title: The impact of lower urinary tract symptoms and comorbidities on quality of life: the BACH and UREPIK studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) on quality of life (QoL) and to determine its extent across a variety of cultures, and the confounding effects of self-reported comorbidities and demographics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from two population-based studies in five cities: UREPIK (Boxmeer, the Netherlands; Auxerre, France; Birmingham, UK; and Seoul, Korea) and the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) study (Boston, USA). UREPIK used stratified random samples of men aged 40-79 years. BACH used a multistage stratified cluster sample to randomly select adults aged 40-79 years. QoL was assessed using a standard Medical Outcomes Study-Short Form 12 (SF-12, mental and physical health component scores); LUTS was assessed using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). The association between QoL and IPSS, associated illnesses, and lifestyle factors was investigated using weighted regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The UREPIK studied 4800 men aged 40-79 years; BACH recruited 1686 men aged 40-79 years. The prevalence of LUTS, defined as an IPSS of > or =8, varied by city (P < 0.001), with Auxerre reporting a prevalence (SE) of 18.1 (1.2)%, Birmingham 25.6 (1.5)%, Boston 25.1 (1.6)%, Boxmeer 21.2 (1.3)%, and Seoul 19.0 (1.2)%. Overall, this was similar to the reported rate of high blood pressure. Severe LUTS, defined as an IPSS of > or =20, affected approximately 3.3% of the age group; this was roughly similar to stroke (2.2%), cancer (4.5%), or heart attack (4.5%) and less than half as much as diabetes (8.6%). A 10-point increase in IPSS was associated with a 3.3 (0.3)-point reduction in SF-12 physical health component score, with the same effect in all cities (P = 0.682 for the interaction test). This was more than the physical health component score reduction caused by cancer, diabetes, or high blood pressure (2 points each), but less than stroke or heart attack (6 points). The comorbidities had no significant impact on SF-12 mental health component score (other than a heart attack, that had a 1.8-point reduction). A 10-point increase in IPSS was associated with a 3.4 (0.6)-point reduction of the mental health component score in the four western cities and a 1.4 (0.3)-point reduction in Seoul.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasingly severe LUTS is associated with a lower QoL. The effect of moderate LUTS on QoL physical health component score is similar to that of having diabetes, high blood pressure or cancer, while the effect of severe LUTS is similar to a heart attack or stroke. These changes were consistent across cultures. This analysis shows the magnitude and consistency of the effects of LUTS on QoL. While these patients might be seen by several types of practitioners, it is likely that urologists will be in the best position to recognize the true impact of LUTS on a patient's QoL, to be aware of the effects of therapies for LUTS on QoL, and to ensure that colleagues in other disciplines recognize the importance of these symptoms and their treatment.
authors.affiliation: University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. chris@stams.strath.ac.uk
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: Erol
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Onel
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mazzetta
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keech
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fourcade
authors.forename: Lambertus
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kiemeney
authors.forename: Chongwook
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: McKinlay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003469:Culture; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life