title: The triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid and its derivatives elicit human lymphoid cell apoptosis through a novel pathway involving the unregulated mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
abstract: 2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) and its C(28) imidazole and dinitrile derivatives are novel oleanane triterpenoids exhibiting promise as both therapeutic and preventative agents for cancer. Herein we show that these triterpenoids induce normal and malignant B-lymphoid cell apoptosis, with the C(28) derivatives being more potent than CDDO, through a novel mitochondrial mechanism. We show using both normal and malignant human B cells, as well as isolated rat mitochondria, that CDDO directly interacts with a limited number of as yet undefined mitochondrial proteins. Such an interaction results in the loss of mitochondrial thiol status and the secondary modification of numerous mitochondrial protein thiols. Our data further suggest that such modifications result in the formation of high molecular weight protein aggregates that form "unregulated," constitutively open, cyclosporin A-insensitive permeability transition (PT) pores. The formation of such PT pores results in the subsequent generation of mitochondrial superoxide and cell death. In total, our studies (a) suggest a novel mechanism of action for triterpenoid-induced cell death; (b) are among the first to directly support the existence of an unregulated PT pore formed by mitochondrial protein aggregates, as first proposed by Lemasters and colleagues; and (c) validate such an unregulated PT pore as a viable target for the development of new cancer therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Brookes
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tompkins
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hilchey
authors.forename: Suhail
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salim
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Konopleva
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andreeff
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Phipps
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D002051:Burkitt Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D016393:Lymphoma, B-Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D009828:Oleanolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C116817:2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009828:Oleanolic Acid; D016572:Cyclosporine; D000111:Acetylcysteine