title: HCN pacemaker channel activation is controlled by acidic lipids downstream of diacylglycerol kinase and phospholipase A2.
abstract: Hyperpolarization-activated pacemaker currents (I(H)) contribute to the subthreshold properties of excitable cells and thereby influence behaviors such as synaptic integration and the appearance and frequency of intrinsic rhythmic activity. Accordingly, modulation of I(H) contributes to cellular plasticity. Although I(H) activation is regulated by a plethora of neurotransmitters, including some that act via phospholipase C (PLC), the only second messengers known to alter I(H) voltage dependence are cAMP, internal protons (H+(I)s), and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-phosphate. Here, we show that 4beta-phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (4betaPMA), a stereoselective C-1 diacylglycerol-binding site agonist, enhances voltage-dependent opening of wild-type and cAMP/H+(I)-uncoupled hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-regulated (HCN) channels, but does not alter gating of the plant hyperpolarization-activated channel, KAT1. Pharmacological analysis indicates that 4betaPMA exerts its effects on HCN gating via sequential activation of PKC and diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) coupled with upregulation of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2), but its action is independent of phosphoinositide kinase 3 (PI3K) and PI4K. Demonstration that both phosphatidic acid and arachidonic acid (AA) directly facilitate HCN gating suggests that these metabolites may serve as the messengers downstream of DGK and PLA2, respectively. 4BetaPMA-mediated suppression of the maximal HCN current likely arises from channel interaction with AA coupled with an enhanced membrane retrieval triggered by the same pathways that modulate channel gating. These results indicate that regulation of excitable cell behavior by neurotransmitter-mediated modulation of I(H) may be exerted via changes in three signaling lipids in addition to the allosteric actions of cAMP and H+(I)s.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Keri J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Fogle
authors.forename: Alex K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lyashchenko
authors.forename: Harma K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Turbendian
authors.forename: Gareth R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Tibbs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; D019852:Diacylglycerol Kinase / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D064428:Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D008055:Lipids / Q000502:physiology*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000502:physiology*; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D015221:Potassium Channels; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; D064428:Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels; D007473:Ion Channels; D008055:Lipids; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D015221:Potassium Channels; D019852:Diacylglycerol Kinase; D010741:Phospholipases A; D054467:Phospholipases A2