title: Exogenous oestradiol and progesterone administration does not cause oedema in healthy young women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oedema is an increase in the extravascular component of extracellular fluid volume (ECFV). Fluid movement across the ECF is controlled by hydrostatic and oncotic pressures, which are influenced by oestradiol and progesterone. Thus we hypothesized that oestradiol decreases, while combined oestradiol + progesterone increases, protein and fluid movement out of the vasculature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were eight healthy women (22 +/- 2 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Oestrogens and progesterone were suppressed with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist for 16 days; oestradiol (2 x 0.1 mg/day patches) was added for days 5-16 (E(2)) and progesterone (200 mg/day) was added for days 13-16 (E(2)-P(4)).
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated intravascular (plasma) volume (PV), transcapillary albumin escape rate (TER(alb)), and Starling forces (hydrostatic pressures of plasma and interstitium, plasma colloid pressure, capillary filtration coefficient) in the forearm on days 2 (GnRH antagonist), 9 (E(2)) and 16 (E(2)-P(4)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In E(2), P([E2]) increased from 85 +/- 26 to 984 +/- 136 pmol/ml (P < 0.05), with no change in P([P4]). In E(2)-P(4), P([E2]) increased to 775 +/- 195 pmol/ml and P([P4]) increased from 6.4 +/- 3.2 to 43.8 +/- 16.2 nmol/l, P < 0.05). TER(alb) was lower during E(2) (5.1 +/- 0.9) and E(2)-P(4) (5.0 +/- 1.1) compared to GnRH antagonist (5.8 +/- 0.9%/h, P < 0.05). Plasma volume was unchanged by E(2), and showed a trend (P = 0.07) for an increase during E(2)-P(4) (48.2 +/- 2.9, 49.0 +/- 3.0 and 53.9 +/- 3.5 ml/kg for GnRH antagonist, E(2), E(2)-P(4), respectively). Starling forces were unaffected by hormone treatments. Plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone concentration increased during E(2)-P(4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither E(2) nor E(2)-P(4) altered TER(alb) sufficiently to impact Starling forces indicating neither E(2) nor P(4) administration at these levels would likely cause oedema.
authors.affiliation: The John B. Pierce Laboratory and Department of Epidemiology & Public Health and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. nstach@jbpierce.org
authors.forename: Nina S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Stachenfeld
authors.forename: Hugh S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002196:Capillaries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004487:Edema / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D010953:Plasma Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D010991:Plethysmography; D011374:Progesterone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism; D014690:Venous Pressure / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D012709:Serum Albumin; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D000450:Aldosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D012083:Renin; C061018:ganirelix