title: Referral of epileptic patients in North East Coast of West Malaysia an area with poor MRI coverage: an analysis.
abstract: Advances in neuroimaging techniques, particularly Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), have proved invaluable in detecting structural brain lesions in patients with epilepsy in developed countries. In Malaysia, a few electroencephalography facilities available in rural district hospitals run by trained physician assistants have Internet connections to a government neurological center in Kuala Lumpur. These facilities are more commonly available than MRI machines, which require radiological expertise and helium replacement, which may problematic in Southeast Asian countries where radiologists are found in mainly big cities or towns. We conducted a cross-sectional study over a two year period begining January 2001 on rural patients, correlating EEG reports and MRI images with a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy to set guidelines for which rural patients need to be referred to a hospital with MRI facilities. The patients referred by different hospitals without neurological services were classified as having generalized, partial or unclassified seizures based on the International Classification of Epileptic Seizures proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The clinical parameters studied were seizure type, seizure frequency, status epilepticus and duration of seizure. EEG reports were reviewed for localized and generalized abnormalities and epileptiform changes. Statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression and area under the curve. The association between clinical and radiological abnormalities was evaluated for sensitivity and specificity. Twenty-six males and 18 females were evaluated. The mean age was 20.7 +/- 13.3 years. Nineteen (43.2%) had generalized seizures, 22 (50.0%) had partial seizures and 3 (6.8%) presented with unclassified seizures. The EEG was abnormal in 30 patients (20 with generalized abnormalities and 10 localized abnormalities). The MRI was abnormal in 17 patients (38.6%); the abnormalities observed were cerebral atrophy (5), hippocampal sclerosis (4), infarct/gliosis (3), cortical dysgenesis (2) and tumors (2). One patient had an arachnoid cyst in the right occipital region. Of the 17 patients with an abnormal MRI, 14 had an abnormal EEG, this difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant associaton between epileptographic changes and MRI findings (p = 0.078). EEG findings were associated with MRI findings (p = 0.004). The association between an abnormal EEG and an abnormal MRI had a specificity of 82.4%, while epileptogenic changes had a specificity of 64.7% in relation to abnormal MRI findings. This meants that those patients in rural hospitals with abnormal EEGs should be referred to a neurology center for further workup and an MRI to detect causes with an epileptic focus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Alias
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Shuaib
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tharakan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Munawir
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Naing
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006780:Hospitals, Rural; D006786:Hospitals, Urban / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity