title: Maternal smoking in pregnancy is associated with cholesterol development in the offspring: A 27-years follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations of maternal smoking in pregnancy with development of cholesterol levels from childhood to adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were measured annually from 1975 to 1993 and in 2002 in 350 subjects aged 5-19 years at baseline who participate in a prospective cohort study. Pregnancy and birth data were obtained through questionnaires sent to the parents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children of mothers who smoked in pregnancy showed a higher annual change in total cholesterol of 0.12 mmol/l per 10 years (95% confidence interval (CI): 0, 0.23) compared to children whose mothers did not smoke in pregnancy. Larger effect estimates were found in children with moderate overweight (0.39 mmol/l per 10 years (95% CI: 0.14, 0.63). HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol showed tendencies towards a decrease and increase, respectively, in children of mothers who smoked in pregnancy compared to children whose mothers did not smoke in pregnancy. Adjustment for potential confounders did not materially change the effect estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests for the first time that maternal smoking in pregnancy is associated with an increased rise in total cholesterol levels and a tendency towards an adverse lipoprotein profile in the offspring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: v.jaddoe@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VWV
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maria A J
authors.initials: MAJ
authors.lastname: de Ridder
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annette P M
authors.initials: APM
authors.lastname: van den Elzen
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cuno S P M
authors.initials: CSPM
authors.lastname: Uiterwaal
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacqueline C M
authors.initials: JCM
authors.lastname: Witteman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution