title: Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following critical illness requiring mechanical ventilation: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been identified in a significant portion of intensive care unit (ICU) survivors. We sought to identify factors associated with PTSD symptoms in patients following critical illness requiring mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three patients who were mechanically ventilated in the medical and coronary ICUs of a university-based medical center were prospectively followed during their ICU admission for delirium with the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU. Additionally, demographic data were obtained and severity of illness was measured with the APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II) score. Six months after discharge, patients were screened for PTSD symptoms by means of the Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome 10-Questions Inventory (PTSS-10). Multiple linear regression was used to assess the association of potential risk factors with PTSS-10 scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At follow-up, six (14%) patients had high levels of PTSD symptoms. On multivariable analysis, women had higher PTSS-10 scores than men by a margin of 7.36 points (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.62 to 13.11; p = 0.02). Also, high levels of PTSD symptoms were less likely to occur in older patients, with symptoms declining after age 50 (p = 0.04). Finally, although causation cannot be assumed, the total dose of lorazepam received during the ICU stay was associated with PTSD symptoms; for every 10-mg increase in cumulative lorazepam dose, PTSS-10 score increased by 0.39 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.61; p = 0.04). No significant relationship was noted between severity of illness and PTSD symptoms or duration of delirium and PTSD symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High levels of PTSD symptoms occurred in 14% of patients six months following critical illness necessitating mechanical ventilation, and these symptoms were most likely to occur in female patients and those receiving high doses of lorazepam. High levels of PTSD symptoms were less likely to occur in older patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA. timothy.girard@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: Ayumi K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Shintani
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Sharon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Brenda T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Pun
authors.forename: Melinda S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Dittus
authors.forename: Gordon R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: E Wesley
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Ely
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*