title: Assessing the integrity of sympathetic pathways in spinal cord injury.
abstract: METHODS
  Measurement of cutaneous sympathetic reflexes and hemodynamic responses to brief electrical stimuli applied above (forehead) and below (abdominal wall) a spinal lesion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the validity of using cutaneous vasoconstriction as a sensitive indicator of increases in sympathetic activity in spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty spinal cord injured subjects with injuries ranging from C3-T11 and nine able-bodied controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cutaneous electrical stimulation was applied to the forehead and abdominal wall to subjects at unexpected times. Sudomotor and vasomotor responses, as well as continuous arterial pressure, heart rate and respiration were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sudomotor (electrodermal) responses to forehead stimulation were scarce in spinal cord injured subjects, whereas cutaneous vasoconstrictor responses (photoelectric pulse plethysmography) provided a sensitive indicator of any remaining central control of sympathetic function below the lesion. Electrical stimulation applied to the abdominal wall evoked vasoconstrictor reflexes below the lesion in the majority of spinal cord injured subjects, whereas only a limited number of electrodermal responses were observed. That these cutaneous vasoconstrictor responses could reflect parallel increases in muscle and splanchnic vasoconstrictor activity was indicated by the increases in blood pressure; patients lacking vasoconstrictor responses rarely showed stimulus-induced blood pressure increases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that skin vasomotor responses to somatosensory stimulation provide a more sensitive tool than electrodermal responses for evaluation of sympathetic function below a spinal cord lesion. STATEMENT OF ETHICS: We certify that all applicable institutional and governmental regulations concerning the ethical use of human volunteers were followed during the course of this research, and all experiments were conducted with the understanding and consent of each subject.
authors.affiliation: Spinal Injuries Research Centre, Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia. rach.brown@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Rachael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: B Gunnar
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Wallin
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elam
authors.forename: Vaughan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Macefield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004568:Electrodiagnosis / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010991:Plethysmography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014661:Vasoconstriction