title: Nonviremic transmission of West Nile virus: evaluation of the effects of space, time, and mosquito species.
abstract: To evaluate the potential for nonviremic transmission (NVT) of West Nile virus (WNV) to occur in nature, we examined the effect of increasing spatial and temporal separation between co-feeding mosquitoes on the efficiency of nonviremic transmission and the potential of a West Nile virus bridge vector species, Aedes albopictus, to be infected via nonviremic transmission. West Nile virus-infected (donor) Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus were allowed to feed on a mouse for 5 minutes followed by non-infected (recipient) mosquitoes with increasing spatial (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 mm) or temporal (0, 15, 30, 45, or 60 min) separation from the site or time of donor feeding, respectively. Recipients became infected when feeding up to 40 mm from the donor and up to 45 minutes after donor feeding. Additionally, nonviremic transmission of West Nile virus from Cx. p. quinquefasciatus to Ae. albopictus was observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77539-0609, USA.
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: McGee
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Yvette A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: Dana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Vanlandingham
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higgs
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000821:virology*; D000818:Animals; D003465:Culex / Q000821:virology*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000821:virology*; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000821:virology; D013997:Time Factors; D014766:Viremia / Q000635:transmission*; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000635:transmission*