceptive implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe 3 cases of subdermal implants for which detection was requested via sonography. The implants were evaluated with both fundamental and compound imaging with various transducers ranging from 5-2 to 15-7 MHz. The fundamental and compound images were compared with respect to echogenicity and, therefore, visibility, of the contraceptive implant and the appearance of posterior acoustic features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both fundamental and compound imaging visualized the focus representing the implant equally well. However, fundamental imaging proved superior to compound imaging for visualizing the posterior acoustic shadowing created by the implant. The posterior acoustic shadowing was the most helpful feature in the identification of these implant rods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When attempting to image a subdermal contraceptive implant with sonography, fundamental imaging should be used. Compound imaging may mask the posterior acoustic features that can aid in implant identification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Division of Ultrasound, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N St Clair St, Suite 800, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. hgabriel@nmff.org
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shulman
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marko
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nikolaidis
authors.forename: Vica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chirita
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017135:Desogestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020878:Device Removal / Q000379:methods*; D004343:Drug Implants; D005260:Female; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D004343:Drug Implants; C044815:etonogestrel; D017135:Desogestrel