title: Noninvasive visualization of pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and tumor targeting of poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] in mice using contrast enhanced MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study a non-invasive method of using contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the real-time pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and tumor accumulation of paramagnetically labeled poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] (PHPMA) copolymer conjugates with different molecular weights and spacers in tumor-bearing mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paramagnetically labeled HPMA copolymer conjugates were synthesized by free radical copolymerization of HPMA with monomers containing a chelating ligand, followed by complexation with Gd(OAc)(3). A stable paramagnetic chelate, Gd-DO3A, was conjugated to the copolymers via a degradable spacer GlyPheLeuGly and a non-degradable spacer GlyGly, respectively. The conjugates with molecular weights of 28, 60 and 121 kDa and narrow molecular weight distributions were prepared by fractionation with size exclusion chromatography. The conjugates were injected into athymic nude mice bearing MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma xenografts via a tail vein. MR images were acquired before and at various time points after the injection with a 3D FLASH sequence and a 2D spin-echo sequence at 3T. Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and tumor accumulation of the conjugates were visualized based on the contrast enhancement in the blood, major organs and tumor tissue at various time points. The size effect of the conjugates was analyzed among the conjugates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrast enhanced MRI resulted in a real-time, three-dimensional visualization of blood circulation, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and tumor accumulation of the conjugates, and the size effect on these pharmaceutical properties. HPMA copolymer conjugates with high molecular weight had a prolonged blood circulation time and high passive tumor targeting efficiency. Non-biodegradable HPMA copolymers with molecular weights higher than the threshold of renal filtration demonstrated higher efficiency for tumor drug delivery than biodegradable poly(L-glutamic acid).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast enhanced MRI is an effective method for non-invasive visualization of in vivo properties of the paramagnetically labeled polymer conjugates in preclinical studies.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA.
authors: Yanli
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Furong
authors: F
authors: Ye
authors: Eun-Kee
authors: EK
authors: Jeong
authors: Yongen
authors: Y
authors: Sun
authors: Dennis L
authors: DL
authors: Parker
authors: Zheng-Rong
authors: ZR
authors: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C011533:Duxon; D005682:Gadolinium