title: Increased rates of bipolar disorder diagnoses among U.S. child, adolescent, and adult inpatients, 1996-2004.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Volatile, aggressive behavior is the chief complaint that brings children to inpatient psychiatric care. These difficulties are increasingly conceptualized as bipolar disorder (BD). The impact of doing so on clinical diagnoses in clinical care is uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We extracted records from the annual National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) for which a psychiatric diagnosis was primary and examined trends in the rates of hospitalization for BD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Population-adjusted rates of hospital discharges of children with a primary diagnosis of BD increased linearly over survey years. The rate in 1996 was 1.3 per 10,000 U.S. children and climbed to 7.3 per 10,000 U.S. children in 2004. Bipolar disorder related discharges also increased fourfold among adolescents. Adults showed a more modest, though still marked, rise of 56%. Bipolar disorder related hospitalization was more prevalent among female adolescents and adults, while male children had larger risk than female children. Children's BD diagnoses tended not to specify a prevailing mood state, while depression and psychotic features were the most common codes for adults. Black individuals, especially men, had lower rates of BD diagnoses in early survey years, but more recently their rate of BD related hospitalizations has exceeded other NHDS race groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher rates of inpatient admissions among youth associated with BD may reflect greater appreciation of the importance of affective dysregulation in this patient group or "upcoding" to putatively more severe conditions for reimbursement or administrative reasons. Further study is warranted to examine this shift's causes and implications for treatments and outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stony Brook State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8790, USA. Joseph.Blader@StonyBrook.edu
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Blader
authors.forename: Gabrielle A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Carlson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D019992:Databases as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006306:Health Surveys; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology