title: Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of cholesterol-lowering therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize recent findings on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug-drug interactions and influence of lifestyle heterogeneity on adverse events in cholesterol-lowering therapy
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevention of cardiovascular disease is critically dependent on lipid-lowery therapy, including statins, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, fibrates and nicotinic acid. Statins are the most prescribed drugs in lipid lowering therapy with variability in response and almost one third of the patients do not meet their treatment goals. The severe adverse effects of treatment with cerivastatin stimulated the search for new genes and gene variations affecting pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions and pharmacodynamics. Moreover, instead of monotherapy, combined therapy of statins with ezetemibe and niacin was considered. This led to the identification of CD13, NPC1L1 and HM74A as new targets and CYP2C8 and glucuronidation enzymes as potential targets for drug-drug interactions. Moreover multiple polymorphic sites and pleiotrophic gene targets were reinvestigated in larger cohorts and the relevant pathogenetic factors start to evolve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statin therapy is widely used and well tolerated by the majority of patients. To further reduce potential adverse effects and to increase efficacy, combined therapy concepts with ezetimibe or niacin are underway.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. gerd.schmitz@klinic.uni-regensburg.de
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmitz-Madry
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ugocsai
mesh_terms: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001692:Biological Transport; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009525:Niacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D011725:Pyridines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D009525:Niacin; C086276:cerivastatin