title: Genome sequences of three koi herpesvirus isolates representing the expanding distribution of an emerging disease threatening koi and common carp worldwide.
abstract: Since the mid-1990s, lethal infections of koi herpesvirus (KHV) have been spreading, threatening the worldwide production of common carp and koi (both Cyprinus carpio). The complete genome sequences of three KHV strains from Japan, the United States, and Israel revealed a 295-kbp genome containing a 22-kbp terminal direct repeat. The finding that 15 KHV genes have clear homologs in the distantly related channel catfish virus (ictalurid herpesvirus 1) confirms the proposed place of KHV in the family Herpesviridae, specifically in the branch with fish and amphibian hosts. KHV thus has the largest genome reported to date for this family. The three strains were interpreted as having arisen from a wild-type parent encoding 156 unique protein-coding genes, 8 of which are duplicated in the terminal repeat. In each strain, four to seven genes from among a set of nine are fragmented by frameshifts likely to render the encoded proteins nonfunctional. Six of the affected genes encode predicted membrane glycoproteins. Frameshifts or other mutations close to the 3' ends of coding sequences were identified in a further six genes. The conclusion that at least some of these mutations occurred in vivo prompts the hypothesis that loss of gene functions might be associated with emergence of the disease and provides a basis for further investigations into the molecular epidemiology of the virus.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7 Minato, 108-8477 Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hirono
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurokawa
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Ronen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nahary
authors.forename: Avi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eldar
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Davison
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Waltzek
authors.forename: Herve
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bercovier
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hedrick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002347:Carps / Q000821:virology*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D016368:Frameshift Mutation; D020440:Gene Duplication; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D052656:Ictalurivirus / Q000235:genetics; D007557:Israel; D007564:Japan; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D020079:Terminal Repeat Sequences; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral