title: Smooth muscle remodeling of the gastroesophageal junction after endoluminal gastroplication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoluminal gastroplication has been shown to reduce symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease and to induce focal hypertrophy of the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) muscularis propria. Despite suture loss, some patients have persistent symptomatic resolution.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to examine the durability of smooth muscle hypertrophy after suture removal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven pigs underwent upper endoscopy with endoscopic ultrasonography (EGD/EUS) at baseline to evaluate GEJ muscularis propria layer. Endoluminal gastroplication was performed at week 1 with placement of 2 sutures at the GEJ. Repeat EGD/EUS was performed at week 3 and week 5. Three of the 7 pigs were killed for histologic analysis. The remaining 4 pigs had sutures removed and survived for 9, 11, and 13 weeks; serial weekly EGD/EUS was performed until the animal was killed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GEJ muscularis propria thickness by EUS was 1.1+/-0.1 mm at baseline, 4.7+/-1.9 mm at week 3, and 4.4+/-1.1 mm at week 5. The muscularis propria thickness by histologic examination in the 3 animals with sutures intact were 6.2+/-0.3 mm near the suture site and 4.7+/-0.5 mm at the opposing wall to the suture site. For the 4 animals with sutures removed, the measurements were 6.9+/-0.2 mm (suture site) and 4.7+/-0.5 mm (opposing wall), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GEJ smooth muscle cell hypertrophy induced by endoluminal gastroplication persisted after removal of mucosal sutures. These changes may be responsible for persistent symptomatic response despite suture loss in patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Julia J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jonathan N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Glickman
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: Stanley W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Ashley
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Carr-Locke
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Saltzman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D019160:Endosonography; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000379:methods*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006984:Hypertrophy; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature