title: Daytime symptoms in primary insomnia: a prospective analysis using ecological momentary assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively characterize and compare daytime symptoms in primary insomnia (PI) and good sleeper control (GSC) subjects using ecological momentary assessment; to examine relationships between daytime symptom factors, retrospective psychological and sleep reports, and concurrent sleep diary reports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included 47 PI and 18 GSC. Retrospective self-reports of daytime and sleep symptoms were collected. Daytime symptoms and sleep diary information were then collected for 1 week on hand-held computers. The Daytime Insomnia Symptom Scale (DISS) consisted of 19 visual analog scales completed four times per day. Factors for the DISS were derived using functional principal components analysis. Nonparametric tests were used to contrast DISS, retrospective symptom ratings, and sleep diary results in PI and GSC subjects, and to examine relationships among them.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four principal components were identified for the DISS: Alert Cognition, Negative Mood, Positive Mood, and Sleepiness/Fatigue. PI scored significantly worse than GSC on all four factors (p<0.0003 for each). Among PI subjects DISS scales and retrospective psychological symptoms were related to each other in plausible ways. DISS factors were also related to self-report measures of sleep, whereas retrospective psychological symptom measures were not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daytime symptom factors of alertness, positive and negative mood, and sleepiness/fatigue, collected with ecological momentary assessment, showed impairment in PI versus GSC. DISS factors showed stronger relationships to retrospective sleep symptoms and concurrent sleep diary reports than retrospective psychological symptoms. The diurnal pattern of symptoms may inform studies of the pathophysiology and treatment outcome of insomnia.
authors: Neuroscience Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, USA. buyssedj@upmc.edu
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Buysse
authors: Wesley
authors: W
authors: Thompson
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Scott
authors: Peter L
authors: PL
authors: Franzen
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Germain
authors: Martica
authors: M
authors: Hall
authors: Douglas E
authors: DE
authors: Moul
authors: Eric A
authors: EA
authors: Nofzinger
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Kupfer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001143:Arousal; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D034201:Computers, Handheld; D003625:Data Collection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005221:Fatigue / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012650:Self Disclosure; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D012931:Social Environment; D014851:Wakefulness