title: Metabolic effects of interventions to increase exercise in adults with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this meta-analysis was to integrate the results of primary research testing the effect of diabetes self-management interventions that included recommendations to increase exercise on metabolic outcomes among adults with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extensive literature searching strategies were used to identify published and unpublished intervention studies that measured glycated haemoglobin outcomes. Primary study results were coded. Fixed- and random-effects meta-analytic procedures included moderator analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were synthesised across 10,455 subjects from 103 research reports. The overall mean weighted effect size for two-group comparisons was 0.29 (higher mean for treatment than control). This effect size is consistent with a difference in HbA1c means of 0.45% (e.g. 7.38% for treatment subjects vs 7.83% for control subjects). For single-group studies, the overall mean weighted effect size was 0.32-0.34. Control group subjects experienced no improvement in metabolic control during participation in the studies. Interventions that targeted multiple health behaviours resulted in smaller effect size estimates (0.22) than interventions that focused only on exercise behaviours (0.45). Funded studies reported greater improvements in metabolic controls. Studies with a greater proportion of female subjects reported lower effect sizes. Baseline HbA1c and BMI were unrelated to metabolic outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that self-management interventions that include exercise recommendations improve metabolic control, despite considerable heterogeneity in the magnitude of the intervention effect. Interventions that emphasise exercise may be especially effective in improving metabolic control. Primary research testing interventions in randomised trials to confirm causal relationships would be constructive.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. conn@missouri.edu
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Conn
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hafdahl
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mehr
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: LeMaster
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015444:Exercise; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012648:Self Care
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin