title: Rare coexistence of keratinizing squamous metaplasia with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Report of a case with the role of immunocytochemistry in the differential diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XPN), a rare form ofchronicpyelonephritis, is commonly associated with lithiasis and rarely leads to keratinizing squamous metaplasia. Its manifestations closely mimic those of a renal neoplasm, leading to misdiagnosis of malignancy, often resulting in radical nephrectomy. The role of immunocytochemistry in the preoperative cytologic diagnosis is assessed in the present case report.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 20-year-old male presented with fever and an enlarging mass in the right renal angle. Ultrasonography revealed a heterogeneous mass in the renal pelvis. Fine needle aspiration cytology was advised to rule out malignancy. Aspiration smears from the mass showed many dissociated cells and clusters of them with abundant vacuolated cytoplasm, vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli in some cells. Many desquamated metaplastic squamous cells were also seen. The background was predominantly necrotic, with inflammatory cells. The cytologic possibility of XPN with squamous metaplasia vs. renal cell carcinoma was considered. Immunocytochemical markers, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and CD68 (histiocytic marker) were used to determine the nature of the suspicious vacuolated cells; these cells were immunoreactive for CD68 and negative for EMA, thus confirming the cytologic diagnosis of XPN with keratinizing squamous metaplasia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The case highlights the presence of metaplastic squamous cells in XPN in smears for the first time. Immunocytochemistry is an essential tool in the preoperative cytologic diagnosis of XPN. The patient can be managed conservatively with antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Kajal Kiran
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Dhingra
authors.forename: Sukrati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singal
authors.forename: Shyama
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008679:Metaplasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D018396:Mucin-1 / Q000032:analysis; D011705:Pyelonephritis, Xanthogranulomatous / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D018396:Mucin-1