title: Development of a spontaneously beating vein by cardiomyocyte transplantation in the wall of the inferior vena cava in a rat: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to determine whether it is feasible to develop a vein that rhythmically beats by implanting immature cardiomyocytes in its wall.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal cardiomyocytes (5 x 10(6) cells each) were transplanted into the wall of the inferior vena cava in six female Fischer rats; in six rats, only the medium was transplanted. At 3 weeks after transplantation, the grafted site of the inferior vena cava was exposed and videotaped, and then processed for histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Distinct rhythmic beating of the vena cava at the site of cell injection (at a rate lower than aortic beating) was observed in all six rats treated with neonatal cardiomyocyte injections, but in none of the six that received the medium. The vena cava continued to beat spontaneously and rhythmically after the aortas were clamped and after the heart was excised. The beating was manifest by visual contraction and relaxation of the vessel wall. The spontaneous beating rate was 101 +/- 7 beats/min at 1 to 3 minutes after excision of the heart. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed viable grafts in the wall of the vena cava in all that were implanted with neonatal cardiac cells; but in none of the vena cava that received the medium. Neonatal cardiomyocytes in the graft matured with cross striations and stained positive for the muscle marker sarcomeric actin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that neonatal cardiomyocytes survive, mature, and spontaneously and rhythmically contract when implanted in the wall of a vein.
authors.affiliation: The Heart Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine of the Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90017, USA.
authors.forename: Wangde
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kloner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001683:Biological Clocks; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000166:cytology; D018715:Microscopy, Video; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D011674:Pulse; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013997:Time Factors; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016276:Ventricular Function