title: Muscle temperature has a different effect on force fluctuations in young and older women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of muscle temperature on force fluctuations during isometric contractions in young and older females.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen young and 11 older subjects performed 3x30-s long submaximal isometric ankle dorsi-flexions (5%, 10%, and 15% of the maximal force). Tibialis anterior muscle temperature was monitored with an intramuscular probe and manipulated to obtain a cold, control, and warm condition. The coefficient of variation (CofV) and the relative power in the frequency bands 0-3Hz (low), 4-6Hz (middle), and 8-12Hz (high) of the force signal were computed to characterise steadiness. Intramuscular EMG signals were recorded from the tibialis anterior muscle to assess motor unit discharge pattern.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CofV was higher in the older than in the young subjects (P<0.001) in all conditions. In the older group only, CofV increased with cooling with respect to control temperature (P<0.001), whereas in the young group only, relative power of force fluctuations at high frequency decreased with cooling. Motor unit discharge rate and inter-pulse interval variability were not different between groups and across temperatures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate a different effect of temperature on the ability to maintain constant force in young and older subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results highlight the risk of further impairment to the motor control of older individuals with varying temperature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dewhurst
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Graven-Nielsen
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Vito
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature