title: The influence of reinforcing effects of cocaine on cocaine-induced increases in extinguished responding in cynomolgus monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although reinstatement of extinguished cocaine self-administration is widely used as an animal model of relapse, it is unclear which behavioral effects of the drug stimulus (i.e., unconditioned, discriminative or reinforcing) mediate the increases in responding after extinction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of experience with cocaine as a reinforcer on the ability of response-independent cocaine injections to increase extinguished responding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of noncontingent injections of cocaine (0.01-1.0 mg/kg, i.v.) were assessed in two groups of cynomolgus monkeys, those with extensive histories of cocaine self-administration when responding was maintained under a concurrent fixed ratio (FR) 50 schedule of saline and food presentation (n = 8) and cocaine-naive monkeys (n = 5) responding under an FR 50 schedule of food presentation. In the latter group, the effects of noncontingent cocaine and food (one or five pellets) were examined before and after a brief history of cocaine (0.03 mg/kg/inj) self-administration under an FR 50 schedule.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the cocaine-experienced subjects responding under a concurrent schedule of saline and food availability, noncontingent cocaine dose-dependently increased injection-lever responding. In the initially cocaine-naive subjects, no dose of cocaine increased extinguished food-maintained responding before or after a brief exposure to cocaine self-administration. In contrast, noncontingent delivery of five food pellets significantly increased extinguished food-maintained responding after cocaine self-administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the view that, under self-administration conditions, the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine play a prominent role in the ability of cocaine to increase extinguished responding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Czoty
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nader
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000209:etiology*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005108:Extinction, Psychological; D005502:Food; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012646:Self Administration
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine