title: Imexon-based combination chemotherapy in A375 human melanoma and RPMI 8226 human myeloma cell lines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of imexon (NSC-714597) in tumor cells when combined with a broad panel of chemotherapeutic drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sulforhodamine B (SRB) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity assays were used to analyze the degree of growth inhibition for the combination studies in the A375 human malignant melanoma and RPMI 8226 human multiple myeloma cell lines, respectively. Cells were continuously exposed to both drugs at a constant molar ratio for 4-5 days. Combination effects were analyzed using the Median Effect method. Statistical significance was inferred if the 95% confidence interval for the combination interaction (C.I.) values for a particular two-drug combination did not include 1.0 (additivity). Synergy was inferred for C.I. values<1.0 and antagonism for CI values>1.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Imexon was synergistic when combined with DNA-binding agents (cisplatin, dacarbazine, melphalan) and pyrimidine-based antimetabolites (cytarabine, fluorouracil, gemcitabine) in both cell lines. Antagonistic combinations with imexon included methotrexate and the topoisomerase I (TOPO I) and II (TOPO II) inhibitors irinotecan, doxorubicin, mitoxantrone and etoposide. Docetaxel was synergistic with imexon in both cell lines whereas paclitaxel and fludarabine showed a mixed result. Dexamethasone and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib showed synergy in myeloma cells and additivity in the melanoma cells. The vinca alkaloid, vinorelbine, and the multi-targeted antifol, pemetrexed, were additive with imexon in both cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The consistent synergy seen for imexon and alkylating agents may relate to the sulfhydryl-lowering effect of imexon, which would render cells more sensitive to electrophilic species from the alkylators. The marked synergy noted with pyrimidine-based antimetabolites was unexpected and may relate to the induction of cell cycle arrest in S-phase. The strong antagonism noted for imexon with topoisomerase I and II inhibitors may be due to the effect of imexon at increasing oxidant levels which are known to antagonize the cytotoxic effects of topoisomerase poisons. In contrast, the synergy seen with bortezomib in myeloma cells may be related to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) from both drugs. These results suggest that combinations of imexon with alkylating agents and pyrimidine-based antimetabolites are rational to pursue in therapeutic studies in vivo.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Dorr
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Samulitis
authors.forename: Terry H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Landowski
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D006588:Hexanones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D006588:Hexanones; C014919:4-imino-1,3-diazabicyclo(3.1.0)hexan-2-one