title: Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of preproendothelin-1 by plaque-prone hemodynamics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plaque-prone areas are exposed to a particular hemodynamic environment characterized by a low mean shear stress value and a cyclic reversal flow. This mechanical environment, also termed oscillatory shear stress (OSS), induces the expression of several pro-atherogenic genes in the endothelial cells including the preproendothelin-1 (ppET-1) gene. The present paper investigates the molecular mechanisms of this induction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several deletional mutants of ppET-1 gene promoter were cloned upstream of a luciferase gene and transiently transfected in bovine arterial endothelial cells that were further exposed to plaque-prone hemodynamics. After 24h of flow exposure, analysis of the transfected cells showed that a proximal promoter of 156 base pairs length retained OSS responsiveness. Mutation of an activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding site present in this minimal promoter completely abolished its activation by OSS. Consistently, electrophoresis mobility shift assay revealed a sustained activation of AP-1 transcription factor in endothelial cells exposed to OSS. In addition to the transcriptional activation, we demonstrated that OSS also induces a stabilization of ppET-1mRNA through the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of this gene. Fluvastatin, a drug known to improve endothelial function, was shown to prevent OSS up-regulation of the ppET-1 gene expression. Under this flow condition, fluvastatin affects ppET-1 gene expression via inhibition of its promoter activity without affecting ppET-1mRNA stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrate that plaque-prone hemodynamic induces ppET-1 gene expression by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms via an activation of AP-1 transcriptional factor and stabilization of mRNA. The transcriptional up-regulation of ppET-1 was shown to be fluvastatin sensitive.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, Building AI 1232, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. rafaela.fernandesdasilva@epfl.ch
authors.forename: Rafaela Fernandes
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chambaz
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stergiopulos
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hayoz
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Silacci
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D006439:Hemodynamics; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000502:physiology*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D000077340:Fluvastatin