title: Spinal injuries in professional rugby union: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence, severity, nature, and causes of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine injuries sustained during competition and training in professional rugby union.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2 season prospective cohort design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve English Premiership rugby union clubs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and forty-six male rugby union players of whom 296 were involved in both seasons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Location, diagnosis, severity (number of days unavailable for training and matches), and cause of injury: incidence of match and training injuries (injuries/1000 player-hours).
  
  
  METHODS
  Player age, body mass, stature, playing position, use of headgear, and activity and period of season.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidences of spinal injuries were 10.90 (9.43 to 12.60) per 1000 player match-hours and 0.37 (0.29 to 0.47) per 1000 player training-hours. No player sustained a catastrophic spinal injury, but 3 players sustained career-ending injuries. Overall, players were more likely to sustain a cervical injury during matches and a lumbar injury during training. Forwards were significantly more likely to sustain a spinal injury than backs during both matches (P < 0.01) and training (P = 0.02). During matches, injuries to the cervical (average: 13 days; P < 0.01) and lumbar (13 days; P < 0.01) spine were more severe than injuries to the thoracic (5 days) spine; during training, injuries to the lumbar spine (26 days) were more severe than injuries to the cervical (13 days; P = 0.10) or thoracic (12 days; P = 0.06) spine. A total of 4037 days were lost to competition and training through spinal injuries with lumbar disc injuries sustained during training accounting for 926 days (23%) and cervical nerve root injuries sustained during matches for 621 days (15%). During matches, more injuries were caused by tackles (37%), and during training more injuries were caused by weight-training (33%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that rugby union players were exposed to a high risk of noncatastrophic spinal injury during tackling, scrummaging, and weight-training activities; injury prevention strategies, therefore, should be focused on these activities.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sports Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom. colin.fuller@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Colin W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: John H M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Simon P T
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kemp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005538:Football; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation