title: Comparison of the local anesthetic effects of chlorpheniramine, midazolam, lidocaine, and normal saline after intradermal injection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Local anesthetic effects of antihistamines are well known, but have been tested more for diphenhydramine than for chlorpheniramine. Midazolam, a benzodiazepine gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor agonist, induces spinally mediated analgesia. However, the local anesthetic effects of chlorpheniramine and midazolain have not been adequately studied. The purpose of this study was to assess the infiltration pain and the local anesthetic effects of intradermial chlorpheniramine and midazolam.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective, double-blind study compared the effects of intradermal chlorpheniramine, midazolam, lidocaine, and saline for pain on injection and degree of local anesthesia in adult volunteers. Each received 0.5 ml of the four solutions as intradermal injections in a standardized manner on the volar side of the forearm. Pain on injection and the degree of local anesthesia (tested by pinprick, light touch, and cold) at each site was evaluated on a 0-3 scale at designated time intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain on injection of chlorpheniramine was more intense than saline (p=0.047) and lidocaine (p<0.001). Midazolam was significantly more painful than lidocaine (p<0.001), but not different from saline (p=0.170). Lidocaine caused a significant reduction in sensation to pinprick, touch, and cold during the study period compared with saline and midazolam. Chlorpheniramine also produced a significant reduction in sensation to pinprick and cold until the 120th minute and in sensation to touch until the 90th minute compared with saline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intradermal chlorpheniraline, but not midazolam, produced a local anesthetic effect; however, the duration of this effect of chlorpheniramine was shorter than that of lidocaine.
authors: Departments of Anesthesiology, GATA Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. orhanme@hotmail.com
authors: Mehmet Emin
authors: ME
authors: Orhan
authors: Uğur
authors: U
authors: Yüksel
authors: Ferruh
authors: F
authors: Bilgin
authors: Ahmet
authors: A
authors: Doğrul
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002744:Chlorpheniramine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002744:Chlorpheniramine; D008012:Lidocaine; D008874:Midazolam