title: Morphological effects of two protocols of passive stretch over the immobilized rat soleus muscle.
abstract: This study evaluated two different stretching protocols employed during a period of hind-limb immobilization in terms of their effects on muscle morphology. Quantitative data regarding the soleus muscle were obtained based on the clinical hypothesis that a high frequency of this exercise would improve the recovery of muscle structure. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 6 each): the control group (C); the immobilized group, in which the left hind limb was immobilized in order to maintain the soleus muscle in a fully shortened position for 3 weeks (I); the 'immobilized and stretched every 3 days' group, in which the left hind limb was immobilized as in the immobilized group, but with the soleus muscle stretched every 3 days for 40 min (Ist3); and the 'immobilized (as in the immobilized group) and stretched every 7 days' group (ISt7). All soleus muscles were excised 21 days after the beginning of the experiment, and were processed for (1) haematoxylin and eosin and myosin ATPase to evaluate muscle morphology and cross-sectional area and the proportions of the different fibre types, and (2) ultrastructural analysis. The cross-sectional area was found to have decreased in all fibre types (I, II and C), mainly in ISt7, when compared with the C group and ISt3 group. The proportion of the different fibre types did not show statistical difference between groups. Light and electron microscopy examination revealed signs of cell degeneration that was more intense in the group immobilized and stretched three times a week. In conclusion, sessions of passive stretching applied to the soleus during immobilization induce muscle fibre injury, suggesting that this therapeutic tool should be applied carefully to disused muscles.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Skeletal Muscle Plasticity, Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anna R S
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Anabelle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cornachione
authors.forename: Tania F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Salvini
authors.forename: Ana Cláudia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mattiello-Sverzut
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006614:Hindlimb; D007103:Immobilization; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D023421:Models, Animal; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology*; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009218:Myosins / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009218:Myosins