title: Adapted tolerance to benzalkonium chloride in Escherichia coli K-12 studied by transcriptome and proteome analyses.
abstract: Benzalkonium chloride (BC) is a commonly used disinfectant and preservative. This study describes changes in expression level at the transcriptomic and proteomic level for Escherichia coli K-12 gradually adapted to a tolerance level to BC of 7-8 times the initial MIC. Results from DNA arrays and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for global gene and protein expression studies were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. Peptide mass fingerprinting by MALDI-TOF MS was used to identify differentially expressed proteins. Changes in expression level in adapted cells were shown for porins, drug transporters, glycolytic enzymes, ribosomal subunits and several genes and proteins involved in protection against oxidative stress and antibiotics. Adapted strains showed increased tolerance to several antibiotics. In conclusion, E. coli K-12 adapted to higher tolerance to BC acquired several general resistance mechanisms, including responses normally related to the multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) regulon and protection against oxidative stress. The results revealed that BC treatment might result in superoxide stress in E. coli.
authors: The Norwegian University of Life Science (UMB), PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.|Matforsk, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway.
authors: Erlend
authors: E
authors: Bore
authors: Plate-forme Protéomique, INRA site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France.|UR454 Microbiologie-Equipe QuaSA, INRA site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France.
authors: Michel
authors: M
authors: Hébraud
authors: UR454 Microbiologie-Equipe QuaSA, INRA site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France.
authors: Ingrid
authors: I
authors: Chafsey
authors: Plate-forme Protéomique, INRA site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France.
authors: Christophe
authors: C
authors: Chambon
authors: The Norwegian University of Life Science (UMB), PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.|Matforsk, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway.
authors: Camilla
authors: C
authors: Skjæret
authors: The Norwegian University of Life Science (UMB), PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.|Matforsk, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway.
authors: Birgitte
authors: B
authors: Moen
authors: Matforsk, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway.
authors: Trond
authors: T
authors: Møretrø
authors: Matforsk, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway.
authors: Øyvind
authors: Ø
authors: Langsrud
authors: Matforsk, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway.
authors: Knut
authors: K
authors: Rudi
authors: Matforsk, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway.
authors: Solveig
authors: S
authors: Langsrud
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D020543:Proteome; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C080002:MarA protein, E coli; D020543:Proteome; D015534:Trans-Activators; C070725:SoxS protein, E coli