title: Over two decades of pediatric heart transplantation: how has survival changed?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 1984, the first successful infant heart transplant was performed at Texas Children's Hospital. This study analyzes the 21-year experience with pediatric heart transplantation at Texas Children's Hospital to assess whether and how survival has changed over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 1, 1984, and October 3, 2005, 164 consecutive orthotopic heart transplants were performed on 154 patients. Characteristics: mean age 7.1 +/- 6.0 years, mean body surface area 0.8 +/- 0.5 m(2). Diagnosis at transplant: cardiomyopathy 53.0% (n = 87), congenital heart defect 39.0% (n = 64), retransplant 7.9% (n = 13). Multivariate risk factor analysis of 32 variables was completed by Cox proportional hazards regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean follow-up was 5.9 +/- 4.8 years. Overall Kaplan-Meier survival was 82% at 1 year, 65% at 5 years, and 54% at 10 years. After 1995, Kaplan-Meier survival (91% at 1 year and 71% at 5 years) was significantly improved over pre-1995 survival (71% at 1 year, 57% at 5 years, and 48% at 10 years; P =.026). Hospital survival improved in the post-1995 era (96%) compared with the pre-1995 era (77%; P < .001). Life-table analysis by yearly increments demonstrates only an improved survival (pre-1995, 71% -->post-1995, 91%) in the first posttransplant year (P = .001); every subsequent year the mortality rates are the same (P = .92). Risk factors for overall mortality are prolonged postoperative intubation (>5 days) and longer cardiopulmonary bypass time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primarily attributable to an increase in early survival, overall pediatric heart transplant survival is improved. However, after the first posttransplant year, the rate of mortality has not changed in 21 years. This highlights the need for new therapies to treat children both with or in need of a heart transplant.
authors.affiliation: Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex, USA. dlmorale@texaschildrenshospital.org
authors.forename: David L S
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Dreyer
authors.forename: Susan W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Denfield
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Heinle
authors.forename: E Dean
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: Jack F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Towbin
authors.forename: O H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.forename: Denton A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cooley
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006085:Graft Survival; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D011336:Probability; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014181:Transplantation Immunology; D014481:United States