title: Risk factors for neonatal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in a well-infant nursery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine risk factors for neonatal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin and soft-tissue infection in a well-infant nursery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A well-infant nursery in a nonteaching, community hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case infants were newborns in the nursery who were born in the period November 2003 through June 2004 and had onset of MRSA skin and soft-tissue infection within 21 days after discharge from the nursery. Site inspections were conducted. Control infants were randomly selected male infants in the nursery during the outbreak periods. MRSA isolates were characterized with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven case infants were identified in 2 outbreaks: outbreak 1 occurred from November 18 through December 24, 2003, and outbreak 2 occurred from May 26 through June 5, 2004. All were full-term male infants with pustular-vesicular lesions in the groin. Inspection revealed uncovered circumcision equipment, multiple-dose lidocaine vials, and inadequate hand hygiene practices. In outbreak 1, case infants (n=6) had a significantly higher mean length of stay than control infants (3.7 vs 2.5 days; P=.01). In outbreak 2, case infants (n=5) were more likely to have been circumcised in the nursery (OR, undefined [95% CI, 1.7 to undefined]) and to have received lidocaine injections (OR, undefined [95% CI, 2.6 to undefined]). Controlling for length of stay, case infants were more likely to have been circumcised in the nursery (OR, 12.2 [95% CI, 1.5 to undefined]). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that 7 available isolates were indistinguishable from a community-associated MRSA strain (USA300-0114).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Newborns in well-infant nurseries are at risk for nosocomial infection with community-associated MRSA strains. Reducing length of stay, improving circumcision and hand hygiene practices, and eliminating use of multiple-dose lidocaine vials should decrease transmission of community-associated MRSA strains in nurseries.
authors: Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. dao.nguyen@kp.org
authors: Dao M
authors: DM
authors: Nguyen
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Bancroft
authors: Laurene
authors: L
authors: Mascola
authors: Ramon
authors: R
authors: Guevara
authors: Lori
authors: L
authors: Yasuda
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002944:Circumcision, Male / Q000379:methods; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000145:classification; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018563:Disease Notification; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D009725:Nurseries, Hospital; D012307:Risk Factors; D013207:Staphylococcal Skin Infections / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects*