title: Factors associated with seven-year incidence of diabetes complications among older Mexican Americans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes is common in elderly persons and is highly prevalent in Mexican Americans. Little is known about factors associated with the incidence of diabetes complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the social, demographic and health factors associated with a 7-year incidence of diabetes complications among older Mexican Americans with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 7-year prospective cohort of 536 non-institutionalized Mexican Americans aged > or =65 years with diabetes residing in the Southwest of USA. Measures included socio-demographic factors, duration of diabetes, diabetes treatment, medical conditions and body mass index. Diabetes complications were assessed by self-reports of any kidney, eye and circulation problems or amputation due to diabetes over a 7-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with disease duration of > or =10 years were found to have an increased incidence of kidney, eye and circulation problems or amputation over a 7-year period. Hazard ratio (HR) for circulation problems was significantly higher in foreign-born subjects with >15 years in the USA. Foreign-born subjects with <15 years in the USA and those with a frequent number of physician visits were at increased risk of kidney complications. Subjects with baseline eye complications had a higher HR for incidence of amputations in the next 7 years. Subjects with baseline circulation complications had a higher incidence of amputations, eye and kidney complications in the next 7 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that risks of diabetes complications are influenced by different factors. Prolonged diabetes duration, being foreign-born, living in the USA for a longer period, and frequent physician visits were factors associated with diabetes complications. Designing intervention strategies to reduce diabetes complication risks requires an understanding of the differences in demographic and health predictors of such risks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0460, USA.
authors.forename: Vinod P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Kaushik
authors.forename: Soham
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al Snih
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Mukaila A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Raji
authors.forename: Kyriakos S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Markides
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Goodwin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D017058:Mexican Americans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015206:Southwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology