title: Accurate, precise modeling of cell proliferation kinetics from time-lapse imaging and automated image analysis of agar yeast culture arrays.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genome-wide mutant strain collections have increased demand for high throughput cellular phenotyping (HTCP). For example, investigators use HTCP to investigate interactions between gene deletion mutations and additional chemical or genetic perturbations by assessing differences in cell proliferation among the collection of 5000 S. cerevisiae gene deletion strains. Such studies have thus far been predominantly qualitative, using agar cell arrays to subjectively score growth differences. Quantitative systems level analysis of gene interactions would be enabled by more precise HTCP methods, such as kinetic analysis of cell proliferation in liquid culture by optical density. However, requirements for processing liquid cultures make them relatively cumbersome and low throughput compared to agar. To improve HTCP performance and advance capabilities for quantifying interactions, YeastXtract software was developed for automated analysis of cell array images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  YeastXtract software was developed for kinetic growth curve analysis of spotted agar cultures. The accuracy and precision for image analysis of agar culture arrays was comparable to OD measurements of liquid cultures. Using YeastXtract, image intensity vs. biomass of spot cultures was linearly correlated over two orders of magnitude. Thus cell proliferation could be measured over about seven generations, including four to five generations of relatively constant exponential phase growth. Spot area normalization reduced the variation in measurements of total growth efficiency. A growth model, based on the logistic function, increased precision and accuracy of maximum specific rate measurements, compared to empirical methods. The logistic function model was also more robust against data sparseness, meaning that less data was required to obtain accurate, precise, quantitative growth phenotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microbial cultures spotted onto agar media are widely used for genotype-phenotype analysis, however quantitative HTCP methods capable of measuring kinetic growth rates have not been available previously. YeastXtract provides objective, automated, quantitative, image analysis of agar cell culture arrays. Fitting the resulting data to a logistic equation-based growth model yields robust, accurate growth rate information. These methods allow the incorporation of imaging and automated image analysis of cell arrays, grown on solid agar media, into HTCP-driven experimental approaches, such as global, quantitative analysis of gene interaction networks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA. najaf@uab.edu
authors.forename: Najaf A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Laws
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wardman
authors.forename: Lue Ping
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hartman
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003470:Culture Media; D005838:Genotype; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010641:Phenotype; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D012984:Software; D049490:Systems Biology
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D000362:Agar