title: Surgical stress response.
abstract: Recent advances in molecular medicine have allowed the characterization and quantification of inflammatory cascades following surgery and trauma. Activation of immune cells is followed by the release of various cytokines as well as by migration of leukocytes into inflamed tissues. Various methods have been developed in order to modulate the immune-inflammatory system and at the same time to prevent overreaction and unexpected complications. In this context, the magnitude of surgical stress exerted on the patient is of paramount importance. Several factors, either controllable or not, are known to contribute to the development and amplification of the 'surgical stress response'. Therefore, they should be taken into consideration by both surgical practitioners and other medical specialties involved in the management of the traumatised patient.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, LGI University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Peter V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Giannoudis
authors.forename: Haralambos
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dinopoulos
authors.forename: Byron
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chalidis
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries