title: Smooth ocular pursuit in Chiari type II malformation.
abstract: Chiari type II malformation (CII) is a congenital anomaly of the cerebellum and brainstem, both important structures for processing smooth ocular pursuit. CII is associated with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus. We investigated the effects of CII on smooth pursuit (SP) eye movements, and determined the effects of spinal lesion level, number of shunt revisions, nystagmus, and brain dysmorphology on SP. SP was recorded using an infrared eye tracker in 21 participants with CII (11 males, 10 females; age range 8-19y, mean 14y 3mo [SD 3y 2mo]). Thirty-eight healthy children (21 males, 17 females) constituted the comparison group. Participants followed a visual target moving sinusoidally at +/- 10 degrees amplitude, horizontally and vertically at 0.25 or 0.5Hz. SP gains, the ratio of eye to target velocities, were abnormal in the CII group with nystagmus (n= 8). The number of shunt revisions (range 0-10), brain dysmorphology, or spinal lesion level (n= 15 for lower and n= 6 for upper spinal lesion level) did not correlate with SP gains. SP is impaired in children with CII and nystagmus. Abnormal pursuit might be related to the CII dysgenesis or to effects of hydrocephalus. The lack of effect of shunt revisions and abnormal tracking in participants with nystagmus provide evidence that it is related primarily to the cerebellar and brainstem malformation.
authors: Section of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. msalman@hsc.mb.ca
authors: Michael S
authors: MS
authors: Salman
authors: James A
authors: JA
authors: Sharpe
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Lillakas
authors: Martin J
authors: MJ
authors: Steinbach
authors: Maureen
authors: M
authors: Dennis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001139:Arnold-Chiari Malformation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000503:physiopathology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000503:physiopathology; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D020417:Nystagmus, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D011698:Pursuit, Smooth / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors