title: Clinical practice and evidence in endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic gastroduodenal ulcer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate treatment practice in non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) caused by gastroduodenal ulcer and how it adheres to the best evidence as documented in randomized studies and meta-analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature was surveyed to identify appropriate practices, and a structured multiple choice questionnaire developed and mailed to all departments in Denmark treating UGIB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 42 departments responded. All had therapeutic gastroscopes and equipment necessary for endoscopic haemostasis; 90% of departments had written guidelines. Adjuvant pharmacologic treatment included tranexamic acid in 38%. Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) were used by all departments, with 29% starting prior to endoscopic treatment. Eight departments (19%) used continuous PPI infusion, three of them starting with a bolus dose. In 50% of departments an anaesthesiologist was always present regardless of whether endotracheal intubation (routinely used by 10%) was used or not. Ten percent did not treat Forrest IIa and IIb ulcers, while IIc ulcers were treated by 36%. In 10% of departments clots were never removed, while in 2/3 attempts were made to remove resistant clots by mechanic means. Seven departments (17%) used monotherapy with epinephrine, while 59% always used dual therapy; 19% injected less than 10 ml. In rebleeding, 92% attempted endoscopic treatment before surgery, and used epinephrine in 79% of cases, while the remainder used epinephrine or polidocanol at the discretion of the endoscopist. Two out of three departments used high-dependency or intensive-care units for surveillance. Seventeen percent applied scheduled second-look gastroscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Practice is variable, even in areas with established evidence based on randomized controlled studies, such as dosage and way of administration and duration of PPI treatment, injection treatment used as monotherapy and the volume used, including ulcers with clots for treatment, and the use of scheduled second-look endoscopy. Since the rebleeding rate has remained unchanged for decades, and rebleeding implies increased surgery and mortality rates, appropriate practices must be promoted in order to improve results. Development and implementation of national guidelines may facilitate the process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery D-113, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark. sven.adamsen@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adamsen
authors.forename: Jørgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bendix
authors.forename: Finn
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kallehave
authors.forename: Flemming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moesgaard
authors.forename: Tove
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Peer
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wille-Jørgensen
mesh_terms: D000777:Anesthetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005773:Gastroscopy / Q000592:standards; D016558:Hemostasis, Endoscopic / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D000077423:Polidocanol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D013566:Sympathomimetics; D000077423:Polidocanol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D014148:Tranexamic Acid; D004837:Epinephrine