title: Studies of a co-chaperone of the androgen receptor, FKBP52, as candidate for hypospadias.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypospadias is a common inborn error of the male urethral development, for which the aetiology is still elusive. Polymorphic variants in genes involved in the masculinisation of male genitalia, such as the androgen receptor, have been associated with some cases of hypospadias. Co-regulators of the androgen receptor start being acknowledged as possible candidates for hormone-resistance instances, which could account for hypospadias. One such molecule, the protein FKBP52, coded by the FKBP4 gene, has an important physiological role in up-regulating androgen receptor activity, an essential step in the development of the male external genitalia. The presence of hypospadias in mice lacking fkbp52 encouraged us to study the sequence and the expression of FKBP4 in boys with isolated hypospadias.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of FKBP52 in the genital skin of boys with hypospadias and in healthy controls was tested by immunohistochemistry. Mutation screening in the FKBF4 gene was performed in ninety-one boys with non syndromic hypospadias. Additionally, two polymorphisms were typed in a larger cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemistry shows epithelial expression of FKBP52 in the epidermis of the penile skin. No apparent difference in the FKBP52 expression was detected in healthy controls, mild or severe hypospadias patients. No sequence variants in the FKBP4 gene have implicated in hypospadias in our study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FKBP52 is likely to play a role in growth and development of the male genitalia, since it is expressed in the genital skin of prepubertal boys; however alterations in the sequence and in the expression of the FKBP4 gene are not a common cause of non-syndromic hypospadias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. ana.beleza@ki.se
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beleza-Meireles
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barbaro
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wedell
authors.forename: Virpi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Töhönen
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nordenskjöld
mesh_terms: D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013577:Syndrome; D022021:Tacrolimus Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D022021:Tacrolimus Binding Proteins; C403485:tacrolimus binding protein 4