title: A superoxide anion generator, pyrogallol induces apoptosis in As4.1 cells through the depletion of intracellular GSH content.
abstract: We investigated the involvement of ROS such as H2O2 and O2*-, and GSH in As4.1 cell death induced by pyrogallol. The intracellular H2O2 levels were decreased or increased depending on the concentration and incubation time of pyrogallol. The levels of O2*- were significantly increased. Pyrogallol reduced the intracellular GSH content. And ROS scavengers, Tempol, Tiron, Trimetazidine and NAC could not significantly down-regulate the production of H2O2 and O2*-. However, these ROS scavengers slightly inhibited apoptosis. Interestingly, Tempol showing the recovery of GSH depletion induced by pyrogallol significantly decreased apoptosis without the significant reduction of intracellular O2*- levels. SOD and catalase did not change the level of H2O2 but decreased the level of O2*-. The inhibition of GSH depletion by these was accompanied with the decrease of apoptosis, as evidenced by sub-G1 DNA content, annexin V staining, mitochondria membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) and Western data. In addition, ROS scavengers and SOD did not alter a G2 phase accumulation of the cell cycle induced by pyrogallol. However, catalase changed the cell cycle distributions of pyrogallol-treated cells to those of pyrogallol-untreated cells. In summary, we have demonstrated that pyrogallol potently generates ROS, especially O2*-, in As4.1 JG cells, and Tempol, SOD and catalase could rescue to a lesser or greater extent cells from pyrogallol-induced apoptosis through the up-regulation of intracellular GSH content.
authors: Department of Physiology, Medical School, Institute for Medical Sciences, Center for Healthcare Technology Development, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu 561-180, Republic of Korea. parkwh71@chonbuk.ac.kr <parkwh71@chonbuk.ac.kr>
authors: Woo Hyun
authors: WH
authors: Park
authors: Yong Whan
authors: YW
authors: Han
authors: Suhn Hee
authors: SH
authors: Kim
authors: Sung Zoo
authors: SZ
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D011748:Pyrogallol / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013113:Spin Labels; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013113:Spin Labels; D011748:Pyrogallol; D013481:Superoxides; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; C001803:tempol