title: Long-term recreational physical activity and risk of invasive and in situ breast cancer: the California teachers study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term physical activity may affect breast cancer risk. Few prospective studies have evaluated in situ or invasive breast cancer risk, or breast cancer receptor subtypes, in relation to long-term activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the association between recreational physical activity and risk of invasive and in situ breast cancer in the California Teachers Study, a cohort of women established in 1995-1996. Of 110 599 women aged 20 to 79 years with no history of breast cancer followed up through December 31, 2002, 2649 were diagnosed as having incident invasive breast cancer and 593 were diagnosed as having in situ breast cancer. Information was collected at cohort entry on participation in strenuous and moderate recreational activities during successive periods from high school through the current age or age 54 years (if older at enrollment) and in the past 3 years. A summary measure of long-term activity up to the current age, or age 54 years if older, was constructed for each woman.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Invasive breast cancer risk was inversely associated with long-term strenuous activity (>5 vs </=0.5 h/wk per year: relative risk, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.69-0.94; P trend = .02), as was in situ breast cancer risk (>5 vs </=0.5 h/wk per year: relative risk, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.48-0.98; P trend = .04). Strenuous and moderate long-term activities were associated with reduced risk of ER-negative (strenuous: P trend = .003; moderate: P trend = .003) but not ER-positive (strenuous: P trend = .23; moderate: P trend = .53) invasive breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support a protective role of strenuous long-term exercise activity against invasive and in situ breast cancer and suggest differing effects by hormone receptor status.
authors.affiliation: Keck School of Medicine and USC/Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Cher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dallal
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sullivan-Halley
authors.forename: Ronald K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deapen
authors.forename: Pamela L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Horn-Ross
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Daniel O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Stram
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Hoda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Anton-Culver
authors.forename: Argyrios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ziogas
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peel
authors.forename: Dee W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005178:Faculty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011998:Recreation / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors