title: Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate causes pain sensation through activation of TRPA1 channels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Parabens are commonly added in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food products because of their wide antibacterial properties, low toxicity, inertness and chemical stability, although the molecular mechanism of their antibacterial effect is not fully understood. Some agonists of the transient receptor potential (TRP) A1 channels are known to have strong antibacterial activities. Therefore, a series of experiments was conducted to find out the effects of parabens on TRP channels expressed in sensory neurons, particularly the TRPA1 channels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of parabens, especially of methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (methyl paraben) on TRP channel activities were examined using Ca(2+)-imaging and patch-clamp methods. In addition, an involvement of methyl paraben in the development of pain-related behavior in mice was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methyl paraben specifically activated TRPA1 in both HEK293 cells expressing TRPA1 and in mouse sensory neurons with an EC(50) value of 4.4 mM, an attainable concentration in methyl paraben-containing products. Methyl paraben caused pain-related behavior in mice similar to that caused by allyl isothiocyanate, which was blocked by the TRP channel blocker, ruthenium red.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that methyl paraben is able to activate TRPA1 channels and can cause pain sensation. As such, methyl paraben provides a useful tool for investigating TRPA1 function and development of antinociceptive agents acting on TRPA1 channels.
authors.affiliation: 1Section of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higashi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shima
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tominaga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced*; D010226:Parabens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000074025:TRPA1 Cation Channel; D050051:Transient Receptor Potential Channels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D010226:Parabens; D000074025:TRPA1 Cation Channel; C473350:TRPA1 protein, human; D050051:Transient Receptor Potential Channels; C475685:Trpa1 protein, mouse; C015358:methylparaben; D002118:Calcium