title: The effects of alcohol on laboratory-measured impulsivity after L: -Tryptophan depletion or loading.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Indirect evidence supports a link between serotonergic activity and individual differences in the behavioral response to alcohol, but few studies have experimentally demonstrated that an individual's biological state can influence the sensitivity to alcohol-induced behaviors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to temporarily modify serotonin synthesis in healthy individuals to determine how altered biological states may interact with alcohol administration to affect impulsive behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a repeated-measures design, 18 normal controls consumed a 50-g L: -tryptophan (Trp) depleting (ATD) or loading (ATL) amino-acid beverage that temporarily decreased or increased (respectively) serotonin synthesis before receiving either a moderate dose of alcohol (0.65 g/kg) or placebo. All participants completed three impulsivity testing sessions on each of the five experimental days. Session one was a baseline session. Session two included testing after ATD-only or ATL-only. Session three included: (1) placebo after ATL (ATL+PBO); (2) placebo after ATD (ATD+PBO); (3) alcohol after ATL (ATL+ALC); (4) alcohol after ATD (ATD+ALC); and (5) Alcohol-only conditions. Impulsivity was assessed using the Immediate Memory Task (Dougherty et al., Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput 34:391-398, 2002), a continuous performance test yielding commission errors that have been previously validated as a component of impulsive behavior.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary findings were that ATD-only increased impulsive responding compared to ATL-only, and ATD+ALC increased commission errors to levels higher than either the ATL+ALC or Alcohol-only conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that reduced serotonin synthesis can produce increased impulsivity even among non-impulsive normal controls, and that the behavioral effects of alcohol are, in part, dependent on this biological state.
authors: Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. ddougher@wfubmc.edu
authors: Donald M
authors: DM
authors: Dougherty
authors: Dawn M
authors: DM
authors: Marsh
authors: Charles W
authors: CW
authors: Mathias
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Dawes
authors: Don M
authors: DM
authors: Bradley
authors: Chris J
authors: CJ
authors: Morgan
authors: Abdulla A-B
authors: AA
authors: Badawy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001944:Breath Tests; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012701:Serotonin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D012701:Serotonin; D000431:Ethanol; D014364:Tryptophan