title: Sperm-associated antigen 9, a novel cancer testis antigen, is a potential target for immunotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cancer testis antigens are a group of tumor antigens with gene expression restricted to male germ cells in the testis and in various cancerous tissues. Recently, we reported a novel testis-specific sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) gene, a new member of the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase-interacting protein family, having functional role in sperm-egg fusion and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. National Center for Biotechnology Information Blast searches revealed SPAG9 nucleotide sequence similarities with expressed sequence tags of various cancerous tissues. In an effort to examine the clinical utility of SPAG9, we investigated the SPAG9 mRNA and protein expression in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Humoral immune response to SPAG9 was also evaluated in EOC patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the expression profile of SPAG9 transcript by reverse transcription-PCR and RNA in situ hybridization and SPAG9 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in EOC specimens and human ovarian cancer cell lines. Using ELISA and Western blotting, we analyzed specific antibodies for SPAG9 in sera from patients with EOC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SPAG9 mRNA and protein expression was detected in 90% of EOC tissues and in all three human ovarian cancer cell lines. Specific SPAG9 antibodies were detected in 67% of EOC patients and not in sera from healthy individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that SPAG9 is highly expressed in EOC and immunogenic in patients. Humoral immune response against SPAG9 in early stages of EOC suggests its important role in early diagnostics. These results collectively suggest that SPAG9, a novel member of cancer testis antigen family, could be a potential target for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods in EOC.
authors.affiliation: Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: Dipak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chaurasiya
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.forename: Nirmala
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jagadish
authors.forename: Deepika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kanojia
authors.forename: Namrata
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dudha
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kamran
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salhan
authors.forename: Amar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.forename: Sushma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suri
authors.forename: Anju
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suri
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007167:Immunotherapy; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D009375:Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C111047:SPAG9 protein, human