title: Pilot study of urinary biomarkers of phytoestrogens, phthalates, and phenols in girls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hormonally active environmental agents have been measured among U.S. children using exposure biomarkers in urine. However, little is known about their variation by race, age, sex, and geography, and no data exist for newly developed biomarkers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to characterize relevant, prevalent exposures for a study of female pubertal development.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a pilot study among 90 girls from New York City, New York, Cincinnati, Ohio, and northern California, we measured 25 urinary analytes representing 22 separate agents from three chemical families: phytoestrogens, phthalates, and phenols. Exposures occur chiefly from the diet and from household or personal care products.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants represented four racial/ethnic groups (Asian, black, Hispanic, white), with mean age of 7.77 years. Most analytes were detectable in > 94% of samples. The highest median concentrations for individual analytes in each family were for enterolactone (298 microg/L), monoethylphthalate (MEP; 83.2 microg/L), and benzophenone-3 (BP3; 14.7 microg/L). Few or no data have been reported previously for four metabolites: mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, tridosan, bisphenol A (BPA), and BP3; these were detected in 67-100% of samples with medians of 1.8-53.2 microg/L. After multivariate adjustment, two analytes, enterolactone and BPA, were higher among girls with body mass index < 85th reference percentile than those at or above the 85th percentile. Three phthalate metabolites differed by race/ethnicity [MEP, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and mono-3-carboxypropylphthalate].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A wide spectrum of hormonally active exposure biomarkers were detectable and variable among young girls, with high maximal concentrations (> 1,000 microg/L) found for several analytes. They varied by characteristics that may be relevant to development.
authors: Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA. mary.wolff@mssm.edu
authors: Mary S
authors: MS
authors: Wolff
authors: Susan L
authors: SL
authors: Teitelbaum
authors: Gayle
authors: G
authors: Windham
authors: Susan M
authors: SM
authors: Pinney
authors: Julie A
authors: JA
authors: Britton
authors: Carol
authors: C
authors: Chelimo
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Godbold
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Biro
authors: Lawrence H
authors: LH
authors: Kushi
authors: Christine M
authors: CM
authors: Pfeiffer
authors: Antonia M
authors: AM
authors: Calafat
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002140:California; D002648:Child; D002947:Cities; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000652:urine*; D017705:Lignans / Q000652:urine*; D009518:New York; D009820:Ohio; D010636:Phenols / Q000652:urine*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000652:urine*; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000652:urine*; D010865:Pilot Projects
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007529:Isoflavones; D017705:Lignans; D010636:Phenols; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D048789:Phytoestrogens; D003404:Creatinine; D015107:4-Butyrolactone; C029497:2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone