title: cerebellar atrophy after moderate-to-severe pediatric traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the cerebellum has not attracted the same degree of attention as cortical areas and the hippocampus in traumatic brain injury (TBI) literature, there is limited structural and functional imaging evidence that the cerebellum is also vulnerable to insult. The cerebellum is emerging as part of a frontocerebellar system that, when disrupted, results in significant cognitive and behavioral consequences. We hypothesized that cerebellar volume would be reduced in children following TBI and wished to examine the relation between the cerebellum and known sites of projection, including the prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and pons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative MR imaging was used to measure cerebellar white and gray matter and lesion volumes 1-10 years following TBI in 16 children 9-16 years of age and 16 demographically matched typically developing children 9-16 years of age. Cerebellar volumes were also compared with volumetric data from other brain regions to which the cerebellum projects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant group difference was found in cerebellar white and gray matter volume, with children in the TBI group consistently exhibiting smaller volumes. Repeating the analysis after excluding children with focal cerebellar lesions revealed that significant group differences still remained for cerebellar white matter (WM). We also found a relation between the cerebellum and projection areas, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and pons in 1 or both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our finding of reduced cerebellar WM volume in children with TBI is consistent with evidence from experimental studies suggesting that the cerebellum and its related projection areas are highly vulnerable to fiber degeneration following traumatic insult.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Spanos
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Wilde
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Bigler
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Cleavinger
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fearing
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Hunter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001284:Atrophy; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000473:pathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D011149:Pons / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013788:Thalamus / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology