title: Phonological neighborhood and word frequency effects in the stuttered disfluencies of children who stutter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine (a) the role of neighborhood density (number of words that are phonologically similar to a target word) and frequency variables on the stuttering-like disfluencies of preschool children who stutter, and (b) whether these variables have an effect on the type of stuttering-like disfluency produced.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 500+ word speech sample was obtained from each participant (N = 15). Each stuttered word was randomly paired with the firstly produced word that closely matched it in grammatical class, familiarity, and number of syllables/phonemes. Frequency, neighborhood density, and neighborhood frequency values were obtained for the stuttered and fluent words from an online database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings revealed that stuttered words were lower in frequency and neighborhood frequency than fluent words. Words containing part-word repetitions and sound prolongations were also lower in frequency and/or neighborhood frequency than fluent words, but these frequency variables did not have an effect on single-syllable word repetitions. Neighborhood density failed to influence the susceptibility of words to stuttering, as well as the type of stuttering-like disfluency produced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, findings suggest that neighborhood and frequency variables not only influence the fluency with which words are produced in speech, but also have an impact on the type of stuttering-like disfluency produced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Indiana University Bloomington, 200 South Jordan Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7002, USA. judander@indiana.edu
authors.forename: Julie D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010507:Periodicity; D010700:Phonetics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013342:Stuttering / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D014825:Vocabulary