title: The immigrant patient having widespread pain. Clinical findings by physicians in Swedish primary care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Do the clinical findings explain the complaints of longstanding demonstrated widespread pain (DWP) in a group of immigrant patients, or not?
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive immigrant patients, on long-term sick leave, aged 18 - 45, at a primary healthcare centre in Stockholm, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interpreters were available. Two primary care physicians jointly, made a somatic status and diagnosed tender-structure locations (> or =3 tender-structure locations or less) and depression (yes or no), and assessed psychosocial stressors (little or much) and pain-related anxiety (yes or no). The patients pointed at their pain parts. This was transferred by one of the doctors to a pain drawing with 18 fields. Five or more fields were defined as DWP. Non-parametric tests were used to detect significant differences between the DWP and non-DWP groups. Cumulative frequencies of the following four categories of explanatory variables of DWP were counted: > or =3 tender-structure locations (could also include the other variables), much psychosocial stress (could include depression and pain-related anxiety), depression (could include pain-related anxiety), or pain-related anxiety alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many of the 49 men and 100 women, on average 38 years, spoke little or no Swedish. A fifth of the men (n = 10) and half (n = 56) of the women had DWP. These men often had much stress (p < 0.01) while the women had > or =3 tender-structure locations (p < 0.001). DWP among men was explained to 100% by: > or =3 tender-structure locations (30%), much psychosocial stress (60%), or depression alone (10%). DWP among the women was explained to 96 cum. % by: > or =3 tender-structure locations (59%), much psychosocial stress (25%), or pain-related anxiety alone (13%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Demonstrated widespread pain was nearly always explained by clinical findings, and especially by numerous tender-structure locations in women. There is a need for more studies among men.
authors: Center for Family Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden. monica.lofvander@ki.se
authors: Monica B
authors: MB
authors: Löfvander
authors: Alf W
authors: AW
authors: Engström
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000208:ethnology; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000208:ethnology; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D011320:Primary Health Care; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000208:ethnology; D013548:Sweden