title: Ex vivo formation of gastric metabolites of clenbuterol: preliminary characterisation of their chemical structure.
abstract: The epidemiology of clenbuterol food-borne intoxication outbreaks indicates a possible discrepancy between the severity and long duration of clinical symptoms, and the presumed dose ingested as parent compound residue. In this work, we explore the possibility that clenbuterol could undergo to a biological transformation, in presence of salivary nitrites, at gastric pH (< 3). Human salivary specimens were drawn before and after meal, accounting for the different physiological nitrite content (40 and 400 micromol L(-1), respectively, as average). Clenbuterol (10 micromol L(-1)) was then incubated within the pH range 2-6 and possible products monitored by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), drawing at regular intervals serial aliquots of the incubation mixture. With respect to controls, two differential peaks were noted along with a quantitative bio-transformation of the parent compound, at pH values < or = 3. Under pre-meal conditions, a 4 mono-nitro compound was identified as main metabolite, whereas under post-meal condition a second metabolite, showing a complete de-chlorination, along with the probable presence of three nitro groups on the aromatic ring, was revealed. The reaction was highly reproducible and the kinetics suggested the involvement of nitrogen-related free radicals. The results are discussed in the light of the possible formation of pharmacological active tissue-bound residues as cause of symptoms severity.
authors: Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Environment Department, Viale Regina Elena, 299 I-00161 Rome, Italy. g.brambi@iss.it
authors: Gianfranco
authors: G
authors: Brambilla
authors: Simone
authors: S
authors: di Bez
authors: Donatella
authors: D
authors: Pietraforte
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: Minetti
authors: Luigi
authors: L
authors: Campanella
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Loizzo
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000032:analysis; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D002976:Clenbuterol / Q000032:analysis*; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005506:Food Contamination; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D009573:Nitrites; D002713:Chlorine; D002976:Clenbuterol