title: Salivary cortisol levels and dental anxiety in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common developmental disorder. The present study tested the hypotheses that children with ADHD, particularly those exhibiting severe hyperactivity and impulsivity, have a different stress reaction (measured by salivary cortisol) during a dental recall visit and are more dentally anxious than children in a control group. Eighteen children with ADHD and a control group of 71 children, all 13 yr of age, underwent a clinical dental examination and completed the Corah Dental Anxiety Scale (CDAS). Four saliva samples were gathered for analysis of cortisol: one prior to dental examination, one after, and two the following morning. The subgroup ADHD with hyperactivity/impulsivity had statistically significantly lower cortisol levels than the control group 30 min after awakening. When cortisol values were plotted on a timeline, this subgroup always had lower cortisol concentrations than children in the control group. There was a significant correlation between CDAS scores and cortisol concentrations prior to the dental examination in both the ADHD and the control group. Behavioral expressions of anxiety in children with ADHD may be different from those in other children, not only due to the characteristics of their disorder, but also because of lower stress reactivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. My.Blomqvist@ki.se
authors.forename: My
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blomqvist
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lindblad
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernell
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ek
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dahllöf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D017742:Dental Care for Chronically Ill; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008347:Manifest Anxiety Scale; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone