title: Submarine watch schedules: underway evaluation of rotating (contemporary) and compressed (alternative) schedules.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With a desire to increase health, cognitive performance effectiveness, and quality of life for submarine watch-standers underway, we performed an evaluation comparing an alternative, compressed-work (ALT) schedule, designed to enhance circadian rhythm entrainment and sleep hygiene, to the contemporary submarine (SUB) forward rotating schedule, aboard the ballistic-missile submarine, USS Henry M. Jackson (SSBN-730 Gold).
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed a compressed close-6 watch-schedule ("ALT") relative to the existing backward rotating 6-hr on, 12-hr off 18-hr watch schedule ("SUB") employed underway aboard submarines. We monitored 40 subjects' sleep, and temperature and salivary cortisol from 10 of the 40 for approximately two weeks on each respective schedule underway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cortisol cosinor mesors (midline estimating statistic of rhythm), and amplitudes did not differ significantly between conditions. The temperature cosinor mesors, and the cosinor amplitude were not significantly different, while the cosine curve fit accounted for significantly more variance in the ALT condition than in the SUB condition. The SUB schedule garnered significantly more sleep (7.1 +/- 0.2 hours) than that of the ALTMID schedule (6.3 +/- 0.3 hours). Surveys revealed that 52% of respondents preferred the SUB schedule, 15% preferred the ALT, and 33% were either indifferent or submitted uninterpretable surveys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ALT schedule was not superior to the existing SUB schedule by physiological or subjective measures and was incompatible to accommodating operational constraints.
authors: Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory, Groton CT, USA.
authors: C A
authors: CA
authors: Duplessis
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Miller
authors: L J
authors: LJ
authors: Crepeau
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Osborn
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Dyche
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001071:Appointments and Schedules; D001683:Biological Clocks; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013366:Submarine Medicine; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006854:Hydrocortisone