title: An integrated analytical approach to diagnose the conservation state of building materials of a palace house in the metropolitan Bilbao (Basque Country, North of Spain).
abstract: Raman microprobe spectroscopy and microX-ray fluorescence were used to analyse the original composition and degradation products of the limestone and the sandstones from the facades of one historical building. Carbon particles, gypsum (CaSO(4).2H(2)O) and some nitrate compounds were determined by Raman measurements, while elemental characterisation carried out by microXRF revealed the presence of lead, sulphur and copper as pollutants. On the one hand, the grey sandstone is the most deteriorated and in some cases pollutants reach 3 cm depth. On the other hand, quantification of soluble salts (chlorides, sulphates, nitrates, nitrites, fluorides and carbonates) was accomplished by ion chromatography. Chloride and sulphates are not significant soluble salts in the façades of the building, but the amount of nitrate is even 136 g kg(-1) in some of the most deteriorated samples and of 147 g kg(-1) in black-crusts. Finally, organic compounds (mainly PAHs) were characterised by GC-MS. Concentrations higher than 20 ppm of total PAHs were measured in the black-crusts of the rain-protected facades. The presence of certain PAHs indicated combustion of fuels as the main source of deterioration for the palace house building materials.
authors: Kimika Analitikoaren Saila, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (EHU/UPV), P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain. qabmaari@lg.ehu.es
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Martínez-Arkarazo
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Angulo
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Bartolomé
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Etxebarria
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Olazabal
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Madariaga
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D002845:Chromatography; D003252:Construction Materials; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006798:Housing; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D013030:Spain; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D008670:Metals; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D002119:Calcium Carbonate