title: Life events and the risk of low back and neck/shoulder pain of the kind people are seeking care for: results from the MUSIC-Norrtalje case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To expand the knowledge about the occurrence of life events, and how they affect the risk of low back and neck/shoulder pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men and women 20-59-years old, living in and not working outside the municipality of Norrtälje, Sweden, from November 1993 to November 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases (n = 1,148) were defined as all subjects from the study base who sought healthcare for a new episode of low back and/or neck/shoulder pain by any of the care givers in the municipality. Controls (n = 1,700) were selected as a stratified random sample from the study base, considering sex and age. Study subjects were interviewed about life events and critical life changes. Critical life changes were defined as events that brought about a marked psychosocial change. Odds ratios (ORs) associated with different numbers of life events or critical life changes were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Having experienced at least two life events during the preceding 5 years was associated with an increased risk of neck/shoulder pain (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.4). At least two critical life changes were associated with an increased risk of neck/shoulder pain (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.7). In general, no associations were observed in relation to risk of low back pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Life events and critical life changes are of importance for the risk of neck/shoulder pain of the kind that people are seeking care for. The study provides useful information for clinical practice and for future aetiological research on neck/shoulder pain.
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. eva.skillgate@ki.se
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Skillgate
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Vingård
authors: Malin
authors: M
authors: Josephson
authors: Töres
authors: T
authors: Theorell
authors: Lars
authors: L
authors: Alfredsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology