title: Development of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous quantification of quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid and methyl-3-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid in animal tissues.
abstract: A method of high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection has been established for simultaneous quantitative determination of quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (QCA) and methyl-3-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (MQCA), the marker residues for carbadox (CBX) and olaquindox (OLA), respectively, in the muscles and livers of porcine and chicken and in the muscle of fish. Tissue samples were subject to acid hydrolysis followed by liquid-liquid extraction and Oasis MAX solid-phase extraction clean-up. The method was validated according to the EU Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The decision limits (CCalpha) were 0.7-2.6microg/kg and the detection capabilities (CCbeta) were 1.3-5.6microg/kg for QCA and MQCA in tissues. The recoveries of QCA and MQCA, spiked at levels of 2-100microg/kg, were from 70 to 110%; the relative standard deviation values were <20%. This simple, fast and economic method could be applied to the monitoring for the possible misuse of CBX and OLA in animal edible tissue samples.
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Yujie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yulian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lingli
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yanfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dapeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Zhengli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zonghui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005399:Fishes; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry*; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry*; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D011810:Quinoxalines; C500698:methyl-3-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid; C042218:quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid