title: Wavelet-based segmentation and feature extraction of heart sounds for intelligent PDA-based phonocardiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many pathological conditions of the cardiovascular system cause murmurs and aberrations in heart sounds. Phonocardiography provides the clinician with a complementary tool to record the heart sounds heard during auscultation. The advancement of intracardiac phonocardiography combined with modern digital signal processing techniques has strongly renewed researchers' interest in studying heart sounds and murmurs. The aim of this work is to investigate the applicability of different spectral analysis methods to heart sound signals and explore their suitability for PDA-based implementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourier transform (FT), short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and wavelet transform (WT) are used to perform spectral analysis on heart sounds. A segmentation algorithm based on Shannon energy is used to differentiate between first and second heart sounds. Then wavelet transform is deployed again to extract 64 features of heart sounds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FT provides valuable frequency information but the timing information is lost during the transformation process. The STFT or spectrogram provides valuable time-frequency information but there is a trade-off between time and frequency resolution. Wavelet analysis, however, does not suffer from limitations of the STFT and provides adequate time and frequency resolution to accurately characterize the normal and pathological heart sounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that the wavelet-based segmentation algorithm is quite effective in localizing the important components of both normal and abnormal heart sounds. They also demonstrate that wavelet-based feature extraction provides suitable feature vectors which are clearly differentiable and useful for automatic classification of heart sounds.
authors.affiliation: Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA. nazeran@ece.utep.edu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nazeran
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D034201:Computers, Handheld; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006347:Heart Sounds; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010701:Phonocardiography; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013995:Time