title: Two-year safety and efficacy of inhaled human insulin (Exubera) in adult patients with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term (2-year) safety and efficacy of inhaled human insulin (Exubera [insulin human (rDNA origin)] inhalation powder) (EXU) in adult patients with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to receive EXU (n = 290) or subcutaneous (s.c.) insulin (n = 290), plus basal (intermediate- or long-acting) insulin. The primary end point was the annual rate of decline in pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1] and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity [DL(CO)]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean +/- SEM annual rates of change between months 0 and 24 were -0.051 +/- 0.005 l/year with EXU and -0.034 +/- 0.005 l/year with s.c. insulin (significant mean difference -0.017 +/- 0.007 l/year [90% CI -0.028 to -0.005]) for FEV1 and -0.437 +/- 0.073 ml x min(-1) x mmHg(-1) x year(-1) with EXU and -0.287 +/- 0.065 ml x min(-1) x mmHg(-1) x year(-1) with s.c. insulin (nonsignificant mean difference -0.150 ml x min(-1) x mmHg(-1) x year(-1) [-0.310 to 0.011]) for DL(CO). The mean annual rates of change in FEV1 between months 3 and 24 were -0.041 +/- 0.005 and -0.031 +/- 0.006 l/year in the EXU and s.c. insulin groups, respectively (nonsignificant mean difference -0.011 l/year [-0.023 to 0.002]), indicating that the significant difference between the treatment groups in FEV1 developed during the first 3 months and was not progressive thereafter. Adverse event profiles were similar except for a higher incidence of cough (usually mild and unproductive) in patients receiving EXU (37.6 vs. 13.1%) that decreased to 1.3% by month 24. Glycemic control was sustained in both groups (adjusted mean treatment difference in change from baseline A1C at month 24 0.25 +/- 0.07% [0.13-0.37]). Although the overall hypoglycemic events were comparable between groups (4.0 vs. 3.8 events/subject-month), the incidence of severe hypoglycemic events was lower with EXU than with s.c. insulin (2.8 vs. 4.1 events/100 subject-months, risk ratio 0.67 [0.57-0.79]). Body weight increased to a significantly lesser extent with EXU (adjusted mean treatment difference -1.25 +/- 0.36 kg [-1.85 to -0.66]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment group differences in lung function between EXU and s.c. insulin in adult patients with type 1 diabetes are small, develop early, and are nonprogressive for up to 2 years of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA. jskyler@miami.edu
authors.forename: Jay S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Skyler
authors.forename: Lois
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jovanovic
authors.forename: Sol
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klioze
authors.forename: Joann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Duggan
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012449:Safety; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C473734:Exubera; D007328:Insulin