title: Sternal fracture with or without associated injuries. Assessment of the difference in the diagnosis, management and complications. Eighteen years of experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of sternal fracture as an isolated injury as well as those which presented with concomitant injuries, and compare them in order to manage them more effectively. The Greek and International Literature related to the subject was also reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1984 to 2002 the Authors treated 134 patients with sternal fracture in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of their hospital, 59 males and 45 females, age from 17 to 84 years. Ninety patients had isolated sternal fracture and 44 sustained in addition fractured ribs, flail chest, pneumo-haemothorax, pneumo-haemomediastinum, some of them experienced respiratory failure, vertebral fractures, myocardial infarction, heart contusion, pericarditis, head injuries, fractures of upper lower limbs and intraperitoneal bleeding. Twelve patients were admitted in ITU and 4 with multiple trauma were fatally injured. Aortic tears or ruptures didn't occur in any of our patients. Sternal fracture as an isolated injury has a better prognosis compared to those with associated injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The management of sternal fracture is usually conservative with a good outcome, provided early diagnosis and treatment of concomitant injuries is offered from a well-trained and experienced medical team.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, General State Hospital of Nikaia "Agios Panteleimon" Piraeus, Greece.
authors.forename: Efestasios K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Metaxas
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Condilis
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tzatzadakis
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dervisoglou
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Gerazounis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Athanasas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013249:Sternum / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery