title: Evaluation of adverse effects of long-term oral administration of carprofen, etodolac, flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, and meloxicam in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate adverse effects of long-term oral administration of carprofen, etodolac, flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, and meloxicam in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  36 adult dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Values for CBC, urinalysis, serum biochemical urinalyses, and occult blood in feces were investigated before and 7, 30, 60, and 90 days after daily oral administration (n = 6 dogs/group) of lactose (1 mg/kg, control treatment), etodolac (15 mg/kg), meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg), carprofen (4 mg/kg), and ketoprofen (2 mg/kg for 4 days, followed by 1 mg/kg daily thereafter) or flunixin (1 mg/kg for 3 days, with 4-day intervals). Gastroscopy was performed before and after the end of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity, values were significantly increased at day 30 in dogs treated with lactose, etodolac, and meloxicam within groups. Bleeding time was significantly increased in dogs treated with carprofen at 30 and 90 days, compared with baseline. At 7 days, bleeding time was significantly longer in dogs treated with meloxicam, ketoprofen, and flunixin, compared with control dogs. Clotting time increased significantly in all groups except those treated with etodolac. At day 90, clotting time was significantly shorter in flunixin-treated dogs, compared with lactose-treated dogs. Gastric lesions were detected in all dogs treated with etodolac, ketoprofen, and flunixin, and 1 of 6 treated with carprofen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carprofen induced the lowest frequency of gastrointestinal adverse effects, followed by meloxicam. Monitoring for adverse effects should be considered when nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat dogs with chronic pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu-SP, 18618-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Stelio P L
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Luna
authors.forename: Ana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Basílio
authors.forename: Paulo V M
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Steagall
authors.forename: Luciana P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Flávia Q
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Moutinho
authors.forename: Regina K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Takahira
authors.forename: Cláudia V S
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Brandão
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003002:Clonixin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004285:Dogs; D017308:Etodolac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000077239:Meloxicam; D013272:Stomach Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary; D013843:Thiazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002227:Carbazoles; D013843:Thiazines; D013844:Thiazoles; D017308:Etodolac; C014558:flunixin meglumine; D007660:Ketoprofen; C007005:carprofen; D003002:Clonixin; D000077239:Meloxicam