title: Prostate cancer cells increase androgen sensitivity by increase in nuclear androgen receptor and androgen receptor coactivators; a possible mechanism of hormone-resistance of prostate cancer cells.
abstract: Although androgen-hypersensitivity is one of the possible pathways of hormone-resistance in prostate cancer, the mechanisms of androgen-hypersensitivity are still largely unknown. Using androgen-hypersensitive prostate cancer cells LN-TR2, established from androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells by the long term treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha, we explored the mechanisms of androgen-hypersensitivity in prostate cancer cells which may thus play a role in hormone-resistance. We examined the androgen receptor (AR) DNA sequence and the expression levels of AR and 8 AR cofactors in LNCaP and LN-TR2 cells. As a result, no novel mutation was developed in AR DNA in LN-TR2 cells. We observed higher expressions of nuclear AR upon androgen-treatment and 2 AR coactivators, ARA55 and TIF2, in LN-TR2 compared to LNCaP cells. An overexpression of ARA55 or TIF2 enhanced androgen-induced AR transcriptional activity in LNCaP cell. In the presence of those AR coactivators, AR activity was observed even at low concentrations of androgen. In 2 of 6 patients, the expression level of ARA55 was higher in cancer cells in hormone-resistant tumor than those in hormone-sensitive tumor. Taken together, our results suggest that prostate cancer cells change androgen-sensitivity by an overexpression of nuclear AR and AR coactivators, thus, resulting in transition from androgen-dependent to androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. An increase in nuclear AR and AR coactivators may cause androgen-hypersensitivity of prostate cancer cells and thus play a role in hormone-resistance, at least in some patients with prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan. n.fuji@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mizokami
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueta
authors.forename: Takakazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaguri
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D060588:LIM Domain Proteins; D008297:Male; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D051958:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014162:Transfection; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D060588:LIM Domain Proteins; C498001:NCOA2 protein, human; D051958:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; C490351:TGFB1I1 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha