title: Urinary cotinine as an objective measure of cigarette smoking in chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking is a modifiable behaviour that may hasten the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Cotinine, a nicotine metabolite, is measurable in body fluids, including urine, and can be utilized as an objective measure of smoking exposure. Its use has not been examined in the CKD population.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated use of 24-h urinary cotinine excretion (Ucot) as a quantitative index of smoking exposure in a CKD population. Methods of comparison included self-report and expired air carbon monoxide (eCO) as standard measures of smoking exposure. Assessments of kidney function included estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and 24-h urinary protein (Uprot) excretion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-one patients were enrolled, of whom 12 were excluded for incomplete urine collections. Of the remaining, 77% were active current smokers (mean cigarettes smoked: 12+/-7 per day). The mean eGFR was 47+/-25 ml/min/1.73 m2 with no significant differences among non-smokers. The mean eCO and Ucot were significantly higher in smokers vs non-smokers (12.5+/-6.9 ppm and 1.3+/-1.1 ppm and 1685.87+/-922.77 microg/d and 134.18+/-445.03 microg/d, respectively, P<0.001 for both). Ucot was weakly correlated with eGFR (R=0.40, P=0.005), but not with Uprot (R=0.09, P=0.54). In multivariate analyses, daily cigarette consumption and eCO were the only significant predictors of Ucot (P<0.05 for both).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this CKD cohort, Ucot is correlated with commonly used measures of smoking exposure and is minimally influenced by underlying renal function, demonstrating its potential utility in clinical trials examining change in smoking behaviour and effects on renal injury.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Room N3W143, 22 S. Greene St. Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. charjone@umaryland.edu
authors: Charlotte
authors: C
authors: Jones-Burton
authors: Ghazal
authors: G
authors: Vessal
authors: Jeanine
authors: J
authors: Brown
authors: Thomas C
authors: TC
authors: Dowling
authors: Jeffrey C
authors: JC
authors: Fink
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001944:Breath Tests; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D003367:Cotinine