title: Apposition of silica lamellae during growth of spicules in the demosponge Suberites domuncula: biological/biochemical studies and chemical/biomimetical confirmation.
abstract: Recently it has been discovered that the formation of the siliceous spicules of Demospongiae proceeds enzymatically (via silicatein) and occurs matrix guided (on galectin strings). In addition, it could be demonstrated that silicatein, if immobilized onto inorganic surfaces, provides the template for the synthesis of biosilica. In order to understand the formation of spicules in the intact organism, detailed studies with primmorphs from Suberites domuncula have been performed. The demosponge spicules are formed from several silica lamellae which are concentrically arranged around the axial canal, harboring the axial filament composed of silicatein. Now we show that the appositional growth of the spicules in radial and longitudinal direction proceeds in the extracellular space along hollow cylinders; their surfaces are formed by silicatein. The extracellularly located spicules are surrounded by sclerocytes which are filled with both electron-dense and electron-poor vesicles; energy dispersive X-ray analysis/scanning electron microscopical studies revealed that the electron-dense vesicles are filled of silicon/silica and therefore termed silicasomes. The release of the content of the silicasomes into the hollow cylinder suggests that the newly formed silica lamella originate there; in addition the data are compatible with the view that the silicatein molecules, attached at the centripetal and centrifugal surfaces, mediate biosilica formation. In a chemical/biomimetical approach silicatein is linked onto the organic material-free spicules after their functionalization with aminopropyltriethoxysilane [amino groups]-poly(acetoxime methacrylate) [reactive ester polymer]-N(epsilon)-benzyloxycarbonyl L-lysine tert-butyl ester-Ni(II); finally His-tagged silicatein is immobilized. The matrix-bound enzyme synthesized a new biosilica lamella. These bioinspired findings are considered as the basis for a technical use/application/utilization of hollow cylinders formed by matrix-guided silicatein molecules for the biocatalytic synthesis of nanostructured tubes.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinz C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: Filipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Natalio
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shukoor
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tremel
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schlossmacher
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Werner E G
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D032701:Biomimetics / Q000379:methods*; D002384:Catalysis; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry*; D011437:Propylamines; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D047233:Suberites / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D011437:Propylamines; D012821:Silanes; C112571:silicatein alpha; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D002403:Cathepsins; C477625:amino-propyl-triethoxysilane