title: Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol predicts cardiovascular events after carotid stenting: a long-term survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apart from advanced age, little is known about predictors of the long-term outcome after carotid artery stenting (CAS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine whether atherosclerotic risk factors predict the long-term outcome after CAS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 532 patients assigned for CAS. The primary composite end-point, including stroke, myocardial infarction and all-cause mortality, was observed in 100 patients (19%) during the long-term follow-up (median 28 months, interquartile range 14-49 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cumulative event rates at 1, 3 and 5 years were 4.4%, 17.1% and 33.4%, respectively. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was an independent predictor of event-free survival. The adjusted hazard ratio for the primary end-point was 0.97 per increase of 1 mg dL(-1) HDL cholesterol [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95-0.99, P = 0.002) and 2.7 (95% CI 1.6-4.4, P < 0.001) for low HDL cholesterol (< 40 mg dL(-1) in men and < 50 mg dL(-1) in women). Inflammatory activation (leukocyte count > 10,000 mL(-1) or fibrinogen > 450 mg dL(-1) or erythrocyte sedimentation rate > 20 mm h(-1)) was the only other independent atherosclerotic risk factor (P = 0.001). Patients with low HDL cholesterol and elevated inflammatory activation were at very high risk, with a 5-year event rate of 59.4% (95% CI 43.6-75.2%) as compared to 15.1% (95% CI 8.2-22.0%) in those without both risk factors (log rank, P < 0.001). Age, occlusion of the contralateral carotid artery and heart failure were further independent risk predictors (P < 0.01 for all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low HDL cholesterol is an independent predictor of the long-term outcome after CAS. The combination of low HDL cholesterol and elevated inflammatory markers identified high-risk patients.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. alexander.niessner@meduniwien.ac.at
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Niessner
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Hofmann
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Kypta
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Steinwender
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kerschner
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Kammler
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Leisch
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Huber
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D003625:Data Collection; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015607:Stents
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL