title: Resistance to Botrytis cinerea induced in Arabidopsis by elicitors is independent of salicylic acid, ethylene, or jasmonate signaling but requires PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT3.
abstract: Oligogalacturonides (OGs) released from plant cell walls by pathogen polygalacturonases induce a variety of host defense responses. Here we show that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), OGs increase resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea independently of jasmonate (JA)-, salicylic acid (SA)-, and ethylene (ET)-mediated signaling. Microarray analysis showed that about 50% of the genes regulated by OGs, including genes encoding enzymes involved in secondary metabolism, show a similar change of expression during B. cinerea infection. In particular, expression of PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT3 (PAD3) is strongly up-regulated by both OGs and infection independently of SA, JA, and ET. OG treatments do not enhance resistance to B. cinerea in the pad3 mutant or in underinducer after pathogen and stress1, a mutant with severely impaired PAD3 expression in response to OGs. Similarly to OGs, the bacterial flagellin peptide elicitor flg22 also enhanced resistance to B. cinerea in a PAD3-dependent manner, independently of SA, JA, and ET. This work suggests, therefore, that elicitors released from the cell wall during pathogen infection contribute to basal resistance against fungal pathogens through a signaling pathway also activated by pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules.
authors: Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, 23-35020 Legnaro, Italy. simone.ferrari@unipd.it
authors: Simone
authors: S
authors: Ferrari
authors: Roberta
authors: R
authors: Galletti
authors: Carine
authors: C
authors: Denoux
authors: Giulia
authors: G
authors: De Lorenzo
authors: Frederick M
authors: FM
authors: Ausubel
authors: Julia
authors: J
authors: Dewdney
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D020171:Botrytis / Q000502:physiology*; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000378:metabolism*; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009154:Mutation; D054883:Oxylipins; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D012459:Salicylates / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D005030:Ethylenes; D054883:Oxylipins; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D012459:Salicylates; C011006:jasmonic acid; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C036216:ethylene; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C417307:PAD3 protein, Arabidopsis