title: Early response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected Kenyan children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the early response to World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-1-infected Kenyan children unexposed to nevirapine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational prospective cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-1 RNA level, CD4 lymphocyte count, weight for age z score, and height for age z score were measured before the initiation of HAART and every 3 to 6 months thereafter. Children received no nutritional supplements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-seven HIV-1-infected children were followed for a median of 9 months between August 2004 and November 2005. Forty-seven (70%) used zidovudine, lamivudine (3TC), and an NNRTI (nevirapine or efavirenz), whereas 25% used stavudine (d4T), 3TC, and an NNRTI. Nevirapine was used as the NNRTI by 46 (69%) children, and individual antiretroviral drug formulations were used by 63 (94%), with only 4 (6%) using a fixed-dose combination of d4T, 3TC, and nevirapine (Triomune; Cipla, Mumbai, India). In 52 children, the median height for age z score and weight for age z score rose from -2.54 to -2.17 (P<0.001) and from -2.30 to -1.67 (P=0.001), respectively, after 6 months of HAART. Hospitalization rates were significantly reduced after 6 months of HAART (17% vs. 58%; P<0.001). The median absolute CD4 count increased from 326 to 536 cells/microL (P<0.001), the median CD4 lymphocyte percentage rose from 5.8% before treatment to 15.4% (P<0.001), and the median viral load fell from 5.9 to 2.2 log10 copies/mL after 6 months of HAART (P<0.001). Among 43 infants, 47% and 67% achieved viral suppression to less than 100 copies/mL and 400 copies/mL, respectively, after 6 months of HAART.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Good early clinical and virologic response to NNRTI-based HAART was observed in HIV-1-infected Kenyan children with advanced HIV-1 disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. dalton@africaonline.co.ke
authors.forename: Dalton C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Wamalwa
authors.forename: Carey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Farquhar
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Obimbo
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Selig
authors.forename: Dorothy A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mbori-Ngacha
authors.forename: Barbra A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Overbaugh
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wariua
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gichuhi
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bosire
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: John-Stewart
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001835:Body Weight; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors