title: The phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram promotes survival of newborn hippocampal neurons after ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Brain ischemia stimulates neurogenesis. However, newborn neurons show a progressive decrease in number over time. Under normal conditions, the cAMP-cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) pathway regulates the survival of newborn neurons. Constitutive activation of CREB after brain ischemia also stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis. Thus, activation of cAMP-CREB signaling may provide a promising strategy for enhancing the survival of newborn neurons. We examined whether treatment of mice with the phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor rolipram enhances hippocampal neurogenesis after ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both common carotid arteries in mice were occluded for 12 minutes. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to label proliferating cells. Mice were perfused transcardially with 4% paraformaldehyde, and immunohistochemistry was performed. To evaluate the role of CREB in the survival of newborn neurons after ischemia, intrahippocampal injection of a CRE-decoy oligonucleotide was delivered for 1 week. We examined whether the activation of cAMP-CREB signaling by rolipram enhanced the proliferation and survival of newborn neurons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phospho-CREB immunostaining was markedly upregulated in immature neurons, decreasing to low levels in mature neurons. The number of BrdU-positive cells 30 days after ischemia was significantly less in the CRE-decoy treatment group than in the vehicle group. Rolipram enhanced the proliferation of newborn cells under physiologic conditions but not under ischemic conditions. Rolipram significantly increased the survival of nascent BrdU-positive neurons, accompanied by an enhancement of phospho-CREB staining and decreased newborn cell death after ischemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CREB phosphorylation regulates the survival of newborn neurons after ischemia. Chronic pharmacological activation of cAMP-CREB signaling may be therapeutically useful for the enhancement of neurogenesis after ischemia.
authors: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Stroke Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, Japan. sasaki@medone.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors: Tsutomu
authors: T
authors: Sasaki
authors: Kazuo
authors: K
authors: Kitagawa
authors: Emi
authors: E
authors: Omura-Matsuoka
authors: Kenichi
authors: K
authors: Todo
authors: Yasukazu
authors: Y
authors: Terasaki
authors: Shiro
authors: S
authors: Sugiura
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Hatazawa
authors: Yoshiki
authors: Y
authors: Yagita
authors: Masatsugu
authors: M
authors: Hori
mesh_terms: D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000187:drug effects; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020889:Rolipram / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4; D020889:Rolipram