title: Effects of testosterone treatment on endometrial proliferation in postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Available data concerning effects of testosterone on endometrium of postmenopausal women are seriously limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to compare the influence of treatment with testosterone and/or estrogen on endometrial proliferation in healthy postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an open, randomized clinical study with parallel comparison of the groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at a women's health clinical research unit and a research laboratory at a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three women who had experienced natural menopause participated in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  After random assignment, the participants were administered orally testosterone undecanoate (40 mg every second day), estradiol valerate (2 mg daily), or both for 3 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endometrial thickness was measured, and endometrial proliferation evaluated on the basis of histopathology and expression of Ki-67, a proliferation marker.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endometrial thickness was significantly increased by treatment with estrogen alone or in combination with testosterone but was unaltered by testosterone alone. Among the women receiving estrogen alone, the proportion exhibiting histopathology indicative of proliferation increased significantly to 50% (P < 0.05), there was a nonsignificant increase to 28% with the combined treatment, whereas testosterone alone had no effect at all. Expression of Ki-67 was up-regulated significantly in both glands and stroma (P < 0.05, respectively) in both estrogen treatment groups. However, the expression was significantly higher in stroma by estrogen treatment alone than after combined treatment (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The short-term treatment with testosterone of postmenopausal women does not stimulate endometrial proliferation. In addition, testosterone appears to counteract endometrial proliferation induced by estrogen to a certain extent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Woman and Child Health, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. hong.zang@ki.se
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sahlin
authors.forename: Britt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Masironi
authors.forename: Elina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindén Hirschberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000728:Androgens / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D013739:Testosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol; C010792:testosterone undecanoate