title: Treating homeless opioid dependent patients with buprenorphine in an office-based setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although office-based opioid treatment with buprenorphine (OBOT-B) has been successfully implemented in primary care settings in the US, its use has not been reported in homeless patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the feasibility of OBOT-B in homeless relative to housed patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective record review examining treatment failure, drug use, utilization of substance abuse treatment services, and intensity of clinical support by a nurse care manager (NCM) among homeless and housed patients in an OBOT-B program between August 2003 and October 2004. Treatment failure was defined as elopement before completing medication induction, discharge after medication induction due to ongoing drug use with concurrent nonadherence with intensified treatment, or discharge due to disruptive behavior.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 44 homeless and 41 housed patients enrolled over 12 months, homeless patients were more likely to be older, nonwhite, unemployed, infected with HIV and hepatitis C, and report a psychiatric illness. Homeless patients had fewer social supports and more chronic substance abuse histories with a 3- to 6-fold greater number of years of drug use, number of detoxification attempts and percentage with a history of methadone maintenance treatment. The proportion of subjects with treatment failure for the homeless (21%) and housed (22%) did not differ (P = .94). At 12 months, both groups had similar proportions with illicit opioid use [Odds ratio (OR), 0.9 (95% CI, 0.5-1.7) P = .8], utilization of counseling (homeless, 46%; housed, 49%; P = .95), and participation in mutual-help groups (homeless, 25%; housed, 29%; P = .96). At 12 months, 36% of the homeless group was no longer homeless. During the first month of treatment, homeless patients required more clinical support from the NCM than housed patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite homeless opioid dependent patients' social instability, greater comorbidities, and more chronic drug use, office-based opioid treatment with buprenorphine was effectively implemented in this population comparable to outcomes in housed patients with respect to treatment failure, illicit opioid use, and utilization of substance abuse treatment.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA. dalford@bu.edu
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Alford
authors.forename: Colleen T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: LaBelle
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: Carole A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hohl
authors.forename: Debbie M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Jeffrey H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Samet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D002047:Buprenorphine