title: Perioperative activin A concentrations as a predictive marker of neurologic abnormalities in children after open heart surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemic-reperfusion injury of the brain is a major adverse event after cardiac surgery, especially when extracorporeal circuits are used. Because brain injury induces local overproduction of activin A, we measured plasma concentrations in children after open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to investigate the potential of measuring activin A for early identification of infants at risk for brain damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 45 infants (age <1 year) with congenital heart defects: 36 without overt neurologic injury, and 9 with neurologic injury on day 7 after the surgical procedure. Blood samples were taken before surgery, during surgery before CPB, at the end of CPB, at the end of surgery, and at 12 h after surgery. Neurologic development was assessed before surgery and on postoperative day 7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Activin A concentrations increased significantly during surgery (P <0.0001) to a maximum at the end of CPB. Infants who developed abnormal neurologic sequelae had concentrations significantly higher (P <0.0001, all comparisons) than patients with normal neurologic outcome at all evaluated times, but not before surgery. Activin A had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 66%-100%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI, 90%-100%) as a single marker for predicting neurologic abnormalities (area under the ROC curve, 1.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activin A increases in children who experience poor neurologic outcomes after open heart surgery, and its assay may help in early identification of infants at risk for brain damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Florio
authors.forename: Raul Felipe
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Abella
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: de la Torre
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giamberti
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luisi
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Butera
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cazzaniga
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frigiola
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petraglia
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gazzolo
mesh_terms: D028341:Activins / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D007223:Infant; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C422405:activin A; D028341:Activins