title: Multiscale structure of the underwater adhesive of Phragmatopoma californica: a nanostructured latex with a steep microporosity gradient.
abstract: Phragmatopoma Californica builds a tubular dwelling by gluing bits of sand and seashell together underwater with a proteinaceous adhesive. In the lab, the animals will build with 0.5 mm glass beads. Two spots of glue with a consistent volume of about 100 pL each are deposited on the glass beads before placement on the end of the tube. The animals wriggled the particles for 20-30 s before letting go, which suggested that the adhesive was sufficiently set within 30 s to support the glass beads. The structure of the adhesive joints was examined at the micro- and nanoscopic length scales using laser scanning confocal and atomic force microscopies. At the microscale, the adhesive was a cellular solid with cell diameters ranging from 0.5 to 6.0 mum, distributed to create a steep porosity gradient that ranged from near zero at the outside edges to about 50% at the center of the adhesive joint. At the nanoscale, the adhesive appeared to be an accretion of trillions of deformable nanospheres, reminiscent of a high-solids-content latex adhesive. The implications of the structure for the functionality of the adhesive is discussed.
authors: Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
authors: Mark J
authors: MJ
authors: Stevens
authors: Rebekah E
authors: RE
authors: Steren
authors: Vladimir
authors: V
authors: Hlady
authors: Russell J
authors: RJ
authors: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007834:Lasers; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D011077:Polychaeta / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D014867:Water