title: Multiple steps and critical behaviors of the binding of calcium to alginate.
abstract: Previous research on the binding and gelation of calcium/alginate in aqueous solution were mostly conducted in the (semi-)concentrated regime, and it did not provide details of the binding process and the formation of egg-box junctions. In the present investigation, the binding of calcium to alginate, of low and high molecular weight and different guluronate/mannuronate ratios, was investigated in dilute solutions using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), Ca2+-selective potentiometry, and viscometry techniques. The results reveal three distinct and successive steps in the binding of calcium to alginate with increased concentration of Ca ions. They were assigned to (i) interaction of Ca2+ with a single guluronate unit forming monocomplexes; (ii) propagation and formation of egg-box dimers via pairing of these monocomplexes; and (iii) lateral association of the egg-box dimers, generating multimers. The third step has different association modes depending on the molecular weight of alginate. The boundaries between these steps are reasonably critical, and they closely correlate with the Ca/guluronate stoichiometry expected for egg-box dimers and multimers with 2/1 helical chains. The formation of egg-box dimers and their subsequent association are thermodynamically equivalent processes and can be fitted by a model of independent binding sites. The binding of Ca to alginates of different guluronate contents is controlled by a balance between enthalpy and entropy.
authors.affiliation: Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Center, North East Wales Institute, Plas Coch, Mold Road, Wrexham LL11 2AW, UK. y.fang@newi.ac.uk
authors.forename: Yapeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Saphwan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Assaf
authors.forename: Glyn O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Katsuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishinari
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Funami
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Liangbin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D001665:Binding Sites; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry*; D002413:Cations, Divalent / Q000737:chemistry; D019281:Dimerization; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D008970:Molecular Weight; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D002413:Cations, Divalent; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; C007896:guluronic acid; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D002118:Calcium