title: Nicotine enhances visuospatial attention by deactivating areas of the resting brain default network.
abstract: Nicotine-induced attentional enhancement is of potential therapeutic value. To investigate the precise attentional function(s) affected and their neuronal mechanisms, the current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study used an attention task in which subjects responded to stimuli of high (INT(high)) or low intensity presented randomly in one of four peripheral locations. Central cues of varying precision predicted the target location. In some trials, the cue was not followed by a target, allowing separate analysis of blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses to cue. Minimally deprived smokers underwent fast event-related fMRI twice: once with a nicotine patch (21 mg) and once with a placebo patch. Matched nonsmokers were scanned twice without a patch. Behaviorally, nicotine reduced omission errors and reaction time (RT) of valid and invalid cue trials and intra-individual variability of RT and did so preferentially in trials with INT(high). The BOLD signal related to cue-only trials, regardless of cue precision, demonstrated nicotine-induced deactivation in anterior and posterior cingulate, angular gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and cuneus. These regions overlapped with the so-called "default network," which activates during rest and deactivates with attention-demanding activities. Partial correlations controlling for nicotine plasma levels indicated associations of deactivation by nicotine in posterior cingulate and angular gyrus with performance improvements under INT(high). Performance and regional activity in the absence of nicotine never differed between smokers and nonsmokers, ruling out a simple reversal of a deprivation-induced state. These findings suggest that nicotine improved attentional performance by downregulating resting brain function in response to task-related cues. Together with the selectivity of effects for INT(high), this suggests a nicotine-induced potentiation of the alerting properties of external stimuli.
authors: Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA. bhahn@intra.nida.nih.gov
authors: Britta
authors: B
authors: Hahn
authors: Thomas J
authors: TJ
authors: Ross
authors: Yihong
authors: Y
authors: Yang
authors: Insook
authors: I
authors: Kim
authors: Marilyn A
authors: MA
authors: Huestis
authors: Elliot A
authors: EA
authors: Stein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001944:Breath Tests; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D003463:Cues; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013028:Space Perception / Q000187:drug effects*; D013788:Thalamus / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D002248:Carbon Monoxide