title: Critical validation of ultrasound Doppler in the diagnosis of torsion of undescended testis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Testicular torsion associated with undescended testis is uncommon but requires immediate treatment. Ultrasound Doppler is recognized as the preferred imaging modality for testicular torsion due to its high specificity, sensitivity and availability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the accuracy of ultrasound Doppler in diagnosis of torsion of undescended testis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe three patients with known undescended testis who were admitted with groin pain and had preoperative ultrasound Doppler. The discrepancy between these and the intraoperative findings is discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In two patients incarcerated inguinal hernia was diagnosed with ultrasound Doppler; however, surgery revealed torsion of an undescended testis. In the third patient ultrasound Doppler diagnosed torsion of undescended testis, but at surgery incarcerated inguinal hernia was found, without evidence of testicular torsion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Torsion of undescended testis should be a clinical rather than radiologic diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatric Surgery, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Nadav
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Slijper
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sukhotnik
authors.forename: Aurora
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toubi
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mogilner
mesh_terms: D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006119:Groin; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler