title: The impact of valve surgery on 6-month mortality in left-sided infective endocarditis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of valve surgery in left-sided infective endocarditis has not been evaluated in randomized controlled trials. We examined the association between valve surgery and all-cause 6-month mortality among patients with left-sided infective endocarditis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 546 consecutive patients with left-sided infective endocarditis were included. To minimize selection bias, propensity score to undergo valve surgery was used to match patients in the surgical and nonsurgical groups. To adjust for survivor bias, we matched the follow-up time so that each patient in the nonsurgical group survived at least as long as the time to surgery in the respective surgically-treated patient. We also used valve surgery as a time-dependent covariate in different Cox models. A total of 129 (23.6%) patients underwent surgery within 30 days of diagnosis. Death occurred in 99 of the 417 patients (23.7%) in the nonsurgical group versus 35 deaths among the 129 patients (27.1%) in the surgical group. Eighteen of 35 (51%) patients in the surgical group died within 7 days of valve surgery. In the subset of 186 cases (93 pairs of surgical versus nonsurgical cases) matched on the logit of their propensity score, diagnosis decade, and follow-up time, no significant association existed between surgery and mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 3.1). With a Cox model that incorporated surgery as a time-dependent covariate, valve surgery was associated with an increase in the 6-month mortality with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 3.2). Because the proportionality hazard assumption was violated in the time-dependent analysis, we performed a partitioning analysis. After adjustment for early (operative) mortality, surgery was not associated with a survival benefit (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.48 to 1.76).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study suggest that valve surgery in left-sided infective endocarditis is not associated with a survival benefit and could be associated with increased 6-month mortality, even after adjustment for selection and survivor biases as well as confounders. Given the disparity between the results of our study and those of other observational studies, well-designed prospective studies are needed to further evaluate the role of valve surgery in endocarditis management.
authors: Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, USA. tleyjeh.imad@mayo.edu
authors: Imad M
authors: IM
authors: Tleyjeh
authors: Hassan M K
authors: HM
authors: Ghomrawi
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Steckelberg
authors: Tanya L
authors: TL
authors: Hoskin
authors: Zaur
authors: Z
authors: Mirzoyev
authors: Nandan S
authors: NS
authors: Anavekar
authors: Felicity
authors: F
authors: Enders
authors: Sherif
authors: S
authors: Moustafa
authors: Farouk
authors: F
authors: Mookadam
authors: W Charles
authors: WC
authors: Huskins
authors: Walter R
authors: WR
authors: Wilson
authors: Larry M
authors: LM
authors: Baddour
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery*; D015982:Bias; D002423:Cause of Death; D015897:Comorbidity; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D019468:Disease Management; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery*; D018579:Patient Selection; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome