title: Second metatarsal stress fracture in sport: comparative risk factors between proximal and non-proximal locations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stress fractures of the second metatarsal are common injuries in athletes and military recruits. There are two distinct areas in the second metatarsal where stress fractures develop: one proximal (at the base) and the other non-proximal (distal). Diagnosis can be difficult, and there is a difference in prognosis and treatment of the two types of stress fracture. Therefore differentiation of fracture location is warranted. Differences in risk factors and clinical outcomes between proximal and non-proximal stress fractures have not been studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether different risk factors and/or clinical outcomes associated with proximal and non-proximal stress fractures of the second metatarsal exist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients diagnosed with proximal stress fractures of the second metatarsal were included in the study. Retrospectively, an age-matched control group with a non-proximal stress fracture was selected for comparison. Statistical analysis involved bivariate comparisons of demographic variables and clinical measurement between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with proximal stress fractures were more likely to be chronically affected, usually exhibited an Achilles contracture, showed differences in length of first compared with second metatarsal, were more likely to experience multiple stress fractures, and exhibited low bone mass. In addition, a high degree of training slightly increased the risk of a non-proximal fracture, whereas low training volume was associated with a proximal stress fracture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The signs, symptoms and clinical findings associated with proximal metatarsal stress fractures are different from those of non-proximal stress fractures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Bavornrit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chuckpaiwong
authors.forename: Chad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Ricado
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pietrobon
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nunley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D018409:Foot Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008682:Metatarsal Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000293:injuries*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution