title: [Use of opioid analgesics in diagnosis and decision-making in patients with acute nontraumatic abdominal pain. A systematic review of the literature].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of analgesics during the diagnosis and decision-making process in patients with acute nontraumatic abdominal pain is controversial. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the use of opioid analgesics in patients with acute nontraumatic abdominal pain increases the risk of diagnostic error.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic review of the literature. Randomized clinical trials (RTCs) comparing the use of opioid analgesics with placebo administered before any procedure in patients with acute nontraumatic abdominal pain were included. There was no restriction on language. RTCs unrelated to this subject were excluded. The variables analyzed were age, gender, and the percentage of adverse effects, appendicitis, changes on physical examination and diagnostic error, modification of pain severity measured by a visual analog scale, and methodological quality of the studies. A search was performed in the MEDLINE and Cochrane databases, using MeSH terms. Each article was analyzed by applying a methodological quality score through which weighted means were applied for each variable. The Chi-square and Student's t-test were applied to compare the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six articles meeting the selection criteria were found. The mean methodological quality score was 21.6 points. The studies represented a population of 363 patients treated with opioids and 336 patients treated with placebo. There were no differences in the mean age of the patients (39.4 vs 39.6 years), distribution by gender, prevalence of acute appendicitis (23.3% vs 24%) or diagnostic error (15.6% vs 21.1%; p = 0.0637). Differences were found in the variable of pain reduction (27.2 vs 7.2 mm, respectively; p = 0.0167).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of opioid analgesics in patients with acute nontraumatic abdominal pain does not increase the risk of diagnostic error and reduces pain during the decision-making process.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. cmantero@ufro.cl
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manterola
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pineda
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vial
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Astudillo
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D000208:Acute Disease; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid