title: Physical activity and urinary incontinence among healthy, older women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between physical activity and risk of developing urinary incontinence (UI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective analysis from the Nurses' Health Study of women aged 54-79 years. Physical activity was reported in 1986 and biennially afterward. To determine stable, long-term activity levels, data were averaged across all questionnaires (bottom quintile: 6.2 metabolic equivalent task hours per week or less; top quintile: more than 28.6 metabolic equivalent task hours per week). From 2000 to 2002, 2,355 cases of incident UI were identified using self-reports of leaking urine. Type of incontinence was determined from questions regarding the circumstances during which leaking occurred. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of developing incontinence across quintiles of physical activity levels using logistic regression, controlling for numerous potential confounding factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing levels of total physical activity were significantly associated with a reduced risk of UI (top versus bottom quintile of metabolic equivalent task hours per week, OR 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71-0.93; P for trend across quintiles <.01). Walking, which constituted approximately half of total physical activity among our participants, was related to 26% lower risk of developing UI (top versus bottom quintile, OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.63-0.88; P for trend across quintiles <.01). Specifically, total physical activity and walking were associated with a significant reduction in stress UI (physical activity: P for trend =.01; walking: P for trend =.01), but neither was related to incidence of urge UI (P for trend =.8 and P for trend =.3, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical activity was associated with a significant reduction in UI. Results appeared somewhat stronger for stress UI than urge UI.
  
  
  METHODS
  II.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. kim.danforth@channing.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Kim N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Danforth
authors.forename: Aparna Diwan
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lifford
authors.forename: Gary C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Curhan
authors.forename: Neil M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grodstein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000453:epidemiology; D053202:Urinary Incontinence, Urge / Q000453:epidemiology