title: Phenotype-specific inhibition of the vascular smooth muscle cell cycle by high glucose treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes accelerates the development of atherosclerosis, which critically involves the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). However, how high glucose treatment regulates SMC proliferation is controversial. Considering the established SMC heterogeneity, we hypothesised that glucose treatment may have distinct effects on proliferation of the various phenotypic SMCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested this possibility using cloned spindle-shaped and epithelioid SMCs and laser scanning cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that glucose treatment significantly inhibited the serum-independent proliferation of epithelioid SMCs, but had no effect on the proliferation of spindle-shaped cells either with or without serum stimulation. Furthermore, glucose treatment inhibited DNA synthesis, as detected by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, and increased the production of reactive oxygen species in epithelioid SMCs. The inhibition of BrdU incorporation by glucose treatment was mimicked by glucosamine and phorbol 2,13-dibutyrate, a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, and reversed by azaserine, an inhibitor of the hexosamine pathway. In addition, the inhibitory effects of glucose treatment were blocked by GF 109203X (a PKC inhibitor) and PD98058 (a MAPK/ERK kinase, MEK inhibitor), and by knockdown of MEK1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA). The addition of either GF 109203X or PD98058 also reduced the phosphorylation of MAP kinase induced by glucose treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glucose treatment inhibits the proliferation of epithelioid, but not spindle-shaped, vascular SMCs through the activation of PKC and the MAP kinase pathway, suggesting that the effects of hyperglycaemia on vascular disease depend on the phenotype of SMCs involved.
authors.affiliation: Smooth Muscle Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: X-L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: S-G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: D-Q
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Peng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D047569:Laser Scanning Cytometry; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology; D010641:Phenotype; D010703:Phorbol Esters / Q000494:pharmacology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010703:Phorbol Esters; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D005947:Glucose