title: The potential effect of gender in combination with common genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes on the risk of developing acute leukemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined common polymorphisms in the genes for glutathione S-transferase (GST), cytochrome P450 (CYP), quinone oxoreductase (NQO1), methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and thymidylate synthetase (TYMS) and the role of gender associated with the susceptibility to de novo acute leukemia (AL).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study analyzing the prevalence of the polymorphisms CYP1A1*2A, CYP2E1*5B, CYP3A4*1B, del{GSTT1}, del{GSTM1}, NQO1*2, MTHFR C6777, and TYMS 2R/3R in 443 patients with AL [302 with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and 141 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)] and 454 control volunteers, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a higher incidence of del{GSTT1} in patients with AML than among controls (25.6% vs. 13.7%, OR=2.2, p<0.001) and a higher incidence of NQO1*2 homozygosity (NQO1*2hom.) in males with the M3 FAB subtype than in control males (8.6% vs. 2.2%, OR=4.9, p=0.02). The del{GSTT1} and NQO1*2hom. polymorphisms increased the risk of ALL (OR=2.2 and 3.0, p=0.001 and 0.003, respectively). The higher risk conferred by NQO1*2hom. and del{GSTT1} mainly affected males (OR=6.1 and 2.4; p=0.002 and 0.005, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Males harboring NQO1*2hom. and del{GSTT1} polymorphisms showed a higher risk than females of developing AL. Thus, gender might influence the risk of AL associated with these genetic polymorphisms.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Biopathology, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain. bolufer_pas@gva.es
authors.forename: Pascual
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bolufer
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Collado
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barragán
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cervera
authors.forename: María-José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Calasanz
authors.forename: Dolors
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Colomer
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roman-Gómez
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sanz
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000235:genetics; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 / Q000235:genetics; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007938:Leukemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone) / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); C447479:NQO1 protein, human; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; C413545:glutathione S-transferase T1; D005982:Glutathione Transferase