title: Detection of HPV-2 and identification of novel mutations by whole genome sequencing from biopsies of two patients with multiple cutaneous horns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human papillomavirus-2 (HPV-2) is generally associated with common warts. The association of cutaneous horns with HPV-2 infection has never been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the papillomavirus (PV) type(s) involved in cutaneous horns and analysis the genomes of these viruses.
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened biopsies from two patients with multiple cutaneous horns using PV type-specific PCR assays, and sequenced the whole genomes of the viruses by a PCR-by-PCR strategy. Sequence comparison with the reference genome and its closely related PVs in the same phylogenetic group was performed to identify sequence variation across the genome(s) of newly detected PV(s).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two strains of HPV-2 were identified from the biopsies of two patients respectively. No double or multiple infections were detected. Novel mutations were found in the HPV-2 genome, located both in the coding and non-coding regions. Amino acid changes occurred only in E1 and E7 ORFs. The two strains also shared several mutations at the same positions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Each patient was infected with a single strain of HPV-2 that developed unique mutations; HPV-2 may play a role in the onset and development of cutaneous horns; amino acid changes in functionally significant viral proteins may confer differential pathogenic risks.
authors: Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, China.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Wang
authors: Chen
authors: C
authors: Wang
authors: Shuqing
authors: S
authors: Xu
authors: Chen
authors: C
authors: Chen
authors: Xiaomei
authors: X
authors: Tong
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Liang
authors: Xiaoping
authors: X
authors: Dong
authors: Yanjun
authors: Y
authors: Lei
authors: Xiaoguang
authors: X
authors: Zheng
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Yu
authors: Jian
authors: J
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D005533:Foot Dermatoses / Q000821:virology; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007642:Keratosis / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment