title: Changes in depressive symptoms and glycemic control in diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if changes in depressive symptoms would be associated with changes in glycemic control over a 12-month period in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety (Type 1 diabetes, n = 28; Type 2 diabetes, n = 62) patients having Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) levels of >10 were enrolled in the study. Of those 90 patients, 65 patients completed a 12-week cognitive behavioral therapy intervention. BDI was assessed at baseline and thereafter biweekly during 12 months. Hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose levels were assessed at baseline and at four quarterly in-hospital follow-up visits. Linear mixed-model analysis was applied to determine the effects of time and diabetes type on depressive symptoms, HbA1c levels, and fasting glucose levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean and standard deviation baseline BDI and HbA1c levels were 17.9 +/- 5.8 and 7.6 +/- 1.6, respectively, with no significant difference between patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Mixed-model regression analysis found no difference between the groups with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in the within-subject effect of BDI score on HbA1c or fasting glucose levels during the study. Depressive symptoms decreased significantly (p = .0001) and similarly over a 12-month period in both patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, whereas HbA1c and fasting glucose levels did not change significantly over time in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in depressive symptoms were not associated with changes in HbA1c or fasting glucose levels over a 1-year period in either patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3842, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Georgiades
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zucker
authors.forename: Kelli E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Mosunic
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Applegate
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Mark N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Feinglos
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Surwit
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000032:analysis; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D015930:Diet Records; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D002149:Energy Intake; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012648:Self Care
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin