Norman-Roberts syndrome: characterization of the phenotype in early fetal life.
OBJECTIVE
Our purpose is to describe the prenatal manifestation of Norman-Roberts syndrome and to expand the knowledge of the fetal phenotype of this rare condition. The recurrence in two sibs might contribute to the hypothesis of a recessive condition.


METHODS
Three cases are presented in which the diagnosis was suggested by a prenatal ultrasound examination and confirmed by pathology of the fetuses, after termination of pregnancy. The major sign was the ultrasound detection of microcephaly at the 22nd and 23rd week of gestation. Fetal Magnetic Nuclear Resonance, the pathological examination with histological studies, was applied to arrive at the diagnosis of Norman-Roberts syndrome.


CONCLUSIONS
To the best of our knowledge, this is the second description of prenatal cases of Norman-Roberts syndrome. The combined clinical and pathological data is a contribution that might help to increase the identification of this rare condition and to correctly define the risk of its recurrence.
Natacci
Federica
F
Medical Genetics Unit, Dipartimento dell'Area Salute della Donna, del Bambino e del Neonato, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milano, Italy.
Bedeschi
Maria Francesca
MF
Righini
Andrea
A
Inverardi
Francesca
F
Rizzuti
Tommaso
T
Boschetto
Chiara
C
Triulzi
Fabio
F
Spreafico
Roberto
R
Frassoni
Carolina
C
Lalatta
Faustina
F
D000028:Abortion, Induced; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology*; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008831:Microcephaly / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology*; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal