title: Induction of macrophage glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase expression by hypoxia and by picolinic acid.
abstract: We studied the expression of glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the rate limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway controlling protein glycosylation. We obtained the first evidence that the GFAT mRNA and protein are constitutively expressed in murine mononuclear phagocytes (Mf) and inducible by picolinic acid (PA), a catabolite of tryptophan, hypoxia and desferrioxamine (DFX). These stimuli share the property to transactivate gene expression through the Hypoxia Responsive Element (HRE). The promoter of GFAT contains the consensus sequence of HRE in position 74/-65 (GFAT-HRE), and we studied the role of HRE on the activation of the promoter utilizing appropriate expression vectors. We found that GFAT-HRE is essential for the response to hypoxia, PA or DFX and that Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) can augment this response. Finally, we demonstrate that iron chelation is part of the mechanism by which PA and DFX activate GFAT expression. Our results provide the first indication that hypoxia, PA or DFX induce the transcription of GFAT gene in murine Mf cell lines and that the HRE of the promoter is essential for this response.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Manzari
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kudlow
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fardin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Merello
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ottaviano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puppo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eva
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Varesio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003676:Deferoxamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005945:Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase (Isomerizing) / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000502:physiology; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010848:Picolinic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D010848:Picolinic Acids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014364:Tryptophan; D008156:Luciferases; D005945:Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase (Isomerizing); D003676:Deferoxamine; C030614:picolinic acid