title: Intraosseous infusion into the skull: potential application for the management of hydrocephalus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hydrocephalus results from abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes or flow patterns. The absorption of CSF is determined largely by pressures within veins and venous sinuses in the head and adjacent to the spine. Most surgical solutions for hydrocephalus involve diversion of excess CSF into alternative absorption sites, and most of these solutions are still suboptimal. The focus of this work has been to recreate more normal CSF absorption into the dural venous sinuses without having to directly access the superior sagittal sinus (SSS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Intraosseous skull infusion for the purpose of accessing the SSS and the systemic venous system was tested by experimental skull infusions of tracer fluids into living large animals (14 adult pigs). Compared with control injections into an ear vein, infusions into the skull through specially designed infusion devices had similar systemic absorption characteristics. This suggested that intraosseous skull infusion in a living large animal was successful in gaining access to the SSS and systemic venous system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study constitutes the first demonstration of the success of intraosseous skull infusion in gaining rapid access to the systemic venous system and it thus opens the possibility of using this strategy for diversion of CSF back into the intracranial venous system for the treatment of hydrocephalus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pugh
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Churchill
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Keith E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Aronyk
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D003392:Cranial Sinuses / Q000378:metabolism; D003911:Dextrans; D004431:Ear, External / Q000098:blood supply; D004867:Equipment Design; D005268:Femoral Vein; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005947:Glucose; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000628:therapy*; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D017148:Infusions, Intraosseous / Q000379:methods*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010294:Parietal Bone / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012886:Skull / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D003911:Dextrans; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C015219:fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D005947:Glucose