title: Anodized titanium and stainless steel in contact with CFRP: an electrochemical approach considering galvanic corrosion.
abstract: The combination of different materials in an implant gives the opportunity to better fulfill the requirements that are needed to improve the healing process. However, using different materials increases the risk of galvanic coupling corrosion. In this study, coupling effects of gold-anodized titanium, stainless steel for biomedical applications, carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFRP), and CFRP containing tantalum fibers are investigated electrochemically and by long-term immersion experiments in simulated body fluid (SBF). Potentiodynamic polarization experiments (i/E curves) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the separated materials showed a passive behavior of the metallic samples. Anodized titanium showed no corrosion attacks, whereas stainless steel is highly susceptibility for localized corrosion. On the other side, an active dissolution behavior of both of the CFRPs in the given environment could be determined, leading to delaminating of the carbon fibers from the matrix. Long-term immersion experiments were carried out using a set-up especially developed to simulate coupling conditions of a point contact fixator system (PC-Fix) in a biological environment. Electrochemical data were acquired in situ during the whole immersion time. The results of the immersion experiments correlate with the findings of the electrochemical investigation. Localized corrosion attacks were found on stainless steel, whereas anodized titanium showed no corrosion attacks. No significant differences between the two CFRP types could be found. Galvanic coupling corrosion in combination with crevice conditions and possible corrosion mechanisms are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Corrosion and Materials Integrity, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Duebendorf, Switzerland. yves.mueller@walterbai.com
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tognini
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Sannakaisa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Virtanen
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001826:Body Fluids; D002244:Carbon; D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D003343:Corrosion; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004563:Electrochemistry; D007101:Immersion; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010969:Plastics; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D010969:Plastics; C037808:plastic, carbon fiber reinforced; D013193:Stainless Steel; D002244:Carbon; D014025:Titanium