title: Control of hemorrhage in critical femoral or inguinal penetrating wounds--an ultrasound evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exsanguination from a femoral artery wound can occur in seconds and may be encountered more often due to increased use of body armor. Some military physicians teach compression of the distal abdominal aorta (AA) with a knee or a fist as a temporizing measure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate if complete collapse of the AA was feasible and with what weight it occurs.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective, interventional study at a Level-I, academic, urban, emergency department with an annual census of 80,000 patients. Written, informed consent was obtained from nine male volunteers after Institutional Research Board approval. Any patient who presented with abdominal pain or had undergone previous abdominal surgery was excluded from the study. Subjects were placed supine on the floor to simulate an injured soldier. Various dumbbells of increasing weight were placed over the distal AA, and pulsed-wave Doppler measurements were taken at the right common femoral artery (CFA). Dumbbells were placed on top of a tightly bundled towel roughly the surface area of an adult knee. Flow measurements at the CFA were taken at increments of 20 pounds. This was repeated with weight over the proximal right artery iliac and distal right iliac artery to evaluate alternate sites. Descriptive statistics were utilized to evaluate the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean velocity through the CFA was 75.8 cm/sec at 0 pounds. Compression of the AA ranging 80 to 140 pounds resulted in no flow in the CFA. A steady decrease in mean flow velocity was seen starting with 20 pounds. Flow velocity decreased more rapidly with compression of the proximal right iliac artery, and stopped in all nine volunteers by 120 pounds of pressure. For all nine volunteers, up to 80 pounds of pressure over the distal iliac artery failed to decrease CFA flow velocity, and no subject was able to tolerate more weight at that location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flow to the CFA can be stopped completely with pressure over the distal AA or proximal iliac artery in catastrophic wounds. Compression over the proximal iliac artery worked best, but a first responder still may need to apply upward of 120 pounds of pressure to stop exsanguination.
authors.affiliation: Section of Emergency Ultrasound, Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912-4007, USA. blaivas@pyro.net
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blaivas
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiver
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lyon
authors.forename: Srikar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adhikari
mesh_terms: D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006119:Groin / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology