title: Effect of socio-economic status on bone density in children: comparison of two schools by quantitative ultrasound measurement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are conflicting findings regarding the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and bone mineral density. We aimed to investigate bone status and its possible determinants by comparing students from two schools, located in a high and a low SES district.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were gathered by using anthropometric measurements and a questionnaire for both families and the students from the two schools chosen by the Ministry of Education. Quantitative ultrasound measurements were done with Omnisense 700P. For normally distributed variables t-test and for others Mann-Whitney U test was utilized. We used the chi-squared test for nominal variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two girls and 35 boys from a low SES school, and 41 girls and 38 boys from a high SES school were included in the study. Students in the high SES school had significantly higher calcium scores and more physical activity compared to those in the low SES school. Boys in the high SES school had higher z-scores for quantitative ultrasound; however, they had higher Tanner stages when compared to boys from the low SES school. Speed of sound (SOS) and z-scores of the girls were similar between the two schools.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the notion that certain environmental factors, such as calcium intake and physical activity, might reflect socioeconomic trends in adolescents, similar to adults; however, genetic influences may dominate in terms of bone status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yeşim
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gökçe-Kutsal
authors.forename: Ayçe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atalay
authors.forename: Birkan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sonel-Tur
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary