title: Assessment of intake inadequacy and food sources of zinc of people in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the intake inadequacy and food sources of zinc of people in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diets of 68 962 subjects aged 2-101 years (urban 21 103, rural 47,859) in the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were analysed. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour recall for three consecutive days. Zinc intake inadequacy was calculated based on values suggested by the World Health Organization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median zinc intake ranged from 4.9 mg day- 1 (urban girls, 2-3 years) to 11.9 mg day-1 (rural males, 19+ years). The zinc density of urban residents (2-3 to 19+ years) was 5.0-5.3 mg day-1 (1000 kcal)-1, significantly higher than that of their rural counterparts (4.7-4.8 mg day-1 (1000 kcal)-1). Differences in food sources of zinc from cereal grains (27.4-45.1 vs. 51.6-63.2%) and animal foods (28.4-54.8 vs. 16.8-30.6%) were found between urban and rural residents. Zinc from vegetables and fruits (8.2-13.8 vs. 9.7-12.4%) and legumes (1.3-3.3 vs. 2.5-3.4%) was comparable between urban and rural residents. The proportion of zinc intake inadequacy ranged between 2.8% (urban females, 19+ years) and 29.4% (rural lactating women). Rural residents had higher proportions of zinc intake inadequacy than their urban counterparts. Significantly higher proportions of zinc inadequacy were found in the category of phytate/zinc molar ratio >15 for both rural and urban residents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  About 20% of rural children are at risk of inadequate zinc intake, with phytate as a potential important inhibitor. Moreover, lactating women are also considered a vulnerable group.
authors: National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China. mags@chinacdc.net.cn
authors: Guansheng
authors: G
authors: Ma
authors: Yanping
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Jin
authors: Songming
authors: S
authors: Du
authors: Frans J
authors: FJ
authors: Kok
authors: Xiaoguang
authors: X
authors: Yang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001682:Biological Availability; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010833:Phytic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D010833:Phytic Acid; D015032:Zinc