title: Transthoracic echocardiographic measurement of patent ductus arteriosus in dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) size and morphology influence the selection of the kind and the size of the embolization device used to effect shunt closure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  That echocardiographic measurement of PDA in dogs is accurate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five client-owned dogs with PDA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study. Echocardiographic and angiographic data were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurement of the ductus in color Doppler echocardiography (CD-E) and 2-dimensional echocardiography (2D-E) was achieved from left parasternal views in 43 of 45 unsedated dogs (96%). In these 43 dogs, the angiographic minimal PDA diameter was 3.72 +/- 1.59 mm, and the diameter of the PDA ampulla was 8.46 +/- 3.01 mm. The CD-E minimal PDA diameter ranged from 2.3 to 9.5 mm (median, 4.0 mm). There was a significant mean difference to the angiographic measurements (1.15 +/- 0.95 mm; P < .0001). An agreement in a 1-mm range was found in 21 of 43 dogs (48%). The 2D-E minimal PDA diameter was 3.73 +/- 1.78 mm, and the mean difference to the angiographic measurements was not significant (0.00 +/- 0.72 mm; P = .98). An agreement in a 1-mm range was found in 31 of 43 dogs (72%). The 2D-E measurement of the PDA ampulla revealed a significant mean difference to the angiographic data (1.95 +/- 2.43 mm, P < .0001). An agreement in a 2-mm range was found in 21 of 43 dogs (49%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 2D-E from the left cranial parasternal view is an excellent noninvasive method to estimate the PDA minimal diameter before doing catheter intervention.
authors.affiliation: Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurterstr. 126, D-35392 Giessen, Germany. matthias.a.schneider@vetmed.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Nicolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schweigl
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wehner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male