title: Ethnic sensitivity study of fingolimod in white and Asian subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors compared the pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects of the immunomodulator fingolimod in healthy white and Asian subjects for potential ethnic differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  White and Asian (Japanese) healthy subjects were demographically matched for sex, age and weight. Subjects received single 1.25 mg doses of fingolimod (6 ethnic pairs), 2.5 mg (7 pairs), 5 mg (6 pairs) or 5 mg/day for 7 days (6 pairs). The pharmacokinetics of fingolimod, major metabolites, peripheral blood lymphocyte counts and heart rate were characterized over 1 month after single-dose and 2 months after multiple-dose administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no clinically relevant differences in the fingolimod dose Cmax or dose AUC relationships between Asian subjects (slopes 0.84 and 1.05) versus white subjects (slopes 1.13 and 1.26) after single-dose administration. During multiple-dose administration, there were no clinically relevant interethnic differences in fingolimod accumulation ratios (6.6 +/- 0.4 for whites, 7.0 +/- 0.7 for Asians), area under the concentration-time curve (390 +/- 73 versus 382 +/- 106 ng x h/ml), or elimination half-life (7.4 +/- 0.8 versus 7.9 +/- 2.0 days). The acute decrease in lymphocyte counts after single- and multiple-dose fingolimod were similar in the two ethnic groups. The lymphocyte recovery rate to baseline after a 5 mg single dose and 5 mg/day multiple dose was reduced by 36 and 15% in Asian subjects compared with white subjects. The transient, acute decrease in heart rate after the first dose of fingolimod and the subsequent return to baseline was similar in the two ethnic groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no marked differences between healthy white and Asian subjects in fingolimod single-dose and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics, lymphocyte trafficking and heart rate responses.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Basle, Switzerland. john.kovarik@Novartis.com
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kovarik
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Slade
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidli
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Riviere
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Picard
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugita
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mee-Lee
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Schmouder
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D044466:Asian People; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic / Q000208:ethnology; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D011409:Propylene Glycols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011409:Propylene Glycols; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D013110:Sphingosine