title: Reversible anesthesia in wild marine otters (Lontra felina) using ketamine and medetomidine.
abstract: Nine marine otters (Lontra felina) were anesthetized 15 times with a combination of ketamine (5.3 +/- 0.9 [range: 4.5-8.0] mg/kg) and medetomidine (53 - 9 [range: 45-80] microg/kg) i.m. by hand syringe for the placement of radiotransmitters. Times to initial effect and induction period ranged from 1.1 to 5.0 min and 1.8 to 5.4 min, respectively. Minor complications did occur, including mild hypothermia in six otters and severe hypoxemia in one otter. After 34 and 63 min, anesthesia was antagonized with atipamezole (226 +/- 29 [range: 179-265] microg/kg) and all otters recovered within 3.3-26.8 min.
authors.affiliation: Faculties of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, P.O. Box 567, Valdivia, Chile.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soto-Azat
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boher
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santibañez
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Medina-Vogel
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D020926:Medetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010041:Otters / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D007093:Imidazoles; C050701:atipamezole; D007649:Ketamine; D020926:Medetomidine