title: Feasibility of laparoscopic renal cooling with near-freezing saline irrigation delivered with a standard irrigator aspirator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the feasibility of laparoscopic renal cooling with near-freezing saline irrigation in the porcine model delivered using readily available operating room equipment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five pigs underwent laparoscopic renal surgery with temperature sensors placed in the medulla and upper, middle, and lower pole renal cortex. After complete occlusion of the renal artery and vein, near-freezing saline was delivered with a standard irrigator/aspirator onto the renal surface. The run-off was simultaneously suctioned as it pooled in the hilum with a second aspirator. The kidney and body temperatures were monitored throughout the 1-hour ischemic period and for 10 minutes after unclamping the hilum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continuous irrigation of the kidney with near-freezing saline in the first pig resulted in hypothermic renal (13.8 degrees C) and core body (33.1 degrees C) temperatures. For the subsequent four pigs, irrigation was limited to the first 5 minutes of ischemia to achieve renal cortical and medullary temperatures of less than 20.0 degrees C within 6 and 8 minutes of ischemia, respectively. Subsequently, the kidney was irrigated for 1 minute every 12 to 14 minutes to maintain renal temperatures of less than 20.0 degrees C. The core body temperatures decreased from a mean baseline of 37.0 degrees to 35.4 degrees C using the intermittent irrigation technique. Our early clinical experience with near-freezing saline intermittent irrigation during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with 10 patients showed stable core body temperature and serum creatinine with a mean ischemic time of 48 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using standard, readily available laparoscopic irrigator/aspirators, renal cooling during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with near-freezing saline creates acceptable renal tissue temperatures for preservation of renal function.
authors: Department of Urology, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas 78236, USA. kyle.weld@lackland.af.mil
authors: Kyle J
authors: KJ
authors: Weld
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Koziol
authors: Claudio
authors: C
authors: Montiglio
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Sorenson
authors: R Duane
authors: RD
authors: Cespedes
authors: Jay T
authors: JT
authors: Bishoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013552:Swine; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride; D003404:Creatinine