Executive functions in morality, religion, and paranormal beliefs.
Moral, religious, and paranormal beliefs share some degree of overlap and play important roles in guiding peoples' behavior. Although partly cultural phenomena, they also have neurobiological components based on functional neuroimaging studies and research in clinical populations. Because all three show relationships to prefrontal system functioning, the current study examined whether they related to executive functions as measured by the Executive Function Inventory in a community sample. As in previous research, religious beliefs related positively to both moral attitudes and paranormal beliefs. Moral attitudes, however, did not relate to paranormal beliefs. Paranormal beliefs related inversely to impulse control and organization, whereas small positive correlations occurred between traditional religious beliefs, impulse control, and empathy. Moral attitudes, on the other hand, showed consistent positive correlations with all executive functions measured, independent of demographic influences. These findings concordantly support that prefrontal systems play a role in morality, religion, and paranormal beliefs.
Wain
Omar
O
Neuropsychology Laboratory, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, Pomona, New Jersey 08240-0195, USA.
Spinella
Marcello
M
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003071:Cognition; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009014:Morals; D010268:Parapsychology; D010551:Personality; D010556:Personality Tests; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012067:Religion; D013483:Superstitions