title: Assessment of two culturally competent diabetes education methods: individual versus individual plus group education in Canadian Portuguese adults with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the impact of two culturally competent diabetes education methods, individual counselling and individual counselling in conjunction with group education, on nutrition adherence and glycemic control in Portuguese Canadian adults with type 2 diabetes over a three-month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Diabetes Education Centre is located in the urban multicultural city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. We used a three-month randomized controlled trial design. Eligible Portuguese-speaking adults with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to receive either diabetes education counselling only (control group) or counselling in conjunction with group education (intervention group). Of the 61 patients who completed the study, 36 were in the counselling only and 25 in the counselling with group education intervention. We used a per-protocol analysis to examine the efficacy of the two educational approaches on nutrition adherence and glycemic control; paired t-tests to compare results within groups and analysis of covariance (ACOVA) to compare outcomes between groups adjusting for baseline measures. The Theory of Planned Behaviour was used to describe the behavioural mechanisms that influenced nutrition adherence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behaviour control, and intentions towards nutrition adherence, self-reported nutrition adherence and glycemic control significantly improved in both groups, over the three-month study period. Yet, those receiving individual counselling with group education showed greater improvement in all measures with the exception of glycemic control, where no significant difference was found between the two groups at three months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study findings provide preliminary evidence that culturally competent group education in conjunction with individual counselling may be more efficacious in shaping eating behaviours than individual counselling alone for Canadian Portuguese adults with type 2 diabetes. However, larger longitudinal studies are needed to determine the most efficacious education method to sustain long-term nutrition adherence and glycemic control.
authors: School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Victoria St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. enza.gucciardi@uhn.on.ca
authors: Enza
authors: E
authors: Gucciardi
authors: Margaret
authors: M
authors: Demelo
authors: Ruth N
authors: RN
authors: Lee
authors: Sherry L
authors: SL
authors: Grace
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002170:Canada; D003376:Counseling; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D011174:Portugal / Q000208:ethnology; D012657:Self-Help Groups; D016896:Treatment Outcome