title: Hydrocephalus and macrocephaly: new manifestations of neonatal lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neurologic involvement has been reported to occur in infants with neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE), although the significance of these findings is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine if hydrocephalus/macrocephaly is a manifestation of NLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants from the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada whose mothers had anti-Ro antibodies were followed prospectively. A total of 87 infants were seen in the study period (1999-2004). The maternal autoantibody status of all infants was documented, and all infants underwent full clinical examination at each visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 87 infants, 47 had NLE. Five of the 47 infants with NLE and 2 of the healthy infants had hydrocephalus, resulting in a prevalence of 8.0% (95% confidence interval 4.0-15.0%) in the entire cohort. This is significantly higher than the prevalence in the general population of 0.048-0.081%. Head circumference measurements of infants in the Toronto cohort were largest between 12-24 months of age (Z score difference = 0.71, P = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that hydrocephalus and macrocephaly are manifestations of NLE and that infants born to mothers with anti-Ro antibodies should be carefully monitored for hydrocephalus as part of their routine physical examination.
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide, Department of Paediatrics, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia. christina.boros@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Boros
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blaser
authors.forename: Earl D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000097:blood; D002508:Cephalometry; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography
chemical_list: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; C035356:SS-A antibodies