title: Image-guided total marrow and total lymphatic irradiation using helical tomotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a treatment technique to spare normal tissue and allow dose escalation in total body irradiation (TBI). We have developed intensity-modulated radiotherapy techniques for the total marrow irradiation (TMI), total lymphatic irradiation, or total bone marrow plus lymphatic irradiation using helical tomotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  For TBI, we typically use 12 Gy in 10 fractions delivered at an extended source-to-surface distance (SSD). Using helical tomotherapy, it is possible to deliver equally effective doses to the bone marrow and lymphatics while sparing normal organs to a significant degree. In the TMI patients, whole body skeletal bone, including the ribs and sternum, comprise the treatment target. In the total lymphatic irradiation, the target is expanded to include the spleen and major lymph node areas. Sanctuary sites for disease (brain and testes) are included when clinically indicated. Spared organs include the lungs, esophagus, parotid glands, eyes, oral cavity, liver, kidneys, stomach, small and large intestine, bladder, and ovaries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With TBI, all normal organs received the TBI dose; with TMI, total lymphatic irradiation, and total bone marrow plus lymphatic irradiation, the visceral organs are spared. For the first 6 patients treated with TMI, the median dose to organs at risk averaged 51% lower than would be achieved with TBI. By putting greater weight on the avoidance of specific organs, greater sparing was possible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sparing of normal tissues and dose escalation is possible using helical tomotherapy. Late effects such as radiation pneumonitis, veno-occlusive disease, cataracts, neurocognitive effects, and the development of second tumors should be diminished in severity and frequency according to the dose reduction realized for the organs at risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA. Schultheiss@coh.org
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Schultheiss
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olivera
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Somlo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001853:Bone Marrow; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015182:Lymphatic Irradiation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning / Q000379:methods*; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation / Q000379:methods*