title: Temperament and personality in bipolar I patients with and without mixed episodes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Personality and temperament are supposed to have an impact on the clinical expression and course of an affective disorder. There is some indication, that mixed episodes result from an admixture of inverse temperamental factors to a manic syndrome. In a preliminary report [Brieger, P., Roettig, S., Ehrt, U., Wenzel, A., Bloink, R., Marneros, A., 2003. TEMPS-a scale in 'mixed' and 'pure' manic episodes: new data and methodological considerations on the relevance of joint anxious-depressive temperament traits. J. Affect. Disord. 73, 99-104] we reported support for this assumption. The present study completes the preliminary results and compares patients with and without mixed episodes with respect to personality and personality disorders in addition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who had been hospitalized for bipolar I disorder were reassessed after 4.8 years. We examined temperament (TEMPS-A), personality (NEO-FFI) and frequency of personality disorders (SCID-II). Furthermore, illness-related parameters like age at first treatment, depressive and manic symptomatology, frequency and type of episodes and level of functioning were obtained and patients with and without mixed episodes were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with (n=49) and without mixed episodes (n=86) did not differ significantly with regard to the illness-related parameters and personality dimensions. The frequency of personality disorders was significantly higher in patients with prior mixed episodes. With respect to temperament, scores of the depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperament were significantly higher in patients with mixed episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We were not able to assess premorbid temperament and premorbid personality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the present study support the assumption of Akiskal [Akiskal, H.S., 1992b. The distinctive mixed states of bipolar I, II, and III. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 15 Suppl 1 Pt A, 632-633.] that mixed episodes are more frequent in subjects with inverse temperament.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Julius-Kuehn-Str. 07, 06097 Halle, Germany. doerthe.roettig@medizin.uni-halle.de
authors.forename: Dörthe
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Röttig
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Röttig
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brieger
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marneros
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament