title: Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling studies of N6-benzyladenosine analogues as potential anti-toxoplasma agents.
abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for toxoplasmosis. T. gondii is a purine auxotroph incapable of de novo purine biosynthesis and depends on salvage pathways for its purine requirements. Adenosine kinase (EC.2.7.1.20) is the major enzyme in the salvage of purines in these parasites. 6-Benzylthioinosine and analogues were established as "subversive substrates" for the T. gondii, but not for the human adenosine kinase. Therefore, these compounds act as selective anti-toxoplasma agents. In the present study, a series of N(6)-benzyladenosine analogues were synthesized from 6-chloropurine riboside with substituted benzylamines via solution phase parallel synthesis. These N(6)-benzyladenosine analogues were evaluated for their binding affinity to purified T. gondii adenosine kinase. Furthermore, the anti-toxoplasma efficacy and host toxicity of these compounds were tested in cell culture. Certain substituents on the aromatic ring improved binding affinity to T. gondii adenosine kinase when compared to the unsubstituted N(6)-benzyladenosine. Similarly, varying the type and position of the substituents on the aromatic ring led to different degrees of potency and selectivity as anti-toxoplasma agents. Among the synthesized analogues, N(6)-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)adenosine exhibited the most favorable anti-toxoplasma activity without host toxicity. The binding mode of the synthesized N(6)-benzyladenosine analogues were characterized to illustrate the role of additional hydrophobic effect and van der Waals interaction within an active site of T. gondii adenosine kinase by induced fit molecular modeling.
authors.affiliation: University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Young Ah
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ashoke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharon
authors.forename: Chung K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Reem H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Rais
authors.forename: Omar N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Al Safarjalani
authors.forename: Fardos N M
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Naguib
authors.forename: Mahmoud H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: el Kouni
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000248:Adenosine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; C017061:N(6)-benzyladenosine; D000248:Adenosine Kinase; D000241:Adenosine