title: Arterial reactivity in lower extremities is progressively reduced as cardiovascular risk factors increase: comparison with upper extremities using magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to investigate whether the association between established cardiovascular risk factors and arterial reactivity differs between the lower and upper extremities.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Resistance artery reactivity in the arm is associated with cardiovascular risk factors, coronary disease, and events. However, the relationship of lower versus upper extremity vasoreactivity to increasing cardiovascular risk factors has not been determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 82 subjects in 3 groups: 33 young healthy (YH) (21 to 41 years), 30 older healthy (OH) (>50 years), and 19 older type 2 diabetic subjects (OD). We directly measured systolic shear rate, flow, and radius in brachial and femoral arteries at rest and during post-occlusion hyperemia using magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brachial and femoral systolic shear rate, flow, and radius were similar among the groups at rest. Brachial hyperemic shear rate and hyperemic flow normalized as a function of baseline radius were not statistically different when YH were compared with OH and OH with OD. In contrast, femoral hyperemic shear rate and hyperemic flow normalized to baseline radius were lower in OH than YH (680 +/- 236 s(-1) vs. 843 +/- 157 s(-1), p = 0.001, and 0.84 +/- 0.25 mm(1.27)/s vs. 1.01 +/- 0.16 mm(1.27)/s, p = 0.001) and lower in OD than OH (549 +/- 183 s(-1), p = 0.02, and 0.74 +/- 0.19 mm(1.27)/s, p = 0.046).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persons with increasing cardiovascular risk factor burden had progressively reduced arterial reactivity in lower but not upper extremities. This may help to explain why atherosclerosis usually develops more severely in legs than in arms, and suggests that legs may be more sensitive than arms for assessing early global atherosclerotic risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. hsilber@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Harry A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Silber
authors.forename: Joao A C
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bluemke
authors.forename: Brad C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Astor
authors.forename: Sandeep N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Foo
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ouyang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001158:Arteries / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D033081:Shear Strength; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*