title: Surrogate end points in pulmonary arterial hypertension: assessing the response to therapy.
abstract: Recent discoveries in the disease pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension have been translated into effective therapies tested in clinical trials. The studies have focused on surrogate and intermediate end points, thought to reflect quantity and quality of life, respectively. The authors present the necessary requirements for establishing the reliability and validity of such end points before they may be used dependably. The authors also review the available data, strengths, and weaknesses of potential end points in pulmonary arterial hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 844 West Gates Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kawut
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain