title: Quantification and localization of mitral valve tenting in ischemic mitral regurgitation using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) results from a variable combination of annular dilatation and remodeling of the subvalvular apparatus. Current surgical techniques effectively treat annular dilatation, but methods for addressing subvalvular remodeling have not been standardized. An effective technique for determining the extent of subvalvular remodeling could improve surgical results by identifying patients who are unlikely to benefit from annuloplasty alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  A well-characterized ovine model of IMR was employed. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography was performed on each animal at baseline, immediately after infarction and 8 weeks after infarction. Intercommissural width and mitral annular area were calculated for each subject at each time point. Mitral valve tenting area and height were calculated at discrete intervals along the entire intercommissural axis. The location at which maximal tenting area and height occurred was recorded. Mitral valve tenting volume was calculated by summation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both immediate and long-term increases were observed in mean intercommissural width and mean mitral annular area (from 33.2 to 36.3 to 39.7 mm and from 740 to 810 to 1020 mm(2), respectively). Both immediate and long-term increases were observed in maximum mitral valve tenting area and height (from 38.5 to 50.6 to 112.1mm(2) and from 3.9 to 4.7 to 10.1mm, respectively). Mitral valve tenting area and height at the mid-point of the intercommissural axis did not change significantly during the observation period. The position along the intercommissural axis at which maximal mitral valve tenting area and height occurred shifted progressively toward the anterior commissure (from 51.8% to 45.1% to 38.9% and from 52.9% to 45.1% to 37.8%). Both immediate and long-term increases were observed in mitral valve tenting volume (from 474.0 to 622.1 to 1483.5mm(3)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have described a technique that utilizes real-time three-dimensional echocardiography to perform a comprehensive assessment of leaflet tethering on the entire mitral valve. Our methodology is not influenced by viewing plane selection, regional tenting asymmetry, or annular dilatation and, therefore, represents a potentially useful surrogate measure of subvalvular remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Harrison Department of Surgical Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA.
authors.forename: Liam
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Landi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parish
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Plappert
authors.forename: Martin St John
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gorman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012756:Sheep; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000502:physiology