title: Contraction-induced injury to single permeabilized muscle fibers from normal and congenitally-clefted goat palates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Levator veli palatini muscles from normal palates of adult humans and goats are predominantly slow oxidative (type 1) fibers. However, 85% of levator veli palatini fibers from cleft palates of adult goats are physiologically fast (type 2). This fiber composition difference between cleft and normal palates may have implications in palatal function. For limb muscles, type 2 muscle fibers are more susceptible to lengthening contraction-induced injury than are type 1 fibers. We tested the hypothesis that, compared with single permeabilized levator veli palatini muscle fibers from normal palates of adult goats, those from cleft palates are more susceptible to lengthening contraction-induced injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Congenital cleft palates were the result of chemically-induced decreased movement of the fetal head and tongue causing obstruction of palatal closure. Each muscle fiber was maximally activated and lengthened.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fiber type was determined by contractile properties and gel electrophoresis. Susceptibility to injury was assessed by measuring the decrease in maximum force following the lengthening contraction, expressed as a percentage of the initial force.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with fibers from normal palates that were all type 1 and had force deficits of 23 +/- 1%, fibers from cleft palates were all type 2 and sustained twofold greater deficits, 40 +/- 1% (p = .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levator veli palatini muscles from cleft palates of goats contain predominantly type 2 fibers that are highly susceptible to lengthening contraction-induced injury. This finding may have implications regarding palatal function and the incidence of velopharyngeal incompetence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
authors.forename: Erik P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Rader
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Cederna
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weinzweig
authors.forename: Kip E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Panter
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Buchman
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Faulkner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018656:Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch / Q000502:physiology; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D018657:Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch / Q000502:physiology; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000032:analysis; D010156:Palatal Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000503:physiopathology; D010539:Permeability
chemical_list: D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains