title: Psychological and biological markers of stress and bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether stress is associated with risk of bacterial vaginosis (BV) in pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prenatal care clinics at the University of North Carolina. The residents' clinic sees mostly government-insured and uninsured women, and the physicians' clinic sees mostly those with private health insurance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 897 women gave samples for BV analysis. Study participants were 22% African-American, 68% white; 24% unmarried and 44% nulliparous. More than half had completed college.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women completed two questionnaires and two interviews reporting stress and psychological aspects of their lives. Measurement scales included the Sarason life events questionnaire, the Cohen perceived stress scale, Spielberger state-trait anxiety, the John Henryism coping style and the Medical Outcomes Study social support inventory. Two stress hormones, corticotrophin-releasing hormone and cortisol, were also measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  BV at 15-19 and 24-29 weeks of gestation was diagnosed by Gram's stain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women in the highest quartile of stress measures, particularly state anxiety (OR=2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.3), perceived stress (OR=2.4, 95% CI 1.5-3.9) and total life events (OR=2.0, 95% CI 1.3-3.2), had the highest risk of BV. Adjustment for confounders, especially age, race, and income, reduced these associations (state anxiety: OR=1.3, 95% CI 0.7-2.4; perceived stress: OR=1.4, 95% CI 0.8-2.5; total life events: OR=1.3, 95% CI 0.7-2.4). No clear pattern of association was seen between stress hormones and BV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Few associations between stress and BV were seen after adjustment for confounders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Harville@tulane.edu
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Harville
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Savitz
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dole
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thorp
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Herring
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016585:Vaginosis, Bacterial / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone