title: Efficacy of the bone injection gun in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning.
abstract: Immediate administration of antidotal treatment is crucial in severe organophosphate (OP) poisoning and the use of an open intravenous (i.v.) line might also be required. The state of casualties might prevent getting access to their veins. The bone injection gun (BIG) was established as a simple method for introducing an intraosseous (i.o.) line and could be applied while wearing a protective suit. The present study followed the pharmacokinetics of the anticonvulsive drug midazolam after i.o. administration in pigs compared with i.v. and the common intramuscular (i.m.) administration. A new method for monitoring midazolam concentrations in plasma was developed. Plasma concentrations following both i.v. and i.o. administrations peaked at 2 min post injection and only at 10 min following the i.m. route. In an antidotal treatment study against paraoxone poisoning, the anticonvulsive effect of midazolam appeared immediately following i.o. administration, while it took 5-10 min to exhibit a similar effect following i.m. administration. This study indicates that the use of i.o. administration after OP poisoning might provide the necessary fast response for rapid termination of convulsions. The BIG might offer a convenient method for treating casualties in the chemical arena by teams wearing full protective gear.
authors.affiliation: CBRN Medical Branch, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Force, Israel. aizenkra@gmail.com
authors.forename: Arik
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eisenkraft
authors.forename: Eran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gilat
authors.forename: Shira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Shlomo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baranes
authors.forename: Inbal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Egoz
authors.forename: Aharon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000931:Antidotes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001682:Biological Availability; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D017148:Infusions, Intraosseous / Q000295:instrumentation; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000295:instrumentation; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D062025:Organophosphate Poisoning; D010261:Paraoxon / Q000506:poisoning*; D011041:Poisoning / Q000188:drug therapy; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000931:Antidotes; D010261:Paraoxon; D008874:Midazolam