title: Effects of YC-1 on hypoxia-inducible factor 1-driven transcription activity, cell proliferative vitality, and apoptosis in hypoxic human pancreatic cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole (YC-1) on HIF-1-driven transcription activity, cell proliferative vitality, and apoptosis in hypoxic human pancreatic cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human pancreatic cancer PC-3 cells were incubated under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. YC-1 was added to the media with different concentrations. The HIF-1alpha protein expression was detected by means of immunocytochemical staining and Western blotting. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the mRNA expression of HIF-1alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI). A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and flow cytometry were used to detect the cells' proliferative vitality and apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypoxic PC-3 cells expressed a higher level of HIF-alpha protein in nucleus compared with the normoxic controls. When the dose of YC-1 was at 100 micromol/L, the expression location of HIF-alpha shifted from nucleus to cytoplasm. Western blotting revealed that YC-1 reduced the level of HIF-1alpha protein expression, and the inhibitory effect was dose dependent. Moreover, YC-1 dose dependently inhibited mRNA expression levels of VEGF and GPI in hypoxic cells. YC-1 inhibited proliferative vitality and induced apoptosis of hypoxic PC-3 cells in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  YC-1 inhibits HIF-1alpha expression in hypoxic pancreatic cancer cells, which is accompanied by the translocation of HIF-1alpha from nucleus to cytoplasm, decreased mRNA expression of VEGF and GPI, reduced cell proliferative vitality, and increased apoptosis. These results suggest that HIF-1 is a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China. zhaoqiu461@163.com
authors.forename: Qiu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Nanzhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D020536:Enzyme Activators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005956:Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000494:pharmacology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D020536:Enzyme Activators; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007191:Indazoles; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C090937:3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole; D005956:Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase; D010100:Oxygen