title: Avoiding endotracheal intubation of neonates undergoing laser surgery for retinopathy of prematurity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Respiratory support of neonates during and following laser surgery for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is commonly accomplished using endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. However, most patients undergoing ROP surgery have been weaned off mechanical ventilation days or weeks before the surgery. When they are electively re-intubated for ROP surgery, it can be difficult to extubate them postoperatively. One of the three level III neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in the Intermountain Healthcare system initiated a program of using nasopharyngeal prongs, rather than endotracheal intubation, for respiratory support during ROP surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an historic cohort analysis of all neonates undergoing ROP surgery during their NICU stay at the three level III NICU's between 1 January 2002 and 31 March 2006. Data collected included birth weight, gestational age at delivery and corrected gestational age at ROP surgery, whether or not they were intubated in the days immediately preceding the ROP surgery, whether or not they were electively intubated for the ROP surgery, the respiratory modality used during and the 3 days following ROP surgery, and all blood gas determinations and respiratory charges during this period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-four patients underwent ROP surgery during this period. All 23 from NICUs 'A' and 'B' had endotracheal intubation for surgery, while in NICU 'C' 24 were managed using nasopharyngeal prongs. The birth weights of those intubated for surgery (661+/-180 g, mean+/-s.d.) were similar to those not intubated (732+/-180 g). Similarly, the gestational age at birth did not differ between those intubated for surgery (25.2+/-1.3 week) and those not (25.6+/-2.1 week). The day following surgery, 77% (23/30) of those who had been intubated for surgery remained intubated and on mechanical ventilation, whereas only one (4%) of those not intubated for surgery was intubated in the postoperative period (P<0.001). On day 3 following surgery, 50% (15/30) of those intubated for surgery remained intubated and on mechanical ventilation, whereas none of those not intubated for surgery were intubated (P<0.001). Management with nasopharyngeal prongs did not result in higher PCO(2)s, or lower pH values, during or after surgery. Respiratory charges for the 3 days following surgery were 1762+/-678 dollars (mean+/-s.d.)/patient among those intubated versus 357+/-352 dollars/patient for those managed with nasopharyngeal prongs (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neonates undergoing laser surgery for ROP can often be supported intraoperatively and postoperatively using nasopharyngeal prongs, thus avoiding the need for endotracheal intubation.
authors.affiliation: Intermountain Healthcare, McKay-Dee Hospital Center, Ogden, UT, USA.
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Woodhead
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Molloy
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schmutz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Righter
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Baer
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Christensen
mesh_terms: D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000191:economics; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide