title: Interpleural bupivacaine and intravenous oxycodone for pain treatment after thoracotomy in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The results of studies exploring the efficacy of interpleural analgesia in children post-thoracotomy have frequently been inconclusive. In this pilot study, we have evaluated the efficacy and safety of interpleural bupivacaine and intravenous (IV) oxycodone in pain treatment after thoracotomy in 10 generally healthy children, aged 10 months to 12 years, with patent ductus arteriosus who underwent thoracotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  After surgery, all 10 children were given ibuprofen 10 mg/kg rectally every six hours. The first dose of interpleural bupivacaine (2 mg/kg) was given with epinephrine at the end of surgery, and thereafter plain bupivacaine (1 mg/kg) was given every two hours if the pain score was 4 or higher on an 11-point numeric rating scale (0 = no pain, 10 = worst possible pain). For rescue analgesia, children were provided oxycodone 0.1 mg/kg IV if pain was not relieved sufficiently with ibuprofen and bupivacaine. Vital signs, pain scores, and all adverse effects were monitored continuously for 24 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 10 children needed both interpleural bupivacaine and IV oxycodone. The number of bupivacaine doses ranged between three and 10 (mean = 6.1, SD = 2.3), and the number of oxycodone doses ranged between one and 12 (mean = 6.0, SD = 3.6). No cases of low respiratory rate or low peripheral oxygen saturation or any serious adverse events were recorded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scheduled nonopioid analgesic (ibuprofen) with interpleural bupivacaine did not provide sufficient analgesia for post-thoracotomy pain in young children. IV oxycodone was found to be an effective and safe opioid supplement to the pain regimen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kokki
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laisalmi
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vanamo
mesh_terms: D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D010098:Oxycodone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013908:Thoracotomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010098:Oxycodone; D002045:Bupivacaine