title: Exercise and pharmacological stress echocardiography in healthy horses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stress echocardiography could be a useful diagnostic test in horses suspected to suffer from exercise-induced myocardial dysfunction as a cause of exercise intolerance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of treadmill exercise and pharmacological stress test on left ventricular echocardiographic parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Echocardiography was performed in 2 groups of 5 healthy horses, either immediately after a near-maximal treadmill exercise (Group EXE) or during a pharmacological challenge (Group DOB) consisting of 35 microg/kg atropine, followed by incremental dobutamine infusion rates of 2-6 microg/kg bwt/min for 5 min duration each, which led to a cumulative dobutamine dose of 100 microg/kg. Left ventricular M-mode parameters were compared at rest and at heart rates of 80, 100, 110, 120 130, and 140 beats/min, within each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2 horses of Group EXE, echocardiographic measurements were impossible at 140 and 130 beats/min, as their heart rates dropped too fast in the immediate post exercise period. In the remaining 3 horses image quality was not always satisfactory at heart rates of 130 and 140 beats/min. Systolic left ventricular parameters and fractional shortening measured at 130 and 140 beats/min were significantly different from values obtained at lower heart rates. Horses in Group DOB reached expected heart rates of 80 and 100 beats/min, after the administration of atropine and during a dobutamine infusion rate of 2 microg/kg bwt/min, respectively. Heart rates targets of 110, 120, 130, and 140 beats/min were reached at mean (+/- s.d.) dobutamine infusion rates of 2.8 +/- 0.4, 3.2 +/- 0.4, 4.0 +/- 0.7, 5 +/- 0.7 microg/kg bwt/min, respectively. Systolic left ventricular parameters and fractional shortening at heart rates of 110, 120, 130, and 140 beats/min, were significantly different from values obtained at lower heart rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pharmacological stress test induced changes in ventricular dimensions at heart rates of 80 to 140 beats/min. Using this test, high quality images can easily be obtained at heart rates of 140 beats/min. Conversely, in post exercise echocardiography, obtaining good quality images at heart rates of 130 and 140 beats/min is difficult, which limits use of the technique in routine clinical settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further studies should demonstrate the potential of pharmacological stress test as a diagnostic tool in horses suffering from exercise-induced myocardial dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences-Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Blvd. de Colonster 20, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sandersen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Detilleux
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Art
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amory
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001285:Atropine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004280:Dobutamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D025401:Echocardiography, Stress / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004280:Dobutamine; D001285:Atropine