title: Hypercapnic hyperventilation shortens emergence time from isoflurane anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To shorten emergence time after a procedure using volatile anesthesia, 78% of anesthesiologists recently surveyed used hyperventilation to rapidly clear the anesthetic from the lungs. Hyperventilation has not been universally adapted into clinical practice because it also decreases the Paco2, which decreases cerebral bloodflow and depresses respiratory drive. Adding deadspace to the patient's airway may be a simple and safe method of maintaining a normal or slightly increased Paco2 during hyperventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the differences in emergence time in 20 surgical patients undergoing 1 MAC of isoflurane under mild hypocapnia (ETco2 approximately 28 mmHg) and mild hypercapnia (ETco2 approximately 55 mmHg). The minute ventilation in half the patients was doubled during emergence, and hypercapnia was maintained by insertion of additional airway deadspace to keep the ETco2 close to 55 mmHg during hyperventilation. A charcoal canister adsorbed the volatile anesthetic from the deadspace. Fresh gas flows were increased to 10 L/min during emergence in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The time between turning off the vaporizer and the time when the patients opened their eyes and mouths, the time of tracheal extubation, and the time for normalized bispectral index to increase to 0.95 were faster whenever hypercapnic hyperventilation was maintained using rebreathing and anesthetic adsorption (P < 0.001). The time to tracheal extubation was shortened by an average of 59%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The emergence time after isoflurane anesthesia can be shortened significantly by using hyperventilation to rapidly clear the anesthetic from the lungs and CO2 rebreathing to induce hypercapnia during hyperventilation. The device should be considered when it is important to provide a rapid emergence, especially after surgical procedures where a high concentration of the volatile anesthetic was maintained right up to the end of the procedure, or where surgery ends abruptly and without warning.
authors.affiliation: Departmentof Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. Derek.Sakata@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: Derek J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: Nishant A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Gopalakrishnan
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.forename: Julia L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Dwayne R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Westenskow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000379:methods*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000139:chemically induced; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D007530:Isoflurane