title: RETRACTED: mda-9/Syntenin regulates the metastatic phenotype in human melanoma cells by activating nuclear factor-kappaB.
abstract: mda-9/Syntenin is a scaffolding PDZ domain-containing protein overexpressed in multiple human cancers that functions as a positive regulator of melanoma metastasis. Using a normal immortal human melanocyte cell line and weakly and highly metastatic human melanoma cell lines, we presently show that mda-9/syntenin initiates a signaling cascade that activates nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in human melanoma cells. As a consequence of elevated mda-9/syntenin expression, tumor cell growth and motility, fundamental components of tumor cell invasion and metastatic spread of melanoma cells, are enhanced through focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-induced and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-induced activation of NF-kappaB. Inhibiting mda-9/syntenin, using an adenovirus expressing antisense mda-9/syntenin, NF-kappaB, using an adenovirus expressing a mutant super-repressor of IkappaBalpha, or FAK, and using a dominant-negative mutant of FAK (FRNK), blocks melanoma cell migration, anchorage-independent growth, and invasion. Downstream signaling changes mediated by mda-9/syntenin, which include activation of FAK, p38 MAPK, and NF-kappaB, promote induction of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 that then activates pro-MMP-2-promoting migration and extracellular matrix invasion of melanoma cells. These results highlight the importance of mda-9/syntenin as a key component of melanoma metastasis providing a rational molecular target for potentially intervening in the metastatic process.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Habib
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boukerche
authors.forename: Zao-zhong
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Luni
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Emdad
authors.forename: Devanand
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000502:physiology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000378:metabolism; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D053511:Matrix Metalloproteinase 14 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D010641:Phenotype; D053676:Syntenins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D016328:NF-kappa B; C109621:SDCBP protein, human; D053676:Syntenins; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; C496050:PTK2 protein, human; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C507086:MMP14 protein, human; D053511:Matrix Metalloproteinase 14