title: Bladder inhibition or voiding induced by pudendal nerve stimulation in chronic spinal cord injured cats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate pudendal-to-bladder spinal reflexes in chronic spinal cord injured (SCI) cats induced by electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bladder inhibition or voiding induced by pudendal nerve stimulation at different frequencies (3 or 20 Hz) was studied in three female, chronic SCI cats under alpha-chloralose anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Voiding induced by a slow infusion (2-4 ml/min) of saline into the bladder was very inefficient (voiding efficiency=7.3%+/-0.9%). Pudendal nerve stimulation at 3 Hz applied during the slow infusion inhibited reflex bladder activity, and significantly increased bladder capacity to 147.2+/-6.1% of its control capacity. When the 3-Hz stimulation was terminated, voiding rapidly occurred and the voiding efficiency was increased to 25.4+/-6.1%, but residual bladder volume was not reduced. Pudendal nerve stimulation at 20 Hz induced large bladder contractions, but failed to induce voiding during the stimulation due to the direct activation of the motor pathway to the external urethral sphincter. However, intermittent pudendal nerve stimulation at 20 Hz induced post-stimulus voiding with 78.3+/-12.1% voiding efficiency. The voiding pressures (39.3+/-6.2 cmH2O) induced by the intermittent pudendal nerve stimulation were higher than the voiding pressures (23.1+/-1.7 cmH2O) induced by bladder distension. The flow rate during post-stimulus voiding induced by the intermittent pudendal nerve stimulation was significantly higher (0.93+/-0.04 ml/sec) than during voiding induced by bladder distension (0.23+/-0.07 ml/sec).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that a neural prosthetic device based on pudendal nerve stimulation might be developed to restore micturition function for people with SCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Changfeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Jicheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Xianchun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: de Groat
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Roppolo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000502:physiology; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011312:Pressure; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000502:physiology*; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*