title: Covered self-expandable metal stents in pancreatic malignancy regardless of resectability: a new concept validated by a decision analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current treatment model for the management of malignant biliary obstruction is to place a plastic stent for unstaged pancreatic cancer. In patients with unresectable disease but a life expectancy of more than 6 months, self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) are favored because of their more prolonged patency. We analyzed the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of covered SEMS (CSEMS) in patients with pancreatic cancer and distal biliary obstruction without regard to surgical resectability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between March 2001 and March 2005, 101 consecutive patients with obstructive jaundice secondary to pancreatic cancer underwent placement of a CSEMS. Patients with resectable tumor were offered pancreaticoduodenectomy. A model was developed to compare the costs of CSEMS and polyethylene and DoubleLayer stents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 21 patients underwent staging laparoscopy, of whom 16 had a resection (76%). The 85 patients who did not have a resection had a mean survival of 5.9 months (range 1-25 months) and a mean CSEMS patency duration of 5.5 months (range 1-16 months). Life-table analysis demonstrated CSEMS patency rates of 97% at 3 months, 85% at 6 months, and 68% at 12 months. In a cost model that accounted for polyethylene and DoubleLayer stent malfunction and surgical resections, initial CSEMS placement (3177 euros per patient) was a less costly intervention than either DoubleLayer stent placement (3224 euros per patient) or polyethylene stent placement with revision (3570 euros per patient).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Covered SEMS are an effective treatment for distal biliary obstructions caused by pancreatic carcinoma. Their prolonged patency and removability makes them an attractive option for biliary decompression, regardless of resectability. The strategy of initial covered SEMS placement might be the most cost-effective strategy in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Digestive Health Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0708, USA. mk5ke@virginia.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kahaleh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Conaway
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Shami
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dumonceau
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Northup
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tokar
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yeaton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000209:etiology; D003663:Decision Trees; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D015607:Stents / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States