title: Sex as a predictor of outcomes in patients treated with thrombolysis for acute stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between sex and functional outcomes after thrombolytic treatment for acute ischemic stroke in the context of a clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed predictors of outcome among patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) in the Glycine Antagonist in Neuroprotection for Patients with Acute Stroke Americas trial, a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a putative neuroprotectant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1,367 trial patients, 333 (24%) were treated with rtPA within 3 hours. The proportion of patients achieving good functional outcomes at 3 months differed by sex (47.5% of men vs 30.3% of women had Barthel Index [BI] > or = 95; 32.2% of men vs 23.4% of women had modified Rankin Score [mRS] < or = 1). NIH Stroke Score was similar by sex. Men were more likely to have good functional outcomes after adjusting for relevant covariates: for BI > or = 95, adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.28 (1.74 to 6.17); for mRS < or = 1, adjusted OR 2.12 (1.11 to 4.03). Survival was worse among men: adjusted OR 0.45 (0.20 to 1.01). Other predictors of functional outcomes included age, stroke side, severity, complications, and infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among tissue plasminogen activator-treated patients in this clinical trial population, men were approximately three times as likely to have good functional outcomes, despite elevated mortality. Thrombolysis for stroke may not reverse the tendency for women to have worse functional outcomes after stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. mse13@columbia.edu
authors.forename: M S V
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Elkind
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prabhakaran
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pittman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koroshetz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jacoby
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D018684:Glycine Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: C105319:3-(2-((phenylamino)carbonyl)ethenyl)-4,6-dichloroindole-2-carboxylic acid; D018684:Glycine Agents; D007211:Indoles; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator