title: Adrenocortical tumorigenesis, luteinizing hormone receptor and transcription factors GATA-4 and GATA-6.
abstract: Luteinizing hormone (LH/hCG) responsiveness of normal and pathological human adrenal glands as well as the possibility of constitutive expressions of luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) in adrenal cortex has been reported. Some recent studies showed a correlation between the LHR and abundant GATA-4 expression in both metastasizing and non-metastasizing human adrenocortical tumors, but not in normal adrenals, implicating the putative relevance of LHR and GATA-4 for adrenocortical pathophysiology. However, the physio- and pathophysiological significance of LHR and GATA-4 in the mechanism of adrenocortical tumorigenesis remains unclear. The paucity of suitable models for adrenal tumorigenesis makes the establishment of proper animal models highly important. LHR expression in the murine adrenal gland is an exception and not found in wild-type (WT) animal. We have previously shown that ectopic LHR expression in the murine adrenal gland can be induced by chronically elevated LH levels. We have generated a gonadotropin-responsive adrenal tumor model in gonadectomized transgenic (TG) mice expressing the inhibin alpha promoter/Simian Virus 40 T antigen transgene (inhalpha/Tag). Given the induction of expression and regulation of GATA-4 and GATA-6 zinc finger transcription factors in the gonads by gonadotropins, this review will explore their relationship to LHR expression and their role in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. A functional link between LHR and GATA-4 actions in the adrenal pathophysiology is proposed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vuorenoja
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rivero-Muller
authors.forename: Sanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiiveri
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bielinska
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heikinheimo
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Ilpo T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Huhtaniemi
authors.forename: Nafis A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Rahman
mesh_terms: D000306:Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D050993:GATA6 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007265:Inhibins / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011974:Receptors, LH / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; C484170:GATA4 protein, human; D050993:GATA6 Transcription Factor; C494759:GATA6 protein, human; D011974:Receptors, LH; C094377:inhibin-alpha subunit; D007265:Inhibins