title: How do public health policies tackle alcohol-related harm: a review of 12 developed countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify how current public health policies of 12 developed countries assess alcohol-related problems, the goals and targets that are set and the strategic directives proposed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Policy documents on alcohol and on general public heath were obtained through repeated searches of government websites. Documents were reviewed by two independent observers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the countries studied state that alcohol causes substantial harm to individual health and family well-being, increases crime and social disruption, and results in economic loss through lost productivity. All are concerned about consumption of alcohol by young adults and by heavy and problem drinkers. Few aim to reduce total consumption. Only five of the countries set specific targets for changes in drinking behaviour. Countries vary in their commitment to intervene, particularly on taxation, drink-driving, the drinking environment and for high-risk groups. Australia and New Zealand stand out as having coordinated intervention programmes in most areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Policies differ markedly in their organization, the goals and targets that are set, the strategic approaches proposed and areas identified for intervention. Most countries could improve their policies by following the recommendations in the World Heath Organization's European Alcohol Action Plan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Dundee, Mackenzie Building, Kirsty Semple Way, Dundee, Scotland, UK. i.k.crombie@chs.dundee.ac.uk
authors.forename: Iain K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Crombie
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Irvine
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000191:economics; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D003625:Data Collection; D006266:Health Education; D006285:Health Planning; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007878:Legislation as Topic; D040541:Marketing; D012306:Risk; D012309:Risk-Taking; D013660:Taxes; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control