title: Audit of epidural analgesia in children undergoing thoracotomy for decortication of empyema.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uncertainty remains over the risk of epidural space infection after neuraxial blockade in the presence of systemic sepsis. For many years, we have provided epidural analgesia to children undergoing thoracotomy for the decortication of parapneumonic empyemas. Following recent publications asserting that epidural analgesia is absolutely contraindicated in this situation, we audited our management. The purpose of this audit was to document the effectiveness and the incidence of complications after epidural insertion in children with active sepsis from empyemas.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective single-centre audit over a 10-yr period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six epidurals were performed in children with empyema, and three children were treated with systemic opioids. We found no infective complications of the epidural space or insertion sites. The epidurals provided excellent analgesia. The incidence of moderate-severe pain was 18%, and 2% for severe pain in the first 24 h after surgery. Minor complications of epidural analgesia were uncommon. Two children receiving systemic opioids for pain relief suffered respiratory complications, one of which resulted in a prolonged admission to the intensive care unit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidural analgesia provides excellent pain relief after thoracotomy in children with empyema, with a low complication rate. Until evidence to the contrary emerges, it remains our technique of choice for thoracotomy, even in the presence of empyema.
authors: Department of Anaesthesia, Leeds General Infirmary, UK. alwynkotze@doctors.net.uk
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Kotzé
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Hinton
authors: D C G
authors: DC
authors: Crabbe
authors: B J
authors: BJ
authors: Carrigan
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000075202:Contraindications; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000209:etiology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000209:etiology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications; D013908:Thoracotomy
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid