title: Modulation of sympathetic activity by tissue plasminogen activator is independent of plasminogen and urokinase.
abstract: Sympathetic neurons synthesize, transport, and release tissue-type plasminogen activators (t-PAs) and urinary-type plasminogen activators (u-PAs). We reported that t-PA enhances sympathetic neurotransmission and exacerbates reperfusion arrhythmias. We have now assessed the role of u-PA and plasminogen. Neurogenic contractile responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS) were determined in vasa deferentia (VD) from mice lacking t-PA (t-PA(-/-)), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1(-/-)), plasminogen (plgn(-/-)), u-PA (u-PA(-/-)), and wild-type (WT) controls. Similar levels of t-PA were present in VD and cardiac synaptosomes of WT, PAI-1(-/-), plgn(-/-), and u-PA(-/-) mice, whereas t-PA was undetectable in t-PA(-/-) tissues. EFS responses were potentiated and attenuated in VD from PAI-1(-/-) and t-PA(-/-) mice, respectively, but indistinguishable from WT responses in VD from plgn(-/-) and u-PA(-/-) mice. Moreover, t-PA inhibition with t-PA(stop) decreased EFS response in WT mice, whereas u-PA(stop) did not. VD responses to ATP, norepinephrine, and K(+) in t-PA(-/-), PAI-1(-/-), plgn(-/-), and u-PA(-/-) mice were similar to those in WT, whereas t-PA(stop) did not modify VD responses to norepinephrine in WT, t-PA(-/-), and PAI-1(-/-) mice, indicating a prejunctional site of action for t-PA-induced potentiation of sympathetic neurotransmission. Indeed, K(+)-induced norepinephrine exocytosis from cardiac synaptosomes was potentiated in PAI-1(-/-), attenuated in t-PA(-/-) and not different from WT in u-PA(-/-) and plgn(-/-) mice. Likewise, ATP exocytosis was decreased in t-PA(-/-) and attenuated by t-PA(stop) in WT mice. Thus, t-PA-induced enhancement of sympathetic neurotransmission is a prejunctional event associated with increased transmitter exocytosis and independent of u-PA and plasminogen availability. This novel t-PA action may be a potential therapeutic target in hyperadrenergic states.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vorlova
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Machida
authors.forename: Jerry P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Melchor
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strickland
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Levi
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000502:physiology*; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000502:physiology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000502:physiology*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000502:physiology*; D014649:Vas Deferens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D010958:Plasminogen; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D009638:Norepinephrine