title: The association of major depression, conduct disorder, and maternal overcontrol with a failure to show a cortisol buffered response in 4-month-old infants of teenage mothers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adolescent pregnancy can be associated with major depression (MD) and conduct disorder (CD). Some infants of adolescent mothers are prenatally exposed to these factors, which may result in heightened risk for perturbations of their stress systems. Between 2 and 4 months, a normal shift occurs in the adrenocortical system in which we observe a marked decrease in infant cortisol response when facing mild stressors. This study aimed to explore whether MD (lifetime, during pregnancy, postpartum), CD, and maternal overcontrol are associated with increased cortisol reactivity in 4-month-old infants of teenage mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using arm restraint as a stressor, morning salivary cortisol was taken prestressor and poststressor in 212 infants during a laboratory visit. Major depression and CD were measured with the computerized National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (NIMH-DIS), postpartum depressive mood was measured with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and overcontrol was observed with the CARE-Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent of the predictors, there was a dampened cortisol response. Infants of mothers with lifetime MD and of average to highly overcontrolling mothers showed increased cortisol reactivity. Conduct disorder and cortisol levels were not associated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future studies should detect whether the absence of a dampened cortisol response in infants whose mothers have lifetime MD or display overcontrolling parenting is stable over time.
authors.affiliation: University Health Network (UHN), Women's Health Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Rima.Azar@uhnres.utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Rima
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Azar
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paquette
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zoccolillo
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baltzer
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Tremblay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000502:physiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone