title: A novel method for imaging in vivo degradation of poly(L-glutamic acid), a biodegradable drug carrier.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an L-PG-based imaging probe suitable for assessing the degradation of L-PG in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conjugates of L-PG and a near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) dye, NIR813, were characterized with regard to quenching efficiency and degradability by cathepsin B (CB) and other proteases. The kinetics of L-PG-NIR813's degradation and its degradation in orthotopic human U87/TGL glioma in nude mice after intravenous injection was assessed using NIRF optical imaging (n = 3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fluorescence signal from L-PG-NIR813 was efficiently quenched and activated at NIR813 loadings of 8-10%. Upon exposure to CB, the fluorescence intensity of L-PG-NIR813 increased 10-fold. L-PG-NIR813 was also degraded by another cysteine protease cathepsin L, but not by MMP-2, cathepsin E, cathepsin D, and plasmin. A selective CB inhibitor blocked the fluorescence activation. After intravenous injection, the degradation of L-PG-NIR813 was visualized primarily in the liver, which peaked at 4 h postinjection. Activation of L-PG-NIR813 but not D-PG-NIR813 was clearly seen in U87/TGL tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that L-PG-NIR813 may be used to monitor the in vivo degradation of L-PG-based polymeric drugs, and that this agent may prove useful in noninvasive imaging of protease activity, particularly that of cysteine proteases.
authors: Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging-Box 57, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA, cli@di.mdacc.tmc.edu.
authors: Marites P
authors: MP
authors: Melancon
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Wang
authors: Yuetang
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Ruping
authors: R
authors: Shao
authors: Xiaojun
authors: X
authors: Ji
authors: Juri G
authors: JG
authors: Gelovani
authors: Chun
authors: C
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid