title: Insulin resistance, beta-cell function, and glucose tolerance in Brazilian adolescents with obesity or risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate insulin resistance (IR), beta-cell function, and glucose tolerance in 119 Brazilian adolescents with obesity or risk factors (RF) for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed weight (kg), height (m), body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2)), waist (W; cm), acanthosis nigricans (AN), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP; mm Hg), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG) on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 1.75 g of glucose/weight), lipid profile [total cholesterol (TC), fractions, and triglycerides (TGs)], fasting insulin (FI) and 2-h insulin on OGTT (2hI-RIA), HOMA-B (%; beta-cell function--HOMA program), HOMA-S (%; insulin sensitivity--HOMA program) and HOMA-IR [fasting plasma insulin (mU/ml)xfasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)/22.5]. Division according to number of RF-family history of T2DM (FHT2DM), obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and AN. G1: subjects with no or one RF; G2: subjects with two or more RFs. Statistical data were nonparametrical.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting plasma glucose (G2: 81.6+/-10.2 vs. G1: 79.8+/-9.9 mg/dl) and 2hPG (88.1+/-18.0 vs. 87.0+/-19.9 mg/dl) were not different between G2 (n=67) and G1 (n=52), and all adolescents had normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Fasting insulin (13.0+/-7.9 vs. 7.6+/-3.9 microIU/ml; P<.001) and 2hI (60.2+/-39.1 vs. 38.3+/-40.0 microIU/ml; P<.001), HOMA-B (169.1+/-131.6% vs. 106.1+/-39.9%; P<.001), and HOMA-IR (2.62+/-1.7 vs. 1.52+/-0.8; P<.001) were higher in G2. HOMA-S (92.5+/-59.5% vs. 152.2+/-100.5%; P<.001) was also lower in this latter group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brazilian adolescents with two or more RFs for the development of T2DM have higher IR and beta-cell function and lower insulin sensitivity. However, adolescents with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or DM have not been found, differently from similar studies. Differences in ethnic background, environment, and lifestyle factors may account for this disparity.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Center of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Regina Cintra Querino
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Walkiria Lopes
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Antonio Roberto
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Chacra
authors.forename: Sérgio Atala
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Dib
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014280:Triglycerides; D014527:Uric Acid