title: Compatibility of machined Ce-TZP/Al2O3 nanocomposite and a veneering ceramic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Due to its high fracture toughness ceria-stabilized ZrO(2)/Al(2)O(3) nanocomposite (Ce-TZP/A) could be superior to Y-TZP in clinical use. However, the compatibility to veneering ceramics is not yet investigated and therefore subject of this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fracture strength and crazing resistance of veneered Ce-TZP/A frameworks (Nanozir, Matsushita Electric Works) were investigated in comparison to sintered and hipped Y-TZP (Hint-ELs). Frameworks were machined (HiCut, Hint-ELs), sintered where applicable (hiTherm, Hint-ELs), and veneered in a standardized procedure (Cerabien ZR, Noritake). Fracture strength of the crowns was assessed in a shear test (n=10). Biaxial flexural strength of the core materials was measured according to ISO 6872 (n=10). To assess the thermal compatibility between framework and veneer the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of all materials was determined (n=3) and a crazing test carried out (n=12).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fracture strength was equal for crowns with Ce-TZP/A (866.6+/-132.1N) and sintered Y-TZP (904.5+/-168.2N), while crowns with hipped Y-TZP were significantly stronger (1380.6+/-253.2N) (Student's t-test, p<0.05). These values correlated with the biaxial flexural strength of the three core materials (Ce-TZP/A: 1238.0+/-200.0MPa, sintered Y-TZP: 1181.8+/-232.5MPa and hipped Y-TZP: 1521.8+/-163.8MPa). Failure of both hipped and sintered Y-TZP crowns occurred by chipping of the veneer or total fracture, while the Ce-TZP/A crowns predominantly failed by chipping of the veneer. In the crazing test both sintered and hipped Y-TZP performed slightly better than Ce-TZP/A. CTE's were as follows: Ce-TZP/A: 10.3microm/mK, sintered Y-TZP: 10.7microm/mK, hipped Y-TZP: 10.9microm/mK, and Cerabien ZR: 9.9microm/mK.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CTE of the veneering ceramic has to be adjusted to Ce-TZP/A frameworks.
authors: Department of Dental Materials Science, Clinic for Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland. jens.fischer@zzmk.unizh.ch
authors: Jens
authors: J
authors: Fischer
authors: Bogna
authors: B
authors: Stawarczyk
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D002563:Cerium / Q000737:chemistry*; D003442:Crowns; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D003801:Dental Veneers; D008422:Materials Testing; D053761:Nanocomposites; D018583:Pliability; D033081:Shear Strength; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013718:Tensile Strength; D015019:Yttrium; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C475766:Ce-TZP-Al2O3; C499362:yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D002563:Cerium; D015019:Yttrium; D015040:Zirconium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; C028541:zirconium oxide