title: Association of vitamin-D receptor (Fok-I) gene polymorphism with bladder cancer in an Indian population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the association of vitamin-D receptor (VDR) genotypes and haplotypes (variants at the Fok-I, and Taq-I sites) with the risk of bladder cancer, as vitamin D is antiproliferative and reported to induce apoptosis in human bladder tumour cells in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was conducted in 130 patients with bladder cancer and 346 normal healthy individuals in a north Indian population. Patients were also categorized according to grade and stage of tumour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant difference in genotype and allelic distribution of VDR (Fok-I) polymorphism in the patients (P = 0.033 and = 0.017, respectively). The FF genotype was associated with twice the risk for bladder cancer (odds ratio 2.042, 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.803-5.193). There was no significant difference in genotypic distribution or allelic frequencies of the VDR (Taq-I) polymorphism (P = 0.477 and 0.230) when compared with the controls. The stage and grade of the bladder tumours had no association with VDR (Fok-I and Taq-I) genotypes. There was a significant difference in the frequency distribution of the haplotypes FT and fT (P < 0.001); these haplotypes had a protective effect in the control group (odds ratio 0.167, 95% CI 0.096-0.291, and 0.079, 0.038-0.164).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that VDR (Fok-I) polymorphism is associated with the risk of bladder cancer. Further, the results for the haplotype FT and fT indicate that patients with this haplotype have a lower risk of developing bladder cancer than those with other haplotypes.
authors: Sanjay Gandhi PGIMS, Urology and Renal Transplantation, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. rmittal@sgpgi.ac.in
authors: Rama D
authors: RD
authors: Mittal
authors: Parmeet K
authors: PK
authors: Manchanda
authors: Sanjay
authors: S
authors: Bhat
authors: Hemant K
authors: HK
authors: Bid
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol