title: A multitrait-multimethod validation of the Implicit Association Test: implicit and explicit attitudes are related but distinct constructs.
abstract: Recent theoretical and methodological innovations suggest a distinction between implicit and explicit evaluations. We applied Campbell and Fiske's (1959) classic multitrait-multimethod design precepts to test the construct validity of implicit attitudes as measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Participants (N = 287) were measured on both self-report and IAT for up to seven attitude domains. Through a sequence of latent-variable structural models, systematic method variance was distinguished from attitude variance, and a correlated two-factors-per-attitude model (implicit and explicit factors) was superior to a single-factor-per-attitude specification. That is, despite sometimes strong relations between implicit and explicit attitude factors, collapsing their indicators into a single attitude factor resulted in relatively inferior model fit. We conclude that these implicit and explicit measures assess related but distinct attitude constructs. This provides a basis for, but does not distinguish between, dual-process and dual-representation theories that account for the distinctions between constructs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA. nosek@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Nosek
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Smyth
mesh_terms: D001245:Association Learning; D001290:Attitude; D001364:Awareness; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008961:Models, Structural; D018187:Personal Construct Theory; D010556:Personality Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011930:Reaction Time; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012718:Set, Psychology; D012938:Social Perception; D013223:Statistics as Topic