title: Attenuated anterior cingulate activation during a verbal fluency task in elderly patients with a history of multiple-episode depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have suggested that, in elderly patients, prior depression plays a role in the recurrence of depression. The aim of this study was to investigate cerebral brain function in recovered depressed elderly and investigate the relationship between this brain function and the number of depressive episodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty elderly depressive patients in recovery and 10 healthy volunteers were included in this study. The depressive patients were divided into those who had experienced a single depressive episode and those who had experienced multiple episodes. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in each participant during a verbal fluency task. The data were analyzed using statistical parametric mapping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Activation in the anterior cingulate cortex was significantly attenuated in patients who had experienced multiple depressive episodes, compared with the other two groups. There were no significant differences in areas of activation between patients with a single depressive episode and healthy volunteers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that attenuated activation in the anterior cingulate cortex may be associated with multiple episodes of depression in the elderly and with the vulnerability to cycling or recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takami
authors.forename: Yasumasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Hidehisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Shigeto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamawaki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010507:Periodicity; D012008:Recurrence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014705:Verbal Behavior
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents