title: Tissue-sparing effect of x-ray microplanar beams particularly in the CNS: is a bystander effect involved?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Normal tissues, including the central nervous system, tolerate single exposures to narrow planes of synchrotron-generated x-rays (microplanar beams; microbeams) up to several hundred Gy. The repairs apparently involve the microvasculature and the glial system. We evaluate a hypothesis on the involvement of bystander effects in these repairs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confluent cultures of bovine aortic endothelial cells were irradiated with three parallel 27-microm microbeams at 24 Gy. Rats' spinal cords were transaxially irradiated with a single microplanar beam, 270 microm thick, at 750 Gy; the dose distribution in tissue was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within 6 hours following irradiation of the cell culture the hit cells died, apparently by apoptosis, were lost, and the confluency was maintained. The spinal cord study revealed a loss of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and myelin in 2 weeks, but by 3 months repopulation and remyelination was nearly complete. Monte Carlo simulations showed that the microbeam dose fell from the peak's 80% to 20% in 9 microm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In both studies the repair processes could have involved "beneficial" bystander effects leading to tissue restoration, most likely through the release of growth factors, such as cytokines, and the initiation of cell-signaling cascades. In cell culture these events could have promoted fast disappearance of the hit cells and fast structural response of the surviving neighboring cells, while in the spinal cord study similar events could have been promoting angiogenesis to replace damaged capillary blood vessels, and proliferation, migration, and differentiation of the progenitor glial cells to produce new, mature, and functional glial cells.
authors: Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA. dilmanian@bnl.gov
authors: F Avraham
authors: FA
authors: Dilmanian
authors: Yun
authors: Y
authors: Qu
authors: Ludwig E
authors: LE
authors: Feinendegen
authors: Louis A
authors: LA
authors: Peña
authors: Tigran
authors: T
authors: Bacarian
authors: Fritz A
authors: FA
authors: Henn
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Kalef-Ezra
authors: Su
authors: S
authors: Liu
authors: Zhong
authors: Z
authors: Zhong
authors: John W
authors: JW
authors: McDonald
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D024201:Bystander Effect / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009186:Myelin Sheath / Q000378:metabolism; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000528:radiation effects*; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012038:Regeneration / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014965:X-Rays