title: Loop 2 of limulus myosin III is phosphorylated by protein kinase A and autophosphorylation.
abstract: Little is known about the functions of class III unconventional myosins although, with an N-terminal kinase domain, they are potentially both signaling and motor proteins. Limulus myosin III is particularly interesting because it is a phosphoprotein abundant in photoreceptors that becomes more heavily phosphorylated at night by protein kinase A. This enhanced nighttime phosphorylation occurs in response to signals from an endogenous circadian clock and correlates with dramatic changes in photoreceptor structure and function. We seek to understand the role of Limulus myosin III and its phosphorylation in photoreceptors. Here we determined the sites that become phosphorylated in Limulus myosin III and investigated its kinase, actin binding, and myosin ATPase activities. We show that Limulus myosin III exhibits kinase activity and that a major site for both protein kinase A and autophosphorylation is located within loop 2 of the myosin domain, an important actin binding region. We also identify the phosphorylation of an additional protein kinase A and autophosphorylation site near loop 2, and a predicted phosphorylation site within loop 2. We show that the kinase domain of Limulus myosin III shares some pharmacological properties with protein kinase A, and that it is a potential opsin kinase. Finally, we demonstrate that Limulus myosin III binds actin but lacks ATPase activity. We conclude that Limulus myosin III is an actin-binding and signaling protein and speculate that interactions between actin and Limulus myosin III are regulated by both second messenger mediated phosphorylation and autophosphorylation of its myosin domain within and near loop 2.
authors: Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and the Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida 32080, USA.
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Kempler
authors: Judit
authors: J
authors: Tóth
authors: Roxanne
authors: R
authors: Yamashita
authors: Gretchen
authors: G
authors: Mapel
authors: Kimberly
authors: K
authors: Robinson
authors: Helene
authors: H
authors: Cardasis
authors: Stanley
authors: S
authors: Stevens
authors: James R
authors: JR
authors: Sellers
authors: Barbara-Anne
authors: BA
authors: Battelle
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D016367:Baculoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006737:Horseshoe Crabs / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D025102:Myosin Type III / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018411:Spodoptera / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D025102:Myosin Type III