title: Perfectionism and the cortisol response to psychosocial stress in men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that perfectionism is an important moderator of the neuroendocrine stress response, with higher perfectionism predicting increased neuroendocrine activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 50 middle-aged men underwent an acute standardized psychosocial stress task (Trier Social Stress Test). Perfectionism, cognitive appraisal of the stressful situation, trait anxiety, and various personality characteristics were assessed with questionnaires. Salivary cortisol, plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine, blood pressure, and heart rate were analyzed before and after stress. Circadian profiles of cortisol secretion during the day and in response to awakening were analyzed to assess basal activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to identify predictors of the neuroendocrine stress response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perfectionism was significantly associated with area under the total response curve with respect to increase (AUCi) of cortisol (r = 0.322, p = .046), but not with AUCi of norepinephrine (r = -0.217, p = .152) or AUCi of epinephrine (r = 0.116, p = .477). Hence, AUCi of cortisol was the main criterion. As possible predictors, trait anxiety, neuroticism, vital exhaustion, secondary appraisal, depression, and openness were considered. Regression analyses demonstrated that only perfectionism (beta = 0.45, p = .002) and secondary appraisal (beta = 0.50, p = .001) were independent predictors of AUCi of cortisol, the final model explaining 45% of the total variance in cortisol response (R2 = 0.45, "shrunken" R2 [sR2] = 0.38); perfectionism alone accounted for 18% of this variance (deltaR2 = 0.18, sR2 = 0.19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The typical cognitions, and presumably the associated emotions, of perfectionists seem to contribute independently to stress-induced bodily responses, including HPA axis activation, in response to psychosocial stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Binzmühlestrasse 14, Box 26, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland. p.wirtz@psychologie.unizh.ch
authors.forename: Petra H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Wirtz
authors.forename: Sigrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elsenbruch
authors.forename: Luljeta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Emini
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rüdisüli
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Groessbauer
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ehlert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001290:Attitude; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003071:Cognition; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004644:Emotions; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005120:Extraversion, Psychological; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D010551:Personality; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013060:Speech; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine