title: Morphological approach to tumours of the testis and paratestis.
abstract: Most neoplastic scrotal masses ultimately prove to be germ cell tumours and are recognisable with routine haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. The differential diagnosis may be focused, even before reviewing histological sections, by knowledge of patient age, medical history, tumour site (testicular vs paratesticular) and gross findings. Some cases may prove to be diagnostically challenging, including rare tumours, a common tumour with an unusual pattern, a metastatic tumour, or a neoplasm with features that mimic another tumour. Several morphological patterns are seen with some frequency and these generate recurring sets of differential diagnostic considerations. These common patterns include testicular tumours with a predominant diffuse arrangement of cells with pale to clear cytoplasm, tumours with a glandular/tubular pattern, tumours with a microcystic pattern and tumours composed of oxyphilic cells. Intratubular proliferations of atypical cells, paratesticular glandular and/or papillary tumours, or tumours with spindle cell morphology can also be challenging to diagnose correctly. In some problematic cases, immunohistochemical staining may be useful to resolve these differential diagnoses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Emerson
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Ulbright
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000473:pathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000473:pathology; D018239:Seminoma / Q000473:pathology; D018310:Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor / Q000473:pathology; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology*