title: Effect of tilarginine acetate in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock: the TRIUMPH randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction (MI) remains a common and lethal disorder despite aggressive use of early revascularization. Systemic inflammation, including expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and generation of excess nitric oxide, is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis and inappropriate vasodilatation of persistent cardiogenic shock. Preliminary, single-center studies suggested a beneficial effect of NOS inhibition on hemodynamics, renal function, and survival in patients with cardiogenic shock.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of an isoform-nonselective NOS inhibitor in patients with MI and refractory cardiogenic shock despite establishment of an open infarct artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  International, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Tilarginine Acetate Injection in a Randomized International Study in Unstable MI Patients With Cardiogenic Shock [TRIUMPH]) with planned enrollment of 658 patients at 130 centers. Participants were enrolled between January 2005 and August 2006 when the study was terminated early.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tilarginine (L-N(G)-monomethylarginine [L-NMMA]), 1-mg/kg bolus and 1-mg/kg per hour 5-hour infusion, vs matching placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was 30-day all-cause mortality among patients who received study medication. Secondary outcomes included shock resolution and duration, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class at 30 days, and 6-month mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enrollment was terminated at 398 patients based on a prespecified futility analysis. Six-month follow-up was completed in February 2007. There was no difference in 30-day all-cause mortality between patients who received tilarginine (97/201 [48%]) vs placebo (76/180 [42%]) (risk ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.92-1.41; P = .24). Resolution of shock (133/201 [66%] tilarginine vs 110/180 [61%] placebo; P = .31) and duration of shock (median, 156 [interquartile range, 78-759] hours tilarginine vs 190 [100-759] placebo; P = .16) were similar. At 30 days a similar percentage of patients had heart failure (48% tilarginine vs 51% placebo; P = .51) with a similar percentage of those patients in NYHA class I/II (73% tilarginine vs 75% placebo; P = .27). After 6 months mortality rates were similar in the 2 groups (58% tilarginine vs 59% placebo; hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-1.36; P = .80).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tilarginine, 1-mg/kg bolus and 5-hour infusion, did not reduce mortality rates in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock complicating MI despite an open infarct artery. Early mortality rates in this patient group are high. Further research is needed to develop effective therapies for patients with cardiogenic shock following acute MI.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00112281
authors: Duke University, Durham, NC, USa.
authors: John H
authors: JH
authors: Alexander
authors: Harmony R
authors: HR
authors: Reynolds
authors: Amanda L
authors: AL
authors: Stebbins
authors: Vladimir
authors: V
authors: Dzavik
authors: Robert A
authors: RA
authors: Harrington
authors: Frans
authors: F
authors: Van de Werf
authors: Judith S
authors: JS
authors: Hochman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001120:Arginine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014654:Vascular Patency; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine
chemical_list: D001120:Arginine; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; C092506:N(G)-monomethylarginine acetate; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine