title: Development and calcium level changes in pre-implantation porcine nuclear transfer embryos activated with 6-DMAP after fusion.
abstract: This study investigated the effect of treatment with 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) following fusion on in vitro development of porcine nuclear transfer (NT) embryos. Frozen thawed ear skin cells were transferred into the perivitelline space of enucleated oocytes. Reconstructed oocytes were fused and activated with electric pulse in 0.3 M mannitol supplemented with either 0.1 or 1.0 mM CaCl(2). In each calcium concentration, activated oocytes were divided into three groups. Two groups of them were exposed to either ionomycin (I + 6-DMAP or 6-DMAP alone. In experiment 2, fused NT embryos in 0.3 M mannitol containing 1.0 mM CaCl(2) were exposed to 6-DMAP either immediately or 20 min after fusion/activation. For 0.1 mM CaCl(2), oocytes activated with either I + 6-DMAP or 6-DMAP alone showed a higher (P < 0.05) developmental rate to the blastocyst stage than those activated with an electric pulse alone (26.7 and 22.5 vs. 12.5%). For 1.0 mM CaCl(2), oocytes activated with either I + 6-DMAP or 6-DMAP alone showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) developmental rate to the blastocyst stage (35.6 and 28.3 vs. 19.8%). Developmental rate to the blastocyst stage was (P < 0.05) increased in NT embryos activated with 6-DMAP 20 min after fusion. 6-DMAP made a higher and wider Ca(2+) transient compared to that induced by electric pulses (Fig. 3). The fluctuation lasted during the time that oocytes were cultured in 6-DMAP. Regardless of Ca(2+) concentration in fusion medium, activation with 6-DMAP following electric pulses supported more development of porcine NT embryos. Activation of NT embryos with 6-DMAP after fusion in the presence of 1.0 mM CaCl(2) could support better developmental rate to the blastocyst stage.
authors: Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
authors: Gi-Sun
authors: GS
authors: Im
authors: Melissa
authors: M
authors: Samuel
authors: Liangxue
authors: L
authors: Lai
authors: Yanhong
authors: Y
authors: Hao
authors: Randall S
authors: RS
authors: Prather
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis*; D002459:Cell Fusion; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D053652:Nuclear Transfer Techniques; D009865:Oocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: C001020:N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenine; D000225:Adenine; D002118:Calcium