title: Sensitization of cardiac responses to pain in preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preterm infants are repeatedly exposed to painful experiences as part of their care in the neonatal intensive care unit. There is evidence from both animal and human studies that exposure to pain during the neonatal period may have persisting consequences for development.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform serial assessments of three heelstick blood draws to examine early changes both in physiological and behavioral responses to repeated exposure to painful stimuli in preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heart rate and behavioral responses to three serially administered heelstick blood draws were evaluated in 22 medically stable preterm infants with less than 48 h of mechanical ventilation who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart rate and behavioral agitation significantly increased during each heelstick as compared to baseline. The heart rate response was larger to the third heelstick as compared to the first two procedures. Behavioral responses did not change across the three assessments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthy preterm infants sensitize to heelstick-induced pain, as measured by their heart rate responses. These data suggest that greater attention to the effects of repeated pain for the neonate is needed.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
authors: Beth L
authors: BL
authors: Pineles
authors: Curt A
authors: CA
authors: Sandman
authors: Feizal
authors: F
authors: Waffarn
authors: Cherry
authors: C
authors: Uy
authors: Elysia Poggi
authors: EP
authors: Davis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology*; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial