title: Relationship of depression to death or hospitalization in patients with heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is widely recognized as a risk factor in patients with coronary heart disease. However, patients with heart failure (HF) have been less frequently studied, and the effect of depression on prognosis, independent of disease severity, is uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred four outpatients having a diagnosis of HF, with a ventricular ejection fraction of 40% or less, underwent baseline assessments including evaluation of depressive symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory and of HF severity determined by plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to examine the effects of depressive symptoms on a combined primary end point of death and hospitalizations because of cardiovascular disease (hereafter referred to as cardiovascular hospitalization) during a median follow-up of 3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptoms of depression (Beck Depression Inventory score) were associated with risk of death or cardiovascular hospitalization (P<.001) after controlling for established risk factors including HF disease severity, ejection fraction, HF etiology, age, and medications. Clinically significant symptoms of depression (Beck Depression Inventory score >/=10) were associated with a hazard ratio of 1.56 (95% confidence interval, 1.07-2.29) for the combined end point of death or cardiovascular hospitalization. Contrary to our expectation, antidepressant medication use was associated with increased likelihood of death or cardiovascular hospitalization (hazard ratio, 1.75; 95% confidence interval,1.14-2.68, P =.01) after controlling for severity of depressive symptoms and for established risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptoms of depression were associated with an adverse prognosis in patients with HF after controlling for HF severity. The unexpected association of antidepressant medications with worse clinical outcome suggests that patients with HF requiring an antidepressant medication may need to be monitored more closely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. sherw002@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sherwood
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.forename: Ranak
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.forename: Kristy S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Kirkwood F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Carla Sueta
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Dupree
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Waugh
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bensimhon
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gaulden
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Christenson
authors.forename: Gary G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Alan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hinderliter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001293:Attitude to Death; D003863:Depression / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors