Holmium laser for stone management.
The efficiency and safety profile of the holmium laser has made this tool a versatile multi-purpose instrument for use in the endoscopic treatment of a wide variety of urologic disorders, in particular urinary calculi. Herein we review holmium laser physics, current endourologic laser lithotripsy applications, and the performance of new low power holmium laser devices.
Pierre
Sean
S
Comprehensive Kidney Stone Center, Division of Urologic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Room 1572 White Zone, Box 3167, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
Preminger
Glenn M
GM
D000535:Aluminum; D006695:Holmium; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D015019:Yttrium
C503779:yttrium-aluminum-garnet; D015019:Yttrium; D000535:Aluminum; D006695:Holmium