title: Bladder cancer incidence and exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among asphalt pavers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) that arises during asphalt paving, and risk of bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  7298 men included in the historical cohort were first employed between 1913 and 1999 in companies applying asphalt in Denmark, Norway, Finland and Israel. The minimal duration of employment for inclusion in the cohort was two seasons of work. Occupational histories were extracted from personnel files. A follow-up for cancer incidence was conducted through national cancer registries. The authors estimated exposures to benzo(a)pyrene as a marker for 4-6 ring PAH. Exposures were reconstructed by using information about changes in asphalt paving technology in each company over time, the modelled relation between production characteristics and exposure levels, and job histories. Relative risks and associated 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  48 bladder cancers among asphalt paving workers were detected; of these, 39 cases were exposed at least 15 years before the diagnosis. Cumulative exposure to PAH was not associated with the incidence of bladder cancer. The association with average exposure became stronger when 15-year lag was considered, revealing a twofold increase in relative bladder cancer risk in the two higher exposure categories. There was an indication of exposure-response association with lagged averaged exposure. Risk estimates were adjusted for age, country, duration of employment and calendar period, did not show heterogeneity among countries and did not materially change when re-estimated after excluding non-primary cancers from follow-up. Previously conducted sensitivity analysis indicates that confounding by cigarette smoking is an unlikely explanation for the observed exposure-response trends.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors were unable to control for all possible sources of confounding and bias. The results do not allow conclusion on the presence or absence of a causal link between exposures to PAH and risk of bladder cancer among asphalt workers.
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. iburstyn@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Burstyn
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kromhout
authors.forename: Christoffer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: Sverre
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Langard
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kauppinen
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shaham
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D015994:Incidence; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries / Q000453:epidemiology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; C006647:asphalt