title: Pediatric shockwave lithotripsy: size matters!
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) is a safe and efficacious modality for pediatric urolithiasis. Recent reports claim good results even with larger stone burdens, irrespective of stone location. We reviewed the outcomes of SWL in the pediatric population at our center to assess the impact of stone burden and location and the age of the child on the stone-free rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of 106 patients <or=16 years of age (mean age 10.9 years) treated with SWL for stones with a surface area of 20 to 600 mm2 (mean 124.17 mm2) from July 1989 to June 2004 were reviewed. Metabolic abnormalities were present in 20.7% of the patients. All procedures were performed using the Siemens Lithostar, and stone clearance was assessed 3 months after SWL. Complications and the need for re-treatment and ancillary procedures were noted, and the impacts of stone size and location and the age of the child on stone clearance were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall stone-free rate was 87% (complete clearance 72%; insignificant [<3-mm] residual fragments 15%). The re-treatment rate was 58%, and the efficiency quotient was 47. Whereas stone size correlated strongly with the stone-free rate (Mann-Whitney U test x = 0.004; chi-square test P = 0.02), patient age and stone location did not have a significant impact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy is an effective modality to treat pediatric upper urinary-tract calculi, especially when the stone burden is <200 mm2. Larger stone burdens are associated with poorer results, necessitate more ancillary procedures, and have a higher complication rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. drpwadhwa@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wadhwa
authors.forename: Monish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aron
authors.forename: Amlesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seth
authors.forename: Prem N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Dogra
authors.forename: Ashok K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hemal
authors.forename: Narmada P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy