title: Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage after intra-arterial thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke: assessment of 294 patients treated with urokinase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The PROACT II trial showed that intra-arterial thrombolysis (IAT) is effective for treatment of acute ischaemic stroke attributable to M1 and M2 segment occlusions. Incidence of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (sICH) was 10%.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the risk and predictors of sICH after IAT by using urokinase in a large number of patients presenting with the whole spectrum of cerebral vessel occlusions.
  
  
  METHODS
  294 patients with stroke treated with intra-arterial urokinase were retrospectively analysed. The risk of sICH as well as bleeding characteristics were assessed. Demographic and radiological data, time to treatment, urokinase dose, recanalisation rates, stroke aetiology and severity were analysed for predictors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  sICH occurred in 14 of 294 (4.8%) patients. The median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score of all patients was 15. All but one sICH were located in the infarcted brain tissue, and no sICH occurred in patients with peripheral vessel occlusions (M3 or M4 segments of the middle cerebral artery). Poor collaterals (p = 0.001), early signs of ischaemia on computed tomography (p = 0.003), higher urokinase dose (p = 0.019), lower recanalisation rate (p = 0.02) and higher diastolic blood pressure on admission (p = 0.04) were found to be correlated with sICH on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, poor collaterals (p = 0.004), urokinase dose (p = 0.021) and early signs on computed tomography (p = 0.026) remained predictors of sICH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With regard to the whole spectrum of cerebral vessel occlusions, an incidence of <5% sICH after IAT is distinctly low. This result underlines the important role of IAT in the treatment of acute stroke.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, University of Berne, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland. caspar.brekenfeld@insel.ch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brekenfeld
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Remonda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nedeltchev
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Mattle
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kappeler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schroth
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator