title: The effects of different types of investments on the alpha-case layer of titanium castings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different types of investments affect the formation of the alpha-case (alpha-case) layer on titanium castings. This alpha-case layer may possibly alter the mechanical properties of cast titanium, which may influence the fabrication of removable and fixed prostheses. The formation mechanism for the alpha-case layer is not clear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3 types of investments on the microstructure, composition, and microhardness of the alpha-case layer on titanium castings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen wax columns with a diameter of 5 mm and a length of 40 mm were divided into 3 groups of 5 patterns each. Patterns were invested using 3 types of investment materials, respectively, and were cast in pure titanium. The 3 types of materials tested were SiO(2)-, Al(2)O(3)-, and MgO-based investments. All specimens were sectioned and prepared for metallographic observation. The microstructure and composition of the surface reaction layer of titanium castings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The surface microhardness (VHN) for all specimens was measured using a hardness testing machine, and a mean value for each group was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The alpha-case layer on titanium castings invested with SiO(2)-, Al(2)O(3)-, and MgO-based investments consisted of 3 layers-namely, the oxide layer, alloy layer, and hardening layer. In this study, the oxide layer and alloy layer were called the reaction layer. The thickness of the reaction layer for titanium castings using SiO(2)-, Al(2)O(3)-, and MgO-based investments was approximately 80 microm, 50 microm, and 14 microm, respectively. The surface microhardness of titanium castings made with SiO(2)-based investments was the highest, and that with MgO-based investments was the lowest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The type of investment affects the microstructure and microhardness of the alpha-case layer of titanium castings. Based on the thickness of the surface reaction layer and the surface microhardness of titanium castings, MgO-based investment materials may be the best choice for casting these materials.
authors: Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Guilin
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Nan
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Yousheng
authors: Wang
authors: W
authors: Yining
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000032:analysis; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D003734:Dental Casting Investment; D003735:Dental Casting Technique; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D006244:Hardness; D008277:Magnesium Oxide; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010087:Oxides / Q000032:analysis; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D003734:Dental Casting Investment; D010087:Oxides; D008277:Magnesium Oxide; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide