title: High radiation dose may reduce the negative effect of large gross tumor volume in patients with medically inoperable early-stage non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the effect of radiation dose varies with gross tumor volume (GTV) in patients with stage I/II non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Included in the study were 114 consecutive patients with medically inoperable stage I/II NSCLC treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy between 1992 and 2004. The median biologic equivalent dose (BED) was 79.2 Gy (range, 58.2-124.5 Gy). The median GTV was 51.8 cm(3) (range, 2.1-727.8 cm(3)). The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Kaplan-Meier estimation and Cox regression models were used for survival analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analysis showed that there was a significant interaction between radiation dose and GTV (p < 0.001). In patients with BED < or = 79.2 Gy (n = 68), the OS medians for patients with GTV >51.8 cm(3) and < or = 51.8 cm(3) were 18.2 and 23.9 months, respectively (p = 0.015). If BED was >79.2 Gy (n = 46), no significant difference was found between GTV groups (p = 0.681). For patients with GTV >51.8 cm(3) (n = 45), the OS medians in those with BED >79.2 Gy and < or = 79.2 Gy were 30.4 and 18.2 months, respectively (p < 0.001). If GTV was < or = 51.8 cm(3) (n = 45), the difference was no longer significant (p = 0.577).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-dose radiation is more important for patients with larger tumors and may be effective in reducing the adverse outcome associated with large GTV. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm this finding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Lujun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Brady T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hayman
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: Kemp
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cease
authors.forename: Feng-Ming
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Kong
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D012189:Retrospective Studies