title: Role of opioidergic and GABAergic neurotransmission of the nucleus raphe magnus in the modulation of tonic immobility in guinea pigs.
abstract: Tonic immobility (TI) is an inborn defensive behavior characterized by a temporary state of profound and reversible motor inhibition elicited by some forms of physical restraint. Previous results from our laboratory have demonstrated that nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) is also a structure involved in the modulation of TI behavior, as chemical stimulation through carbachol decreases the duration of TI in guinea pigs. In view of the fact that GABAergic and opioidergic circuits participate in the regulation of neuronal activity in the NRM and since these neurotransmitters are also involved in the modulation of TI, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of these circuits of the NRM in the modulation of the behavioral TI response. Microinjection of morphine (4.4 nmol/0.2 microl) or bicuculline (0.4 nmol/0.2 microl) into the NRM increased the duration of TI episodes while muscimol (0.5 nmol/0.2 microl) decreased it. The effect of morphine injection into the NRM was blocked by previous microinjection of naloxone (2.7 nmol/0.2 microl). Muscimol at 0.25 nmol did not produce any change in TI duration; however, it blocked the increased response induced by morphine. Our results indicate a facilitatory role of opioidergic neurotransmission in the modulation of the TI response within the NRM, whereas GABAergic activity plays an inhibitory role. In addition, in the present study the modulation of TI in the NRM possibly occurred via an interaction between opioidergic and GABAergic systems, where the opioidergic effect might be due to inhibition of tonically active GABAergic interneurons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis Felipe Souza
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Leda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Menescal-de-Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001640:Bicuculline / Q000494:pharmacology; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D046353:Immobility Response, Tonic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections / Q000379:methods; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009118:Muscimol / Q000494:pharmacology; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D011903:Raphe Nuclei / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018755:GABA Agonists; D018756:GABA Antagonists; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009118:Muscimol; D009270:Naloxone; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D009020:Morphine; D001640:Bicuculline