title: The selective poly(ADP)ribose-polymerase 1 inhibitor INO1001 reduces spinal cord injury during porcine aortic cross-clamping-induced ischemia/reperfusion injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is well-established that poly(ADP)ribose-polymerase (PARP) assumes major importance during ischemic brain damage, and the selective PARP-1 inhibitor PJ34 reduced spinal cord damage in murine aortic occlusion-induced ischemia/reperfusion injury. We investigated the effect of the PARP-1 inhibitor INO1001 on aortic-occlusion-related porcine spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, controlled experimental study in an animal laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and instrumented pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals underwent 45 min of thoracic aortic cross-clamping after receiving vehicle (n=5) or intravenous INO1001 (n=5, total dose 4 mg/kg administered both before clamping and during reperfusion). During reperfusion continuous intravenous norepinephrine was incrementally adjusted to maintain blood pressure at or above 80% of the preclamping level. Plasma INO1001 levels were analyzed by HPLC. After 4[Symbol: see text]h of reperfusion spinal cord biopsy samples were analyzed for neuronal damage (hematoxyline-eosine and Nissl staining), expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor genes p21 and p27 (immunohistochemistry), and apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling assay).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma INO1001 levels were 0.8-2.3 and 0.30-0.76 mM before and after clamping, respectively. While 3-5% of the spinal cord neurons were irreversibly damaged in the INO1001 animals, the neuronal cell injury was three times higher in the control group. Neither p21 and p27 expression nor apoptosis showed any intergroup difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The selective PARP-1 inhibitor INO1001 markedly reduced aortic occlusion-induced spinal cord injury. Given the close correlation reported in the literature between morphological damage and impaired spinal cord function, INO1001 may improve spinal cord recovery after thoracic aortic cross-clamping.
authors.affiliation: Sektion Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Universitätsklinikum, 89073, Ulm, Germany.|Abteilung Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum, 89070, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.affiliation: Sektion Neuropathologie, Universitätsklinikum, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheuerle
authors.affiliation: Sektion Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Universitätsklinikum, 89073, Ulm, Germany.|Aneszteziológiai és Intenzív Terápiás Klinika, Semmelweis Egyetem, 1125, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Balázs
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum, 89070, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schelzig
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry, Newark, N.J., USA.
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Szabó
authors.affiliation: Sektion Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Universitätsklinikum, 89073, Ulm, Germany. peter.radermacher@medizin.uni-ulm.de.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Radermacher
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum, 89070, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kick
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007211:Indoles / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology; D009562:Nissl Bodies / Q000473:pathology; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: C491685:INO 1001; D007211:Indoles