title: The effect of surface modifications on titanium to enable titanium-porcelain bonding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Titanium-ceramic restorations are currently used, despite the pending problem of titanium-ceramic bonding, which has only been partially solved. The surface treatment of the metal proposed by the manufacturer promotes lower bond strength between titanium and porcelain when compared to the conventional metal-ceramic systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of acid and caustic baths on the bonding characteristics of specific titanium porcelain bonded to cast commercially pure titanium (CP Ti).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty strips of cast CP Ti were obtained in dimensions of 25mm x 3mm x 0.5mm, and divided into eight groups (n=10) which were subjected to surface treatment by immersion in one of the follow solutions-group HF: HF 10%; group NaOH+HF: NaOH 50%-CuSO(4).5H(2)O 10% followed by HF 10%; group HCl: HCl 35%; group NaOH+HCl: NaOH 50%-CuSO(4).5H(2)O 10% followed by HCl 35%; group HNO(3): HNO(3) 35%-HF 5%; group NaOH+HNO(3): NaOH 50%-CuSO(4).5H(2)O 10% followed by HNO(3) 35%-HF 5%; control group: treated according to the manufacturer's instructions; NaOH+control group: treated according to the manufacturer's instructions followed by immersion in NaOH 50%-CuSO(4).5H(2)O 10%. Low fusion porcelain (Vita Titankeramik) was applied to the center of one of the sides of each CP Ti sample with dimensions of 8mm x 3mm x 1mm. All groups were submitted to a three-point flexure test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photomicrographs were taken to characterize the failed surfaces at the titanium-porcelain interface. Anova and Tukey's multiple comparison tests were used to analyze the data at a 5% probability level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All groups treated with NaOH 50%-CuSO(4).5H(2)O 10% solution showed significant superior values when compared to groups treated exclusively with acid solution. There were no significant differences between HF (21.2MPa) and HCl (23.4MPa) groups; control (25.2MPa), HCl (23.4MPa) and HNO(3) (26.6MPa) groups; NaOH+HF (29.9MPa) and NaOH+HCl (30.8MPa) groups; NaOH+HNO(3) (34.8MPa) and NaOH+control (32.1MPa) groups. SEM analysis indicated a combination of cohesive and adhesive fractures in NaOH+HNO(3) and NaOH+control groups, while mainly adhesive fractures were found in the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bond strength between porcelain and cast CP Ti can be increased by use of a caustic bath prior to porcelain firing.
authors: Department of Prosthodontics, Araras Dentistry School, Herminio Ometto University, Uniararas, Rua Ipiranga 1034/12, CEP: 13400-480 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. manoeltroiajr@yahoo.com
authors: Manoel G
authors: MG
authors: Troia
authors: Guilherme E P
authors: GE
authors: Henriques
authors: Marcelo F
authors: MF
authors: Mesquita
authors: Wagner S
authors: WS
authors: Fragoso
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000268:Adhesiveness; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid; D008422:Materials Testing; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; D017942:Nitric Acid; D018583:Pliability; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D017942:Nitric Acid; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D014025:Titanium; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid