title: The production economics of nursing: a discussion paper.
abstract: Nursing is numerically the largest health profession providing direct care, and this, plus the imperative for effective cost control, makes their costs and impact a legitimate study focus and policy target. Production theory techniques can help nurse executives maximize outcome and minimize costs, yet little of such evidence currently exists in mainstream nursing workforce research. The balance of available evidence supports an inverse association between nurse staffing levels and adverse outcomes. However, 'adequate' staffing levels may be perceived as expensive and some providers may try to reduce them. The response, in some US and Australian states, is legislation to force hospitals to implement mandatory minimum patient-to-nurse (P/N) ratios. In this paper, existing data from Aiken et al. [2003. Education levels of hospital nurses and patient mortality. Journal of the American Medical Association 290, 1617-1623] is re-interpreted using production theory, to illustrate the possible relationship between two key workforce variables "Staff Level" and "Staff Mix", and clinical outcome, and show how this informs decision making. Consistent with other studies, this suggests that diminishing returns to each variable exist. This preliminary analysis suggests that increasing the number of graduate RNs in the workforce might be the most cost-effective way to expand the nursing workforce. However, more detailed and rigorous research is needed to estimate speciality specific cost and production functions and compute the optimal solution. This can predict the most cost-effective staff combination for a set outcome, or the set of inputs yielding best outcome for a given budget. With this, nurse executives can systematically maintain service quality or safety in the most economical way.
authors: Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, James Clerk Maxwell Building, King's College London, Waterloo Rd, London SE1 8WA, UK. david.newbold@kcl.ac.uk
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Newbold
mesh_terms: D002017:Budgets; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D004522:Educational Status; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D016294:Models, Nursing; D009718:Nurse Administrators / Q000458:organization & administration; D015401:Nursing Administration Research / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D020415:Personnel Downsizing / Q000458:organization & administration; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D017751:Safety Management / Q000458:organization & administration; D016526:Workload