title: Electromagnetic power absorption and temperature changes due to brain machine interface operation.
abstract: To fully understand neural function, chronic neural recordings must be made simultaneously from 10s or 100s of neurons. To accomplish this goal, several groups are developing brain machine interfaces. For these devices to be viable for chronic human use, it is likely that they will need to be operated and powered externally via a radiofrequency (RF) source. However, RF exposure can result in tissue heating and is regulated by the FDA/FCC. This paper provides an initial estimate of the amount of tissue heating and specific absorption rate (SAR) associated with the operation of a brain-machine interface (BMI). The operation of a brain machine interface was evaluated in an 18-tissue anatomically detailed human head mesh using simulations of electromagnetics and bio-heat phenomena. The simulations were conducted with a single chip, as well as with eight chips, placed on the surface of the human brain and each powered at four frequencies (13.6 MHz, 1.0 GHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz). The simulated chips consist of a wire antenna on a silicon chip covered by a Teflon dura patch. SAR values were calculated using the finite-difference time-domain method and used to predict peak temperature changes caused by electromagnetic absorption in the head using two-dimensional bio-heat equation. Results due to SAR alone show increased heating at higher frequencies, with a peak temperature change at 5.8 GHz of approximately 0.018 degrees C in the single-chip configuration and 0.06 degrees C in the eight-chip configuration with 10 mW of power absorption (in the human head) per chip. In addition, temperature elevations due to power dissipation in the chip(s) were studied. Results show that for the neural tissue, maximum temperature rises of 3.34 degrees C in the single-chip configuration and 7.72 degrees C in the eight-chip configuration were observed for 10 mW dissipation in each chip. Finally, the maximum power dissipation allowable in each chip before a 1.0 degrees C temperature increase (most stringent standards as denoted in the FDA guidelines) is exceeded in the head was simulated and found to be 2.92 mW in the single-chip configuration and 1.25 mW in the eight-chip configuration. As thermal heating due to SAR was insignificant, this study suggests that wireless electromagnetics, i.e., RF may be a viable option for powering, and communicating with brain machine interfaces for clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. tsi2@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Tamer S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Doney
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rennaker
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004735:Energy Transfer / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008872:Microwaves; D008954:Models, Biological; D011827:Radiation; D011846:Radio Waves; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D014584:User-Computer Interface