title: Requirement for both micron- and submicron scale structure for synergistic responses of osteoblasts to substrate surface energy and topography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surface roughness and surface free energy are two important factors that regulate cell responses to biomaterials. Previous studies established that titanium (Ti) substrates with micron-scale and submicron scale topographies promote osteoblast differentiation and osteogenic local factor production and that there is a synergistic response to micro-rough Ti surfaces that have retained their high surface energy via processing that limits hydrocarbon contamination. This study tested the hypothesis that the synergistic response of osteoblasts to these modified surfaces depends on both surface micro-structure and surface energy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ti disks were manufactured to present three different surface structures: smooth pretreatment (PT) surfaces with R(a) of 0.2 microm; acid-etched surfaces (A) with a submicron roughness R(a) of 0.83 microm; and sandblasted/acid-etched surfaces (SLA) with R(a) of 3-4 microm. Modified acid-etched (modA) and modified sandblasted/acid-etched (modSLA) Ti substrates, which have low contamination and present a hydroxylated/hydrated surface layer to retain high surface energy, were compared with regular low surface energy A and SLA surfaces. Human osteoblast-like MG63 cells were cultured on these substrates and their responses, including cell shape, growth, differentiation (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin), and local factor production (TGF-beta1, PGE(2), osteoprotegerin (OPG)) were analyzed (N=6 per variable). Data were normalized to cell number.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between smooth PT and A surfaces except for a small increase in OPG. Compared to A surfaces, MG63 cells produced 30% more osteocalcin on modA, and 70% more on SLA. However, growth on modSLA increased osteocalcin by more than 250%, which exceeded the sum of independent effects of surface energy and topography. Similar effects were noted when levels of latent TGF-beta1, PGE(2) and OPG were measured in the conditioned media.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate a synergistic effect between high surface energy and topography of Ti substrates and show that both micron-scale and submicron scale structural features are necessary.
authors: Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Zhao
authors: A L
authors: AL
authors: Raines
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Wieland
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Schwartz
authors: B D
authors: BD
authors: Boyan
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000378:metabolism; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000378:metabolism; D011458:Prostaglandins E / Q000378:metabolism; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D011458:Prostaglandins E; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D015675:Osteocalcin; D014025:Titanium; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium