title: Cost analysis applied to postoperative analgesia regimens: a comparison between parecoxib and propacetamol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative pain management represents a significant part of perioperative costs. Non-opioid analgesics are often used in combination with opiates to improve pain relief and reduce opioid-related side effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the costs and cost efficacy of intravenous (i.v.) parecoxib versus i.v. propacetamol in postoperative pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, randomised, double-blind, clinical evaluation was performed to compare the efficacy of a single bolus injection of 40 mg parecoxib and 2 g propacetamol, administered twice within 12 h following surgical repair of inguinal hernia. Resources for each arm of treatment were collected, and total costs were determined, including costs of drug acquisition, devices and labour for preparation of the two analgesic drugs. Cost-efficacy analysis was performed as the cost to achieve complete satisfaction with analgesia. Incremental cost efficacy was determined as the ratio between the differential costs and the differential patient satisfaction. The analysis was performed from an institutional perspective over a 12 h time frame.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 182 patients was evaluated. Pain at rest and morphine consumption were observed to be reduced in the parecoxib group. The percentages of patients totally satisfied with their pain management 12 h after surgery were 87% in the parecoxib-treated group and 70% in the propacetamol-treated group (P < 0.01). The average cost per patient was higher in the parecoxib group, 6.65 euros vs 5.28 euros in the propacetamol group). Cost per patient satisfied was calculated at a mean value of 7.64 euros for parecoxib and 7.54 euros for propacetamol. Incremental cost per additional patient satisfied was 8.02 euros in the parecoxib-treated group when preparation costs were included. Sensitivity analysis (+/-15%), including a bootstrap method applied to costs and efficacy, did not modify these conclusions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parecoxib exhibits higher cost and greater patient satisfaction than does propacetamol. From a cost-efficacy approach, incremental cost per additional patient satisfied for parecoxib treatment must be analysed in light of overall perioperative pharmaceutical cost.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Hopital Saint Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg St-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France. patrick.tilleul@sat.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tilleul
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weickmans
authors.forename: P Tan
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Sean
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lienhart
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beaussier
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007555:Isoxazoles; D000082:Acetaminophen; C063776:propacetamol; D009020:Morphine; C409945:parecoxib