title: Metacognitive beliefs across the continuum of psychosis: comparisons between patients with psychotic disorders, patients at ultra-high risk and non-patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent models of emotional disorders and psychosis implicate metacognitive beliefs in the development and maintenance of psychological distress. We predicted that patients with established psychotic disorders and those meeting at risk mental state (ARMS) criteria (and, thus, at increased risk of developing psychosis) would show higher levels of metacognitive beliefs than non-patient controls. Furthermore, we predicted that patients with psychosis would show higher levels of such beliefs than the at risk group.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Metacognitions Questionnaire was administered to 73 patients with psychotic disorders, 43 ARMS patients and 188 non-patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As predicted, patients with psychotic diagnoses and those at risk scored higher on metacognitive belief dimensions than non-patients. Patients with psychosis showed higher positive metacognitive beliefs than the at risk patients, indicating a greater range of unhelpful metacognitions overall, when compared to non-patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with metacognitive conceptualisations of psychological disorders. The implications of these findings for clinical practice are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Services, Bolton Salford and Trafford Mental Health Trust, UK; Division of Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK. tony.morrison@manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept