Effects of oral and transvaginal ethinyl estradiol on hemostatic factors and hepatic proteins in a randomized, crossover study.
BACKGROUND
The use of combined hormonal contraceptives with ethinyl estradiol (EE) and a progestin results in alterations in potential biomarkers of venous thromboembolism risk. Evaluation of the impact of delivery route on these changes is difficult due to an interaction between EE and the progestin component.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to compare the impact of oral and vaginal administration of EE alone on hemostatic variables and estrogen-sensitive liver proteins.


METHODS
This was a single-center, randomized, crossover study with two treatment cycles separated by a washout cycle.


METHODS
The study was conducted in an academic outpatient center.


METHODS
Fourteen healthy postmenopausal women were enrolled; 13 completed the study and were included in the analyses.


METHODS
Participants were randomized to receive EE (15 microg/d) delivered by oral tablet or vaginal ring for 21 d in one of two treatment sequences.


METHODS
Changes in plasma concentration or activity of 10 hemostatic variables and six estrogen-sensitive liver proteins between baseline and d 21 of treatment were the primary outcomes.


RESULTS
Prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 plasma level was unaffected by treatment or delivery route. Angiotensinogen (expressed as plasma level of angiotensin I) increased similarly with oral and vaginal delivery; mean (sd) increases were 2757 (1033) and 2864 (893) ng /ml, respectively (P = 0.0002). Alterations in other study variables, except total cholesterol, were similar with oral and vaginal administration.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results provide evidence that the customary effects of combined hormonal contraceptives on hemostatic variables and estrogen-sensitive liver proteins are largely related to EE and independent of delivery route during short-term treatment.
Sitruk-Ware
Régine
R
Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10021, USA. regine@popcbr.rockefeller.edu
Plu-Bureau
Geneviève
G
Menard
Joël
J
Conard
Jacqueline
J
Kumar
Sushma
S
Thalabard
Jean-Christophe
JC
Tokay
Barbara
B
Bouchard
Philippe
P
D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology
D004967:Estrogens; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol