title: Glucocorticoids and cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between glucocorticoid exposure and cardiovascular (CV) events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 603 adult residents of Rochester, Minnesota with incident RA between 1955 and 1995 were followed up through their medical records for a median of 13 years (total of 9,066 person-years). Glucocorticoid exposure was defined 3 ways: tertiles of cumulative exposure; recent use (< or =3 months) versus past use (>3 months); and average daily dosage (< or =7.5 mg/day or >7.5 mg/day). CV events, including myocardial infarction, heart failure, and death from CV causes, were defined according to validated criteria. Cox regression models were adjusted for demographic features, CV risk factors, and RA characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rheumatoid factor (RF)-negative patients with exposure to glucocorticoids were not at increased risk of CV events, irrespective of the glucocorticoid dosage or timing of use, as compared with the reference group of RF-negative patients who had never been exposed to glucocorticoids. In contrast, RF-positive patients were at increased risk of CV events, particularly with higher cumulative exposure, higher average daily dosage, and recent use of glucocorticoids. RF-positive patients with high cumulative exposure to glucocorticoids had a 3-fold increased risk of CV events (hazard ratio 3.06 [95% confidence interval 1.81-5.18]), whereas RF-negative patients with high cumulative exposure were not at increased risk (hazard ratio 0.85 [95% confidence interval 0.39-1.87]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RF-positive but not RF-negative patients were at increased risk of CV events following exposure to glucocorticoids. These findings suggest that glucocorticoids interact with RF status to modulate the occurrence of CV events in patients with RA. The mechanisms underlying this interaction are unknown and should be the subject of further research.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. davis.john4@mayo.edu
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Hilal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maradit Kremers
authors.forename: Cynthia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Crowson
authors.forename: Paulo J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Nicola
authors.forename: Karla V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Ballman
authors.forename: Terry M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Therneau
authors.forename: Véronique L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Roger
authors.forename: Sherine E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Gabriel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor