title: Histologically defined biomarkers in toxicology.
abstract: Histopathology is the gold standard when defining toxicological effects, but it is invasive, time consuming and expensive. Using biomarkers linked to distinct, defined cell types and tissues may provide a direct link to histopathology without its drawbacks and it also provides increased sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, as histological testing is often impractical in human subjects, using biomarkers with a known histological distribution may fill the need of localising toxic injury to distinct organs or tissues. This paper discusses how, by using biomarkers with a known cellular origin (histologically defined biomarkers), toxic effects may be found earlier and at lower doses of compound, leading to potential savings in drug development.
authors: Biotrin International, 93 The Rise, Mount Merrion, Dublin, Ireland.
authors: Cormac G
authors: CG
authors: Kilty
authors: Joe
authors: J
authors: Keenan
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006652:Histological Techniques / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis; D014116:Toxicology / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations