title: Milk in the island of Chole [Tanzania] is high in lauric, myristic, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, and low in linoleic acid reconstructed diet of infants born to our ancestors living in tropical coastal regions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We need information on the diet on which our genes evolved.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied the milk fatty acid [FA] composition of mothers living in the island of Chole [Tanzania, Indian Ocean]. These mothers have high intakes of boiled marine fish and coconut, and consume plenty amount of fruits and vegetables.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcome was compared with three fish-eating tribes living along Tanzanian freshwater lakes [Kerewe, Nyakius, Nyiramba], four tribes living in the Tanzanian inland [Hadzabe, Maasai, Sonjo, Iraqw] and our milk FA database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Milk from Chole contained high levels of 12:0 [20.17 g%], 14:0 [21.19], 12:0/14:0 ratio [0.92 g/g], arachidonic acid [AA, 0.50 g%] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA, 0.73], but low levels of linoleic acid [LA, 4.23]. The combination of a high medium chain fatty acid [MCFA; <C16] content and 12:0/14:0 ratio derives notably from coconut consumption, as opposed to a carbohydrate rich diet, while non-existent use of vegetable oils explains low LA. Milk AA/DHA ratios of the four fish-eating groups were related to the AA/DHA ratios of the available fish. Chole MCFA and LA did not fulfill Western recommendations for formulae, while AA and DHA were well above minimum levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Chole milk FA composition is likely to reflect the dietary FA composition of babies born to our ancient ancestors living in East-African coastal regions. The poor compliance with present recommendations raises doubts on the validity of recommendations that are based on milk from Western mothers consuming diets that confer high risk of diseases typical for affluent countries.
authors: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. f.a.j.muskiet@lc.umcg.nl
authors: Remko S
authors: RS
authors: Kuipers
authors: Ella N
authors: EN
authors: Smit
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: van der Meulen
authors: D A
authors: DA
authors: Janneke Dijck-Brouwer
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Rudy Boersma
authors: Frits A J
authors: FA
authors: Muskiet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003059:Cocos; D004032:Diet; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007850:Lauric Acids / Q000032:analysis; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D019814:Myristic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D013636:Tanzania
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D007850:Lauric Acids; D019814:Myristic Acid; C030358:lauric acid; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D019787:Linoleic Acid