title: Influence of smoking on developing cochlea. Does smoking during pregnancy affect the amplitudes of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in newborns?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maternal tobacco smoking has negative effects on fetal growth. The influence of smoking during pregnancy on the developing cochlea has not been estimated, although smoking has been positively associated with hearing loss in adults. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of maternal smoking on transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) of healthy neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was undertaken as part of neonatal screening for hearing impairment and involved both ears of 200 newborns. Newborns whose mothers reported smoking during pregnancy (n=200 ears) were compared to a control group of newborns (n=200 ears), whose mothers were non-smokers. Exposure to tobacco was characterized as low (<5 cigarettes per day, n=88 ears), moderate (5< or =cigarettes per day<10, n=76) or high (> or =10 cigarettes per day, n=36).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In exposed neonates, TEOAEs mean response (across frequency) and mean amplitude at 4000Hz was significantly lower than in non-exposed neonates. Comparisons between exposed newborns' subgroups revealed no significant differences. However, by comparing each subgroup to control group, we found statistically significant decreases of TEOAEs amplitudes at 4000Hz for all three groups. Mean TEOAEs responses of highly exposed newborns were also significantly lower in comparison to our control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In utero, exposure to tobacco smoking seems to have a small impact on outer hair cells. These effects seem to be equally true for all exposed newborns, regardless of the degree of exposure. Further studies are needed in order to establish a potential negative effect of maternal smoking on the neonate's hearing acuity.
authors.affiliation: ENT Department of Athens National University, Hippokration Hospital, 114 Vas. Sofias Av., GR-11528 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korres
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riga
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Balatsouras
authors.forename: Chariton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Papadakis
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kanellos
authors.forename: Eleftherios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferekidis
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D003051:Cochlea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous / Q000187:drug effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine