title: Staphylococcal toxic-shock-syndrome-toxin-1 as a risk factor for disease relapse in Wegener's granulomatosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus constitutes a risk factor for disease exacerbation in Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). We hypothesized that staphylococcal superantigens (SAg) are a determinant of S. aureus-related risk for disease relapse in WG.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective longitudinal cohort study in 62 WG patients, we investigated the presence of the staphylococcal SAg genes sea, seb, sec, sed, see, tsst-1 and eta in S. aureus strains isolated from WG patients during an observation period of seven years. Subsequently, we assessed whether relapses of WG were associated with the presence of SAg-positive staphylococci.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1718 swab cultures analysed, 709 (41.2%) were S. aureus-positive. Fifty-one patients carried S. aureus, of whom 37 (72.5%) patients carried at least one SAg-positive S. aureus strain. Of the 709 S. aureus-positive cultures, 326 (46%) contained at least one SAg gene. Except for see, all assessed SAg genes were detected. sea was found most frequently, followed by sec, tsst-1 and eta and finally, by sed and seb. Using a multivariate, time-dependent Cox regression analysis we found that the presence of S. aureus was associated with relapses of WG (RR 3.2; 95% CI 1.2-8.4). The risk for relapse was modulated by the presence and type of SAg, with tsst-1 being associated with an increased risk for relapse (RR 13.3, 95% CI 4.2-42.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk for relapse of WG increases with the presence of tsst-1-positive S. aureus. Eradication of tsst-1-positive S. aureus in WG may show whether disease relapses can be prevented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands. e.popa@med.umcg.nl
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Popa
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Stegeman
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Abdulahad
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arends
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.forename: C G M
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Kallenberg
authors.forename: J-W Cohen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tervaert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D002353:Carrier State; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D014890:Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000150:complications*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D018089:Superantigens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004768:Enterotoxins; D018089:Superantigens; C030107:enterotoxin F, Staphylococcal