title: [Botulinum toxin treatment in the head and neck region: current aspects, developments, and problems].
abstract: Some interesting developments, aspects, and problems concerning botulinum toxin treatment of disorders of the head and neck region have recently been reported. These new approaches are discussed in this review. They include applications into mimic muscles (prevention of scar formation, treatment of depressions), into laryngeal muscles, and into the upper esophagus. In addition, treatment of different forms of headache and tinnitus as well as applications in the autonomic nervous system are addressed. Some of these options will shortly be put into clinical use, while others have to be checked further in clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Universitäts-HNO-Klinik, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Deutschland. rlaskaw@gwdg.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laskawi
mesh_terms: D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005858:Germany; D006257:Head; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006261:Headache / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D009333:Neck; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000639:trends; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins