title: Inclusion body myositis with human immunodeficiency virus infection: four cases with clonal expansion of viral-specific T cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM), a common adult-onset myositis, is characterized by an antigen-driven inflammatory response and vacuolar degeneration. The cause is unknown. We report the association of sIBM with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and explore the clonality and viral specificity of the autoinvasive T cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinicopathological studies in four HIV-infected patients with IBM were performed. The clonal restriction of endomysial T cells, compared with peripheral blood, was examined by spectratyping. Immunohistochemical studies using human leukocyte antigen-A* 0201-gag tetramers and the most dominant Vb families were performed in serial muscle biopsy sections to examine whether clonally expanded autoinvasive T cells are viral specific and invade muscle fibers expressing the allele-specific monomorphic major histocompatibility complex class I antigen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prominent clonal restriction of certain Vb families was noted among the endomysial T cells with evidence of in situ expansion. Approximately 10% of the autoinvasive CD8(+) cells were human leukocyte antigen-A* 0201-HIV-gag specific and invaded muscle fibers expressing the specific human leukocyte antigen-A* 0201 allele. These cells belonged to restricted Vb families. The HIV gag antigen was present on several endomysial macrophages but not within the muscle fibers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  sIBM develops in patients who harbor HIV. In HIV-IBM, a subset of CD8(+) T cells surrounding muscle fibers are viral specific and may play a role in the disease mechanism by cross-reacting with antigens on the surface of muscle fibers. This study provides a paradigm that a chronic viral infection in genetically susceptible individuals can trigger viral specific T cell clones that persist within the muscle and lead to development of sIBM.
authors: Neuromuscular Diseases Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1382, USA. dalakasm@ninds.nih.gov
authors: Marinos C
authors: MC
authors: Dalakas
authors: Goran
authors: G
authors: Rakocevic
authors: Alexey
authors: A
authors: Shatunov
authors: Lev
authors: L
authors: Goldfarb
authors: Raghavan
authors: R
authors: Raju
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Salajegheh
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology*; D005805:Genes, MHC Class I / Q000235:genetics; D015750:Genes, gag / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000473:pathology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology; D018979:Myositis, Inclusion Body / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger