Anatomic considerations for treatment with botulinum toxin.
Botulinum toxin A treatment continues to increase in popularity and number. Many more patients are undergoing cosmetic Botox procedures and many, diverse practitioners are providing them. The best results are obtained from a careful history and physical examination of the patient combined with a detailed understanding of facial and neck anatomy. Understanding the dynamic anatomic relationships, such as agonist-antagonist muscles and contraction force vectors, is key to providing the patient with an excellent outcome.
Petrus
Gary M
GM
The Maas Clinic, San Francisco, CA 94109, USA.
Lewis
David
D
Maas
Corey S
CS
D000375:Aging / Q000187:drug effects; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D009333:Neck; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000187:drug effects*
D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A