title: Arrhythmic complications of electrical cardioversion: relationship to shock energy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Existing guidelines for electrical cardioversion (ECV) of atrial arrhythmias suggest starting at a low energy setting on the grounds that shocks of high energy might damage the myocardium or trigger more serious arrhythmias. We hypothesised that more powerful shocks would exceed the upper limit of vulnerability for inducing ventricular fibrillation. The initial use of higher energy could therefore reduce arrhythmic complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected data on the sequence of shocks delivered and the resulting changes in cardiac rhythm in 1896 patients who underwent transthoracic ECV. Rhythm strips derived from 200 consecutive ECV attempts were studied to verify the accuracy of the synchronisation of the shocks delivered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2522 attempts at transthoracic ECV, 6398 shocks were delivered, 1243 in atrial flutter or atrial tachycardia, the others in AF. Ventricular fibrillation was significantly more common after shocks of < 200 J (5 of 2959 vs. 0 of 3439 shocks, p<0.05, Fischer's exact test). Conversion of atrial flutter or atrial tachycardia to AF was also more common at < 200 J (20 of 930 shocks vs. 1 of 313 shocks at > or = 200 J, p<0.05, chi2 test). Sinus bradycardia or sinus arrest complicated 0.95% of cardioversion attempts, but none required emergency pacing. The incidence of bradycardia was not related to the energy used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shocks of > 200 J are associated with fewer tachyarrhythmic complications, and do not increase the risk of other serious complications. Bradycardia after cardioversion is very rarely of clinical importance.
authors: Department of Cardiological Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK. mark_m_gallagher@hotmail.com
authors: Mark M
authors: MM
authors: Gallagher
authors: Yee Guan
authors: YG
authors: Yap
authors: Mina
authors: M
authors: Padula
authors: David E
authors: DE
authors: Ward
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: Rowland
authors: A John
authors: AJ
authors: Camm
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D004560:Electricity; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016019:Survival Analysis; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology