title: Hemofiltration in sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome: the role of dosing and timing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The benefit of hemofiltration (HF) as an adjunctive treatment of sepsis or the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in critically ill patients is a subject of severe debate. Firm conclusions on this subject are hampered by the heterogeneity in study populations and HF treatments, and the lack of adequately sized randomized controlled clinical trials. The aim of this review was to determine the importance of ultrafiltration dose and timing on the physiologic and clinical effects of HF in sepsis and SIRS. In addition, we discuss the issue of filter pore size.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature search was done in Embase and PubMed database for animal and human studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animal studies suggest beneficial effects of HF on hemodynamics; gas exchange; sepsis-induced immunoparalysis; histology of gut, lung, and kidney; and (short-term) survival. These effects were more prominent with "very high" ultrafiltrate rates (> or =100 mL/kg per hour) and early initiation of HF (ie, before or very early after the septic challenge). Three small randomized studies and 3 observational studies in patients with sepsis or SIRS show beneficial effects of short-term or pulse HF using very high ultrafiltrate rates and/or early initiation of HF on physiologic endpoints and survival. However, the studies were underpowered for survival. The first observations of high permeability HF (pore size, about 10 nm; in vitro cutoff, 100 kd) are promising, but so far, it has not been sufficiently examined to allow strong conclusions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human and animal studies suggest that early initiation and high ultrafiltrate volumes are determinants of the beneficial physiologic and clinical effect of HF in sepsis and SIRS. As yet, the evidence in humans is too low to recommend HF as an adjunctive therapy for critically ill patients with sepsis or SIRS. Regarding the many uncertainties about optimal volume (high or very high) and type of membrane, clinical studies should first focus on endpoints as recovery from organ failure and length of treatment before survival studies are started.
authors: Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. c.s.bouman@amc.uva.nl
authors: Catherine S C
authors: CS
authors: Bouman
authors: Heleen M
authors: HM
authors: Oudemans-van Straaten
authors: Marcus J
authors: MJ
authors: Schultz
authors: Margreeth B
authors: MB
authors: Vroom
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016638:Critical Illness; D006440:Hemofiltration / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D018805:Sepsis / Q000628:therapy*; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*