title: Chronic sole ulcerations associated with degenerative bone disease in two Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).
abstract: Chronic foot lesions and degenerative joint disease are common causes of morbidity in elephants. Lesions may become intractable and progressive despite intensive treatment regimens. The forelimbs of two Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) with chronic nonhealing sole ulcerations were examined using manual dissection and computed tomography. Both elephants had abnormal limb conformation that preceded the development of sole ulcerations. In both cases, sole ulcers were associated with remodeling and degeneration of underlying bones of the digits. Conformational abnormalities and altered weight distribution in these individuals may have induced compensatory bony degeneration and secondary ulcer formation. Sole ulcerations associated with digital abnormalities may have a guarded prognosis for resolution, even with aggressive treatment. Because limb conformational abnormalities could predispose to or result from chronic digital lesions, elephants with conformational abnormalities may have increased likelihood of having chronic sole ulcerations.
authors.affiliation: J. D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Luikart
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stover
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004606:Elephants; D005260:Female; D016523:Foot Ulcer / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000473:pathology*; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology