title: Hypoglycaemic constituents of Stachytarpheta cayennensis leaf.
abstract: The aqueous infusion (tea) of Stachytarpheta cayennensis leaves is used ethnomedically in Peru, Nigeria and other tropical countries for the management of diabetes. Oral administration (p. o.) of aqueous (125 mg/kg) and methanolic (2000 mg/kg) extracts of the leaves to alloxan-diabetic rats showed significant blood glucose reductions by 43 and 53%, respectively, at the end of a 4 hour period similar to the strong effect of glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, P. O.). The methanolic extract was successively partitioned into ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions, and the same test showed that the butanol fraction (2000 mg/kg) had the highest (50%) hypoglycaemic activity at 4 hours after oral administration. It was also the most active fraction when tested in vitro [insulin release from an insulin secreting cell line (INS-1)] and was also active in normal rats and rats made hyperglycaemic by a glucose load. Its activity was comparable to that of glibenclamide (positive control) in these models. This active butanol fraction was subjected to chromatographic subfractionation; some subfractions reduced hyperglycaemia in alloxan-diabetic rats to 60 and 78% and induced insulin release from the INS-1 cells; other subfractions, however, gave hyperglycaemic activities IN VIVO and inhibition of insulin release from the INS-1 cells. Three major compounds of the butanol fraction were isolated and characterised as 6beta-hydroxyipolamide, ipolamide and isoverbascoside; they increased insulin secretion from INS-1 cells to 125, 128 and 127%, respectively, whereas glibenclamide increased insulin secretion to 157%. The results justify the ethnomedical use of the plant in the management of diabetes and suggest that the butanol fraction and some of its isolated constituents mediate their actions primarily by stimulating insulin release directly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. caadebajo@yahoo.com
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Adebajo
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Olawode
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Omobuwajo
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Adesanya
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Begrow
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elkhawad
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Akanmu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Edrada
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Proksch
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klaes
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Verspohl
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000496:Alloxan; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005947:Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018515:Plant Leaves; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D029648:Verbenaceae
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000496:Alloxan; D005947:Glucose