title: Effect of pulse width on object movement in vitro using holmium:YAG laser.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The holmium:YAG laser is an effective modality for intracorporeal lithotripsy. The fiber tip needs to be in contact with the calculus for maximal effect. Laser energy can cause stone retropulsion, necessitating cumbersome repositioning of the fiber. We examined the effect of varying the laser pulse width on object movement in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two experiments were conducted using a holmium:YAG laser at the 350-microsec and 700-microsec pulse-width settings. In the first experiment, one pulse was delivered to a non-fragmentable ball bearing at increasing energy settings, and object displacement was measured. In the second experiment, a train of pulses was delivered to a fragmentable soda lime phantom at increasing energy settings, and the total energy delivered before movement from the tip of the fiber was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean ball bearing movement was significantly greater at the 350-microsec setting with a 200-microm fiber (P < 0.0001), as well as a 400-microm fiber (P < 0.0069). More disparity in movement was noted at higher energy settings. The total energy delivered to the soda lime phantom before migration was significantly greater using the 700-microsec setting (P < 0.0018).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pressure waves from Ho:YAG lithotripsy are less than with other modalities, yet some retropulsion occurs. The duration of the laser pulse can influence shockwave generation and object migration. Longer pulse width results in less object movement after one shock and more energy delivery during repetitive shocks. Clinically, this regimen may reduce the need for fiber readjustment and lead to more efficient stone fragmentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalra
authors.forename: Ngoc-Bich
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Demetrius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bagley
mesh_terms: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D006695:Holmium; D007834:Lasers; D009038:Motion; D010087:Oxides; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; C004569:soda lime; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D006695:Holmium