title: Cardiac resynchronization therapy in clinical practice: need for electrical, mechanical, clinical and logistic synchronization.
abstract: Considering the relatively short history of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), the amount of available evidence of efficacy is impressive, and effectiveness studies are now required. Transfer of our experimentally gained knowledge into the real world raises issues that call for synchronization among the many specialists involved in chronic heart failure (CHF) management and CRT decision making. From an economic perspective, the demonstrated ability of CRT to reduce hospitalizations could help ease the burden on health systems derived from the growing incidence of CHF. Recent American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guideline revisions should encourage a synchronized approach to rational deployment of CRT in selected patients. Nevertheless, current QRS criteria for CRT candidacy do not directly address the key issue of identification of patients with a pacing-correctable mechanical dyssynchrony (and in clinical trials, 25-30% of implanted patients did not respond to CRT). Echocardiography could become an important adjunct (or even an alternative) to QRS duration for patient selection; routine implementation would require use of straightforward, reproducible measurements, possibly obtainable on standard equipment. Echocardiography could also help optimize site location, although this would not eliminate lead placement problems. A series of issues remain open for investigation, including the potential of CRT in patients with atrial fibrillation, impact of devices with defibrillation ability, effects of electrical/pharmacological tailoring, need for confirmation that efficacy of CRT extends into the long term and possible use of CRT in mild CHF. Interdisciplinary synchronization in the various phases of CRT (screening, proposing, implementing, optimizing and monitoring) should eventually help develop a coordinated system for patient referral.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiology, University of Bologna, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Via Massarenti n.9, 40138, Bologna, Italy. giuseppe.boriani@unibo.it
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boriani
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Diemberger
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biffi
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martignani
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valzania
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ziacchi
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertini
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Specchia
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grigioni
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rapezzi
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Branzi
mesh_terms: D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003657:Decision Making; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D018579:Patient Selection; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012955:Societies, Medical