title: Amphotericin B-gum arabic conjugates: synthesis, toxicity, bioavailability, and activities against Leishmania and fungi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gum arabic, a branched polysaccharide consisting of more than 90% arabinogalactan having a molecular weight around 250,000 Da is the oldest and best known of all natural gums. The objective of the present investigation was to examine whether amphotericin B (AmB), the polyene antibiotic when conjugated to periodate oxidized gum arabic still retained its anti-fungal and anti-leishmanial activity and to evaluate its toxicity and bioavailability.
  
  
  METHODS
  AmB conjugated to the oxidized polysaccharide through Schiff's linkages in the unreduced (imine) and reduced (amine) forms were characterized for the drug content, hemolytic potential, molecular mass, in vitro release and were examined for anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans and for anti-leishmanial activity against promastigotes of Leishmania donovani in culture. Toxicity and bioavailability were evaluated by intravenous (i.v) injections of the conjugates in mice and rabbits respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The conjugates were found to be non-hemolytic and mice withstood a dosage of 20 mg (AmB)/kg body weight of both conjugates. Histological examination of the internal organs of mice showed no lesions in kidney, brain, heart or liver. Estimation of the residual drug in the internal organs 7 days post injection showed that the spleen still retained 8.4 +/- 0.53 microg/g of tissue. AmB was found to be released from both conjugates in vitro although the release from the imine conjugate was much faster than from the amine conjugate. The concentrations inhibiting parasite growth by 50% (IC(50)) values for the imine conjugate against promastigotes of L. donovani LV9 and DD8 strains were 0.37 +/- 0.04 and 1.44 +/- 0.18 microM respectively. The IC(50) values for the amine conjugates were much higher. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against C. albicans and C. neoformans was in the range of 0.5-0.9 microg/mL for both imino and amino conjugates. The bioavailability of the conjugate in rabbits showed that the imine conjugate maintained a plasma concentration in the range of 20 to 5 microg/mL while for the amine conjugate it was in the range of 17 to 3 microg/mL over 24 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The drug conjugates were stable, non-hemolytic and non-toxic to the internal organs of the animal and showed good anti-fungal and anti-leishmanial activity in vitro. In spite of the large molecular weight of the polysaccharide, AmB from the conjugates showed bioavailability after i.v injection. Since the highest concentration of AmB was found in the spleen after a single injection, these conjugates may have potential in anti-leishmanial therapy.
authors: Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Satelmond Palace Campus, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695 012, India.
authors: K K
authors: KK
authors: Nishi
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Antony
authors: P V
authors: PV
authors: Mohanan
authors: T V
authors: TV
authors: Anilkumar
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Loiseau
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Jayakrishnan
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004355:Drug Stability; D004356:Drug Storage; D005260:Female; D006170:Gum Arabic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D006207:Half-Life; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008956:Models, Chemical; D015394:Molecular Structure; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011817:Rabbits; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D000666:Amphotericin B; D006170:Gum Arabic