title: Trends in outpatient prescription drug costs in diabetic patients in Germany, 1994-2004.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  New antidiabetic medications have been introduced during the last decade, but their impact on health care cost is largely unknown. Prescription costs in diabetic patients in primary care in Germany were evaluated (1994-2004).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 46,017 diabetic patients and 46,017 age- and sex-matched control subjects in 400 nationwide practices (2004) were compared with 29,956 diabetic patients and 13,226 control subjects (361 practices) in 1994 (data from IMS HEALTH). Inflation-adjusted age- and sex-standardized costs (ex-manufacturer prices) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean annual total prescription costs per diabetic patient were 559 euros in 2004 (372 euros in 1994), equaling a 60% (standardized) increase (P < 0.01). Average costs for antidiabetic medication were 172 euros in 2004, a 100% increase (P < 0.01). The major antidiabetic cost factor was insulin and analogs, which accounted for 22% of total drug costs in diabetic patients in 2004 (17% in 1994). All oral antidiabetic drugs together accounted for 8% of total costs (6% in 1994). New drugs (glitazones, glinides, and insulins) accounted for 15% of total costs (40% of antidiabetic drugs) in 2004. A 40% increase (387 euros vs. 286) in all non-diabetes-related drugs was due mainly to cardiovascular and lipid-lowering drugs. In nondiabetic patients, only a 30% cost increase was found (210 euros vs. 147; P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prescription drug costs among diabetic patients increased 60% during the last decade, which was twofold higher than the increase in nondiabetic patients. New types of antidiabetic drugs accounted for a substantial cost share of the overproportional increase for diabetes treatment. Progress in pharmacological therapy is a key driver of drug expenditure growth in diabetes treatment.
authors: Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute at the Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany. rathmann@ddz.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Rathmann
authors: Burkhard
authors: B
authors: Haastert
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Icks
authors: Guido
authors: G
authors: Giani
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents