title: Cigarette-smoke-induced vasoconstriction of peripheral arteries: evaluation by synchrotron radiation microangiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although cigarette smoking is thought to constrict peripheral vessels, details have not been clarified because of the limitation of spatial resolution in conventional X-ray angiography systems. Synchrotron radiation microangiography can identify small arteries down to 50 microm in diameter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male Wistar rats (n=9) were made to smoke a cigarette using the modified Griffith snout exposure system. Angiography of the rat hind limb was performed before, during, and 15 min after smoking. Arteries were classified into 3 groups based on the pre-smoking diameter: Group S: <100 microm, Group M 100-200 microm, Group L: >200 microm). In Groups M and L, arteries were constricted with smoking (mean diameter 140-106 microm; p<0.001, 260-162 microm; p<0.00001, respectively), whereas no constriction was noted in Group S (82-83 microm). Constricted arteries in Groups M and L returned to pre-smoking levels at 15 min after cessation of smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The acute changes brought about by cigarette smoking in rat peripheral arteries could be identified by synchrotron radiation microangiography. Cigarette smoking exclusively constricted arteries greater than 100 mum in diameter, which means there is vessel-size dependency of the impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ibaraki-higashi Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan. akishima-ths@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akishima
authors.forename: Shonosuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.forename: Fujio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hyodo
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imazuru
authors.forename: Yoshiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Enomoto
authors.forename: Mio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noma
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiramatsu
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shigeta
authors.forename: Yuzuru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakakibara
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017356:Synchrotrons; D014661:Vasoconstriction
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke