title: Alcohol, smoking, and physical activity related to respiratory infections in elderly people.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elderly people show an increased risk of acute respiratory infections and their complications. This increased susceptibility may be the result of immunosenescence. If lifestyle factors could influence the risk of the infections, this could result in great public health relevance. We investigated the relation between alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical activity with acute respiratory infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study took place between September 1998 - June 2000, in the Wageningen area of The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total 652 relatively healthy elderly people participated. Participants were noninstitutionalized and 60 years and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  The lifestyle factors were assessed at baseline by means of standardized and validated questionnaires in the participants. Self-reported respiratory infections were assessed from 1998-2000 by nurse telephone contact, and home visits, and were evaluated by microbiological tests in a subset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected 1024 acute respiratory infections among 443 participants, the overall incidence rate (IR) was 1.6 infections per person per year. IR ratio (95% confidence interval) of the infections was 1.31 (1.01, 1.70) for occasional (superior 0 glasses/day < 1), 1.22 (0.92, 1.64) for light (1 < glasses/day < 3 (men) and 1< glasses/day < 2 (women)), and 1.33 (1.04, 1.83) at moderate/heavy (superior 3 (men) or superior 2 (women) glasses/day) alcohol consumption after adjustment for age and sex. Alcohol intake was not related to illness severity. Smoking and physical activity were not related to the incidence and severity of the infections. All results remained unaltered after adjustment for lifestyle factors and for other potential risk factors for respiratory infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that only alcohol intake may be unfavorably associated with the frequency of acute respiratory infections in apparently healthy elderly people. Until our results are confirmed in trials, it is not warranted to recommend elderly people to change their habits of life, such as alcohol consumption, smoking and physical activity in order to reduce the risk of acute respiratory infections.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Van der Horst Graat
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Terpstra
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Schouten
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires