title: Potential of an altered peptide ligand of lipocalin allergen Bos d 2 for peptide immunotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peptide immunotherapy is a promising alternative for treating allergic diseases. One way to enhance the efficacy of peptide immunotherapy is to use altered peptide ligands (APLs) that contain amino acid substitutions compared with the natural peptide.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the potential of an APL of the immunodominant epitope of lipocalin allergen Bos d 2 for peptide immunotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood CD4(+) T-cell responses of 8 HLA-DR4-positive subjects to the natural ligand of Bos d 2 (p127-142) or to an APL (pN135D) were analyzed by MHC class II tetramer staining after in vitro expansion with the peptides. Long-term T-cell lines (TCLs) were induced with the peptides, and the cytokine production, cross-reactivity, and T-cell receptor Vbeta subtype expression of the TCLs were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD4(+) T cells specific for both p127-142 and pN135D were readily detected in peripheral blood after a single in vitro stimulation. Whereas the TCLs induced with p127-142 were T(H)2/T(H)0-deviated, those induced with pN135D were T(H)1/T(H)0-deviated and highly cross-reactive with p127-142. Moreover, the pN135D-induced TCLs appeared to use a broader repertoire of T-cell receptor Vbeta subtypes than those induced with p127-142.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An APL of an immunodominant allergen epitope was able to induce a novel T(H)1-deviated T-cell population cross-reactive with the natural epitope in vitro. This cell population could have a therapeutic immunomodulatory function in vivo through bystander suppression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the idea that altered peptide ligands may be used to enhance the efficacy of peptide immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland. ttkinnun@hytti.uku.fi
authors.forename: Tuure
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinnunen
authors.forename: Kalle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jutila
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rytkönen-Nissinen
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Immonen
authors.forename: Soili
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saarelainen
authors.forename: Ale
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Närvänen
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taivainen
authors.forename: Tuomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Virtanen
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D052179:Antigens, Plant; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002460:Cell Line; D003888:Desensitization, Immunologic / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000276:immunology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016693:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D052179:Antigens, Plant; C113339:Bos d 2 allergen; D008024:Ligands; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D016693:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta