title: Effect of hamstring-emphasized resistance training on hamstring:quadriceps strength ratios.
abstract: A decreased hamstring:quadriceps (H:Q) ratio may put the hamstrings and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) at increased risk of injury. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate H:Q ratios of 12 female National Collegiate Athletic Association soccer players, and to test the effects of a 6-week strength training program on these ratios. Each subject completed 2 practice sessions before a pretest. Subjects then completed 6 weeks of strength training that included the addition of 2 hamstring specific exercises, followed by a posttest. Peak torque during concentric and eccentric actions for both hamstrings and quadriceps was measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. Each muscle action was tested at 3 angular velocities in the following order: concentric 240, 180, and 60 degrees x s(-1) and eccentric 60, 180, and 240 degrees x s(-1). The H:Q strength ratio was evaluated using concentric muscle actions (concentric hamstrings:concentric quadriceps). This method is commonly used and is thus called the conventional ratio. Because concentric actions do not occur simultaneously in opposing muscles, a more functional assessment compares eccentric hamstring actions to concentric quadriceps actions. This functional ratio was also analyzed. Mean conventional and functional H:Q ratio data were analyzed using separate analysis of variance procedures with repeated measures on all factors (2 [Test] x 2 [Leg] x 3 [Angular Velocity]). The results revealed a significant main effect for factor (F test) with the functional ratio (p < 0.05) but not for the conventional ratio. The mean functional ratio increased from 0.96 +/- 0.09 in pretest to 1.08 +/- 0.11 in posttest. These results suggest that 6 weeks of strength training that emphasizes hamstrings is sufficient to significantly increase the functional ratio. The functional ratio after training exceeded 1.0, which is specifically recommended for prevention of ACL injuries.
authors.affiliation: Sports Injury Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas 89154, USA. wholcomb@unlv.nevada.edu
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Holcomb
authors.forename: Mack D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rubley
authors.forename: Heather J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Guadagnoli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods*; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000502:physiology*; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology; D019415:Torque