Determinants of social functioning in bipolar disorder.
BACKGROUND
Evidence indicates that social outcomes in bipolar disorders (BP) are poorer than previously assumed. This study explores determinants of the quality and quantity of social activity.


METHODS
Seventy-seven subjects with BP completed self-report and observer-rated questionnaires assessing demographic and clinical factors, personality and social functioning.


RESULTS
Quality of functioning and spectrum of activity were found to be independent. The best determinants of the quality of functioning, accounting for 33% of the variance, were premorbid neuroticism and the current level of depressive symptoms. Only 30% of subjects were active in all social domains, and the quantity of social activity was largely explained by social circumstances, namely, living with someone else and later age of illness onset.


CONCLUSIONS
The implications of these findings are discussed in this paper. We suggest that future studies need to differentiate between factors associated with the quality of functioning as compared with the quantity of social activity.
Pope
Marie
M
Department of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Psychiatry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, UK.
Dudley
Robert
R
Scott
Jan
J
D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000275:Adjustment Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires