title: Pleural and pericardial effusion: a potential ultrasonographic marker for the prenatal differential diagnosis between congenital diaphragmatic eventration and congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether or not the presence of pleural and/or pericardial effusion can be used prenatally as an ultrasonographic marker for the differential diagnosis between diaphragmatic eventration and diaphragmatic hernia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present two case reports of non-isolated diaphragmatic eventration associated with pleural and/or pericardial effusion. Additionally, we reviewed the literature for all cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and diaphragmatic eventration that met the following criteria: (1) prenatal diagnosis of a diaphragmatic defect and (2) definitive diagnosis by autopsy or surgery. The frequencies of pleural effusion, pericardial effusion and hydrops were compared between the two conditions using Fisher's exact test. A subanalysis was conducted of cases with isolated diaphragmatic defects (i.e. diaphragmatic defects not associated with hydrops and other major structural or chromosomal anomalies).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher proportion of fetuses with diaphragmatic eventration had associated pleural and pericardial effusions compared with fetuses with diaphragmatic hernia (58% (7/12) vs. 3.7% (14/382), respectively, P < 0.001). This observation remained true when only cases of diaphragmatic defects not associated with hydrops and other major structural or chromosomal anomalies were compared (29% (2/7) with eventration vs. 2.2% (4/178) with CDH, P < 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of pleural and/or pericardial effusion in patients with diaphragmatic defects should raise the possibility of a congenital diaphragmatic eventration. This information is clinically important for management and counseling because the prognosis and treatment for CDH and congenital diaphragmatic eventration are different. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors: Perinatology Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Jeanty
authors: J K
authors: JK
authors: Nien
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Espinoza
authors: J P
authors: JP
authors: Kusanovic
authors: L F
authors: LF
authors: Gonçalves
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Qureshi
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Jacques
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Lee
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Romero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003965:Diaphragmatic Eventration / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D010490:Pericardial Effusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal