Parenting intervention in Sure Start services for children at risk of developing conduct disorder: pragmatic randomised controlled trial.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effectiveness of a parenting programme as a preventive intervention with parents of preschool children considered to be at risk of developing conduct disorder.


METHODS
Pragmatic randomised controlled trial using a block design with allocation by area.


METHODS
Eleven Sure Start areas in north and mid-Wales.


METHODS
153 parents from socially disadvantaged areas, with children aged 36-59 months at risk of conduct disorder defined by scoring over the clinical cut off on the Eyberg child behaviour inventory. Participants were randomised on a 2:1 basis, 104 to intervention and 49 to remaining on the wait listing (control). Twenty (13%) were lost to follow-up six months later, 18 from the intervention group.


METHODS
The Webster-Stratton Incredible Years basic parenting programme, a 12 week group based intervention.


METHODS
Problem behaviour in children and parenting skills assessed by self reports from parents and by direct observation in the home. Parents' self reported parenting competence, stress, and depression. Standardised and well validated instruments were used throughout.


RESULTS
At follow-up, most of the measures of parenting and problem behaviour in children showed significant improvement in the intervention group. The intention to treat analysis for the primary outcome measure, the Eyberg child behaviour inventory, showed a mean difference between groups of 4.4 points (95% confidence interval 2.0 to 6.9, P<0.001) on the problem scale with an effect size of 0.63, and a mean difference of 25.1 (14.9 to 35.2, P<0.001) on the intensity scale with an effect size of 0.89.


CONCLUSIONS
This community based study showed the effectiveness of an evidence based parenting intervention delivered with fidelity by regular Sure Start staff. It has influenced policy within Wales and provides lessons for England where, to date, Sure Start programmes have not been effective.


BACKGROUND
ISRCTN46984318.
Hutchings
Judy
J
School of Psychology, University of Wales Bangor, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2DG. j.hutchings@bangor.ac.uk
Gardner
Frances
F
Bywater
Tracey
T
Daley
Dave
D
Whitaker
Chris
C
Jones
Karen
K
Eames
Catrin
C
Edwards
Rhiannon T
RT
D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education*; D012307:Risk Factors; D020954:Single-Parent Family; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014852:Wales