title: Course of improvement over 2 years in psychoanalytic and psychodynamic outpatient psychotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess and predict the level and course of symptomatic improvement in psychoanalytic (PAP) and psychodynamic psychotherapy (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a comprehensive longitudinal study, the course of improvement of 116 patients in PAP and of 357 patients in PD was tracked over a period of 2 years and analysed via hierarchical linear models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, over 90% of the patients reported substantial psychological, physical or interpersonal distress. In both forms of treatment, the course of improvement could be adequately fitted by a linear model. Symptom distress decreased notably within 2 years, with an especially sharp decline before the first formally scheduled therapy session. No significant differences between forms of treatment as to level or pace of symptom improvement could be observed. Prediction of speed of improvement was poor, with initial symptom distress showing the strongest influence while initial helping alliance had no predictive value. When comparing patients who finished their treatment within the 2-year observation period with those with still ongoing treatments, the former showed quicker symptom improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strategies for the optimal allocation of valuable therapeutic resources should be reconsidered. An adaptive, outcome-oriented allocation strategy of therapeutic resources is proposed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry II, Ulm University, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Puschner
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kächele
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kordy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011575:Psychoanalytic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome