title: Can Western developmental screening tools be modified for use in a rural Malawian setting?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To create a more culturally relevant developmental assessment tool for use in children in rural Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Through focus groups, piloting work and validation, a more culturally appropriate developmental tool, based on the style of the Denver II, was created. Age standardised norms were estimated using 1130 normal children aged 0-6 years from a rural setting in Malawi. The performance of each item in the tool was examined through goodness of fit on logistic regression, reliability and interpretability at a consensus meeting. The instrument was revised with removal of items performing poorly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An assessment tool with 138 items was created. Face, content and respondent validity was demonstrated. At the consensus meeting, 97% (33/34) of gross motor items were retained in comparison to 51% (18/35) of social items, and 86% (69/80) of items from the Denver II or Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) were retained in comparison to 69% (32/46) of the newly created items, many of these having poor reliability and goodness of fit. Gender had an effect on 23% (8/35) of the social items, which were removed. Items not attained by 6 years came entirely from the Denver II fine motor section (4/34). Overall, 110 of the 138 items (80%) were retained in the revised instrument with some items needing further modification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When creating developmental tools for a rural African setting, many items from Western tools can be adapted. The gross motor domain is more culturally adaptable, whereas social development is difficult to adapt and is culturally specific.
authors: Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi. mgladstone@btinternet.com
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Gladstone
authors: G A
authors: GA
authors: Lancaster
authors: A P
authors: AP
authors: Jones
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Maleta
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Mtitimila
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Ashorn
authors: R L
authors: RL
authors: Smyth
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003469:Culture; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008295:Malawi; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012424:Rural Population