title: Moral distress in the neonatal intensive care unit: caregiver's experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) can be ethically charged, which can create challenges for health-care workers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency with which nurses and residents have experienced ethical confrontations and what factors are associated with increased frequency.
  
  
  METHODS
  An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to nurses in a university center, a high-risk obstetric service, a maternity hospital NICU with 85% in-born patients and an outborn NICU, most of whose preterm admissions are those with surgical complications. Obstetric and pediatric residents in the four universities of the province also received the questionnaire, which included demographics, opinions regarding the gestational age threshold at which resuscitation of a premature infant with bradycardia was appropriate, knowledge of cerebral palsy (CP) outcomes (as an indicator of knowledge about long-term sequelae of prematurity) and questions about ethical confrontation in the NICU.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and seventy-nine caregivers participated (115 full time nurses and 164 residents). All the distributed questionnaires were completed. Frequent ethical confrontation was reported by 35% of the nurses and 19% of the residents. Among the nurses, moral distress differed significantly between work environments. Nurses working in an out-born NICU and obstetric nurses were more likely to overestimate CP prevalence (P<0.05). Nurses who overestimated CP rates had higher thresholds for resuscitation and were more likely to experience ethical confrontations. Of the residents, 60% were pediatric and 40% obstetric. All groups of residents frequently overestimated the prevalence of CP, and knowledge differed significantly by residency program (P<0.05). The residents who overestimated CP rates had higher thresholds for resuscitation, had more incorrect answers regarding prematurity outcomes and were less likely to have ethical confrontations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large proportion of nurses and residents report frequent ethical confrontations. Many residents and nurses have limited knowledge of outcomes and high threshold for resuscitation. Ethical confrontation is more common among nurses with poor knowledge about outcomes, and less common in residents with poor knowledge about outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janvier
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nadeau
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deschênes
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Couture
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Barrington
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000628:therapy; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000451:nursing / Q000628:therapy; D026690:Ethics, Clinical; D005865:Gestational Age; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D052577:Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000941:ethics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000941:ethics*; D016015:Logistic Models; D017283:Neonatal Nursing / Q000941:ethics*; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000941:ethics* / Q000451:nursing; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires