title: Alcoholic beverage preference, 29-year mortality, and quality of life in men in old age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Harms of excessive alcohol consumption are obvious, but moderate wine consumption is frequently advocated for prevention of cardiovascular diseases. We compared 29-year mortality and quality of life in old age by alcoholic beverage preference (beer, wine, or spirits) in a cohort of men whose socioeconomic status was similar in their adult life.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1974, cardiovascular risk factors and beverage preference were assessed in 2468 businessmen and executives aged 40-55 years. Of them, 131 did not use alcohol, 455 did not report a single preference, and 694, 251, and 937 preferred beer, wine, and spirits, respectively. Quality of life with a RAND-36 Short Form (SF)-36 instrument was surveyed in 2000 in survivors. Mortality was retrieved from registers during the 29-year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcoholic beverage preference tracked well during the follow-up. Total alcohol consumption was not significantly different between preference groups. Men with wine preference had the lowest total mortality due to lower cardiovascular mortality. With the spirits group as the reference category and age, cardiovascular risk factors, and total alcohol consumption as covariates, wine drinkers had a 34% lower total mortality (relative risk 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.45-0.98); relative risk for beer preferers was 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.68-1.14). In 2000, wine preferers had the highest scores in all RAND-36 scales; general health (p =.007) and mental health (p =.01) were also significantly different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this male cohort from the highest social class, wine preference was associated with lower mortality and better quality of life in old age. Mortality advantage was independent of overall alcohol consumption and cardiovascular risk factors, but contributing personal characteristics or early life differences cannot be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Science and General Practice, University of Oulu, Finland. timo.strandberg@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Timo E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Strandberg
authors.forename: Arto Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Strandberg
authors.forename: Veikko V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Salomaa
authors.forename: Kaisu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pitkälä
authors.forename: Reijo S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tilvis
authors.forename: Tatu A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Miettinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D001515:Beer; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D011788:Quality of Life; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014920:Wine