title: A cost-effectiveness analysis of adjuvant trastuzumab regimens in early HER2/neu-positive breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One-year adjuvant trastuzumab (AT) therapy, with or without anthracyclines, increases disease-free and overall survival in early-stage HER2/neu-positive breast cancer. We sought to evaluate the cost effectiveness of these regimens, which are expensive and potentially toxic.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a Markov health-state transition model to simulate three adjuvant therapy options for a cohort of 49-year-old women with HER2/neu-positive early-stage breast cancer: conventional chemotherapy without trastuzumab; anthracycline-based AT regimens used in the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-31 and North Central Cancer Treatment Group N9831 trials; and the nonanthracycline AT regimen used in the Breast Cancer International Research group 006 trial. The base case used treatment efficacy measures reported in the randomized clinical trials of AT. We measured health outcomes in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs in 2005 United States dollars (US dollars) and subjected results to probabilistic sensitivity analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the base case, the anthracycline-based AT arm has an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of 39,982 dollars/QALY, whereas the nonanthracycline AT arm is more expensive and less effective; this result is insensitive to changes in recurrence rates, but if there is no benefit after 4 years, ICERs exceed 100,000 dollars/QALY for both AT arms. Results are moderately sensitive to variation in breast cancer survival rates and trastuzumab cost, and less sensitive to variations in cardiac toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AT has an ICER comparable to those for other widely used interventions. Longer clinical follow-up is warranted to evaluate the long-term efficacy and toxicity of different AT regimens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, and the Veterans' Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. akurian@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Allison W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Kurian
authors.forename: Rebecca Newton
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Allison F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Gaw
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Garber
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002140:California; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000191:economics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D000068878:Trastuzumab
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D000068878:Trastuzumab