title: Increase in substance P precursor mRNA in noninflamed small-bowel sections in patients with Crohn's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP), are mediators of neurogenic inflammation and play an important role in inflammatory disorders. To further investigate the role of the SP pathway in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we analyzed the following in normal intestinal tissue specimens and in tissue specimens from patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC): neurokinin receptor-1 (NK-1R); its isoforms (NK-1R-L and NK-1R-S); its ligand SP, encoded by preprotachykinin-A (PPT-A); and the SP-degradation enzyme, neutral endopeptidase (NEP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to simultaneously determine the expression of NK-1R-L, NK-1R-S, and PPT-A. Protein levels of NK-1R and NEP were determined by immunoblot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In noninflamed small-bowel tissue samples of CD patients, PPT-A mRNA expression was significantly increased, whereas there was no difference between inflamed or noninflamed UC and normal intestinal tissue samples. Examining subgroups of diverse intestinal segments from CD and UC samples with various levels of inflammation revealed no differences in NK-1R-L and NK-1R-S mRNA expression, whereas there was a tendency toward overall lower NK-1R-S mRNA copy numbers. Immunoblot analysis showed upregulation of NK-1R protein levels in cases of IBD, with more pronounced enhancement in cases of CD than in UC. For NEP, there were no differences in protein levels in normal, CD, and UC intestinal tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest a contribution of SP and its receptor, NK-1R, in the local inflammatory reaction in IBD and particularly in ileal CD. Moreover, significant upregulation of PPT-A mRNA in the noninflamed ileum of these patients suggests an influence of inflamed intestines on their healthy counterparts.
authors: Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Christoph W
authors: CW
authors: Michalski
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Autschbach
authors: Federico
authors: F
authors: Selvaggi
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Shi
authors: Fabio Francesco
authors: FF
authors: Di Mola
authors: Antoine
authors: A
authors: Roggo
authors: Michael W
authors: MW
authors: Müller
authors: Pierluigi
authors: P
authors: Di Sebastiano
authors: Markus W
authors: MW
authors: Büchler
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Giese
authors: Helmut
authors: H
authors: Friess
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015260:Neprilysin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018040:Receptors, Neurokinin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013373:Substance P / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015320:Tachykinins / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011498:Protein Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018040:Receptors, Neurokinin-1; D015320:Tachykinins; C044206:preprotachykinin; D013373:Substance P; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; C029610:substance P degrading enzyme; D015260:Neprilysin