title: Theoretical basis for herbal medicines, Tokishakuyaku-San and Sairei-To, in the treatment of recurrent abortion: enhancing the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in decidual stromal cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To get insight into the basis for the empirical usage of herbal medicines, such as Tokishakuyaku-san (Toki) and Sairei-to (Sai) in the treatment of recurrent abortion and intrauterine growth restriction, we examined whether these medicines modulate the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a cytokine working as an important mediator for intercellular communication in the embryonic development, in decidual stromal cells (DSCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Human DSCs were cultured with either Toki or Sai at several different concentrations. The effect on cell proliferation was assessed by WST-8 assay. GM-CSF released into culture medium was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was carried out to see GM-CSF mRNA expression in DSCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sai inhibited the proliferation of cultured DSCs, while no interference was observed in the presence of Toki. Both Toki and Sai enhanced the release of GM-CSF into culture medium. The amount of GM-CSF mRNA in cultured DSCs was as well increased by either Toki or Sai.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the significance of GM-CSF in embryonic development, clinical benefit of these herbal medicines in the treatment of recurrent abortion might be based on the shown pharmacological reaction related to GM-CSF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagamatsu
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanai
authors.forename: Hironobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hyodo
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kozuma
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Taketani
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000517:prevention & control*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003656:Decidua / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C413220:toki-shakuyaku-san; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor