title: The relationship between protein C, protein S and cytokines in acute ischemic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of acute ischemic stroke is well known, but its association with the clinical picture is as yet unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our study, we measured the serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) within the first 50 h of stroke in 60 acute stroke patients, and examined the association with the natural anticoagulants protein C and free protein S. We compared the results with a control group that consisted of 30 volunteers. We also correlated their levels with the clinical outcomes by using the Canadian Neurological Scale (CNS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither stroke patients nor the control group had any elevations in IL-1beta serum levels. However, the levels of serum IL-6 were significantly higher in stroke patients (13.7 +/- 19.46 vs. 4.3 +/- 15.88, p = 0.002). In addition, the protein S levels of patients were lower than those of the controls (84.36 +/- 27.97 vs. 95.9 +/- 25.64, p = 0.007). Although IL-6 showed negative correlation with protein S (r = -0.504, p = 0.000), the other studied cytokines TNFalpha and IL-1beta did not correlate with these natural anticoagulants. Another negative correlation was found between IL-6 and CNS scores (r = -0.451, p = 0.000). In addition, both protein C and protein S positively correlated with CNS (r = 0.263, p = 0.042; r = 0.381, p = 0.003). There was also a positive correlation between protein C and protein S (r = 0.408, p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that TNFalpha and IL1beta serum levels are not elevated in the acute phase of stroke and have no correlation with the natural anticoagulants protein C and protein S. However, a decrease in free protein S may be related to elevated IL-6 levels. In addition, increased levels of IL-6 and reduced levels of protein C and protein S may play a role in acute ischemic stroke severity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akyol
authors.forename: Ayca
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozkul
authors.forename: Cigdem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yenisey
authors.forename: Nefati
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kiylioglu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011486:Protein C / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D017293:Protein S / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D011486:Protein C; D017293:Protein S