title: Resistance to sliding of titanium brackets tested against stainless steel and beta-titanium archwires with second-order angulation in the dry and wet states.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the increased awareness of Ni allergies, alternative alloys for orthodontic products must be identified. The properties of these new products must be determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rectangular (0.017 x 0.025 in) stainless steel (SS) and beta-titanium (beta-Ti) archwires were tested against commercially pure titanium brackets (CP-Ti, 0.018-in slot) in the dry state and with whole human saliva. Resistance to sliding (RS) was measured as a function of 5 normal forces (N, 200 to 950 cN), 32 angles (theta, -12 degrees to +12 degrees), and 1 interbracket distance (IBD, 18 mm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  With clearance between the archwire and the bracket (passive region, theta < or =theta(c)), the frictional coefficients (mu) of the SS archwire and the CP-Ti bracket couples were 0.12 and 0.13 for the dry and wet tests, respectively; for the beta-Ti archwire and the CP-Ti bracket couples, the mu values were 0.29 and 0.28 for the dry and wet tests, respectively. For an theta without clearance (active region, theta > or =theta(c)), RS increased as a function of theta and N. To examine the rates of binding (mu(BI)) in this active region, the value of classical friction (mean of the passive region data) was subtracted from RS to yield BI, and the value of theta(c) was subtracted from each theta to yield relative contact angles (theta(r)). Because of the unique relationship between the frictional and mechanical properties of these SS and beta-Ti archwires tested against the CP-Ti brackets at a large IBD, the mu(BI) values for these archwire-bracket couples were nominally equivalent (24 to 30 cN per degree). Clinical outcomes would be unaffected by this 6 cN per degree (approximately 0.2 oz-force per degree) difference. When all kinetic data in the elastic region (theta(r) < or =5 degrees ) were combined, mu(BI) equaled 28 cN per degree. Above this region (theta(r) > or =5 degrees ), the data for the SS archwire and CP-Ti bracket couples were less scattered than those for the beta-Ti archwire and the CP-Ti bracket couples. This demarcation from linearity was designated as theta(z) and indicated the end of the elastic region and the beginning of the plastic region, above which sliding can eventually cease. This region (theta > or =theta(z)), the binding region (theta(c) < or =theta < or =theta(z)), and the classical friction region (theta < or =theta(c)) were described in a model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model explains, in part, the equivalent values of mu(BI) for SS and beta-Ti archwires tested against CP-Ti brackets.
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7455, USA.
authors.forename: John Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Whitley
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kusy
mesh_terms: D017276:Friction; D008422:Materials Testing; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D012463:Saliva; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C023988:beta titanium; D013193:Stainless Steel; D014025:Titanium