title: High glucose impairs early and late endothelial progenitor cells by modifying nitric oxide-related but not oxidative stress-mediated mechanisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are impaired in diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the direct effects of high glucose on EPCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mononuclear cells isolated from healthy subjects were incubated with glucose/mannitol or drugs for EPC study. After 4 days of culture, attached early EPCs appeared. The monolayer late EPCs with cobblestone shape appeared at 2-4 weeks. Various immunofluroscence stainings were used to characterize the early and late EPCs. Senescence assay and the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were determined. Migration and tube formation assay were done to evaluate the capacity for vasculogenesis in late EPCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic incubation with high glucose but not mannitol (osmotic control) dose-dependently reduced the number and proliferation of early and late EPCs, respectively. High glucose enhanced EPC senescence and impaired the migration and tube formation of late EPCs. High glucose also decreased eNOS, FoxO1, and Akt phosphorylation and bioavailable nitric oxide (NO) in both EPCs. The effects of high glucose could be ameliorated by coincubation with NO donor sodium nitroprusside or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor and deteriorated by eNOS inhibitor or PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase) inhibitor. Antioxidants including vitamin C, N-acetylcysteine-and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated superoxide dismutase, and PEG-catalase had no effects, whereas pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, diphenyleneiodonium, apocynin, and rotenone even deteriorated the downregulation of both EPCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High glucose impaired the proliferation and function of early and late EPCs. NO donor but not antioxidants reversed the impairments, suggesting the role of NO-related rather than oxidative stress-mediated mechanisms in hyperglycemia-caused EPC downregulation.
authors: School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors: Yung-Hsiang
authors: YH
authors: Chen
authors: Shing-Jong
authors: SJ
authors: Lin
authors: Feng-Yen
authors: FY
authors: Lin
authors: Tao-Cheng
authors: TC
authors: Wu
authors: Chen-Rong
authors: CR
authors: Tsao
authors: Po-Hsun
authors: PH
authors: Huang
authors: Po-Len
authors: PL
authors: Liu
authors: Yuh-Lien
authors: YL
authors: Chen
authors: Jaw-Wen
authors: JW
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods; D016922:Cellular Senescence; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000502:physiology*; D008353:Mannitol / Q000494:pharmacology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008353:Mannitol; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D005947:Glucose