Off-label drug use in hospitalized children.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the magnitude of off-label drug use, to identify drugs most commonly used off-label, and to identify factors associated with off-label drug use in children hospitalized in the United States.


METHODS
Retrospective cohort study.


METHODS
Administrative database containing inpatient resource utilization data from January 1 to December 31, 2004, from 31 tertiary care pediatric hospitals in the United States.


METHODS
Hospitalized patients 18 years or younger.


METHODS
Institution and patient characteristics.


METHODS
Off-label drug use was defined as use of a specific drug in a patient younger than the Food and Drug Administration-approved age range for any indication of that drug.


RESULTS
At least 1 drug was used off-label in 297 592 (78.7%) of 355 409 patients discharged during the study. Off-label use accounted for $270 275 849 (40.5%) of the total dollars spent on these medications. Medications classified as central or autonomic nervous system agents or as fluids or nutrients, or gastrointestinal tract agents were most commonly used off-label, whereas antineoplastic agents were rarely used off-label. Factors associated with off-label use in multivariate analysis were as follows: undergoing a surgical procedure, age older than 28 days, greater severity of illness, and all-cause in-hospital mortality.


CONCLUSIONS
Most patients hospitalized at tertiary care pediatric institutions receive at least 1 medication outside the terms of the Food and Drug Administration product license. Substantial variation in the frequency of off-label use was observed across diagnostic categories and drug classes. Despite the frequent off-label use of drugs, using an administrative database, we cannot determine which of these treatments are unsafe or ineffective and which treatments result in substantial benefit to the patient.
Shah
Samir S
SS
Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street & Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. shahs@email.chop.edu
Hall
Matthew
M
Goodman
Denise M
DM
Feuer
Pamela
P
Sharma
Vidya
V
Fargason
Crayton
C
Hyman
Daniel
D
Jenkins
Kathy
K
White
Marjorie L
ML
Levy
Fiona H
FH
Levin
James E
JE
Bertoch
David
D
Slonim
Anthony D
AD
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004348:Drug Labeling; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies