title: Effects of elevated hydrogen peroxide 'strip' bleaching on surface and subsurface enamel including subsurface histomorphology, micro-chemical composition and fluorescence changes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the effects of elevated concentration hydrogen peroxide tooth whitening treatments on tooth surface and subsurface integrity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sound human molars were ground and polished to prepare an uniform substrate for bleaching treatments. A cycling treatment included alternating ex vivo human salivary exposures with bleaching treatments under conditions of controlled temperature and durations of treatment. Bleaching was carried out with prototype bleaching strips containing hydrogen peroxide gel at 13% and 16% concentrations. A non-bleached group was used as a control. Treatments included 28h of total bleaching exposure in vitro. Surface color was measured prior to and following bleaching. Effects of bleach on physical properties of tooth surfaces were assessed by microhardness measures on enamel. Ultrastructural effects were examined by surface and subsurface confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. In addition, the effects of bleaching on tooth micro-chemical composition were studied by Raman spectroscopy combined with CLSM technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Color assessments confirmed significant ex vivo tooth bleaching. Surface microhardness and VP-SEM (variable pressure SEM) measures revealed no deleterious effects on the enamel surfaces. CLSM micromorphological assessments supported the safety of hydrogen peroxide bleaching strips both on surface and subsurface enamel, DEJ and dentin ultrastructure. Raman spectroscopy analysis demonstrated no obvious effects of bleaching treatments on the micro-chemical composition of enamel and dentin. Significant effects of bleaching were seen in reducing background luminescence of Raman spectra obtained from enamel and dentin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm that hydrogen peroxide whitening strips do not produce changes in surface/subsurface histomorphology, surface microhardness and micro-chemical composition of teeth. Effects of bleaches on tooth luminescence recorded in micro-Raman spectroscopy may serve as an internal signature to bleaching effects and warrant further study.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Structure and Microanalysis, Medical Faculty, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Götz
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Duschner
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Malgorzata A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Klukowska
mesh_terms: D003116:Color; D003124:Colorimetry; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003802:Dentifrices / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003804:Dentin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005453:Fluorescence; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008422:Materials Testing; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016877:Oxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012463:Saliva / Q000502:physiology; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000379:methods*; D014099:Toothbrushing
chemical_list: D003802:Dentifrices; D016877:Oxidants; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide