title: Using GIS for spatial analysis of rectal lesions in the human body.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been used in a wide variety of applications to integrate data and explore the spatial relationship of geographic features. Traditionally this has referred to features on the surface of the earth. However, it is possible to apply GIS in medicine, at the scale of the human body, to visualize and analyze anatomic and clinical features. In the present study we used GIS to examine the findings of transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM), a minimally-invasive procedure to locate and remove both benign and cancerous lesions of the rectum. Our purpose was to determine whether anatomic features of the human rectum and clinical findings at the time of surgery could be rendered in a GIS and spatially analyzed for their relationship to clinical outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maps of rectal topology were developed in two and three dimensions. These maps highlight anatomic features of the rectum and the location of lesions found on TEM. Spatial analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between anatomic location of the lesion and procedural failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the feasibility of rendering anatomical locations and clinical events in a GIS and its value in clinical research. This allows the visualization and spatial analysis of clinical and pathologic features, increasing our awareness of the relationship between anatomic features and clinical outcomes as well as enhancing our understanding and management of this disease process.
authors.affiliation: Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, USA. jane.garb@bhs.org
authors.forename: Jane L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Garb
authors.forename: Sabha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ganai
authors.forename: Ric
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Wait
mesh_terms: D040362:Geographic Information Systems / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation; D008866:Microsurgery; D011351:Proctoscopy / Q000379:methods; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012007:Rectum / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies