title: Psammaplin A is a natural prodrug that inhibits class I histone deacetylase.
abstract: Histone deacetylase (HDAC) has been highlighted as one of key players in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. Recently, several derivatives of psammaplin (Psams) from a marine sponge have been known to inhibit the HDAC activity, but the molecular mechanism for the inhibition has not fully understood. Here, we explored the mode of action of Psams for the inhibition of HDAC activity in the molecular and cellular level. Among the derivatives, psammaplin A (Psam A) showed the potent inhibitory activity in enzyme assay and anti-proliferation assay with IC50 value of 0.003 and 1 muM, respectively. Psam A selectively induced hyperacetylation of histones in the cells, resulting in the upregulation of gelsolin, a well-known HDAC target gene, in a transcriptional level. In addition, reduced Psam A showed a stronger inhibitory activity than that of non-reduced one. Notably, glutathione-depleted cells were not sensitive to Psam A, implying that cellular reduction of the compound is responsible for the HDAC inhibition of Psam A after uptake into the cells. Together, these data demonstrate that Psam A could exhibit its activity under the reduced condition in the cells and be a new natural prodrug targeting HDAC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Hoon
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jongheon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Ho Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D001688:Biological Products / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D004220:Disulfides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D011355:Prodrugs; C098378:psammaplin A; D014443:Tyrosine; D006655:Histone Deacetylases