title: Generalist care managers for the treatment of depressed medicaid patients in North Carolina: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In most states, mental illness costs are an increasing share of Medicaid expenditures. Specialized depression care managers (CM) have consistently demonstrated improvements in patient outcomes relative to usual primary care (UC), but are costly and may not be fully utilized in smaller practices. A generalist care manager (GCM) could manage multiple chronic conditions and be more accepted and cost-effective than the specialist depression CM. We designed a pilot program to demonstrate the feasibility of training/deploying GCMs into primary care settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomized depressed adult Medicaid patients in 2 primary care practices in Western North Carolina to a GCM intervention or to UC. GCMs, already providing services in diabetes and asthma in both study arms, were further trained to provide depression services including self-management, decision support, use of information systems, and care management. The following data were analyzed: baseline, 3- and 6-month Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9) scores; baseline and 6-month Short Form (SF) 12 scores; Medicaid claims data; questionnaire on patients' perceptions of treatment; GCM case notes; physician and office staff time study; and physician and office staff focus group discussions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five patients were enrolled, the majority with preexisting depression. Both groups improved; the GCM group did not demonstrate better clinical and functional outcomes than the UC group. Patients in the GCM group were more likely to have prescriptions of correct dosing by chart data. GCMs most often addressed comorbid conditions (36%), then social issues (27%) and appointment reminders (14%). GCMs recorded an average of 46 interactions per patient in the GCM arm. Focus group data demonstrated that physicians valued using GCMs. A time study documented that staff required no more time interacting with GCMs, whereas physicians spent an average of 4 minutes more per week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GCMs can be trained in care of depression and other chronic illnesses, are acceptable to practices and patients, and result in physicians prescribing guideline concordant care. GCMs appear to be a feasible intervention for community medical practices and to warrant a larger scale trial to test their appropriateness for Medicaid programs nationally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Mountain Area Health Education Center and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Suzanne.landis@mahec.net <Suzanne.landis@mahec.net>
authors.forename: Suzanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Landis
authors.forename: Bradley N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Gaynes
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Morrissey
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vinson
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Marisa E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Domino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000628:therapy; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D009657:North Carolina; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010346:Patient Care Management / Q000379:methods*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*