title: Effects of maintaining touch contact on predictive and reactive balance.
abstract: Light touch contact between the body and an environmental referent reduces fluctuations of center of pressure (CoP) in quiet standing although the contact forces are insufficient to provide significant forces to stabilize standing balance. Maintenance of upright standing posture (with light touch contact) may include both predictive and reactive components. Recently Dickstein et al. (2003) demonstrated that reaction to temporally unpredictable displacement of the support surface was affected by light touch raising the question whether light touch effects also occur with predictable disturbance to balance. We examined the effects of shoulder light touch on SD of CoP rate (dCoP) during balance perturbations associated with forward sway induced by pulling on (voluntary), or being pulled by (reactive), a hand-held horizontal load. Prior to perturbation, SD dCoP was lower with light touch, corresponding to previous findings. Immediately after perturbation, SD dCoP(AP) was greater with light touch in the case of voluntary pull, whereas no difference was found for reflex pull. However, in the following time course, light touch contact again resulted in a significantly lower SD dCoP and faster stabilization of SD dCoP. We conclude that shoulder light touch contact affects immediate postural responses to voluntary pull but also stabilization after voluntary and reflex perturbation. We suggest that in voluntary perturbation CoP fluctuations are differentially modulated in anterioposterior and mediolateral directions to maintain light touch, which not only provides augmented sensory feedback about body self-motion, but may act as a "constraint" to the postural control system when preparing postural adjustments.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Brain Sciences Centre, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johannsen
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wing
authors.forename: Vassilia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hatzitaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*; D014159:Transducers