title: Induction of lymphocytes activated marker CD69 following exposure to chitosan and alginate biopolymers.
abstract: CD69 is a very early cell activation antigen expressed on the surface of activated immune cells. It can appear within 1-2h of activation and exhibits maximal expression levels between 18 and 24h after stimulation. In this work, the expression profile of CD69 in mice splenocytes was evaluated following exposure to the biopolymers, chitosan or alginate and the immunostimulatory factors, CpG ODN 1826 or concanavalin A. We have shown that both polymers are able to upregulate expression of CD69 on B cells and CD4+ T-lymphocytes, with alginate as the least potent stimulus. Moreover, the expression of the CD69 molecule on CD8+ T-lymphocytes was observed only in splenocytes cultured with chitosan. However, activation of lymphocytes did not result in cell proliferation. On the other hand, CpG ODN proved to be a potent B cell stimulator, as evidenced by the upregulation of CD69, but had less effect on T-cells. These results, together with previous discoveries reported in scientific literature, may contribute to the clarification of the adjuvant effect, which has been attributed to chitosan and alginate formulations or to the biopolymers itself.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pharmaceutical Studies and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Rua do Norte, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal. olga@ci.uc.pt
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Borchard
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Sousa
authors.forename: Hans E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Junginger
authors.forename: Anabela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cordeiro-da-Silva
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism*; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000378:metabolism*; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048271:Chitosan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003208:Concanavalin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D004247:DNA / Q000276:immunology; D004337:Drug Carriers; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008934:Mitogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D000099192:CD69 Antigens
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D048271:Chitosan; D003208:Concanavalin A; D004247:DNA; D004337:Drug Carriers; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D008934:Mitogens; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D000099192:CD69 Antigens; C423449:CpG ODN 1826