title: Cardiac syncope in pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the epidemiology of cardiac syncope in children and evaluate the guidelines on its management.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the etiology to syncope and diagnostic workup in consecutive pediatric patients presenting with syncope in our emergency departments or cardiac outpatient clinics between 1997 and 2005, and who were subsequently diagnosed as having cardiac syncope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A primary cardiac cause was identified in 11 syncopal patients presenting to the emergency room and 14 patients to the cardiac clinic: supraventricular tachyarrhythmia in 9, ventricular tachyarrhythmia in 10, pacemaker dysfunction in 2, and isolated cases of sick sinus syndrome, hypoxic spell, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and primary pulmonary hypertension. Some elements suggested potential cardiac disease as a cause of syncope in all cases. The resting electrocardiogram and the echocardiogram were interpreted as positive and relevant to the diagnosis in 17 and 3 patients, respectively. Exercise electrocardiogram and Holter recording provided diagnostic information previously not seen on the resting electrocardiogram in six and three patients, respectively. Three children have died and one child has neurological sequelae following resuscitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data support the premise that careful history taking with special focus on the events leading up to syncope, as well as a complete physical examination, can guide practitioners in discerning which syncopal children need further cardiac investigations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Queen Fabiola Children's University Hospital, Free University of Brussels (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. martial.massin@huderf.be
authors.forename: Martial M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Massin
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malekzadeh-Milani
authors.forename: Avram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benatar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008487:Medical History Taking; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013575:Syncope / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*