title: Initiate Insulin by Aggressive Titration and Education (INITIATE): a randomized study to compare initiation of insulin combination therapy in type 2 diabetic patients individually and in groups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insulin is often postponed for years because initiation is time-consuming. We sought to compare initiation of insulin individually and in groups with respect to change in A1C and several other parameters in type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized (1:1), multicenter, two-arm, parallel design study with a recruiting period of up to 14 weeks and a 24-week treatment period. Either in groups of 4-8 or individually, using the same personnel and education program, 121 insulin-naive type 2 diabetic patients with an A1C of 7.0-12.0% were randomized to initiate bedtime insulin glargine. The patients visited the treatment center before and at the time of insulin initiation and at 6, 12, and 24 weeks. Patients self-adjusted the insulin dose to achieve a fasting plasma glucose 4.0-5.5 mmol/l.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 24 weeks, mean +/- SE A1C had decreased from 8.7 +/- 0.2 to 6.9 +/- 0.1% in those treated individually and from 8.8 +/- 0.2 to 6.8 +/- 0.1% in those in groups (not significant [NS]). Insulin doses averaged 62 +/- 5 IU and 56 +/- 5 IU at 24 weeks (NS), respectively. The frequency of hypoglycemia was similar. The total time (visits and phone calls) spent in initiating insulin in the patients in groups (2.2 +/- 0.1 h) was 48% less than in those treated individually (4.2 +/- 0.2 h). Diabetes treatment satisfaction improved significantly in both sets of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar glycemic control and treatment satisfaction can be achieved by initiating insulin in groups and individually. Starting insulin in groups takes one-half as much time as individual initiation.
authors: University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. ykijarvi@cc.helsinki.fi
authors: Hannele
authors: H
authors: Yki-Järvinen
authors: Leena
authors: L
authors: Juurinen
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Alvarsson
authors: Tord
authors: T
authors: Bystedt
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: Caldwell
authors: Melanie
authors: M
authors: Davies
authors: Sanni
authors: S
authors: Lahdenperä
authors: Gil
authors: G
authors: Nijpels
authors: Markku
authors: M
authors: Vähätalo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin