title: Primary pediatric keratoplasty: indications, graft survival, and visual outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Penetrating keratoplasty in children has been documented to have a higher rate of graft failure and a worse visual prognosis than adult keratoplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a retrospective review of all cases of primary penetrating keratoplasty performed in children 12 years of age or younger at the King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred sixty-five primary penetrating keratoplasties were performed in 134 children during the study interval. The surgical indications were congenital opacities in 130 eyes (78.8%), acquired, traumatic opacities in 18 eyes (10.9%), and acquired, nontraumatic opacities in 17 eyes (10.3%). Among congenital opacities, 35 cases were caused by congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED). The median follow-up for 73 grafts (44.2%) that remained clear was 50 months (range, 12-50 months), whereas the median follow-up for 92 grafts (55.8%) that failed was 6 months (range, 1-54 months). Kaplan-Meier graft survival was significantly higher at all postoperative intervals in eyes with CHED than for other surgical indications (p < 0.001). Eyes with CHED were significantly more likely to achieve ambulatory vision or vision >20/200 than eyes with other indications (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric keratoplasty was associated with an excellent prognosis for graft survival in eyes with CHED and a fair prognosis for graft survival in eyes with non-CHED congenital opacities and acquired opacities. The best visual prognosis was obtained in eyes with CHED and the worst prognosis was for non-CHED congenital opacities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Ghamdi
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Rajhi
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wagoner
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003317:Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary / Q000150:complications; D065306:Corneal Injuries; D003318:Corneal Opacity / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000150:complications; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015948:Keratoplasty, Penetrating / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*