title: Inverse changes in fetal insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF binding protein-1 in association with higher birth weight in maternal diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The insulin like growth factor (IGF) system plays a key role in regulating fetal growth, is metabolically regulated, and may influence development of increased birth weight in offspring of mothers with diabetes. We examined IGF-1 and IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) concentrations in cord blood samples from offspring of mothers with gestational and type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study of Maori and Pacific Island mothers recruited prospectively at Middlemore Hospital, South Auckland, New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cord blood (for insulin, IGF-1 and IGFBP-1) was taken from umbilical vein at birth from singleton babies born after 32 weeks of gestation from138 mothers with gestational diabetes (GDM), 39 mothers with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and 95 control mothers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Babies born to mothers with both GDM and T2DM had significantly increased birth weight (Z-score birth weight mean +/- SD: GDM 0.94 +/- 1.31, T2DM 0.53 +/- 1.1) compared to controls (Z-score birth weight -0.08 +/- 1.10). IGFBP-1 was significantly reduced in both diabetic groups (median interquartile range: GDM 67(31-137) ng/ml, T2DM 59(29-105) ng/ml, control 114(56-249) ng/ml). Cord IGF-1 was significantly increased in cord blood of infants of mothers with GDM (42.2 +/- 16.3 ng/ml vs. control 34.7 +/- 18.5 ng/ml) but not T2DM (38.7 +/- 17.4 ng/ml). In all offspring, IGF-1 and IGFBP-1 were positively and negatively correlated with birth weight, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal diabetes results in inverse changes of circulating fetal IGF-1 and IGFBP-1 at birth. A decrease in circulating IGFBP-1 and to a lesser extent an increase in circulating IGF-1 may present an important mechanism that contributes to increased birth weight in diabetic pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. R.Lindsay@clinmed.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Westgate
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Pattison
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gamble
authors.forename: L F J
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Mildenhall
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Breier
authors.forename: Frank D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Johnstone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 / Q000097:blood*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis*; D016014:Linear Models; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I