title: Reactive oxygen species mediate androgen receptor- and serum starvation-elicited downstream signaling of ADAM9 expression in human prostate cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease (ADAM) family is a group of transmembrane proteins containing cell adhesive and proteolytic functional domains. ADAM9 expression was shown to be mediated by androgen receptor (AR) and stress conditions. This study determined a common mediator responsible for ADAM9 protein regulation which supports human prostate cancer (PCa) cell growth and survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  ADAM9 protein expression was measured under androgen, anti-androgen, hydrogen peroxide, and/or serum starvation conditions in PCa cells. The roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed in the presence or absence of recombinant catalase, or in cells stably transfected with either catalase- or a control neo-cDNA expression vector. ROS was assayed by dihydroethidium (DHE) followed by FACS analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ADAM9 protein expression was upregulated by androgen in AR-positive but not in AR-negative PCa cells. The anti-androgen bicalutamide effectively blocked this induction. While serum starvation enhanced ADAM9 expression in AR-positive PCa cells, this stress condition did not alter ADAM9 expression in AR-negative PCa cells. Parallel results also showed that androgen treatment or serum starvation enhanced ROS only in AR-positive but not in AR-negative PCa cells. ROS appears to be a common downstream mediator of androgen- or serum starvation-induced ADAM9 expression since addition of hydrogen peroxide or introduction of catalase, either enhanced or abolished respectively ADAM9 protein expression by both AR-positive and -negative PCa cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that ROS is: a common mediator responsible for ADAM9 protein induction in human PCa cells, downstream from AR, and stress response signaling.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Urology and Therapeutics Program, Department of Urology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Katsumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shigemura
authors.forename: Shian-Ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Rebecca S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.forename: Akinobu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gotoh
authors.forename: Haiyen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Zhau
authors.forename: Leland W K
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D051722:ADAM Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology; D000813:Anilides / Q000494:pharmacology; D002374:Catalase / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D044967:Serum / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014105:Tosyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D000813:Anilides; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009570:Nitriles; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D014105:Tosyl Compounds; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; C053541:bicalutamide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; D051722:ADAM Proteins; C098339:ADAM9 protein, human