title: Health insurance status and hypertension monitoring and control in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, we examined whether insurance status (private, Medicare, Medicaid, no insurance) was associated with the odds of blood pressure (BP) monitoring and control.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) conducted in 1999 through 2002, defining hypertension as either self-report of elevated BP or an elevated BP value on examination. We conducted multivariate analyses adjusting for age, income, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and medical comorbidities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among all hypertensive participants, only 58% of the uninsured had a BP check within 6 months, compared to 82% of the privately insured. Overall, uninsured individuals (adjusted odds ratio 0.63, 95% CI 0.44-0.92) were at lower odds of adequate BP control than the privately insured. Among treated participants, the uninsured were at lower odds of adequate control (adjusted OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.23-0.73) than the privately insured. Among participants who self-reported hypertension but were not taking antihypertensive medications, the odds of elevated BP did not differ by insurance status. No differences in BP control were observed for participants with Medicare or Medicaid compared to those with private insurance, in any comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of insurance is associated with lower rates of BP control among treated hypertensives, whereas the odds of elevated BP are similar among untreated hypertensives with different insurance status. Variation in BP control between the uninsured and privately insured with hypertension is likely related to differences in appropriate treatment intensification or adherence, rather than differences in rates of treatment initiation.
authors: David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California. kduru@mednet.ucla.edu
authors: O Kenrik
authors: OK
authors: Duru
authors: Roberto B
authors: RB
authors: Vargas
authors: Dulcie
authors: D
authors: Kermah
authors: Deyu
authors: D
authors: Pan
authors: Keith C
authors: KC
authors: Norris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000191:economics; D017057:Medically Uninsured; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents