title: Cuspal deflection and microleakage in premolar teeth restored with resin-based composites with and without an intermediary flowable layer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess cuspal deflection and cervical enamel microleakage with and without an intermediary flowable RBC layer for the incremental restoration of mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) cavities with two resin-based composites (RBCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty sound upper premolar teeth had standardised MOD cavities prepared. Restoration of the teeth involved the placement of the RBCs (Filtek P60 or Filtek Supreme) in eight increments with the appropriate bonding system with and without an intermediary flowable RBC layer (Filtek Flow). Buccal and palatal cusp deflections were recorded post-irradiation using a twin channel deflection measuring gauge. Following restoration, the teeth were thermocycled, immersed in a 0.2% basic fuchsin dye for 24h, sagittally sectioned and examined for cervical enamel microleakage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant reduction in cuspal deflection was evident when both RBC materials were used to restore the cavity by employing an intermediary flowable (P<0.001) compared with when no intermediary flowable was utilised. No statistically significant differences were identified in microleakage between the teeth restored with Filtek P60 or Filtek Supreme when an intermediary flowable (Filtek Flow) was employed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the current study suggest that there was a benefit to the operator in terms of a reduction in cuspal deflection but not from the maintenance of the synergism of the adhesive bond, namely microleakage at the cervical enamel cavosurface margin, when an intermediate layer of a flowable RBC was used under higher elastic modulus RBCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Cara
authors.forename: G J P
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Palin
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Walmsley
authors.forename: F J T
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Burke
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid / Q000473:pathology*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003737:Dental Cavity Preparation / Q000379:methods; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000473:pathology*; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000145:classification*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000379:methods*; D004548:Elasticity; D006801:Humans; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D019237:Tooth Cervix / Q000473:pathology; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000473:pathology*; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D003188:Composite Resins; C467913:Filtek Flow; C438835:Filtek P60 Composite Resin; C474035:Filtek Supreme; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C111840:flowable hybrid composite; C025485:basic fuchsin