title: [The influence of the primary management on the outcome of severe traumatic brain injury: role of neurosurgeons].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of the primary management on the outcome in severe head-injured-patients, we retrospectively studied the patients transported to our hospital directly and the those referred from other hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects include 83 patients with severe head injury with a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score of 8 or lower at the time of arrival at the emergency room during the periods of between January, 2003 to March, 2006. Forty nine patients were transported directly (direct group) and 34 referred from other hospitals (transfer group). The patients in direct group was transported by a helicopter or an ambulance car, and the patients in transfer group were carried by an ambulance car. The variables analyzed in these 2 groups of patients were the initial GCS score, injury severity score (ISS), and the presence or absence of light reflex or shock at the time of transportation, the time periods from the injury and primary management, the time from the injury and operation in surgical patients, the type of primary managements and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of patients with shock was significantly larger in the transfer group than that in the direct group. The shock was considered to be developed during the transportation. The outcomes were then significantly poorer in the transfer group than those in the direct group. There was no significant difference between the time from the injury and primary management in these 2 groups, but the primary management seemed to be more appropriate in the direct group compared to that in the transfer group. These findings suggested that outcomes of severe high-impact head injuries, such as injuries caused by a traffic accident, would be markedly affected by the primary treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The doctor-helicopter system, in which emergency physicians arrive at the site shortly after the occurrence of injury, and start primary examination, will influence outcomes of multiple injuries accompanying severe head injury. Severe head-injured patients by high-impact injury should be transported as early as possible to the emergency medical center, and neurosurgeons have an important role in the primary management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan. shiomi@med.kurume-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shiomi
authors.forename: Tomoya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyagi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karukaya
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tokutomi
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shigemori
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009493:Neurosurgery; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D010819:Physician's Role; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome