title: Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in brain damage and inflammation after experimental stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke is the second to third leading cause of death. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a signaling receptor in innate immunity that is a specific immunologic response to systemic bacterial infection and cerebral injury. The role of TLR4 in brain ischemia has not been examined yet. We have therefore investigated whether cerebral ischemia and inflammation produced by permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery differ in mice that lack a functional TLR4 signaling pathway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery was performed on 2 strains of TLR4-deficient mice (C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScNJ) and respective controls (C3H/HeN and C57BL/10ScSn). Stroke outcome was evaluated by determination of infarct volume and assessment of neurological scores. Brains were collected 24 hours and 7 days after stroke. When compared with control mice, TLR4-deficient mice had lower infarct volumes and better outcomes in neurological and behavioral tests. Mice that lacked TLR4 had minor expression of stroke-induced interferon regulatory factor-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2, mediators implicated in brain damage. The levels of interferon-beta and of the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde were also lower in brains from TLR4-deficient mice than in those from control mice. In addition, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9, which is induced and mediates brain damage, was also reduced in TLR4-deficient mice after experimental stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TLR4-deficient mice have minor infarctions and less inflammatory response after an ischemic insult. These data demonstrate that TLR4 signaling and innate immunity are involved in brain damage and in inflammation triggered by ischemic injury.
authors: Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors: Javier R
authors: JR
authors: Caso
authors: Jesús M
authors: JM
authors: Pradillo
authors: Olivia
authors: O
authors: Hurtado
authors: Pedro
authors: P
authors: Lorenzo
authors: María A
authors: MA
authors: Moro
authors: Ignacio
authors: I
authors: Lizasoain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007372:Interferons / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D013449:Sulfonamides; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C080955:N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007372:Interferons; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D015232:Dinoprostone