title: Primary vesicoureteral reflux in Iranian children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experience with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) differs in different centers and there are plenty of controversies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of primary VUR complications and the rate of recurrence of UTI.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical charts of all infants and children with primary VUR who were followed up by two nephrologist were reviewed. During 19 years (1985 to 2004), 330 patients (271 females, 59 males) with 496 refluxing ureters were followed up as primary VUR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients age at diagnosis was 54 days to 16 years (Mean: 4.1 years) and the mean duration of follow-up was 4.5 years. Urinary tract infection (UTI) was the presenting symptom in 95% and fever was recorded in 35% of cases. Frequencies of different grades of VUR at initial investigation were 10% 35% 30% 13% and 12% for grades I to V, respectively. Recurrence of UTI in VUR of grades I to V, were 22.2% 18.1% 20% 23.4% and 17.9% respectively. Follow-up voiding cystourethrogram revealed resolution of VUR in 55% improvement in 27.5%, no change in 12% and deterioration in 5.5% Complications such as chronic renal failure and hypertension were observed in 13 and 13 patients, respectively. Renal scarring was present in 52% of boys and 29% of girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicates that symptomatic primary VUR is more common and has better prognosis in girls. Recurrence of UTI is not related to the grade of VUR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Sheikh Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Iran.
authors.forename: Fateme Ghane
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Sharbaf
authors.forename: Mohamad Hosein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Fallahzadeh
authors.forename: Ali Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Modarresi
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esmaeili
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007492:Iran; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy