title: Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and the risk of new vascular events in patients with manifest arterial disease: the SMART study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The frequency of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (CAS) increases with age from 0.5% in individuals below 50 years of age to 5% to 10% in individuals over 65 years of age in the general population. Its prognostic value has been examined in the general population but less often in patients with clinical manifestations of arterial disease other than retinal or cerebral ischemia. We examined the relationship between asymptomatic CAS and the risk of subsequent events in this specific group of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study involved 2684 consecutive patients with clinical manifestations of arterial disease or type 2 diabetes mellitus, but without a history of cerebral ischemia, enrolled in the SMART study (Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease). The degree of asymptomatic CAS was assessed with Duplex scanning and defined on the basis of the blood flow velocity patterns at baseline in both carotid arteries. None of the patients underwent carotid endarterectomy or endovascular intervention. During the follow-up period, vascular events (vascular death, ischemic stroke, and myocardial infarction) were documented in detail. Data were analyzed with Cox proportional hazards regression and adjusted for age, gender, and classic vascular risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Asymptomatic CAS of 50% or greater was present in 221 (8%) patients. During a mean follow up of 3.6 years (SD=2.3), a first vascular event occurred in 253 patients (9%). The cumulative incidence rate for the composite of subsequent vascular events after 5 years was 12.3% (95% CI=10.7 to 13.9), for cerebral infarction 2.2% (95% CI=1.4 to 2.8), and for myocardial infarction 8.0% (95% CI=6.6 to 9.4). Adjusted for age and gender, asymptomatic CAS of 50% or greater was related to a higher risk of subsequent vascular events (hazard ratio=1.5, 95% CI=1.1 to 2.1), in particular of vascular death (hazard ratio=1.8, 95% CI=1.2 to 2.6). After additional adjustment for vascular risk factors, the hazard ratios remained essentially the same.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis is an independent predictor of vascular events, especially vascular death, in patients with clinical manifestations of arterial disease or type 2 diabetes but without a history of cerebral ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bertine M B
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Goessens
authors.forename: Frank L J
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Visseren
authors.forename: L Jaap
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kappelle
authors.forename: Ale
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Algra
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: van der Graaf
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology