title: Cyberknife targeting the pterygopalatine ganglion for the treatment of chronic cluster headaches.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cluster headache (CH) is a severe unilateral and periorbital facial pain syndrome that is often associated with autonomic symptoms, including ipsilateral lacrimation, nasal congestion, conjunctival injection, miosis, ptosis, and eyelid edema. We evaluated the treatment of medically refractory CH with CyberKnife (Accuray, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) stereotactic radiosurgery targeting the pterygopalatine ganglion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 56-year-old man presented with a 20-year history of medically refractory CH. His symptoms were described as left-sided, severe, stabbing, burning, and often being associated with tearing and rhinorrhea. These headaches occurred virtually every morning and interfered with sleep, lifestyle, and work performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patient underwent two pterygopalatine nerve block trials, both of which resulted in the complete relief of headaches for a 24-hour period. Contrast-enhanced computed axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans were fused for target identification and treatment planning. The target volume measured 0.296 cm3 and a single fraction of 45.50 Gy was delivered to the 78% isodose line with a maximum dose of 65 Gy. The patient kept a detailed diary of his headaches and was followed for 12 months after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of CyberKnife targeting of the pterygopalatine ganglion in a patient with medically intractable CHs have revealed a significant decrease in the severity and frequency of headaches after a 12-month follow-up period. In addition, the patient has been able to reduce his medication intake, allowing for a significant decrease in medication-related side effects. Longer follow-up periods and additional studies are required to determine the long-term efficacy and late side effects of this treatment strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. nlad@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Shivanand P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lad
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lipani
authors.forename: Iris C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Jaimie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Henderson
mesh_terms: D003027:Cluster Headache / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005726:Ganglia, Parasympathetic / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome