Are there "unnecessary" cesarean sections? Perceptions of women and obstetricians about cesarean sections for nonclinical indications.
BACKGROUND
The belief that many women demand cesarean sections in the absence of clinical indications appears to be pervasive. The aim of this study was to examine whether, and in what context, maternal requests for cesarean section are made.


METHODS
Quantitative and qualitative methods were used. The overall study comprised 4 substudies: 23 multiparous and 41 primiparous pregnant women were asked to complete diaries recording events related to birth planning and expectations; 44 women who had considered, or been asked to consider, cesarean section during pregnancy were interviewed postnatally; 24 consultants and registrars in 3 district hospitals and 1 city hospital were interviewed; 5 consultants with known strong views about cesarean section were also interviewed; and 785 consultants from the United Kingdom and Eire completed postal questionnaires.


RESULTS
No woman requested cesarean section in the absence of, what she considered, clinical or psychological indications. Fear for themselves or their baby appeared to be major factors behind women's requests for cesarean section, coupled with the belief that cesarean section was safest for the baby. Most obstetricians reported few requests for cesarean section, but nevertheless, cited maternal request as the most important factor affecting the national rising cesarean section rate. Several obstetricians discussed the significance of women's fears and the importance of taking the time to talk to women about these fears.


CONCLUSIONS
Existing evidence for large numbers of women requesting cesarean sections in the absence of clinical indications is weak. This study supports the thesis that these women comprise a small minority. Psychological issues and maternal perceptions of risk appear to be significant factors in many maternal requests. Despite this finding, maternal request is perceived by obstetricians to be a major factor in driving the cesarean section rate upward.
Weaver
Jane J
JJ
Faculty of Health and Human Sciences, Thames Valley University, Ealing, London, United Kingdom.
Statham
Helen
H
Richards
Martin
M
D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000523:psychology*; D002755:Choice Behavior; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000523:psychology*; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures / Q000523:psychology*