title: The effects of radiofrequency energy probe speed and application force on chondrocyte viability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the thermal effects of monopolar radiofrequency energy (mRFE) on bovine articular cartilage when it was moved at different speeds and using varying application forces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six fresh osteochondral sections divided into two groups (18 sections/group) were used in this study. The first group was tested at three speed rates of mRFE probe (1 mm/sec, 5 mm/sec and 10 mm/sec) at a constant force (50 g) applied to the probe tip. In the second group, three application forces of the probe tip were tested (25 g, 50 g and 75 g) at a constant speed (5 mm/sec) (n = 6/test). All tests were performed using a custom-built jig to control the mRFE (Vulcan EAS) probe during a 20-mm pass on each section. After treatment, viability of osteochondral sections was determined by confocal laser microscopy (CLM) combined with vital cell staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were not any significant differences in cartilage thickness of tested osteochondral sections among the different speeds or forces. During the mRFE probe treatments at different speeds, CLM demonstrated that probe application at the speed of 1 mm/sec caused significantly greater chondrocyte death than at the speeds of 5 and 10 mm/sec, whereas there were no significant differences in chondrocyte death among the variable application forces (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This in vitro study demonstrated that RFE thermal penetration correlated most closely with probe application speed than application force for this mRFE probe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improper use of mRFE may cause thermal injury on articular cartilage.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Luy@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bogdanske
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Markel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002417:Cattle / Q000601:surgery*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000528:radiation effects*; D023421:Models, Animal; D010329:Patella / Q000166:cytology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011846:Radio Waves