title: Electrophysiological and arrhythmogenic effects of intramyocardial bone marrow cell injection in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone marrow cell injection has been introduced to treat patients with ischemic heart disease. However, focal application of bone marrow cells may generate an arrhythmogenic substrate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the electrophysiological and arrhythmogenic effects of intramyocardial bone marrow cell injection in patients with chronic myocardial ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bone marrow was aspirated in 20 patients (65+/-11 years, 19 male) with drug-refractory angina and myocardial ischemia. Electroanatomical mapping (NOGA, Biosense-Webster, Waterloo, Belgium) was performed during mononuclear cell isolation. Areas for cell injection were selected based on the localization of ischemia on SPECT. These areas were mapped in detail to evaluate local bipolar electrogram duration, amplitude and fragmentation. Mononuclear cells were injected in the ischemic area with the NOGA system. SPECT and electroanatomical mapping were repeated at 3 months. Holter monitoring was repeated at 3 and 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SPECT revealed a decrease in the number of segments with ischemia (3.5+/-2.5 vs. 1.1+/-1.0 at 3 months; P<0.01) and an increased left ventricular ejection fraction (44+/-13% vs. 49+/-17% at 3 months; P=0.02). The number of ventricular premature beats remained unchanged (10+/-24x10(2)/24h vs. 8+/-23x10(2)/24h at 3 months (P=NS) and 12+/-30x10(2)/24h at 6 months (P=NS)). At 3 months follow-up, bone marrow cell injection did not prolong electrogram duration (15.9+/-4.6 ms vs. 15.6+/-4.0 ms; P=NS), decrease electrogram amplitude (3.8+/-1.5 mV vs. 3.8+/-1.5 mV; P=NS), or increase fragmentation (2.0+/-0.5 vs. 1.9+/-0.4; P=NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intramyocardial bone marrow cell injection does not increase the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and does not alter the electrophysiological properties of the injected myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Saskia L M A
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Beeres
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zeppenfeld
authors.forename: Jeroen J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bax
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dibbets-Schneider
authors.forename: Marcel P M
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Stokkel
authors.forename: Willem E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Fibbe
authors.forename: Ernst E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: van der Wall
authors.forename: Douwe E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Atsma
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schalij
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012107:Research Design; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013616:Tachycardia, Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018879:Ventricular Premature Complexes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C078700:technetium tc-99m tetrofosmin