title: Nursing home medication administration cost minimization analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the time it takes nurses to administer medications in the nursing home setting, to calculate nursing cost of medication administration, and to determine whether using extended-release products are justified by decreasing nursing costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-minimization analysis using observational data from a time-motion analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two 150-bed nursing homes in rural eastern North Carolina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nurses working during first and second shifts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nurses were timed as they each administered medications to 12 patients. The mean time required to administer each dosage form was calculated. The cost of nursing time was based on the average nursing staff salary of $20.45 per hour as reported by the directors of nursing. Time and cost to dispense one more medication during an existing medication pass and an additional medication pass are calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The time to administer an additional dose of an oral medication to one patient was 45.01 seconds during an already scheduled medication pass and 63.05 seconds during a new medication pass. The cost of adding an oral medication once a day for a patient will cost $7.67 per month if administered at the same time as other medications or $10.74 per month if a new medication pass is required. The administration of other dosage forms, such as crushed, percutaneous enteroscopic gastrostomy, injection, and patch was more time involved and, thus, costlier. Formulas are provided to calculate medication administration cost based on local salary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nursing time and costs for medication administration in the nursing home are great and should be considered when selecting a product. This may justify the selection of higher cost extended-release products.
authors.affiliation: East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hamrick
authors.forename: Ann Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nye
authors.forename: Casey K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Gardner
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008509:Medication Systems / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009657:North Carolina; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000191:economics*; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000191:economics*; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits / Q000191:economics*; D013996:Time and Motion Studies