title: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in the respiratory tracts of human infants following paramyxovirus infection.
abstract: Respiratory syncytial (RSV) and parainfluenza (PIV) viruses are primary causes of acute bronchiolitis and wheezing illnesses in infants and young children. To further understand inflammation in the airways following infection, we tested for the presence of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and natural tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP) in primary and established human cell lines, and in the nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS) of human infants infected with RSV or PIV. Using ELISA and multiplex-based assays, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 proteins were, respectively, detected in 66/67 and 67/67 NPS. During PIV or RSV infection TIMP-1 concentrations were associated with hypoxic bronchiolitis. TIMP-1 amounts were also negatively correlated with O2 saturation, and positively correlated with IL-6, MIP-1alpha, and G-CSF amounts following RSV infection. IL-6, MIP-1alpha, and G-CSF were negatively correlated with O2 saturation during RSV infection. Acute respiratory tract disease was not associated with MMP-9 protein/protease activity. Additional studies using real-time quantitative PCR suggested that MMP-9 mRNA copy numbers were elevated in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells infected with RSV, while TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were not increased. However, ELISA did not reveal MMP-9 protein in the NHBE cell culture supernatants. Hence, the data implied that airway epithelial cells were not the primary source of MMP or TIMP following paramyxovirus infection. Taken together, the data suggested that paramyxovirus infection perturbs MMP-9/TIMP-1 homeostasis that in turn may contribute to the severity of respiratory tract disease.
authors.affiliation: Wyeth Research, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Welliver
authors.forename: Todd S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Laughlin
authors.forename: Karin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Pryharski
authors.forename: Natisha A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: LaPierre
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Nicole B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Terio
authors.forename: Gerald E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Hancock
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000378:metabolism*; D012136:Respiratory Syncytial Viruses / Q000502:physiology*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D018108:Respirovirus / Q000502:physiology*; D010253:Respirovirus Infections / Q000378:metabolism*; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D010100:Oxygen