Functional outcome in bipolar disorder: the role of clinical and cognitive factors.
BACKGROUND
Few studies have examined the clinical, neuropsychological and pharmacological factors involved in the functional outcome of bipolar disorder despite the gap between clinical and functional recovery.


METHODS
A sample of 77 euthymic bipolar patients were included in the study. Using an a priori definition of low versus good functional outcome, based on the psychosocial items of the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF, DSM-IV), and taking also into account their occupational adaptation, the patients were divided into two groups: good or low occupational functioning. Patients with high (n = 46) and low (n = 31) functioning were compared on several clinical, neuropsychological and pharmacological variables and the two patient groups were contrasted with healthy controls (n = 35) on cognitive performance.


RESULTS
High- and low-functioning groups did not differ with respect to clinical variables. However, bipolar patients in general showed poorer cognitive performance than healthy controls. This was most evident in low-functioning patients and in particular on verbal memory and executive function measures.


CONCLUSIONS
Low-functioning patients were cognitively more impaired than highly functioning patients on verbal recall and executive functions. The variable that best predicted psychosocial functioning in bipolar patients was verbal memory.
Martinez-Aran
A
A
Institute of Neurosciences, University Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
Vieta
E
E
Torrent
C
C
Sanchez-Moreno
J
J
Goikolea
J M
JM
Salamero
M
M
Malhi
G S
GS
Gonzalez-Pinto
A
A
Daban
C
C
Alvarez-Grandi
S
S
Fountoulakis
K
K
Kaprinis
G
G
Tabares-Seisdedos
R
R
Ayuso-Mateos
J L
JL
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003710:Demography; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011584:Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012917:Social Adjustment
D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents