title: Determination of pindolol enantiomers in amniotic fluid and breast milk by high-performance liquid chromatography: applications to pharmacokinetics in pregnant and lactating women.
abstract: A method for the determination of pindolol enantiomers in amniotic fluid and breast milk was developed, validated, and applied to the investigation of six pregnant women treated with rac-pindolol (10 mg/12 h). Biological samples were extracted with tert-methyl-butyl ether, and the pindolol enantiomers were resolved on a Chiralpak AD column. Amniotic fluid/plasma and milk/plasma concentrations ratios ranged from 0.4 to 4.5 and from 0.6 to 3.7, respectively, for (+)-R-pindolol and from 0.5 to 3.5 and from 1.1 to 2.8, respectively, for (-)-S-pindolol. Preliminary data suggest that amniotic fluid and breast milk are routes of fetal exposure to pindolol enantiomers.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Avenida do Café s/n, University of São Paulo Campus, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Vinicius Bernardes
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Ricardo Carvalho
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Cavalli
authors.forename: Sergio Pereira
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: da Cunha
authors.forename: Vera Lucia
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Lanchote
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D010869:Pindolol / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D010869:Pindolol