title: Comparison of actual vs. synthesized ternary phase diagrams for solutes of cryobiological interest.
abstract: Phase diagrams are of great utility in cryobiology, especially, those consisting of a cryoprotective agent (CPA) dissolved in a physiological salt solution. These ternary phase diagrams consist of plots of the freezing points of increasing concentrations of solutions of cryoprotective agents (CPA) plus NaCl. Because they are time-consuming to generate, ternary diagrams are only available for a small number of CPAs. We wanted to determine whether accurate ternary phase diagrams could be synthesized by adding together the freezing point depressions of binary solutions of CPA/water and NaCl/water which match the corresponding solute molality concentrations in the ternary solution. We begin with a low concentration of a solution of CPA+salt of given R (CPA/salt) weight ratio. Ice formation in that solution is mimicked by withdrawing water from it which increases the concentrations of both the CPA and the NaCl. We compute the individual solute concentrations, determine their freezing points from published binary phase diagrams, and sum the freezing points. These yield the synthesized ternary phase diagram for a solution of given R. They were compared with published experimental ternary phase diagrams for glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sucrose, and ethylene glycol (EG) plus NaCl in water. For the first three, the synthesized and experimental phase diagrams agreed closely, with some divergence occurring as wt% concentrations exceeded 30% for DMSO and 55% for glycerol, and sucrose. However, in the case of EG there were substantial differences over nearly the entire range of concentrations which we attribute to systematic errors in the experimental EG data. New experimental EG work will be required to resolve this issue.
authors.affiliation: Fundamental and Applied Cryobiology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37932-2575, USA. fkleinha@iupui.edu
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Kleinhans
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mazur
mesh_terms: D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000737:chemistry; D019855:Ethylene Glycol / Q000737:chemistry; D005615:Freezing; D005990:Glycerol / Q000737:chemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D044367:Phase Transition; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000737:chemistry; D044366:Transition Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013395:Sucrose; D019855:Ethylene Glycol; D005990:Glycerol; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide