title: [Susceptibility of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) adults to fungicides used to control apple diseases].
abstract: This study evaluated the susceptibility under laboratory conditions of Trichogrammapretiosum Riley adults to fungicides recommended by the Integrated Production of Apple (IPA). The bioassays were carried out using the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palearctic Regional Section (WPRS) standard protocols. Twelve selected fungicides were studied in the doses (g or ml active ingredient/100 L) captan 1 (0.115), captan 2 (0.120), kresoxim-methyl (0.010), sulphur 1 (AG) (0.480), sulphur 2 (0.480), folpet (0.105), mancozeb (0.160), pyraclostrobin (0.010), tebuconazole (0.010), tetraconazole (0.005), thiophanate-methyl (0.050) and triforine (0.024). Distilled water was used as the blank treatment and the insecticide triclorfon (0.150) as a positive control. The parasitoids were exposed to dry residues applied on glass plates. The reduction in the capacity of parasitism was used to measure the effect of the chemical in comparison to the blank treatment. Each treatment was replicated four times. The results allowed us to classify the fungicides tested in four categories: 1, harmless (< 30%); 2, slightly harmful (30-79%); 3, moderately harmful (80-99%); and 4, harmful (> 99%). 75% of the tested substances were classified as selective (classes 1 and 2) to the parasitoid. The fungicides captan 1, captan 2, kresoxim-methyl, folpet, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl and triforine were harmless; mancozeb was slightly harmful; sulphur 1 (AG) and tetraconazole were moderately harmful and sulphur 2 was harmful. These findings should be taken into account when selecting fungicides to spray apple orchards against fungi diseases to preserve the egg parasitoid T. pretiosum.
authors.affiliation: Depto. Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Univ. Federal de Pelotas - UFPel Campus Universitário, C. postal 354, 96.010-900, Pelotas, RS.
authors.forename: Cristiane G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Manzon
authors.forename: Anderson D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Grützmacher
authors.forename: Fabrizio P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Giolo
authors.forename: Crislaine A B Lima
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Lima
authors.forename: Sandro D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Nörnberg
authors.forename: Cristiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Wagner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: da R Härter
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006927:Hymenoptera / Q000187:drug effects*; D027845:Malus; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010935:Plant Diseases
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents