title: Treatment monitoring of brain creatine deficiency syndromes: a 1H- and 31P-MR spectroscopy study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Brain creatine (Cr) deficiencies (BCr-d) are rare disorders of creatine biosynthesis and transport. We performed consecutive measures of total Cr (tCr) and of its phosphorylated fraction, phosphocreatine (PCr), in the brains of children affected by Cr synthesis defects during a long period of therapy. The aim was to identify the optimal treatment strategy for these disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two patients with guanidinoacetate methyltransferase defect (GAMT-d) were treated with different amounts of Cr and with diet restrictions aimed at reducing endogenous guanidinoacetate (GAA) synthesis. Three patients with arginine:glycine amidinotransferase defect (AGAT-d) were treated with different Cr intakes. The patients' treatments were monitored by means of (1)H- and (31)P-MR spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cr and PCr replenishment was lower in GAMT-d than in AGAT-d even when GAMT-d therapy was carried out with a very high Cr intake. Cr and especially PCr replenishment became more efficient only when GAA blood values were reduced. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was increased in the baseline phosphorous spectrum of GAMT-d, and it returned to a normal value with treatment. Brain pH and brain P(i) showed no significant change in the AGAT-d syndrome and at any Cr intake. However, 1 of the 2 GAMT-d patients manifested a lower brain pH level while consuming the GAA-lowering diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AGAT-d treatment needs lower Cr intake than GAMT-d. Cr supplementation in GAMT-d treatment should include diet restrictions aimed at reducing GAA concentration in body fluids. (1)H- and especially (31)P-MR spectroscopy are the ideal tools for monitoring the therapy response to these disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy. mc.bianchi@inpe.unipi.it
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tosetti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Battini
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Leuzzi
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Alessandri'
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carducci
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Antonozzi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cioni
mesh_terms: D000579:Amidinotransferases / Q000172:deficiency; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003401:Creatine / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D050937:Guanidinoacetate N-Methyltransferase / Q000172:deficiency; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008661:Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes; D011522:Protons; C494506:GAMT protein, human; D050937:Guanidinoacetate N-Methyltransferase; D000579:Amidinotransferases; C020681:glycine amidinotransferase; D003401:Creatine