title: Diabetes and coronary heart disease in Filipino-American women: role of growth and life-course socioeconomic factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate associations between adult markers of childhood growth and the prevalence of diabetes and coronary heart disease (CHD) in Filipino-American women and to determine the role of social and educational differences, including the influence of social mobility between childhood and adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Socioeconomic disadvantage and poor infant growth, resulting in short leg length, may contribute to the dramatically increased risk of diabetes and CHD in Filipino-American women, but this has not been investigated. This study is a cross-sectional study of 389 Filipino-American women (age 58.7 +/- 9.4 years [mean +/- SD]). Diabetes was defined by 1999 World Health Organization criteria and CHD by ischemic electrocardiogram changes, Rose angina, a history of myocardial infarction, or revascularization surgery. A score of social mobility (0-4) was calculated by summarizing childhood and adult financial circumstances.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetes prevalence (31.4%) was not associated with measures of growth but was significantly lower in women with greater education, childhood and adult income, or social mobility score. Compared with Filipinas who were poorest in childhood and adulthood, respective odds ratios (95% CI) for diabetes were 0.55 (0.18-1.68), 0.19 (0.06-0.62), and 0.11 (0.03-0.42), down to 0.07 (0.01-0.51) in the most advantaged women (P < 0.0001). Family history of diabetes [5.14 (2.72-9.70)] and larger waist [1.07 per cm (1.03-1.10)] were also significant predictors in multiple adjusted models. In contrast, CHD prevalence (22.4%) was most strongly associated with leg length, but not trunk length; compared with individuals with the shortest legs, respective odds ratios (95% CI) for CHD were 0.60 (0.31-1.19), 0.53 (0.26-1.05), and 0.44 (0.22-0.91) in the tallest group, in age- (P(trend) = 0.02) and multiple-adjusted models (P(trend) = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Socioeconomic disadvantage contributes to the high prevalence of diabetes in Filipinas. Factors limiting early growth of the legs may increase the risk of CHD in this comparatively short population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0607, USA.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Langenberg
authors.forename: Maria Rosario G
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Araneta
authors.forename: Jaclyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergstrom
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marmot
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barrett-Connor
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D049628:Body Size; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D010679:Philippines / Q000208:ethnology; D015995:Prevalence; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D008074:Lipoproteins