title: [High D-glucose alters PI3K and Akt signaling and leads to endothelial cell migration, proliferation and angiogenesis dysfunction].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of high D-glucose on migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis of endothelial cells and to make sure whether PI3K and Akt signaling pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured. D-glucose of the concentrations of 5 mmol/L, 15 mmol/L, and 30 mmol/L and mannitol of the concentrations of 5 mmol/L, 15 mmol/L, and 30 mmol/L were added in to the medium, the migration rate of the cells was measured by wound healing test and the cell proliferation was examined with CellTiter 96 AQ(ueous) One Solution cell proliferation assay. Matrigel was spread on 96-well plate, and culture of HUVECs with D-glucose and mannitol of different concentrations were added. Microscopic photography was used to calculate the total area of vascular bed, average vessel length, vessel number, branch points, so as to observe the angiogenesis. Immuno-precipitation was used to detect the expression of p85/PI3K. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of p85/PI3K, p-PI3K, GSK3beta (downstream kinase of Akt), p-Akt (Threonine308) and p-GSK3beta. LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, of the concentrations of 0.1 micromol/L, 1 micromol/L, and 10 micromol/L was added into the culture fluid with 5 mmol/L D-glucose, then the endothelial cell migration, proliferation number, total area of blood bed, etc were observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The migration rate of the 5 mmol/L D-glucose group was 100 +/- 23/microm2, and D-glucose dose-dependently decreased the migration rate, e.g. the migration rates of the 15 mmol/L and 30 mmol/L D-glucose groups were 77 +/- 18/microm2 and 46 +/- 18/microm2 respectively, both significantly lower than that of the 5 mmol/L D-glucose group (both P < 0.01). LY294002 of the concentrations of 0.1 micromol/L, 1 micromol/L, and 10 micromol/L dose-dependently decrease the endothelial cells migration rates to 68 +/- 16/microm2, 36 +/- 12/microm2, and 13 +/- 3/microm2 respectively (all P < 0.01) The cell proliferation rate of the 5 mmol/L, 15 mmol/L) and 30 mmol/L D-glucose groups were 59,128 +/- 7415/well, 33,144 +/- 9082/well, and 11,625 +/- 4196/well respectively, showing that D-glucose dose-dependently decreased the cell proliferation (all P < 0.01). LY294002 of the concentrations of 0.1 micromol/L, 1 micromol/L, and 10 micromol/L dose-dependently decrease the endothelial cell proliferation to 42,560 +/- 4213/well, 17,688 +/- 7198/well, and 5704 +/- 558/well respectively (all P < 0.01). 15 mmol/L and 30 mmol/L D-glucose decreased the numbers of total area of vascular bed, average tubule length, number of capillaries, and number of vessel branch pint formed on the Matrigel. LY294002 dose-dependently inhibited the angiogenesis (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) 15 mmol/L and 30 mmol/L D-glucose dose-dependently inhibited the phosphorylation of p85/P13K and Akt (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). However, D-glucose did not influence the protein expression of p85/PI3K and Akt. Mannitol did not influence the cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and the expression of p85/PI3K, phosphorylated p85/PI3K, Akt, phosphorylated Akt (Thr308), and phosphorylated GSK3beta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperglycemia-impaired PI3K-Akt signaling may lead to migration, proliferation and angiogenesis dysfunction of endothelial cells in diabetes patients, which is likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetic Nephropathy, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Disease Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: De-min
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jian-cheng
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qiu-mei
authors.initials: QM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jing-yun
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yun-zhao
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Qiu-ling
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Ming-zhen
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005947:Glucose; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D009025:Morpholines; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one