title: Loss of vaccine-induced immunity to varicella over time.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The introduction of universal varicella vaccination in 1995 has substantially reduced varicella-related morbidity and mortality in the United States. However, it remains unclear whether vaccine-induced immunity wanes over time, a condition that may result in increased susceptibility later in life, when the risk of serious complications may be greater than in childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 10 years (1995 to 2004) of active surveillance data from a sentinel population of 350,000 subjects to determine whether the severity and incidence of breakthrough varicella (with an onset of rash >42 days after vaccination) increased with the time since vaccination. We used multivariate logistic regression to adjust for the year of disease onset (calendar year) and the subject's age at both disease onset and vaccination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 11,356 subjects were reported to have varicella during the surveillance period, of whom 1080 (9.5%) had breakthrough disease. Children between the ages of 8 and 12 years who had been vaccinated at least 5 years previously were significantly more likely to have moderate or severe disease than were those who had been vaccinated less than 5 years previously (risk ratio, 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 5.8). The annual rate of breakthrough varicella significantly increased with the time since vaccination, from 1.6 cases per 1000 person-years (95% CI, 1.2 to 2.0) within 1 year after vaccination to 9.0 per 1000 person-years (95% CI, 6.9 to 11.7) at 5 years and 58.2 per 1000 person-years (95% CI, 36.0 to 94.0) at 9 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A second dose of varicella vaccine, now recommended for all children, could improve protection from both primary vaccine failure and waning vaccine-induced immunity.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. bev8@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Sandra S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gargiullo
authors.forename: John X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Civen
authors.forename: Dalya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guris
authors.forename: Laurene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mascola
authors.forename: Jane F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Seward
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D017668:Age of Onset; D002644:Chickenpox / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019433:Chickenpox Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D014645:Herpesvirus 3, Human / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D019433:Chickenpox Vaccine