title: Angiotensin II reactivation and aldosterone escape phenomena in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade: is oral renin inhibition the solution?
abstract: This editorial considers the use of the first selective oral renin inhibitor, aliskiren, in reducing angiotensin (Ang) II reactivation or aldosterone (ALDO) escape during renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibition. RAAS blockade with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and/or angiotensin receptor AT(1) blockers (ARBs) is very useful for the treatment of arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure (CHF), atherosclerosis and diabetes. 'Ang II reactivation' and 'ALDO escape' or 'breakthrough' have been observed during either ACEI or ARB treatment, and may attenuate the clinical benefit of RAAS blockade. Renin and Ang I accumulate during ACE inhibition, and might overcome the ability of an ACEI to effectively suppress ACE activity. There is also data suggesting that 30 - 40% of Ang II formation in the healthy human during RAAS activation is formed via renin-dependent, but ACE-independent, pathways. Moreover, ACE gene polymorphisms contribute to the modulation and adequacy of the neurohormonal response to long-term ACE inhibition, at least in patients with CHF (up to 45% of CHF patients have elevated Ang II levels despite the long-term use of an ACEI) or diabetes. The reactivated Ang II promotes ALDO secretion and sodium reabsorption. ALDO breakthrough also occurs during long-term ARB therapy, mainly by an AT(2)-dependent mechanism. This was related to target-organ damage in animal models. Oral renin inhibition with aliskiren has showed excellent efficacy and safety in the treatment of hypertension. Aliskiren can be co-administered with ACEIs, ARBs or hydrochlorothiazide. Furthermore, there is evidence suggesting that aliskiren reduces Ang II reactivation in ACE inhibition and ALDO escape during treatment with an ACEI or an ARB, at least to the degree that this is associated with the RAAS. For RAAS-independent ALDO production, the combination of aliskiren with eplerenone might prove useful.
authors: Vasilios G
authors: VG
authors: Athyros
authors: Dimitri P
authors: DP
authors: Mikhailidis
authors: Anna I
authors: AI
authors: Kakafika
authors: Konstantinos
authors: K
authors: Tziomalos
authors: Asterios
authors: A
authors: Karagiannis
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004793:Enzyme Reactivators; D005650:Fumarates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000092502:Renin Inhibitors
chemical_list: D000450:Aldosterone; D000577:Amides; D000804:Angiotensin II; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D004793:Enzyme Reactivators; D005650:Fumarates; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D000092502:Renin Inhibitors; C446481:aliskiren