title: The second AT-hook of the architectural transcription factor HMGA2 is determinant for nuclear localization and function.
abstract: High Mobility Group A (HMGA) is a family of architectural nuclear factors which play an important role in neoplastic transformation. HMGA proteins are multifunctional factors that associate both with DNA and nuclear proteins that have been involved in several nuclear processes including transcription. HMGA localization is exclusively nuclear but, to date, the mechanism of nuclear import for these proteins remains unknown. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a nuclear localization signal (NLS) for HMGA2, a member of the HMGA family. The NLS overlaps with the second of the three AT-hooks, the DNA-binding domains characteristic for this group of proteins. The functionality of this NLS was demonstrated by its ability to target a heterologous beta-galactosidase/green fluorescent protein fusion protein to the nucleus. Mutations to alanine of basic residues within the second AT-hook resulted in inhibition of HMGA2 nuclear localization and impairment of its function in activating the cyclin A promoter. In addition, HMGA2 was shown to directly interact with the nuclear import receptor importin-alpha2 via the second AT-hook. HMGA proteins are overexpressed and rearranged in a variety of tumors; our findings can thus help elucidating their role in neoplastic transformation.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cattaruzzi
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Altamura
authors.forename: Michela A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tessari
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rustighi
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giancotti
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pucillo
authors.forename: Guidalberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Manfioletti
mesh_terms: D024761:AT-Hook Motifs; D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D024361:Amino Acids, Basic / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006224:Cricetinae; D025743:HMGA2 Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D028901:alpha Karyopherins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D024361:Amino Acids, Basic; D025743:HMGA2 Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D028901:alpha Karyopherins