title: Low vitamin D status despite abundant sun exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lack of sun exposure is widely accepted as the primary cause of epidemic low vitamin D status worldwide. However, some individuals with seemingly adequate UV exposure have been reported to have low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration, results that might have been confounded by imprecision of the assays used.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to document the 25(OH)D status of healthy individuals with habitually high sun exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted in a convenience sample of adults in Honolulu, Hawaii (latitude 21 degrees ).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 93 adults (30 women and 63 men) with a mean (sem) age and body mass index of 24.0 yr (0.7) and 23.6 kg/m(2) (0.4), respectively. Their self-reported sun exposure was 28.9 (1.5) h/wk, yielding a calculated sun exposure index of 11.1 (0.7).
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum 25(OH)D concentration was measured using a precise HPLC assay. Low vitamin D status was defined as a circulating 25(OH)D concentration less than 30 ng/ml.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 31.6 ng/ml. Using a cutpoint of 30 ng/ml, 51% of this population had low vitamin D status. The highest 25(OH)D concentration was 62 ng/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that variable responsiveness to UVB radiation is evident among individuals, causing some to have low vitamin D status despite abundant sun exposure. In addition, because the maximal 25(OH)D concentration produced by natural UV exposure appears to be approximately 60 ng/ml, it seems prudent to use this value as an upper limit when prescribing vitamin D supplementation.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin Osteoporosis Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA. nbinkley@wisc.edu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Binkley
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Novotny
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawahara
authors.forename: Y G
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Daida
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lensmeyer
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Hollis
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Drezner
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013472:Sunlight; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D