title: Systematic review of multifaceted interventions to improve depression care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression is a prevalent high-impact illness with poor outcomes in primary care settings. We performed a systematic review to determine to what extent multifaceted interventions improve depression outcomes in primary care and to define key elements, patients who are likely to benefit and resources required for these interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched Medline, HealthSTAR, CINAHL, PsycINFO and a specialized registry of depression trials from 1966 to February 2006; reviewed bibliographies of pertinent articles; and consulted experts. Searches were limited to the English language. We included 28 randomized controlled trials that: (a) involved primary care patients receiving acute-phase treatment; (b) tested a multicomponent intervention involving a patient-directed component; and (c) reported effects on depression severity. Pairs of investigators independently abstracted information regarding (a) setting and subjects, (b) components of the intervention and (c) outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty of 28 interventions improved depression outcomes over 3-12 months (an 18.4% median absolute increase in patients with 50% improvement in symptoms; range, 8.3-46%). Sustained improvements at 24-57 months were demonstrated in three studies addressing acute-phase and continuation-phase treatments. All interventions involved care management and required additional resources or staff reassignment to implement; interventions were delivered exclusively or predominantly by telephone in 16 studies. The most commonly used intervention features were: patient education and self-management, monitoring of depressive symptoms and treatment adherence, decision support for medication management, a patient registry and mental health supervision of care managers. Other intervention features were highly variable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is strong evidence supporting the short-term benefits of care management for depression; critical elements for successful programs are emerging.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. Jw.williams@duke.edu
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerrity
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Holsinger
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dobscha
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gaynes
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dietrich
mesh_terms: D019090:Case Management; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D012042:Registries