title: Influence of transducer orientation on Osstell stability measurements of osseointegrated implants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resonance frequency (RF) analysis is frequently used to monitor implant stability in patients. The influence of transducer orientation on RF of implants placed in jawbone has not been evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate to what extent transducer orientation influences RF. The second aim was to evaluate if measurements taken with any particular orientation would best relate to marginal bone levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients edentulous in the upper jaw received 55 implants 3 years before this study. They underwent clinical and radiographic evaluation. Using Osstell (Integration Diagnostics AB, Göteborg, Sweden), four RF measurements were made for each implant. Measurements were obtained with the transducer cantilever placed buccally (B), distally (D), palatally (P), and mesially (M).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All implants were clinically stable. Significant differences resulted between the measurements perpendicular to the bony crest (B, P) and the parallel ones (M, D). A tendency of negative correlation was found between marginal bone levels and implant stability quotient (ISQ) measurements; however, this correlation was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, when measuring the RF of dental implants using the Osstell, it has to be taken into account that the transducer orientation influences the measurement. It seems therefore advisable to standardize the orientation. Moreover, although there was a tendency, any statistical significant correlation between ISQ values and marginal bone levels could not be established.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. veltri3@unisi.it
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Veltri
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Balleri
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000473:pathology; D000044:Dental Abutments; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology*; D014159:Transducers
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants