title: The usefulness of the spontaneously hypertensive rat to model attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be explained by the differential expression of dopamine-related genes in the brain.
abstract: Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are considered to represent a genetic animal model for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In the present studies, we compared the locomotor activity, learning and memory functions of juvenile male SHR, with age- and gender-matched genetic control Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). In addition, we investigated potential differences in brain morphology by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In other complimentary studies of the central nervous system, we used real-time PCR to examine the levels of several dopaminergic-related genes, including those coding for the five major subtypes of dopamine receptor (D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5), those coding for enzymes responsible for synthesizing tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and those coding for the dopamine transporter. Our data revealed that SHR were more active than WKY in the open field (OF) test. Also, SHR appeared less attentive, exhibiting inhibition deficit, but in the absence of memory deficits relative to spatial learning. The MRI studies revealed that SHR had a significantly smaller vermis cerebelli and caudate-putamen (CPu), and there was also a significantly lower level of dopamine D4 receptor gene expression and protein synthesis in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of SHR. However, there were no significant differences between the expression of other dopaminergic-related genes in the midbrain, prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex, striatum, or amygdala of SHR and WKY. The data are similar to the situation seen in ADHD patients, relative to normal volunteers, and it is possible that the hypo-dopaminergic state involves a down regulation of dopamine D4 receptors, rather than a general down-regulation of catecholamine synthesis. In conclusion, the molecular and behavioural data that we obtained provide new information that may be relevant to understanding ADHD in man.
authors: Department of Anatomy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
authors: Qi
authors: Q
authors: Li
authors: Gang
authors: G
authors: Lu
authors: G E
authors: GE
authors: Antonio
authors: Y T
authors: YT
authors: Mak
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Rudd
authors: Ming
authors: M
authors: Fan
authors: David T
authors: DT
authors: Yew
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D003463:Cues; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine