title: The expression of polymerase gamma and mitochondrial transcription factor A and the regulation of mitochondrial DNA content in mature human sperm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes 13 polypeptides of the electron transfer chain. Its replication is dependent on the nuclear-encoded polymerase gamma (POLG) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). For POLG, only the polyglutamine tract, characterized by a series of CAG repeats, has been investigated in human sperm. However, TFAM is associated with the reduction in mtDNA content of testicular sperm. We have determined whether POLG and TFAM have functional roles in post-ejaculatory sperm mtDNA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sperm samples were categorized as: normals, samples with one or two abnormal sperm parameters and oligoasthenoteratozoospermics (OATs). These were analysed by fluorescent PCR to determine the number of CAG repeats, real-time PCR for mtDNA copy number and immunocytochemistry and western blotting for patterns of expression for POLG, TFAM and the mtDNA-encoded COXI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only the OAT group presented with a significantly higher incidence of heterozygosity for CAG repeats, higher mtDNA content and a lower percentage of sperm expressing POLG and TFAM. Paradoxically, good-quality sperm had fewer mtDNA copies but significantly more sperm expressed POLG, TFAM and COXI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data support the original findings that an association between sperm quality and POLG CAG repeats does exist. However, the biological significance of these variants in male infertility remains unclear, as these do not seem to affect mtDNA maintenance. The reduction in mtDNA content in normal samples likely reflects normal spermiogenesis, whereas increases in POLG and TFAM expression possibly compensate for the low mtDNA content, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: The Mitochondrial and Reproductive Genetics Group, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramalho-Santos
authors.forename: Justin C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: St John
mesh_terms: D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000074002:DNA Polymerase gamma; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018628:Gene Dosage; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D018911:Trinucleotide Repeats
chemical_list: C404795:COX6c protein, human; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C422562:mitochondrial transcription factor A; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; D000074002:DNA Polymerase gamma; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase