title: Cognitive function during neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: results of a prospective, multicenter, longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is believed widely that chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment occurs in a subgroup of patients with breast cancer. However, recent reports have provided no evidence that chemotherapy affects cognition. In this study, the authors questioned whether cognitive compromise in patients with breast cancer is attributable to chemotherapy. In addition, the effects of therapy-induced menopause and of the erythropoiesis-stimulating factor darbepoetin alpha on cognitive performance were assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A battery of neuropsychological tests was used to assess cognitive performance in 101 patients with breast cancer before neoadjuvant chemotherapy (T1) and toward the end of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (T2) with combined epirubicin, paclitaxel, and cyclophosphamide with concomitant darbepoetin alpha. Repeated-measures multiple analyses of variance and a reliable-change approach were used for statistical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At T1, the group means ranged below the test norms in 5 of 12 cognitive tests. At T2, multiple analyses of variance (MANOVA) indicated a significant overall improvement in the test results (P<.001). After correcting for practice effects, cognitive decline predominated in 27% of patients, whereas improvement predominated in 28% of patients. Cognitive performance was not related significantly to self-reported cognitive problems, anxiety and depression, menopause, or darbepoetin alpha administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even before chemotherapy, a subgroup of patients with breast cancer showed cognitive compromise that was unrelated to anxiety or depression. During chemotherapy, cognitive function remained stable in most patients, improved in a subgroup, and deteriorated in another subgroup. The deterioration may have been caused by side effects of chemotherapy, but it also may have been related to currently unidentified factors that cause prechemotherapy cognitive compromise. Therapy-induced menopause and darbepoetin alpha did not appear to influence cognition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany. kerstin.hermelink@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hermelink
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Untch
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lux
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kreienberg
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bauerfeind
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Münzel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D000068256:Darbepoetin alfa; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006397:Hematinics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008593:Menopause / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D006397:Hematinics; D004921:Erythropoietin; D000068256:Darbepoetin alfa