title: Sexual function and gonadal hormones in patients taking antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine rates of sexual dysfunction and hypogonadism and establish the relationship between gonadal hormone levels and sexual function in patients taking antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 103 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (mean age = 46.2 (SD = 12.9) years; 51.5% male) from October 2003 through March 2005. Sexual function was assessed using the Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (SFQ) and compared with (1) normal controls (N = 62; mean age = 36.1 (SD = 9.6) years; 55% male) recruited from primary care attendees and (2) sexually dysfunctional controls recruited from a local sexual dysfunction clinic (N = 57; mean age = 39.1 (SD = 10.7) years; 79% male). Prolactin, sex hormone-binding globulin, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone levels; psychopathology; and side effects were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (SD) total SFQ scores were significantly greater in patients (women = 9.9 [5.3]; men = 7.8 [4.9]) compared with normal controls (women = 4.1 [2.9]; men = 4.09 [2.95]), and similar to the scores of sexual dysfunction clinic attendees (women = 7.2 [2.9]; men = 9.9 [4.5]). The odds ratios of patients having sexual dysfunction compared with normal controls were 15.2 for women and 3.7 for men. Hypogonadism was common (in premenopausal women, 79% showed hypoestrogenism and 92% showed low progesterone levels, and 28% of men showed hypotestosteronism). There was no association between total SFQ scores and prolactin or gonadal hormone levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients receiving treatment for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder show high rates of sexual dysfunction and hypogonadism. Sexual functioning was not related to prolactin or gonadal hormone levels.
authors: Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, UK. O.Howes@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors: Oliver D
authors: OD
authors: Howes
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Wheeler
authors: Lyn S
authors: LS
authors: Pilowsky
authors: Sabine
authors: S
authors: Landau
authors: Robin M
authors: RM
authors: Murray
authors: Shubulade
authors: S
authors: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones