title: Aberration in nonlinear acoustic wave propagation.
abstract: Theory and simulations are presented indicating that imaging at the second-harmonic frequency does not solve the problem of ultrasonic wave aberration. The nonlinearity of acoustic wave propagation in biological tissue is routinely exploited in medical imaging because the improved contrast resolution leads to better image quality in many applications. The major sources of acoustic noise in ultrasound images are aberration and multiple reflections between the transducer and tissue structures (reverberations), both of which are the result of spatial variations in the acoustic properties of the tissue. These variations mainly occur close to the body surface, i.e., the body wall. As a result, the nonlinearly generated, second harmonic is believed to alleviate both reverberation and aberration because it is assumed that the second harmonic is mainly generated after the body wall. However, in the case of aberration, the second harmonic is generated by an aberrated source. Thus the second harmonic experiences considerable aberration at all depths, originating from this source. The results in this paper show that the second harmonic experiences similar aberration as its generating source, the first harmonic.
authors: Department of Electrical Computer and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA. trond@ecse.rpi.edu
authors: Trond
authors: T
authors: Varslot
authors: Svein-Erik
authors: SE
authors: Måsøy
authors: Tonni F
authors: TF
authors: Johansen
authors: Bjørn
authors: B
authors: Angelsen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*