title: Opioid-related adverse drug events in surgical hospitalizations: impact on costs and length of stay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Opioid analgesics remain a mainstay in the treatment of pain associated with surgical procedures. Such use is associated with adverse drug events (ADEs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of opioid-related ADEs on total hospital costs and length of stay (LOS) in adult surgical patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective matched cohort study using data from computerized medical records. ADE cases were prospectively detected using computerized surveillance and verified by pharmacists. Surgical patients treated at LDS Hospital in Salt Lake City from January 1, 1998, to December 31, 2003, were included. The primary outcomes were costs and hospital LOS associated with opioid-related ADEs and the relationship of opioid dose to ADE events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients experiencing opioid-related ADEs had significantly increased median total hospital costs (7.4% increase; 95% CI 3.83 to 10.96; p < 0.001) and increased median LOS (10.3% increase; 95% CI 6.5 to 14.2; p < 0.001) compared with matched non-ADE controls. The increased costs attributable to ADEs, by surgery type, were general surgery ($676.51; 95% CI 351.50 to 1001.50), orthopedics ($861.50; 95% CI 448.20 to 1274.80), and obstetrics/gynecology ($540.90; 95% CI 281.40 to 800.40). Similarly, increased LOS attributable to ADEs, by surgery type, were general surgery (0.64 days; 95% CI 0.40 to 0.88), orthopedics (0.52 days; 95% CI 0.33 to 0.71), and obstetrics/gynecology (0.53 days; 95% CI 0.33 to 0.72). Higher doses of opioids were associated with increased risk of experiencing ADEs (OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.60; p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opioid-related ADEs following surgery were associated with significantly increased LOS and hospitalization costs. These ADEs occurred more frequently in patients receiving higher doses of opioids.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA. Gary.Oderda@pharm.utah.edu <Gary.Oderda@pharm.utah.edu>
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Oderda
authors.forename: Qayyim
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Stoddard
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rublee
authors.forename: Matthew H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Samore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid