title: Targeting homeostatic mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum stress to increase susceptibility of cancer cells to fenretinide-induced apoptosis: the role of stress proteins ERdj5 and ERp57.
abstract: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) malfunction, leading to ER stress, can be a consequence of genome instability and hypoxic tissue environments. Cancer cells survive by acquiring or enhancing survival mechanisms to counter the effects of ER stress and these homeostatic responses may be new therapeutic targets. Understanding the links between ER stress and apoptosis may be approached using drugs specifically to target ER stress responses in cancer cells. The retinoid analogue fenretinide [N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide] is a new cancer preventive and chemotherapeutic drug, that induces apoptosis of some cancer cell types via oxidative stress, accompanied by induction of an ER stress-related transcription factor, GADD153. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that fenretinide induces ER stress in neuroectodermal tumour cells, and to elucidate the role of ER stress responses in fenretinide-induced apoptosis. The ER stress genes ERdj5, ERp57, GRP78, calreticulin and calnexin were induced in neuroectodermal tumour cells by fenretinide. In contrast to the apoptosis-inducing chemotherapeutic drugs vincristine and temozolomide, fenretinide induced the phosphorylation of eIF2alpha, expression of ATF4 and splicing of XBP-1 mRNA, events that define ER stress. In these respects, fenretinide displayed properties similar to the ER stress inducer thapsigargin. ER stress responses were inhibited by antioxidant treatment. Knockdown of ERp57 or ERdj5 by RNA interference in these cells increased the apoptotic response to fenretinide. These data suggest that downregulating homeostatic ER stress responses may enhance apoptosis induced by oxidative stress-inducing drugs acting through the ER stress pathway. Therefore, ER-resident proteins such as ERdj5 and ERp57 may represent novel chemotherapeutic targets.
authors.affiliation: 1INMI-IRCCS Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome 00149, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corazzari
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lovat
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fimia
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Birch-Machin
authors.forename: C P F
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Redfern
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piacentini
mesh_terms: D051701:Activating Transcription Factor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017313:Fenretinide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050956:HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006801:Humans; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017599:Neuroectodermal Tumors / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D000071717:X-Box Binding Protein 1
chemical_list: C497109:ATF4 protein, human; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C471179:DNAJC10 protein, human; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2; D050956:HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins; C000717247:HSPA5 protein, human; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071717:X-Box Binding Protein 1; C000605543:XBP1 protein, human; D051701:Activating Transcription Factor 4; D017313:Fenretinide; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases; C085868:PDIA3 protein, human