title: Reduced cingulate glutamate/glutamine-to-creatine ratios in adult patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder -- a magnet resonance spectroscopy study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The dopaminergic system is thought to be essentially involved in the pathogenesis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, there is also evidence for abnormalities in the glutamatergic system and recent theories focus on a disturbed interaction between the two systems as the essential pathogenetic mechanism of ADHD. In the present study, we wanted to test the hypothesis that prefrontal glutamate signals indirectly indicate dopaminergic dysfunction in adult patients with ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight adult patients with ADHD and 28 group-matched healthy volunteers were studied clinically and using chemical-shift MR spectroscopy (MRS) of the prefrontal cortex covering the anterior cingulate gyrus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant reduction of the combined glutamate/glutamine to creatine ratio in the right anterior cingulate cortex in patients with ADHD was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glutamatergic alterations as measured with MRS might play a role in the pathogenesis of adult patients with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Freiburg, Department of Psychiatry, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. evgeniy.perlov@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perlov
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Philipsen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hesslinger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buechert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahrendts
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Feige
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bubl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hennig
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ebert
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tebartz van Elst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007294:Inositol / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D007294:Inositol; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline; D004298:Dopamine