title: What do clinical users know regarding safety of ultrasound during pregnancy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main goal of this study was to determine end users' knowledge regarding safety aspects of diagnostic ultrasound during pregnancy. End users' attitudes toward the use of ultrasound in low-risk pregnancies were also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was distributed to ultrasound end users attending review courses and hospital grand rounds between April and June 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred thirty end users completed the questionnaires (63% response rate). Sixty-three percent were physicians (n=84), most of them obstetricians (81.7%). About 18% of participants routinely performed Doppler ultrasound examinations during the first trimester. Fifty percent of end users thought that the number of ultrasound examinations in low-risk pregnancy should be limited to 1 to 3 (mean +/- SD, 2.6 +/- 0.9). Almost 70% disapprouved of "keepsake/entertainment" ultrasound. Although 32.2% of the participants were familiar with the term thermal index, only 17.7% actually gave the correct answer to the question on the nature of the thermal index. About 22% were familiar with the term mechanical index, but only 3.8% described it properly. Almost 80% of end users did not know where to find the acoustic indices. Only 20.8% were aware that they are displayed on the sonographic monitor during the examinations. End users with higher knowledge of safety issues thought that there should be limitations on the number of ultrasound examinations in low-risk pregnancies (odds ratio, 3.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-10.0; P=.028). Likewise, these end users were more likely to respond that ultrasound might have adverse effects during pregnancy (odds ratio, 3.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-12.5; P=.045).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound end users are poorly informed regarding safety issues during pregnancy. Further efforts in the realm of education and training are needed to improve end user knowledge about the acoustic output of the machines and safety issues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W Congress Pkwy, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. sheiner@bgu.ac.il
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sheiner
authors.forename: Ilana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shoham-Vardi
authors.forename: Jacques S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Abramowicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012449:Safety; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000592:standards