title: Cerclage sphincter pharyngoplasty: a new technique for velopharyngeal insufficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several surgical techniques are available for the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VFI). Each method has its own complications and non-dynamic roles. So the aim of this study was to present a novel physiological surgical technique designed by the author for reconstruction of the velopharyngeal sphincter in VFI.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study included six patients with VFI (two males and four females) with ages from 5 to 20 years (mean: 12.50 years). Speeches, nasopharyngeal and oral endoscopies for velopharyngeal valve closure were measured according to a 5-point scale where 0 was equivalent to normal and 4 meant a severe (constant) deviation. They were scheduled for cerclage sphincter pharyngoplasty after failure of appropriate speech therapy. Under general anaesthesia and the patient in semiflower's position; two level cerclages (1-0 polypropylene suture materials) were inserted behind the muscles of the velopharynx. The first at the level of junction of posterior and middle one-thirds of the soft palate passing through soft palate, left lateral pharyngeal wall, posterior pharyngeal wall, right lateral pharyngeal wall and the soft palate. The second was at 3mm in front of the latter. The surgical technique was described in details.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before surgery five patients (83.3%) had sever hypernasality (rating scale 3). After the cerclage operation and speech therapy four patients (66.6%) significantly improved to normal nasality (rating scale 0) and the remaining two patients improved to mild and moderate hypernasality (rating scale 1 and 2), respectively (p<0.05). By endoscopy the closing activity was (rating scale 3) in five patients (83.3%) and (rating scale 2) in one patient (18%). After the cerclage operation and speech therapy five patients (83.3%) changed significantly to complete closure (rating scale 0) and to (rating scale 1) in one patient (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cerclage sphincter pharyngoplasty is a new procedure designed by the author in VFI. It helps the velopharynx to function physiologically in three-dimensional patterns without dependency on the type of closure. Also it is an easy technique; without tissue flaps transfer, upper airway obstruction or hyponasality.
authors.affiliation: ORL department, Menoufiya University Hospital, Egypt. ahmedragab2000@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ragab
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D010700:Phonetics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013070:Speech Therapy; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*