title: Noninvasive imaging of the coronary arteries using a 64-row multidetector CT scanner: initial clinical experience and radiation dose concerns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present our initial clinical experience with a recently introduced 64-detector computed tomography (64-MDCT) scanner that makes use of a periodic motion of the focal spot in the longitudinal direction (z-flying focal spot), which enables it to reach a final spatial resolution of 0.4 x 0.4 x 0.4 mm(3) and a temporal resolution of 83 ms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 114 patients (108 men, six women; age range 36-77 years, mean 63.1 years) underwent retrospective electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated examination of the coronary arteries using a 64-MDCT scanner (Somatom Sensation 64, Siemens Medical Solutions, Germany). Acquisition parameters were the following: collimation 64 x 0.6 mm, 800 quality reference milliampere second (mAs), 120 kVp, 0.33-s gantry rotation time and pitch 0.2. Images were acquired in all cases after i.v. administration of 80 ml of contrast agent (Iomeron 400 mgI/dl, Bracco, Italy) + 30 ml of saline at 4 /s and delay time determined using a bolus triggering technique. Oral betablockers were administered to patients with heart rate (HR) >75 bpm. To reduce radiation exposure, an automatic exposure control system was applied in all cases to adapt tube current to patient size and anatomic shape (CARE Dose 4D, Siemens Medical Solutions, Germany). The optimal temporal window for raw data reconstruction was chosen from an initial preview of images reconstructed with different phase settings (range 0%-95% RR interval with 5% gap) at a selected anatomical level in the mid part of the right coronary artery. CT dose index volume and effective dose were quantified in all patients using dedicated software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean HR recorded during image acquisition was 65.6+/-19.2 bmp (range: 44-96 bmp), and beta-blockers were administered to 16/114 patients (14.0%). Technical adequacy was achieved in all patients but two (2/114; 1.7%). In patients with HR <60 bmp, the best reconstruction intervals were identified in the end-systolic (30%-35% of the RR interval) and end-diastolic (60%-65% of the RR interval) phases; with faster HR (>80 bmp), high image quality was observed in end-systole (30%-35% of the RR interval). Mean CT dose index (CTDI) volume was 36.53+/-8.30 mGy per patient. In comparison with a conventional examination with fixed mAs, the use of the CARE Dose 4D system provided a 33.3% CTDI volume reduction (p<0.001). Mean effective dose was 9.5+/-3.4 millisievert (mSv) per patient (range 7.1-17.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 64-MDCT scanner diagnostic performance for coronary CT angiography is further improved with better spatial and temporal resolution and faster scan times; besides, initial clinical results are promising. The use of dose-reducing acquisition techniques is mandatory to limit radiation exposure to the patient.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, I-00161 Rome, Italy, Marco.Francone@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Francone
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Napoli
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Carbone
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cavacece
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Nardis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lanciotti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Visconti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bertoletti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Castro
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Passariello
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007479:Iopamidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D013997:Time Factors; D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014654:Vascular Patency
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D003287:Contrast Media; C057937:iomeprol; D007479:Iopamidol