title: Magnetoencephalographic findings of Panayiotopoulos syndrome with frontal epileptic discharges.
abstract: We previously reported the results of a magnetoencephalographic study in patients with Panayiotopoulos syndrome manifesting occipital epileptic discharges, in which the equivalent current dipoles of spike discharges were clustered alongside the major cortical sulci, such as parieto-occipital and calcarine. This report is the result of a magnetoencephalographic study of three patients with Panayiotopoulos syndrome exhibiting equivalent current dipoles clustering in the frontal area. Patient 1, a 13-year-old male, exhibited clustering equivalent current dipoles alongside right inferior frontal sulcus, but the orientations were irregular. Patient 2 is an 11-year-old younger brother of Patient 1, whose magnetoencephalograph revealed equivalent current dipoles clustering alongside right prefrontal sulcus and regular orientations. Patient 3 is a 10-year-old female who had equivalent current dipoles clustering alongside right superior frontal sulcus and extremely regular orientations. The locations of clustering equivalent current dipoles of frontal spike discharges were not restricted to one specific frontal sulcus but were present in various locations over the convexity of the prefrontal area. In conclusion, these findings suggest that it is inappropriate to classify Panayiotopoulos syndrome as occipital epilepsy. In addition, the result of this study, that frontal spike discharges seem to occur in relatively older patients, may suggest a correlation between brain maturation and spike occurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Epilepsy Center, Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Naka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kanazawa
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tohyama
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akasaka
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamimura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D017029:Epilepsy, Complex Partial / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders; D013577:Syndrome; D014839:Vomiting