title: Digestive tract microbiota in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to standardize the methods of sample collection of mucus from the digestive tract and to determine the microbiota in healthy volunteers from Brazil, collecting samples from the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and rectum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microbiota of selected healthy volunteers from the oral cavity (n=10), the esophagus (n=10), the upper digestive tract (n=20), and the lower digestive tract (n=24) were evaluated through distinct collection methods. Collection methods took into account the different sites, using basic scraping and swabbing techniques, stimulated saliva from the oral cavity, irrigation-aspiration with sterile catheters especially designed for the esophagus, a probe especially designed for upper digestive tract, and a special catheter for the lower digestive tract.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (i) Mixed microbiota were identified in the oral cavity, predominantly Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic cocci; (ii) transitional flora mainly in the esophagus; (iii) Veillonella sp, Lactobacillus sp, and Clostridium sp in the stomach and duodenum; (iv) in the jejunum and upper ileum, we observed Bacteroides sp, Proteus sp, and Staphylococcus sp, in addition to Veillonella sp; (v) in the colon, the presence of "nonpathogenic" anaerobic bacteria Veillonella sp (average 10(5) UFC) indicates the existence of a low oxidation-reduction potential environment, which suggests the possibility of adoption of these bacteria as biological markers of total digestive tract health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The collection methods were efficient in obtaining adequate samples from each segment of the total digestive tract to reveal the normal microbiota. These procedures are safe and easily reproducible for microbiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Digestive Surgery Division, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. brunozilb@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zilberstein
authors.forename: Alina G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Quintanilha
authors.forename: Manoel A A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pajecki
authors.forename: Eduardo G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Moura
authors.forename: Paulo Roberto Arruda
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: Fauze
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maluf Filho
authors.forename: João Ary Ubriaco
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gama-Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003106:Colon / Q000382:microbiology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D016964:Gram-Negative Anaerobic Cocci / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012007:Rectum / Q000382:microbiology; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric