title: Viral investigation of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreak (2003) in Nepal using molecular methods.
abstract: A nationwide outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) occurred in Nepal during August to September 2003, which affected nearly half of the population. Sixty conjunctival swabs from AHC patients were collected at Tilganga Eye Center in Kathmandu. For the first time in Nepal, we demonstrated the etiologic viral agents of AHC, namely, Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v) by reverse transcription real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 60 samples, 19 were positive for CA24v. No difference in the two genders was observed. Conversely, Adenovirus (AdV) was detected in 32 samples, which suggested that the epidemic was caused by mixed infection. AdV was detected also on 10 rupee notes. Findings indicated that inadequate personal hygiene was the main cause of the spread of these highly contagious viruses in the community environment in Nepal during the summer of 2003.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6, Minatojima-Nakamachi, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, 650-0046, Japan. mkurokawa@mvh.biglobe.ne.jp
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurokawa
authors.forename: Shiba Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Reeta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gurung
authors.forename: Sunduk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruit
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000257:Adenoviridae Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003232:Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D003384:Coxsackievirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D030015:Enterovirus C, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction