title: The association of dental caries with blood lead in children when adjusted for IQ and neurobehavioral performance.
abstract: Associations between childhood lead exposures and dental caries in children have been reported for over 30 years, with widely varying findings and conclusions, and using measures of lead exposure which ranged from food sources and water to tooth, hair or blood lead concentrations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the relationship of lead exposure and dental caries in a population of normatively healthy children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study used a population of 507 children aged 8-12 who were participating in a clinical trial of dental materials to examine the relationship between lead and caries. Blood lead concentrations and dental caries were examined for association in both primary and permanent teeth. Because it is possible that neurobehavioral status could be associated with both lead exposure and dental caries prevalence, we also examined neurobehavioral status of the subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A gender-specific association (males only) between lead exposure and dental caries was found in primary teeth only. Neurobehavioral measures and IQ were not associated with caries status in this population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study did not support neurobehavioral status as mediating any association between lead exposure and caries in a normatively healthy population. A gender-specific association between lead and caries not previously reported was found in primary teeth, and no biological explanation for this has been suggested. We conclude that this study provides only weak evidence, if any, for an association of low-level lead exposure with dental caries.
authors.affiliation: Box 356370, Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. mickeym@u.washington.edu <mickeym@u.washington.edu>
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Tonya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Benton
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernardo
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Brenda D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Townes
authors.forename: Henrique
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luis
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leitão
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castro-Caldas
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pavão
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rue
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: DeRouen
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D011174:Portugal / Q000453:epidemiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012737:Sex Factors; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007854:Lead