title: Internal atrial shock delivery by standard diagnostic electrophysiology catheters in goats: effects on atrial electrogram amplitude and tissue architecture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we evaluated the effects of atrial shock delivered via diagnostic electrophysiology catheters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 11 anaesthetized goats, decapolar catheters were positioned in the right atrial appendage (RAA) and coronary sinus (CS). Three different catheters and two cardioversion protocols were evaluated. In four goats, 50 J shocks were delivered using catheters with 1 mm electrodes (surface area 70 mm(2)). In 6 goats, catheters with 2 mm electrodes (area 140 mm(2)) were used. In three of the six goats, 50 J shocks were given while in the other 3, 10 J shocks were delivered. In 1 goat 50 J shocks were delivered via 5 mm electrode catheters (area 310 mm(2)). No persisting adverse effects occurred. However, the electrogram amplitude at the RAA and CS decreased by >50-98% (P > 0.01). The amount of amplitude decrease was most pronounced at the CS site and for 50 J shocks. Goats were sacrificed after 9 +/- 1 days. Macroscopy revealed endocardial lesions at the electrode locations. Microscopy showed endocardial thrombosis, and necrosis with formation of granulation tissue. Changes were most marked with diagnostic catheters and 50 J shocks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atrial shock delivery via diagnostic catheters causes local ablation lesions. The amount of amplitude decrease, macroscopic and microscopic damages were related to the energy applied and electrode surface area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. m.c.e.f.wijffels@lumc.nl
authors.forename: M C E F
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wijffels
authors.forename: C C M M
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Timmermans
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: van Suylen
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D016275:Atrial Function / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects