title: Recombinant erythropoietin for chemotherapy-related anaemia: economic value and health-related quality-of-life assessment using direct utility elicitation and discrete choice experiment methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess both the health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) and the economic value of erythropoietin treatment in chemotherapy-related anaemia using direct utility elicitation and discrete choice experiment (DCE) methods from a societal perspective in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  The time trade-off (TTO) method was employed to obtain utility values suitable for the calculation of QALYs for no, mild, moderate and severe anaemia. Health-state descriptions were developed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Anaemia (FACT-AN) subscale and the EQ-5D questionnaires, and were validated by clinical experts and patients. In addition, a DCE was implemented to elicit preferences for various anaemia treatment scenarios. The DCE analysis comprised important aspects of treatment identified from a literature review and by consultation with expert clinicians and cancer patients. The DCE included cost as an attribute in order to elicit willingness-to-pay (WTP) values (pound, 2004 values). The two methods were applied in the same cross-sectional sample of 110 lay people. Face-to-face interviews were conducted between February and March 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean utility scores were 0.86 (standard error [SE] 0.014) for the no-anaemia state, and 0.78 (SE 0.016), 0.61 (SE 0.020) and 0.48 (SE 0.020) for the mild, moderate and severe anaemia states, respectively. The DCE results revealed the following preferences as significant predictors of choice: higher level of relief from fatigue, lower duration of administration, subcutaneous/intravenous administration versus cannula injection, GP versus hospital location, lower risk of infection or allergic reactions and lower cost per month to the patient. Attribute levels were valued higher for recombinant erythropoietin than for blood transfusion; this is reflected in an incremental welfare value of 368 pounds (95% CI 318, 419).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results highlight a societal view that the severity of chemotherapy-related anaemia will significantly affect cancer patients' HR-QOL. The DCE survey shows that the public value favourably the attributes of treatment with recombinant erythropoietin, and indicates a likely patient preference for treatment with recombinant erythropoietin over blood transfusion.
authors.affiliation: Oxford Outcomes Ltd, Oxford, UK. diego.ossa@novartis.com
authors.forename: Diego F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Ossa
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briggs
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cowell
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Littlewood
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sculpher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000379:methods; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin