title: Italian translation, cultural adaptation and validation of KDQOL-SF, version 1.3, in patients with severe renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aims to confirm the reliability and validity of the KDQOL-SF in its Italian version. Cultural adaptation of such an instrument to assess quality of life of patients with chronic kidney disease is a major challenge.
  
  
  METHODS
  The instrument was translated according to the translation algorithm. A trained psychologist administered the KDQOL-SF to 188 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Completeness was optimal. Item internal consistency was satisfied for 74.5% and 87.5% of patients for the kidney and generic part, respectively. Discriminant validity was satisfied for 96.3% and 98.6% of patients. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was >70% in 70% and 75% of patients. While assessing the responsiveness (external discriminating validity) of KDQOL-SF, we found lower scores (worse functioning and well-being) in females, patients aged 65 years or older, with low hemoglobin, hematocrit and high Kt/V, and in patients with a diagnosis of amyloidosis. Moreover, the score for physical health was lower in the absence of dialytic treatment and with a longer history of dialysis. The score for mental health was lower for lower creatinine levels and for a shorter dialytic history. The disease targeted score was lower in the absence of dialytic treatment, and the score for patient satisfaction was lower in the presence of dialytic treatment and for a longer dialytic history.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Italian translation of KDQOL-SF sounds natural, is easy to understand and reduces possible cultural biases to a minimum. A field test gave results comparable to other international validations, supporting the use of KDQOL-SF in cross-national surveys (for the Pavia Working Group on QoL in Organ Transplant).
authors.affiliation: Unit of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy. klersy@smatteo.pv.it
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klersy
authors.forename: Aliria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Callegari
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Giorgi
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sepe
authors.forename: Efficace
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Efficace
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Politi
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index