title: New technology, new errors: how to prime an upgrade of an insulin infusion pump.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A series of use errors occurred when switching an ambulatory care clinic patient from an older model to a newer model of an ambulatory continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pump.
  
  
  METHODS
  The nurse practitioner (N.P.) reviewed the new pump's mechanics with the patient, who had a 26-year history of Type 1 diabetes mellitus, and supervised the patient's programming of the pump. At bedtime, a blood sugar of > 250 mg/dL prompted the patient to give herself insulin via the pump. The next morning, she was treated at the emergency department for diabetic ketoacidosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pump had been improperly primed, resulting in no insulin delivery. The incident also reflected the absence of a fail-safe mechanism(s) on the pump to alert the user to the improper priming and inappropriate handoff of the patient's care. Unlike the old pump, the new pump did not require manual priming. The lack of delivery of insulin resulted in DKA, a potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes. A root cause analysis suggested several important safety issues, including skipping of steps on the patient training checklist and other shortcuts in patient training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinic developed policies and procedures, including mandatory formal training for each pump model by the certified pump trainer and for initiation of insulin pump therapy. This case illustrates the importance of a structured device selection process, provider education, patient education, and monitoring for safety and effectiveness of technological devices in care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, USA. arule@creighton.edu
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rule
authors.forename: Andjela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drincic
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Galt
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015918:Infusion Pumps, Implantable; D007328:Insulin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D010353:Patient Education as Topic
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin