title: Relationship of tibial speed of sound and lower limb length to nutrient intake in preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabolic bone disease of prematurity is characterised by impaired postnatal mineralisation of the rapidly growing infant skeleton.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To longitudinally evaluate postnatal changes in tibial speed of sound (tSOS; which reflects cortical thickness and bone mineral density) and lower limb length (LLL; a measure of tibial growth) in very low birthweight preterm infants receiving contemporary neonatal care.
  
  
  METHODS
  tSOS and LLL were measured using a quantitative ultrasound device and an electronic neonatal knemometer, respectively, in the same limb, weekly, for a median period of four weeks (3-16 weeks) in 84 preterm infants (median gestation 26.8 weeks (range 23-35.2 weeks) and median birth weight 869.5 g (range 418-1481 g)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial tSOS and LLL were correlated with gestation (r = 0.42, p<0.001; r = 0.76, p<0.001, respectively) and birth weight (r = 0.23, p = 0.038; r = 0.93, p<0.001, respectively). Postnatally, tSOS decreased (r = -0.15, p = 0.011) whereas LLL increased (r = 0.96, p<0.001) with age. The rate of postnatal change in LLL, but not in tSOS, was positively influenced by intake of calcium (p = 0.03), phosphorus (p = 0.01) and vitamin D (p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The postnatal decline in tSOS, which is probably due to cortical thinning secondary to endocortical bone loss, and increase in LLL provide new insight into the development of long bones in preterm infants.
authors: Department of Paediatric Medicine, St Mary's Hospital for Women & Children, Hathersage Road, Manchester M13 0JH, England. zulf.mughal@cmmc.nhs.uk
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Mercy
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Dillon
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Morris
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Emmerson
authors: M Z
authors: MZ
authors: Mughal
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D007866:Leg / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013977:Tibia / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D010758:Phosphorus; D002118:Calcium