title: Ophthalmic examination of the captive western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).
abstract: This study examined the captive western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) eye as compared and contrasted with the human eye. Bilateral ophthalmic examinations of western lowland gorillas (n = 5) while under general anesthesia were performed opportunistically, including slit-lamp biomicroscopy, dilated fundus examination, cycloplegic retinoscopy, Schiotz tonometry, corneal diameter and thickness measurements, A-scan and B-scan ultrasonography, keratometry, and cultures of the eyelid margins and bulbar conjunctiva. Mean spherical equivalent refractive error by cycloplegic retinoscopy was +1.20 +/- 0.59 diopters. Mean intraocular pressure by Schiotz tonometry was 12.0 +/- 4.3 mm Hg. Mean optic nerve head cup to disc ratio was 0.42 +/- 0.11. Mean horizontal corneal diameter was 13.4 +/- 0.8 mm, and mean vertical cornea diameter was 12.7 +/- 0.8 mm. Mean central corneal thickness by ultrasound pachymetry was 489 +/- 52 microm. Mean axial length of the eye by A-scan was 22.75 +/- 0.71 mm. Mean lens thickness by A-scan was 4.23 +/- 0.34 mm. Mean anterior chamber depth by A-scan was 4.00 +/- 0.26 mm. Mean keratometry reading was 44.38 +/- 1.64 diopters. Eyelid margin and bulbar conjunctival cultures isolated Candida sp. (n = 5), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 4), Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 3), Staphylococcus saccharolyticus (n = 3), and Micrococcus sp. (n = 3). This study suggests important similarities between western lowland gorilla and human eyes. These similarities may allow diagnostics, techniques, and equipment for human eye surgery, such as those used for cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation, to be successfully utilized for gorillas.
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9057, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Alvarado
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oral
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Melissa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Denena
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: McCulley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D018420:Ape Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001699:Biometry; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006071:Gorilla gorilla / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies