title: Helicobacter pylori culture and antimicrobial resistance in Iran.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Helicobacter pylori is considered as an important etiologic factor in pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease, chronic gastritis and gastric cancer. To eradicate this micro-organism, numerous regimens containing various antimicrobial agents have been suggested. However, H pylori antimicrobial resistance is a leading factor to treatment failure and recurrence of the disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of H pylori resistance to metronidazole, clarithromycin, tetracycline, amoxicillin, erythromycin and furazolidone in authors pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antral biopsy of all pediatric patients with negative history of receiving anti-H pylori regimen and endoscopic findings of nodular gastritis or peptic ulcer without previous history of NSAID consumption, burning and trauma were performed for H pylori histology, urease test and culture. All positive cultures were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty four patients (14 male and 10 female) between 3.5 and 14 years of age were culture positive. 54.16% of the isolates were resistant to metronidazole, 8.33% to amoxicillin, 4.16% to erythromycin and 4.16% to clarithromycin. None of authors patients were resistant to tetracycline and furazolidone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  H. pylori antimicrobial resistance could be a major contributor to failure of H pylori eradication. Continuous prospective surveillance of H. Pylori is essential. Moreover, culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test is recommended for resistant cases after the first failure to therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Children Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. ocrt@sina.tums.ac.ir
authors.forename: Gholam-Hossein
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Fallahi
authors.forename: Shohreh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maleknejad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005773:Gastroscopy; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008795:Metronidazole