title: Functional analysis of regulatory single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The identification of regulatory polymorphisms has become a key problem in human genetics. In the past few years there has been a conceptual change in the way in which regulatory single-nucleotide polymorphisms are studied. We revise the new approaches and discuss how gene expression studies can contribute to a better knowledge of the genetics of common diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  New techniques for the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms with changes in gene expression have been recently developed. This, together with a more comprehensive use of the old in-vitro methods, has produced a great amount of genetic information. When added to current databases, it will help to design better tools for the detection of regulatory single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of functional regulatory single-nucleotide polymorphisms cannot be done by the simple inspection of DNA sequence. In-vivo techniques, based on primer-extension, and the more recently developed 'haploChIP' allow the association of gene variants to changes in gene expression. Gene expression analysis by conventional in-vitro techniques is the only way to identify the functional consequences of regulatory single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The amount of information produced in the last few years will help to refine the tools for the future analysis of regulatory gene variants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pampín
authors.forename: José C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Rey
mesh_terms: D015870:Gene Expression; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D011973:Receptors, LDL