title: A comparison of sampling sites, digesta and microbial markers, and microbial references for assessing the postruminal supply of nutrients in dairy cows.
abstract: This study evaluated the impact of some methodological factors on the flows of nutrients at the omasal canal and duodenum of dairy cows fed corn-based diets. Three ruminally and duodenally cannulated cows were assigned to an incomplete 4 x 4 Latin square with four 14-d periods and fed diets formulated to contain different amounts and ruminal degradabilities of crude protein. Samples from the omasal canal and duodenum were obtained and processed according to methodologies routinely used in our laboratories and elsewhere. Methodological factors that were evaluated included microbial references and markers, digesta markers, and sampling sites (techniques). Considerable variation was found for the compositions of microbial references and their impact on the intestinal supply of microbial nonammonia nitrogen. Likewise, it appears that variation in measuring the ruminal outflow of nitrogen fractions of microbial and dietary origin could be reduced by using 15N rather than purines as microbial markers. Sampling from the omasum and duodenum resulted in differences for ruminal outflow and site of digestion as well as digestibility of some nutrients, particularly nitrogen fractions and starch. A sizable portion of this variation was associated with deviations from the assumed ideal behavior of digesta markers and collection of samples that were unrepresentative of true digesta. Collectively, outcomes from this study indicate that more research will be required to determine the accuracy of nutrient flows and the agreement between measurements at the omasal canal and duodenum when dairy cows are fed a variety of diets under different feeding systems. Therefore, caution is recommended when extrapolating or interpreting the underlying biology of published results as well as the results of their application (e.g., model parameters and predictions).
authors: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA. Ignacio.Ipharraguerre@lucta.es
authors: I R
authors: IR
authors: Ipharraguerre
authors: S M
authors: SM
authors: Reynal
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Liñeiro
authors: G A
authors: GA
authors: Broderick
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Clark
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015415:Biomarkers; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D003612:Dairying; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004386:Duodenum / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D009851:Omasum / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009584:Nitrogen