title: The utility of positron emission tomography in staging of potentially operable carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: results of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0060 trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The American College of Surgeons Oncology Group trial Z0060 is a prospective multi-institutional trial with a primary objective to evaluate whether positron emission tomography (PET) with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) detects evidence of metastastic disease that precludes esophagectomy in patients with esophageal cancer who are surgical candidates after routine staging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with resectable, biopsy-proven carcinoma were enrolled after computed tomography of chest and abdomen demonstrated no evidence of metastasis. FDG-PET was performed according to specified standards. FDG-PET findings suggesting metastases required confirmation and patients without metastases on PET were expected to proceed to surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 262 patients were registered. Of these, 199 were deemed eligible and of these, 189 patients were evaluable. Seventy-three patients were ineligible or unevaluable. Reasons for ineligibility included nonresectable disease by routine staging (39), missing or outdated staging procedures (12), PET technical protocol violations (10), no cancer (4), pre-PET induction therapy (3), claustrophobia (1), and other causes (4). There were 145 (78%) patients who went on to have surgery, 42 (22%) who did not, and 2 patients for whom the surgical status was not determined. The reasons for no resection included the following: M1 disease found by PET and confirmed (9), M1 disease found by PET and not confirmed (2), M1 disease at exploration not found by PET (7), decline or death before surgery (10), patient refusal of surgery (7), unresectable local tumor at exploration (5), and extensive N1 disease precluding operation (2). Eight (4.2%) patients undergoing resection had a recurrence in the first 6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although 22% of eligible patients did not undergo esophagectomy, FDG-PET after standard clinical staging for esophageal carcinoma identified confirmed M1b disease in at least 4.8% (95% confidence interval: 2.2%-8.9%) of patients before resection. Unconfirmed PET evidence of M1 disease and regional adenopathy (N1 disease) led to definitive nonsurgical or induction therapy in additional patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo.
authors.forename: Bryan F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Downey
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Decker
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: Barry A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cerfolio
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Landreneau
authors.forename: Carolyn E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Dennis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Balfe
authors.forename: Farrokh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dehdashti
authors.forename: Karla V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Ballman
authors.forename: Valerie W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Rusch
authors.forename: Joe B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Putnam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18