title: Evaluation of sedation failure in the outpatient oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to report on the incidence of sedation failures in our outpatient oral surgery clinic. Sedation failure is the inability to complete a procedure under intravenous sedation. There is very little in the oral surgery literature on this subject.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proper Institutional Review Board approval was obtained from the appropriate governing body for this project. The medical records of 539 intravenous sedation patients treated at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic at our institution were retrospectively evaluated to determine the incidence of failed sedation. Patients sedated with midazolam and fentanyl were placed in group A. There were 323 patients in group A. We placed patients sedated with midazolam, fentanyl and methohexital into group B. There were 216 patients in group B. The gender, medical history, type of procedure being performed, amount of drug given, and the patient's vital signs throughout the procedure were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 9 failed sedations with a rate of 1.6% (9/539); 3 in group B (1%) and 6 in group A (2%). Five of our failures were undergoing multiple tooth extractions. Two of the failures were undergoing surgical removal of impacted third molars. Two patients underwent mandibular fracture reduction. Failure was attributed to increased agitation and combativeness, uncontrolled hypertension, tachycardia and desaturation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mandible fracture population and multiple teeth extraction patients had higher rates of failure than other groups. This may be the result of procedure length, type of procedure, or a preoperative anxiety and attitude toward treatment expressed by the patient making sedation unpredictable. Level of training and experience of the practitioner may contribute to sedation failure. These results allow us to develop a prospective study protocol of outpatient sedation and to quantify more detailed information about preoperative anxiety, medical status, and social history than we had available during our chart review. More specific conclusions may help us determine if certain patient populations are at a higher risk for failed sedations.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA. fcsenel@hotmail.com
authors: Figen Cizmeci
authors: FC
authors: Senel
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Buchanan
authors: Ahmet Can
authors: AC
authors: Senel
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Obeid
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D002648:Child; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D016854:Dental Anxiety; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008337:Mandibular Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D008723:Methohexital / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000601:surgery; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D008723:Methohexital; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl