title: Neonatal mitral and tricuspid valve repair for in utero papillary muscle rupture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Papillary muscle rupture in the fetus and neonate is a rare event that leads to severe mitral or tricuspid insufficiency and is associated with high perinatal mortality. We undertook surgical repair of this lesion in the neonatal period and report on our midterm results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three neonates with tricuspid insufficiency and 1 infant with mitral insufficiency, all due to papillary muscle or chordal rupture, underwent surgical repair with artificial chordal replacement and a modification of the de Vega annuloplasty technique that allowed external adjustment of the annulus size under transesophageal echocardiographic guidance after separation from cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients recovered well from the operation. There have been no late deaths and no valve-related complications. On discharge, all 3 patients had evidence of trace to mild atrioventricular valve regurgitation. At a median follow-up of 33 months (range, 7 to 50; 123 patient-months), all 4 patients are growing normally. Three patients have had no change in the degree of tricuspid or mitral regurgitation. One patient required reoperation at 54 months postoperatively for acute mitral insufficiency secondary to separation of an artificial chorda from the ventricular wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical repair of critical neonatal tricuspid and mitral insufficiency associated with papillary muscle or chordal rupture is feasible and can result in good early and midterm results. Our modification of the De Vega annuloplasty technique with the ability to externally adjust the size of the annulus under echocardiographic guidance may improve the accuracy of the repair in the neonate.
authors: Pediatric Heart Center, University of California San Francisco Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
authors: Petros V
authors: PV
authors: Anagnostopoulos
authors: Nelson
authors: N
authors: Alphonso
authors: Lars
authors: L
authors: Nölke
authors: Lisa K
authors: LK
authors: Hornberger
authors: Gary W
authors: GW
authors: Raff
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Azakie
authors: Tom R
authors: TR
authors: Karl
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000293:injuries*; D011247:Pregnancy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012494:Sampling Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal