title: Accelerated loss of skeletal muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the health, aging, and body composition study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been shown that adults with either long-standing type 1 or type 2 diabetes had lower skeletal muscle strength than nondiabetic adults in cross-sectional studies. The aim of the study was to investigate longitudinal changes of muscle mass and strength in community-dwelling older adults with and without type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined leg and arm muscle mass and strength at baseline and 3 years later in 1,840 older adults aged 70-79 years in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Regional muscle mass was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and muscle strength was measured using isokinetic and isometric dynamometers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Older adults with type 2 diabetes (n = 305) showed greater declines in the leg muscle mass (-0.29 +/- 0.03 vs. -0.23 +/- 0.01 kg, P < 0.05) and strength (-16.5 +/- 1.2 vs. -12.4 +/- 0.5 Nm, P = 0.001) compared with older adults without diabetes. Leg muscle quality, expressed as maximal strength per unit of muscle mass (Newton meters per kilogram), also declined more rapidly in older adults with diabetes (-1.6 +/- 0.2 vs. -1.2 +/- 0.1 Nm/kg, P < 0.05). Changes in arm muscle strength and quality were not different between those with and without diabetes. Rapid declines in leg muscle strength and quality were attenuated but remained significant after controlling for demographics, body composition, physical activity, combined chronic diseases, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In older adults, type 2 diabetes is associated with accelerated loss of leg muscle strength and quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Pochon CHA University, Pochon, Korea. spark@cha.ac.kr
authors.forename: Seok Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Bret H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Goodpaster
authors.forename: Elsa S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Strotmeyer
authors.forename: Lewis H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Broudeau
authors.forename: Candace
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kammerer
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: de Rekeneire
authors.forename: Tamara B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Ann V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Frances A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Tylavsky
authors.forename: Yong-wook
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Anne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Newman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D001823:Body Composition; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors