title: A two-center experience with the exclusive use of laparoscopic transperitoneal nephrectomy for benign renal disease in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to evaluate a two-center experience with pediatric transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy, specifically focusing on the outcome parameters of operative time, complication, analgesic requirement, and postoperative stay.
  
  
  METHODS
  This ambispective study was conducted over a 4-year period between May 2001 and May 2005 in two tertiary pediatric surgical centers. Data were prospectively recorded from an in-house expanded medical audit system (EMAS) and a Microsoft Excel database. Information on patient demographics, operative time, complications, analgesic requirement, and length of hospital stay were retrieved and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 30 consecutive patients with a mean age of 4.43 years (range, 3 months to 15 years) underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy. All the patients underwent unilateral nephrectomy/nephroureterectomy for multidysplastic kidney (n = 12), reflux nephropathy (n = 13), pelvicoureteric junction obstruction (n = 4), or cystic disease of indeterminate cause (n = 1). The mean operative time was 93 +/- 30 min. The principal hemostatic devices used were the Harmonic Scalpel (20 cases), liga clips (5 cases), and hook diathermy and endoshears exclusively (4 cases). There were no conversions, but the intraoperative complications of bleeding (n = 2), difficult location (n = 1), difficult extraction (n = 1), and requirement for a liver retractor (n = 2) were encountered. An additional five patients had problems in the immediate postoperative period, two of whom went on to have long term difficulties with recurrent urinary tract infections resulting from a residual ureteric stump, which required surgery. Nearly one-third of the patients required morphine for analgesia in the immediate postoperative period, with the figure falling to 20% by day 1. The median postoperative hospital stay was 1 day (range, 0-16 days). At this writing, all the patients remain under surveillance with a mean follow-up period of 2.88 years, and no patients have experienced complications secondary to intraabdominal adhesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy is technically feasible in most cases of benign renal disease. The intraoperative complications are minimal, and recovery for most is robust. Two-thirds of the patients are discharged within 24 h. In this study, narcotic analgesics were prescribed in about a one-third of all the cases for a limited period. Further problems may be seen when refluxing ureters are incompletely excised. However, the transperitoneal approach does not mitigate against complete excision because the exposure to the pelvis is adequate. At the midterm follow-up assessment, adhesive obstruction was not encountered, confirming this approach as a tenable alternative to other laparoscopic approaches for nephrectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Royal Alexandra Hospital for Sick Children, 57 Dyke Road, Brighton, BN1 3JN, UK. Anies.Mahomed@bsuh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mahomed
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoare
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Driver
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*