title: The role of beta93 Cys in the inhibition of Hb S fiber formation.
abstract: Recent studies have suggested that nitric oxide (NO) binding to hemoglobin (Hb) may lead to the inhibition of sickle cell fiber formation and the dissolution of sickle cell fibers. NO can react with Hb in at least 3 ways: 1) formation of Hb(II)NO, 2) formation of methemoglobin, and 3) formation of S-nitrosohemoglobin, through nitrosylation of the beta93 Cys residue. In this study, the role of beta93 Cys in the mechanism of sickle cell fiber inhibition is investigated through chemical modification with N-ethylmaleimide. UV resonance Raman, FT-IR and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopic methods in conjunction with equilibrium solubility and kinetic studies are used to characterize the effect of beta93 Cys modification on Hb S fiber formation. Both FT-IR spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry results demonstrate that modification can occur at both the beta93 and alpha104 Cys residues under relatively mild reaction conditions. Equilibrium solubility measurements reveal that singly-modified Hb at the beta93 position leads to increased amounts of fiber formation relative to unmodified or doubly-modified Hb S. Kinetic studies confirm that modification of only the beta93 residue leads to a faster onset of polymerization. UV resonance Raman results indicate that modification of the alpha104 residue in addition to the beta93 residue significantly perturbs the alpha(1)beta(2) interface, while modification of only beta93 does not. These results in conjunction with the equilibrium solubility and kinetic measurements are suggestive that modification of the alpha104 Cys residue and not the beta93 Cys residue leads to T-state destabilization and inhibition of fiber formation. These findings have implications for understanding the mechanism of NO binding to Hb and NO inhibition of Hb S fiber formation.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Molecular Biophysics Program, Wesleyan University, Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT 06459-0175, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Knee
authors.forename: Catherine K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Roden
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Flory
authors.forename: Ishita
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mukerji
mesh_terms: D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000097:blood; D003545:Cysteine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D005033:Ethylmaleimide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006451:Hemoglobin, Sickle / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008706:Methemoglobin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D026403:S-Nitrosothiols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D006451:Hemoglobin, Sickle; D026403:S-Nitrosothiols; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008706:Methemoglobin; D003545:Cysteine; D005033:Ethylmaleimide