title: The genome of Hyperthermus butylicus: a sulfur-reducing, peptide fermenting, neutrophilic Crenarchaeote growing up to 108 degrees C.
abstract: Hyperthermus butylicus, a hyperthermophilic neutrophile and anaerobe, is a member of the archaeal kingdom Crenarchaeota. Its genome consists of a single circular chromosome of 1,667,163 bp with a 53.7% G+C content. A total of 1672 genes were annotated, of which 1602 are protein-coding, and up to a third are specific to H. butylicus. In contrast to some other crenarchaeal genomes, a high level of GUG and UUG start codons are predicted. Two cdc6 genes are present, but neither could be linked unambiguously to an origin of replication. Many of the predicted metabolic gene products are associated with the fermentation of peptide mixtures including several peptidases with diverse specificities, and there are many encoded transporters. Most of the sulfur-reducing enzymes, hydrogenases and electron-transfer proteins were identified which are associated with energy production by reducing sulfur to H(2)S. Two large clusters of regularly interspaced repeats (CRISPRs) are present, one of which is associated with a crenarchaeal-type cas gene superoperon; none of the spacer sequences yielded good sequence matches with known archaeal chromosomal elements. The genome carries no detectable transposable or integrated elements, no inteins, and introns are exclusive to tRNA genes. This suggests that the genome structure is quite stable, possibly reflecting a constant, and relatively uncompetitive, natural environment.
authors.affiliation: Danish Archaea Centre, Institute of Molecular Biology, Copenhagen University, Sølvgade 83H, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brügger
authors.forename: Lanming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zibat
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Redder
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruepp
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Awayez
authors.forename: Qunxin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: She
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Klenk
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D004260:DNA Repair; D004261:DNA Replication; D005285:Fermentation; D019766:Genes, Archaeal; D020745:Genome, Archaeal; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D041523:Pyrodictiaceae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013455:Sulfur / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D013455:Sulfur; D002244:Carbon