title: The chicken host peptides, gallinacins 4, 7, and 9 have antimicrobial activity against Salmonella serovars.
abstract: The gallinacin genes clustered on chromosome 3 of the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) genome encode a group of cationic antimicrobial peptides characteristic of the beta-defensins. In this study, gallinacins 4, 7, and 9, all predicted to contain the conserved pattern of cysteines typical of beta-defensins but differing in their charge and hydrophobicity, were characterised for their in vivo gene expression patterns and in vitro antimicrobial activities against Salmonella serovars. Reverse-transcription PCR analyses of chicken epithelial tissues indicated gallinacin (Gal) 7 expression to be ubiquitous while Gal 4 and Gal 9 expression appeared localized to specific epithelial tissues including the ovary, trachea, and lung, respectively. In addition Gal 7, but neither Gal 4 nor Gal 9, expression was identified in tissues taken from the non-domesticated bird species, Parus caeruleus, Larus argentatus, and Columba palambus. Analysis of Gal 7 expression in chickens in response to an oral challenge with either Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 or Salmonella enteriditis indicated no significant increase in small intestinal Gal 7 mRNA expression although a significant increase (p <0.05) was detected in the liver, suggesting that, in response to Salmonella infection Gal 7 expression is inducible in the liver. Neither Gal 4 nor Gal 9 expression was induced in the chicken small intestine in response to the oral Salmonella infection. The antimicrobial capabilities of Gals 4, 7, and 9 against Salmonella serovars including S. typhimurium SL1344 and S. enteriditis were investigated in vitro using recombinant His-tagged peptides and a time-kill assay. The antimicrobial activity data indicated the potency of the recombinant gallinacins against the Salmonella serovars to be in the order Gal 9> or=4>7, and provided evidence for the synergistic interaction of Gals 7 and 9 against S. enteriditis. These results support in silico data that Gals 4, 7, and 9 are part of the innate defences of the chicken and function in microbial killing activities.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
authors.forename: Panagiota
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Milona
authors.forename: Claire L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Townes
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bevan
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D030161:Avian Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001717:Birds; D002645:Chickens; D023082:Defensins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D030161:Avian Proteins; D023082:Defensins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011994:Recombinant Proteins