title: Mechanism of action of cytotoxic cyclotides: cycloviolacin O2 disrupts lipid membranes.
abstract: In recent years, the cyclotides have emerged as the largest family of naturally cyclized proteins. Cyclotides display potent cytotoxic activity that varies with the structure of the proteins, and combined with their unique structure, they represent novel cytotoxic agents. However, their mechanism of action is yet unknown. In this work we show that disruption of cell membranes plays a crucial role in the cytotoxic effect of the cyclotide cycloviolacin O2 (1), which has been isolated from Viola odorata. Cell viability and morphology studies on the human lymphoma cell line U-937 GTB showed that cells exposed to 1 displayed disintegrated cell membranes within 5 min. Functional studies on calcein-loaded HeLa cells and on liposomes showed rapid concentration-dependent release of their respective internal contents. The present results show that cyclotides have specific membrane-disrupting activity.
authors: Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Erika
authors: E
authors: Svangård
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Burman
authors: Sunithi
authors: S
authors: Gunasekera
authors: Henrik
authors: H
authors: Lövborg
authors: Joachim
authors: J
authors: Gullbo
authors: Ulf
authors: U
authors: Göransson
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D047169:Cyclotides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008223:Lymphoma; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D047169:Cyclotides; D005452:Fluoresceins; C473355:cycloviolacin O2