title: Telemonitoring for patients with chronic heart failure: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Telemonitoring, the use of communication technology to remotely monitor health status, is an appealing strategy for improving disease management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We searched Medline databases, bibliographies, and spoke with experts to review the evidence on telemonitoring in heart failure patients. Interventions included: telephone-based symptom monitoring (n = 5), automated monitoring of signs and symptoms (n = 1), and automated physiologic monitoring (n = 1). Two studies directly compared effectiveness of 2 or more forms of telemonitoring. Study quality and intervention type varied considerably. Six studies suggested reduction in all-cause and heart failure hospitalizations (14% to 55% and 29% to 43%, respectively) or mortality (40% to 56%) with telemonitoring. Of the 3 negative studies, 2 enrolled low-risk patients and patients with access to high quality care, whereas 1 enrolled a very high-risk Hispanic population. Studies comparing forms of telemonitoring demonstrated similar effectiveness. However, intervention costs were higher with more complex programs (8383 dollars per patient per year) versus less complex programs (1695 dollars per patient per year).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence base for telemonitoring in heart failure is currently quite limited. Based on the available data, telemonitoring may be an effective strategy for disease management in high-risk heart failure patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of General Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8025, USA.
authors.forename: Sarwat I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Chaudhry
authors.forename: Christopher O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Simon S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Riegel
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mattera
authors.forename: Anthony F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Jerant
authors.forename: Harlan M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Krumholz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D017216:Telemedicine