title: Intramuscular electrical stimulation for shoulder pain in hemiplegia: does time from stroke onset predict treatment success?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A randomized clinical has shown the effectiveness of intramuscular electrical stimulation for the treatment of poststroke shoulder pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Identify predictors of treatment success and assess the impact of the strongest predictor on outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a secondary analysis of a multisite randomized clinical trial of intramuscular electrical stimulation for poststroke shoulder pain. The study included 61 chronic stroke survivors with shoulder pain randomized to a 6-week course of intramuscular electrical stimulation (n = 32) versus a hemisling (n = 29). The primary outcome measure was Brief Pain Inventory Question 12. Treatment success was defined as > or = 2-point reduction in this measure at end of treatment and at 3, 6, and 12 months posttreatment. Forward stepwise regression was used to identify factors predictive of treatment success among participants assigned to the electrical stimulation group. The factor most predictive of treatment success was used as an explanatory variable, and the clinical trials data were reanalyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time from stroke onset was most predictive of treatment success. Subjects were divided according to the median value of stroke onset: early (<77 weeks) versus late (> 77 weeks). Electrical stimulation was effective in reducing poststroke shoulder pain for the early group (94% vs 7%, P < .001) but not for the late group (31% vs 33%). Repeated-measure analysis of variance revealed significant treatment (P < .001), time from stroke onset (P = .032), and treatment by time from stroke onset interaction (P < .001) effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stroke survivors who are treated early after stroke onset may experience greater benefit from intramuscular electrical stimulation for poststroke shoulder pain. However, the relative importance of time from stroke onset versus duration of pain is not known.
authors: Cleveland Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. jchae@metrohealth.org
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Chae
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Ng
authors: David T
authors: DT
authors: Yu
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Kirsteins
authors: Elie P
authors: EP
authors: Elovic
authors: Steven R
authors: SR
authors: Flanagan
authors: Richard L
authors: RL
authors: Harvey
authors: Richard D
authors: RD
authors: Zorowitz
authors: Zi-Ping
authors: ZP
authors: Fang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome