title: Role of APRIL (TNFSF13) polymorphisms in the susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in Japanese.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A polymorphism of APRIL, c.199G > A (Gly67Arg), has been reported to be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Japanese. To identify the causative polymorphism, we screened for polymorphisms of APRIL as well as TWEAK (TNFSF12), a closely located gene that generates a fusion protein TWE-PRIL by intergenic splicing. Association of APRIL and TWEAK with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was examined in parallel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polymorphisms were screened by direct sequencing. Association was analysed by case-control analysis using 266 SLE, 298 RA and 208 healthy individuals. Allele-specific difference in the mRNA level was examined using RNA difference plot analysis. Serum APRIL level was measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The protective effect of APRIL c.199A/A homozygotes in SLE was replicated (odds ratio 0.50, 95% confidence interval 0.30-0.83, P = 0.0073; pooled P = 0.0001, Pcorr = 0.007). In addition, association of c.287A > G (Asn96Ser, P = 0.0064, allele frequency) and c.*263C > T (3' untranslated region, P = 0.025, allele frequency) was detected. c.199G-c.287A (67Gly-96Asn) haplotype was found to confer risk for SLE, while c.199A-c.287G (67Arg-96Ser) was protective. Association of TWEAK was observed neither for SLE nor RA. APRIL mRNA was increased in SLE-associated c.*263T allele. In addition, serum APRIL was undetectable in all six healthy controls homozygous for the protective c.199A-c.287G haplotype (P = 0.015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to replicating the protective role of APRIL c.199A/A, two additional SNPs in APRIL were found to be associated with SLE. Presence of a protective haplotype and a risk haplotype was demonstrated. The mechanism of association was suggested to be altered expression at the protein and mRNA levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukazawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kusaoi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuta
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takasaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tokunaga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000074049:Cytokine TWEAK; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008024:Ligands; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D053300:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 13 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000074049:Cytokine TWEAK; D008024:Ligands; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C109743:TNFSF12 protein, human; C114631:TNFSF13 protein, human; D053300:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 13; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors