title: Laser-diffraction characterization of flat-fan nozzles used to develop aerosol clouds of aerially applied mosquito adulticides.
abstract: The importance of appropriate drop size and density for successful mosquito adulticide applications mandates the necessity for accurate determination of drop spectra of a particular nozzle. There is considerable disparity between mass median diameter (MMD) determinations for flat-fan nozzles relative to the horizontal or vertical orientation of the microscope slide used to collect the drops. To remove this ambiguity, the definitive MMDs of flat-fan nozzles used in aerially applied mosquito control adulticides were determined by laser-diffraction-based characterization and analysis. These data were compared with previous data, and the impact of these data on aerial adult mosquito control was discussed. At The Florida Wind Tunnel for Mosquito Control, the Malvern Spraytec Spray Particle Analysis System was used to characterize the entire aerosol plume of the nozzles. Nozzle characterizations were carried out at aircraft operational wind speeds and pressures with nozzles mounted at 135 degrees relative to the direction of air flow. The mean drop-diameter volumes (Dv) Dv(0.1), Dv(0.5), and Dv(0.9) with 95% confidence intervals for each scenario were determined. Characterizations of flat-fan nozzles of 80005 to 8005 for Orchex 796, Dibrom and a Permanone:Orchex 796 mix (1:1) resulted in no Dv(0.5) less than 50 microm and a maximum of 133 microm. The Dv(0.1) was greater than 25 min for 52% of the nozzles and ranged from 14 to 42 microm. The Dv(0.9) ranged from 130 to 296 microm. There was a decrease in drop-diameter values (Dv(0.1), Dv(0.5), Dv(0.9)) relative to increased wind speed and/or pressure for any particular nozzle. Relative to characterizations with Orchex 796, drop-diameter values for Dibrom varied from the same to slightly larger, whereas the Permanone:Orchex 796 mix values were larger except for 2. Relative to the goal of creating an aerosol cloud efficient in controlling adult mosquitoes, none of the nozzles were capable of producing a Dv(0.5) of less than 50 microm. Fifty percent of the spray was capable of causing visible damage to a car's finish. The concept that droplets larger than 25 microm are wasteful because they contain more malathion than required for kill suggests that for 52% of the nozzle configurations, those with Dv(0.1) greater than 25 microm, 90% of the spray is of little use in controlling mosquitoes. None of the flat-fan nozzle regimes tested will satisfy new label requirements of a Dv(0.5) and Dv(0.9) of around 50 and 100 microm, respectively, because of their high Dv(0.9).
authors.affiliation: Lee County Mosquito Control District, PO Box 60005, Ft. Myers, FL 33906, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hornby
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Opp
authors.forename: Milton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sterling
mesh_terms: D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007834:Lasers; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers / Q000592:standards*; D010316:Particle Size; D011786:Quality Control
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides