title: Anterior cingulate grey-matter deficits and cannabis use in first-episode schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the high prevalence of cannabis use in schizophrenia, few studies have examined the potential relationship between cannabis exposure and brain structural abnormalities in schizophrenia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate prefrontal grey and white matter regions in patients experiencing a first episode of schizophrenia with an additional diagnosis of cannabis use or dependence (n=20) compared with similar patients with no cannabis use (n=31) and healthy volunteers (n=56).
  
  
  METHODS
  Volumes of the superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus and orbital frontal lobe were outlined manually from contiguous magnetic resonance images and automatically segmented into grey and white matter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients who used cannabis had less anterior cingulate grey matter compared with both patients who did not use cannabis and healthy volunteers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A defect in the anterior cingulate is associated with a history of cannabis use among patients experiencing a first episode of schizophrenia and could have a role in poor decision-making and in choosing more risky outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA. szeszko@lij.edu
authors.forename: Philip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Szeszko
authors.forename: Delbert G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sevy
authors.forename: Sanjiv
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumra
authors.forename: Claudia I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Rupp
authors.forename: Julia D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Betensky
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lencz
authors.forename: Manzar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashtari
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: Handan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gunduz-Bruce
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Napolitano
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bilder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*