title: Responses of antioxidant defenses to Cu and Zn stress in two aquatic fungi.
abstract: Aquatic hyphomycetes are fungi that play a key role in plant litter decomposition in streams. Even though these fungi occur in metal-polluted streams, the mechanisms underlying their tolerance to metals are poorly documented. We addressed the effects of Zn and Cu in Varicosporium elodeae and Heliscus submersus by examining metal adsorption to cell walls, plasma membrane integrity and production of reactive oxygen species at metal concentrations inhibiting biomass production in 50% or 80%. The activity of the enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was measured to elucidate their role in coping with oxidative stress induced by metals at short- (14 h) and long- (8 days) term exposure. Results show that V. elodeae was more susceptible to the toxic effects induced by Cu and Zn than H. submersus, as indicated by more extensive inhibition of biomass production. Both metals, particularly Cu, induced oxidative stress in the two fungal species, as shown by the noticeable recovery of biomass production in the presence of an antioxidant agent. In both fungi, Cu induced a more severe disruption of plasma membrane integrity than Zn. Our studies on antioxidant defenses showed that catalase had a greater role alleviating stress induced by Zn and Cu than superoxide dismutase. Chronic metal stress also stimulated the production of NADPH, via the pentose phosphate pathway by increasing the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Our results suggest that the tolerance of aquatic hyphomycetes to Cu and Zn is associated with the ability of these fungi to initiate an efficient antioxidant defense system.
authors: Centre of Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
authors: Maria-Manuel
authors: MM
authors: Azevedo
authors: Agostinho
authors: A
authors: Carvalho
authors: Cláudia
authors: C
authors: Pascoal
authors: Fernando
authors: F
authors: Rodrigues
authors: Fernanda
authors: F
authors: Cássio
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000737:chemistry; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003300:Copper; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D015032:Zinc