Effects of levels of cigarette smoke exposure on symptom-limited spiroergometry.
Previous investigations demonstrated reduced exposure to selected cigarette smoke constituents in adult smokers switching from conventional cigarettes (CC) to an electrically heated cigarette smoking system (EHCSS). This study investigated whether reduced exposure and no smoking (NS) would improve exercise performance. In a 3-period crossover study, 18 male adult smokers (age, 43.6+/-5.3 years) of CC were randomized to smoke CC (tar, 11 mg; nicotine, 0.8 mg; carbon monoxide, 11 mg), to use EHCSS (tar, 3 mg; nicotine, 0.2 mg; carbon monoxide, 0.4 mg [Federal Trade Commission method]), or to NS for 3 days before performing symptom-limited spiroergometry. NS and EHCSS vs CC resulted in less severe dyspnea (NS, 44.4% [P<.01 vs CC;] EHCSS, 50% [P=.03 vs CC;] CC, 88.9%), higher working capacity (NS, 2.92+/-0.4 W/kg [P=.06 vs CC;] ECHSS, 2.92+/-0.4 W/kg [P=.04 vs CC;] CC, 2.86+/-0.5 W/kg), higher peak oxygen uptake (NS, 2694+/-466 mL O(2)/min [P=.08 vs CC;] EHCSS, 2830+/-606 mL O(2)/min [P=.03 vs CC;] CC, 2682+/-492 mL O(2)/min), higher anaerobic threshold (NS, 1324+/-306 mL O(2)/min; EHCSS, 1396+/-312 mL O(2)/min [P=.03 vs CC;] CC, 1315+/-290 mL O(2)/min), and higher maximum rate-pressure product (NS, 30.1+/-2.7 x 10(3) mm Hg/min; EHCSS, 2.8 x 10(3) mm Hg/min [P<.01 vs CC;] CC, 30.7+/-29.2+/-3.6 x 10(3) mm Hg/min) indicating that reduced exposure from tobacco smoke and NS for 3 days may improve cardiovascular function as detected by symptom-limited spiroergometry.
Unverdorben
Martin
M
Department of Research, Development and Engineering, Clinical Evaluation, Philip Morris USA, Richmond, VA 23234, USA. martin.unverdorben@pmusa.com
der Bijl
Avan
A
Potgieter
Linda
L
Liang
Qiwei
Q
Meyer
Bernhardt H
BH
Roethig
Hans J
HJ
D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000009:adverse effects; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016552:Ergometry; D004906:Erythrocyte Count; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D010092:Oximetry; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D013019:South Africa; D013147:Spirometry; D013638:Tars / Q000009:adverse effects; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
D013638:Tars; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin