title: The intake of physiological doses of leptin during lactation in rats prevents obesity in later life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is epidemiological evidence that perinatal nutritional factors may have long-term effects on obesity. Which nutrients or food components are involved in this programming mechanism are unknown. Breast milk contains leptin, a hormone that regulates food intake and energy expenditure, and previous studies in rats have shown that leptin orally administered during lactation exerts anorexigenic effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether supplementation with physiological doses of oral leptin during lactation has long-term effects on body weight regulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A daily oral dose of leptin (equivalent to five times the amount of leptin ingested normally from maternal milk during the suckling period) or the vehicle was given to suckling male rats during lactation. Animals were fed after weaning with a normal fat (NF) or a high-fat (HF) diet. We followed body weight and food intake of animals until the age of 6 months, and measured the size of adipose tissue depots, the thermogenic capacity, the expression of leptin in the stomach and adipose tissues and the expression of two appetite-related peptides (neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC)), leptin receptor (OB-Rb) and suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS-3) in the hypothalamus at the age of 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leptin-treated animals had, in adulthood, lower body weight and fat content and ate fewer calories than their untreated controls. Unlike adipocitary leptin production, adult animals that were leptin-treated during lactation displayed higher gastric leptin production without changes in OB-Rb mRNA levels. In addition, in response to HF diet, leptin-treated animals (contrary to controls) showed lower hypothalamic NPY/POMC mRNA ratio. Hypothalamic OB-Rb mRNA levels decreased in control animals as an effect of HF diet feeding, but remained unchanged in leptin-treated animals; SOCS-3 mRNA levels were lower in leptin-treated animals than in their controls, both under normal or HF diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The animals that received leptin during lactation become more protected against fat accumulation in adult life and seem to be more sensitive to the short- and long-term regulation of food intake by leptin. Thus, leptin plays an important role in the earlier stages of neonatal life, as a component of breast milk, in the prevention of later obesity.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Fundamental y Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Picó
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Miralles
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caimari
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Priego
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palou
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D020738:Leptin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011333:Pro-Opiomelanocortin / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin; D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C491410:Socs3 protein, rat; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D011333:Pro-Opiomelanocortin