title: TNF potentiates anticancer activity of bortezomib (Velcade) through reduced expression of proteasome subunits and dysregulation of unfolded protein response.
abstract: Bortezomib (Velcade) exploits proteasome inhibition as a unique mechanism of anticancer activity. The effectiveness of bortezomib is, however, limited, therefore, the search for therapeutic regimens combining bortezomib with other agents. In the present work we demonstrate enhanced anticancer activity of bortezomib by its combination with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the experimental model of C-26 colon carcinoma in mice. This interaction likely relies on the induction of a dysregulated response to ER stress, leading to apoptosis of cancer cells, evidenced by caspase-3 cleavage, p53 accumulation as well as increased SAPK/JNK phosphorylation. ER stress induced by the combination of TNF and bortezomib is corroborated by upregulation of BiP, PDI and calnexin as well as cleavage of caspase-12; however, in contrast to the classic pathway, it is also associated with decreased phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha and prevention of XBP-1 splicing. TNF prevented the upregulation of Hsp27 induced by bortezomib, which may contribute to enhanced ER stress. Moreover, TNF interfered with bortezomib-induced upregulation of distinct subunits of the 26S proteasome. Bortezomib concentration used in this study was not sufficient to prevent TNF from inducing nuclear translocation of p65/RelA; however, the combination of both agents reduced total p65/RelA levels. Combined treatment of tumor-bearing mice with bortezomib and TNF not only inhibited tumor growth but also significantly prolonged animal survival. Therefore, combination of bortezomib with TNF is an attractive option for further clinical studies.
authors: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Evansville, 8600 University Boulevard, Evansville, IN 47712, USA.
authors: Dominika
authors: D
authors: Nowis
authors: Elizabeth J
authors: EJ
authors: McConnell
authors: Lindsey
authors: L
authors: Dierlam
authors: Alla
authors: A
authors: Palamarchuk
authors: Agnieszka
authors: A
authors: Lass
authors: Cezary
authors: C
authors: Wójcik
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069286:Bortezomib; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D055551:HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D017510:Protein Folding; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000071717:X-Box Binding Protein 1
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001897:Boronic Acids; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D055551:HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; C486699:Hspb2 protein, mouse; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D021122:Protein Subunits; D011719:Pyrazines; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; C498144:Rela protein, mouse; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000071717:X-Box Binding Protein 1; C000605544:Xbp1 protein, mouse; D000069286:Bortezomib; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex