Binaural beat technology in humans: a pilot study to assess neuropsychologic, physiologic, and electroencephalographic effects.
OBJECTIVE
When two auditory stimuli of different frequency are presented to each ear, binaural beats are perceived by the listener. The binaural beat frequency is equal to the difference between the frequencies applied to each ear. Our primary objective was to assess whether steady-state entrainment of electroencephalographic activity to the binaural beat occurs when exposed to a specific binaural beat frequency as has been hypothesized. Our secondary objective was to gather preliminary data on neuropsychologic and physiologic effects of binaural beat technology.


METHODS
A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled crossover experiment in 4 healthy adult subjects.


METHODS
Subjects were randomized to experimental auditory stimulus of 30 minutes of binaural beat at 7 Hz (carrier frequencies: 133 Hz L; 140 Hz R) with an overlay of pink noise resembling the sound of rain on one session and control stimuli of the same overlay without the binaural beat carrier frequencies on the other session.


METHODS
Data were collected during two separate sessions 1 week apart. Neuropsychologic and blood pressure data were collected before and after the intervention; electroencephalographic data were collected before, during, and after listening to either binaural beats or control. Neuropsychologic measures included State Trait Anxiety Inventory, Profile of Mood States, Rey Auditory Verbal List Test, Stroop Test, and Controlled Oral Word Association Test. Spectral and coherence analysis was performed on the electroencephalogram (EEG), and all measures were analyzed for changes between sessions with and without binaural beat stimuli.


RESULTS
There were no significant differences between the experimental and control conditions in any of the EEG measures. There was an increase of the Profile of Mood States depression subscale in the experimental condition relative to the control condition (p = 0.02). There was also a significant decrease in immediate verbal memory recall (p = 0.03) in the experimental condition compared to control condition.


CONCLUSIONS
We did not find support for steady-state entrainment of the scalp-recorded EEG while listening to 7-Hz binaural beats. Although our data indicated increased depression and poorer immediate recall after listening to binaural beats, larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Wahbeh
Helané
H
Helfgott Research Institute, National College of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR 97201, USA. hwahbeh@ncnm.edu
Calabrese
Carlo
C
Zwickey
Heather
H
Zajdel
Dan
D
D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009922:Oregon; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values