title: Hepatitis C virus and death risk in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: In maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common and may be associated with poor clinical outcomes. It was hypothesized that HCV infection would be associated with high all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in these patients after controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics, including surrogates of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome. A national database of 13,664 MHD patients who underwent HCV antibody serology testing at least once during a 3-yr interval (July 2001 through June 2004) was analyzed. Measurements included third-generation HCV enzyme immunoassay and routine laboratory measurements. The HCV enzyme immunoassay was reported positive in 1590 (12%) patients. In logistic regression models that included case mix and available surrogates of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome, HCV infection was associated with younger age, male gender, black race, Hispanic ethnicity, Medicaid insurance, longer dialysis vintage (duration), unmarried status, HIV infection, and smoking history. In proportional-hazards regressions, the mortality hazard ratio that was associated with HCV infection was 1.25 (95% confidence interval 1.12 to 1.39; P < 0.001). Mortality hazards were higher among incident (dialysis duration <6 mo) than prevalent HD patients. Subgroup analyses indicated that HCV was associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality across almost all clinical, demographic, and laboratory groups of patients. Hence, in MHD patients, HCV infection exhibits distinct demographic, clinical, and laboratory patterns, including associations with higher dialysis treatment vintage, and is associated with higher mortality. More diligent efforts to prevent and treat HCV infection may improve outcomes in MHD patients.
authors.affiliation: Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Los Angeles Biomedical Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509-2910, USA. kamkal@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Kamyar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalantar-Zadeh
authors.forename: Ryan D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Kilpatrick
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McAllister
authors.forename: Loren G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Daar
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Gjertson
authors.forename: Joel D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kopple
authors.forename: Sander
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greenland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000276:immunology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013997:Time Factors