title: Anaerobic dental flora and the acute coronary syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence exists that coronary heart disease is influenced by anaerobic bacterial flora and gingival inflammation. We assessed the association of periodontal bacteria, coronary artery disease, and acute coronary events.
  
  
  METHODS
  The benzoyl-DL-arginine naphthylamide test, which detects several periodontal pathogens, and the papillary bleeding score were used to quantify gingival health. Participants with coronary heart disease (n=245) presenting with (n=92) and without an acute coronary syndrome were compared with persons seeking dental treatment (University dental, n=195) and a healthy cohort (Healthy dental, n=156).
  
  
  RESULTS
  An 'infection', defined by a positive benzoyl-DL-arginine naphthylamide test score in>or=50% of sampled sites, was present in 408 participants. Compared with Healthy dental, the odds ratio for coronary heart disease having an infection was 8.6 (95% confidence interval, 4.0-18.4) and for University dental odds ratio=16 (95% confidence interval, 6.5-39.5). Patients with an acute coronary syndrome at the time of benzoyl-DL-arginine naphthylamide sampling were 3.95 times more likely to have an infection compared with coronary heart disease patients with no history of acute coronary syndrome (P=0.003), a finding independent of other covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persons with coronary heart disease, particularly associated with an acute coronary syndrome, have anaerobic bacterial dental flora similar to individuals seeking periodontal dental care, and unlike periodontally healthy individuals.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106-0363, USA. mrubenfi@umich.edu
authors.forename: Melvyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubenfire
authors.forename: Natalie S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Niko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kaciroti
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Apsey
authors.forename: Walter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Loesche
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001587:Benzoylarginine-2-Naphthylamide; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D001587:Benzoylarginine-2-Naphthylamide