title: Mental habits: metacognitive reflection on negative self-thinking.
abstract: In 8 studies, the authors investigated negative self-thinking as a mental habit. Mental content (negative self-thoughts) was distinguished from mental process (negative self-thinking habit). The negative self-thinking habit was assessed with a metacognitive instrument (Habit Index of Negative Thinking; HINT) measuring whether negative self-thoughts occur often, are unintended, are initiated without awareness, are difficult to control, and are self-descriptive. Controlling for negative cognitive content, the authors found that negative self-thinking habit was distinct from rumination and mindfulness, predicted explicit as well as implicit low self-esteem (name letter effect), attenuated a positivity bias in the processing of self-relevant stimuli, and predicted anxiety and depressive symptoms 9 months later. The results support the assumption that metacognitive reflection on negative self-thinking as mental habit may play an important role in self-evaluative processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø, Norway. b.verplanken@bath.ac.uk
authors.forename: Bas
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Verplanken
authors.forename: Oddgeir
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Friborg
authors.forename: Catharina E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trafimow
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Woolf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013850:Thinking