title: A comparison of laser-assisted drug delivery at two output energies for enhancing the delivery of topically applied LMX-4 cream prior to venipuncture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laser-assisted drug delivery (LAD) has the potential for facilitating topical anesthesia with reduced onset time.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this randomized, double-blind, crossover study we compared the efficacy and adverse event profile of LAD for topical anesthesia before venipuncture using two output energies (2.0 and 3.5 J/cm2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean Visual Analog Scale pain scores were not statistically different (P = 0.57) between the low-energy (mean = 6.7) and high-energy (mean = 8.1) lasers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LAD at an energy of 2.0 J/cm2 (570 mJ) is as effective, with similar adverse events, as an energy of 3.5 J/cm2 (1000 mJ) in facilitating topical anesthesia.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. kohj@ohsu.edu
authors: Jeffrey L
authors: JL
authors: Koh
authors: Dale
authors: D
authors: Harrison
authors: Veronica
authors: V
authors: Swanson
authors: Daniel C
authors: DC
authors: Norvell
authors: Darren C
authors: DC
authors: Coomber
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers / Q000009:adverse effects; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009824:Ointments; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009824:Ointments; D008012:Lidocaine