title: The enantiomers of tramadol and its major metabolite inhibit peristalsis in the guinea pig small intestine via differential mechanisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhibition of intestinal peristalsis is a major side effect of opioid analgesics. Although tramadol is an opioid-like analgesic, its effect on gut motility is little known. Therefore, the effect of (+)-tramadol, (-)-tramadol and the major metabolite O-desmethyltramadol on intestinal peristalsis in vitro and their mechanisms of action were examined. Distension-induced peristalsis was recorded in fluid-perfused segments of the guinea pig small intestine. The intraluminal peristaltic pressure threshold (PPT) was used to quantify the motor effects of extraserosally administered drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Racemic tramadol, its (+)- and (-)-enantiomers and the major metabolite O-desmethyltramadol (0.1-100 microM) concentration-dependently increased PPT until peristalsis was transiently or persistently abolished. The rank order of potency was (-)-tramadol < (+)-tramadol <O-desmethyltramadol. The peristaltic motor inhibition caused by (+)- and (-)-tramadol was markedly and that of O-desmethyltramadol nearly completely prevented by naloxone, but left unaltered by the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists methysergide plus tropisetron. The adrenoceptor antagonists prazosin plus yohimbine reduced the effect of (+)- and (-)-tramadol but not that of O-desmethyltramadol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that the metabolite O-desmethyltramadol is more potent in inhibiting peristalsis than its parent compound. The action of all tramadol forms depends on opioid receptors, and that of (+)- and (-)-tramadol also involves adrenoceptors.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Herbert_M@klinik.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors: Michael K
authors: MK
authors: Herbert
authors: Rebecca
authors: R
authors: Weis
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Holzer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010528:Peristalsis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014147:Tramadol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C080580:O-demethyltramadol; D014147:Tramadol