title: Enamel hypoplasia in coeliac children: a potential clinical marker of early diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess at the scansion electron microscope (SEM) the structural aspects of enamel hypoplasia (EH) in coeliac disease (CD) with the aim to investigate our hypothesis of a possible significant difference between structural characteristics of EH in CD affected patients and EH of non-coeliac patients. If the presence of specific features of the EH associated with CD were demonstrated, these findings would represent for the dentist early non-invasive clinical markers of diagnosis of CD in case of suspected disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed at SEM two samples of enamel fragments from hypoplasic teeth, both deciduous and permanent, harvested from 10 coeliac children (18 permanent teeth, 6 deciduous teeth; study group) and 10 non-coeliac children (16 permanent teeth, 4 deciduous teeth; control group) treated for dental caries, dental extractions for extensive caries lesions or deciduous teeth exfoliation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant structural differences were noted between EH of non-coeliac patients and same dental ? lesion in the group with CD. In the study group, EH defects were predominantly located on the central and lateral incisors, upper and lower, both deciduous and permanent, and on the first permanent molars, and were always simmetrical. EH of permanent teeth of CD affected patients was characterised by prisms more irregularly distributed with irregular margins and less interprismatic substance than observed in non-coeliac EH. The deciduous teeth of the study group showed shorter enamel prisms with a non-parallel direction up to convergence and less interprismatic substance than observed in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This morphological analysis at SEM of the hypoplasic enamel defects of a group of coeliac children, the first published in literature, demonstrates that the EH of deciduous and permanent teeth in CD is highly hypomineralised with shorter prisms, more irregularly distributed and less interprismatic substance than observed in the non-coeliac EH. More data are needed to validate the significance OF our observations with the aim to assess if this simple, non-invasive microscopic analysis can be considered effective for the early identification of silent cases of CD that otherwise would not be diagnosed in the paediatric age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bossù
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bartoli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orsini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Luppino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polimeni
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003744:Dental Enamel Hypoplasia / Q000209:etiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005983:Glutens / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D005983:Glutens; D005459:Fluorides