title: Silencing of beta-carotene hydroxylase increases total carotenoid and beta-carotene levels in potato tubers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beta-carotene is the main dietary precursor of vitamin A. Potato tubers contain low levels of carotenoids, composed mainly of the xanthophylls lutein (in the beta-epsilon branch) and violaxanthin (in the beta-beta branch). None of these carotenoids have provitamin A activity. We have previously shown that tuber-specific silencing of the first step in the epsilon-beta branch, LCY-e, redirects metabolic flux towards beta-beta carotenoids, increases total carotenoids up to 2.5-fold and beta-carotene up to 14-fold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this work, we silenced the non-heme beta-carotene hydroxylases CHY1 and CHY2 in the tuber. Real Time RT-PCR measurements confirmed the tuber-specific silencing of both genes . CHY silenced tubers showed more dramatic changes in carotenoid content than LCY-e silenced tubers, with beta-carotene increasing up to 38-fold and total carotenoids up to 4.5-fold. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in the immediate product of beta-carotene hydroxylation, zeaxanthin, but not of the downstream xanthophylls, viola- and neoxanthin. Changes in endogenous gene expression were extensive and partially overlapping with those of LCY-e silenced tubers: CrtISO, LCY-b and ZEP were induced in both cases, indicating that they may respond to the balance between individual carotenoid species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together with epsilon-cyclization of lycopene, beta-carotene hydroxylation is another regulatory step in potato tuber carotenogenesis. The data are consistent with a prevalent role of CHY2, which is highly expressed in tubers, in the control of this step. Combination of different engineering strategies holds good promise for the manipulation of tuber carotenoid content.
authors.affiliation: ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy. gianfranco.diretto@casaccia.enea.it
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Diretto
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Welsch
authors.forename: Raffaela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tavazza
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mourgues
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pizzichini
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giuliano
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D005784:Gene Amplification; D020868:Gene Silencing; D000077276:Lycopene; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012231:Rhizobium / Q000235:genetics; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014404:Tubulin / Q000235:genetics; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000235:genetics; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D018744:DNA, Plant; D014404:Tubulin; D025801:Ubiquitin; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C079232:beta-carotene hydroxylase; D000077276:Lycopene