title: Urine biomarkers predict the cause of glomerular disease.
abstract: Diagnosis of the type of glomerular disease that causes the nephrotic syndrome is necessary for appropriate treatment and typically requires a renal biopsy. The goal of this study was to identify candidate protein biomarkers to diagnose glomerular diseases. Proteomic methods and informatic analysis were used to identify patterns of urine proteins that are characteristic of the diseases. Urine proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis in 32 patients with FSGS, lupus nephritis, membranous nephropathy, or diabetic nephropathy. Protein abundances from 16 patients were used to train an artificial neural network to create a prediction algorithm. The remaining 16 patients were used as an external validation set to test the accuracy of the prediction algorithm. In the validation set, the model predicted the presence of the diseases with sensitivities between 75 and 86% and specificities from 92 to 67%. The probability of obtaining these results in the novel set by chance is 5 x 10(-8). Twenty-one gel spots were most important for the differentiation of the diseases. The spots were cut from the gel, and 20 were identified by mass spectrometry as charge forms of 11 plasma proteins: Orosomucoid, transferrin, alpha-1 microglobulin, zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein, alpha-1 antitrypsin, complement factor B, haptoglobin, transthyretin, plasma retinol binding protein, albumin, and hemopexin. These data show that diseases that cause nephrotic syndrome change glomerular protein permeability in characteristic patterns. The fingerprint of urine protein charge forms identifies the glomerular disease. The identified proteins are candidate biomarkers that can be tested in assays that are more amenable to clinical testing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, P.O. Box 250623, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Sanju A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Varghese
authors.forename: T Brian
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Milos N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Budisavljevic
authors.forename: Jim C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Oates
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: Jonas S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Arthur
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D015433:Glomerulonephritis, Membranous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine