title: Rivastigmine: a placebo controlled trial of twice daily and three times daily regimens in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of rapidly titrated rivastigmine administered twice (BID) or three times (TID) daily in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a 26 week international, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study in which 678 patients with probable AD received placebo or rivastigmine 2-12 mg/day BID or TID. Primary outcome measures included the cognitive subscale of the AD Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog) and categorical analysis of the Clinician Interview Based Impression of Change incorporating caregiver information (CIBIC-Plus). Secondary outcomes were the CIBIC-Plus change from baseline, Progressive Deterioration Scale, ADAS-cogA, Mini-Mental State Examination and Global Deterioration Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At week 26, mean rivastigmine dose was 9.6 (2.76) mg/day in the TID group and 8.9 (2.93) mg/day in the BID group. Mean ADAS-cog changes from baseline in the TID and BID rivastigmine treated groups were -0.2 (SD 7.3) and 1.2 (SD 7.2) versus 2.8 (SD 7.2) for the placebo group (p<0.05). Differences between rivastigmine TID and placebo on the CIBIC-Plus categorical responder analysis were significant (31% vs 19%; p<0.05, intention to treat). No significant differences were seen between BID and placebo for this outcome measure. Adverse events were predominantly gastrointestinal, occurring mainly during dose titration. Withdrawal because of adverse events accounted for 17% of BID, 11% of TID and 9% of placebo patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rivastigmine administered as a BID or TID regimen significantly benefited cognitive, function and global performances in AD patients. The TID regimen showed a tendency for superior tolerability and permitted titration to higher doses, an outcome that is significant as the efficacy of rivastigmine is dose related.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Clinic for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. hfeldman@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Howard H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000139:chemically induced; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D004244:Dizziness / Q000139:chemically induced; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D048448:Phenylcarbamates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000068836:Rivastigmine; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D000068836:Rivastigmine