title: Pharmacokinetics of ML3403 ({4-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methylsulfanyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-pyridin-2-yl}-(1-phenylethyl)-amine), a 4-Pyridinylimidazole-type p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor.
abstract: The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a key mediator in cytokine-induced signaling events that are activated in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli such as stress factors, apoptosis, and proliferation. Therefore, the MAPK family plays an integral role in disease states including oncogenesis, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory processes. Inhibition of these protein kinases represents an attractive strategy for therapeutic intervention. In particular, one class of p38 MAP kinase inhibitors, the pyridinyl imidazole derivatives, is intensely investigated by several industrial groups, but so far no studies concerning the metabolism of these structurally related substances seem to be available. The objective of our examinations was the preclinical characterization of ML3403, {4-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methylsulfanyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-pyridin-2-yl}-(1-phenylethyl)-amine, a potent inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase, comprising the basic pyridinyl imidazole structure. In human hepatic microsomal incubations, the sulfoxidation to ML3603 ({4-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methylsulfinyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-pyridin-2-yl}-(1-phenylethyl)-amine) and M-sulfone ({4-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methylsulfonyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-pyridin-2-yl}-(1-phenylethyl)-amine) was found to be the predominant metabolic transformation. In addition, oxidative removal of the phenylethyl moiety, pyridine N-oxidation, and hydroxylation reactions were observed. Incubations were carried out with hepatic microsomes from various species and with recombinant human cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, showing that CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 are the prominent enzymes in the metabolism of ML3403. Michaelis-Menten kinetics of ML3603 formation by these recombinant isoenzymes showed that CYP3A4 plays a pivotal role in the sulfoxidation reaction. In addition, pharmacokinetics of ML3403 were evaluated in male and female Wistar rats after oral gavage, showing a fast and high conversion to its active sulfoxide metabolite ML3603. A remarkable gender-specific difference in the systemic exposure to ML3403 and ML3603 was found in rats. No gender-specific difference was detected in incubations with human liver microsomes.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tübingen, Germany. bernd.kammerer@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kammerer
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Scheible
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: Christoph H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Gleiter
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laufer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: C522498:(4-(5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methylsulfanyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-(1-phenylethyl)amine; D007093:Imidazoles; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases