Isolation and identification of xenobiotic aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands in dyeing wastewater.
Dyeing wastewater collected in Kyoto city, Japan, was investigated for the occurrence of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands by using an AhR-responsive reporter gene assay. Concentrated extracts of wastewater samples elicited a dose-dependent increase in AhR ligand activity, and several hydrophobic HPLC fractions of the extracts were highly effective in inducing AhR ligand activity. Three potential AhR ligands were isolated from these fractions and identified to be Disperse Red 92, Disperse Yellow 64, and 3'-hydroxybenzo[b]quinophthalone by using HPLC and LC-MS/MS. Disperse Red 92, which has also been detected in the treated effluent from a sewage plant receiving the wastewater, is an anthraquinone disperse dye showing weak AhR binding affinity in the assay. Disperse Yellow 64 and 3'-hydroxybenzo[b]quinophthalone are quinoline disperse dyes capable of activating the AhR at nanomolar concentrations. In particular, Disperse Yellow 64 is a highly potent AhR ligand that was 3 times more effective in inducing AhR ligand activity than beta-naphthoflavone in the assay. Quinoline disperse dyes are suggested to be a new class of xenobiotic AhR ligands which pose a danger to aquatic biota and human health.
Chou
Pei-Hsin
PH
Department of Technology and Ecology, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku Yoshida-Honmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
Matsui
Saburo
S
Misaki
Kentaro
K
Matsuda
Tomonari
T
D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000235:genetics; D008024:Ligands; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity; D015003:Yeasts
D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D008024:Ligands; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015262:Xenobiotics