title: Electromyographic signal-activated functional electrical stimulation of abdominal muscles: the effect on pulmonary function in patients with tetraplegia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paralysis of abdominal muscles is the main cause of respiratory dysfunctions in patients with lower cervical spinal cord lesion. Activation of the abdominal muscles using functional electrical stimulation (FES) improved respiratory function in these patients. But application of FES frequently requires a caregiver, and it may not be well synchronized with the patient's respiratory activity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform preliminary examination of electromyographic (EMG)-activated FES for caregiver-independent and synchronized cough and expiration induction in tetraplegia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Loewenstein Rehabilitation Center, Raanana, Israel.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 10 male patients with complete or almost complete tetraplegia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced vital capacity (FVC), and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV).
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcome measures were examined with the abdominal muscles unassisted or assisted by various methods. These included manual assistance or application of FES, activated by a caregiver, by the patient, or by EMG signals elicited from the patient's muscle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Manual assistance improved the mean PEF value by 36.7% (P<0.01) and the mean FVC value by 15.4% (P=0.01). FES did not significantly change most measurements, and patient-activated FES even reduced PEF (P<0.05). But following EMG-activated FES PEF and FVC values were higher than those following patient-activated FES (P<0.05 for PEF; P<0.01 for FVC), and their mean values were higher by 15.8 and 18.9%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abdominal FES failed to improve respiratory function in this study, but applying FES to abdominal muscles by EMG from the patient's muscle may promote caregiver-free respiration and coughing in persons with cervical SCL.
authors.affiliation: Loewenstein Rehabilitation Hospital, Raanana, Israel.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spivak
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Keren
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Niv
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levental
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barak
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zupan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Catz
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D000328:Adult; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008451:Maximal Voluntary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology