title: DNA typeability in liquid urine and urine stains using AmpFISTR SGM Plus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urine specimens are usually collected for biochemical and toxicological tests and for doping control. In forensic casework urine analyses are performed occasionally, however, the authors emphasize their importance in crime scene reconstruction. The objective of the research was to evaluate efficacy of AmpFISTR SGM Plus typing of urine and urine stains which were subject to different temperature conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine samples were collected from 10 female and 10 male volunteers. Liquid specimens were stored at room temperature (RT), 4 degrees C and -20 degrees C up to 28 days. Experimental stains were prepared by applying 3 ml urine on sterile cloth 30 x 30 cm, air-dried and stored at RT up to 360 days. The amount of DNA was estimated with use of slot-blot technique (Quantiblot Human DNA Quantitation Kit, Applera). DNA profiles were obtained using AmpFISTR SGM Plus and 310 ABI Prism Genetic Analyzer (Applera). Typing of a experimental sample was considered successful when the full profile was obtained matching that of a reference sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in DNA yield were noted between female and male urine samples. No differences between the extraction methods were found in regard to DNA yield and typeability rate. Different typeability rates were recorded for liquid urine and urine stains depending on storage temperature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liquid urine samples and urine stains can be considered as a potential source of DNA in disputable specimen individualization and in forensic casework using the fluorescent multiplex PCR system AmpFLSTR SGM Plus.
authors.affiliation: Central Forensic Laboratory of Police, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sołtyszewski
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pepiński
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobrzyńska-Tarasiuk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Janica
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000652:urine*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D004247:DNA