title: Behavioral and physiological effects of an infant-neglect manipulation in a bi-parental, twinning primate: impact is dependent on familial factors.
abstract: Experimental animal studies and epidemiological and clinical human studies demonstrate that atypical infant-caregiving can exert short- and long-term effects on offspring phenotype, including increased long-term risk of affective disorders. Whilst the early environment is therefore a major determinant of behavioral, physiological and neurobiological phenotypes, the effects of early adversity exhibit individual variation, presumably due to differences in environment-genotype interactions. Twin studies provide a powerful model with which to study such interactions. However, human twin studies rarely include analysis of genotype-environment interactions or of individuals exposed to extreme environments, and rat studies have rarely attempted to utilize littermates (i.e. dizygotic twins) to investigate environment-genotype interactions. Here, we report on the effects of repeated deprivation of caregiving in the common marmoset, a primate that exhibits dizygotic twinning and bi-parental care. Breeding pairs each contributed early deprived (ED) twins and control (CON) twins, thereby allowing for the study of effects of ED, parentage and ED-parentage interaction. Significant ED x parentage interaction effects were obtained for basal urinary, plasma and cerebrospinal-fluid cortisol titers (infancy-adolescence), and basal levels of social and maintenance behaviors (juveniles); basal urinary cortisol titers during a 2-week period of repeated psychosocial challenge (juveniles), and social and exploratory behavior during psychosocial challenge (juveniles). Significant main effects of ED were obtained for: basal levels of time spent in contact with parents (ED>CON; juveniles) and in locomotor activity (ED<CON; adolescents); basal and psychosocial-stress-related systolic blood pressure (ED>CON; juveniles); time spent in locomotor activity (ED<CON), contact calling (ED<CON) and exploring novelty (ED>CON) during psychosocial challenge (juveniles). This study provides evidence for long-term effects of early environment on bio-behavioral traits and states in marmosets specifically, and the importance of including parental factors in developmental studies in mammals generally.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, CH-8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andrea C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Dettling
authors.forename: Christian R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Schnell
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: Joram
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feldon
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Pryce
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D002144:Callithrix; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008426:Maternal Deprivation; D010152:Pair Bond; D010333:Paternal Deprivation; D038522:Twinning, Monozygotic
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone