title: Disease progression in children with vertically-acquired HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: reviewing the need for HIV treatment.
abstract: Approximately 700,000 children become newly infected with HIV annually, mainly through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), making paediatric HIV a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The substantial interest in preventing MTCT (PMTCT) has generated information on rates of transmission and associated factors, but there is a lack of information on disease progression and mortality in vertically-infected children, especially from resource-poor settings. Peer-review journals with titles or abstracts containing reference to the review's themes were selected using widely available search engines. We review relevant literature on mortality in children born to HIV infected mothers; morbidity and mortality associated with paediatric HIV infections; eligibility to and efficacy of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Child mortality is independently associated with maternal HIV status and maternal death, with paediatric infection resulting in approximately 4 fold increase in mortality by age 2 years. Morbidities seen in infected children were similar to those seen in uninfected children, although the rates and recurrences of illness were greater. There is some evidence that progression to AIDS may be more rapid in resource poor settings, although data on this are very limited. PMTCT and paediatric ART have been shown to be highly successful in resource-limited settings, but are not universally applied. Further efforts to increase coverage of both PMTCT and paediatric ART could substantially reduce the numbers of children becoming infected and improve survival of those infected. Additionally, improvements in health infrastructures could improve care provision, not only through improved detection and monitoring but also through treatment of co-morbidities and nutritional support.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Kirsty
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.forename: Chewe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Madeleine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bunders
authors.forename: Ngashi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ngongo
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: Marie-Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Newell
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009017:Morbidity; D020380:Needs Assessment
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents