title: Anatomical measurements of porcine lumbar vertebrae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Porcine spines are frequently used as an alternative to human specimens for spinal implant testing. Morphometric data of the normal porcine lumbar vertebrae are lacking at this time, yet these data are crucial for application to such studies. This study provides such a database and highlights the differences between porcine and human specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  All the lumbar vertebrae (L1-L6) from six adult (18-24 month old, 60-80 kg) male porcine spines were used in our study (n=36). A total of 15 anatomical parameters from each vertebra were measured by two observers. Linear parameters were measured using digital calipers. The mean, standard deviation and standard error of mean were calculated using Microsoft Excel. Results from our study were compared with available data on human vertebra.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the human vertebrae, there were several anatomical differences in the porcine thoracolumbar vertebrae including smaller end plate area, larger pedicles, taller and narrower vertebral bodies, narrower spinal canals and smaller spinous process lengths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide a database of anatomical measurements for porcine lumbar vertebrae and highlight their differences with human vertebrae. Porcine vertebrae may be used as an alternative to human specimen if these differences are taken into account. Studies which involve testing implants such as interbody cages, disc replacements and pedicle screw-rod systems in porcine spines should match implant size appropriately.
authors.affiliation: University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK. roshandath@gmail.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dath
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ebinesan
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Miles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine