title: Ethylene production is associated with germination but not seed dormancy in red rice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between ethylene production and both seed dormancy and germination was investigated using red rice (weedy rice) as a model species.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both fully dormant and after-ripened (non-dormant) naked caryopses were incubated with or without inhibitors of ethylene synthesis [aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG)] and perception [silver thiosulfate (STS)], or in the presence of the natural ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). The kinetics of ethylene emissions were measured with a sensitive laser-photoacoustic system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dormant red rice caryopses did not produce ethylene. In non-dormant caryopses, ethylene evolution never preceded the first visible stage of germination (pericarp splitting), and ethylene inhibitors completely blocked ethylene production, but not pericarp splitting. Accordingly, endogenous ACC appeared to be lacking before pericarp splitting. However, early seedling growth (radicle or coleoptile attaining the length of 1 mm) followed ethylene evolution and was delayed by the inhibitors. Wounding the dormant caryopses induced them to germinate and produce ethylene, but their germination was slow and pericarp splitting could be speeded up by ethylene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that, in red rice, endogenous ethylene stimulates the growth of the nascent seedling, but does not affect seed dormancy or germination inception. Correspondingly, this phytohormone does not play a role in the dormancy breakage induced by wounding, but accelerates germination after such breakage has occurred.
authors.affiliation: CRA-Experimental Institute for Cereal Research, Section of Fiorenzuola, s.s. via S. Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy. agianinetti@tin.it
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gianinetti
authors.forename: Lucas J J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Laarhoven
authors.forename: Stefan T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Persijn
authors.forename: Frans J M
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Harren
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Petruzzelli
mesh_terms: D000598:Amino Acids, Cyclic / Q000494:pharmacology; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018525:Germination; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D012275:Oryza / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013885:Thiosulfates / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000598:Amino Acids, Cyclic; D005030:Ethylenes; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D013885:Thiosulfates; C095213:silver thiosulfate; C023863:1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; C036216:ethylene; C088137:aminoethoxyvinylglycine; D005998:Glycine