title: Ouabain induces cardiac remodeling in rats independent of blood pressure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the ouabain's effects on cardiac remodeling in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with ouabain. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was recorded weekly. After 4 and 6 weeks, echocardiography were performed, hemodynamic parameters were measured by invasive cardiac catheterization, changes in cardiac ultrastructure were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, the collagen fraction of the left ventricle was assessed with Picrosirius red stain, and RT-PCR was applied to evaluate the mRNA level of myosin heavy chain-alpha and -beta in the left ventricle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Having been treated with ouabain for 4 weeks, there was no significant difference in the mean SBP of the two groups. However, left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial ultrastructure deterioration, and extracellular matrix remodeling were induced by ouabain treatment; meanwhile, cardiac systolic and diastolic performance were both worsened. Moreover, the cardiac MHC-beta mRNA was upregulated by ouabain treatment, whereas MHC-alpha mRNA was downregulated. After 4 weeks, the mean SBP in the ouabain group began to increase and was significantly higher than that in control group after 6 weeks (P<0.01); the rats'cardiac structure and function were worsened.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggested that ouabain induces alterations in cardiac structure and function, and the effects happened before the increase of blood pressure. The results indicated that ouabain induced cardiac remodeling in rats independent of blood pressure.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric-Cardiovascular Department, the People Hospital of Shaanxi Province and the Third Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710068, China. jiangxinwind@126.com
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Yan-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Zhuo-Ren
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Lv
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D010042:Ouabain / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D010042:Ouabain; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains