title: Heritability of somatotype components: a multivariate analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the genetic and environmental determination of variation in Heath-Carter somatotype (ST) components (endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy).
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariate path analysis on twin data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight hundred and three members of 424 adult Flemish twin pairs (18-34 years of age).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicate the significance of sex differences and the significance of the covariation between the three ST components. After age-regression, variation of the population in ST components and their covariation is explained by additive genetic sources of variance (A), shared (familial) environment (C) and unique environment (E). In men, additive genetic sources of variance explain 28.0% (CI 8.7-50.8%), 86.3% (71.6-90.2%) and 66.5% (37.4-85.1%) for endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy, respectively. For women, corresponding values are 32.3% (8.9-55.6%), 82.0% (67.7-87.7%) and 70.1% (48.9-81.8%). For all components in men and women, more than 70% of the total variation was explained by sources of variance shared between the three components, emphasising the importance of analysing the ST in a multivariate way.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that the high heritabilities for mesomorphy and ectomorphy reported in earlier twin studies in adolescence are maintained in adulthood. For endomorphy, which represents a relative measure of subcutaneous adipose tissue, however, the results suggest heritability may be considerably lower than most values reported in earlier studies on adolescent twins. The heritability is also lower than values reported for, for example, body mass index (BMI), which next to the weight of organs and adipose tissue also includes muscle and bone tissue. Considering the differences in heritability between musculoskeletal robustness (mesomorphy) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (endomorphy) it may be questioned whether studying the genetics of BMI will eventually lead to a better understanding of the genetics of fatness, obesity and overweight.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Research Center for Exercise and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Maarten.Peeters@FABER.kuleuven.be
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Thomis
authors.forename: R J F
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Loos
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Derom
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fagard
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Claessens
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Vlietinck
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Beunen
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001530:Belgium; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D010641:Phenotype; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013008:Somatotypes / Q000235:genetics*