title: Frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes regulating inflammatory responses in a community-based population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Allele frequencies reported from public databases or articles are mostly based on small sample sizes. Differences in genotype frequencies by age, race and sex have implications for studies designed to examine genetic susceptibility to disease. In a community-based cohort of 9,960 individuals, we compared the allele frequencies of 49 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes involved in inflammatory pathways to the frequencies reported on public databases, and examined the genotypes frequencies by age and sex. The genes in which SNPs were analyzed include CCR2, CCR5, COX1, COX2, CRP, CSF1, CSF2, IFNG, IL1A, IL1B, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL13, IL18, LTA, MPO, NOS2A, NOS3, PPARD, PPARG, PPARGC1 and TNF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean(SD) age was 53.2(15.5); 98% were Caucasians and 62% were women. Only 1 out of 33 SNPs differed from the SNP500Cancer database in allele frequency by >10% in Caucasians (n = 9,831), whereas 12 SNPs differed by >10% (up to 50%) in African Americans (n = 105). Two out of 15 SNPs differed from the dbSNP database in allele frequencies by >10% in Caucasians, and 5 out of 15 SNPs differed by >10% in African Americans. Age was similar across most genotype groups. Genotype frequencies did not differ by sex except for TNF(rs1799724), IL2(rs2069762), IL10(rs1800890), PPARG(rs1801282), and CRP(rs1800947) with differences of less than 4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When estimating the size of samples needed for a study, particularly if a reference sample is used, one should take into consideration the size and ethnicity of the reference sample. Larger sample size is needed for public databases that report allele frequencies in non-Caucasian populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. hyhuang@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Han-Yao
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thuita
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Strickland
authors.forename: Sandra C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Comstock
authors.forename: Kathy J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Helzlsouer
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D018401:Sample Size