title: Expression of growth factor and chemokine receptors: new insights in the biology of inflammatory breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have indicated that expression of chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 could be an indicator of the metastatic potential of breast cancer. Expression of CXCR4 and CCR7 along with the biomarkers HER2-neu and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was investigated in inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) to evaluate their prognostic implications.
  
  
  METHODS
  CXCR4, CCR7, and EGFR were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining (IHC) of paraffin-embedded tissue sections. HER2-neu amplification was assessed by FISH and/or IHC. All patients received chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four cases diagnosed with IBC from 1994 to 2002 were included in the study. In all, 18 (40.9%) patients had positive CXCR4, 10 (22.7%) had positive CCR7, 21 (47.7%) had positive HER2-neu, and EGFR was positive in 12 of 40 patients (30%). The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 24.8% for CXCR4-positive disease versus 42.3% for CXCR4-negative patients (P = 0.53) and 20.0% for CCR7-positive disease versus 41.9% for CCR7-negative patients (P = 0.24). EGFR-positive disease had significantly worse OS compared with EGFR-negative disease (P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate the expression of growth factor and chemokine receptors in IBC. The expression of these receptors is associated with increased risk of recurrence and death, and thus, they may represent potential therapeutic targets in IBC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cabioglu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Broglio
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sneige
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Angulo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morandi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bucana
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Hortobagyi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cristofanilli
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D054387:Receptors, CXCR; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000235:genetics; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000032:analysis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017741:Survivors
chemical_list: D066246:ErbB Receptors; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D054387:Receptors, CXCR; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; C501896:ACKR3 protein, human