title: Criterion validity of the French version of Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) in a hospital department of internal medicine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depressive disorders are overrepresented among the patients admitted to non-psychiatric units in general hospitals. However, the majority of depressed patients fail to be identified within this care setting. Since a self-administered questionnaire (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9) has given encouraging results in English and Spanish, new research should test its criterion validity in a French-speaking environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 292 patients admitted to the internal medicine units of the University Hospitals of Geneva. Each patient filled the PHQ-9; 212 patients also underwent a blinded DSM-IV diagnostic assessment by a psychiatrist.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to assess the validity of PHQ-9 against the gold standard of the psychiatrist's DSM-IV diagnosis, we calculated overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and Cohen kappa coefficients. We also studied the relationship between the PHQ-9 diagnostic and the severity of depression. Finally, analysis focused on the presence of a diagnosis of depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within the framework of the study, PHQ-9 showed an acceptable level of specificity. However, its sensitivity in detecting major depression was low (about 50% of false-negative results). As regards the overall presence of depressive disorders, this instrument performed hardly any better (35% of false negatives). Other characteristics of the population under investigation may have affected the data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The French version of PHQ-9 demonstrated low sensitivity as compared with psychiatrist-established diagnosis of DSM-IV A criterion and major depressive episode.
authors.affiliation: University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Carballeira
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dumont
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borgacci
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rentsch
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: de Tonnac
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Archinard
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andreoli
mesh_terms: D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006748:Hospital Departments; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*