title: Initial monotherapy with either metformin or sulphonylureas often fails to achieve or maintain current glycaemic goals in patients with Type 2 diabetes in UK primary care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe initial achievement of glycaemic targets and subsequent hyperglycaemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes managed with oral agent monotherapy in UK primary care from 1998 to 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic medical records of patients initiating metformin (n = 3362) or a sulphonylurea agent (n = 3070) in 290 UK primary care practices were retrieved from the General Practice Research Database (GPRD). Patients included had an HbA(1c) recorded 0-90 days before and 90-365 days after initiating monotherapy. The probability of achieving glycaemic thresholds in the first year, and for those achieving such targets, the probability of inadequate glycaemic control (HbA(1c) > 6.5%, > 7.0%, > 7.5%) over time is described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low baseline HbA(1c) and drug initiation within 3 months of diabetes diagnosis were the strongest predictors of initial achievement of glycaemic targets. The proportion of patients with diabetes duration > or = 4 months who achieved HbA(1c) < 7% in the first year ranged from 24% to 88% for highest to lowest baseline HbA(1c) category in sulphonylurea initiators and from 19% to 86% in metformin initiators, with slightly higher proportions for newly diagnosed patients. Kaplan-Meier analyses suggested that 55% and 70% of patients who initially achieved glycaemic targets had HbA(1c) measurements above these targets at 2 and 3 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many patients fail to achieve glycaemic goals with initial monotherapy and, of those who achieve current goals, few consistently maintain these targets over 3 years. Research is needed to evaluate whether more aggressive treatment or alternative treatments can improve the long-term maintenance of glycaemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Girman
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds