title: Clinical seizure lateralization in frontal lobe epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We systematically analyzed the lateralizing value of clinical seizure semiology in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the incidence, positive predictive value (PPV), and the lateralizing significance of various clinical symptoms in 228 seizures (s) of 31 patients (p) with medically refractory FLE (17 with left-sided and 14 with right-sided seizure onset). Seizures recorded during prolonged video-EEG monitoring were assessed by two independent reviewers blinded for the patient's clinical data. Analysis was performed both for patients and seizures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Version [16 p (52%); PPV, 94%; p=0.001; 47 s (21%); PPV, 75%; p=0.001], unilateral clonic movements [16 p (52%); PPV, 81%; p=0.021; 32 s (14%); PPV, 81%; p=0.001], unilateral dystonic posturing [eight p (26%); PPV, 75%; p=0.289; 46 s (20%); PPV, 80%; p=0.001], unilateral tonic posturing [10 p (32%); PPV, 80%; p=0.109; 19 s (7.4%); PPV, 79%; p=0.019], and unilateral grimacing [10 p (32%); PPV, 100%; p=0.002; 19 s (8%); PPV, 100%; p=0.001] were of lateralizing significance, indicating a contralateral seizure onset. Asymmetric ending [five p (16%); PPV, 80%; p=0.375; nine s (4%); PPV, 89%; p=0.039] after secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures was significantly associated with an ipsilateral seizure onset. Pure ictal vocalizations occurred significantly more frequently in seizures of right hemispheric onset [13 p (42%); PPV, 62%; p=0.581; 63 s (28%); PPV, 73%; p=0. 001], whereas in individual patients, this symptom showed no lateralizing significance. The remaining clinical symptoms (figure 4 sign, unilateral hand automatisms, early head turning, postictal nose wiping, and unilateral eye blinking) were not of lateralizing significance in our patients. The results of clinical seizure lateralization corresponded with the final lateralization of the seizure-onset zone in 81% of our patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical seizure semiology can provide correct information on the lateralization of the seizure-onset zone in >80% of patients with medically refractory frontal lobe epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Silvia Beatrice
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bonelli
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lurger
authors.forename: Fritz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zimprich
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stogmann
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Assem-Hilger
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001332:Automatism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology; D004421:Dystonia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017034:Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004830:Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006257:Head / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D019956:Stereotypic Movement Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014743:Videotape Recording