title: The pro-inflammatory and chemotactic cytokine microenvironment of the abdominal aortic aneurysm wall: a protein array study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cytokines are inflammatory mediators implicated in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) pathogenesis. The cytokine expression profile of the AAA is poorly defined and has focused on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, at the expense of chemokines and growth factors. This study aims to investigate the cytokine expression profile of the established AAA wall.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytokine protein expression was measured in homogenized human aortic tissue (10 AAAs and 9 nonaneurysmal controls) using a 42-cytokine antibody-based protein array. Data were quantified using densitometric analysis and statistically analyzed using a Mann-Whitney U test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant difference in cytokine expression between AAA and control samples was found in 15 of 42 cytokines. Several pro-inflammatory cytokines were upregulated within the AAA compared with the control: interleukin (IL)-6 (P = .001), IL-1alpha (P = .001), IL-1beta (P < .001), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (P = .002), TNF-beta (P = .002), and oncostatin M (P = .007). The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was also upregulated (P = .002). Members of the chemokine family were also highly expressed within AAA samples: IL-8 (P = .001), epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78 (ENA-78; P = .006), growth related oncogene (GRO; P < .001), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 (P = .003), MCP-2 (P < .001), and regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES; P = .001). Of the growth factors examined, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF; P = .003) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF; P = .004) were significantly higher in the AAA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The established AAA is characterized by a distinct cytokine profile consisting of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and specific growth factors. This suggests that these cytokines may contribute to pathologic changes within the established, preruptured aneurysm.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Surgery Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. rk_middleton@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Rachel K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: Geraint M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bown
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Sayers
mesh_terms: D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000378:metabolism*; D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins