title: The release of nickel from orthodontic NiTi wires is increased by dynamic mechanical loading but not constrained by surface nitridation.
abstract: The influence of dynamic mechanical loading and of surface nitridation on the nickel release from superelastic nickel-titanium orthodontic wires was investigated under ultrapure conditions. Commercially available superelastic NiTi arch wires (size 0.018 x 0.025'') without surface modification (Neo Sentalloy) and with nitrogen ion implantation surface treatment (Neo Sentalloy Ionguard) were analyzed. Mechanical loading of wire segments with a force similar to the physiological situation was performed with a frequency of 5 Hz in ultrapure water and saline solution, respectively. The release of nickel was monitored by atomic absorption spectroscopy for up to 36 days. The mechanically loaded wires released significantly more nickel ( approximately 45 ng cm(-2) d(-1)) than did nonloaded wires (<1 ng cm(-2) d(-1)). There was no statistically significant effect of the testing solution (water or NaCl) or of the surface nitridation. The total amount of released nickel was small in all cases, but may nevertheless account for the occasional clinical observations of adverse reactions during application of NiTi-based orthodontic appliances. The surface nitridation did not constrain the release of nickel from NiTi under continuous mechanical stress.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peitsch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klocke
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kahl-Nieke
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Prymak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Epple
mesh_terms: D019563:Mechanics; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D009969:Orthodontic Wires / Q000592:standards*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium; D009584:Nitrogen