title: Investigation of a new approach to measuring contact angles for hydrophilic impression materials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this investigation was to examine the initial water contact angles of seven unset impression materials using commercially available equipment, in an effort to determine whether polyether impression materials (Impregum) have lower contact angles and are, therefore, more hydrophilic than VPS impression materials.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hydrophilic properties of unset polyether and VPS impression materials were analyzed with respect to their water contact angle measurements using the commercially available Drop Shape Analysis System DSA 10. Twenty-five data points per second were collected via video analysis. There was no delay from start of measurement and data collection. Data was collected for approximately 12 s. Droplet size was determined on the thickness of canula. If the droplets became too small in volume, the water that evaporated during the measurement was large in comparison to the volume of the droplet. Therefore, 5 microl was chosen as the lowest volume. Five trials were conducted per series for each featured material. Contact angles were calculated using the circle fitting method. Three tests using this technique were designed to control the variables of contact angle measurement with regard to time, the varying amount of fluid in contact with impression material during clinical use, and material thickness. Sample thickness of impression material was controlled by stripping the paste flat on a glass plate using a marking template to ensure a constant film thickness. Tests were conducted in a climatized room at 24 degrees C +/- 1 degree C. Deionized water was used as the fluid. The device was calibrated according to manufacturer's instruction for Young-Laplace fitting prior to the measurements. Results were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA, Tukey test, and t-test, as appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing the fast setting impression materials by One-Way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p < .05) revealed the initial contact angles to range from 66.2 +/- 1.5 degrees to 127.5 +/- 4.4 degrees , of which the polyether material was the lowest after 45 s (66.2 +/- 1.5 degrees ), 120 s (70.3 +/- 2.8 degrees ), and 24 h (80.3 +/- 1.0 degrees ) after start of the mix. The selected times represent the different stages of unset material, ranging from 45 s as the earliest practical data collection time to 24 h, at which a stone model would be poured. The polyether materials tested exhibited lower contact angles and, thus, significantly higher initial hydrophilicity than all measured VPS materials. Additionally, Impregum impression materials are more hydrophilic in the unset stage than in the set stage. VPS may show a stepwise development of hydrophilicity in the set stage that was not observed in the unset stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The polyether impression materials tested were significantly more hydrophilic before, during, and after setting than that of VPS impression materials. Regardless of the amount of water in contact with the impression material, the polyether impression materials showed a significantly higher hydrophilicity in the unset stage than the VPS materials. The initial contact angle was not dependent on the thickness of the material. All parameters, including variation of time, volume of water droplet, and thickness of material, resulted in different absolute contact angles, but did not lead to a dramatic change in the ranking of the materials with regard to their hydrophilic behavior.
authors.affiliation: Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA. gerard.kugel@tufts.edu
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kugel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klettke
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Jaques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benchimol
authors.forename: Ronald D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Shradha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D003760:Dental Impression Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D003760:Dental Impression Materials; C022821:Impregum; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D014867:Water