title: Inequitable access for mentally ill patients to some medically necessary procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although universal health care aims for equity in service delivery, socioeconomic status still affects death rates from ischemic heart disease and stroke as well as access to revascularization procedures. We investigated whether psychiatric status is associated with a similar pattern of increased mortality but reduced access to procedures. We measured the associations between mental illness, death, hospital admissions and specialized or revascularization procedures for circulatory disease (including ischemic heart disease and stroke) for all patients in contact with psychiatric services and primary care across Nova Scotia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out a population-based record-linkage analysis of related data from 1995 through 2001 using an inception cohort to calculate rate ratios compared with the general public for each outcome (n = 215,889). Data came from Nova Scotia's Mental Health Outpatient Information System, physician billings, hospital discharge abstracts and vital statistics. We estimated patients' income levels from the median incomes of their residential neighbourhoods, as determined in Canada's 1996 census.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate ratio for death of psychiatric patients was significantly increased (1.34), even after adjusting for potential confounders, including income and comorbidity (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29-1.40), which was reflected in the adjusted rate ratio for first admissions (1.70, 95% CI 1.67-1.72). Their chances of receiving a procedure, however, did not match this increased risk. In some cases, psychiatric patients were significantly less likely to undergo specialized or revascularization procedures, especially those who had ever been psychiatric inpatients. In the latter case, adjusted rate ratios for cardiac catheterization, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafts were 0.41, 0.22 and 0.34, respectively, in spite of psychiatric inpatients' increased risk of death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychiatric status affects survival with and access to some procedures for circulatory disease, even in a universal health care system that is free at the point of delivery. Understanding how these disparities come about and how to reduce them should be a priority for future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS. stephen.kisely@cdha.nshealth.ca
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kisely
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Leslie Anne
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maaten
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D002548:Cerebral Revascularization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000600:supply & distribution; D008875:Middle Aged; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009674:Nova Scotia; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D019472:Universal Health Insurance