title: Facial emotion discrimination across the menstrual cycle in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depressed patients show mood-congruent errors in the identification of emotion in facial expressions. Errors consist of impaired performance (recognition errors) and negative bias (seeing faces as sadder than they are). This abnormal processing may both reflect and contribute to the negative affective state. In this study, we administered an emotional recognition in facial expression task to women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) to determine whether processing errors similar to those in depression were present and whether they were confined to the luteal phase (i.e., state dependent).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Facial Discrimination Task (FDT) was administered in the follicular and luteal phases to women with PMDD (n=28) and asymptomatic controls (n=27).
  
  
  RESULTS
  ANOVA with repeated measures identified significantly increased negative judgments (both performance errors and bias) in women with PMDD during the luteal phase (more neutral to sad misjudgments and higher negative bias index) as well as impaired "specificity" of judgments [an inability to discriminate neutral from emotional stimuli] (diagnosis by phase interactions, p<0.05), findings similar to those observed in depression. No menstrual cycle effects were seen in controls, and no differences between patients and controls were seen on a control task (age assessment of pictured subjects).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The levels of significance obtained were modest and would not withstand correction for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with PMDD display a luteal phase-dependent impairment (negative bias) in the processing of non-verbal affective information. This negative bias may contribute to the generation of negative mood states during the luteal phase and could suggest the presence of dysfunction in those brain regions whose coordinated activity mediates the recognition of emotion in facial expression.
authors: Behavioral Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda MD 20892-1276, United States. david_rubinow@med.unc.edu
authors: David R
authors: DR
authors: Rubinow
authors: Mark J
authors: MJ
authors: Smith
authors: Linda A
authors: LA
authors: Schenkel
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Schmidt
authors: Kristen
authors: K
authors: Dancer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000502:physiology; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011581:Psychological Tests; D021641:Recognition, Psychology