title: Self-reported empathic abilities in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing evidence indicates impairments of empathic abilities in schizophrenia that may impact outcome and course of the disease. While there is consensus on the presence of deficits in 'theory of mind' in this disorder, i.e. cognitive aspects of mental state attribution, the ability to infer emotional experiences of others, i.e. affective empathy, has not been investigated so far.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed multiple dimensions of empathy in 45 schizophrenic patients and 45 healthy controls, matched for age and gender, with a self-rating instrument, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). To control for modulating effects of cognitive deficits, a neuropsychological test battery was employed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Schizophrenic patients showed significantly lower scores in cognitive empathy ('perspective taking': F=12.176, df=1, p=0.001) but more self-related aversive feelings in response to the distress of others ('personal distress: F=16.477, df=1, p<0.001). Self-ratings of affective empathy, i.e. concern for others, did not differ between groups. Results in the domains of empathy were not explained by symptoms or neurocognition as revealed by regression analysis. However, lower scores in 'perspective taking' were found with advancing duration of illness (r=-0.453, p=0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate reductions of cognitive empathy but relatively preserved emotional empathic abilities in schizophrenia. Although previous studies observed deficits in emotion perception and expression, our findings support the concept of differentially disturbed abilities in cognitive and emotional empathy in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany. christian.montag@charite.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Montag
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heinz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kunz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gallinat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003710:Demography; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012938:Social Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires