title: Literacy demands and formatting characteristics of opioid contracts in chronic nonmalignant pain management.
abstract: Chronic nonmalignant pain affects a significant number of adults, with many requiring opioid medications to manage their symptoms. Although the content of typical opioid contracts (OCs) has been explored, no studies have examined the literacy demands and formatting characteristics of OCs currently used throughout the United States. We evaluated 162 English-language OCs submitted to us by current American Pain Society members residing in the United States. OCs were evaluated for reading grade level and formatting characteristics. The mean readability of OCs was at grade level 13.8 +/- 1.3 (range = 10-17), whereas the average text point size was 11.0 +/- 1.4 (range = 6-16). Active voice was used exclusively in almost half of OCs (n = 79, 48.8%). Most OCs contained not only sophisticated medical language but multisyllable, nonmedical terms and vocabulary not used in typical everyday conversation. Overall, most OCs reviewed presented information at much too high a reading grade level, and with formatting characteristics that probably would make these documents difficult for the average patient to fully comprehend.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that there is a mismatch between the reading demands of most OCs and the actual health literacy skills of American adults. Accordingly, those developing OCs should be cognizant of the actual literacy abilities of their patient population and design and evaluate OCs accordingly.
authors: University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee 37920, USA.
authors: Steven E
authors: SE
authors: Roskos
authors: Amy J
authors: AJ
authors: Keenum
authors: Lindsay M
authors: LM
authors: Newman
authors: Lorraine S
authors: LS
authors: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D032882:Comprehension; D032982:Contracts / Q000592:standards*; D004522:Educational Status; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000592:standards; D011932:Reading; D013664:Teaching Materials / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid