title: Nicotine and lipopolysaccharide affect cytokine expression from gingival fibroblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This in vitro study investigated the influence of nicotine, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and a combination of both agents on cytokine expression from human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).
  
  
  METHODS
  HGFs were exposed for 48 hours to 250 microg/ml nicotine, 1 microg/ml Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS, or both. The expression of multiple cytokines was detected in the HGFs conditioned media using cytokine protein arrays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The untreated HGFs expressed several cytokines, which included relatively high levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). They also expressed low levels of growth-regulated oncogene (GRO), IL-3, and IL-10. Nicotine had the greatest effect on the expression of GRO-alpha, IL-7, IL-10, and IL-15 compared to the untreated control. P. gingivalis LPS had the greatest effect on the expression of GRO-alpha; IL-7; IL-10; and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed, and presumably secreted) compared to the untreated control. The combination of both agents had the biggest impact on the expression of GRO-alpha, IL-7, IL-10, IL-15, RANTES, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) compared to the untreated control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HGFs exposed to nicotine, P. gingivalis LPS, or a combination of both agents increased the expression of multiple cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Amjad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Almasri
authors.forename: Kessiri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wisithphrom
authors.forename: L Jack
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Windsor
authors.forename: Byron
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007378:Interleukins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D009538:Nicotine / Q000633:toxicity*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000633:toxicity*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis; D040081:Protein Array Analysis
chemical_list: C475829:CXCL1 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D016207:Cytokines; D007378:Interleukins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine