title: Coffee consumption and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coffee consumption has been associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We examined the relationship between coffee consumption and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM].
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, 1744 non-diabetic pregnant women were questioned during early gestation about their coffee consumption. We studied the association of coffee consumption before and during pregnancy, and the subsequent risk of GDM. Generalised, linear models were fitted to estimate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women who reported moderate pre-pregnancy caffeinated coffee intake had a significantly reduced risk of GDM (adjusted RR 0.50; 95% CI 0.29-0.85) compared with non-consumers. No risk reduction was associated with decaffeinated coffee intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate pre-pregnancy caffeinated coffee consumption may have a protective association with GDM. Prospective studies, including a wider range of consumption habits, are necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA. kathryn7@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Adeney
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schiff
authors.forename: Chunfang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Tanya K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Sorensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003069:Coffee; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003069:Coffee; D002110:Caffeine