title: Cyanidin-3-rutinoside, a natural polyphenol antioxidant, selectively kills leukemic cells by induction of oxidative stress.
abstract: Anthocyanins are a group of naturally occurring phenolic compounds widely available in fruits and vegetables in human diets. They have broad biological activities including anti-mutagenesis and anticarcinogenesis, which are generally attributed to their antioxidant activities. We studied the effects and the mechanisms of the most common type of anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, in several leukemia and lymphoma cell lines. We found that cyanidin-3-rutinoside extracted and purified from the black raspberry cultivar Jewel induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Paradoxically, this compound induced the accumulation of peroxides, which are involved in the induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells. In addition, cyanidin-3-rutinoside treatment resulted in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent activation of p38 MAPK and JNK, which contributed to cell death by activating the mitochondrial pathway mediated by Bim. Down-regulation of Bim or overexpression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-x(L) considerably blocked apoptosis. Notably, cyanidin-3-rutinoside treatment did not lead to increased ROS accumulation in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and had no cytotoxic effects on these cells. These results indicate that cyanidin-3-rutinoside has the potential to be used in leukemia therapy with the advantages of being widely available and selective against tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Rentian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Hong-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Shiow Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Irina L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Tourkova
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Shurin
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Xiao-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D015973:Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic / Q000187:drug effects; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D027824:Rosaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C000606775:BCL2L11 protein, human; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051020:bcl-X Protein; C428983:cyanidin 3-rutinoside