title: Coffee intake and incidence of hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The long-term longitudinal evidence for a relation between coffee intake and hypertension is relatively scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to assess whether coffee intake is associated with the incidence of hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted on a cohort of 2985 men and 3383 women who had a baseline visit and follow-up visits after 6 and 11 y. Baseline coffee intake was ascertained with questionnaires and categorized into 0, >0-3, >3-6, and >6 cups/d. Hypertension was defined as a mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) >or=140 mm Hg over both follow-up measurements, a mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >or=90 mm Hg over both follow-up measurements, or the use of antihypertensive medication at any follow-up measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coffee abstainers at baseline had a lower risk of hypertension than did those with a coffee intake of >0-3 cups/d [odds ratio (OR): 0.54; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.92]. Women who drank >6 cups/d had a lower risk than did women who drank >0-3 cups/d (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.98). Subjects aged >or=39 y at baseline had 0.35 mm Hg (95% CI: -0.59, -0.11 mm Hg) lower SBP per cup intake/d and 0.11 mm Hg lower DBP (95% CI: -0.26, 0.03 mm Hg) than did those aged <39 y at baseline, although the difference in DBP was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coffee abstinence is associated with a lower hypertension risk than is low coffee consumption. An inverse U-shaped relation between coffee intake and risk of hypertension was observed in the women.
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands. c.s.p.m.uiterwaal@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Cuno S P M
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Uiterwaal
authors.forename: W M Monique
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Verschuren
authors.forename: H Bas
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors.forename: Marga
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ocké
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Geleijnse
authors.forename: Hendriek C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Boshuizen
authors.forename: Petra H M
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Edith J M
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feskens
authors.forename: Diederick E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grobbee
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee