title: Ceramide induces apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells through mitogen-activated protein kinases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide experimental data for further research on the signal transduction of apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma cells, we examined the effects of exogenous C2-ceramide administration on several members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily and caspase-3 in A549 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed by cell counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometry. Various MAPK and caspase-3 proteins were detected by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C2-ceramide selectively altered the phosphorylation state of members of the MAPK superfamily, causing hyperphosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)1/2 and the p38 MAPK, but not affecting the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase. SB-203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) and p38 siRNA, but not U0126 (a MEK inhibitor), partially rescued cell death induced by C2-ceramide. C2-ceramide promoted the activation of caspase-3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exogenous C2-ceramide induced apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. The activation of MAPK and caspase-3 were involved in the mechanisms of C2-ceramide-induced apoptosis in A549 cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Mini-invasive surgery Center, Teikyo University Mizonokuchi Hospital, Kawasaki 213-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Tian-Hua
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jian-Feng
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yong-Li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hai-Tao
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Nobuo Murata
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamakawa
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C064769:N-acetylsphingosine; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D053148:Caspase 3; D013110:Sphingosine