title: Unique autonomic profile of the pulmonary veins and posterior left atrium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the electrophysiologic profile of the pulmonary veins (PVs) and left atrium (LA) in response to autonomic manipulation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The parasympathetic innervation of the PVs and posterior left atrium (PLA) is thought to contribute to focal atrial fibrillation (AF). We hypothesized that autonomic effects would be more prominent in these regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 14 dogs, epicardial mapping was performed in the PVs, PLA, and left atrial appendage (LAA) under the following conditions: baseline, 20-Hz cervical vagal stimulation (VS), propranolol (P), P + VS, and P + atropine. Effective refractory periods (ERPs) were measured, and conduction vectors were computed at multiple sites. Western blotting and immunostaining were performed for IKAch (Kir3.1/3.4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The VS and P + VS caused more ERP shortening in the PV and PLA than in the LAA. The P + atropine caused greatest ERP prolongation in the LAA. Cumulative ERP change (ERP difference between P + VS and P + atropine) was greatest in the LAA and corresponded with expression of Kir3.1/3.4 (LAA > PLA > or = PV). The ERP change in response to vagal manipulation was most heterogeneous in the PLA; this corresponded with a pronounced heterogeneity of Kir3.1 distribution in the PLA. With VS and/or P, there was evidence of regional conduction delay in the PVs with a significant change in activation direction. Similar activation changes were not seen in the PLA and LAA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PVs and PLA demonstrate unique activation and repolarization characteristics in response to autonomic manipulation. The heterogeneity of vagal responses correlates with the pattern of IKAch distribution in the LA. The peculiar autonomic characteristics of the PVs and PLA might create substrate for re-entry and AF.
authors: Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors: Rishi
authors: R
authors: Arora
authors: Jason
authors: J
authors: Ng
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Ulphani
authors: Ilias
authors: I
authors: Mylonas
authors: Haris
authors: H
authors: Subacius
authors: Greg
authors: G
authors: Shade
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Gordon
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Morris
authors: Xiang
authors: X
authors: He
authors: Yi
authors: Y
authors: Lu
authors: Rashad
authors: R
authors: Belin
authors: Jeffrey J
authors: JJ
authors: Goldberger
authors: Alan H
authors: AH
authors: Kadish
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016279:Atrial Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D004285:Dogs; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000502:physiology*; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology