title: Regional variations of collagen orientation in normal and diseased articular cartilage and subchondral bone determined using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine regional differences in the orientation of collagen in the articular cartilage of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint as well as describing cartilage orientation in lesions using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).
  
  
  METHODS
  SAXS diffraction patterns were taken at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), with increasing depth into cartilage and bone cross sections. Results for healthy samples were taken at different regions along the joint which receive different loads and differences in collagen orientation were determined. Results were also taken from diseased samples and the collagen orientation changes from that of healthy samples observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regions subject to low loads show a lower degree of orientation and regions exposed to the highest loads possess oriented collagen fibres especially in the radial layer. In early lesions the orientations of the collagen fibres are disrupted. Subchondral bone fibres are twisted in regions where the joint receives shear forces. Changes in fibre orientation are also observed in the calcified cartilage even in regions where the cartilage is intact. In more advanced lesions where there is loss of cartilage the fibres in the calcified layer are realigned tangential to the surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regional variations in collagen arrangement show that the highly ordered layers of the articular cartilage are the most important elements in supporting high variable loads. In lesions changes occur in the deep tissue whilst the overlying cartilage appeared normal. We therefore suggest that the interface region is a key element in the early stages of the disease.
authors.affiliation: School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QL, UK. C.J.Moger@ex.ac.uk
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Moger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bleuet
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muthuvelu
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Winlove
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis*; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011859:Radiography; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen