title: Optimization of electroporation-mediated transformation: Staphylococcus carnosus as model organism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was conducted with an aim to optimize the transformation efficiency of the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus carnosus to a level that would enable the creation of cell surface displayed combinatorial protein libraries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have thoroughly investigated a number of different parameters for: (i) the preparation of electrocompetent cells; (ii) the treatment of cells before electroporation; (iii) the electroporation step itself; and (iv) improved recovery of transformed cells. Furthermore, a method for heat-induced inactivation of the host cell restriction system was devised to allow efficient transformation of the staphylococci with DNA prepared from other species, such as Escherichia coli. Previously described protocols for S. carnosus, giving transformation frequencies of approximately 10(2) transformants per transformation could be improved to reproducible procedures giving around 10(6) transformants for a single electroporation event, using plasmid DNA prepared from either S. carnosus or E. coli. The transformed staphylococcal cells were analysed using flow cytometry to verify that the entire cell population retained the introduced plasmid DNA and expressed the recombinant protein in a functional form on the cell surface at the same level as the positive control population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that the transformation frequency for S. carnosus could be dramatically increased through optimization of the entire electroporation process, and that the restriction barrier for interspecies DNA transfer, could be inactivated by heat treatment of the cells prior to electroporation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The generation of large combinatorial protein libraries, displayed on the surface of S. carnosus can be envisioned in the near future, thus dramatically improving the selection compared with the traditional biopanning procedure used in phage display.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology KTH, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Löfblom
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kronqvist
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uhlén
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ståhl
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wernérus
mesh_terms: D002473:Cell Wall / Q000502:physiology; D003470:Culture Media; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D018274:Electroporation / Q000379:methods*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D005998:Glycine; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D014169:Transformation, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005998:Glycine