title: Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin.
abstract: A set of 18 Y-chromosomal microsatellite loci was analysed in 568 males from Poland, Slovakia and three regions of Belarus. The results were compared to data available for 2,937 Y chromosome samples from 20 other Slavic populations. Lack of relationship between linguistic, geographic and historical relations between Slavic populations and Y-short tandem repeat (STR) haplotype distribution was observed. Two genetically distant groups of Slavic populations were revealed: one encompassing all Western-Slavic, Eastern-Slavic, and two Southern-Slavic populations, and one encompassing all remaining Southern Slavs. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on Y-chromosomal STRs showed that the variation observed between the two population groups was 4.3%, and was higher than the level of genetic variance among populations within the groups (1.2%). Homogeneity of northern Slavic paternal lineages in Europe was shown to stretch from the Alps to the upper Volga and involve ethnicities speaking completely different branches of Slavic languages. The central position of the population of Ukraine in the network of insignificant AMOVA comparisons, and the lack of traces of significant contribution of ancient tribes inhabiting present-day Poland to the gene pool of Eastern and Southern Slavs, support hypothesis placing the earliest known homeland of Slavs in the middle Dnieper basin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3A, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland. k.rebala@amg.gda.pl.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rębała
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Study of Arts, Ethnography and Folklore, National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus.
authors.forename: Alexei I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Mikulich
authors.affiliation: Institute of Problems of Criminology, Criminalistics and Forensic Expertise, Minsk, Belarus.
authors.forename: Iosif S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Tsybovsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Siváková
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Applied Genetics, Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Džupinková
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Medical University, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szczerkowska-Dobosz
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3A, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Zofia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Szczerkowska
mesh_terms: D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D011044:Poland; D002094:Republic of Belarus; D018154:Slovakia; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*