title: The effect of smoking on osseointegrated dental implants. Part I: implant survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies implicate smoking as a significant factor in the failure of dental implants. The purpose of this long-term retrospective study was to evaluate the survival of Brånemark endosseous dental implants in relation to cigarette smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 464 consecutively treated completely and partially edentulous patients who had a total of 1852 implants placed between 1979 and 1999, and who were part of a surgical/prosthodontic prospective treatment outcomes study. The effect of cigarette smoking on implant survival in relation to the time of implant failure, gender, age, surgeon, date and site of implant placement, implant length and diameter, prosthesis design, and occlusal loading considerations was assessed in bivariate and multivariate survival analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall implant failure rate was 7.72%. Patients who were smokers at the time of implant surgery had a significantly higher implant failure rate (23.08%) than nonsmokers (13.33%). Multivariate survival analysis showed early implant failure to be significantly associated with smoking at the time of stage 1 surgery and late implant failure to be significantly associated with a positive smoking history. Short implants and implant placement in the maxilla were additional independent risk factors for implant failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking should not be an absolute contraindication for implant therapy; however, patients should be informed that they are at a slightly greater risk of implant failure if they smoke during the initial healing phase following implant insertion or if they have a significant smoking history.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada. stephelynn@yahoo.ca
authors.forename: Stephelynn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: DeLuca
authors.forename: Effrat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Habsha
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Zarb
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016348:Osseointegration; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants