title: Initial stages of self-organization of silica-alumina gels in zeolite synthesis.
abstract: We report the effect of aluminum on the formation and structure of silica nanoparticles formed in basic solutions of small organic and inorganic cations using a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering, conductivity, pH, and 27Al NMR spectroscopy methods. At low silica concentrations, our observations agree with previous reports and show the formation of small oligomers ((HO)4-nAl(OSi(OH)3)n)- that can be modeled qualitatively using a simple aqueous speciation model. We also find that aluminum drastically reduces the concentration of silica at which nanoparticles are formed. Using organic cations, the particles are smaller than the ones observed in pure silica systems (1.5 nm vs approximately 3 nm diameter), but in the case of sodium cations, larger particles are detected ( approximately 10 nm in diameter). The data suggests that sodium cations are incorporated within the inorganic silica/alumina core, as opposed to organic cations that appear to be excluded from such clusters. Important insights are gained by making analogies to the behavior of mixed surfactant systems using regular solution theory and noting that the formation of Si-O-Al bonds (as measured by the DeltaGdegrees(rxn) of condensation) is much more favorable than the formation of Si-O-Si bonds.
authors.affiliation: Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fedeyko
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Egolf-Fox
authors.forename: Dustin W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Fickel
authors.forename: Dionisios G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Vlachos
authors.forename: Raul F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Lobo