title: TLR4-mediated survival of macrophages is MyD88 dependent and requires TNF-alpha autocrine signalling.
abstract: Modulation of macrophage survival is a critical factor in the resolution of inflammatory responses. Exposure to LPS protects innate immune cells against apoptosis, although the precise pathways responsible for prolongation of macrophage survival remain to be fully established. The goal of this study was to characterize the mechanism of TLR4-mediated survival of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages upon M-CSF withdrawal in more detail. Using a combination of knockout mice and pharmacological inhibitors allowed us to show that TLR4 and TLR2 stimulation promotes long-term survival of macrophages in a MyD88-, PI3K-, ERK-, and NF-kappaB-dependent manner. LPS-induced long-term, but not short-term, survival requires autocrine signaling via TNF-alpha and is facilitated by a general cytoprotective program, similar to that mediated by M-CSF. TLR4-mediated macrophage survival is accompanied by a remarkable up-regulation of specific cell surface markers, suggesting that LPS stimulation leads to the differentiation of macrophages toward a mixed macrophage/dendritic cell-like phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. elombardo@cnic.es
authors.forename: Eleuterio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lombardo
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Barrientos
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maroto
authors.forename: Lisardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boscá
authors.forename: Ulla G
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Knaus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D019898:Autocrine Communication / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000276:immunology; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000276:immunology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000276:immunology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000276:immunology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000172:deficiency / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D016328:NF-kappa B; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases