title: Linkage disequilibrium and association analysis of alpha-synuclein and alcohol and drug dependence in two American Indian populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alpha-synuclein is involved in dopaminergic neurotransmission and has been implicated in a number of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. Recent studies, in humans and in rat and monkey models, have suggested that alpha-synuclein may play a role in the development and maintenance of certain addictive disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA) and 1 upstream microsatellite repeat (NACP-REP1) were assayed in Southwest (SW; n=514) and Plains (n=420) American Indian populations. Patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) at SNCA were determined for the 2 populations and compared with Caucasian, African, and Asian populations in the HapMap database (http://www.hapmap.org). Assayed alleles and constructed haplotypes in the study populations were tested for association with 4 clinical phenotypes [alcohol dependence, alcohol use disorders, drug dependence, and drug use disorders (lifetime diagnoses)] as well as with 2 symptom count phenotypes (all 18 questions and the 8 questions diagnostic for alcohol dependence).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patterns of LD at SNCA were similar in both Indian populations and were consistent with the LD structure in other populations as reflected in the HapMap database. Single allele tests revealed significant associations between 4 SNPs and drug dependence in the SW population and between 2 of those SNPs plus 2 other SNPs and drug dependence in SW males only. In the Plains population, a significant association was detected only in males between 2 SNPs and alcohol use disorders and between 1 SNP and alcohol dependence. In the SW population, 1 SNP was marginally significant with the total symptom count. However, in all cases, the support was modest and disappeared with correction for multiple comparisons. No association was found between constructed haplotypes and any of the phenotypes in either population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite modest support for association between multiple SNCA SNPs and several of the addictive disorders tested in this study, statistical significance disappeared after correction for multiple testing. Thus, our data do not support a role for a variant in the SNCA gene that contributes to alcohol or drug addiction in the 2 studied American Indian populations. Future research may focus on variants in the promoter region that could cause the changes in mRNA and protein levels observed in previous studies.
authors: Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors: Jordi
authors: J
authors: Clarimon
authors: Rebecca R
authors: RR
authors: Gray
authors: Lindsey N
authors: LN
authors: Williams
authors: Mary-Anne
authors: MA
authors: Enoch
authors: Robert W
authors: RW
authors: Robin
authors: Bernard
authors: B
authors: Albaugh
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Singleton
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Goldman
authors: Connie J
authors: CJ
authors: Mulligan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D000483:Alleles; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000235:genetics*; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D051844:alpha-Synuclein / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D051844:alpha-Synuclein