title: Quality evaluation of chloroquine, quinine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and proguanil formulations sold on the market in East Congo DR.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Drug quality may be poor in many regions of the world. Our first aim was to verify whether the dose of the active compounds in various antimalarial medicines on the market in East Congo conforms to the quality requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.). The second aim was to check the extent to which simple methods of analysis could be used to evaluate drug quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  The formulations analysed included tablets, injections and syrups of chloroquine (CQ), quinine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and proguanil. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry was used to quantify CQ and quinine in tablets and injections. Thin layer chromatography was used to identify the preservative(s) in the syrups. As the drug form (base or salt) in the tablets, is rarely declared, the estimated dose was calculated using both forms. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to check for assay interference and for measuring SP combinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the dose declaration on the label was assumed to be of the salt form, 33% of CQ batches were underdosed and two of eight batches of quinine were underdosed by about 25% and 15% respectively. When the base form was assumed, only one batch of CQ tablets conformed. The underdosed batches contained about 50-66% of the claimed amount for CQ. The dose of quinine in the different batches of tablets was in the range 62-86%. For the CQ syrup, interference by the preservative Nipagin, confirmed by HPLC-UV, was observed with UV-spectrophotometry at 257 nm but not at 342 nm. The results for CQ syrup using UV-spectrophotometry at 342 nm and HPLC-UV at 257 nm were comparable and showed compliance with the European Pharmacopoeia limits of 95-105%. One of two batches of CQ injections and one of four batches of quinine injections were overdosed by about 14% and 8% respectively. The SP tablets were analysed by using HPLC-UV only. All five batches were underdosed in sulfadoxine (91-94%) but still met the United States Pharmacopeial (USP) limit of 90-110%. Two batches were slightly overdosed in pyrimethamine (106% and 108% respectively) while one batch contained neither active ingredient. The one batch of proguanil analysed, met the Ph. Eur. quality requirement (98.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simple methods of analysis like UV-spectrophotometry can be used to check drug quality routinely. A substantial proportion of the antimalarial drugs sold on the Congo DR market is of poor quality. Some batches contain little or no drug. This is a serious threat to public health in the region of Congo DR.
authors: Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Pharmacy Department, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Atemnkeng
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Chimanuka
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Plaizier-Vercammen
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000592:standards; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000592:standards*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo; D017277:Drug Approval; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D002727:Proguanil / Q000592:standards*; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000592:standards*; D011786:Quality Control; D011803:Quinine / Q000592:standards*; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000592:standards*; D013607:Tablets
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D013607:Tablets; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D002738:Chloroquine; D011803:Quinine; D002727:Proguanil; D011739:Pyrimethamine