title: The effect of DTC advertisement content on belief tenacity: a study of appeals and argument types.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) has an influence on patients' perceptions, awareness, and behaviors. Inoculation theory and the model of belief processing provide insights into cognition that stand to increase our understanding of how patients process the information presented in these advertisements and form beliefs about medications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sidedness of appeals and argument types in understanding beliefs that are formed after exposure to advertisements. DTCA and negative experiences were used to study these constructs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2 (1-sided vs 2-sided appeals) x 2 (causal vs authoritative arguments) factorial study design was used. A total of 263 undergraduate students were assigned to view 1 of the 4 mock flu-medication advertisements and complete a questionnaire. Subjects were then presented with a negative scenario and were asked to fill out a questionnaire based on the information in the ad and in the negative scenario. The dependent measures included belief change, change in intent to inquire, and standardized price change. Data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects exposed to 2-sided appeals showed lower belief change, standardized price change, and change in intent to inquire following a negative experience than subjects exposed to 1-sided appeals (P<.05). No significant difference was found between subjects who received causal arguments and those who received authoritative arguments. A significant interaction effect was observed between sidedness of appeal and argument type on initial belief and initial intent to inquire.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some support for aspects of inoculation theory and theory of belief formation was found. The findings suggest that complying with the "fair-balance" requirement may be beneficial to pharmaceutical marketers as 2-sided appeals increase the tenacity of consumers' beliefs. Higher initial belief and intent to inquire when causal arguments are used in 2-sided promotional messages suggest that use of data to substantiate claims in advertisements may result in enhanced beliefs about the merits of advertised medication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Administration, The University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Nekshan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jalnawala
authors.forename: Noel E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Wilkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising / Q000379:methods*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003625:Data Collection; D004345:Drug Industry; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010565:Persuasive Communication; D013334:Students; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents