title: Tumor-specific methylation in saliva: a promising biomarker for early detection of head and neck cancer recurrence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to define tumor and saliva gene methylation profile of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and to evaluate its prognostic significance and its biomarker potential for early detection of relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively analyzed 11 genes by methylation-specific PCR on primary tumors, histologically normal adjacent mucosa, and saliva from 90 French patients at diagnosis and during follow-up as well as on 30 saliva specimens from control-matched patients with nonmalignant head and neck pathology. Five additional genes were analyzed on 50 tumors of the series.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methylation of TIMP3, ECAD, p16, MGMT, DAPK, and RASSF1 was the most frequently observed in tumors and paired saliva samples were analyzed at diagnosis, with an excellent agreement between both samples. At least one of these six genes was methylated in >75% of the samples without additional positive samples when other genes were analyzed. Methylation profile was similar in newly diagnosed and second primary cancers. Aberrant methylation was not associated with a worse prognosis. Ninety percent of normal adjacent mucosa and all control saliva samples were negative. Twenty-two patients were followed after treatment; abnormal methylation was detectable in the saliva of five patients few months before clinical and 2-deoxy-2[(18)F]fluoro-d-glucose-positron emission tomography signs of relapse, allowing curable surgery. Saliva samples were negative for the 17 other patients: 16 were in remission and only 1 relapsed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gene methylation in saliva is a promising biomarker for the follow-up and early detection of still curable relapses of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale/Université Joseph Fourier, La Tronche, France.
authors.forename: Christian Adrien
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Righini
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Fraipont
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Timsit
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faure
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brambilla
authors.forename: Emile
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reyt
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Favrot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor