title: Neurobiology and neurodevelopmental impact of childhood traumatic stress and prenatal alcohol exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research reveals that prenatal alcohol exposure and child trauma (i.e., abuse, neglect, sexual abuse) can have deleterious effects on child development across multiple domains. This study analyzed the impact on childhood neurodevelopment of prenatal alcohol exposure and postnatal traumatic experience compared to postnatal traumatic experience alone. Although the harmful effects of both have been well documented individually, there is no research documenting the concurrent effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and postnatal trauma on a child's developmental process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transdisciplinary assessment of the children included the core disciplines of medicine, speech-language pathology, occupational therapy, social work, and psychology. Medical examination, standardized developmental and intelligence testing, projective tools, parent questionnaires, and psychosocial interviews provided information in the primary developmental areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings indicated that children who had been exposed prenatally to alcohol along with postnatal traumatic experience had lower intelligence scores and more severe neurodevelopmental deficits in language, memory, visual processing, motor skills, and attention than did traumatized children without prenatal alcohol exposure, as well as greater oppositional/defiant behavior, inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and social problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Successful teacher and speech-language pathologist interventions with traumatized children with prenatal alcohol exposure demand a paradigm shift that requires the development of new perspectives and ongoing training.
authors.affiliation: Western Michigan University, 1000 Oakland Drive, 3 floor, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA. james.henry@wmich.edu
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sloane
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Black-Pond
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012931:Social Environment; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents