title: Field testing of an enhanced direct-fecal polymerase chain reaction procedure, bacterial culture of feces, and a serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection in adult dairy cattle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for an enhanced direct-fecal PCR procedure, bacterial culture of feces (BCF), and a serum ELISA for detecting Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in adult dairy cattle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fecal and serum samples were collected from 669 adult cattle randomly selected from a 4,000-cow dairy herd known to contain animals infected with MAP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples were evaluated for MAP-specific antibodies via ELISA. Fecal samples were evaluated by BCF and enhanced PCR methods (both gel-based [GB]-PCR and quantitative real-time [qRT]-PCR assays). Fecal samples also were pooled (5:1) and then subjected to GB-PCR assay. Bayesian statistical methods were used to estimate Se and Sp for each diagnostic test without knowledge concerning true MAP infection status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusting for Se conditional dependence between serum ELISA and BCR, overall Se and Sp were estimated at 33.7% and 95.9%, 51.3% and 99.0%, and 32.2% and 100% for serum ELISA, qRT-PCR, and BCF, respectively.The GB-PCR assay yielded positive results for 38.3% of the pools known to contain feces from at least 1 cow that had positive GBPCR results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estimated Se values for the serum ELISA and BCF were slightly lower than those reported elsewhere. The enhanced qRT-PCR method offered relative improvements in Se of 52% and 59% over serum ELISA and microbial culture, respectively. Pooling of fecal samples and testing with the GB-PCR assay are not recommended. Additional studies with qRT-PCR and fecal pools are required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
authors.forename: H Morgan
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Geoffrey T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Fosgate
authors.forename: Melissa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Libal
authors.forename: Lloyd W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Sneed
authors.forename: Erdal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erol
authors.forename: Arthur B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Angulo
authors.forename: Ellen R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Jordan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000662:veterinary*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D016927:Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D012621:Seasons; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity