title: Inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway reduces microglial activation and interleukin-1-beta expression in spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ischemic spinal cord injury is a serious complication of aortic surgery. Although the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 are generally regarded as related to cell proliferation and survival, increasing evidence suggests that the role of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in ischemia/reperfusion injury is much more sophisticated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spinal cord ischemia in rats was induced by occluding the thoracic descending aorta with a balloon catheter introduced through a femoral artery, accompanied by concomitant exsanguination. Rats in the control group were given dimethyl sulfoxide (vehicle) before undergoing spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury. In the U0126-treated group, rats were pretreated with a specific inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, U0126, to inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 phosphorylation. The sham-operated rats underwent aortic catheterization without occlusion. Parameters, including neurologic performance, neuronal survival, inflammatory cell infiltration, and interleukin-1beta production in the spinal cords, were compared between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 phosphorylation was observed after injury in the control group, followed by abundant microglial accumulation in the infarct area and increased interleukin-1beta expression. In the U0126 group, U0126 treatment completely blocked extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 phosphorylation. Microglial activation and spinal cord interleukin-1beta levels were significantly reduced. Neuronal survival and functional performance were improved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway may play a noxious role in spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury by participating in inflammatory reactions and cytokine production. Targeting this pathway may be of potential value in terms of therapeutic intervention.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors: Kang
authors: K
authors: Lu
authors: Chung-Lung
authors: CL
authors: Cho
authors: Cheng-Loong
authors: CL
authors: Liang
authors: Shang-Der
authors: SD
authors: Chen
authors: Po-Chou
authors: PC
authors: Liliang
authors: Shin-Yuan
authors: SY
authors: Wang
authors: Han-Jung
authors: HJ
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002070:Butadienes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000502:physiology*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009570:Nitriles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020760:Spinal Cord Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002070:Butadienes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D009570:Nitriles; C113580:U 0126; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3