title: Histopathological findings in the gastrointestinal tract of primate recipients of porcine renal xenografts following different immunosuppressive regimens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclophosphamide (CYP) and methotrexate (MTX) have been used as immunosuppressants in induction or maintenance protocols in a large variety of xenotransplantation models. Combining the use of transgenic porcine organs expressing human decay-accelerating factor (hDAF) with immunosuppressive therapy that included the use of CYP or MTX, survival of primate recipients of life-supporting renal xenografts has been prolonged. However, both drugs can cause significant systemic toxicity and, in particular, gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. To date only limited data have been reported on the histopathological features deriving from the use of such agents in non-human primates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cyclophosphamide or MTX was used as part of the immunosuppressive regimen in 15 bilaterally nephrectomized non-human primate (Macaca fascicularis) recipients of a life-supporting hDAF porcine kidney. At post-mortem, a detailed analysis of the GI tract in animals receiving either CYP or MTX was performed. Paraffin-embedded sections of each portion of the GI tract were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). In some animals, additional investigations by immunohistochemistry (CD3, CD5, CD20, CD79 alpha cy, lambda, and kappa light chains) and by in situ hybridization for EBV encoded RNA (EBER) were undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The xenografted animals from the CYP group had a mean survival of 31 days (range: 0 to 90 days); animals from the MTX group survived a median of 14 days (range: 0 to 39 days). GI complications were the most frequent cause of euthanasia after renal failure. In CYP-treated animals GI-tract lesions were primarily characterized by diffuse, severe lymphoplasmocytic mucosal inflammatory infiltrate. Variable degrees of villi atrophy and fusion, gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and goblet cell hyperplasia were also observed. In MTX-treated primates, findings were consistent with severe villi atrophy associated with mild-to-moderate disseminated lymphoplasmocytic infiltration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, GI tract lesions are an early and consistent finding when CYP or MTX are used as induction agents in this model. The two compounds induce different types of GI tract damage, however, in agreement with their different mechanisms of action. Whilst CYP primarily determines inflammatory lesions, MTX leads to a degenerative type of damage. This study indicates that immunosuppressive drugs can cause severe GI tract damage in primate recipients of renal xenografts and may be responsible for life-threatening lesions.
authors: Department of Public Health, Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Hygiene, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. laura.cavicchioli@unipd.it
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Cavicchioli
authors: Gabrita
authors: G
authors: De Zan
authors: Valentina
authors: V
authors: Zappulli
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Cadrobbi
authors: Arben
authors: A
authors: Dedja
authors: Samir
authors: S
authors: Hutabba
authors: Licia
authors: L
authors: Ravarotto
authors: Emanuele
authors: E
authors: Cozzi
authors: Ermanno
authors: E
authors: Ancona
authors: Massimo
authors: M
authors: Castagnaro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001284:Atrophy / Q000473:pathology; D018958:CD55 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D018958:CD55 Antigens; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D008727:Methotrexate