title: Addition of intravenous N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists to local fibrinolytic therapy for the optimal treatment of experimental intracerebral hemorrhages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fibrinolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is considered a treatment option in patients with deep-seated intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Nevertheless, the results of animal experiments have shown that tPA exerts pleiotropic actions in the brain, including regulation of vasoactivity, amplification of calcium conductance by cleavage of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit, and activation of metalloproteinases, which increase excitotoxicity, damage the blood-brain barrier, and worsen edema. The authors investigated whether the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 can be used as an adjuvant therapy in combination with rtPA to attenuate the unfavorable delayed edema formation and inflammation observed following rtPA therapy in an experimental porcine model of ICH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty pigs were used in this study; MK801 (0.3 mg/kg) was administered to each pig intravenously immediately after hematoma induction and on the 1st and 3rd day after hematoma induction. Ten of the 20 pigs were randomly assigned to fibrinolytic therapy with rtPA (MK801-tPA group), whereas in the remaining 10 control animals (MK801 group) the hematomas were allowed to follow their natural courses of resorption. The extent of edema formation was evaluated using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging volumetry on Days 0, 4, and 10 after hematoma induction and was compared with histopathological changes found at necropsy. The mean edema volumes in these two groups were also compared with that in the group of nine pigs examined in a preceding experimental series, in which the animals' hematomas were only treated with rtPA (tPA group). In the 10 animals in the MK801-tPA group, the mean perihematoma edema volume on MR images had not significantly increased by Day 4 (p < 0.08) or Day 10 (p < 0.35) after hematoma induction. In the 10 animals in the MK801 group, the increase in mean perifocal edema size was significant after 4 days (p < 0.001) and nonsignificant after 10 days (p < 0.09). In the nine animals in the tPA group, the mean edema volume significantly increased by Days 4 (p < 0.002) and 10 (p < 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As suggested by the reduction in delayed edema volume and the inflammatory response, MK801 modifies the neurotoxic properties of rtPA but not those of blood degradation products. Possibly, fibrinolytic therapy of ICH is more beneficial if combined with agents such as MK801.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. ruth.thiex@post.rwth-aachen.de
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thiex
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weis
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krings
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barreiro
authors.forename: Funda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yakisikli-Alemi
authors.forename: Joachim M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gilsbach
authors.forename: Veit
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rohde
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013552:Swine; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator