title: Diabetes mellitus promotes periodontal destruction in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between diabetes mellitus and periodontal attachment and bone loss is well established. Most of the prior literature has focused on adults, and studies in children have mostly reported gingival changes. Our aim was to assess the periodontal status of a large cohort of children and adolescents with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 350 children with diabetes (cases) and 350 non-diabetic controls (6-18 years of age). Using three different case definitions for periodontal disease, which incorporated gingival bleeding and/or attachment loss findings, multiple logistic regression analyses adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, frequency of prior dental visits, dental plaque, and examiner were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with diabetes had increased gingival inflammation and attachment loss compared with controls. Regression analyses revealed statistically significant differences in periodontal destruction between cases and controls across all disease definitions tested (odds ratios ranging from 1.84 to 3.72). The effect of diabetes on periodontal destruction remained significant when we separately analysed 6-11 and 12-18 year old subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate an association between diabetes and an increased risk for periodontal destruction even very early in life, and suggest that programmes to address periodontal needs should be the standard of care for diabetic youth.
authors: College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. EL94@columbia.edu
authors: Evanthia
authors: E
authors: Lalla
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Cheng
authors: Shantanu
authors: S
authors: Lal
authors: Selma
authors: S
authors: Kaplan
authors: Barney
authors: B
authors: Softness
authors: Ellen
authors: E
authors: Greenberg
authors: Robin S
authors: RS
authors: Goland
authors: Ira B
authors: IB
authors: Lamster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000209:etiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index