title: Premedication with intravenous low-dose ketamine suppresses fentanyl-induced cough.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of low-dose ketamine on fentanyl-induced cough.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical center hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  360 ASA physical status I-II patients aged 18 to 65 years, weighing between 40 and 80 kg, and scheduled for elective surgery during general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to receive either ketamine 0.15 mg/kg or placebo (equal volume of 0.9% saline) given intravenously over 10 seconds, one minute before administration of fentanyl (1.5 microg/kg IV, injected within 5 seconds), during induction of general anesthesia. Any episode of cough was classified as coughing and the onset time of cough (the time of the first episode of cough) was observed for one minute after fentanyl administration by a blinded observer. Severity of coughing was graded based on the number of episodes of coughing (mild, 1-2; moderate, 3-5; and severe, >5). Blood pressure, heart rate, and pulse oximetry oxygen saturation (Spo2) were recorded before giving ketamine or 0.9% saline and 1 minute after fentanyl injections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the intravenous injection of fentanyl bolus, patients in the placebo group showed significantly higher frequency cough than those in the ketamine pretreatment group (21.6% vs 7.2%, P<0.05), and onset time of the ketamine group was significantly longer than that of the control group (20+/-8 vs 15+/-10 seconds, P<0.01). However, no difference in cough severity was observed between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose ketamine (0.15 mg/kg IV) effectively reduces fentanyl-induced cough and delays the onset time of cough.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Neihu 114, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chun-Chang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Ching-Tang
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Billy K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.forename: Meei-Shyuan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Shinn-Long
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: J Sheen
authors.forename: Chih-Shung
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003371:Cough / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011292:Premedication; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine; D005283:Fentanyl