title: The protective effects of toothpaste against erosion by orange juice: studies in situ and in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There has been a monumental increase in the consumption of soft drinks, fruit juices and sport drinks in the UK, the US, and many other countries. Previous investigations have demonstrated the erosive nature of these acidic soft drinks. The aim of this investigation was to determine the protective effects of an experimental fluoride-based toothpaste, containing sodium hexametaphosphate, against an erosive challenge on tooth enamel.
  
  
  METHODS
  The erosion of enamel by orange juice compared the experimental toothpaste with a benchmark sodium fluoride paste and negative control, water, in a 15-day in situ model; and the same in an in vitro enamel erosion model. Flat, polished human enamel samples with a surface profile of +/-0.1mum, were exposed to the three regimens in the single blind, crossover clinical study mimicked in vitro. Depths of the resulting eroded areas were measured using a profilometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significantly more erosive damage on the specimens exposed to the benchmark paste and water compared to the test paste in both the in situ and in vitro studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data provide further support for tooth brushing before meals. Results of this study further suggest the sodium hexametaphosphate containing paste could be used to provide significant erosion protection in susceptible individuals over that provided by conventional fluoride products.
authors.affiliation: Division of Restorative Dentistry, Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Newcombe
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Faller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eversole
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Addy
authors.forename: N X
authors.initials: NX
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002957:Citrus / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D010710:Phosphates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014002:Tin Fluorides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014099:Toothbrushing; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D010710:Phosphates; D020011:Protective Agents; D014002:Tin Fluorides; D014100:Toothpastes; D014867:Water; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; C009285:sodium polymetaphosphate