title: Subclinical coronary atherosclerosis and resting ECG abnormalities in an unselected general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exposure to cardiovascular (CV) risk factors may result in coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial disease, which is reflected in the extent of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and resting ECG abnormalities, respectively. We studied the association of CAC with ECG abnormalities in a general population without myocardial infarction or revascularization.
  
  
  METHODS
  The total cohort of 4814 subjects (45-75 years) were randomly selected from the general population for the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study, an ongoing study designed to assess the prognostic value of modern risk stratification methods. In addition to measuring standard risk factors, digitized resting ECGs and the EBT-based Agatston score were obtained. Subjects were separated into those without (n=1929) and with CV disease (CVD) or treated risk factors (tRF) (n=2558).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both groups, a positive CAC-score was more frequent and CAC-scores were higher in men and women with ECG abnormalities as compared to those with normal ECGs (p<0.05 each). In persons without CVD/tRF, a CAC > or =75th percentile was more frequent in those with LVH (42.4%) and QTc >440 ms (34.2%) as compared to normal ECGs (23.0%, p<0.01 for both). In persons with CVD/tRF, a CAC-score > or =75th percentile was found in subjects with A-Fib (46.3%), borderline-LVH (39.1%), ECG signs of MI (40.5%) and major ECG abnormalities (40.3%) versus 31.2% in those with normal ECGs (p<0.03 for all). In multivariate analysis, LVH (p=0.025) and major ECG abnormalities (p=0.04) remained independently associated with CAC in subjects without and with CVD/tRF, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ECG-based evidence of myocardial disease is often associated with an elevated CAC burden, suggesting a link between epicardial and myocardial manifestations of risk factor exposure. The association of CAC burden with different ECG abnormalities in different clinical groups may have implications for the interpretation of the resting ECG and CAC burden in risk stratification.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Cardiology, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Clinic Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany. stefan.moehlenkamp@uk-essen.de
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Möhlenkamp
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmermund
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Roggenbuck
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dragano
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stang
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moebus
authors.forename: Eva-Maria
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Christamaria
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schlüter
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sack
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meinertz
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jöckel
authors.forename: Raimund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Erbel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity