title: Clinical pharmacokinetics and gastrointestinal tolerability of a novel extended-release microsphere formulation of azithromycin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A novel oral, extended-release, microsphere formulation of azithromycin (AZSR) was developed to improve the gastrointestinal tolerability profile while allowing administration of an entire treatment course of azithromycin in a single dose. Several phase I clinical pharmacology studies were conducted to (i) identify a well-tolerated single-dose formulation that met a predefined exposure target; and (ii) evaluate the effect of food and antacid on the absorption of this formulation. Of these, five pivotal studies are described here.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pharmacokinetic profile of AZSR was compared with that of the commercially available immediate-release azithromycin formulation (AZM) in an open-label, crossover, single-dose study (Study A), and their gastrointestinal tolerability profiles were compared in an observer-blind, parallel group, single-dose study (Study B). The effects of food (a high-fat meal and a standard meal) and antacid (a single 20 mL dose of Maalox Regular Strength, containing magnesium hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide and simethicone) on the absorption of azithromycin from AZSR were evaluated in three separate open-label, crossover, single-dose studies (Studies C, D and E). Healthy adult subjects were enrolled in all five studies, and all subjects were evaluable for tolerability. The dose used for all azithromycin formulations was 2.0 g. Serum azithromycin concentrations were determined using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography/electrochemical detection method, and pharmacokinetic parameters were analysed using noncompartmental methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  377 subjects received a single 2.0 g dose of azithromycin as AZSR and/or AZM in the five studies. Compared with AZM, AZSR had a slower absorption rate (57% decrease in the mean peak concentration [C(max)] and an approximate 2.5-hour delay in the time to reach C(max) [t(max)]), with a mean relative bioavailability of 82.8%, which met the predefined exposure target (at least 80% bioavailability relative to AZM). Compared with AZM, AZSR was associated with significantly lower rates of nausea and vomiting. A high-fat meal increased the mean area under the serum concentration-time curve [AUC] from time zero to 72 hours post-dose (AUC(72 h)) by 23% and increased the C(max) of azithromycin by 115%. A standard meal increased the mean C(max) by 119% but had no clinically significant effect on the AUC(72 h). AZSR appeared to be better tolerated in the fasted state than in the fed state. The AUC(72 h) and C(max) of AZSR were not significantly affected by co-administration with a single dose of antacid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extended-release microsphere formulation of azithromycin, AZSR, allows administration of an entire therapeutic course of azithromycin as a well-tolerated single 2.0 g dose. This formulation should be administered on an empty stomach and can be co-administered with antacids.
authors.affiliation: Clinical R&D, Pfizer Global Research and Development, New London, Connecticut 06320, USA.
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jeanne D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Breen
authors.forename: Jeannine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: LaBadie
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Benner
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Benincosa
authors.forename: Amarnath
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000863:Antacids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D008875:Middle Aged; D018401:Sample Size
chemical_list: D000863:Antacids; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004041:Dietary Fats; D017963:Azithromycin