title: Ten-year risk of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal Chinese women according to clinical risk factors and BMD T-scores: a prospective study.
abstract: Independent risk factors for osteoporotic fracture were identified for a Southern Chinese postmenopausal population. Clinical risk factor assessment with or without BMD measurement was shown to be an effective predictor of 10-yr risk of osteoporotic fracture and provides a more accessible tool for patient evaluation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Asian-specific data on risk factors for osteoporosis remain sparse. However, risk factor assessment, in addition to BMD measurement, is increasingly recognized as a reliable predictor of absolute osteoporotic fracture risk. The purpose of this prospective study was to determine the specific independent risk factors for osteoporotic fracture and to predict the 10-yr risk of osteoporotic fracture in the postmenopausal Southern Chinese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1435 community-dwelling, postmenopausal, treatment-naive women were recruited. Baseline demographic characteristics and clinical risk factors were obtained, and BMD at the spine and hip was measured. Subjects were followed for outcomes of incident low trauma fracture. Ten-year risk of osteoporotic fracture was predicted from the risk factor assessment and BMD measurement by Cox proportional hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of subjects was 63.4 +/- 8.3 yr. After 5.0 +/- 2.3 yr (range, 1.0-11.0 yr) of follow-up, 80 nontraumatic new fractures were reported during follow-up. Eight independent clinical risk factors identified at baseline were found to be significant predictors of osteoporotic fracture, with the most important being use of walking aids (RR, 4.2; 95% CI, 2.7-6.7; p < 0.001) and a history of fall (RR, 4.0; 95% CI, 2.5-6.2; p < 0.001). Other predictive factors included being homebound, calcium intake < 400 mg/d, age > 65 yr, history of fracture, and BMI < 19 kg/cm(2). Subjects with three to eight clinical risk factors had a predicted 10-year risk of osteoporotic fracture of 25%, which increased to 30% if they also had total hip BMD T-score <or= -2.5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical risk factor assessment, with or without BMD measurement, is a reliable predictor of 10-year risk of osteoporotic fracture and may be particularly useful in regions or primary care clinics without access to bone densitometry equipment.
authors: Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China. awckung@hkucc.hku.edu
authors: Annie W C
authors: AW
authors: Kung
authors: Ka-Kui
authors: KK
authors: Lee
authors: Andrew Yy
authors: AY
authors: Ho
authors: Grace
authors: G
authors: Tang
authors: Keith Dk
authors: KD
authors: Luk
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors