title: Mechanisms of spinal cord stimulation in ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to assess the duration of neuroprotection after SCS. Nearly 40 years after the first description of spinal cord stimulation (SCS), the mechanisms underlying its physiological effects remain unclear. It is known that SCS affects activity in the nervous system on a broad scale. Local neurohumoral changes within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord have been described, as have changes in cortical activation in a number of brain regions. Spinal cord stimulation has even been found to have profound effects on sympathetic vascular tone, a discovery that has led to its use in ameliorating blood flow in the limbs, heart, and brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an effort to delineate the limits of neuroprotection offered by SCS, the authors have studied its use in an experimental model of permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in rats. The investigators applied SCS in a delayed fashion 3, 6, or 9 hours after MCA occlusion. The results are reported and mechanisms underlying the physiological effects of SCS are reviewed, with particular attention being paid to the effect of SCS on cerebral blood flow in the setting of cerebral ischemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors found that SCS applied as late as 6 hours postischemia significantly reduces stroke volumes, whereas SCS applied 9 hours after ischemia fails to reduce stroke injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. osagher@umich.edu
authors.forename: Oren
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sagher
authors.forename: Dah-Luen
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004824:Epidural Space; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014664:Vasodilation; D014666:Vasomotor System / Q000503:physiopathology