title: Improved cryopreservation of bovine preimplantation embryos cultured in chemically defined medium.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of modifications to a standard slow freezing protocol on the viability of in vitro produced bovine embryos. Bovine oocytes were matured, fertilized with frozen-thawed semen, and presumptive zygotes cultured in defined two-step culture media. The standard freezing medium was 1.5M ethylene glycol (EG), 0.1M sucrose, 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (D-PBS). A preliminary trial showed that in vitro produced embryos cryopreserved in this medium had a survival rate of 74.6% at 24h and 53.5% at 48 h post-thaw. Experiment 1 studied the effects of omitting the sucrose supplement or replacing it with 0.1M xylose. In Experiment 2, the effects of partial (0%, 25% or 50%) or total (100%) replacement of sodium chloride with choline chloride in the cryopreservation medium were examined (the medium with 100% replacement was designated CJ1). The effects of replacing the 10% FBS with 0.4% BSA or 0.4% lipid-rich BSA (Albumax I) in CJ1 was studied in Experiment 3. In Experiment 4, pregnancy/calving rates following the post-thaw transfer of in vitro produced embryos cryopreserved in the standard freezing medium were compared with those of in vitro and in vivo produced embryos cryopreserved in the improved medium (Albumax I in CJ1). Supplementation of the cryopreservation medium with 0.1M sucrose resulted in higher post-thaw survival rates at 24 h (71.3% versus 53.5 and 51.7%; P<0.05), 48 h (51.1% versus 45.3 and 40.2%), and 72 h (34.0% versus 24.4 and 23.0%) than 0.1M xylose or no supplement, respectively, in Experiment 1. Experiment 2 showed that embryos cryopreserved in the standard medium had poorer survival rates at 24 h (72.8% versus 86.5%; P<0.05), 48 h (53.1% versus 66.3%) or 72 h (28.4% versus 44.9%) than those frozen in CJ1. The post-thaw survival rate of embryos frozen in medium supplemented with Albumax I was better than that for the FBS or BSA supplements at 24h (92.0% versus 90.7 and 87.3%), 48 h (87.3% versus 76.9 and 70.9%; P<0.05), and 72 h (70.4% versus 49.1 and 46 4%; P<0.05; Experiment 3). In Experiment 4, in vitro produced embryos cryopreserved in CJ1 medium supplemented with Albumax I resulted in higher pregnancy rates at Day 35 (31.9% versus 22.9%) and Day 60 (24.1% versus 14.3%) of gestation, and calving rates (22.6% versus 10.0%; P<0.05) than similar embryos frozen in the standard medium. However, in vivo produced embryos cryopreserved in Albumax I in CJ1 resulted in higher pregnancy rates at Day 35 (50.7%; P<0.05) and Day 60 (45.1%; P<0.05) of gestation, and calving rate (43.7%; P<0.05). It was concluded that modification of the freezing medium by addition of lipid-rich BSA and replacing sodium chloride with choline chloride improves the post-thaw survival of in vitro produced embryos, and their viability post-transfer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, San56-1, Shillim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang Taek
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Goo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Kyung Hee
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Won Wou
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hee Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Joung Joo
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung Keun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Byeong Chun
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001723:Birth Rate; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D002470:Cell Survival; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000662:veterinary*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000378:metabolism; D013395:Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014994:Xylose / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D013395:Sucrose; D014994:Xylose; D002794:Choline