title: The proteasome and its inhibitors in immune regulation and immune disorders.
abstract: The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is a well-characterized mechanism deputed to the degradation of intracellular proteins. Proteasomal degradation intervenes in the regulation of numerous cellular functions including signal transduction, apoptosis, cell cycle, and antigen presentation. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that both normal and malignant cells of the immune system are exquisitely affected by inhibition of proteasome activity. This property is currently exploited in the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma, two B-cell malignancies that respond to treatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Pharmacological inhibitors of the proteasome also affect function and survival of B and T lymphocytes and of dendritic cells and were shown to reduce autoimmune and inflammatory manifestations in several models of immune-mediated disorders. The present review offers an overview of the mechanisms implicated in the immunomodulatory effects of proteasome inhibitors and discusses prospective future applications for these small molecules in immune and inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nencioni
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grunebach
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Patrone
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ballestrero
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brossart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D000069286:Bortezomib; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects; D007154:Immune System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D020522:Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000276:immunology / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001897:Boronic Acids; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines; D000069286:Bortezomib; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex