title: Toxicological evaluation of genetically modified cotton (Bollgard) and Dipel WP on the non-target soil mite Scheloribates praeincisus (Acari: Oribatida).
abstract: Insecticides derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and plants genetically modified (GM) to express B. thuringiensis toxins are important alternatives for insect pest control worldwide. Risk assessment of B. thuringiensis toxins to non-target organisms has been extensively studied but few toxicological tests have considered soil invertebrates. Oribatid mites are one of the most diverse and abundant arthropod groups in the upper layers of soil and litter in natural and agricultural systems. These mites are exposed to the toxic compounds of GM crops or pesticides mainly when they feed on vegetal products incorporated in the soil. Although some effects of B. thuringiensis products on Acari have been reported, effects on oribatid mites are still unknown. This study investigated the effects of the ingestion of Bt cotton Bollgard and of the B. thuringiensis commercial product Dipel WP on the pantropical species Scheloribates praeincisus (Scheloribatidae). Ingestion of Bollgard and Dipel did not affect adult and immature survivorship and food consumption (estimated by number of fecal pellets produced daily) or developmental time of immature stages of S. praeincisus. These results indicate the safety of Bollgard and Dipel to S. praeincisus under field conditions where exposition is lower and other food sources besides leaves of Bt plants are available. The method for toxicological tests described here can be adapted to other species of Oribatida, consisting on a new option to risk assessment studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Agricultural Zoology, University of Sao Paulo, CP 9, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anibal R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Thiago R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Deise M F
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Capalbo
authors.forename: Italo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Delalibera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000235:genetics; D003368:Gossypium / Q000235:genetics*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008925:Mites / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests