title: Role of DNA-PKcs in the bystander effect after low- or high-LET irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) in the medium-mediated bystander effect for chromosomal aberrations induced by low-linear energy transfer (LET) X-rays and high-LET heavy ions in normal human fibroblast cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The recipient cells were treated for 12 h with conditioned medium, which was harvested from donor cells at 24 h after exposure to 10 Gy of soft X-rays (5 keV/microm) and 20Ne ions (437 keV/microm), followed by analyses of chromosome aberrations in recipient cells with premature chromosome condensation methods. To examine the role of DNA-PKcs and nitric oxide (NO), cells were treated with its inhibitor LY294002 (LY) and its scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (c-PTIO), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased frequency of chromosome aberrations in recipient cells treated with conditioned medium from irradiated but not from un-irradiated donor cells was observed which was independent of radiation type. Bystander induction of chromosome aberrations in recipient cells was mitigated when donor cells were treated with LY before irradiation and with c-PTIO after irradiation, and was enhanced when recipient cells were treated with LY before treatment of recipient cells with conditioned medium from irradiated donor cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Irradiated normal human cells secrete NO and other molecules which in turn transmit radiation signals to unirradiated bystander cells, leading to the induction of bystander chromosome aberrations partially repairable by DNA-PKcs-mediated DNA damage repair machinery, such as non-homologous end-joining repair pathways.
authors.affiliation: Physics Department, International Christian University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanasugi
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: Seiichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Tomoo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Funayama
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakashita
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kakizaki
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takakura
mesh_terms: D024201:Bystander Effect / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D020450:Heavy Ions / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D004247:DNA; D011494:Protein Kinases