title: Mitochondrial protection by the JNK inhibitor leflunomide rescues mice from acetaminophen-induced liver injury.
abstract: Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug that is safe at therapeutic doses but which can precipitate liver injury at high doses. We have previously found that the antirheumatic drug leflunomide is a potent inhibitor of APAP toxicity in cultured human hepatocytes, protecting them from mitochondria-mediated cell death by inhibiting the mitochondrial permeability transition. The purpose of this study was to explore whether leflunomide protects against APAP hepatotoxicity in vivo and to define the molecular pathways of cytoprotection. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with a hepatotoxic dose of APAP (750 mg/kg, ip) followed by a single injection of leflunomide (30 mg/kg, ip). Leflunomide (4 hours after APAP dose) afforded significant protection from liver necrosis as assessed by serum ALT activity and histopathology after 8 and 24 hours. The mechanism of protection by leflunomide was not through inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-catalyzed APAP bioactivation or an apparent suppression of the innate immune system. Instead, leflunomide inhibited APAP-induced activation (phosphorylation) of c-jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK), thus preventing downstream Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL inactivation and protecting from mitochondrial permeabilization and cytochrome c release. Furthermore, leflunomide inhibited the APAP-mediated increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and prevented the formation of peroxynitrite, as judged from the absence of hepatic nitrotyrosine adducts. Even when given 8 hours after APAP dose, leflunomide still protected from massive liver necrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leflunomide afforded protection against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice through inhibition of JNK-mediated activation of mitochondrial permeabilization.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore.
authors: Calivarathan
authors: C
authors: Latchoumycandane
authors: Catherine W
authors: CW
authors: Goh
authors: Michie M K
authors: MM
authors: Ong
authors: Urs A
authors: UA
authors: Boelsterli
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077339:Leflunomide; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009336:Necrosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; C494812:Bcl2l1 protein, mouse; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007555:Isoxazoles; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D000082:Acetaminophen; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D000077339:Leflunomide