title: Practicing for and performance on drivers license tests in relation to gender differences in crash involvement among novice drivers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Young male novice drivers are overrepresented in injury motor-vehicle crashes compared to females in the same category. This difference in crash involvement is often assumed to include factors such as overestimation, risk acceptance, and sensation seeking, but it can also be related to acquisition of knowledge, skills, insight, and driving experience. Therefore, this study explored possible gender differences among 18-24-year-olds in Sweden regarding practicing as learners, outcome of the driver's tests, and crash involvement during the first year after licensure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for 2005 from different sources (e.g., questionnaires, license test, and crash statistics) were examined. It was not possible to follow individual subjects through all stages or in all analyses. Nevertheless, the study design did enable scrutinization and discussion of gender differences between younger inexperienced drivers with respect to education and training, license test results, and initial period of licensure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Males and females assimilated tuition in different ways. Females studied more theory, pursued training in a more structured manner, practiced more elements of driving in several different environments, and participated more extensively in driving school instruction. National statistics showed that females did better on the written test but not on the driving test. Males were involved in 1.9 more injury crashes per 1,000 drivers than females during their first year of licensed driving. The proportional distribution of crash types was the same for both sexes during the first period as novice drivers, but the circumstances surrounding the accidents varied (e.g., males were involved in more night crashes).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More structured training while learning appears to be one of the reasons why females initially do better than males as novice drivers. Therefore, in the future, driver education should focus not only on matters such as the amount of time spent on training and preconditioning, but also on the importance of the organization and content of the learning process.
authors.affiliation: Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Linköping, Sweden. anders.nyberg@bti.se
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.forename: Nils Petter
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Gregersen
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001333:Automobile Driver Examination; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008004:Licensure; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology