title: PTEN, more than the AKT pathway.
abstract: Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT constitute an important pathway regulating the signaling of multiple biological processes such as apoptosis, metabolism, cell proliferation and cell growth. PTEN is a dual protein/lipid phosphatase and its main substrate phosphatidyl-inositol 3,4,5 triphosphate (PIP3) is the product of PI3K. Increase in PIP3 recruits AKT to the membrane where is activated by other kinases also dependent on PIP3. Many components of this pathway have been described as causal forces in cancer. PTEN activity is lost by mutations, deletions or promoter methylation silencing at high frequency in many primary and metastatic human cancers. Germ line mutations of PTEN are found in several familial cancer predisposition syndromes. Recently, many activating mutations in the PI3KCA gene (coding for the p110alpha catalytic subunit of PI3K) have been described in human tumors. Activation of PI3K and AKT are reported to occur in breast, ovarian, pancreatic, esophageal and other cancers. Genetically modified mice confirm these PTEN activities. Tissue-specific deletions of PTEN usually provoke cancer. Moreover, an absence of PTEN cooperates with an absence of p53 to promote cancer. However, we have observed very different results with the expression of activated versions of AKT in several tissues. Activated AKT transgenic lines do not develop tumors in breast or prostate tissues and do not cooperate with an absence of p53. This data suggest that an AKT-independent mechanism contributes to PTEN tumorigenesis. Crosses with transgenic mice expressing possible PTEN targets indicate that neither cyclin D1 nor p53 are these AKT-independent targets. However, AKT is more than a passive bridge toward PTEN tumorigenesis, since its expression not only allows but also enforces and accelerates the tumorigenic process in combination with other oncogenes.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blanco-Aparicio
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.forename: Juan F M
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.forename: Amancio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carnero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D051379:Mice; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D019938:Cyclin D1; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase