title: Is valproate encephalopathy under-recognised in older people? A case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Valproate (VPA) is an antiepileptic drug with a broad spectrum of efficacy. Although usually well-tolerated, it may have side-effects of which encephalopathy is one of the most serious.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical characteristics of valproate encephalopathy (VE) in five older patients with remote symptomatic seizures treated with rapid VPA loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Teaching hospital
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients (71-89 years old) with underlying cerebrovascular disease or dementia and symptomatic seizures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VE was characterised by decline in conscious level and (in some cases) increase in seizure frequency. Three of the five patients had elevated ammonia levels. EEG showed generalised slow activity, in some cases accompanied by additional epileptic discharges. The condition was reversible in four patients after VPA discontinuation. One patient died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older people may be at particular risk of VE because of co-morbid pathology, age-related metabolic changes and co-medication.
authors: Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg. beyenburg.stefan@chl.lu
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Beyenburg
authors: Claude
authors: C
authors: Back
authors: Nico
authors: N
authors: Diederich
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Lewis
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Reuber
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014635:Valproic Acid