title: Acute cholecystitis complicating cardiac surgery: case series involving more than 16,000 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute cholecystitis after cardiac surgery is rare but carries a high mortality. Its management remains controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed all cases of calculous cholecystitis (CC) and acalculous cholecystitis (ACC) encountered at our institution over the past 11 years. Data collection included preoperative variables, details of performed procedures, postoperative course, and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence was 0.03% for CC and 0.08% for ACC (5 and 13 of 16,576 patients, respectively). Patients in the ACC group appeared to be sicker patients whereas most patients in the CC group had an uncomplicated recovery from cardiac surgery. The diagnosis was straightforward with typical presentation and ultrasonographic findings in the CC group. In the ACC group, the presentation was less specific, and although useful as diagnostic tool, ultrasonography findings were not as consistent as in the CC group. In the CC group, 3 patients underwent surgery, and 2 patients were treated conservatively. One patient died of cardiac causes after uncomplicated cholecystectomy. In the ACC group, 7 patients were treated medically and 6 patients underwent surgery. The overall mortality was 23% (3 patients). All deaths occurred in patients treated surgically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the low incidence of CC, we do not recommend preoperative screening or intervention for cholelithiasis. Treatment should be according to established guidelines. Patients with ACC, without overt peritonitis, should initially be treated conservatively with appropriate antibiotics. However, failure of significant improvement within 48 hours or a worsening clinical picture should lead to surgical intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Queensland, Australia. jpassage53@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Jurgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Passage
authors.forename: Pragnesh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Daniel V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Mullany
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000401:mortality; D041881:Cholecystitis, Acute / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D041761:Cholecystolithiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014463:Ultrasonography