title: Peak bone mass in patients with phenylketonuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have suggested a compromised bone mass in phenylketonuria patients but most reported on heterogeneous or small patient groups. Our aim was to evaluate peak bone mass in adult PKU patients and to relate BMD to nutritional parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  BMD was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in 31 adult PKU patients (18 female), mean age 25 +/- 5.3 years. Nutritional intake was calculated based on food diaries. Diet adherence was determined based on patients' report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean blood phenylalanine (Phe) concentration was 968 +/- 526 micromol/L (16 +/- 8.7 mg/dl). Eight patients (32.2%) met the recommended blood Phe concentration of <726 micromol/L (<12 mg/dl), and there was no significant difference in Phe concentrations between diet-adherent and non-adherent patients. Osteopenia was detected in 11 patients (38.7%), while osteoporosis was detected in 2 patients (6.5%). No correlation was found between BMD and age, blood minerals, Phe, vitamin D and alkaline phosphatase levels, calcium and protein intake, body mass index, and body fat percentage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peak bone mass is decreased in PKU patients. Possible explanations include long-standing dietary deficiency in protein, calcium, vitamin D or trace elements, or a primary defect in bone turnover inherent to the disease itself. Our data do not favour any of these hypotheses. Further studies are needed to elucidate the cause of low bone density in PKU patients.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Israel. dmodan@sheba.health.gov.il
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Modan-Moses
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vered
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Anikster
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Segev
authors.forename: Ori
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Efrati
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000097:blood; D010661:Phenylketonurias / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D010649:Phenylalanine