title: Biologic risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify biologic risk factors associated with having diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Latinos with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six thousand three hundred fifty-seven Latinos ages > or =40 years from 6 census tracts in Los Angeles, California.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in-home interview was administered to all participants in the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study (LALES). All participants diagnosed with T2DM underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination including stereoscopic fundus photography (7 standard Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study fields). Photographs were graded in a masked manner using a modified Airlie House grading system to assess presence and severity of DR. Univariate and stepwise logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biologic risk factors associated with any DR and proliferative DR (PDR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 7789 eligible individuals in LALES, 6357 (82%) had a clinical examination. One thousand two hundred sixty-three participants had definite diabetes and 1187 Latinos had T2DM. Of those with T2DM, 46% (544) had DR. Stepwise logistic regression analyses revealed that compared with females, males had a 50% higher risk of having any DR (OR = 1.50; P = 0.006). Factors independently associated with a greater risk of having any DR were longer duration of known diabetes (per year, OR = 1.08, P<0.0001), higher glycosylated hemoglobin levels (per 1%, OR = 1.22, P<0.0001); higher systolic blood pressure (per 20 mmHg, OR = 1.26, P = 0.002); and insulin treatment (OR = 1.60, P = 0.01). Factors independently associated with PDR included longer duration of known diabetes (per year, OR = 1.06, P<0.0001); being on insulin treatment (OR = 3.2, P<0.0001); and a higher systolic blood pressure (per 20 mmHg, OR = 1.44, P = 0.01). The relationship of these variables to the risk of having DR or PDR is not a constant linear function in all cases and varies depending on the variable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that the high risk of DR in adult Latinos is independently associated with both nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors. These findings suggest that controlling hyperglycemia and hypertension in this ethnic group may reduce the high risk of having DR associated with T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Varma
authors.forename: Ginger L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Macias
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Fernando Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Peña
authors.forename: Stanley P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Azen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin