title: C-reactive protein and cognitive deficits in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have highlighted the role of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) as a marker for atherosclerosis, and a predictor for vascular disease and stroke. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been associated with (1) higher levels of CRP, (2) cerebrovascular disease, and (3) a "subcortical" pattern of cognitive deficits (eg, lower processing speed, poor working memory). These findings suggest that microvascular changes affect cognition in SLE. To our knowledge, no studies have yet attempted to relate levels of CRP with cognitive deficits in SLE. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between CRP level and measures of working memory/processing speed in SLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), a sensitive measure of processing speed and working memory, was administered as part of a full neuropsychologic battery. CRP levels were obtained from blood collected on the day of cognitive testing. SLE patients were divided into 2 groups: No detectable CRP (No-CRP) and detectable CRP levels (Elevated-CRP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison to the No-CRP group, the Elevated-CRP group performed more poorly on the PASAT. They had fewer correct responses, fewer consecutive correct responses (dyads), and a greater percentage of responses that were obtained by using a less demanding but incorrect "chunking" strategy to perform the PASAT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that CRP may be a sensitive marker for subtle executive dysfunction in SLE, possibly due to central nervous system microvascular autoimmune processes. Early treatment of vasculopathy in SLE may help prevent microvascular disease and associated cognitive dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology/Jacobs Neurological Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY, USA. shucard@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Shucard
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gaines
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ambrus
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Shucard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007807:Language Tests; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008606:Mental Processes; D008875:Middle Aged; D011930:Reaction Time; D014705:Verbal Behavior
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein