title: Oral lactoferrin results in T cell-dependent tumor inhibition of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human lactoferrin is a naturally occurring glycoprotein that inhibits cancer growth. Our purpose was to evaluate recombinant human lactoferrin as a chemotherapeutic agent against head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled experiments both in vitro and in the murine model evaluating both the effect and mechanism of lactoferrin on cancer growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both human and murine cell lines, lactoferrin induced dose-dependent growth inhibition. Using flow cytometric analysis, lactoferrin was shown to induce G(1)-G(0) growth arrest. This arrest seemed to be modulated by down-regulation of cyclin D1. In the in vitro model, luminex data revealed that lactoferrin inhibited cellular release of proinflammatory and prometastatic cytokines, including interleukin-8, interleukin-6, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Lactoferrin up-regulated the cellular activation of nuclear factor-kappaB within 4 h of cellular exposure. In C3h/HeJ mice implanted with SCCVII tumors, orally delivered lactoferrin inhibited tumor growth by 75% compared with control mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of harvested tumors revealed up to 20-fold increases of lymphocytes within treated animals. When mice were depleted of CD3(+) cells, all lactoferrin-induced tumor inhibition was abrogated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that human recombinant lactoferrin can inhibit the growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma via direct cellular inhibition as well as systemically via immunomodulation. Our data support the study of human lactoferrin as an immunomodulatory compound with therapeutic potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. jwolf@smail.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Guoyan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Atul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varadhachary
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Petrak
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schneyer
authors.forename: Daqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Julina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ongkasuwan
authors.forename: Xiaoyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Strome
authors.forename: Bert W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: O'Malley
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019938:Cyclin D1; D007781:Lactoferrin