title: Experimental sleep fragmentation impairs attentional set-shifting in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of experimental sleep fragmentation (sleep interruption; SI) on complex learning in an intradimensional-extradimensional (ID/ED) set-shifting task in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sleep fragmentation paradigm of intermittent forced locomotion was validated in adult rats by examining electrographic effects. Discrimination task performances were assessed in rats following sleep fragmentation or 2 control conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  41 young adult male Fischer-Norway rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A treadmill was used to produce 30 awakenings/h for the 24-h period prior to testing. Exercise control rats received an equivalent amount of treadmill-induced locomotion that permitted 30-minute pauses to allow consolidated sleep.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SI rats were selectively impaired on the extradimensional-shift phase of the task, taking significantly more trials to achieve criterion performance (15.4 +/- 2.0) than either control group (cage control = 10.4 +/- 0.9; exercise control = 6.3 +/- 0.2). The SI schedule reduced the average duration of nonREM sleep (NREMS) episodes to 56 s (baseline = 182 s), while the exercise control group increased average NREMS episode duration to 223 s. Total (24-h) NREMS time declined from 50% during baseline to 33% during SI, whereas rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) was absent in SI animals (7% during baseline and 0% during SI), and time spent awake increased proportionally (from 43% during baseline to 67% during SI).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  24-hour SI produced impairment in an attentional set-shifting that is comparable to the executive function and cognitive deficits observed in humans with sleep apnea or after a night of experimental sleep fragmentation.
authors.affiliation: VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, MA 02301, USA.
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: McCoy
authors.forename: Jaime L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tartar
authors.forename: Alaina C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bebis
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGaughy
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: McCarley
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Strecker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior; D001288:Attention; D003118:Color Perception; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D009042:Motivation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D051381:Rats; D011914:Rats, Inbred BN; D011930:Reaction Time; D012193:Reversal Learning; D012718:Set, Psychology; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000523:psychology*; D012894:Sleep Stages; D012903:Smell