title: Prospective study of smoking and tuberculosis in India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although tuberculosis has already become uncommon in industrialised countries, is a major burden in many developing countries, including India. This paper examines the association between smoking (mainly bidi smoking) and tuberculosis in Mumbai, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  To study the possible association between smoking and tuberculosis, recruitment of a cohort of 81,443 men > or =35 years began in 1991 and was followed up to the end of 2003 in Mumbai.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted risk of tuberculosis deaths among bidi smokers was 2.60 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.02, 3.33) times higher than never-smokers, with a significant trend for daily frequency of bidi smoking. Also the risk of prevalence of self reported tuberculosis among bidi smokers was 5.23 (95% CI: 4.01, 6.82) times higher than never-smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In India around 32% of tuberculosis deaths can be attributable to bidi smoking. Thus, bidi smoking seems to be an important cause of manifestation and death from tuberculosis.
authors: Healis, Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi-Mumbai, India. pednekarmangesh@rediffmail.com
authors: Mangesh S
authors: MS
authors: Pednekar
authors: Prakash C
authors: PC
authors: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002423:Cause of Death; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003644:Death Certificates; D003906:Developing Countries; D029788:Diospyros; D004522:Educational Status; D006184:Habits; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data