Work-related factors and violence among nursing staff in the European NEXT study: a longitudinal cohort study.
BACKGROUND
The occurrence of workplace violence is rather frequent within the nursing profession, with well-known consequences on the psychological health of victims.


OBJECTIVE
This study is aimed at assessing the relationships between relevant individual, organizational, and psychosocial factors, and the frequency of several types of workplace violence; the direct as well as the interactive impact of violence and psychosocial factors on organizational commitment and perceived health.


METHODS
Questionnaire-based cross-sectional and longitudinal survey designs were employed for the two study objectives, respectively.


METHODS
Five hundred and sixty-five healthcare institutions from eight European countries participated in the Nurses' Early Exit Study.


METHODS
The 34,107 participants were nursing staff holding different qualifications. The response rate was 55.1% in the cross-sectional part and 40.5% in the follow-up phase. At baseline, the respondents were mostly female (89.3%), in the age group 30-44 years (52.9%), registered or specialized nurses (67.0%), working mainly in medico-surgical wards (36.3%), and employed full-time (72.8%).


METHODS
In the cross-sectional analysis, the relationship between the predictor variables and frequency of violence was assessed by means of a hierarchical multiple linear regression. In the longitudinal analysis, main direct and interactive effects of violence and psychosocial factors on perceived health and organizational commitment were assessed by means of hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses with interaction terms.


RESULTS
Higher levels of adverse work-related factors were significantly associated with higher frequency of the distinguished types of violence. Significant interactions were found between psychosocial factors and violence only in predicting organizational commitment, even if effect sizes were very low. No interactions were observed for perceived health. The prevalence of the distinguished types of violence varied across the participating countries according to the presence of adverse work- and non-work-related factors.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest the necessity of interventions both over working conditions conducive to violence and violent behaviours themselves.
Camerino
Donatella
D
Department of Occupational Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. donatella.camerino@unimi.it
Estryn-Behar
Madeleine
M
Conway
Paul Maurice
PM
van Der Heijden
Beatrice Isabella Johanna Maria
BI
Hasselhorn
Hans-Martin
HM
D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000523:psychology; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000523:psychology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017132:Workplace / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000523:psychology