title: Mutations in FOXC2 are strongly associated with primary valve failure in veins of the lower limb.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mutations in the FOXC2 gene cause lymphedema distichiasis, an inherited primary lymphedema in which a significant number of patients have varicose veins. Because lymphedema distichiasis is believed to be caused by lymphatic valve failure (reflux), and FOXC2 is highly expressed on venous valves in mouse embryos, we tested the hypothesis that FOXC2 mutations may be linked to venous valve failure and reflux.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The venous system of the leg was investigated with Duplex ultrasound. Pathological reflux was recorded by color Duplex ultrasound in all 18 participants with a FOXC2 mutation, including 3 without lymphedema. Every participant with a mutation in FOXC2 showed reflux in the great saphenous vein (n=18), compared with only 1 of 12 referents (including 10 family members; P<0.0001, Fisher exact test). Deep vein reflux was recorded in 14 of 18 participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FOXC2 is the first gene in which mutations have been strongly associated with primary venous valve failure in both the superficial and deep veins in the lower limb. This gene appears to be important for the normal development and maintenance of venous and lymphatic valves.
authors: Cardiac & Vascular Sciences, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
authors: Russell H
authors: RH
authors: Mellor
authors: Glen
authors: G
authors: Brice
authors: Anthony W B
authors: AW
authors: Stanton
authors: Jane
authors: J
authors: French
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Smith
authors: Steve
authors: S
authors: Jeffery
authors: J Rodney
authors: JR
authors: Levick
authors: Kevin G
authors: KG
authors: Burnand
authors: Peter S
authors: PS
authors: Mortimer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002885:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16 / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D044148:Lymphatic Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014680:Veins / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C082078:mesenchyme fork head 1 protein