title: Amino acids and insulin act additively to regulate components of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in C2C12 myotubes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the predominant pathway for myofibrillar proteolysis but a previous study in C2C12 myotubes only observed alterations in lysosome-dependent proteolysis in response to complete starvation of amino acids or leucine from the media. Here, we determined the interaction between insulin and amino acids in the regulation of myotube proteolysis
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation of C2C12 myotubes with 0.2 x physiological amino acids concentration (0.2 x PC AA), relative to 1.0 x PC AA, significantly increased total proteolysis and the expression of 14-kDa E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (p < 0.05). The proteasome inhibitor MG132 blocked the rise in proteolysis observed in the 0.2 x PC AA media. Addition of insulin to the medium inhibited proteolysis at both 0.2 and 1.0 x PC AA and the expression of 14-kDa E2 proteins and C2 sub unit of 20 S proteasome (p < 0.05). Incubation of myotubes with increasing concentrations of leucine in the 0.2 x PC AA media inhibited proteolysis but only in the presence of insulin. Incubation of rapamycin (inhibitor of mTOR) inhibited amino acid or insulin-dependent p70 S6 kinase phosphorylation, blocked (P < 0.05) the inhibitory effects of 1.0 x PC AA on protein degradation, but did not alter the inhibitory effects of insulin or leucine
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a C2C12 myotube model of myofibrillar protein turnover, amino acid limitation increases proteolysis in a ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent manner. Increasing amino acids or leucine alone, act additively with insulin to down regulate proteolysis and expression of components of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The effects of amino acids on proteolysis but not insulin and leucine, are blocked by inhibition of the mTOR signalling pathway.
authors: Division of Cell & Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, Wye Campus, Wye, Ashford, Kent, TN25 5AH, UK. f.sadiq@ic.ac.uk <f.sadiq@ic.ac.uk>
authors: Fouzia
authors: F
authors: Sadiq
authors: David G
authors: DG
authors: Hazlerigg
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Lomax
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D007930:Leucine / Q000494:pharmacology; D007976:Leupeptins / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D007328:Insulin; D007976:Leupeptins; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D007930:Leucine; C072553:benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde; D020123:Sirolimus