title: Initial bronchoscopic treatment for patients with intraluminal bronchial carcinoids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carcinoid of the lung is considered low-grade malignancy, and less invasive treatment may therefore be considered. We analyzed the long-term outcome of initial bronchoscopic treatment in patients with intraluminal bronchial carcinoids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initial bronchoscopic treatment was applied to improve presurgical condition, to obtain tissue samples for proper histologic classification, and to enable less extensive parenchymal resection. For intraluminal bronchial carcinoid, complete tumor eradication with initial bronchoscopic treatment was attempted. High-resolution computed tomography in addition to bronchoscopy was used to determine intraluminal versus extraluminal tumor growth. Surgery followed in cases of atypical carcinoid, residue, or recurrence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-two patients, 43 of them female, have been treated (median age 47 years, range 16-80 years). Median follow-up has been 65 months (range 2-180 months). Fifty-seven (79%) had typical carcinoids and 15 (21%) had atypical carcinoids. Initial bronchoscopic treatment resulted in complete tumor eradication in 33 of 72 cases (46%), 30 typical and 3 atypical. Thirty-seven of 72 cases (51%), 11 atypical, required surgery (2 for late detected recurrences). Two patients had metastatic atypical carcinoid, 1 already at referral. Of the 6 deaths, 1 was tumor related.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initial bronchoscopic treatment is a potentially more tissue-sparing alternative than immediate surgical resection in patients with intraluminal bronchial carcinoids. For successful tumor eradication with initial bronchoscopic treatment in central carcinoids, assessment of intraluminal versus extraluminal growth may be of much more importance than histologic division between typical and atypical carcinoid. Disease-specific mortality is low, and long-term outcome has been excellent. Implementation of initial bronchoscopic treatment had no negative impact on surgical treatment outcome.
authors: Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Hes A P
authors: HA
authors: Brokx
authors: Elle K
authors: EK
authors: Risse
authors: Marinus A
authors: MA
authors: Paul
authors: Katrien
authors: K
authors: Grünberg
authors: Richard P
authors: RP
authors: Golding
authors: Peter W A
authors: PW
authors: Kunst
authors: Jan-Peter
authors: JP
authors: Eerenberg
authors: Johan C
authors: JC
authors: van Mourik
authors: Pieter E
authors: PE
authors: Postmus
authors: Wolter J
authors: WJ
authors: Mooi
authors: Tom G
authors: TG
authors: Sutedja
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001984:Bronchial Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome