title: Haplotypes, loss of heterozygosity, and expression levels of glycine N-methyltransferase in prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) affects genetic stability by regulating DNA methylation and interacting with environmental carcinogens. In a previous study, we showed that GNMT acts as a susceptibility gene for hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we report on our efforts to characterize the haplotypes, loss of heterozygosity (LOH), and expression levels of the GNMT in prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA collected from 326 prostate cancer patients and 327 age-matched controls was used to determine GNMT haplotypes. Luciferase reporter constructs were used to compare the promoter activity of different GNMT haplotypes. GNMT LOH rates in tumorous specimens were investigated via a comparison with peripheral blood mononuclear cell genotypes. Immunohistochemical staining was used to analyze GNMT expression in tissue specimens collected from 5 normal individuals, 33 benign prostatic hyperplasia patients, and 45 prostate cancer patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three major GNMT haplotypes were identified in 92% of the participants: A, 16GAs/DEL/C (58%); B, 10GAs/INS/C (19.9%); and C, 10GAs/INS/T (14.5%). Haplotype C carriers had significantly lower risk for prostate cancer compared with individuals with haplotype A (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.48-0.95). Results from a phenotypic analysis showed that haplotype C exhibited the highest promoter activity (P < 0.05, ANOVA test). In addition, 36.4% (8 of 22) of the prostatic tumor tissues had LOH of the GNMT gene. Immunohistochemical staining results showed abundant GNMT expression in normal prostatic and benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues, whereas it was diminished in 82.2% (37 of 45) of the prostate cancer tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that GNMT is a tumor susceptibility gene for prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Chuen
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Cheng-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ming-Yi
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Yen-Hwa
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: William Ji-Shian
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Donald Ming-Tak
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Chin-Chen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Tony T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Stone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ming-Wei
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jer-Tsong
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Yi-Ming Arthur
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D050938:Glycine N-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics*; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000235:genetics; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C494510:GNMT protein, human; D050938:Glycine N-Methyltransferase