title: Interleukin-1-receptor antagonist in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The expression of interleukin-1-receptor antagonist is reduced in pancreatic islets of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and high glucose concentrations induce the production of interleukin-1beta in human pancreatic beta cells, leading to impaired insulin secretion, decreased cell proliferation, and apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this double-blind, parallel-group trial involving 70 patients with type 2 diabetes, we randomly assigned 34 patients to receive 100 mg of anakinra (a recombinant human interleukin-1-receptor antagonist) subcutaneously once daily for 13 weeks and 36 patients to receive placebo. At baseline and at 13 weeks, all patients underwent an oral glucose-tolerance test, followed by an intravenous bolus of 0.3 g of glucose per kilogram of body weight, 0.5 mg of glucagon, and 5 g of arginine. In addition, 35 patients underwent a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp study. The primary end point was a change in the level of glycated hemoglobin, and secondary end points were changes in beta-cell function, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 13 weeks, in the anakinra group, the glycated hemoglobin level was 0.46 percentage point lower than in the placebo group (P=0.03); C-peptide secretion was enhanced (P=0.05), and there were reductions in the ratio of proinsulin to insulin (P=0.005) and in levels of interleukin-6 (P<0.001) and C-reactive protein (P=0.002). Insulin resistance, insulin-regulated gene expression in skeletal muscle, serum adipokine levels, and the body-mass index were similar in the two study groups. Symptomatic hypoglycemia was not observed, and there were no apparent drug-related serious adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The blockade of interleukin-1 with anakinra improved glycemia and beta-cell secretory function and reduced markers of systemic inflammation. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00303394 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.
authors.forename: Claus M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faulenbach
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaag
authors.forename: Aage
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vølund
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ehses
authors.forename: Burkhardt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mandrup-Poulsen
authors.forename: Marc Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Donath
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D015850:Interleukin-6; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human