title: Effects of inner ear trauma on the risk of pneumococcal meningitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the risk of pneumococcal meningitis in healthy rats that received a severe surgical trauma to the modiolus and osseous spiral lamina or the standard insertion technique for acute cochlear implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interventional animal studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four otologically normal adult Hooded-Wistar rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four rats (18 of which received a cochleostomy alone; 18, a cochleostomy and acute cochlear implantation using standard surgical techniques; and 18, a cochleostomy followed by severe inner ear trauma) were infected 4 weeks after surgery with Streptococcus pneumoniae via 3 different routes (hematogenous, middle ear, and inner ear) to represent all potential routes of bacterial infection from the upper respiratory tract to the meninges in cochlear implant recipients with meningitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Severe trauma to the osseous spiral lamina and modiolus increased the risk of pneumococcal meningitis when the bacteria were given via the middle or inner ear (Fisher exact test, P<.05). However, the risk of meningitis did not change when the bacteria were given via the hematogenous route. Acute electrode insertion did not alter the risk of subsequent pneumococcal meningitis for any route of infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe inner ear surgical trauma to the osseous spiral lamina and modiolus can increase the risk of pneumococcal meningitis. Therefore, every effort should be made to ensure that cochlear implant design and insertion technique cause minimal trauma to the bony structures of the inner ear to reduce the risk of pneumococcal meningitis.
authors: Bionic Ear Institute and Departments of Otolaryngology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. bwei@bioniocear.org
authors: Benjamin P C
authors: BP
authors: Wei
authors: Robert K
authors: RK
authors: Shepherd
authors: Roy M
authors: RM
authors: Robins-Browne
authors: Graeme M
authors: GM
authors: Clark
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: O'Leary
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003054:Cochlear Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D008586:Meningitis, Pneumococcal / Q000209:etiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012307:Risk Factors; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae