title: An intron control region differentially regulates expression of thyroid hormone receptor beta2 in the cochlea, pituitary, and cone photoreceptors.
abstract: The Thrb gene, encoding thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRbeta), serves key roles in endocrine regulation and the development of the senses of hearing and color vision. The versatile functions of this gene depend upon its expression of distinct receptor isoforms by differential promoter activation. The TRbeta2 isoform has a particularly specialized distribution including in the anterior pituitary and cochlea. TRbeta2 is also found in immature cone photoreceptors where it has a unique role in programming the expression pattern of opsin photopigments that mediate color vision. Given the importance of precise, tissue-specific expression for the function of TRbeta2, we investigated the genomic control elements that direct this expression in vivo using lacZ reporter transgenes in mice. The TRbeta2 promoter region is sufficient for cochlear expression, whereas a complex intron control region is necessary for pituitary and retinal expression. In the retina, the intron region directs peak expression in the embryo in postmitotic, immature cones. The retinal control region is further subdivided into domains that specify and amplify expression, respectively, indicating that timely, cone-specific expression reflects an integrated response to complex signals. The mammalian Thrb gene has therefore incorporated several mechanisms into a multifunctional intron control region that regulates developmental induction of the distant promoter. This specialized genomic organization underlies the unique expression pattern and functions of TRbeta2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Iwan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Forrest
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003051:Cochlea / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D007438:Introns; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000502:physiology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D016385:TATA Box; D037042:Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D037042:Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta