title: Coronary insufficiency after stentless aortic root replacement: risk factors and solutions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary insufficiency is a dreaded complication of total aortic root replacement (ARR) with few defined risk factors. This study describes the incidence, risk factors, management options, and outcomes of this condition after ARR with stentless porcine valves.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consisted of a retrospective analysis of 503 patients (mean age, 68.9 +/- 10.2 years) undergoing stentless porcine total ARR (Medtronic Freestyle and St. Jude Toronto) between the years 1993 and 2005 at a single institution. Coronary insufficiency was defined as the need for unplanned bypass grafting during, or after removal from cardiopulmonary bypass to correct wall motion abnormalities, arrhythmias, or right ventricular failure in the absence of known obstructive coronary disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 13 cases of right coronary artery and no cases of left coronary insufficiency were identified (overall incidence 13 of 503, 2.6%). All were treated with aortocoronary bypass grafting to the right coronary artery using saphenous vein. Compared with patients who did not have coronary insufficiency, patients with this complication were more likely to be female (11 of 13, 85%, versus 201 of 490, 41%; p = 0.006), had higher mean body mass index (34.6 +/- 12.0 kg/m2 versus 28.3 +/- 3.8 kg/m2, p = 0.04), and were implanted with smaller prostheses (23.9 +/- 2.1 mm versus 25.6 +/- 2.4 mm, p = 0.026), a finding not explained by the preponderance of female sex. Mean age, ejection fraction, and other demographic variables were similar. Despite longer cardiopulmonary bypass times (238 +/- 61 minutes versus 180 +/- 35 minutes, p = 0.005), operative mortality was not significantly different (1 of 13, 7.7%, versus 29 of 490, 5.9%; p = not significant).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coronary artery insufficiency is uncommon after stentless aortic root replacement and more often affects the right coronary artery. Risk factors appear to be female sex, higher body mass index, and small aortic root. Preventive measures include recognition of coronary orientation, routine valve rotation, and adequate coronary button mobilization. When this complication occurs, good outcomes can still be obtained with early recognition and prompt bypass grafting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA. tkincaid@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Kincaid
authors.forename: A Robert
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cordell
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hammon
authors.forename: Sandy M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Adair
authors.forename: Neal D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Kon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000637:transplantation; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013552:Swine