title: Four paradigms of clinical research and research oversight.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Bioethics, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Ezekiel J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Emanuel
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grady
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000941:ethics / Q000266:history*; D004992:Ethics, Medical / Q000266:history*; D032984:Ethics, Research / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D026706:Paternalism / Q000941:ethics*; D014481:United States