title: Implications of levels of serum mineral metabolism markers, albumin and C-reactive protein for treatment costs of patients on maintenance dialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Secondary hyperparathyroidism, malnutrition and inflammation have been reported to associate with adverse outcomes in dialysis patients. However, little is known about the implications of these conditions for treatment costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cost data of all adult patients who had entered dialysis therapy at Tampere University Hospital between 1991 and 1996 and had remained on dialysis for at least 1 year were collected. results of measurements of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus, albumin and C-reactive protein (CRP) were obtained from the database of the hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients (n = 109), aged 57.0 +/- 14.9 years, included 57% men and 37% diabetics; 62% started on hemodialysis and 38% on peritoneal dialysis. Average daily costs were USD 161 (range 95-360). After controlling for patients' age, body mass index, gender, dialysis modality and primary renal disease, there was a positive correlation between average CRP and average costs and a negative correlation between albumin and costs. Correlations between mineral metabolism markers and costs were not found, but there was a trend towards lower cost among patients who achieved the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative targets of calcium, phosphorus and PTH (USD 145 +/- 31) compared with those with nonoptimal levels (USD 165 +/- 48; p = 0.095). Costs of patients with at least one in-target PTH measurement were lower than costs of patients with constantly low PTH (USD 148 +/- 31 vs. 170 +/- 48; p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum levels of albumin and CRP correlated with dialysis patients' treatment costs. Achieving the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative targets may be associated with lower costs.
authors.affiliation: Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. Tapani.Salonen@uta.fi
authors.forename: Tapani
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Salonen
authors.forename: Juho
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piirto
authors.forename: Tuomo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reina
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.forename: Amos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pasternack
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals / Q000097:blood*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008903:Minerals; D012709:Serum Albumin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein