title: Calcium sulfate and platelet-rich plasma make a novel osteoinductive biomaterial for bone regeneration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the present study we introduce a novel and simple biomaterial able to induce regeneration of bone. We theorized that nourishing a bone defect with calcium and with a large amount of activated platelets may initiate a series of biological processes that culminate in bone regeneration. Thus, we engineered CS-Platelet, a biomaterial based on the combination of Calcium Sulfate and Platelet-Rich Plasma in which Calcium Sulfate also acts as an activator of the platelets, therefore avoiding the need to activate the platelets with an agonist.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, we tested CS-Platelet in heterotopic (muscle) and orthotopic (bone) bone regeneration bioassays. We then utilized CS-Platelet in a variety of dental and craniofacial clinical cases, where regeneration of bone was needed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The heterotopic bioassay showed formation of bone within the muscular tissue at the site of the implantation of CS-Platelet. Results of a quantitative orthotopic bioassay based on the rat calvaria critical size defect showed that only CS-Platelet and recombinant human BMP2 were able to induce a significant regeneration of bone. A non-human primate orthotopic bioassay also showed that CS-Platelet is completely resorbable. In all human clinical cases where CS-Platelet was used, a complete bone repair was achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that CS-Platelet is a novel biomaterial able to induce formation of bone in heterotopic and orthotopic sites, in orthotopic critical size bone defects, and in various clinical situations. The discovery of CS-Platelet may represent a cost-effective breakthrough in bone regenerative therapy and an alternative or an adjuvant to the current treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo-109 Foster Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA. gintini@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Intini
authors.forename: Sebastiano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andreana
authors.forename: Francesco E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Intini
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Buhite
authors.forename: Libuse A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bobek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001681:Biological Assay; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005289:Ferrets; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000473:pathology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053657:Platelet-Rich Plasma / Q000378:metabolism*; D011323:Primates; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002133:Calcium Sulfate