title: Convergence of male and female lung cancer mortality at younger ages in the European Union and Russia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lung cancer epidemics emerged first among males in European countries in the first half of the 20th century and then among females in the second half. We have explored the recent convergence in sex ratios.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age-standardized (world standard) lung cancer mortality rates at ages 20 to 44 years were derived from WHO for 26 countries separately from the beginning of their data series to 2002. The most recent periods in which trends could be adequately represented as linear were determined using the software package 'Joinpoint'. Countries were classified by their statistically significant trends for each sex in these periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lung cancer mortality among young adult males tended to decrease. Among females there were significant recent increases in eight ('Pattern 1') countries and no significant trend in 16 ('Pattern 2') countries. Rates decreased in both sexes in the UK and rose in both sexes in Portugal. The extent to which sex ratios had actually converged by 2002 varied widely, with values still above 3 in six eastern countries and below 1 in Scandinavia, the Netherlands and Ireland.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the beginning of 21st century, there is a general tendency for sex ratios for lung cancer mortality to converge towards 1, but with considerable variation in the extent to which such convergence has been realized.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Division, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 5 Roentgen St, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland. canepid@coi.waw.pl
authors.forename: Witold A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Zatonski
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manczuk
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Powles
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005062:European Union / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006292:Health Priorities; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*