title: Calculation of arterial wall temperature in atherosclerotic arteries: effect of pulsatile flow, arterial geometry, and plaque structure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper presents calculations of the temperature distribution in an atherosclerotic plaque experiencing an inflammatory process; it analyzes the presence of hot spots in the plaque region and their relationship to blood flow, arterial geometry, and inflammatory cell distribution. Determination of the plaque temperature has become an important topic because plaques showing a temperature inhomogeneity have a higher likelihood of rupture. As a result, monitoring plaque temperature and knowing the factors affecting it can help in the prevention of sudden rupture.
  
  
  METHODS
  The transient temperature profile in inflamed atherosclerotic plaques is calculated by solving an energy equation and the Navier-Stokes equations in 2D idealized arterial models of a bending artery and an arterial bifurcation. For obtaining the numerical solution, the commercial package COMSOL 3.2 was used. The calculations correspond to a parametric study where arterial type and size, as well as plaque geometry and composition, are varied. These calculations are used to analyze the contribution of different factors affecting arterial wall temperature measurements. The main factors considered are the metabolic heat production of inflammatory cells, atherosclerotic plaque length lp, inflammatory cell layer length lmp, and inflammatory cell layer thickness dmp.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The calculations indicate that the best location to perform the temperature measurement is at the back region of the plaque (0.5 < or = l/lp < or = 0.7). The location of the maximum temperature, or hot spot, at the plaque surface can move during the cardiac cycle depending on the arterial geometry and is a direct result of the blood flow pattern. For the bending artery, the hot spot moves 0.6 millimeters along the longitudinal direction; for the arterial bifurcation, the hot spot is concentrated at a single location due to the flow recirculation observed at both ends of the plaque. Focusing on the thermal history of different points selected at the plaque surface, it is seen that during the cardiac cycle the temperature at a point located at l/lp = 0.7 can change between 0.5 and 0.1 degrees Celsius for the bending artery, while no significant variation is observed in the arterial bifurcation. Calculations performed for different values of inflammatory cell layer thickness dmp indicate the same behavior reported experimentally; that corresponds to an increase in the maximum temperature observed, which for the bending artery ranges from 0.6 to 2.0 degrees Celsius, for dmp = 25 and 100 micrometers, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that direct temperature measurements should be taken (1) as close as possible to the plaque/lumen surface, as the calculations show a significant drop in temperature within 120 micrometers from the plaque surface; (2) in the presence of blood flow, temperature measurement should be performed in the downstream edge of the plaque, as it shows higher temperature independently of the arterial geometry; and (3) it is necessary to perform measurements at a sampling rate that is higher than the cardiac cycle; the measurement should be extended through several cardiac cycles, as variations of up to 0.7 degrees Celsius were observed at l/lp = 0.7 for the bending artery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. oley@tamu.edu
authors.forename: Obdulia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ley
authors.forename: Taehong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000473:pathology*; D001698:Biomedical Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D001831:Body Temperature; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D013696:Temperature