title: Toll-like receptor-4 is up-regulated in hematopoietic progenitor cells and contributes to increased apoptosis in myelodysplastic syndromes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the function and expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) in bone marrow cells of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients and to examine their involvement in the apoptotic phenomenon characterizing MDS hematopoiesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  TLR mRNA and protein expression was investigated in bone marrow cell populations of MDS patients and controls. TLR-4 ability to recognize lipopolysaccharide and up-regulate self mRNA and protein expression was examined. Tumor necrosis factor involvement in the constitutive and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TLR expression was also evaluated. Possible correlation between TLR-4 overexpression and apoptosis was investigated by simultaneous staining with Annexin V and TLR-4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TLR-2 and TLR-4 are expressed in almost all bone marrow cell lineages including megakaryocytes, erythroid cells, myeloid precursors, monocytes, and B lymphocytes and are up-regulated in MDS patients compared with controls. In hematopoietic CD34(+) cells, TLR-4 is also expressed and significantly up-regulated at both the mRNA and protein levels. Treatment with an anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody reduces both constitutive and LPS-induced TLR-4 levels. Increased TLR-4 expression correlates with increased apoptosis as TLR-4 is almost exclusively found in apoptotic bone marrow mononuclear and CD34(+) cells. The addition of the TLR-4 ligand LPS further enhances the apoptosis of these cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TLR-4 and other TLRs are significantly up-regulated in MDS patients whereas TLR-4 is involved in promoting apoptosis, possibly contributing to MDS cytopenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Christos I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Maratheftis
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andreakos
authors.forename: Haralampos M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Moutsopoulos
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Voulgarelis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009190:Myelodysplastic Syndromes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha