title: Intradiscal thermal therapy using interstitial ultrasound: an in vivo investigation in ovine cervical spine.
abstract: METHODS
  In vivo investigation of intradiscal ultrasound thermal therapy in ovine cervical spine model.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the potential of interstitial ultrasound for selective heating of intradiscal tissue in vivo.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Application of heat in the spine using resistive wire and radiofrequency current heating devices is currently being used clinically for minimally invasive treatment of discogenic low back pain. Treatment temperatures are representative of those required for thermal necrosis of ingrowing nociceptor nerve fibers and disc cellularity alone, or with coagulation and restructuring of anular collagen in the high temperature case.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two interstitial ultrasound applicator design configurations with directional heating patterns were evaluated in vivo in ovine cervical intervertebral discs (n = 62), with up to 45-day survival periods. Two heating protocols were employed in which the temperature measured 5 mm away from the applicator was controlled to either <54 C (capable of nerve and cellular necrosis) or >70 C (for coagulation of collagen) for a 10-minute treatment period. Transient and steady state temperature maps, calculated thermal doses (t43), and histology were used to assess the thermal treatments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These studies demonstrated the capability to control spatial temperature distributions within selected regions of the in vivo intervertebral disc and anular wall using interstitial ultrasound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound energy is capable of penetrating within the highly attenuating disc tissue to produce more extensive radial thermal penetration, lower maximum intradiscal temperature, and shorter treatment times than can be achieved with current clinical intradiscal heating technology. Thus, interstitial ultrasound offers potential as a more precise and faster heating modality for the clinical management of low back pain and studies of thermal effects on disc tissue in animal models.
authors.affiliation: Thermal Therapy Research Group, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1708, USA. nau@radonc17.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Nau
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Diederich
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kinsey
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lotz
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simko
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ferrier
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Attawia
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pellegrino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D004867:Equipment Design; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000628:therapy; D012756:Sheep; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014159:Transducers; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*