title: Target genes of myostatin loss-of-function in muscles of late bovine fetuses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myostatin, a muscle-specific member of the Transforming Growth Factor beta family, negatively regulates muscle development. Double-muscled (DM) cattle have a loss-of-function mutation in their myostatin gene responsible for the hypermuscular phenotype. Thus, these animals are a good model for understanding the mechanisms underpinning muscular hypertrophy. In order to identify individual genes or networks that may be myostatin targets, we looked for genes that were differentially expressed between DM and normal (NM) animals (n = 3 per group) in the semitendinosus muscle (hypertrophied in DM animals) at 260 days of fetal development (when the biochemical differentiation of muscle is intensive). A heterologous microarray (human and murine oligonucleotide sequences) of around 6,000 genes expressed in muscle was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many genes were found to be differentially expressed according to genetic type (some with a more than 5-fold change), and according to the presence of one or two functional myostatin allele(s). They belonged to various functional categories. The genes down-regulated in DM fetuses were mainly those encoding extracellular matrix proteins, slow contractile proteins and ribosomal proteins. The genes up-regulated in DM fetuses were mainly involved in the regulation of transcription, cell cycle/apoptosis, translation or DNA metabolism. These data highlight features indicating that DM muscle is shifted towards a more glycolytic metabolism, and has an altered extracellular matrix composition (e.g. down-regulation of COL1A1 and COL1A2, and up-regulation of COL4A2) and decreased adipocyte differentiation (down-regulation of C1QTNF3). The altered gene expression in the three major muscle compartments (fibers, connective tissue and intramuscular adipose tissue) is consistent with the well-known characteristics of DM cattle. In addition, novel potential targets of the myostatin gene were identified (MB, PLN, troponins, ZFHX1B).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, the myostatin loss-of-function mutation affected several physiological processes involved in the development and determination of the functional characteristics of muscle tissue.
authors.affiliation: Equipe Croissance et Métabolisme du Muscle, Unité de Recherche sur les Herbivores, UR1213, INRA Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France. cassar@clermont.inra.fr
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cassar-Malek
authors.forename: Florent
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Passelaigue
authors.forename: Carine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Léger
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hocquette
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015536:Down-Regulation; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology*; D055435:Myostatin; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; C525911:MSTN protein, human; C525912:Mstn protein, mouse; D055435:Myostatin; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta