title: Sporulation and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Brazil Pine in the field and in the greenhouse.
abstract: The aim of this work was to assess the sporulation and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) at different forest sites with Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. (Brazil Pine). In addition, a greenhouse experiment was carried out to test the use of traditional trap plants (maize + peanut) or A. angustifolia to estimate the diversity of AMF at each site. Soil samples were taken in two State Parks at southwestern Brazil: Campos do Jordão (Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão [PECJ]) and Apiaí (Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira [PETAR]), São Paulo State, in sites of either native or replanted forest. In PECJ, an extra site of replanted forest that was impacted by accidental fire and is now in a state of recuperation was also sampled. The spore densities and their morphological identification were compiled at each site. In the greenhouse, soil samples from each site were used as inoculum to promote spore multiplication on maize + peanut or A. angustifolia grown on a sandy, low-fertility substrate. Plants were harvested, respectively, after 4 months or 1 year of growth and assessed for mycorrhizal root colonization. Spore counts and identification were also performed in the substrate, after the harvest of plants. Twenty-five taxa were identified considering all sites. Species richness and diversity were greater in native forest areas, being Acaulospora, the genus with the most species. Differences in number of spores, diversity, and richness were found at the different sites of each State Park. Differences were also found when maize + peanut or A. angustifolia were used as trap plants. The traditional methodology using trap plants seems to underestimate the diversity of the AMF. The use of A. angustifolia as trap plant showed similar species richness to the field in PECJ, but the identified species were not necessarily the same. Nevertheless, for PETAR, both A. angustifolia and maize + peanut underestimated the species richness. Because the AMF sporulation can be affected by many conditions, it is impossible to draw detailed conclusions from this kind of survey. More precise experiments have to be set up to isolate the different factors that modulate the ecophysiological interactions between host plant and endophyte.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Solos e Recursos Ambientais, Instituto Agronômico, Av. Barão de Itapura 1481, 13001-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil. milene@iac.sp.gov.br.
authors.forename: Milene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Caixa Postal 6001, 86051-990, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, 13416-020, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Siu M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, 87090-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sandra M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gomes-da-Costa
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elke J B N
authors.initials: EJBN
authors.lastname: Cardoso
mesh_terms: D010367:Arachis / Q000382:microbiology; D001938:Brazil; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000502:physiology*; D064028:Tracheophyta / Q000382:microbiology*; D014197:Trees; D003313:Zea mays / Q000382:microbiology