title: Ring chromosome formation as a novel escape mechanism in patients with inverted duplication and terminal deletion.
abstract: Ring chromosomes are rare cytogenetic findings and are associated at phenotypic level with mental retardation and congenital abnormalities. Features specific for ring chromosome syndromes often overlap with the features of terminal deletions for the corresponding chromosomes. Here, we report a case of a ring chromosome 14 which was identified by conventional cytogenetics and shown to have a terminal deletion and an additional inverted duplication with a triplication by using large insert clone and oligo array-comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). The combination of an inverted duplication with a terminal deletion in a ring chromosome is of special interest for the described syndromes of chromosome 14. The presented findings might explain partly overlapping clinical features described in terminal deletion, duplication and ring chromosome 14 cases, as these rearrangements can be easily overlooked when performing GTG-banding only. Furthermore, we suggest that ring chromosome formation can act as an alternative chromosome rescue next to telomere healing and capture, particularly for acrocentric chromosomes. To our knowledge, this is the first time an inverted duplication with a terminal deletion in a ring chromosome is identified and characterized using high-resolution molecular karyotyping. Systematic evaluation of ring chromosomes by array-CGH might be especially useful in distinguishing cases with a duplication/deletion from those with a deletion only.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knijnenburg
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Haeringen
authors.forename: Kerstin B M
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: Arjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lankester
authors.forename: Margot J M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: René D M
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Belfroid
authors.forename: Egbert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Hans J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Tanke
authors.forename: Károly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szuhai
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D002883:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020440:Gene Duplication; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D012303:Ring Chromosomes; D017384:Sequence Deletion