title: MLH1 -93G>A promoter polymorphism and the risk of microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although up to 30% of patients with colorectal cancer have a positive family history of colorectal neoplasia, few colorectal cancers can be explained by mutations in high-penetrance genes. We investigated whether polymorphisms in DNA mismatch repair genes are associated with the risk of colorectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We genotyped 929 case patients and 1098 control subjects from Ontario and 430 case patients and 275 control subjects from Newfoundland and Labrador for five polymorphisms in the mismatch repair genes MLH1 and MSH2 with the fluorogenic 5' nuclease assay. Tumor microsatellite instability (MSI) was determined with a polymerase chain reaction-based method; MSI status was assigned as high (MSI-H, > or = 30% unstable markers among all markers tested), low (MSI-L, <30% markers unstable), or stable (MSS, no unstable markers). We used unconditional logistic regression to evaluate the association between each polymorphism and colorectal cancer after adjusting for age and sex. The associations between polymorphisms and tumor clinicopathologic features were evaluated with a Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact test. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed strong associations between the MLH1 -93G>A polymorphism and MSI-H tumors among case patients from Ontario (P = .001) and Newfoundland (P = .003). When compared with the control populations, homozygosity for the MLH1 -93G>A variant allele was associated with MSI-H tumors among case patients in Ontario (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 3.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.65 to 6.30) and in Newfoundland (OR = 8.88, 95% CI = 2.33 to 33.9), as was heterozygosity among case patients in Ontario (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.20 to 2.83) and in Newfoundland (OR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.14 to 5.75). Genotype frequencies were similar among case patients with MSS and MSI-L tumors and control subjects, and the majority of homozygous variant carriers had MSS tumors. Among case patients from Ontario, an association between the MLH1 -93G>A polymorphism and a strong family history of colorectal cancer (for Amsterdam criteria I and II, P = .004 and P = .02, respectively) was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In two patient populations, the MLH1 -93G>A polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of MSI-H colorectal cancer.
authors: Department of Pathology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3L9.
authors: Stavroula
authors: S
authors: Raptis
authors: Miralem
authors: M
authors: Mrkonjic
authors: Roger C
authors: RC
authors: Green
authors: Vaijayanti V
authors: VV
authors: Pethe
authors: Neerav
authors: N
authors: Monga
authors: Yuen Man
authors: YM
authors: Chan
authors: Darshana
authors: D
authors: Daftary
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Dicks
authors: Banfield H
authors: BH
authors: Younghusband
authors: Patrick S
authors: PS
authors: Parfrey
authors: Steven S
authors: SS
authors: Gallinger
authors: John R
authors: JR
authors: McLaughlin
authors: Julia A
authors: JA
authors: Knight
authors: Bharati
authors: B
authors: Bapat
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000241:Adenosine; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D003123:Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis / Q000235:genetics; D004260:DNA Repair; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006147:Guanine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053842:Microsatellite Instability; D008875:Middle Aged; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein / Q000235:genetics; D009523:Newfoundland and Labrador; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009864:Ontario; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012107:Research Design; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D006147:Guanine; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein; D000241:Adenosine