Modifying women's risk for cardiovascular disease.
OBJECTIVE
To present current recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk reduction in women.


METHODS
Medline databases were searched from 1990 to 2006 using keywords women and cardiovascular risk, hypertension, cholesterol, and hormone replacement therapy, as well as Web sites from scientific associations such as the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Agency for Health Research and Quality, and the Centers for Disease Control for relevant scientific statements and guidelines.


METHODS
Randomized controlled trials, particularly those that have influenced current practice recommendations, scientific statements, and clinical practice guidelines were selected.


METHODS
Factors contributing to women's particular risk and current practice recommendations.


CONCLUSIONS
Current research has clarified the importance of regular exercise (at least 30 minutes/day most days of the week); abstinence from smoking; a diet focused on whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and low-fat protein sources; and maintenance of normal weight. This lifestyle combined with a partnership with a health care provider to maintain a normal blood pressure (115/75 mm Hg) and optimal lipoproteins through pharmacotherapy when indicated can prevent 82% of cardiovascular disease events in women.
McCauley
Kathleen M
KM
University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. kmccauley@nursing.upenn.edu
D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006266:Health Education / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008019:Life Style; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D012107:Research Design; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D016387:Women's Health; D014932:Women's Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration