title: Psychogenic urinary dysfunction: a uro-neurological assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The diagnosis of psychogenic urinary dysfunction (PUD) is one of exclusion, particularly from urologic and neurologic causes, and is usually accompanied by more obvious psychologic/ psychiatric features. We here describe patients with PUD who were diagnosed in our uro- neurological laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the digitized records of 2,300 urodynamic cases treated in the past 6 years to identify patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of PUD. All 2,300 patients had completed a urinary questionnaire and undergone both electromyography (EMG)-cystometry and a detailed neurological examination. In addition, pressure-flow analysis, neurophysiology tests including sphincter EMG analysis, and MRI of the brain and spinal cord were performed as applicable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PUD was seen in 16 cases (0.7%): 6 men, 10 women, mean age 37 years. Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) included overactive bladder (OAB) alone in 5, difficult urination alone in one, and both in 10. LUTS commonly occurred in particular situations, for example, OAB only while riding the train. Some patients showed extremely infrequent toileting. The urodynamic findings were normal except for increased bladder sensation (50%) for OAB and acontractile detrusor (31%) for difficulty. The final diagnosis was conversion reaction in six followed by anxiety in four.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PUD patients experienced the situational occurrence of OAB and/or difficult urination and, in some patients, extremely infrequent toileting. The main urodynamic abnormalities were increased bladder sensation and acontractile detrusor. However, even in cases suggestive of PUD, a non-PUD pathology behind the symptoms should be explored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryuji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sakakibara
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Awa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatauya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kinou
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory Unit, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Chiharu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical College, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamanishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Takamichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hattori
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D014563:Urodynamics