title: Clinical diagnosis of left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction in the age of technology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diagnostic process has become increasingly dependent on instrumental and laboratory investigation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the accuracy of symptoms and signs in identifying left ventricular (LV) dilatation and/or systolic dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 100 patients in stable clinical condition and scheduled for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was prospectively examined by two cardiologists, who were unaware of the individual patient's condition. Patients were interviewed and underwent physical examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several symptoms and signs were associated with LV dilatation and systolic dysfunction at univariate analysis. Using multiple logistic regression, a mitral systolic murmur, a laterally displaced LV impulse, orthopnoea and hepatomegaly were all independent predictors of LV dilatation (end-diastolic volume >or=110 ml/m(2)) (p<0.0001) and LV dysfunction (ejection fraction <45%) (p<0.0001). The combination of the above variables correctly identified 79% of patients with LV dilatation (sensitivity 51%, specificity 92%), and 82% of patients with LV dysfunction (sensitivity 68%, specificity 90%). Considering LV dilatation and dysfunction, 77% of patients were correctly identified after history alone (kappa=0.13), 84% after LV impulse examination (kappa=0.55) and 86% after cardiac auscultation (kappa=0.58).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptoms and signs predict LV dilatation and/or dysfunction with fair sensitivity and excellent specificity.
authors.affiliation: CNR, Clinical Physiology Institute, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy. drovai@ifc.cnr.it <drovai@ifc.cnr.it>
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rovai
authors.forename: Maria-Aurora
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Bella
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Nes
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pingitore
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002306:Cardiac Volume; D003971:Diastole; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006326:Heart Auscultation; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D008875:Middle Aged; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D015588:Observer Variation; D010808:Physical Examination; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013599:Systole; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis*