title: Long-lived antitumor CD8+ lymphocytes for adoptive therapy generated using an artificial antigen-presenting cell.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antitumor lymphocytes can be generated ex vivo unencumbered by immunoregulation found in vivo. Adoptive transfer of these cells is a promising therapeutic modality that could establish long-term antitumor immunity. However, the widespread use of adoptive therapy has been hampered by the difficulty of consistently generating potent antitumor lymphocytes in a timely manner for every patient. To overcome this, we sought to establish a clinical grade culture system that can reproducibly generate antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL).
  
  
  METHODS
  We created an off-the-shelf, standardized, and renewable artificial antigen-presenting cell (aAPC) line that coexpresses HLA class I, CD54, CD58, CD80, and the dendritic cell maturation marker CD83. We tested the ability of aAPC to generate tumor antigen-specific CTL under optimal culture conditions. The number, phenotype, effector function, and in vitro longevity of generated CTL were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stimulation of CD8(+) T cells with peptide-pulsed aAPC generated large numbers of functional CTL that recognized a variety of tumor antigens. These CTLs, which possess a phenotype consistent with in vivo persistence, survived ex vivo for prolonged periods of time. Clinical grade aAPC(33), produced under current Good Manufacturing Practices guidelines, generated sufficient numbers of CTL within a short period of time. These CTL specifically lysed a variety of melanoma tumor lines naturally expressing a target melanoma antigen. Furthermore, antitumor CTL were easily generated in all melanoma patients examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With clinical grade aAPC(33) in hand, we are now poised for clinical translation of ex vivo generated antitumor CTL for adoptive cell transfer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. marcus_butler@dfci.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Marcus O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Jeng-Shin
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ansén
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neuberg
authors.forename: F Stephen
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Hodi
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Drury
authors.forename: Alla
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berezovskaya
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.forename: Lee M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nadler
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hirano
mesh_terms: D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000276:immunology; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000637:transplantation*; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D032701:Biomimetics / Q000379:methods*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000494:pharmacology; D020014:K562 Cells; D058965:MART-1 Antigen; D008545:Melanoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D019409:Interleukin-15; D058965:MART-1 Antigen; C548667:MLANA protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D007371:Interferon-gamma