title: The learning curve in pancreatic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreatic operation is technically complex. We hypothesized that a learning curve existed for pancreaticoduodenectomy even for surgeons who had completed their training.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 1990 to 2004, we studied 650 consecutive patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy by 3 surgeons who began their attending careers at 1 center. Operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), length of hospital stay (LOS), and the status of resection margins (for pancreatic adenocarcinoma) were analyzed. The chi(2), independent t test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to evaluate differences in categoric, normally distributed continuous, and non-normally distributed continuous variables, respectively. Using serial groups of 30 cases, median operative time, EBL, and LOS were calculated and the trend over time modeled using third-order polynomial equations. Trends in retroperitoneal margin positivity (R0/R1) were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the first 60 cases per surgeon to the second 60 cases per surgeon, the median EBL dropped (1100 vs 725 mL, P < .001), operative time decreased (589 vs 513 minutes, P < .001), and LOS decreased (15 vs 13 days, P = .004). The proportion of microscopically positive or suspicious margins also decreased from the surgeons' first 60 cases each to the second 60 cases (30% vs 8%, P < .001). Extended analysis of a single surgeon's cases suggested that additional experience provided further incremental improvement (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pancreaticoduodenectomy has an inherent learning curve. After 60 cases, surgeons achieved significantly decreased EBL, operative time, and LOS, and carried out more margin-negative resections. Improvement in measured outcomes continues during the operative career.
authors: Department of Surgery and the UMass Memorial Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass, USA. tsengj@ummhc.org
authors: Jennifer F
authors: JF
authors: Tseng
authors: Peter W T
authors: PW
authors: Pisters
authors: Jeffrey E
authors: JE
authors: Lee
authors: Huamin
authors: H
authors: Wang
authors: Henry F
authors: HF
authors: Gomez
authors: Charlotte C
authors: CC
authors: Sun
authors: Douglas B
authors: DB
authors: Evans
mesh_terms: D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome