title: Breast cancer mortality trends in the United States according to estrogen receptor status and age at diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since 1990, overall breast cancer mortality rates in the United States decreased 24%. This decline has been attributed to mammography screening and adjuvant systemic therapy. However, the efficacy of these modalities may depend on estrogen receptor (ER) expression and age. We therefore examined breast cancer mortality trends in the United States according to ER status and age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program (1990-2003), we calculated trends in incidence-based mortality (IBM), annual hazard rates for breast cancer deaths after diagnosis, and relative hazard rates for women with ER-positive and ER-negative tumors. Relative hazard rates were assessed with Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for stage and grade, and stratified by age at diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, IBM and annual hazard rates for breast cancer deaths decreased among women with ER-positive and ER-negative tumors, although declines were greater for those with ER-positive tumors. Among women younger than 70 years, relative hazard rates declined 38% for those with ER-positive tumors versus 19% for those with ER-negative tumors. Among women 70 years or older, relative hazard rates declined 14% for those with ER-positive tumors versus no significant decline for those with ER-negative tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the United States, breast cancer mortality rates have declined among women with ER-positive and ER-negative tumors, with greater declines among younger women and those with ER-positive tumors. Although mortality in all groups remains unacceptably high, additional emphasis should be placed on improving outcomes of breast cancer patients older than 70 years and those of all ages with ER-negative tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, National Naval Medical Center and Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. ismail.jatoi@us.army.mil
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jatoi
authors.forename: Bingshu E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D018426:SEER Program; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D011960:Receptors, Estrogen