title: Usherin is required for maintenance of retinal photoreceptors and normal development of cochlear hair cells.
abstract: Usher syndrome type IIA (USH2A), characterized by progressive photoreceptor degeneration and congenital moderate hearing loss, is the most common subtype of Usher syndrome. In this article, we show that the USH2A protein, also known as usherin, is an exceptionally large ( approximately 600-kDa) matrix protein expressed specifically in retinal photoreceptors and developing cochlear hair cells. In mammalian photoreceptors, usherin is localized to a spatially restricted membrane microdomain at the apical inner segment recess that wraps around the connecting cilia, corresponding to the periciliary ridge complex described for amphibian photoreceptors. In sensory hair cells of the cochlea, it is associated transiently with the hair bundles during postnatal development. Targeted disruption of the Ush2a gene in mice leads to progressive photoreceptor degeneration and a moderate but nonprogressive hearing impairment, mimicking the visual and hearing deficits in USH2A patients. These data suggest that usherin is required for the long-term maintenance of retinal photoreceptors and for the development of cochlear hair cells. We propose a model in which usherin in photoreceptors is tethered via its C terminus to the plasma membrane and its large extracellular domain projecting into the periciliary matrix, where they may interact with the connecting cilium to fulfill important structural or signaling roles.
authors.affiliation: Berman-Gund Laboratory for the Study of Retinal Degenerations and Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Oleg V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Bulgakov
authors.forename: Keith N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Darrow
authors.forename: Basil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pawlyk
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adamian
authors.forename: M Charles
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Liberman
authors.forename: Tiansen
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003051:Cochlea / Q000254:growth & development*; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006198:Hair Cells, Auditory / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012160:Retina / Q000254:growth & development*; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; C112735:USH2A protein, human; C491810:Ush2a protein, mouse