title: RNA-editing-mediated exon evolution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alu retroelements are specific to primates and abundant in the human genome. Through mutations that create functional splice sites within intronic Alus, these elements can become new exons in a process denoted exonization. It was recently shown that Alu elements are also heavily changed by RNA editing in the human genome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we show that the human nuclear prelamin A recognition factor contains a primate-specific Alu-exon that exclusively depends on RNA editing for its exonization. We demonstrate that RNA editing regulates the exonization in a tissue-dependent manner, through both the creation of a functional AG 3' splice site, and alteration of functional exonic splicing enhancers within the exon. Furthermore, a premature stop codon within the Alu-exon is eliminated by an exceptionally efficient RNA editing event. The sequence surrounding this editing site is important not only for editing of that site but also for editing in other neighboring sites as well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that the abundant RNA editing of Alu sequences can be recruited as a mechanism supporting the birth of new exons in the human genome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel. galitlm@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Galit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lev-Maor
authors.forename: Rotem
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sorek
authors.forename: Erez Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Levanon
authors.forename: Nurit
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ast
mesh_terms: D020087:Alu Elements; D001483:Base Sequence; D019295:Computational Biology; D017931:DNA Primers; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017393:RNA Editing / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; C400022:NARF protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins