title: Combined voltage and calcium epifluorescence imaging in vitro and in vivo reveals subthreshold and suprathreshold dynamics of mouse barrel cortex.
abstract: Cortical dynamics can be imaged at high spatiotemporal resolution with voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) and calcium-sensitive dyes (CaSDs). We combined these two imaging techniques using epifluorescence optics together with whole cell recordings to measure the spatiotemporal dynamics of activity in the mouse somatosensory barrel cortex in vitro and in the supragranular layers in vivo. The two optical signals reported distinct aspects of cortical function. VSD fluorescence varied linearly with membrane potential and was dominated by subthreshold postsynaptic potentials, whereas the CaSD signal predominantly reflected local action potential firing. Combining VSDs and CaSDs allowed us to monitor the synaptic drive and the spiking activity of a given area at the same time in the same preparation. The spatial extent of the two dye signals was different, with VSD signals spreading further than CaSD signals, reflecting broad subthreshold and narrow suprathreshold receptive fields. Importantly, the signals from the dyes were differentially affected by pharmacological manipulations, stimulation strength, and depth of isoflurane anesthesia. Combined VSD and CaSD measurements can therefore be used to specify the temporal and spatial relationships between subthreshold and suprathreshold activity of the neocortex.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Aren
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borgdorff
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crochet
authors.forename: Florian B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Neubauer
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lefort
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fauvet
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ferezou
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carleton
authors.forename: Hans-Rudolf
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lüscher
authors.forename: Carl C H
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Petersen
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007814:Larva; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D014738:Vibrissae / Q000294:innervation*; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes