title: The effects of high walnut and cashew nut diets on the antioxidant status of subjects with metabolic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nut consumption is associated with a protective effect against coronary heart disease, partly due to its high antioxidant content. It is hypothesized that the inclusion of nuts in the diet will improve the antioxidant status of subjects with metabolic syndrome who may be vulnerable to impaired antioxidant status.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The effects of high cashew nut and high walnut diets on the antioxidant status of subjects with metabolic syndrome are investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four volunteers (29 male and 35 female, 45 +/- 10y) with metabolic syndrome (diagnosed by using the ATP III criteria) received a prudent control diet, prepared in the metabolic kitchen of the North-West University, Potchefstroom campus (NWU-PC) for a period of 3 weeks (run-in). The participants were grouped according to gender and age and randomized into three groups, receiving either the walnut, cashew nut or the control diets for 8 weeks, while maintaining a stable body weight. Nuts provided 20% of daily energy intake. Fasting blood samples were taken after the run-in period (baseline) and at the end of the intervention period and analyzed for various antioxidant capacity markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of the walnut and cashew nut diets were significantly higher than the control diet. Despite this, the walnut and cashew nut diets had no significant effects on serum ORAC, reduced (GSH), oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, GSH:GSSG or diacron reactive metabolites (dRom) (total oxidant status) levels compared to the control group. However, all three groups showed significant improvements in antioxidant status from baseline to end (GSSG and dRom levels decreased; GSG:GSSG ratio and ORAC levels increased). This may be due to a general increased antioxidant intake from the prudent diet compared to the habitual diets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the inclusion of walnuts and cashew nuts into a prudent diet resulted in an increased antioxidant capacity (ORAC) of the nut diets, compared to the control diet, it did not improve the serum antioxidant profiles of subjects with metabolic syndrome.
authors: School of Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Science, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa. vgeld@puk.ac.za
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Davis
authors: Welma
authors: W
authors: Stonehouse
authors: Du Toit
authors: du T
authors: Loots
authors: Janine
authors: J
authors: Mukuddem-Petersen
authors: Francois H
authors: FH
authors: van der Westhuizen
authors: Susanna M
authors: SM
authors: Hanekom
authors: Johann C
authors: JC
authors: Jerling
mesh_terms: D031021:Anacardium; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D031324:Juglans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide