title: Differential immunostimulating effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) after severe trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Severe trauma leads to an increased vulnerability to bacterial sepsis. In the present study, we compared the immunostimulating potential of granulocyte-colony stimulating-factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital intensive care unit and research facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) of more than 25 points.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heparinized blood samples of severely injured patients and 12 healthy volunteers were incubated in vitro with 10 ng/ml GM-CSF, 10 ng/ml G-CSF or 10 ng/ml IFN-gamma for 6 h.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flow cytometry: HLA-DR expression on monocytes, B- and T-lymphocytes. ELISA: LPS-induced TNFalpha and IL-10 production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all patients reduced cytokine production and HLA-DR expression on monocytes was established. After administration of GM-CSF and IFN-gamma it in vitro, the level of HLA-DR expression on monocytes and the it ex vivo TNFalpha-synthesis increased while only GM-CSF increased significantly IL-10-liberation after LPS-stimulation. However, only IFN-gamma had the capacity to enhance HLA-DR on B- and T-lymphocytes. G-CSF it in vitro had no significant effect on the measured parameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that GM-CSF and IFN-gamma may serve to support immune functions in severely injured patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery and section of Trauma-Surgery research, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lendemans
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kreuzfelder
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Waydhas
authors.forename: F U
authors.initials: FU
authors.lastname: Schade
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flohé
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016187:Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D016207:Cytokines; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D016187:Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor