title: Measurement of coronary artery calcification by electron beam computerized tomography in persons with chronic spinal cord injury: evidence for increased atherosclerotic burden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) have been reported to have an increased prevalence of premature cardiovascular disease. Whether the increased risk of disease is owing to clustering of traditional cardiac risk factor or is over and above that predicted by risk factors was addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-one persons with chronic SCI were studied for subclinical atherosclerosis. Cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium (CAC) was compared to matched non-SCI controls. The 273 controls were 3:1 matched for age, gender, ethnicity and risk factors and were drawn from a national database of over 30,000 asymptomatic persons undergoing coronary scanning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-six men and 15 women were studied. Average age was 49.7+/-12 years. Duration of injury was 19.7+/-10 years. The ethnicity of the study cohort included 36% Caucasian, 49% Latino, 10% African American, and 5% other. The mean calcium score of the SCI group was significantly greater than the control group (75+/-218 versus 28+/-104, P<0.001). The prevalence of any CAC score was greater in the SCI population than the control population (51 versus 39%, P<0.05), as was CAC score >100 (16 versus 7%, P<0.01). Women with SCI had a significantly lower CAC score than men (mean score: 12 versus 86, P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with SCI were shown to have greater atherosclerotic burden than able-bodied controls. Of note, and unexplained, this finding is beyond that explained by the clustering of traditional risk factors. On the basis of these findings, increased attention should be directed toward the prevention of coronary heart disease in those with SCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Orakzai
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Orakzai
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmadi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Bauman
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Adkins
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Budoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed