title: Orange juice or fructose intake does not induce oxidative and inflammatory response.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have previously shown that 300 kcal from glucose intake induces a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding in the circulating mononuclear cells in healthy normal subjects. We hypothesized that the intake of 300 calories as orange juice or fructose, the other major carbohydrate in orange juice, would induce a significantly smaller response than that of glucose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups (eight subjects each) of normal-weight subjects were given a 300-cal drink of glucose (75 g), fructose (75 g), or orange juice or water sweetened with saccharin (control group) to drink, and then blood samples were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant increase in ROS generation by mononuclear cells (by 130 +/- 18%, P < 0.001), polymorph nuclear cells (by 95 +/- 22%, P < 0.01), and in NF-kappaB binding in mononuclear cells by 82 +/- 16% (P < 0.01) over the baseline after 2 h of glucose intake. These changes were absent following fructose, orange juice, or water intake. There was significantly lower ROS generation and NF-kappaB binding following orange juice, fructose, and water compared with glucose (P < 0.001 for all). Furthermore, incubation of mononuclear cells in vitro with 50 mmol/l of the flavonoids hesperetin or naringenin reduced ROS generation by 52 +/- 7% and 77 +/- 8% (P < 0.01), respectively, while fructose or ascorbic acid did not cause any change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caloric intake in the form of orange juice or fructose does not induce either oxidative or inflammatory stress, possibly due to its flavonoids content and might, therefore, represent a potentially safe energy source.
authors: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York 14209, USA.
authors: Husam
authors: H
authors: Ghanim
authors: Priya
authors: P
authors: Mohanty
authors: Ram
authors: R
authors: Pathak
authors: Ajay
authors: A
authors: Chaudhuri
authors: Chang Ling
authors: CL
authors: Sia
authors: Paresh
authors: P
authors: Dandona
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002957:Citrus; D005632:Fructose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000097:blood; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012439:Saccharin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D005632:Fructose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D012439:Saccharin; D005947:Glucose