title: Gender-specific effects of prenatal and adolescent exposure to tobacco smoke on auditory and visual attention.
abstract: Prenatal exposure to active maternal tobacco smoking elevates risk of cognitive and auditory processing deficits, and of smoking in offspring. Recent preclinical work has demonstrated a sex-specific pattern of reduction in cortical cholinergic markers following prenatal, adolescent, or combined prenatal and adolescent exposure to nicotine, the primary psychoactive component of tobacco smoke. Given the importance of cortical cholinergic neurotransmission to attentional function, we examined auditory and visual selective and divided attention in 181 male and female adolescent smokers and nonsmokers with and without prenatal exposure to maternal smoking. Groups did not differ in age, educational attainment, symptoms of inattention, or years of parent education. A subset of 63 subjects also underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing an auditory and visual selective and divided attention task. Among females, exposure to tobacco smoke during prenatal or adolescent development was associated with reductions in auditory and visual attention performance accuracy that were greatest in female smokers with prenatal exposure (combined exposure). Among males, combined exposure was associated with marked deficits in auditory attention, suggesting greater vulnerability of neurocircuitry supporting auditory attention to insult stemming from developmental exposure to tobacco smoke in males. Activation of brain regions that support auditory attention was greater in adolescents with prenatal or adolescent exposure to tobacco smoke relative to adolescents with neither prenatal nor adolescent exposure to tobacco smoke. These findings extend earlier preclinical work and suggest that, in humans, prenatal and adolescent exposure to nicotine exerts gender-specific deleterious effects on auditory and visual attention, with concomitant alterations in the efficiency of neurocircuitry supporting auditory attention.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. leslie.jacobsen@yale.edu
authors: Leslie K
authors: LK
authors: Jacobsen
authors: Theodore A
authors: TA
authors: Slotkin
authors: W Einar
authors: WE
authors: Mencl
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Frost
authors: Kenneth R
authors: KR
authors: Pugh
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012907:Smoking / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen