title: Identification of androgen response elements in the insulin-like growth factor I upstream promoter.
abstract: Testosterone stimulates the expression of IGF-I in cells and tissues that include prostate, muscle and muscle satellite cells, and the uterus. Here, the molecular mechanisms of this effect of testosterone were explored. Testosterone increased IGF-I mRNA levels in HepG2 and LNCaP cells and stimulated the activity of reporter genes controlled by 1.6 kb of the upstream promoter of the human IGF-I gene. An androgen-responsive region that was located between -1320 and -1420 bases upstream of the first codon was identified by truncation studies. The androgen-responsive region was found to contain two sequences resembling known androgen receptor (AR)-binding sites from the Pem1 gene. Reporter genes incorporating these sequences were strongly stimulated by androgens. Each of the androgen-responsive elements (AREs) bound recombinant AR-DNA-binding domain in gel-shift experiments; binding was greatly enhanced by sequences flanking the apparent AR-binding half-sites. Testosterone induced recruitment of AR to sequences of genomic DNA containing these AREs. The two AREs were activated 5-fold more by AR than glucocorticoid receptor. Collectively, these findings indicate the presence of two AREs within the IGF-I upstream promoter that act in cis to activate IGF-I expression. These AREs seem likely to contribute to the up-regulation of the IGF-I gene in prostate tissues, HepG2 cells, and potentially other tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans' Affairs, Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury,James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jingbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jiangping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Qiaqia
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yuanfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Bauman
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Cardozo
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism*; D020218:Response Elements; D013739:Testosterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C410798:AR protein, human; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D013739:Testosterone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I