title: Epilepsy surgery in tuberous sclerosis: the Dutch experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epilepsy associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is drug resistant in more than half of the patients. Epilepsy surgery may be an alternative treatment option, if the epileptogenic tuber can be identified reliably and if seizure reduction is not at the expense of cognitive or other functions. We report the pre-surgical identification of the epileptogenic tuber and post-surgical outcome of patients with TSC in The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients underwent the pre-surgical evaluation of the Dutch Comprehensive Epilepsy Surgery Programme, including a detailed seizure history, interictal and ictal video EEG registrations, 3D FLAIR MRI scans and neuropsychological testing. Suitability of the candidates was decided in consensus. Seizure outcome, scored with the Engel classification, and cognition were reassessed at fixed post-surgery intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Epilepsy surgery was performed in six patients. At follow-up, four patients had Engel classification 1, two had classification 4. Improved development and behaviour was perceived by the parents of two patients. Epilepsy surgery was not performed in 19 patients because seizures were not captured, ictal onset zones could not be localised or were multiple, interictal EEG, video EEG and MEG results were not concordant, or seizure burden had diminished during decision making. A higher cognition index was found in the surgical patients compared to the non-surgical candidates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epilepsy surgery can be performed safely and successfully in patients in whom semiology, interictal EEG, ictal EEG, MEG and the location of tubers are concordant. In other cases the risk of surgery should be weighed against the chance of seizure relief and in case of children subsequent impact on neurodevelopment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands. f.e.jansen@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Van Huffelen
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Van Rijen
authors.forename: F S S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Leijten
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jennekens-Schinkel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gosselaar
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Van Nieuwenhuizen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000150:complications*