title: Geometric and hemodynamic determinants of functional tricuspid regurgitation: a real-time three-dimensional echocardiography study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The geometric and hemodynamic determinants of functional tricuspid regurgitation (FTR) have not yet been established. Geometric alterations in the tricuspid valve can be accurately determined using 3-dimensional echocardiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography was performed in 54 patients with various degrees of FTR to obtain real-time zoom 3D images of the tricuspid valve. The angles between the tricuspid annulus plane and the 3 leaflets (anterior: Aalpha, posterior: Palpha, septal: Salpha), the septal-lateral and anterior-posterior annulus diameters, and the tricuspid tenting volume were measured on a mid-systole frame. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was assessed using the maximal velocity of FTR, and the severity of FTR was quantified as the ratio of the distal jet area to the right atrial area (DJ/RA) using color Doppler 2D echocardiographic images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with mild (DJ/RA<0.2) and moderate (0.2< or =DJ/RA<0.5) FTR, Palpha and Salpha were significantly larger than Aalpha, whereas in patients with severe (DJ/RA> or =0.5) FTR, only Salpha was larger than Aalpha. All geometric variables and PASP correlated significantly with DJ/RA. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that Salpha, septal-lateral annulus diameter and PASP were independent determinants of FTR severity. The tricuspid tenting volume strongly correlated (r=0.84, p<0.001) with the FTR distal jet area, and was the only determinant of the jet area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FTR severity is mainly determined by septal leaflet tethering, septal-lateral annular dilatation, and the severity of pulmonary hypertension.
authors: Division of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1 Poongnap2-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Yong-Hyun
authors: YH
authors: Park
authors: Jong-Min
authors: JM
authors: Song
authors: Eun-Young
authors: EY
authors: Lee
authors: Yun-Jeong
authors: YJ
authors: Kim
authors: Duk-Hyun
authors: DH
authors: Kang
authors: Jae-Kwan
authors: JK
authors: Song
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*