title: Temporal patterns in perchlorate, thiocyanate, and iodide excretion in human milk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perchlorate and thiocyanate interfere with iodide uptake at the sodium-iodide symporter and are potential disruptors of thyroid hormone synthesis. Perchlorate is a common contaminant of water, food, and human milk. Although it is known that iodide undergoes significant diurnal variations in serum and urinary excretion, less is known about diurnal variations of milk iodide levels.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Variability in perchlorate and thiocyanate excretion in human milk has not been examined. Our objective was to determine variability of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and iodide in serially collected samples of human milk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten lactating women were asked to collect six milk samples on each of 3 days. As an alternative, subjects were asked to collect as many milk samples as comfortably possible over 3 days. Samples were analyzed for perchlorate, iodide, and thiocyanate by ion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individual perchlorate, iodide, and thiocyanate levels varied significantly over time; there was also considerable variation among individuals. The iodide range, mean +/- SD, and median for all samples (n = 108) were 3.1-334 microg/L, 87.9 +/- 80.9 microg/L, and 55.2 microg/L, respectively. The range, mean +/- SD, and median of perchlorate in all samples (n = 147) were 0.5-39.5 microg/L, 5.8 +/- 6.2 microg/L, and 4.0 microg/L. The range, mean +/- SD, and median of thiocyanate in all samples (n = 117) were 0.4 -228.3 microg/L, 35.6 +/- 57.9 microg/L, and 5.6 microg/L. The data are not symmetrically distributed; the mean is higher than the median in all cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iodine intake may be inadequate in a significant fraction of this study population. Perchlorate and thiocyanate appear to be common in human milk. The role of these chemicals in reducing breast milk iodide is in need of further investigation.
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76009-0065, USA.
authors: Andrea B
authors: AB
authors: Kirk
authors: Jason V
authors: JV
authors: Dyke
authors: Clyde F
authors: CF
authors: Martin
authors: Purnendu K
authors: PK
authors: Dasgupta
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007454:Iodides / Q000032:analysis*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000032:analysis*; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007454:Iodides; D010472:Perchlorates; D013861:Thiocyanates; C031760:thiocyanate; C494474:perchlorate