title: Is the increased risk of liver enzyme elevation in patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis virus greater in those taking antiretroviral therapy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if the risk of liver enzyme elevation (LEE) in HIV/hepatitis B or C (HBV, HCV) co-infection is altered by HAART (two or more drugs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis comprised HIV-positive patients in the ICoNA study without acute hepatitis who had >or= 1 positive HCV antibody test and > 1 positive HBV surface antigen test. LEE was defined as > 5x baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or > 3.5x baseline if the baseline was > 40 IU/l. Analysis used Poisson regression with generalized estimating equation correction to examine HBV or HCV co-infection, use of HAART, baseline ALT and demographics as LEE predictors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 5272 patients, 47.6% were co-infected with HCV/HBV; 29.9% were female and 39% were intravenous drug users. There were 275 episodes of LEE during 18 259 person-years follow up. Taking HAART did not significantly increase risk of LEE [adjusted relative risk (RR), 1.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.81-1.75; P = 0.37]. Co-infection increased the risk of LEE (adjusted RR, 5.07; 95% CI, 3.47-7.48; P < 0.001), with no significant differences if taking HAART (adjusted RR, 4.99; 95% CI, 3.38-7.37) or not (adjusted RR, 6.02; 95% CI, 2.02-17.98) (P = 0.74 for interaction). Females were at lower risk of LEE than males (adjusted RR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.42-0.83; P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV and HBV/HCV co-infection per se is associated with increased risk of LEE that is not modified by HAART. The recommendation for caution in HAART use in co-infected patients, simply based on a high rate of LEE in people on therapy, may be questionable.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine University of Milan, Milan, Italy. paola.cicconi@unimi.it
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cicconi
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cozzi-Lepri
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puoti
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Antonucci
authors.forename: Paolo E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Manconi
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tositti
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Colangeli
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lichtner
authors.forename: Antonella d'arminio
authors.initials: Ad
authors.lastname: Monforte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000410:Alanine Transaminase