title: Interleukin-4 regulates proteoglycan-induced arthritis by specifically suppressing the innate immune response.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is an antiinflammatory cytokine that inhibits the onset and severity of proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA). To distinguish the role of IL-4 in the innate immune response versus the adaptive immune response, we generated mice with a specific deletion of the IL-4 receptor alpha-chain (IL-4Ralpha) in macrophages and neutrophils.
  
  
  METHODS
  To obtain mice in which IL-4Ralpha is deleted in macrophages and neutrophils, we intercrossed mice carrying a loxP-flanked (floxed) IL-4Ralpha allele and Cre recombinase expressed under control of the regulatory region for the lysozyme M gene (LysM(cre) mice) with conditional IL-4Ralpha(flox/flox) mice and then mated them to complete IL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice to obtain hemizygous LysM(cre)IL-4Ralpha(flox/-) mice. LysM(cre)-negative IL-4Ralpha(flox/-) mice (IL-4Ralpha(flox/-) mice) were used as control mice. PGIA was induced by immunization with human PG in adjuvant. The onset, incidence, and severity of arthritis were monitored over time. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines were measured in the sera of PG-immunized mice, and cytokine and chemokine transcripts were measured in joints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The severity of PGIA was exacerbated in IL-4Ralpha(-/-) and LysM(cre)IL-4Ralpha(flox/-) mice in comparison with control (IL-4Ralpha(flox/-)) mice. The increase in arthritis susceptibility in IL-4Ralpha(-/-) and LysM(cre)IL-4Ralpha(flox/-) mice correlated with elevated serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IL-6 and with elevated cytokine (IL-1beta and IL-6) and chemokine (macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha [MIP-1alpha] and MIP-2) transcripts from joints. However, arthritis susceptibility did not correlate with IL-2 or interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) concentrations or with PG-specific antibody IgG2a isotype, since levels of IL-2, IFNgamma, or PG-specific antibody IgG2a isotype in control (IL-4Ralpha(flox/-)) and LysM(cre)IL-4Ralpha(flox/-) mice were reduced in comparison with those in IL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that IL-4 functions as a major antiinflammatory cytokine in PGIA by governing the activity of macrophages/neutrophils and less so by controlling T cell activity and autoantibody isotype expression.
authors.affiliation: Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Yanxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brombacher
authors.forename: Miklos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tunyogi-Csapo
authors.forename: Tibor T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Glant
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finnegan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000502:physiology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011509:Proteoglycans; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D053662:Interleukin-4 Receptor alpha Subunit
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015847:Interleukin-4; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011509:Proteoglycans; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C504002:Il4ra protein, mouse; D053662:Interleukin-4 Receptor alpha Subunit