title: Expression of G1 cell cycle regulators in rat liver upon repeated exposure to thioacetamide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by signal transduction pathways mediated by complexes of cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) and their partner cyclins, or by interaction with CDK inhibitors. Thioacetamide (TA) is a weak hepatocarcinogen causing several types of liver damage in a dose dependent manner and ultimately producing malignant transformation. We investigated alterations of expression of cell cycle regulators in the rat liver, involved in G1 entry and progression during TA administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied expression patterns of cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6, p21(CIP1) and p16(INK4a) during daily intraperitoneal injection of low dose TA (50 mg/kg) till 7 day. We used western blot and immunohistochemistry for detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6 and p21(CIP1) increased from 6 hour and peaked at 2, 3 day, then decreased next 2 days, and re-increased at 6 day. Cytoplasmo-nuclear translocation of cyclin D1 and p21(CIP1) was evident within 1 day and prominent at 2 and 7 day. Expression of p16(INK4a) increased immediately after TA treatment and remarkably increased from 3 day and progressed till 7 day, showing cytoplasmic location, suggestive of inactive form. Most of in situ immunoreactions occurred at the centrilobular hepatocytes. Concomitant nuclear translocation of p21(CIP1) and cyclin D1, different with p16(INK4a) suggests that p21(CIP1) might be a transporter for nuclear translocation rather than cell cycle inhibitor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily administration of low dose TA makes cell cycle open and G1 progress, possibly due to cyclin D1, CDK4 and CDK 6, their transporter p21(CIP1), and inactive p16(INK4a), which occur at quiescent hepatocytes, not stem cells.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Pusan, Korea.
authors: Kyoung-Tae
authors: KT
authors: Kim
authors: Sang-Young
authors: SY
authors: Han
authors: Jin-Sook
authors: JS
authors: Jeong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D051361:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 / Q000378:metabolism; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000378:metabolism; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism; D016193:G1 Phase; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013853:Thioacetamide / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D013853:Thioacetamide; D019938:Cyclin D1; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D051361:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6