title: Functional outcomes of drug treatment in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient functioning is an important outcome in Alzheimer's disease, but treatment-related improvements in patient function are difficult to quantify because a number of different scales are used in its measurement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate systematically the evidence relating to patient functioning as an outcome measure in the drug treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Data were obtained by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library and the International Pharmaceutical Abstracts from 1980 through to December 2005 for studies assessing functional outcomes with donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine in Alzheimer's disease. Reference lists were searched manually and pharmaceutical manufacturers were invited to submit dossiers. Trained reviewers abstracted data and assessed the internal validity (quality) of trials using predefined criteria. Standardised effect sizes (i.e. Cohen's standardised mean difference [d]) for various functional outcome scales and pooled mean incidence and 95% CIs for adverse events were calculated and summarised qualitatively and quantitatively. Meta regression was used to explore potential heterogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the standardised effect size for functional outcome measures was small (d = 0.1-0.4) among included studies. However, effect sizes consistently favoured drug treatment over placebo. For all drugs, pooled standardised effect sizes were consistent in both short (<24 weeks; d = 0.25; 95% CI 0.13, 0.37) and long trials (>or=24 weeks; d = 0.29; 95% CI 0.22, 0.36). The pooled effect size was not significantly affected by parameters such as disease severity, age, gender and drug dose. Adverse events were generally limited to gastrointestinal problems, weight loss and dizziness, all of which were reported in <20% of patients on average.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standardised estimates of effect size across diverse functional outcome measures for drug treatment in patients with Alzheimer's disease were small and the data reflect only a modest trend favouring active treatment over placebo. However, given the current lack of other effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease, this trend supports the clinical benefits of these treatments with regard to this important health outcome.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA. rahansen@unc.edu
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gartlehner
authors.forename: Kathleen N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Lohr
authors.forename: Daniel I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Kaufer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D015259:Dopamine Agents