title: The distended facet sign: an indicator of position-dependent spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Symptoms of spinal stenosis are position-dependent. Stand up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and myelography can demonstrate further dynamic components of spinal stenosis that may go unrecognized on supine MRI.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe a radiographic finding seen on standard supine MRI that is an indicator for dynamic spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiographic observation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients with classic neurogenic claudication but equivocal supine MRI findings were evaluated with myelography. The imaging findings were reviewed and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had severe position-dependent spinal stenosis upon upright myelographic imaging with grade I or II spondylolisthesis. The MRI showed very minimal to no spondylolisthesis. These dynamic slips reduced when supine, causing the vertebral bodies to appear aligned with adequate canal space, whereas the irregular facet joints became distended. Hypertrophic and fluid-filled facets at the dynamic slip level were seen in all patients, giving the appearance of a distended joint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI may not demonstrate significant stenosis in patients with neurogenic claudication caused by dynamic degenerative spondylolisthesis. However, the presence of large fluid-filled facet joints indicates the likelihood of positional translation at that level which could be further confirmed by upright imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1709 Dryden, 12th Floor, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Peleg
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ben-Galim
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Reitman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009192:Myelography / Q000379:methods; D011187:Posture; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013168:Spondylolisthesis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*