title: The risk of prostate cancer amongst black men in the United Kingdom: the PROCESS cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is known that African American men have a greater risk of prostate cancer than white men. We investigated whether this was true for first-generation black Caribbean and black African men in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  A clinical cohort study design recruiting all cases of prostate cancer diagnosed over a 5-yr period and residing in defined areas of London and Bristol. We calculated the age-standardised incidence rates and relative risk for all black men, and black Caribbean and black African men versus white men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Black men had higher age-adjusted rates of prostate cancer (166 per 100,000, 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 151-180 per 100,000) than white men (56.4 per 100,000, 95%CI, 53.3-59.5 per 100,000). The relative risks for all black, black Caribbean, and black African men were 3.09 (95%CI, 2.79-3.43; p<0.0001), 3.19 (95%CI, 2.85-3.56; p<0.0001) and 2.87 (95%CI, 2.34-3.53; p<0.0001), respectively. There was no strong evidence that the rates for black Caribbean differed from black African men. The higher risk in black men compared with white men was more apparent in younger age groups (p value for interaction<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Black men in the United Kingdom have substantially greater risk of developing prostate cancer compared with white men, although this risk is lower than that of black men in the United States. The similar rates in black Caribbean and black African men suggest a common genetic aetiology, although migration may be associated with an increased risk attributable to a gene-environment interaction.
authors: Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, and Department of Urology, United Bristol Healthcare Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK. y.ben-shlomo@bristol.ac.uk
authors: Yoav
authors: Y
authors: Ben-Shlomo
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Evans
authors: Fowzia
authors: F
authors: Ibrahim
authors: Biral
authors: B
authors: Patel
authors: Ken
authors: K
authors: Anson
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Chinegwundoh
authors: Cathy
authors: C
authors: Corbishley
authors: Danny
authors: D
authors: Dorling
authors: Bethan
authors: B
authors: Thomas
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Gillatt
authors: Roger
authors: R
authors: Kirby
authors: Gordon
authors: G
authors: Muir
authors: Vinod
authors: V
authors: Nargund
authors: Rick
authors: R
authors: Popert
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Metcalfe
authors: Raj
authors: R
authors: Persad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D001741:Black or African American