title: Optoelectronic retinal prosthesis: system design and performance.
abstract: The design of high-resolution retinal prostheses presents many unique engineering and biological challenges. Ever smaller electrodes must inject enough charge to stimulate nerve cells, within electrochemically safe voltage limits. Stimulation sites should be placed within an electrode diameter from the target cells to prevent 'blurring' and minimize current. Signals must be delivered wirelessly from an external source to a large number of electrodes, and visual information should, ideally, maintain its natural link to eye movements. Finally, a good system must have a wide range of stimulation currents, external control of image processing and the option of either anodic-first or cathodic-first pulses. This paper discusses these challenges and presents solutions to them for a system based on a photodiode array implant. Video frames are processed and imaged onto the retinal implant by a head-mounted near-to-eye projection system operating at near-infrared wavelengths. Photodiodes convert light into pulsed electric current, with charge injection maximized by applying a common biphasic bias waveform. The resulting prosthesis will provide stimulation with a frame rate of up to 50 Hz in a central 10 degrees visual field, with a full 30 degrees field accessible via eye movements. Pixel sizes are scalable from 100 to 25 microm, corresponding to 640-10,000 pixels on an implant 3 mm in diameter.
authors.affiliation: Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, 445 Via Palou, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Loudin
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Simanovskii
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vijayraghavan
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Sramek
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Butterwick
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huie
authors.forename: G Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Palanker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004582:Electronics, Medical / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D008839:Microelectrodes; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012160:Retina / Q000601:surgery; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods