Ubiquitylation within signaling pathways in- and outside of inflammation.
Ubiquitin is a highly conserved 76-amino-acid peptide that becomes covalently attached to lysine residues of target proteins. Since ubiquitin itself contains seven lysine residues, ubiquitin molecules can generate different types of polyubiquitin chains. Lys48-linked polyubiquitylation is well-known as posttranslational tag for targeting proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Recent studies have revealed several new functions of ubiquitin, e.g. activation of protein kinases, control of gene transcription, DNA repair and replication, intracellular trafficking and virus budding. These functions are mainly mediated by Lys63 polyubiquitin chains or attachment of a single ubiquitin molecule to one or several lysine residues within the target protein. Importantly, protein ubiquitylation exhibits inducibility, reversibilty and recognition by specialized ubiquitin-binding domains, features similar to protein phosphorylation. In this review we comprehensively describe regulations of protein ubiquitylation and their impact on distinct signaling pathways.
Hochrainer
Karin
K
Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 19, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
Lipp
Joachim
J
D000818:Animals; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008239:Lysine / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D015398:Signal Transduction; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism*; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000378:metabolism
D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D025801:Ubiquitin; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D008239:Lysine