title: Effects of geldanamycin and thalidomide on the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in mice subjected to operative trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persistence of postoperative immune dysfunction is a critical problem because it increases the risk of serious infectious complications. The mechanisms of the immune dysfunction that occur initially after non-thermal operative injury remain to be fully elucidated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two mouse models of operative trauma (simple laparotomy to represent minor operative injury and ileocecal resection to represent major operative injury) were used to define the characteristics of initial cytokine synthesis. Geldanamycin and thalidomide were independently added intraperitoneally before and after operative injury to examine the effect on postoperative immune dysfunction. Mice were sacrificed at scheduled times (3, 6, 12, and 24 h after operative injury) and TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 were analyzed. Spleen was used for intracellular cytokines and RT-PCR. Sera were used for ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major operative injury caused an initial upregulation of IL-10 synthesis with delayed synthesis of TNF-alpha and IL-2. Minor operative injury caused an early induction of IL-2 synthesis preceded by an initial induction of IL-4 synthesis. GA caused a specific early upregulation of TNF-alpha mRNA expression and intracellular TNF-alpha synthesis. The GA and THD groups showed early serum IL-2 production with reduction of IL-10 mRNA expression and intracellular IL-10 synthesis in the early post-operative phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major and minor operative injury showed different Th1/Th2 cytokine patterns in the initial post-operative period. Geldanamycin and thalidomide improved the Th1/Th2 imbalance independently after major operative injury.
authors: Department of Tumor Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan. ntaku@med.kochi-u.ac.jp
authors: Takumi
authors: T
authors: Nakano
authors: Keijiro
authors: K
authors: Araki
authors: Hajime
authors: H
authors: Nakatani
authors: Michiya
authors: M
authors: Kobayashi
authors: Takeki
authors: T
authors: Sugimoto
authors: Yasuo
authors: Y
authors: Furuya
authors: Takanori
authors: T
authors: Matsuoka
authors: Toufeng
authors: T
authors: Jin
authors: Kazuhiro
authors: K
authors: Hanazaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012773:Shock, Surgical / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016227:Benzoquinones; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D016207:Cytokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007376:Interleukin-2; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D013792:Thalidomide; C001277:geldanamycin