title: Red-shifted aequorin-based bioluminescent reporters for in vivo imaging of Ca2 signaling.
abstract: Real-time visualization of calcium (Ca(2+)) dynamics in the whole animal will enable important advances in understanding the complexities of cellular function. The genetically encoded bioluminescent Ca(2+) reporter green fluorescent protein-aequorin (GA) allows noninvasive detection of intracellular Ca(2+) signaling in freely moving mice. However, the emission spectrum of GA is not optimal for detection of activity from deep tissues in the whole animal. To overcome this limitation, two new reporter genes were constructed by fusing the yellow fluorescent protein (Venus) and the monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP1) to aequorin. Transfer of aequorin chemiluminescence energy to Venus (VA) is highly efficient and produces a 58 nm red shift in the peak emission spectrum of aequorin. This substantially improves photon transmission through tissue, such as the skin and thoracic cage. Although the Ca(2+)-induced bioluminescence spectrum of mRFP1-aequorin (RA) is similar to that of aequorin, there is also a small peak above 600 nm corresponding to the peak emission of mRFP1. Small amounts of energy transfer between aequorin and mRFP1 yield an emission spectrum with the highest percentage of total light above 600 nm compared with GA and VA. Accordingly, RA is also detected with higher sensitivity from brain areas. VA and RA will therefore improve optical access to Ca(2+) signaling events in deeper tissues, such as the heart and brain, and offer insight for engineering new hybrid molecules.
authors.affiliation: Unité d'Embryologie Moléculaire, CNRS URA 2578, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Curie
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Colasante
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brûlet
mesh_terms: D000331:Aequorin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D004735:Energy Transfer; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049408:Luminescent Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D051598:Whole Body Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D000331:Aequorin; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D049408:Luminescent Agents; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein; C054562:yellow fluorescent protein, Bacteria