title: Heptad repeats regulate protein phosphatase 2a recruitment to I-kappaB kinase gamma/NF-kappaB essential modulator and are targeted by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 tax.
abstract: The switching on-and-off of I-kappaB kinase (IKK) and NF-kappaB occurs rapidly after signaling. How activated IKK becomes down-regulated is not well understood. Here we show that following tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulation, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) association with IKK is increased. A heptad repeat in IKKgamma, helix 2 (HLX2), mediates PP2A recruitment. Two other heptad repeats downstream of HLX2, termed coiled-coil region 2 (CCR2) and leucine zipper (LZ), bind HLX2 and negatively regulate HLX2 interaction with PP2A. HTLV-1 transactivator Tax also binds HLX2, and this interaction is enhanced by CCR2 but reduced by LZ. In the presence of Tax, PP2A-IKKgamma binding is greatly strengthened. Interestingly, peptides spanning CCR2 and/or LZ disrupt IKKgamma-Tax and IKKgamma-PP2A interactions and potently inhibit NF-kappaB activation by Tax and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. We propose that when IKK is resting, HLX2, CCR2, and LZ form a helical bundle in which HLX2 is sequestered. The HLX2-CCR2-LZ bundle becomes unfolded by signal-induced modifications of IKKgamma or after Tax binding. In this conformation, IKK becomes activated. IKKgamma then recruits PP2A via the exposed HLX2 domain for rapid down-regulation of IKK. Tax-PP2A interaction, however, renders PP2A inactive, thus maintaining Tax-PP2A-IKK in an active state. Finally, CCR2 and LZ possibly inhibit IKK activation by stabilizing the HLX2-CCR2-LZ bundle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
authors.forename: Sohee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Ling-Chi
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Yu-Liang
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Baoying
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Merling
authors.forename: Hsing-Jien
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: Hsiu-Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Chou-Zen
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Giam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D016356:Gene Products, tax / Q000378:metabolism*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008957:Models, Genetic; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques
chemical_list: D016356:Gene Products, tax; D016328:NF-kappa B; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2