Biomonitoring of the adverse effects induced by the chronic exposure to lead and cadmium on kidney function: usefulness of alpha-glutathione S-transferase.
A successful prevention of renal diseases induced by occupational exposure to lead (Pb) and/or cadmium (Cd) largely relies on the capability to detect nephrotoxic effects at a stage when they are still reversible or at least not yet compromising renal function. Hence, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the usefulness of a set of early biological markers of oxidative stress or nephrotoxicity for the biomonitoring of workers occupationally exposed to Pb and/or Cd in a non-ferrous metal smelter, and gender, age, socioeconomic status, smoking habits, and drug use-matched control individuals. In exposed subjects, mean levels of Pb in blood and urine were also 387.1+/-99.1 microg Pb/L (1.868+/-0.478 micromol Pb/L) and 217.7+/-117.7 microg Pb/g creatinine (1.051+/-0.568 micromol Pb/g creatinine), and mean levels of Cd in blood and urine were 3.26+/-2.11 microg Cd/L (0.029+/-0.019 micromol Cd/L) and 2.51+/-1.89 microg Cd/g creatinine (0.022+/-0.017 micromol Cd/g creatinine), suggesting thereby relatively low occupational exposure levels. Statistically significant variations in zinc protoporphyrin, malondialdehyde, retinol binding protein, alpha-glutathione S-transferase, and urinary protein levels were reported between the two groups, and were closely correlated with Pb and/or Cd exposure levels. Variations in alphaGST levels were closely associated with Pb exposure. Taken together, these results suggest the use of alpha-glutathione S-transferase excretion in urine as a hallmark of early changes in the proximal tubular integrity.
Garçon
Guillaume
G
LCE EA2598, Toxicologie Industrielle et Environnementale, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel de Dunkerque 2, 189A, Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France.
Leleu
Bruno
B
Marez
Thierry
T
Zerimech
Farid
F
Haguenoer
Jean-Marie
JM
Furon
Daniel
D
Shirali
Pirouz
P
D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D008669:Metallurgy; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000097:blood; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins / Q000652:urine; D012643:Selenium / Q000097:blood; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood
D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D015415:Biomarkers; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins; D002104:Cadmium; C017803:zinc protoporphyrin; D007854:Lead; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D012643:Selenium