Impact of depression and its treatment on the bones of growing children.
Depression in adults has been linked to reduced bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporosis, and increased incidence of fractures. Physiologic factors, such as hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and increased circulation of inflammatory cytokines, may adversely impact bone metabolism. In addition, behavioral factors, such as reduced physical activity and altered dietary intake (especially of bone-related nutrients such as calcium and vitamin D), may be implicated. Antidepressant medications also may have an impact on BMD. Childhood and adolescence may be times of particular vulnerability to the adverse effects of depression due to the rapid bone mineral accrual that occurs during periods of growth. This article will review potential contributing factors and resulting consequences of depression on BMD in these populations and also explore areas of needed research.
Weller
Elizabeth B
EB
Department of Psychiatry, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Weller
Ronald A
RA
Kloos
Angelica L
AL
Hitchcock
Stacie
S
Kim
Woo J
WJ
Zemel
Babette
B
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001846:Bone Development / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D012307:Risk Factors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors