Diversity, activity, and abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria in saline and hypersaline soda lakes.
Soda lakes are naturally occurring highly alkaline and saline environments. Although the sulfur cycle is one of the most active element cycles in these lakes, little is known about the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In this study we investigated the diversity, activity, and abundance of SRB in sediment samples and enrichment cultures from a range of (hyper)saline soda lakes of the Kulunda Steppe in southeastern Siberia in Russia. For this purpose, a polyphasic approach was used, including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of dsr gene fragments, sulfate reduction rate measurements, serial dilutions, and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Comparative sequence analysis revealed the presence of several novel clusters of SRB, mostly affiliated with members of the order Desulfovibrionales and family Desulfobacteraceae. We detected sulfate reducers and observed substantial sulfate reducing rates (between 12 and 423 micromol/dm(3) day(-1)) for most lakes, even at a salinity of 475 g/liter. Enrichments were obtained at salt saturating conditions (4 M Na(+)), using H(2) or volatile fatty acids as electron donors, and an extremely halophilic SRB, strain ASO3-1, was isolated. Furthermore, a high dsr gene copy number of 10(8) cells per ml was detected in a hypersaline lake by qPCR. Our results indicate the presence of diverse and active SRB communities in these extreme ecosystems.
Foti
Mirjam
M
Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, NL-2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands.
Sorokin
Dimitry Y
DY
Lomans
Bart
B
Mussman
Marc
M
Zacharova
Elena E
EE
Pimenov
Nikolay V
NV
Kuenen
J Gijs
JG
Muyzer
Gerard
G
D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004586:Electrophoresis; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism*; D014871:Water Microbiology
D013431:Sulfates; D012965:Sodium Chloride