title: Risk of serious upper gastrointestinal events with concurrent use of NSAIDs and SSRIs: a case-control study in the general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the risk of serious upper gastrointestinal (GI) events associated with the concurrent use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and different types of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a nationwide, register-based matched case-control study on non-institutionalized residents of Finland during the period 2000-2004. Patient-cases with serious upper GI events (n=9191) were drawn from the Hospital Discharge Register, and individually matched controls (n=41,780) were drawn from the Population Register. Logistic regression was applied in the data analysis, and adjustments were made for various co-morbidities and the use of other drugs associated with the risk of serious upper GI event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of serious upper GI events for SSRI use compared to non-use of SSRIs or NSAIDs was 1.30 [95% confidence interval (95%CI: 1.13-1.50)], and the AOR for concurrent SSRI and NSAID use compared to the non-use of either drug was 4.19 (95%CI: 3.30-5.31). The AOR of upper GI events for the concurrent use of SSRIs with NSAIDs compared to patients using NSAIDs only was 1.57 (95%CI: 1.24-1.99). The respective AOR for traditional, non-selective NSAIDs was 1.77 (95%CI: 1.31-2.38), for semi-selective NSAIDs (nimesulide, nabumetone, meloxicam, and etodolac) 1.30 (95%CI: 0.76-2.24) and for COX-2 selective NSAIDs 1.33 (95%CI: 0.70-2.50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concurrent use of SSRIs and NSAIDs is associated with a moderate excess relative risk of a serious upper GI event when compared with NSAID use alone.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Clinical Drug Research, c/o Clinical Pharmacology, P.B. 340, 00290, Helsinki, Finland. arja.helin-salmivaara@fimnet.fi
authors.forename: Arja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helin-Salmivaara
authors.forename: Teppo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huttunen
authors.forename: Juha M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Grönroos
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klaukka
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huupponen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors