title: Frequency and severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis correlated with extent of pancreatic ductal opacification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreatitis is the most common complication of diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP. Almost certainly, the etiology of this pancreatitis is multifactorial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the extent of pancreatic ductal opacification and the frequency of pancreatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ERCP database at our institution was searched for prospectively collected data from 1994 to 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 14,331 ERCPs were included in the analysis. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to the extent of pancreatic duct opacification: group 1, no attempted opacification or failed cannulation of the pancreatic duct (n = 6739); group 2, opacification of head only (n = 845); group 3, opacification of head and body (n = 2061); and group 4, opacification to the tail (n = 4685). The incidence and severity of pancreatitis was compared between and within each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall pancreatitis rate was 4.0%. There was a progressively higher frequency of pancreatitis with increased extent of opacification to the pancreatic ductal system (P < .001). The overall pancreatitis severity was mild in 2.9%, moderate in 0.8%, and severe in 0.3% of cases. There was a significant difference in pancreatitis severity between patients with pancreatogram (regardless of grade of filling) and patients without pancreatogram. (P < .001). However, there was no difference in the pancreatitis severity between groups 2 to 4 (patients with pancreatogram). Age (65 years vs >65 years), sex, and type of procedure performed (diagnostic and therapeutic) were not significantly different beyond the extent of pancreatic ductal opacification. Multivariate analysis showed that suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction with manometry and the extent of pancreatic duct opacification were independent predictors of post-ERCP pancreatitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Less filling of the pancreatic ductal system was associated with less post-ERCP pancreatitis. Before performing endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, endoscopists should carefully evaluate whether any pancreatogram or what extent of pancreatogram is needed clinically. Greater use of noninvasive pancreatography and less use of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography should decrease post-ERCP pancreatitis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Young Koog
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Cheon
authors.forename: Kwang Bum
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McHenry
authors.forename: Evan L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Fogel
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: Glen A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Lehman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005705:Gallbladder Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D010183:Pancreatic Ducts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology