title: Enterovirus 94, a proposed new serotype in human enterovirus species D.
abstract: The genus Enterovirus (family Picornaviridae) contains five species with strains isolated from humans: Human enterovirus A (HEV-A), HEV-B, HEV-C, HEV-D and Poliovirus. In this study, a proposed new serotype of HEV-D was characterized. Four virus strains were isolated from sewage in Egypt and one strain from acute flaccid paralysis cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The complete genome of one environmental isolate, the complete coding sequence of one clinical isolate and complete VP1 regions from the other isolates were sequenced. These isolates had 66.6-69.4% nucleotide similarity and 74.7-76.6% amino acid sequence similarity in the VP1 region with the closest enterovirus serotype, enterovirus 70 (EV70), suggesting that the isolates form a new enterovirus type, tentatively designated enterovirus 94 (EV94). Phylogenetic analyses including sequences of the 5' UTR, VP1 and 3D regions demonstrated that EV94 isolates formed a monophyletic group within the species HEV-D. No evidence of recombination was found between EV94 and the other HEV-D serotypes, EV68 and EV70. Further biological characterization showed that EV94 was acid stable and had a wide cell tropism in vitro. Attempts to prevent replication with protective antibodies to known enterovirus receptors (poliovirus receptor, vitronectin alphavbeta3 receptor and decay accelerating factor) were not successful. Seroprevalence studies in the Finnish population revealed a high prevalence of this virus over the past two decades.
authors.affiliation: Enterovirus Laboratory, Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Teemu P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Smura
authors.affiliation: Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Junttila
authors.affiliation: Enterovirus Laboratory, Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Soile
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blomqvist
authors.affiliation: Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden.
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Norder
authors.affiliation: Enterovirus Laboratory, Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaijalainen
authors.affiliation: Enterovirus Laboratory, Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paananen
authors.affiliation: Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Magnius
authors.affiliation: Enterovirus Laboratory, Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tapani
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hovi
authors.affiliation: Enterovirus Laboratory, Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roivainen
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D000349:Africa; D002460:Cell Line; D030016:Enterovirus D, Human / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010243:Paralysis / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012703:Serotyping; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology*; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D012722:Sewage; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins