Design and operation of an eco-system for municipal wastewater treatment and utilization.
An eco-system consisting of integrated ponds and constructed wetland systems is employed in Dongying City, Shandong Province for the treatment and utilization of municipal wastewater with design capacity of 100,000 m(3)/d. The total capital cost of this system is 680 Yuan (RMB) or US dollars 82/m(3)/d, or about half that of the conventional system based on activated sludge process, and the O/M cost is 0.1 Yuan (RMB) or US dollars 0.012/m(3), only one fifth that of conventional treatment systems. The performance of the wastewater treatment and utilization eco-system is quite good with a final effluent COD, BOD, SS, NH3-N and TP of 45-65 mg/l, 7-32 mg/l, 12-35 mg/l, 2-13 mg/l and 0.2-1.8mg/l respectively and the annual average removals of COD, BOD, SS, NH3-N and TP are 69.1%, 78.3%, 76.4%, 62.1% and 52.9%o respectively, which is much better than that of conventional pond system or constructed wetland used separately and illustrates that the artificial and integrated eco-system is more effective and efficient than the simple natural eco-system.
Wang
L
L
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Oingdao, 266003, China.
Peng
J
J
Wang
B
B
Yang
L
L
D000388:Air; D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D017753:Ecosystem; D005399:Fishes; D005618:Fresh Water; D006801:Humans; D012621:Seasons; D014505:Urban Population; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*