title: Complex N-glycan number and degree of branching cooperate to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation.
abstract: The number of N-glycans (n) is a distinct feature of each glycoprotein sequence and cooperates with the physical properties of the Golgi N-glycan-branching pathway to regulate surface glycoprotein levels. The Golgi pathway is ultrasensitive to hexosamine flux for the production of tri- and tetra-antennary N-glycans, which bind to galectins and form a molecular lattice that opposes glycoprotein endocytosis. Glycoproteins with few N-glycans (e.g., TbetaR, CTLA-4, and GLUT4) exhibit enhanced cell-surface expression with switch-like responses to increasing hexosamine concentration, whereas glycoproteins with high numbers of N-glycans (e.g., EGFR, IGFR, FGFR, and PDGFR) exhibit hyperbolic responses. Computational and experimental data reveal that these features allow nutrient flux stimulated by growth-promoting high-n receptors to drive arrest/differentiation programs by increasing surface levels of low-n glycoproteins. We have identified a mechanism for metabolic regulation of cellular transition between growth and arrest in mammals arising from apparent coevolution of N-glycan number and branching.
authors.affiliation: Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Ken S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Partridge
authors.forename: Ani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grigorian
authors.forename: Cristina I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Silvescu
authors.forename: Vernon N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Reinhold
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Demetriou
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Dennis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004705:Endocytosis; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006031:Glycosylation; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism; D006595:Hexosamines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008954:Models, Biological; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D014537:Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; C556707:Ctla4 protein, mouse; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006595:Hexosamines; D011134:Polysaccharides; D014537:Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases