title: New findings in the evaluation of the optic disc in glaucoma diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ophthalmoscopical evaluation of the optic disc is a feasible and largely accessible method to diagnose glaucoma. Many qualitative parameters have been described in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Considering individual variations in the details of topography or tissue components damaged by the glaucomatous process, however, adequate identification of glaucomatous optic disc signs requires training and experience. Without adequate guidelines of optic disc examination, the physician may miss important aspects that could lead to adequate diagnosis or identification of progression in a patient with established glaucoma. This paper presents a systematic approach for the examination of the optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer to aid the detection of glaucoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Optic disc qualitative parameters are better than quantitative parameters in separating glaucomatous from normal eyes. The sequential evaluation of optic disc size, neuroretinal rim size and shape, retinal nerve fiber layer, presence of peripapillary atrophy, and presence of retinal or optic disc hemorrhages enhances the ability to detect glaucomatous damage and its progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ophthalmologists should be familiar with glaucomatous optic disc signs that can be identified during clinical examination. A simple systematic approach may allow improved diagnosis and management of glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma Service, Ophthalmology Department, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil. rsusanna@terra.com.br
authors.forename: Remo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Susanna
authors.forename: Roberto M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Vessani
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology*; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011379:Prognosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index