title: Differential effects of the D- and L- isomers of amphetamine on pharmacological MRI BOLD contrast in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The D - and L-amphetamine sulphate isomers are used in the formulation of Adderall XR(R), which is effective in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The effects of these isomers on brain activity has not been examined using neuroimaging.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study determines the pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) response in rat brain regions after administration of each isomer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were individually placed into a 2.35 T Bruker magnet for 60 min to achieve basal recording of variation in signal intensity. Either saline (n = 9), D-amphetamine sulphate (2 mg/kg, i.p.; n = 9) or L: -amphetamine sulphate (4 mg/kg, i.p.; n = 9) were administered, and recording continued for a further 90 min. Data were analysed for BOLD effects using statistical parametric maps. Blood pressure, blood gases and respiratory rate were monitored during scanning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The isomers show overlapping effects on the BOLD responses in areas including nucleus accumbens, medial entorhinal cortex, colliculi, field CA1 of hippocampus and thalamic nuclei. The L-isomer produced greater global changes in the positive BOLD response than the D-isomer, including the somatosensory and motor cortices and frontal brain regions such as the orbitofrontal cortices, prelimbic and infralimbic cortex which were not observed with the D-isomer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amphetamine isomers produce different BOLD responses in brain areas related to cognition, pleasure, pain processing and motor control probably because of variations on brain amine systems such as dopamine and noradrenaline. The isomers may, therefore, have distinct actions on brain regions affected in ADHD patients.
authors: School of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: Easton
authors: Fiona
authors: F
authors: Marshall
authors: Kevin C F
authors: KC
authors: Fone
authors: Charles A
authors: CA
authors: Marsden
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000661:Amphetamine; D003913:Dextroamphetamine