title: Intensive treatment of hypertension decreases the risk of hyperperfusion and intracerebral hemorrhage following carotid artery stenting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of a comprehensive blood pressure (BP) management protocol in reducing intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) following carotid artery stenting (CAS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Following CAS hyperperfusion syndrome (HPS) can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Hypertension plays an essential role in its development.
  
  
  METHODS
  We instituted a comprehensive BP protocol following the last case of ICH complicating a CAS procedure. All patients received comprehensive monitoring of BP and treatment to a BP < 140/90 mm Hg; those with a treated stenosis >or=90%, contralateral stenosis >or=80%, and hypertension (i.e., risk factors for HPS) were treated to a BP < 120/80 mm Hg. Patients who developed HPS received parenteral beta-blockers or nitrates titrated to resolution of symptoms and discharged when asymptomatic and normotensive. Patients and families were instructed to measure BP twice daily for 2 weeks and to call if hypertension or headache developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 836 patients had CAS, 266 prior to the comprehensive BP management program and 570 subsequently. The incidence of HPS/ICH was 5/266 (1.9%) patients prior to comprehensive BP management and 3/570 (0.5%) patients afterwards, P = 0.12. The incidence of ICH was 3/266 (1.1%) and 0/570, respectively, P = 0.032. In high-risk patients both HPS and ICH were significantly reduced from 29.4 to 4.2% (P = 0.006) and 17.6-0% (P = 0.006), respectively. There were no complications attributable to the comprehensive program and lengths of hospitalization were similar (2.6 vs. 2.1 days, P = 0.18).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comprehensive management of arterial hypertension can lower the incidence of ICH and HPS in high-risk patients following CAS, without additional complications or prolonged hospitalizations.
authors: Interventional Neurology, Section of Stroke and Neurological Critical Care, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors: Alex
authors: A
authors: Abou-Chebl
authors: Joel
authors: J
authors: Reginelli
authors: Chris T
authors: CT
authors: Bajzer
authors: Jay S
authors: JS
authors: Yadav
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000601:surgery*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000601:surgery*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D003097:Collateral Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015994:Incidence; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex