Structure-nongenomic neuroprotection relationship of estrogens and estrogen-derived compounds.
Nongenomic estrogen signaling pathways involve extranuclear estrogen receptors or function independently from estrogen receptors. These pathways participate in neuroprotection elicited by the hormone. Additional nongenomic neuroprotective effects are attributable to antioxidant and antiinflammatory actions of estrogens. Numerous chemical modifications to afford neuroprotective compounds from estrogens while eliminating estrogenicity and maintaining or enhancing nongenomic neuroprotection have been described. This review highlights recent structure-activity studies that revealed the importance of antioxidant effects for neuroprotective estrogen analogues and derivatives.
Prokai
Laszlo
L
Department of Molecular Biology & Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA. lprokai@hsc.unt.edu
Simpkins
James W
JW
D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D004967:Estrogens; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen