title: Cyclooxygenase-2 uses the protein kinase C/ interleukin-8/urokinase-type plasminogen activator pathway to increase the invasiveness of breast cancer cells.
abstract: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) increases breast cancer cell invasion. Expression of various pro-angiogenic and pro-invasive factors has been correlated with high expression of COX-2. However, whether these factors are essential to COX-2-mediated breast cancer invasion, and the mechanisms by which COX-2 increases the expression of these factors are unknown. Our microarray results indicate that higher COX-2 expression was associated with increased levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a key factor in breast cancer invasion and metastasis. COX-2 overexpressing cells (MCF-7/COX-2), generated by transfecting COX-2-encoding plasmids into the poorly invasive MCF-7 breast cancer cells, were more invasive and produced higher IL-8 levels than the parental cells. To investigate the role of IL-8 in COX-2-mediated invasion, MCF-7 parental cells were incubated with IL-8. Exogenous IL-8 increased the invasiveness of MCF-7 cells. IL-8 is one pathway by which COX-2 mediates breast cancer invasion. Protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) are activated by COX-2 and are involved in IL-8 regulation. Inhibition of PKC, not PKA, decreased IL-8 production and invasion in MCF-7/COX-2 cells. Activation of PKC, not PKA, increased IL-8 production and invasion in MCF-7 cells. Thus, the invasive effects of COX-2 are mediated by PKC, not PKA. Activity of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) was increased in MCF-7 cells by COX-2 overexpression or by the addition of a PKC activator or by IL-8. Inhibition of PKC decreased uPA activity in MCF-7/COX-2 cells. Furthermore, inhibition of uPA activity decreased the invasiveness of MCF-7/COX-2 cells, indicating that uPA was essential to COX-2-mediated invasion. Herein we demonstrate for the first time a detailed mechanism by which COX-2 increases breast cancer invasion: the PKC/IL-8/uPA pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Ann-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Simeone
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nieves-Alicea
authors.forename: Vanity C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: McMurtry
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colella
authors.forename: Ralfe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krahe
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tari
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016209:Interleukin-8; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9