title: Mutant ryanodine receptors in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia generate delayed afterdepolarizations due to increased propensity to Ca2+ waves.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mutations in cardiac ryanodine receptors (RyR2s) are linked to catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), characterized by risk of polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden death during exercise. Arrhythmias are caused by gain-of-function defects in RyR2, but cellular arrhythmogenesis remains elusive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We recorded endocardial monophasic action potentials (MAPs) at right ventricular septum in 15 CPVT patients with a RyR2 mutation (P2,328S, Q4,201R, and V4,653F) and in 12 control subjects both at baseline and during epinephrine infusion (0.05 microg/kg/min). At baseline 3 and during epinephrine infusion, four CPVT patients, but none of the control subjects, showed delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) occasionally coinciding with ventricular premature complexes. In order to study the underlying mechanisms, we expressed two types of mutant RyR2 (P2,328S and V4,653F) causing CPVT as well as wild-type RyR2 in HEK 293 cells. Confocal microscopy of Fluo-3 loaded cells transfected with any of the three RyR2s showed no spontaneous subcellular Ca(2+) release events at baseline. Membrane permeable cAMP analogue (Dioctanoyl-cAMP) triggered subcellular Ca(2+) release events as Ca(2+) sparks and waves. Cells expressing mutant RyR2s showed spontaneous Ca(2+) release events at lower concentrations of cAMP than cells transfected with wild-type RyR2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CPVT patients show DADs coinciding with premature action potentials in MAP recordings. Expression studies suggest that DADs are caused by increased propensity of abnormal RyR2s to generate spontaneous Ca(2+) waves in response to cAMP stimulation. Increased sensitivity of mutant RyR2s to cAMP may explain the occurrence of arrhythmias during exercise or emotional stress in CPVT.
authors.affiliation: Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jere
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paavola
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viitasalo
authors.forename: Päivi J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Laitinen-Forsblom
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pasternack
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Swan
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tikkanen
authors.forename: Lauri
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toivonen
authors.forename: Kimmo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kontula
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laine
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000235:genetics*; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; C069614:N(6),O(2)-dioctanoyl cyclic AMP; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D002110:Caffeine; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D002118:Calcium; D004837:Epinephrine