title: Design of a clustered observational study to predict emergency admissions in the elderly: statistical reasoning in clinical practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the statistical design issues and practical considerations that had to be addressed in setting up a clustered observational study of emergency admission to hospital of elderly people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clustered observational study (sample survey) of elderly people registered with 18 general practices in Halton Primary Care Trust in the north-west of England.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The statistical design features that warranted particular attention were sample size determination, intra-class correlation, sampling and recruitment, bias and confounding. Pragmatic decisions based on derived scenarios of different design effects are discussed. A pilot study was carried out in one practice. From the remaining practices, a total of 4000 people were sampled, stratified by gender. The average cluster size was 200 and the intra-class correlation coefficient for the emergency admission outcome was 0.00034, 95% confidence interval (0-0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies that involve sampling from clusters of people are common in a wide range of healthcare settings. The clustering adds an extra level of complexity to the study design. This study provides an empirical illustration of the importance of statistical as well as clinical reasoning in study design in clinical practice.
authors: Medical Statistics, Centre for Medical Statistics and Health Evaluation, University of Liverpool, Shelley's Cottage, Liverpool, UK. g.lancaster@liv.ac.uk
authors: Gillian A
authors: GA
authors: Lancaster
authors: Hannah
authors: H
authors: Chellaswamy
authors: Steve
authors: S
authors: Taylor
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Lyon
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Dowrick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004739:England; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012107:Research Design