title: Employment status and use of respiratory protection among metalworkers, solderers and welders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reported associations of self-employment with occupational injury and cerebrovascular disease suggest that worker safety and health precautions may vary by occupational status. The authors assessed the extent to which use of respiratory protection and ventilation equipment is associated with self-employed versus employee status among adults in an international study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The European Community Respiratory Health Survey II (ECRHS II) is a follow-up study conducted in a population-based random sample of adult ECRHS I participants. Men and women enrolled in the ECRHS II completed interviewer-administered questionnaires to provide information about their occupational status and job history during the 9-year ECRHS follow-up period. Respondents in selected occupational groups completed supplemental questionnaires about their jobs and use of respiratory protection and ventilation equipment on-the-job. The authors assessed self-reported use of respiratory and ventilation equipment among 72 self-employed and 371 employed adults in metalworking, soldering and welding occupations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local exhaust ventilation (fixed extraction: OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.80; mobile extraction: OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.60; on-tool extraction: OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.88) was reported less frequently among self-employed respondents than among employed respondents. The magnitude of the negative association between self-employment status and any of the three types of local exhaust ventilation was not attenuated by adjustment for duration of work per day or week or asthma and/or wheezing symptoms. Respiratory protection was not associated with employment status in these data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More limited use of local exhaust ventilation among self-employed workers compared to employees suggests the need to promote occupational safety among self-employed workers.
authors: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Municipal Institute of Medical Research, Barcelona, Spain. mmirabelli@imim.es
authors: Maria C
authors: MC
authors: Mirabelli
authors: Jan-Paul
authors: JP
authors: Zock
authors: Estel
authors: E
authors: Plana
authors: Geza
authors: G
authors: Benke
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Kromhout
authors: Dan
authors: D
authors: Norbäck
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Olivieri
authors: Katja
authors: K
authors: Radon
authors: Simona
authors: S
authors: Villani
authors: Manolis
authors: M
authors: Kogevinas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012134:Respiratory Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017751:Safety Management; D014691:Ventilation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data