title: Function of the ATR N-terminal domain revealed by an ATM/ATR chimera.
abstract: The ATM and ATR kinases function at the apex of checkpoint signaling pathways. These kinases share significant sequence similarity, phosphorylate many of the same substrates, and have overlapping roles in initiating cell cycle checkpoints. However, they sense DNA damage through distinct mechanisms. ATR primarily senses single stranded DNA (ssDNA) through its interaction with ATRIP, and ATM senses double strand breaks through its interaction with Nbs1. We determined that the N-terminus of ATR contains a domain that binds ATRIP. Attaching this domain to ATM allowed the fusion protein (ATM*) to bind ATRIP and associate with RPA-coated ssDNA. ATM* also gained the ability to localize efficiently to stalled replication forks as well as double strand breaks. Despite having normal kinase activity when tested in vitro and being phosphorylated on S1981 in vivo, ATM* is defective in checkpoint signaling and does not complement cellular deficiencies in either ATM or ATR. These data indicate that the N-terminus of ATR is sufficient to bind ATRIP and to promote localization to sites of replication stress.
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
authors: Xinping
authors: X
authors: Chen
authors: Runxiang
authors: R
authors: Zhao
authors: Gloria G
authors: GG
authors: Glick
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Cortez
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded; D053904:DNA Breaks, Single-Stranded; D004249:DNA Damage; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005090:Exodeoxyribonucleases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018741:Replication Origin; D051716:Replication Protein A / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C521194:ATRIP protein, human; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C112156:NBN protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D051716:Replication Protein A; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C576324:ATM protein, human; C576597:ATR protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D005090:Exodeoxyribonucleases; C429526:three prime repair exonuclease 1