title: Weekday on-weekend off oral capecitabine: a phase I study of a continuous schedule better simulating protracted fluoropyrimidine therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although protracted intravenous 5-fluorouracil is superior to bolus regimens in terms of tumour exposure to the drug during DNA synthesis as well as activity and safety, the oral fluoropyrimidine capecitabine is administered intermittently. In this phase I study, we investigated an alternative, dose-intense continuous regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral capecitabine was administered twice daily continuously with weekend breaks, in patients with advanced solid tumours refractory to standard therapy. Dose escalation proceeded from 1,331 to 2,510 mg/m(2) daily. Dose limiting toxicity (DLT) consisted of any grade-3 or 4 adverse event except for alopecia and skin toxicity resolving within 7 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five heavily pretreated patients participated in the study. No DLT occurred in the first four cohorts. Two out of four patients developed grade III diarrhoea in the fourth week of capecitabine at 2,510 mg/m(2) (DLT). The most common toxic episodes during all cycles of treatment were grade 1-2 fatigue, skin erythema, abdominal cramps, nausea, constipation and neutropenia. Disease regression was seen in three and stabilisation with clinical benefit in ten patients (clinical benefit response 54%). Pharmacokinetic studies of capecitabine and metabolites in four patients at 2,250 mg/m(2 )daily showed rapid absorption, short plasma half-lives with the exception of FBAL and absence of accumulation or conversion saturation during the course of therapy. At this dose, administered dose intensity in eight patients was 99.3% of the planned one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Weekday on-weekend off capecitabine maximizes cytotoxic impact on tumour cells during S-phase by safely simulating protracted fluoropyrimidine therapy at a recommended dose (2,250 mg/m(2)) close to that of the intermittent schedule and clearly higher than the continuous one of 1,331 mg/m(2).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Medical School, Ioannina University Hospital, Niarxou Avenue, 45500 Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pentheroudakis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Golfinopoulos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fountzilas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nikolaidou
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Boumba
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vougiouklakis
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nikiforidis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tzamakou
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Siarabi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marselos
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pavlidis
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000069287:Capecitabine; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005221:Fatigue / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011355:Prodrugs; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000069287:Capecitabine; D005472:Fluorouracil