title: Predictors of venous obstruction following pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation: a contrast venographic study on 100 patients admitted for generator change, lead revision, or device upgrade.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Venous obstruction following transvenous device implantation rarely cause immediate clinical problems. When lead revision or device upgrade is indicated, venous obstruction become a significant challenge. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of venous obstruction after transvenous device implantation, and to asess likely effects of antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs in preventing venous thrombosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between March 2005 and July 2006, contrast venography was performed in 100 patients who were candidates for generator change, lead revision, or device upgrade. Vessel patency was graded as either completely obstructed, partially obstructed (>70%), or patent. The incidence of venous obstruction was 26%, with 9% of patients having total obstruction and 17% of patients exhibiting partial obstruction. No statistically significant differences between obstructed and non-obstructed patients were seen for age, sex, indication for device implantation, atrial fibrillation, cardiothoracic ratio, insulation material, operative technique, device type, and manufacturer (all Ps > 0.05). In a univariate analysis, multiple leads (P = 0.033), and presence of dilated cardiomyopathy (P = 0.036) were associated with higher risk of venous obstruction, whereas anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy (P = 0.047) significantly reduced incidence of venous obstruction. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that only number of the leads (P = 0.039, OR: 2.22, and 95% CI: 1.03-4.76) and antiplatelet/anticoagulant therapy (P = 0.044, OR: 2.79, and 95% CI: 0.98-7.96) were predictors of venous obstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total or partial obstruction of the access veins occurs relatively frequently after pacemaker or ICD implantation. Multiple pacing or ICD leads are associated with an increased risk of venous obstruction, whereas antiplatelet/anticoagulant therapy appears to have a preventive effect on development of access vein thrombosis.
authors: Department of Pacemaker and Electrophysiology, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Mellat Park, Vali-e-Asr Avenue, PO Box 15745-1341, Tehran 1996911151, Islamic Republic of Iran. majid.haghjoo@gmail.com
authors: Majid
authors: M
authors: Haghjoo
authors: Mohammad Hossein
authors: MH
authors: Nikoo
authors: Amir Farjam
authors: AF
authors: Fazelifar
authors: Abolfath
authors: A
authors: Alizadeh
authors: Zahra
authors: Z
authors: Emkanjoo
authors: Mohammad Ali
authors: MA
authors: Sadr-Ameli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010690:Phlebography / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants