title: Direct evidence for imidazoline (I1) receptor modulation of ethanol action on norepinephrine-containing neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enhancement of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) presympathetic (norepinephrine, NE) neuronal activity represents a neurochemical mechanism for the pressor effect of ethanol. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that ethanol action on RVLM presympathetic neurons is selectively influenced by the signaling of the local imidazoline (I1) receptor. To support a neuroanatomical and an I1-signaling selectivity of ethanol, and to circumvent the confounding effects of anesthesia, the dose-related neurochemical and blood pressure effects of ethanol were investigated in the presence of selective pharmacological interventions that cause reduction in the activity of RVLM or nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) NE neurons via local activation of the I1 or the alpha2-adrenergic receptor in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local activation of the I1 receptor by rilmenidine (40 nmol) or by the I1/alpha2 receptor mixed agonist clonidine (1 nmol), and local activation of the alpha2-adrenergic receptor (alpha2AR) by the pure alpha2AR agonist alpha-methylnorepinephrine (alpha-MNE, 10 nmol) caused reductions in RVLM NE, and blood pressure. Intra-RVLM ethanol (1, 5, or 10 microg), microinjected at the nadir of the neurochemical and hypotensive responses, elicited dose-dependent increments in RVLM NE and blood pressure in the presence of local I1--but not alpha2-receptor activation. Only intra-NTS alpha-MNE, but not rilmenidine or clonidine, elicited reductions in local NE and blood pressure; ethanol failed to elicit any neurochemical or blood pressure responses in the presence of local activation of the alpha2AR within the NTS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the neuroanatomical selectivity of ethanol, and support the hypothesis that the neurochemical (RVLM NE), and the subsequent cardiovascular, effects of ethanol are selectively modulated by I1 receptor signaling in the RVLM.
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA.
authors: Guichu
authors: G
authors: Li
authors: Abdel A
authors: AA
authors: Abdel-Rahman
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004563:Electrochemistry; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D054755:Imidazoline Receptors; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008845:Microinjections; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008771:Nordefrin / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000187:drug effects; D011955:Receptors, Drug / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000502:physiology*; D000077769:Rilmenidine
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D054755:Imidazoline Receptors; D010080:Oxazoles; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; D011955:Receptors, Drug; C410887:imidazoline I1 receptors; D000431:Ethanol; D003000:Clonidine; D000077769:Rilmenidine; D008771:Nordefrin; D009638:Norepinephrine