title: Diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of clinical and laboratory parameters in community-acquired pneumonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most frequent infection-related cause of death. The reference standard to diagnose CAP is a new infiltrate on chest radiograph in the presence of recently acquired respiratory signs and symptoms. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of clinical signs and symptoms and laboratory biomarkers for CAP.
  
  
  METHODS
  545 patients with suspected lower respiratory tract infection, admitted to the emergency department of a university hospital were included in a pre-planned post-hoc analysis of two controlled intervention trials. Baseline assessment included history, clinical examination, radiography and measurements of procalcitonin (PCT), highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and leukocyte count.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 545 patients, 373 had CAP, 132 other respiratory tract infections, and 40 other final diagnoses. The AUC of a clinical model including standard clinical signs and symptoms (i.e. fever, cough, sputum production, abnormal chest auscultation and dyspnea) to diagnose CAP was 0.79 [95% CI, 0.75-0.83]. This AUC was significantly improved by including PCT and hsCRP (0.92 [0.89-0.94]; p < 0.001). PCT had a higher diagnostic accuracy (AUC, 0.88 [0.84-0.93]) in differentiating CAP from other diagnoses, as compared to hsCRP (AUC, 0.76 [0.69-0.83]; p < 0.001) and total leukocyte count (AUC, 0.69 [0.62-0.77]; p < 0.001). To predict bacteremia, PCT had a higher AUC (0.85 [0.80-0.91]) as compared to hsCRP (p = 0.01), leukocyte count (p = 0.002) and elevated body temperature (p < 0.001). PCT, in contrast to hsCRP and leukocyte count, increased with increasing severity of CAP, as assessed by the pneumonia severity index (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCT, and to a lesser degree hsCRP, improve the accuracy of currently recommended approaches for the diagnosis of CAP, thereby complementing clinical signs and symptoms. PCT is useful in the severity assessment of CAP.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland. happy.mueller@unibas.ch <happy.mueller@unibas.ch>
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harbarth
authors.forename: Daiana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stolz
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bingisser
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leuppi
authors.forename: Charly
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nusbaumer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamm
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Christ-Crain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000097:blood*; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood*; D012372:ROC Curve; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013557:Switzerland
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C000606589:CALCA protein, human; D011498:Protein Precursors; D002116:Calcitonin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide