title: Identification and characterization of layer-specific differences in extraocular muscle m-bands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine and characterize the expression of M-bands (or M-lines) in the orbital layer (OL) and global layer (GL) of adult rat extraocular muscles (EOMs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative (q)PCR, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy were used to analyze expression of the major gene and protein constituents of M-bands in freshly dissected and cryosectioned rectus extraocular muscles (EOMs) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. Electron microscopy (EM) was performed on perfusion-fixed EOMs and TA muscles in a layer-specific manner, to determine, characterize, and quantify laminar-specific differences in M-band expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These studies demonstrate EOM layer-specific differences in the expression of M-bands and their major constituents, myomesin1 (Myom1) and myomesin2 (Myom2 or M-protein) at the structural, mRNA, and protein levels by using EM, semiquantitative PCR, qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy. Differences in thick filament lattice order were quantified by using EM-based inter-thick-filament distance and variance measurements and were found to be TA > GL > OL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression pattern of M-bands and their constituents in EOMs provides mechanistic insight for their allotypic and layer-specific viscoelastic properties. Modeling the differential expression of M-bands between EOMs and TA predicts increased elasticity but reduced force and eccentric contraction (ECC)-mediated damage in EOMs and suggests a potential mechanism for the clinical sparing of EOMs noted in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD).
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Martin H J
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wiesen
authors.forename: Sasha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bogdanovich
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Agarkova
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Perriard
authors.forename: Tejvir S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Khurana
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D064211:Connectin; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D064211:Connectin; D009124:Muscle Proteins; C577286:Myom1 protein, rat; C577289:Myom2 protein, rat; D012333:RNA, Messenger