title: Transcatheter creation and enlargement of ventricular septal defects for relief of ventricular hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Creation or enlargement of a ventricular septal defect is indicated in rare clinical situations. In the setting of double-outlet right ventricle requiring single-ventricle palliation, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction caused by progressive restriction at the ventricular septal defect poses an uncommon but recognized dilemma. In this situation surgical ventricular septal defect enlargement may be desirable but risks damage to the atrioventricular valve or conduction system. We report the results of a novel technique for transcatheter creation or enlargement of ventricular septal defects as an alternative to reoperation when decompression of an isolated ventricle is indicated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients had undergone transcatheter ventricular septal defect enlargement or creation, and 3 of these patients had undergone 4 prior surgical attempts at left ventricular decompression. Ventricular aneurysms had developed in 3 patients before intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients underwent ventricular septal defect creation, and 3 patients underwent enlargement of existing ventricular septal defects. Initial intervention resulted in a decreased ventricular septal defect pressure gradient from 76.9 mm Hg to 20.3 mm Hg (P = .004). There was no procedural mortality or sustained heart block. Two patients had moderate-to-severe atrioventricular valve regurgitation, and 1 required surgical repair. At last follow-up, all ventricular septal defects remained patent, with recurrent obstruction in the majority of cases caused by muscular hypertrophy beyond the stent margins. In 1 patient a ventricular aneurysm has regressed in size. Repeat intervention reduced recurrent obstruction, but recurrence was the rule.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When reoperation is considered high risk, transcatheter creation and enlargement of ventricular septal defects is possible with excellent short-term results. Recurrent obstruction is common but responds to repeated intervention. Further studies are required to establish clinical benefit.
authors: Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital-Boston, Boston, Mass 02115, USA. Jeffrey.Meadows@cardiochboston.org
authors: Jeffery
authors: J
authors: Meadows
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Pigula
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Lock
authors: Audrey
authors: A
authors: Marshall
mesh_terms: D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D004310:Double Outlet Right Ventricle / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*