title: Defining the optimal treatment of locally advanced esophageal cancer: a systematic review and decision analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to combine systematic review and decision analytic techniques to determine the optimal treatment strategy for patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic review of all randomized trials of patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer that included one of the following strategies compared with surgery alone: chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery, chemotherapy followed by surgery, or surgery with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Using the estimates of relative risk for mortality and overall quality of life we constructed a decision model. The outcome of interest was expected quality-adjusted life-years (QALY).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The meta-analysis showed for the first year, the relative risk (95% confidence interval) of death for treatments compared with surgery were 0.87 (0.75 to 1.02) for chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery, 0.94 (0.82 to 1.08) for chemotherapy followed by surgery, and 1.33 (0.93 to 1.93) for surgery with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. The QALYs gained for surgery alone, chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery, chemotherapy followed by surgery, and surgery with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy strategies were 2.07, 2.18, 2.14, and 1.99, respectively. If the reduction in utility for multimodality treatment was increased to 21%, the QALYs gained for surgery alone, chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery, chemotherapy followed by surgery, and surgery with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy were 2.07, 2.03, 1.99, and 1.85, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery appears to be associated with the best survival and the largest expected gain in QALYs. However, the improvement in quality-adjusted life expectancy is modest at 40 days, and surgery alone becomes the preferred strategy if the reduction in utility associated with multimodality treatment is increased to 21%.
authors: Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Calgary, Institute of Health Economics, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. andrew.graham@calgaryhealthregion.ca
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Graham
authors: Fiona M
authors: FM
authors: Shrive
authors: William A
authors: WA
authors: Ghali
authors: Braden J
authors: BJ
authors: Manns
authors: Sean C
authors: SC
authors: Grondin
authors: Richard J
authors: RJ
authors: Finley
authors: Joanne
authors: J
authors: Clifton
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010166:Palliative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis