title: Local anesthetic reduces pain associated with transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether local anesthetic decreases the pain associated with transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed of randomized clinical trials of periprostatic local anesthetic for prostate biopsy. The primary outcome was pain as determined by the visual analog scale. The standardized mean differences between groups were estimated using the DerSimonian and Laird random effects models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen trials with a total of 994 patients met the inclusion criteria for this study. Pooled data analysis demonstrated significantly decreased pain with the use of local anesthetic. The standardized mean difference in the pain score comparing local anesthetic to placebo or nothing was -1.05 (95% confidence interval -1.40 to -0.71, P <0.001). Begg's test (P = 0.34) and Egger's test (P = 0.50) showed no evidence of significant publication bias. Sensitivity analysis showed only slight changes in the effect estimate with sequential omission of each trial or with repetition of the analysis with subgroups of trials based on likely sources of heterogeneity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our analysis have shown that compared with no anesthetic, periprostatic local anesthetic significantly decreases the pain associated with transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsy.
authors: Division of Urology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California 92103-8897, USA.
authors: Lori
authors: L
authors: Hergan
authors: Carol
authors: C
authors: Kashefi
authors: J Kellogg
authors: JK
authors: Parsons
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014463:Ultrasonography; D036761:Ultrasound, High-Intensity Focused, Transrectal
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine