title: Local adaptation enhances seedling recruitment along an altitudinal gradient in a high mountain mediterranean plant.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Germination and seedling establishment, which are critical stages in the regeneration process of plant populations, may be subjected to natural selection and adaptive evolution. The aims of this work were to assess the main limitations on offspring performance of Silene ciliata, a high mountain Mediterranean plant, and to test whether local adaptation at small spatial scales has a significant effect on the success of establishment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reciprocal sowing experiments were carried out among three populations of the species to test for evidence of local adaptation on seedling emergence, survival and size. Studied populations were located at the southernmost margin of the species' range, along the local elevation gradient that leads to a drought stress gradient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drought stress in summer was the main cause of seedling mortality even though germination mainly occurred immediately after snowmelt to make the best use of soil moisture. The results support the hypothesis that species perform better at the centre of their altitudinal range than at the boundaries. Evidence was also found of local adaptation in seedling survival and growth along the whole gradient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The local adaptation acting on seedling emergence and survival favours the persistence of remnant populations on the altitudinal and latitudinal margins of mountain species. In a global warming context, such processes may help to counteract the contraction of this species' ranges and the consequent loss of habitat area.
authors.affiliation: Area de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos-ESCET, Tulipán s/n. 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain. luis.gimenez@urjc.es
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giménez-Benavides
authors.forename: Adrián
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Escudero
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Iriondo
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D004777:Environment; D005843:Geography; D018525:Germination; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012098:Reproduction; D036226:Seedlings / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D012639:Seeds / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D029751:Silene / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014867:Water