title: The rise of [Na(+)] (i) during ischemia and reperfusion in the rat heart-underlying mechanisms.
abstract: Intracellular Na(+) concentration ([Na(+)](i)) rises in the heart during ischemia, and on reperfusion, there is a transient rise followed by a return toward control. These changes in [Na(+)](i) contribute to ischemic and reperfusion damage through their effects on Ca(2+) overload. Part of the rise of [Na(+)](i) during ischemia may be caused by increased activity of the cardiac Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE1), activated by the ischemic rise in [H(+)](i). In support of this view, NHE1 inhibitors reduce the [Na(+)](i) rise during ischemia. Another possibility is that the rise of [Na(+)](i) during ischemia is caused by Na(+) influx through channels. We have reexamined these issues by use of two different NHE1 inhibitors, amiloride, and zoniporide, in addition to tetrodotoxin (TTX), which blocks voltage-sensitive Na(+) channels. All three drugs produced cardioprotection after ischemia, but amiloride (100 microM) and TTX (300 nM) prevented the rise in [Na(+)](i) during ischemia, whereas zoniporide (100 nM) did not. Both amiloride and zoniporide prevented the rise of [Na(+)](i) on reperfusion, whereas TTX was without effect. In an attempt to explain these differences, we measured the ability of the three drugs to block Na(+) currents. At the concentrations used, TTX reduced the transient Na(+) current (I (Na)) by 11 +/- 2% while amiloride and zoniporide were without effect. In contrast, TTX largely eliminated the persistent Na(+) current (I (Na,P)) and amiloride was equally effective, whereas zoniporide had a substantially smaller effect reducing I (Na,P) to 41 +/- 8%. These results suggest that part of the effect of NHE1 inhibitors on the [Na(+)](i) during ischemia is by blockade of I (Na,P). The fact that a low concentration of TTX eliminated the rise of [Na(+)](i) during ischemia suggests that I (Na,P) is a major source of Na(+) influx in this model of ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, F13 Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Iwan A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Xiao-hui
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Yue-kun
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000584:Amiloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D002469:Cell Separation; D005260:Female; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000074082:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 1; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D006146:Guanidines; D011720:Pyrazoles; C452850:Slc9a1 protein, rat; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D000074082:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 1; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D000584:Amiloride; C424422:zoniporide; D012964:Sodium