title: Radiographic assessment and quantitative motion analysis of the cervical spine after serial sectioning of the anterior ligamentous structures.
abstract: METHODS
  Cadaveric study of a diagnostic test for cervical spine instability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine if flexion-extension (FE) radiographs can be used to detect incremental damage to anterior cervical structures.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Prior studies have shown that damage to cervical structures can alter motion between vertebrae, and FE radiographs are sometimes used to detect this damage. However, no study has determined if FE radiographs are sensitive and specific for acute injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  FE radiographs were taken of the intact neck and after each incremental increase in damage to the anterior structures. Intervertebral motion was quantified using previously validated methods. The sensitivity and specificity of intervertebral motion measurements were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Motion within the intact spines was within normal ranges. Although intervertebral rotation changed significantly after certain anterior structures were damaged, rotation frequently remained within normal ranges, even after extensive damage. A center of rotation that was posterior to the 95% confidence interval for normal motion was 100% sensitive and specific for damage to the anterior structures of the spine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that extensive damage to the anterior cervical spine could be missed if instability assessment was based on intervertebral rotation or displacements measured from FE radiographs. In contrast, a center of rotation that was located posterior to normal was both sensitive and specific for damage to anterior structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Navin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Reitman
authors.forename: Lyndon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hipp
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012399:Rotation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical