title: An immunomodulating pectic polymer from Glinus oppositifolius.
abstract: An immunomodulating pectic polymer, GOA1, obtained from the aerial parts of the Malian medicinal plant Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC. (Aizoaceae) has previously been reported to consist of arabinogalactans type I and II, probably linked to a rhamnogalacturonan backbone. To further elucidate the structure of the polymer GOA1, enzymatic degradation studies and weak acid hydrolysis were performed. Five different glycosidases were used, endo-alpha-D-(1-->4)-polygalacturonase, exo-alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase, endo-alpha-L-(1-->5)-arabinanase, endo-beta-D-(1-->4)-galactanase and exo-beta-D-galactosidase. It appears that GOA1 may contain a structural moiety consisting of a 1,3-linked galactopyranosyl (Galp) main chain with 1,6-linked Galp side chains attached to position 6 of the main chain. The 1,6-linked Galp side chain may be branched in position 3 with arabinofuranosyl (Araf) side chains. A 1,4-linked Galp backbone which might carry side chains or glycosyl units attached to position 3 is also a structural element in the polymer. We further show that GOA1 induce proliferation of B cells and the secretion of IL-1beta by macrophages, in addition to a marked increase of mRNA for IFN-gamma in NK-cells. To elucidate structure-activity relations the native polymer and the digested fractions were tested for complement fixing activity and intestinal immune stimulating activity. The partial removal of Araf residues after enzymatic degradations did not affect the bioactivities, while the acid hydrolysed fraction showed reduced complement fixing activity. A decrease in Araf units, 1,3,6-linked Galp units and a partial hydrolysed rhamnogalacturonan backbone, in addition to a reduction in molecular weight are factors that might have contributed to reduced bioactivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. k.t.inngjerdingen@farmasi.uio.no <k.t.inngjerdingen@farmasi.uio.no>
authors.forename: Kari T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Inngjerdingen
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiyohara
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Terje E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Michaelsen
authors.forename: Drissa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Diallo
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inngjerdingen
authors.forename: Haruki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Berit S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Paulsen
mesh_terms: D035722:Aizoaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005685:Galactans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D010368:Pectins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010581:Peyer's Patches / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005685:Galactans; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D010368:Pectins; C005653:arabinogalactan