title: Patent foramen ovale and the risk of ischemic stroke in a multiethnic population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to assess the risk of ischemic stroke from a patent foramen ovale (PFO) in the multiethnic prospective cohort of northern Manhattan.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Patent foramen ovale has been associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke, mainly in case-control studies. The actual PFO-related stroke risk in the general population is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence of PFO was assessed at baseline by using transthoracic 2-dimensional echocardiography with contrast injection in 1,100 stroke-free subjects older than 39 years of age (mean age 68.7 +/- 10.0 years) from the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS). The presence of atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) also was recorded. Subjects were followed annually for outcomes. We assessed PFO/ASA-related stroke risk after adjusting for established stroke risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected PFO in 164 subjects (14.9%); ASA was present in 27 subjects (2.5%) and associated with PFO in 19 subjects. During a mean follow-up of 79.7 +/- 28.0 months, an ischemic stroke occurred in 68 subjects (6.2%). After adjustment for demographics and risk factors, PFO was not found to be significantly associated with stroke (hazard ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87 to 3.09). The same trend was observed in all age, gender, and race-ethnic subgroups. The coexistence of PFO and ASA did not increase the stroke risk (adjusted hazard ratio 1.25, 95% CI 0.17 to 9.24). Isolated ASA was associated with elevated stroke incidence (2 of 8, or 25%; adjusted hazard ratio 3.66, 95% CI 0.88 to 15.30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patent foramen ovale, alone or together with ASA, was not associated with an increased stroke risk in this multiethnic cohort. The independent role of ASA needs further assessment in appositely designed and powered studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. md42@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Marco R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Di Tullio
authors.forename: Ralph L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Sciacca
authors.forename: Zhezhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Shunichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Homma
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000208:ethnology*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000208:ethnology*; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001741:Black or African American