title: Adhesion-related kinase induction of migration requires phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and ras stimulation of rac activity in immortalized gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal cells.
abstract: GnRH neurons migrate into the hypothalamus during development. Although migratory defects may result in disordered activation of the reproductive axis and lead to delayed or absent sexual maturation, specific factors regulating GnRH neuronal migration remain largely unknown. The receptor tyrosine kinase, adhesion-related kinase (Ark) (also known as Axl, UFO, and Tyro7), has been implicated in the migration of GnRH neuronal cells. Binding of its ligand, growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6), promotes cytoskeletal remodeling and migration of NLT GnRH neuronal cells via Rac and p38 MAPK. Here, we examined the Axl effectors proximal to Rac in the signaling pathway. Gas6/Axl-induced lamellipodia formation and migration were blocked after phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition in GnRH neuronal cells. The p85 subunit of PI3K coimmunoprecipitated with Axl and was phosphorylated in a Gas6-sensitive manner. In addition, PI3K inhibition in GnRH neuronal cells diminished Gas6-induced Rac activation. Exogenous expression of a dominant-negative form of Ras also decreased GnRH neuronal lamellipodia formation, migration, and Rac activation. PI3K inhibition blocked Ras in addition to Rac activation and migration. In contrast, pharmacological blockade of the phospholipase C gamma effectors, protein kinase C or calcium/calmodulin protein kinase II, had no effect on Gas6/Axl signaling to promote Rac activation or stimulate cytoskeletal reorganization and migration. Together, these data show that the PI3K-Ras pathway is a major mediator of Axl actions upstream of Rac to induce GnRH neuronal cell migration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, the University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, CO 80220, USA.
authors.forename: Sheila M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nielsen-Preiss
authors.forename: Melissa P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Linseman
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Pawlowski
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bouchard
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Varnum
authors.forename: Kim A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Heidenreich
authors.forename: Margaret E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wierman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras) / Q000502:physiology*; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000094963:Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase; D000099255:Growth Arrest-Specific Protein 6
chemical_list: D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras); D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D000094963:Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase; D000099255:Growth Arrest-Specific Protein 6; C000722290:AXL receptor tyrosine kinase, mouse