title: Thyroid hormones reorganize the cytoskeleton of glial cells through Gfap phosphorylation and Rhoa-dependent mechanisms.
abstract: Thyroid hormones (3,5,3'-triiodo-L: -thyronine, T3; 3,5,3',5'-L: -tetraiodothyronine, T4; TH) play crucial roles in the growth and differentiation of the central nervous system. In this study, we investigated the actions of TH on proliferation, viability, cell morphology, in vitro phosphorylation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and actin reorganization in C6 glioma cells. We first observe that long-term exposure to TH stimulates cell proliferation without induce cell death. We also demonstrate that after 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h treatment with TH, C6 cells and cortical astrocytes show a process-bearing shape. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry with anti-actin and anti-GFAP antibodies reveals that TH induces reorganization of actin and GFAP cytoskeleton. We also observe an increased in vitro 32P incorporation into GFAP recovered into the high-salt Triton insoluble cytoskeletal fraction after 3 and 24 h exposure to 5 x 10(-8) and 10(-6) M T3, and only after 24 h exposure to 10(-9) M T4. These results show a T3 action on the phosphorylating system associated to GFAP and suggest a T3-independent effect of T4 on this cytoskeletal protein. In addition, C6 cells and astrocytes treated with lysophosphatidic acid, an upstream activator of the RhoA GTPase pathway, totally prevented the morphological alterations induced by TH, indicating that this effect could be mediated by the RhoA signaling pathway. Considering that IF network can be regulated by phosphorylation leading to reorganization of IF filamentous structure and that alterations of the microfilament organization may have important implications in glial functions, the effects of TH on glial cell cytoskeleton could be implicated in essential neural events such as brain development.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ariane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zamoner
authors.forename: Cláudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Funchal
authors.forename: Maria Caroline
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Jacques-Silva
authors.forename: Carmem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gottfried
authors.forename: Fátima Regina Mena
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Barreto Silva
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pessoa-Pureur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D005910:Glioma; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein; D013974:Thyroxine