title: Transposable elements are enriched within or in close proximity to xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transposons, i.e. transposable elements (TEs), are the major internal spontaneous mutation agents for the variability of eukaryotic genomes. To address the general issue of whether transposons mediate genomic changes in environment-adaptation genes, we scanned two alleles per each of the six xenobiotic-metabolizing Helicoverpa zea cytochrome P450 loci, including CYP6B8, CYP6B27, CYP321A1, CYP321A2, CYP9A12v3 and CYP9A14, for the presence of transposon insertions by genome walking and sequence analysis. We also scanned thirteen Drosophila melanogaster P450s genes for TE insertions by in silico mapping and literature search.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve novel transposons, including LINEs (long interspersed nuclear elements), SINEs (short interspersed nuclear elements), MITEs (miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements), one full-length transib-like transposon, and one full-length Tcl-like DNA transpson, are identified from the alleles of the six H. zea P450 genes. The twelve transposons are inserted into the 5'flanking region, 3'flanking region, exon, or intron of the six environment-adaptation P450 genes. In D. melanogaster, seven out of the eight Drosophila P450s (CYP4E2, CYP6A2, CYP6A8, CYP6A9, CYP6G1, CYP6W1, CYP12A4, CYP12D1) implicated in insecticide resistance are associated with a variety of transposons. By contrast, all the five Drosophila P450s (CYP302A1, CYP306A1, CYP307A1, CYP314A1 and CYP315A1) involved in ecdysone biosynthesis and developmental regulation are free of TE insertions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that TEs are selectively retained within or in close proximity to xenobiotic-metabolizing P450 genes.
authors: Department of Entomology and BIO5, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. chens@email.arizona.edu <chens@email.arizona.edu>
authors: Song
authors: S
authors: Chen
authors: Xianchun
authors: X
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D016386:Chromosome Walking; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics*; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D020084:Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D020086:Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements / Q000235:genetics; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D015262:Xenobiotics; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System