title: Declines in low birth weight and preterm birth among infants who were born to HIV-infected women during an era of increased use of maternal antiretroviral drugs: Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease, 1989-2004.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to determine trends in low birth weight and preterm birth among US infants born to HIV-infected women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the longitudinal Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease, a large HIV cohort, to assess trends in low birth weight and preterm birth from 1989 to 2004 among 11,321 study infants. Among women with prenatal care, we also assessed risk factors, including maternal antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy, that were predictive of low birth weight and preterm birth using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 11,231 of 14,464 infants who were enrolled in Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease were tested during the neonatal period. From 1989 to 2004, testing increased from 32% to 97%. The proportion of HIV-exposed infants who had low birth weight decreased from 35% to 21% and occurred in all racial/ethnic groups. Prevalence of preterm birth decreased from 35% to 22% and occurred in all groups. Any maternal antiretroviral therapy use increased from 2% to 84%. Among 8793 women who had prenatal care, low birth weight was associated with a history of illicit maternal drug use, unknown maternal HIV status before delivery, symptomatic maternal HIV disease, black race, Hispanic ethnicity, and infant HIV infection. Antiretroviral therapy or lack of it was not associated with low birth weight. Among women with prenatal care, preterm birth was associated with a history of illicit maternal drug use, symptomatic maternal HIV disease, no antiretroviral therapy, receipt of a 3-drug highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen with protease inhibitors, black race, and infant HIV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proportion of infants who had low birth weight or were born preterm declined during an era of increased maternal antiretroviral therapies. These Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease trends differ from the overall increases in both outcomes among the US population.
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. jzs1@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Joann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sukalac
authors.forename: Beverly
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bohannon
authors.forename: Mary Glenn
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fowler
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods*; D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents