title: Altered localization of gene expression in both ectoderm and mesoderm is associated with a murine strain difference in retinoic acid-induced forelimb ectrodactyly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Defects in digit number or fusion as a teratogenic response are well documented in humans and intensively studied in various mouse models. Maternal exposure to excess levels of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) at gestational day 9.5 induces postaxial ectrodactyly (digit loss) in the murine C57BL/6N strain but not in the SWV/Fnn strain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole-mount in situ hybridization was used to examine the differential expression of limb patterning genes at the transcriptional level between the two mouse strains following the maternal exposure to a teratogenic level of RA. The detection of a gene with altered expression was followed by either the evaluation of other genes that were synexpressed or with an assessment of downstream genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the C57BL/6N limb bud following maternal RA administration, gene-specific perturbations were observed within hours of the RA injection in the posterior pre-AER (apical ectodermal ridge) (Fgf8, Dlx3, Bmp4, Sp8, but not Dlx2 or p63), whereas these genes were normally expressed in the SWV/Fnn limb bud. Furthermore, although RA caused comparable reductions of Shh expression between the strains in the 12 h after administration, some Shh downstream genes were differentially expressed (e.g., Gli1, Ptc, and Hoxd13), whereas others were not (e.g., Fgf4, Bmp4, and Gremlin).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is proposed that altered gene expression in both pre-AER and mesoderm is involved in the pathogenesis of postaxial digit loss, and that because the alterations in the pre-AER occur relatively early in the temporal sequence of events, those changes are candidates for an initiating factor in the malformation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Hirohito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Grace S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sudheer R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Beedanagari
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D004475:Ectoderm / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb / Q000002:abnormalities*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D018878:Limb Buds / Q000002:abnormalities; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D013045:Species Specificity; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens; D014212:Tretinoin