title: Clinical presentation of postnatal and non-postnatal depressive episodes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship of postnatal (postpartum) depression (PND) to episodes of depression occurring at other times is not well understood. Despite a number of studies of clinical presentation, there is little consistency in the literature. We have undertaken within- and between-individual comparisons of the clinical presentation of postnatal (PN) and non-postnatal (NPN) depressive episodes in women with recurrent depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a sample of well-characterized, parous women meeting DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria for recurrent major depressive disorder, the clinical presentation of episodes of major depression with onset within 4 weeks of giving birth (PND group, n=50) were compared with (i) the non-postnatal episodes of women with PND, and (ii) episodes of major depression in parous women who had not experienced episodes of mood disorder in relation to childbirth (NPND group, n=132). In addition, the non-postnatal episodes of the PND group of women were compared with the depressive episodes of the NPND group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The small number of differences found between PN and NPN depressive episodes, such as reduced early morning wakening in postnatal episodes, are likely to be explicable by the context of having a new baby rather than by any difference in the nature of the underlying depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results do not point to substantial differences in clinical presentation between episodes of major depression occurring in relation to childbirth and at other times. Other avenues of research are therefore required to demonstrate a specific relationship between childbirth and depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Carly
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Liz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Forty
authors.forename: Sayeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.forename: Femi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oyebode
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Craddock
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D010552:Personality Assessment; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors