Epilepsy and employment: literature review.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this review is to increase understanding of the factors that affect the regular employment positions of people with epilepsy by means of the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) model.


METHODS
Thirty-four primary research articles describing factors associated with employment for people with epilepsy are reviewed.


RESULTS
People with epilepsy may face a number of complex and interacting problems in finding and maintaining employment. Stigma, seizure severity, and psychosocial variables such as low self-esteem, passive coping style, and low self-efficacy have been implicated as factors that play an important role in predicting employment. Findings demonstrate the need for specific employment training programs.


CONCLUSIONS
We recommend specific training interventions that focus on increasing the self-efficacy and coping skills of people with epilepsy so that these individuals will be able to accept their disorder and make personal and health-related choices that help them to achieve better employment positions in society.
Smeets
Vivian M J
VM
Department of Research and Development, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, PO Box 61, 5590 AB Heeze, The Netherlands. smeetsv@kempenhaeghe.nl
van Lierop
Brigitte A G
BA
Vanhoutvin
Jos P G
JP
Aldenkamp
Albert P
AP
Nijhuis
Frans J N
FJ
D001294:Attitude to Health; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D016239:MEDLINE; D011788:Quality of Life; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D014829:Vocational Education