title: Multivariate analysis of the Fugl-Meyer outcome measures assessing the effectiveness of GENTLE/S robot-mediated stroke therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Robot-mediated therapies offer entirely new approaches to neurorehabilitation. In this paper we present the results obtained from trialling the GENTLE/S neurorehabilitation system assessed using the upper limb section of the Fugl-Meyer (FM) outcome measure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We demonstrate the design of our clinical trial and its results analysed using a novel statistical approach based on a multivariate analytical model. This paper provides the rational for using multivariate models in robot-mediated clinical trials and draws conclusions from the clinical data gathered during the GENTLE/S study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FM outcome measures recorded during the baseline (8 sessions), robot-mediated therapy (9 sessions) and sling-suspension (9 sessions) was analysed using a multiple regression model. The results indicate positive but modest recovery trends favouring both interventions used in GENTLE/S clinical trial. The modest recovery shown occurred at a time late after stroke when changes are not clinically anticipated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has applied a new method for analysing clinical data obtained from rehabilitation robotics studies. While the data obtained during the clinical trial is of multivariate nature, having multipoint and progressive nature, the multiple regression model used showed great potential for drawing conclusions from this study. An important conclusion to draw from this paper is that this study has shown that the intervention and control phase both caused changes over a period of 9 sessions in comparison to the baseline. This might indicate that use of new challenging and motivational therapies can influence the outcome of therapies at a point when clinical changes are not expected. Further work is required to investigate the effects arising from early intervention, longer exposure and intensity of the therapies. Finally, more function-oriented robot-mediated therapies or sling-suspension therapies are needed to clarify the effects resulting from each intervention for stroke recovery.
authors.affiliation: Think Lab, The University of Salford, Maxwell Building, Salford, M5 4WT, UK. F.Amirabdollahian@salford.ac.uk
authors.forename: Farshid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amirabdollahian
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loureiro
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gradwell
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Collin
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Harwin
authors.forename: Garth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000295:instrumentation; D012371:Robotics; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation