title: Extraction and cleaning methods to detect yessotoxins in contaminated mussels.
abstract: Yessotoxin (YTX) and its analogues are a newly recognized group of toxins with increased presence in shellfish in recent years. They can be quantified by various functional assays due to their interaction with phosphodiesterases (PDEs). One of these assays detects the binding between the YTX and the fluorescently labeled PDE I using fluorescence polarization, a spectroscopic technique based on exciting a fluorescent molecule with plane-polarized light and measuring the polarization degree of the emitted light. The aim of this study was to develop a YTX extraction procedure from mussels that does not interfere with this detection method. YTX concentrations were measured in spiked mussel extracts obtained through use of different extraction methods and cleaning procedures. The percentages of toxin recovery in various steps of the processes were calculated using these concentrations. Six extraction methods and two cleaning steps were used and no matrix effects and high toxin recoveries were obtained in two cases. One case used acetone as extraction solvent followed by three dichloromethane partitions and the other case used methanol. The cleaning procedure includes a silica cartridge and a 10,000 NMWL filter. Finally these two extraction-cleaning-detection methods were applied to a naturally contaminated mussel sample and results showed that not only YTX but also homoYTX and hydroxyYTX can be quantified with a 85-90% recovery.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alfonso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alfonso
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pazos
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Vieytes
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasumoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milandri
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poletti
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Botana
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004988:Ethers, Cyclic / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005454:Fluorescence Polarization / Q000379:methods; D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D035964:Oxocins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D004988:Ethers, Cyclic; D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D035964:Oxocins; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; C066632:yessotoxin