title: Effect of hydroxychloroquine on the survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from LUMINA, a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA L).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), hydroxychloroquine prevents disease flares and damage accrual and facilitates the response to mycophenolate mofetil in those with renal involvement. A study was undertaken to determine whether hydroxychloroquine also exerts a protective effect on survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with SLE from the multiethnic LUMINA (LUpus in MInorities: NAture vs nurture) cohort were studied. A case-control study was performed within the context of this cohort in which deceased patients (cases) were matched for disease duration (within 6 months) with alive patients (controls) in a proportion of 3:1. Survival was the outcome of interest. Propensity scores were derived by logistic regression to adjust for confounding by indication as patients with SLE with milder disease manifestations are more likely to be prescribed hydroxychloroquine. A conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the risk of death and hydroxychloroquine use with and without the propensity score as the adjustment variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 608 patients, of whom 61 had died (cases). Hydroxychloroquine had a protective effect on survival (OR 0.128 (95% CI 0.054 to 0.301 for hydroxychloroquine alone and OR 0.319 (95% CI 0.118 to 0.864) after adding the propensity score). As expected, the propensity score itself was also protective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydroxychloroquine, which overall is well tolerated by patients with SLE, has a protective effect on survival which is evident even after taking into consideration the factors associated with treatment decisions. This information is of importance to all clinicians involved in the care of patients with SLE.
authors: Department of Medicine (Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology), School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama 35294-3408, USA. graciela.alarcon@ccc.uab.edu
authors: Graciela S
authors: GS
authors: Alarcón
authors: Gerald
authors: G
authors: McGwin
authors: Ana M
authors: AM
authors: Bertoli
authors: Barri J
authors: BJ
authors: Fessler
authors: Jaime
authors: J
authors: Calvo-Alén
authors: Holly M
authors: HM
authors: Bastian
authors: Luis M
authors: LM
authors: Vilá
authors: John D
authors: JD
authors: Reveille
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012306:Risk; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine