title: Complete occlusion of extracranial internal carotid artery: clinical features, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management.
abstract: A complete occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is an important cause of cerebrovascular disease. A never-symptomatic ICA occlusion has a relatively benign course, whereas symptomatic occlusion increases future risk of strokes. Ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging and contrast angiography are useful diagnostic tests, and functional imaging of the brain (eg, with positron emission tomography) helps to understand haemodynamic factors involved in the pathophysiology of brain ischaemia. Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in the role of extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery for the treatment of completely occluded ICA. With advances in the measurement of cerebral haemodynamics, it may be possible to identify high-risk patients who could benefit from the bypass surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Medicine, Glenfield General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK. bthanvi@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Bhomraj
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thanvi
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D002548:Cerebral Revascularization / Q000379:methods; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000209:etiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012171:Retinal Vessels
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents