title: Endothelium-derived hyperpolarization factor (EDHF) is up-regulated in a pig model of acute liver failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute liver failure (ALF) is hemodynamically characterized by hyperdynamic circulation, but the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying these disturbances are not known. The purposes of the present experiments were: to study systemic and peripheral hemodynamics in vivo, to measure changes in vascular reactivity in vitro, and to determine the role of endothelium-dependent vasodilator pathways in a well-validated porcine model of ALF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Landrace pigs (24-29 kg) were allocated to sham operation (n=8) or ALF induced by hepatic devascularization (n=9). Systemic and regional hemodynamics were monitored. Femoral artery rings were prepared for isometric tension recordings 8 h after ALF induction. Contractile responses to phenylephrine were assessed in ring segments of endothelium-intact femoral arteries in the absence or presence of inhibitors of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase and heme oxygenase pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pigs with ALF developed a hyperdynamic circulation. Cardiac index increased (PGT<0.001), while mean arterial pressure (PGT=0.012) and systemic vascular resistance decreased (PGT<0.001) in this group. Femoral artery blood flow decreased in controls, while it remained unchanged in ALF (PGT=0.010). Accordingly, vascular resistance across the hind leg was significantly decreased (PGT<0.001) in ALF. The combination of Ca2+-activated potassium channel inhibitors charybdotoxin and apamin, which block the release of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, increased the contraction force (ANOVA, PGT=0.05) and Emax (P=0.01) to phenylephrine in ALF. In contrast, inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase and heme oxygenase pathways did not increase isometric contraction force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endothelium dependent hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle contributes to the development of hyperdynamic circulation in ALF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Tromsø, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Sveinung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ekse
authors.forename: Lucie H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Clapp
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Revhaug
authors.forename: Lars Marius
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ytrebø
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001030:Apamin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D018999:Charybdotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D008102:Liver Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D024681:Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D024681:Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; C067410:endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization factor; D018999:Charybdotoxin; D010656:Phenylephrine; D001030:Apamin; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases