title: [Therapeutic management of acral manifestations of systemic sclerosis].
abstract: Acral manifestations of systemic sclerosis include Raynaud's phenomenon, calcinosis cutis, and sclerodactyly. In the later stages of the disease, contractures of the skin and joints as well as obliterative vasculopathy leading to digital ulcers and necrotic lesions may occur. Patients with acral manifestations of systemic sclerosis are ideally treated by a team that includes a rheumatologist, dermatologist, hand surgeon, physiotherapist, and, eventually, a psychologist. Calcium channel antagonists, alpha(1)-adrenergic blockade with prazosin, and prostacyclin analogs were proven to be effective in the treatment of scleroderma-related Raynaud's phenomenon. Losartan, an angiotensin II receptor inhibitor, and fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, have been beneficial for systemic sclerosis-associated Raynaud's phenomenon in pilot studies. Parenteral prostacyclin analogs, e. g., iloprost, can be recommended as first-line treatment of ischemic digital ulcers. When prostacyclin analogs fail, the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor sildenafil can be tried to improve ulcer healing. Bosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, may prevent new digital ulcers. At present, there are no medical agents agreed to be generally effective in the reduction of calcinotic deposits or cutaneous fibrosis, although some drugs have been identified as potentially beneficial. Surgical treatment of acral manifestations consists of excision or curettage of symptomatic calcific deposits, digital sympathectomy, arterial reconstruction, and amputation in rare cases. Flexion contractures of the proximal interphalangeal joints, with secondary hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joints, can be treated by arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joints and resection arthroplasty or prostheses at the metacarpophalangeal joints to improve hand function.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik I, Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil GmbH, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland. Martin.Meyer-2@rub.de
authors.forename: Martin F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Adrien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daigeler
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehnhardt
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Steinau
authors.forename: Harald H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D002114:Calcinosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*