title: Garenoxacin pharmacokinetics in subjects with renal impairment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This open-label, parallel-group study determined the pharmacokinetics of garenoxacin in subjects with severe renal impairment, including subjects maintained on dialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were assigned to one of four groups according to their underlying renal function: creatinine clearance (CL(cr)) > 80 mL/min, CL(cr) < 30 mL/min, hemodialysis (HD), and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Subjects received a single oral 600-mg dose of garenoxacin. Administration of garenoxacin to subjects receiving hemodialysis was completed in two phases separated by 14 days: 3 h before HD (phase 1) and immediately after HD (phase 2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma and urine or dialysate samples were analyzed for garenoxacin, and single-dose pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. Safety was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five subjects received garenoxacin. Compared with healthy controls, garenoxacin area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration were increased by 51% and lowered by 20%, respectively, in subjects with severe renal impairment. The terminal half-life was prolonged in subjects with severe renal impairment compared with healthy controls (26.5 +/- 7 h vs 14.4 +/- 3 h, respectively). In subjects receiving HD or CAPD, removal of garenoxacin from systemic circulation was relatively inefficient (HD, 1.5-11.5%; CAPD, 3%), suggesting no need for a supplemental dose of garenoxacin after dialysis. Garenoxacin was well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the broad therapeutic index of garenoxacin, the effects of renal impairment on garenoxacin exposure are not considered clinically significant. There was a modest increase in AUC in subjects with severe renal impairment and the magnitude of the changes was not considered clinically relevant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacokinetic and Early Clinical Research & Experimental Medicine, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA. Gopal.Krishna@spcorp.com
authors.forename: Gopal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.forename: Diptee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gajjar
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swan
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marbury
authors.forename: Dennis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Grasela
authors.forename: Zaiqi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; D012016:Reference Values; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D024841:Fluoroquinolones; C419689:garenoxacin