title: Physicochemical variables affecting the rheology and microstructure of rennet casein gels.
abstract: The rheology and microstructure of a rennet casein system were studied in the pH range from 5.8 to 12.0 during cooling from 80 to 5 degrees C at four cooling rates: 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, and 0.025 degrees C/min. A dramatic increase in storage modulus with pH was observed during cooling at a fixed cooling rate. Continuous networks were formed for gels at pH 7.2 and above, while a discontinuous network was observed for gels below pH 6.5. The monotonic increase in storage modulus with pH could be correlated to the number of net (negative) charges and the strength of the hydrophobic interactions. At a higher pH, the protein micelles were larger due to weaker hydrophobic interactions and stronger repulsive electrostatic interactions resulting from more charges. When these protein micelles aggregated into flocs during cooling, the flocs had similar sizes at different pH values but a smaller fractal dimension at a higher pH. Consequently, for systems of the same protein and salt concentrations, more flocs were present in the gels at a higher pH, which subsequently generated more cross-links and a higher storage modulus. The pH also determined how the cooling rate affected the gel properties. At pH 5.8 and 6.5, the gels were firmest at the fastest cooling schedule, and the cooling rate did not show a trend in affecting the gel strength at the other three rates. On the other hand, a slower cooling rate generated a firmer gel at pH 7.2 and 12.0. The analysis of casein interactions suggests that the cooling rate affected the casein floc size only when repulsive interactions enabled a slow flocculation (at higher pH values) comparable with temperature change rates during cooling. For rennet casein gels of pH within the range of processed cheese products (pH 5.8 and 6.5), particle or cluster rearrangements created more uniform networks for gels cooled at slower schedules and weakened the structure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. qzhong@utk.edu
authors.forename: Qixin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Daubert
authors.forename: Orlin D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Velev
mesh_terms: D002364:Caseins / Q000737:chemistry*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D012085:Chymosin / Q000737:chemistry*; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D012212:Rheology; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D005782:Gels; C025350:rennet; D012085:Chymosin