title: Educational level as a modulator of cognitive performance and neuropsychyatric features in Parkinson disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test a possible association between the educational level (EL), cognitive performance, and neuropsychiatric features in Parkinson disease (PD).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  An inverse association has been reported between EL and cognitive dysfunction in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type but it is yet unsettled whether education has a similar effect on cognition in PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two PD patients (45 males, mean age 68.7+/-11.6 y) underwent a detailed neurologic examination, a battery of neuropsychologic tests, and questionnaires for the evaluation of psychosis, sleep disturbances, and depression. According to the number of educational years, patients were divided into 3 groups: low EL (0 to 8 y), (15 patients), intermediate EL (9 to 12 y) (28 patients), and high EL (>/=13 y) (29 patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with a higher EL had a better cognitive function and an association was found between the patients' EL and their scores in various neuropsychologic tests mainly those sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. Low education was associated with an increased risk for hallucinations and a trend for more depression, delusions, and sleep disturbances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between high educational attainment and the lower risk of cognitive dysfunction suggest that education might modulate cognitive performance in PD.
authors.affiliation: Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders Clinic, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel. oren.cohen@sheba.health.gov.il
authors.forename: Oren S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vakil
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tanne
authors.forename: Zeev
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nitsan
authors.forename: Roseline
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hassin-Baer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D012307:Risk Factors