title: [Influence of the riding discipline and riding intensity on the incidence of back pain in competitive horseback riders].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The connection between morphologic changes of the spine and the intensity of training has been assessed for a number of sport activities. The influence of horseback riding on the spine has only rarely been evaluated. The aim of our study was to evaluate to what degree horseback riders suffer from back pain and whether there is an association between this parameter and the category i. e. the intensity of horseback riding. Furthermore we wanted to judge whether riding may have a positive effect on pre-existent back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  508 horseback riders (63.2 % females; 36.8 % males) competing in either dressage, showjumping or vaulting were interviewed using a questionnaire. Apart from biometric data, the intensity with which riding was performed and the localisation and intensity (VAS) of back pain was assessed. Furthermore, in the case of existing back pain, riders were asked whether different riding disciplines and paces changed the intensity of pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  300 dressage riders (59.1 %), 188 showjumpers (37.0 %) and 20 vaulters (3.9 %) with an average age of 33.5 Jahre (12 - 77 years) were questioned. The incidence of back pain was 72.5 %. A significant correlation between back pain and riding discipline respectively gender or riding level could not be found. Discrepancies in VAS-score for dressage riders (3.95 +/- 0.13), show jumpers (4.10 +/- 0.16) and vaulters (3.76 +/- 0.5) were marginal and not significant (p > 0.05). Overall 58.7 % resp. 15.2 % reported to have pain in the lumbar i.e cervical spine. Despite the fact that a large fraction of dressage riders claimed to have problems in these spine areas with 57.7 % resp. 68.8 %, this finding was not significant compared to the other riding disciplines. While 61.6 % of dressage riders reported an improvement of their back pain when riding, this was only the case in 40.9 % of show jumpers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to the general population, a high incidence of back pain is found among riders. A significant correlation between the intensity of riding or the riding discipline and frequency or severity of back pain could not be found. For riders with pre-existent back pain the pace "walk" seems to have a positive influence on pain intensity.
authors: Klinik und Poliklinik für Orthopädie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf. clayton.kraft@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors: C N
authors: CN
authors: Kraft
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Urban
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Ilg
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Wallny
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Scharfstädt
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Jäger
authors: P H
authors: PH
authors: Pennekamp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012307:Risk Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires