title: Association of glucose levels and glucose variability with mood in type 1 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the association of glucose levels and variability of glucose, assessed by continuous glucose monitoring, with mood in type 1 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six type 1 diabetic patients (77.8% male, age: 31.1 +/- 10.0 years; disease duration: 14.7 +/- 7.1 years, BMI: 26.7 +/- 5.1 kg/m2, HbA1c 8.4 +/-1.8%, 27.8% with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion [CSII] therapy) used a continuous glucose monitoring system for 48.8 h. During this time the patients rated their current mood states 14.6 times on average, using the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology Mood Adjective Checklist and hand-held computers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensor performance was satisfactory, with a mean absolute difference from reference laboratory glucose measurement of 13.7%. Current glucose values were significantly associated with ratings of 'tension' (z = 2.40), 'hedonic tone' (z = -2.63) and 'energetic arousal' (z = -2.09). 'Anger' (z = 1.64) was not significantly associated with glucose values. The glucose AUC during the 60 min prior to the mood rating showed similar associations. The two parameters of glucose variability-coefficient of variation and absolute glucose change during the 60 min prior to the mood ratings-did not show any significant association with the mood ratings. The magnitude of association was significantly higher for glucose level than for glucose variability in the scales 'tension' and 'hedonic tone'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High glucose values had a negative impact on mood; positive mood ratings decreased, whereas negative mood ratings increased. The association between mood and glucose variability seemed to be less important than that between glucose level and mood.
authors: Research Institute of the Diabetes Academy Mergentheim (FIDAM), Postfach 1144, 97961 Bad Mergentheim, Germany. hermanns@diabetes-zentrum.de
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Hermanns
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Scheff
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Kulzer
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Weyers
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Pauli
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Kubiak
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Haak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000786:Anger; D001143:Arousal; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose