title: Shigella flexneri inhibits staurosporine-induced apoptosis in epithelial cells.
abstract: Shigella flexneri is a facultative intracellular organism that causes bacillary dysentery. The Shigella IpaB protein activates caspase 1 in macrophages, which eventually leads to apoptosis. In contrast, epithelial cells infected with Shigella undergo a stress response but do not die. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if Shigella has the ability to inhibit apoptosis in epithelial cells. A modified gentamicin protection assay was used to investigate if HeLa cells infected with S. flexneri are able to resist the induction of apoptosis following treatment with 4 microM of staurosporine. Nuclear staining and immunofluorescence revealed that infected cells remained healthy while uninfected cells appeared apoptotic. Only uninfected cells had detectable levels of activated caspase 3 upon immunofluorescence, and this was verified by Western blot analysis. Despite interfering with caspase 3 activation, Shigella-infected cells treated with staurosporine did have cytochrome c release and caspase 9 activation, indicating that Shigella protects epithelial cells from apoptosis by inhibiting caspase 3 activation. Analysis of S. flexneri mutants showed that invasion and a functional type III secretion system were required to block apoptosis. In addition, a mutant with a deletion in mxiE, which encodes a transcriptional activator for genes induced intracellularly, failed to inhibit apoptosis. Therefore, protection of epithelial cells from apoptosis by S. flexneri is regulated by one or more of the bacterial genes under the control of mxiE. We believe that S. flexneri, like other pathogens, inhibits apoptosis in epithelial cells but causes apoptosis in macrophages to ensure survival inside the host.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
authors.forename: Christina S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Anthony T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Maurelli
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000382:microbiology; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D012763:Shigella flexneri / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D053148:Caspase 3; D019311:Staurosporine