title: Lymphangiogenesis of normal endometrium and endometrial adenocarcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information about lymphatics and lymphangiogenesis in the human endometrium is limited. We investigated the distribution of endometrial lymphatic vessels during the normal menstrual cycle and in association with endometrial adenocarcinoma and investigated the expression of lymphangiogenic growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, VEGF-D and VEGF receptor-3 (VEGF-R3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Full thickness uterine samples (n = 23 proliferative; n = 23 secretory) and endometrial adenocarcinoma samples (n = 7 grade I; n = 10 grade III) were collected for the study and analysed by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Lymphatic vessels of the functionalis were significantly reduced compared with basalis (P = 0.001) across the menstrual cycle with lymphatics of the basalis sometimes intimately associated with spiral arterioles. Lymphatic vessels of endometrial adenocarcinomas were located intra-tumoural and peri-tumoural with significant increases in the peri-tumoural lymphatic vessels compared with normal basalis (P = 0.02). Interestingly, high-grade adenocarcinoma vessels containing tumour emboli demonstrated a mixed blood/lymphatic endothelial cell phenotype. VEGF-C and VEGF-D were immunolocalized in glandular epithelium and some stromal cells with the staining intensity of this localization increasing in endometrial adenocarcinoma. Protein analysis identified VEGF-C (58, 41, 31 and 21 kD) and VEGF-D (56, 41, 31 and 21 kD) and VEGF-R3 (148 and 65 kD) peptides in normal endometrium, with significant increases in several of these peptides for VEGF-C and VEGF-D and no changes in protein expression for VEGF-R3 in endometrial adenocarcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endometrial lymphatics are significantly reduced in the functionalis, and increases in endometrial adenocarcinoma peri-tumoural lymphatics are associated with increases in VEGF-C and VEGF-D peptides.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Women's Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University Medical Center, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, 3168 Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Jacqueline F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Donoghue
authors.forename: Fiona L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Lederman
authors.forename: Beatrice J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Susil
authors.forename: Peter A W
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D042583:Lymphangiogenesis; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000032:analysis; D042643:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D / Q000032:analysis; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D042643:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3