title: Increased insulin sensitivity and reduced micro and macro vascular disease induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose during metabolic syndrome in obese JCR: LA-cp rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The metabolic syndrome, characterized by obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, is a major cause of cardiovascular disease. The origins of the syndrome have been hypothesized to lie in continuous availability of energy dense foods in modern societies. In contrast, human physiology has evolved in an environment of sporadic food supply and frequent food deprivation. Intermittent food restriction in rats has previously been shown to lead to reduction of cardiovascular risk and a greater life span. The non-metabolizable glucose analogue, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) is taken up by cells and induces pharmacological inhibition of metabolism of glucose. We hypothesized that intermittent inhibition of glucose metabolism, a metabolic deprivation, may mimic intermittent food deprivation and ameliorate metabolic and pathophysiological aspects of the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Insulin resistant, atherosclerosis-prone JCR:LA-cp rats were treated with 2-DG (0.3% w/w in chow) on an intermittent schedule (2 days treated, one day non-treated, two days treated and two days non-treated) or continuously at a dose to give an equivalent averaged intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intermittent 2-DG-treatment improved insulin sensitivity, which correlated with increased adiponectin concentrations. Further, intermittent treatment (but not continuous treatment) reduced plasma levels of leptin and the inflammatory cytokine IL-1 beta. Both 2-DG treatments reduced micro-vascular glomerular sclerosis, but only the intermittent schedule improved macro-vascular dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings are consistent with reduction in severity of the metabolic syndrome and protection against end stage micro- and macro-vascular disease through intermittent metabolic deprivation at a cellular level by inhibition of glucose oxidation with 2-DG.
authors: Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Jim.Russell@ualberta.ca
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Russell
authors: S D
authors: SD
authors: Proctor
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D011922:Rats, Mutant Strains; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D020738:Leptin; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D010656:Phenylephrine; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D000109:Acetylcholine