title: Genetic basis of individual differences in the response to small-molecule drugs in yeast.
abstract: Individual response to small-molecule drugs is variable; a drug that provides a cure for some may confer no therapeutic benefit or trigger an adverse reaction in others. To begin to understand such differences systematically, we treated 104 genotyped segregants from a cross between two yeast strains with a collection of 100 diverse small molecules. We used linkage analysis to identify 124 distinct linkages between genetic markers and response to 83 compounds. The linked markers clustered at eight genomic locations, or quantitative-trait locus 'hotspots', that contain one or more polymorphisms that affect response to multiple small molecules. We also experimentally verified that a deficiency in leucine biosynthesis caused by a deletion of LEU2 underlies sensitivity to niguldipine, which is structurally related to therapeutic calcium channel blockers, and that a natural coding-region polymorphism in the inorganic phosphate transporter PHO84 underlies sensitivity to two polychlorinated phenols that uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. Our results provide a step toward a systematic understanding of small-molecule drug action in genetically distinct individuals.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
authors.forename: Ethan O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Perlstein
authors.forename: Douglas M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ruderfer
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Stuart L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: Leonid
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kruglyak
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D007930:Leucine / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008954:Models, Biological; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000502:physiology; D028081:Proton-Phosphate Symporters / Q000235:genetics; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C105495:PHO84 protein, S cerevisiae; D028081:Proton-Phosphate Symporters; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D007930:Leucine