title: Acoustic virtual mass of granular media.
abstract: Mechanical coupling between grains in a randomly packed unconsolidated granular medium is shown to cause an increase in the effective inertia, hence, a reduction in sound and shear wave speeds, relative to predictions by the standard expressions for a uniform elastic solid. The effect may be represented as a virtual mass term, and directly related to the scintillation index of the grain-to-grain contact stiffness.
authors.forename: Nicholas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Chotiros
authors.forename: Marcia J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Isakson