title: Clustering of risk factors in parents of patients with type 1 diabetes and nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of parental risk factors for diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study included 2,355 type 1 diabetic patients from the FinnDiane (Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy) study. Diabetic nephropathy was defined as macroalbuminuria (urinary albumin excretion rate >200 microg/min or >300 mg/24 h) or end-stage renal disease. Information was available from 4,676 parents. Parental scores were calculated based on the number of various traits in the parents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with diabetic nephropathy, compared with those without diabetic nephropathy, had a higher prevalence of maternal (41 vs. 35%, P = 0.046) and parental (62 vs. 55%, P = 0.044) hypertension, maternal stroke (7.6 vs. 5.1%, P = 0.044), and maternal (1.4 vs. 0.7%, P = 0.058) and parental (4.3 vs. 2.9%, P = 0.030) type 1 diabetes. If both, compared with none, of the parents had hypertension, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for diabetic nephropathy in offspring was 1.56 (95% CI 1.13-2.15). The adjusted OR for diabetic nephropathy was 2.13 (1.36-3.33) for the parental hypertension-diabetes score (3-4 vs. 0 points) and 2.13 (1.37-3.33) for the parental hypertension-cardiovascular disease (CVD)-diabetes score (4-6 vs. 0 points). Fathers of patients with diabetic nephropathy, compared with those without diabetic nephropathy, had reduced overall survival (log-rank P = 0.04) and reduced cardiovascular survival (log-rank P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A cluster of parental hypertension, CVD, and diabetes is associated with diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes, as is paternal mortality.
authors.affiliation: Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, POB 63, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Lena M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Thorn
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Forsblom
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fagerudd
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pettersson-Fernholm
authors.forename: Riika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kilpikari
authors.forename: Per-Henrik
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Groop
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D049628:Body Size; D001835:Body Weight; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010290:Parents; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin