title: Quantification of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis on the hands of health-care workers using a real-time polymerase chain reaction method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to test a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay intended as a tool for monitoring hand hygiene in hospital wards.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hands of 20 health-care workers were sampled for 10 days using real-time PCR for quantification of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis. Reference intervals (CI) and biological variation were evaluated using index of individuality (II) and critical difference (CD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  45% of the participants were positive for S. aureus on all 10 days. Intra-individual biological variation (CVI) was 129% for S. aureus and 62% for S. epidermidis. Inter-individual biological variation (CVG) was 245% for S. aureus and 107% for S. epidermidis. II was 0.55 for S. aureus and 0.71 for S. epidermidis, indicating a high degree of individuality and limited use of the reference values. A significant individual change was determined at 374% for S. aureus and 211% for S. epidermidis. In an intervention study aimed at better hand hygiene in a ward with n participants, the difference before and after intervention is significant at CDI/sqrt[n] per cent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PCR assay can be used to detect change in a group mean of S. aureus and S. epidermidis in a hospital ward, i.e. before and after an intervention to improve hand hygiene. For the individual, the change in bacteria levels needed for significance is compromised by high intra-individual variation.
authors: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark. pebeho@vs.vejleamt.dk
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Horn
authors: P Øland
authors: PØ
authors: Schouenborg
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Brandslund
mesh_terms: D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D006225:Hand / Q000382:microbiology*; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D017757:Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient; D012016:Reference Values; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial