title: In utero undernutrition reduces diabetes incidence in non-obese diabetic mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Observational studies in humans suggest that low birthweight may decrease the risk of type 1 diabetes, but the mechanism is unknown. We hypothesised that antenatal undernutrition would decrease the incidence of type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 40% restriction of energy intake was applied to pregnant NOD dams from day 12.5 to day 18.5 of gestation, resulting in intrauterine growth retardation of offspring. All mice were fed a standard diet after weaning. Control and undernourished female offspring were followed to assess diabetes incidence. Male NOD mice were treated with cyclophosphamide to accelerate development of diabetes. Glucose homeostasis, body composition and pancreatic histology were compared in control and undernourished offspring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean birthweight was lower in undernourished than in control mice (p = 0.00003). At 24 weeks of age, the cumulative incidence of spontaneous diabetes in female mice was 73% in control and 48% in undernourished mice (p = 0.003). In cyclophosphamide-treated male mice, antenatal undernutrition also tended to reduce the development of diabetes (p = 0.058). Maternal leptin levels were lower in undernourished dams on day 18.5 of pregnancy (p = 0.039), while postnatal leptin levels were significantly higher in undernourished offspring at 4, 20 and 27 weeks of life (p < 0.05). Beta cell mass was similar in both groups (control = 0.4 mg; undernourished = 0.54 mg; p = 0.24). Histological evidence of apoptosis at 20 weeks was greater in control than in undernourished mice (control = 6.3 +/- 1.4%; undernourished = 4.2 +/- 0.3%, p = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antenatal undernutrition reduces the incidence of diabetes in NOD mice, perhaps via alterations in apoptosis.
authors: Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Room 620, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Oge
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Isganaitis
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Jimenez-Chillaron
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Reamer
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Faucette
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Barry
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Przybyla
authors: M E
authors: ME
authors: Patti
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000818:Animals; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000503:physiopathology; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D015994:Incidence; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000196:embryology*; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D011247:Pregnancy