title: Prayer and depressive symptoms in a period of secularization: patterns among older adults in the Netherlands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prayer is generally recognized as an important aspect of religiousness. Relatively few empiric studies examined the relation between prayer and depressive symptoms in later life, and findings so far are mixed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respondents, aged 60-91 years, participated in the third (N = 1,702) and fourth (N = 1,346) assessment cycles, with three-year intervals, of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Data were collected on frequency of prayer, perceived meaningfulness of prayer, religious affiliation, church attendance, salience of religion, demographics, and health variables. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the total sample, there was no significant association between frequency of prayer and depressive symptoms. Among those who were not religiously affiliated, prayer was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. The results were particularly pronounced among nonaffiliated widowed respondents; odds ratio for praying daily associated with having Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale scores of 16 and higher amounted to 3.59 (99% confidence interval: 1.01-11.79). At three-year follow up, prayer did not predict change of depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As secularization in Western Europe progresses, the current results suggest that clinical exploration of private religiousness among older patients remains relevant, also among people who seem to be less religious.
authors: Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (EMGO) and Department of Psychiatry, VU Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.braam@vumc.nl
authors: Arjan W
authors: AW
authors: Braam
authors: Dorly J H
authors: DJ
authors: Deeg
authors: Jan L
authors: JL
authors: Poppelaars
authors: Aartjan T F
authors: AT
authors: Beekman
authors: Willem
authors: W
authors: van Tilburg
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D012067:Religion; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D035621:Secularism; D012933:Social Identification; D012944:Social Support; D013223:Statistics as Topic