title: Doppler ultrasonography reveals adult-worm nests in the lymph vessels of children with brugian filariasis.
abstract: Although ultrasonography has allowed 'nests' of live adult worms and dilated lymphatics to be detected in the early stages of infection with Wuchereria bancrofti, previous attempts to locate such adult-worm nests in brugian filariasis have been unsuccessful. In this study, the successful location of live adult Brugia malayi parasites, in the lymphatics of the axilla, thigh, epitrochlear region and/or popliteal fossa of children aged 3-15 years, is described for the first time. The 'filarial dance sign' (FDS), which indicates the presence of live adult worms, was observed in six children with microfilaraemia and in eight children who, though amicrofilaraemic, either had experienced an episode of lymphoedema (one) or were only positive for antifilarial IgG4 antibodies (seven). In bancroftian infection, the adult-worm nests have mostly been seen in asymptomatic but microfilaraemic subjects. The suspected worm nests, 18 in the 14 children, were all confirmed using colour-power and pulse-wave Doppler examinations. The worm nests were distinctly smaller and the wriggling movements were less rapid and less conspicuous than those seen in bancroftian filariasis. The importance of these findings in the management and control of lymphatic filariasis is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Filariasis Chemotherapy Unit, T.D. Medical College Hospital, Alappuzha - 688011, Kerala, India. drrkshenoy@gmail.com
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Shenoy
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Suma
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumaraswami
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Padma
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rahmah
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abhilash
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramesh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D017178:Brugia malayi; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004605:Elephantiasis, Filarial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler