title: Test-retest reliability of an instrumented speculum for measuring vaginal closure force.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to: a) determine reliability of an instrumented speculum designed for measuring intravaginal closure pressure, and b) compare findings with a comparable device reported in the literature. The goal of these new devices is to reduce subjectivity, improve precision, and acknowledge reliability issues in quantifying levator ani closure force acting on the vagina.
  
  
  METHODS
  The instrumented speculum consisted of two parallel aluminum bills, similar in size to a Peterson speculum. Strain gages located near the root of each bill measure the magnitude of force exerted in the distal vagina. A contraction of the "U-shaped" levator ani muscle closes the levator hiatus with resultant reaction force measured by the speculum in the mid-sagittal plane. We tested the device in twelve nulliparous women making repeated measures within and across 3 different visit days. All measures were made by the same investigator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Same day measures were repeatable within +/-3.8 N by the third visit, with lesser repeatability on the 1st and 2nd visit days. Across days, repeatability was improved by Visits 2 and 3 with a coefficient of repeatability between those days of +/-5.5 N. Better repeatability was obtained using averaged scores rather than 'best effort' ; but average scores can underestimate best effort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reasonable within-visit repeatability was found. Across-visit repeatability is consistent with the known difficulty that women have in maximally isolating and activating their levator ani muscles. The results corroborate the repeatability results of Dumoulin et al. [2004] using a similar type of dynamometer.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. janismm@umich.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ashton-Miller
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perruchini
authors.forename: J O L
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: DeLancey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D053580:Muscle Strength; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D014621:Vagina / Q000502:physiology*