title: Reversal of PCP-induced learning and memory deficits in the Morris' water maze by sertindole and other antipsychotics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In humans, the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) induces behavioral changes that mimic schizophrenia symptoms, including positive and negative symptoms as well as cognitive deficits. In clinic, the cognitive deficits are closely associated with functional outcome. Thus, improvement of cognition may have high impact on patients' daily life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, three second-generation antipsychotics (sertindole, risperidone, and clozapine) as well as the classical antipsychotic haloperidol were tested for the ability to reverse PCP-induced cognitive deficits in the Morris' water maze.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The second-generation antipsychotics reversed the PCP-induced cognitive impairment: sertindole (0.63-2.5 mg/kg, s.c.), risperidone (0.04 mg/kg, s.c.; whereas 0.08 and 0.16 mg/kg were without significant effect), and clozapine (0.63 mg/kg, s.c.; while 1.3 mg/kg was without significant effect). The significant effect of sertindole was observed from day 2 onwards, while clozapine and risperidone only had significant effect at day 3. The classical antipsychotic haloperidol (0.010-0.020 mg/kg, s.c.) was ineffective. No compounds influenced swimming speed at the doses used, indicating that motor function was preserved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm that repeated PCP administration induces marked cognitive deficits. Further, second-generation antipsychotics like sertindole, clozapine, and risperidone within a certain, often narrow, dose range are able to reverse the impairment and thus might improve cognitive deficits in schizophrenic patients, whereas classical compounds like haloperidol lack this effect. The receptor mechanisms involved in the reversal of PCP's disruptive effect are discussed and likely include a delicate balance between effects on dopamine D(2), 5-HT(2A/6), alpha-adrenergic, muscarinic, and histaminergic H(1) receptors.
authors.affiliation: Disease Pharmacology, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark. mdi@lundbeck.com
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Didriksen
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Skarsfeldt
authors.forename: Jørn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arnt
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D003024:Clozapine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D010622:Phencyclidine; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018967:Risperidone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; D007211:Indoles; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; C066304:sertindole; D010622:Phencyclidine; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol; D018967:Risperidone