title: Recruiting vulnerable populations into research: a systematic review of recruitment interventions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Members of vulnerable populations are underrepresented in research studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and synthesize the evidence regarding interventions to enhance enrollment of vulnerable populations into health research studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE, the Web of Science database, personal sources, hand searching of related journals, and article references. Studies that contained data on recruitment interventions for vulnerable populations (minority, underserved, poor, rural, urban, or inner city) and for which the parent study (study for which recruitment was taking place) was an intervention study were included. A total of 2,648 study titles were screened and 48 articles met inclusion criteria, representing 56 parent studies. Two investigators extracted data from each study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  African Americans were the most frequently targeted population (82% of the studies), while 46% targeted Hispanics/Latinos. Many studies assessed 2 or more interventions, including social marketing (82% of studies), community outreach (80%), health system recruitment (52%), and referrals (28%). The methodologic rigor varied substantially. Only 40 studies (71%) incorporated a control group and 21% used statistical analysis to compare interventions. Social marketing, health system, and referral recruitment were each found to be the most successful intervention about 35-45% of the studies in which they were attempted, while community outreach was the most successful intervention in only 2 of 16 studies (13%) in which it was employed. People contacted as a result of social marketing were no less likely to enroll than people contacted through other mechanisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further work with greater methodologic rigor is needed to identify evidence-based strategies for increasing minority enrollment in research studies; community outreach, as an isolated strategy, may be less successful than other strategies.
authors: Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors: Stacy J
authors: SJ
authors: UyBico
authors: Shani
authors: S
authors: Pavel
authors: Cary P
authors: CP
authors: Gross
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D003159:Community-Institutional Relations; D006801:Humans; D018579:Patient Selection; D035844:Researcher-Subject Relations; D040241:Social Marketing; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D035862:Vulnerable Populations / Q000208:ethnology