title: Vulnerability of populations and the urban health care systems to nuclear weapon attack--examples from four American cities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The threat posed by the use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) within the United States has grown significantly in recent years, focusing attention on the medical and public health disaster capabilities of the nation in a large scale crisis. While the hundreds of thousands or millions of casualties resulting from a nuclear weapon would, in and of itself, overwhelm our current medical response capabilities, the response dilemma is further exacerbated in that these resources themselves would be significantly at risk. There are many limitations on the resources needed for mass casualty management, such as access to sufficient hospital beds including specialized beds for burn victims, respiration and supportive therapy, pharmaceutical intervention, and mass decontamination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effects of 20 kiloton and 550 kiloton nuclear detonations on high priority target cities are presented for New York City, Chicago, Washington D.C. and Atlanta. Thermal, blast and radiation effects are described, and affected populations are calculated using 2000 block level census data. Weapons of 100 Kts and up are primarily incendiary or radiation weapons, able to cause burns and start fires at distances greater than they can significantly damage buildings, and to poison populations through radiation injuries well downwind in the case of surface detonations. With weapons below 100 Kts, blast effects tend to be stronger than primary thermal effects from surface bursts. From the point of view of medical casualty treatment and administrative response, there is an ominous pattern where these fatalities and casualties geographically fall in relation to the location of hospital and administrative facilities. It is demonstrated that a staggering number of the main hospitals, trauma centers, and other medical assets are likely to be in the fatality plume, rendering them essentially inoperable in a crisis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the consequences of this outcome would be the probable loss of command-and-control, mass casualties that will have to be treated in an unorganized response by hospitals on the periphery, as well as other expected chaotic outcomes from inadequate administration in a crisis. Vigorous, creative, and accelerated training and coordination among the federal agencies tasked for WMD response, military resources, academic institutions, and local responders will be critical for large-scale WMD events involving mass casualties.
authors.affiliation: Center for Mass Destruction Defense, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. wbell@rx.uga.edu
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Cham E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Dallas
mesh_terms: D002641:Chicago; D002947:Cities / Q000453:epidemiology; D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D004219:District of Columbia; D004631:Emergency Medical Service Communication Systems / Q000639:trends; D005845:Georgia; D006801:Humans; D009519:New York City; D009689:Nuclear Warfare / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000639:trends; D023481:Terrorism / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000639:trends; D019037:Urban Health Services