Contact allergy epidemics and their controls.
Contact dermatitis can be severe and lead to sick leave as well as significant healthcare expenses. The aim of this review is to present the published knowledge on 6 historical epidemics of contact allergy to apply this knowledge on the prevention and control of future contact allergy epidemics. A historical review is performed on nickel, chromium, methyl-chloro-iso-thiazolinone/methyl-iso-thiazolinone, methyl-di-bromo glucaro-nitrile, formaldehyde, and para-phenylenediamine. The first cases of contact dermatitis are mostly occupational, whereas consumer cases appear later. There is often a latency period from the first cases are observed until an epidemic occurs, and the problem is recognized. Finally, no one seems to take responsibility of dealing with the situation, and there are no attempts of regulation until an epidemic is consolidated among consumers for many years. Steps should be taken to prevent contact allergy epidemics. It is essential that dermatologist, scientists, administrators, and consumers organize and structure known methods to accelerate the control of emerging contact allergens.
Thyssen
Jacob Pontoppidan
JP
Department of Dermato-venerology, National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte University Hospital, Ledreborg Allé 40, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark. jacpth01@gentoftehosp.kbhamt.dk
Johansen
Jeanne Duus
JD
Menné
Torkil
T
D002857:Chromium / Q000276:immunology; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D009532:Nickel / Q000276:immunology; D009570:Nitriles / Q000276:immunology; D010655:Phenylenediamines / Q000276:immunology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000276:immunology
D009570:Nitriles; D010655:Phenylenediamines; D013844:Thiazoles; D002857:Chromium; D005557:Formaldehyde; D009532:Nickel; C029728:4-phenylenediamine; C039411:1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane