title: Widespread dispersal of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera.
abstract: The economically most important honey bee species, Apis mellifera, was formerly considered to be parasitized by one microsporidian, Nosema apis. Recently, [Higes, M., Martín, R., Meana, A., 2006. Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in Europe, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 92, 93-95] and [Huang, W.-F., Jiang, J.-H., Chen, Y.-W., Wang, C.-H., 2007. A Nosema ceranae isolate from the honeybee Apis mellifera. Apidologie 38, 30-37] used 16S (SSU) rRNA gene sequences to demonstrate the presence of Nosema ceranae in A. mellifera from Spain and Taiwan, respectively. We developed a rapid method to differentiate between N. apis and N. ceranae based on PCR-RFLPs of partial SSU rRNA. The reliability of the method was confirmed by sequencing 29 isolates from across the world (N =9 isolates gave N. apis RFLPs and sequences, N =20 isolates gave N. ceranae RFLPs and sequences; 100% correct classification). We then employed the method to analyze N =115 isolates from across the world. Our data, combined with N =36 additional published sequences demonstrate that (i) N. ceranae most likely jumped host to A. mellifera, probably within the last decade, (ii) that host colonies and individuals may be co-infected by both microsporidia species, and that (iii) N. ceranae is now a parasite of A. mellifera across most of the world. The rapid, long-distance dispersal of N. ceranae is likely due to transport of infected honey bees by commercial or hobbyist beekeepers. We discuss the implications of this emergent pathogen for worldwide beekeeping.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK. j.klee@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klee
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Besana
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Genersch
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gisder
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nanetti
authors.forename: Dinh Quyet
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: Tong Xuan
authors.initials: TX
authors.lastname: Chinh
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Puerta
authors.forename: José Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ruz
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kryger
authors.forename: Dejair
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Message
authors.forename: Fani
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hatjina
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korpela
authors.forename: Ingemar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fries
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Paxton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000382:microbiology*; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016881:Microsporidiosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000662:veterinary*; D016818:Nosema / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal