title: Outdoor activities and diet in childhood and adolescence relate to MS risk above the Arctic Circle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A relationship between the latitude related distribution of multiple sclerosis (MS) and exposure to sunlight has long been considered. Higher sun exposure during early life has been associated with decreased risk of MS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Since Norway is an exception to the latitude gradient of MS prevalence, we tested here whether sunlight exposure or vitamin D-related dietary factors in childhood and adolescence are associated with the risk of MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective recall questionnaire data from 152 MS patients and 402 population controls born at and living at latitudes 66-71 degrees N were analysed by means of conditional logistic regression analysis accounting for the matching variables age, sex, and place of birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased outdoor activities during summer in early life were associated with a decreased risk of MS, most pronounced at ages 16-20 years (odds ratio (OR) 0.55, 95% CI 0.39-0.78, p = 0.001, adjusted for intake of fish and cod-liver oil). A protective effect of supplementation with cod-liver oil was suggested in the subgroup that reported low summer outdoor activities (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.31-1.05, p = 0.072). Consumption of fish three or more times a week was also associated with reduced risk of MS (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.33-0.93, p = 0.024).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Summer outdoor activities in childhood and adolescence are associated with a reduced risk of MS even north of the Arctic Circle. Supplemental cod-liver oil may be protective when sun exposure is less, suggesting that both climate and diet may interact to influence MS risk at a population level.
authors: Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, P.O. Box 33, 9038 Tromsø, Norway. margitta.kampman@unn.no
authors: M T
authors: MT
authors: Kampman
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Wilsgaard
authors: S I
authors: SI
authors: Mellgren
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001110:Arctic Regions / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003060:Cod Liver Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D013472:Sunlight; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D003060:Cod Liver Oil