title: Living arrangements, heavy drinking and alcohol dependence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the variation in heavy drinking and alcohol dependence by living arrangements, and the contribution of social and behavioural factors to this variation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Health 2000 survey is a nationally representative cross-sectional survey conducted in Finland in 2000-2001 (N = 4589 in the age-range of 30-54 years, response rate 81%).
  
  
  METHODS
  Living arrangements; married, cohabiting, living with other(s) than a partner, and living alone. Consumption of beer, wine and spirits in the past month was converted into grams of alcohol/week, and heavy drinking was classified as > or =280 (men) and > or =140 (women) grams/week. Twelve-month prevalence of alcohol dependence was diagnosed by a mental health interview (CIDI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As compared to the married, cohabiting and living alone associated with heavy drinking (age-adjusted OR; 95% CI: 1.71;1.17-2.49 and OR 2.15;1.55-3.00 in men; OR 1.54;0.96-2.46 and OR 1.67;1.07-2.63 in women) and alcohol dependence (OR 2.29;1.44-3.64 and OR 3.66;2.39-5.59 in men; OR 2.56;1.10-5.94 and OR 4.43;2.03-9.64 in women). Living with other(s) than a partner associated with heavy drinking. Those who cohabited without children or lived alone had the highest odds for alcohol dependence. Among both genders, adjusting for main activity and financial difficulties attenuated the odds for heavy drinking and alcohol dependence by approximately 5-30% each, and additionally among women adjusting for urbanisation attenuated the odds for heavy drinking by approximately 15-45%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cohabiting and living alone are associated with heavy drinking and alcohol dependence. Unemployment, financial difficulties and low social support, and among women also living in an urban area, seem to contribute to the excess risk.
authors: National Public Health Institute (KTL), Department of Health and Functional Capacity, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki, Finland. kaisla.joutsenniemi@ktl.fi
authors: Kaisla
authors: K
authors: Joutsenniemi
authors: Tuija
authors: T
authors: Martelin
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Kestilä
authors: Pekka
authors: P
authors: Martikainen
authors: Sami
authors: S
authors: Pirkola
authors: Seppo
authors: S
authors: Koskinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003625:Data Collection; D004493:Education; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012067:Religion; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014507:Urbanization