title: Relaxation of the isolated human internal anal sphincter by sildenafil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertonicity of the internal anal sphincter (IAS) appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of anal fissure. The relaxant effects of sildenafil, a selective phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, on isolated human IAS were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The efficacy (maximal effect, E(max)) and potency (-log IC(50), where IC(50) is half-maximal inhibitory concentration) of the PDE5 inhibitors, sildenafil and zaprinast, and of nitric oxide donors, sodium nitroprusside and glyceryl trinitrate, as relaxants of histamine (0.1 mmol/l)-induced tone were examined in IAS strips under isometric contraction. The presence of PDE5 isoenzymes and changes in intracellular calcium and cyclic nucleotide levels in IAS muscle were tested by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, epifluorescence microscopy and enzyme immunoassay respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sildenafil produced a concentration-related inhibition of the mean(s.e.m.) histamine-induced tone (E(max) 83(2) per cent, - log IC(50) 7.04(0.05); n = 12). Zaprinast produced relaxation to similar degree, but with lower potency. Nitric oxide donors also relaxed IAS. Sildenafil (1 micromol/l) produced a 1.8-fold increase in guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate content, with no change in adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate levels. Sildenafil markedly depressed the peak intracellular calcium increase evoked by histamine. PDE5A1, PDE5A2 and PDE5A3 transcripts were expressed in IAS muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sildenafil relaxes the augmented tone of human IAS in vitro. These results support the potential use of this PDE5 inhibitor in the treatment of chronic anal fissure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ballester
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarriá
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García-Granero
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Morcillo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lledó
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cortijo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009126:Muscle Relaxation; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011687:Purines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D013450:Sulfones; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D006152:Cyclic GMP