Treatment of chronic pain in pediatric rheumatic disease.
Pain in children with rheumatic disease is common, and is most often caused by arthritis. Despite the widespread use of effective new biologic agents, pain continues to be a problem in these patients, and it greatly impairs their daily functioning and quality of life. The pathogenesis of pain in children with rheumatic diseases is multifactorial, and disease treatment alone is often not enough to alleviate it. No standard of care or detailed algorithm for managing pain in these patients exists. Specific pain treatments often include acetaminophen, NSAIDs and medications that treat arthritis, such as methotrexate and etanercept. Other approaches should include nonpharmacologic interventions, for example exercise and cognitive-behavioral therapy, as well as the use of analgesics such as opioids in patients whose pain is refractory to standard therapies. The use of systemic corticosteroids to treat pain in children with arthritis should be avoided.
Kimura
Yukiko
Y
Joseph M Sanzari Children's Hospital of Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, and University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey 07601, USA. ykimura@humed.com
Walco
Gary A
GA
D000293:Adolescent; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D000074402:Synovectomy
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid