title: Experiences from pregnancy and childbirth related to female genital mutilation among Eritrean immigrant women in Sweden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to explore Eritrean immigrant women's experiences of female genital mutilation (FGM) during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period.
  
  
  METHODS
  qualitative study using an ethnographic approach. Data were collected via tape-recorded interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  interviews in the Eritrean women's homes located in and around Uppsala, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  15 voluntary Eritrean immigrant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semi-structured interview and open-ended questions were used. The interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim and then analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  six themes of experiences of FGM among Eritrean women during pregnancy and childbirth were identified. They are (1) fear and anxiety; (2) extreme pain and long-term complications; (3) health-care professionals' knowledge of circumcision and health-care system; (4) support from family, relatives and friends; (5) de-infibulation; and (6) decision against female circumcision of daughters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  the Eritrean women had experiences of FGM and had suffered from its complications during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Midwives and obstetricians should have competence in managing women with FGM, and they need increased understanding of cultural epistemology in order to be able to provide quality care to these women. At antenatal centres, circumcised women should be advised to de-infibulate before pregnancy. Special courses about anatomical differences should be offered to these women and their husbands. It is also important to inform them about Swedish law, which prohibits all forms of FGM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Pranee.Lundberga@pubcare.uu.se
authors.forename: Pranee C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Lundberg
authors.forename: Alganesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gerezgiher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000739:Anecdotes as Topic; D001007:Anxiety / Q000208:ethnology; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D019093:Circumcision, Female / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000451:nursing; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D019017:Eritrea / Q000208:ethnology; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D008880:Midwifery / Q000592:standards*; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000451:nursing; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health