title: Gait in ageing and associated dementias; its relationship with cognition.
abstract: The focus of this review is on the close relationship between gait and cognition in ageing and associated dementias. This close relationship is supported by epidemiological studies, clinical studies of older people with and without dementia that focused on the intensity of the physical activity, clinical studies with older persons without dementia examining a relationship between gait and specific cognitive processes, and human and animal experimental studies examining a neural basis for such a relationship. Despite these findings, most studies with patients with dementia focus exclusively on the relationship between cognition and dementia, with relatively few addressing the relationship between gait and dementia. However, subtle disturbances in gait can be observed in ageing and in (preclinical) subtypes of dementia that are not known for prominent motor disturbances, i.e. Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer's Disease, vascular Cognitive Impairment No Dementia, Subcortical Ischaemic Vascular Dementia, Frontotemporal Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Frontotemporal Dementia, supporting a close relationship between gait and cognition. The relationship between gait and cognition is weakened by the few available intervention studies that examine the effects of walking on cognition in patients with (preclinical) dementia. These studies report equivocal results, which will be discussed. Finally, suggestions for future research will be made.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands. e.j.a.scherder@rug.nl
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scherder
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eggermont
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Swaab
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Heuvelen
authors.forename: Yvo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamsma
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Greef
authors.forename: Ruud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Wijck
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mulder
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology