title: Cilastatin protection against cyclosporin A-induced nephrotoxicity: clinical evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have documented the nephroprotective effect of cilastatin co-administered with imipenem in subjects treated with cyclosporin A. However, no large clinical studies are available to confirm this observation. Here the quality of the evidence on cilastatin nephroprotection against cyclosporin-induced nephrotoxicity is evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results of all studies where cyclosporin was used alone or combined with imipenem/cilastatin (Tienam) on the same clinical setting were systematically reviewed. Primary outcome was the reduction in serum creatinine concentration. Secondary outcome included development of acute renal failure. Medline was searched using three different retrieval systems (Pubmed, Silver Platter, Knowledge Finder) from January 1966 to February 2006. Attempts were made to contact authors of relevant studies to obtain additional data. Five clinical studies were found, including 125 patients under cyclosporin plus imipenem/cilastatin and 104 under cyclosporin alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cyclosporin increased serum creatinine in all the studies. Average reduction of serum creatinine in cilastatin-treated versus untreated patients was Delta = -0.53 mg/dL (95%CI: -0.90 to -0.17) (Z = 2.84, p = 0.004). Variability between studies was large (from Delta = -0.21 to Delta= -1.59 mg/dL) and heterogeneity pronounced (chi(2) = 8.760, df = 4; p = 0.067). Meta-regression of serum creatinine reduction versus baseline serum creatinine explained 84% of this variability, by the variation in basal serum creatinine. When randomized and observational clinical studies were analyzed separately, conclusions were the same: serum creatinine in cilastatin treated patients was reduced by Delta = -0.98 mg/dL (95%CI: -1.57 to -0.38) in randomized studies (Z = 3.213, p = 0.001) and Delta= -0.32 mg/dL (95%CI: -0.63 to -0.01) in observational studies (Z = 2.013, p = 0.044). Odds Ratio for developing acute renal failure was 0.24 (95% CI: 0.11-0.53, p < 0.0001) on patients simultaneously treated with cyclosporin plus imipenem/cilastatin compared to patients treated with cyclosporin alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of cilastatin may reduce acute cyclosporin nephrotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. atejedor@nefro.hggm.es
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tejedor
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castilla
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lazaro
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Lucas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caramelo
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015377:Cilastatin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015378:Imipenem / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015377:Cilastatin; D015378:Imipenem; D016572:Cyclosporine; D003404:Creatinine