title: Posterior vitrectomy under topical anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the safety and efficacy of topical anesthesia in posterior vitrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 93 patients (93 eyes) with various vitreoretinal diseases not needing scleral buckling and with short predicted duration of surgery underwent posterior vitrectomy under topical (49 eyes) or retrobulbar (44 eyes) anesthesia. Patients in the topical group were sedated with neuroleptic anesthesia. Postoperatively, patients were shown a visual analogue pain scale (VAPS) from 0 (no pain) to 10 (unbearable pain) to rate the levels of pain. The main outcome measures were overall and worst intraoperative pain scores, duration of surgery, and pain score during the administration of the retrobulbar anesthetic agent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean surgical time was 57.9 minutes in the topical group and 56.6 minutes in the retrobulbar group (p > 0.05). The pain scores were not significantly different. Mean overall pain scores were 1.71 (SD 1.04, range 0-5) in the topical group and 1.38 (SD 1.04, range 0-3) in the retrobulbar group (p > 0.05). Mean worst pain scores were 3.20 (SD 1.30, range 1-7) and 2.95 (SD 0.73, range 1-4), respectively (p > 0.05). There was no significant correlation between duration of surgery and overall pain score in either group (r = 0.146, p = 0.356, and r = 0.174, p = 0.385, respectively). No patient required additional injection anesthesia in the topical group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical anesthesia combined with systemic sedation and analgesia in posterior vitrectomy procedures provided sufficient analgesic effects in selected patients needing no scleral buckling and with short predicted surgery time.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Halil
authors: H
authors: Bahçecioglu
authors: Mustafa
authors: M
authors: Unal
authors: Ozgür
authors: O
authors: Artunay
authors: Rifat
authors: R
authors: Rasier
authors: Ahmet
authors: A
authors: Sarici
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009184:Mydriatics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D011318:Prilocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011430:Propoxycaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014821:Vitrectomy; D014823:Vitreous Hemorrhage / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009184:Mydriatics; D011318:Prilocaine; C005717:proxymetacaine; D011430:Propoxycaine; D003975:Diazepam; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine