title: [Analysis of etiology of hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the etiology and clinical features of late onset hemorrhagic cystitis (LOHC) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 200 patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT from 2004 to 2005 were analyzed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HC developed in 57 patients within 180 days after the transplantation with a cumulative incidence of 28.8%. The etiology of 31 patients (54.39%) was infection, caused by infection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) or adenovirus and cured by anti-virus therapy, thus the cause of disease could be classified as infection agent. Viremia was seen in 12 patients (21.53%) with CMV and disappeared in urine after anti-virus therapy but bleeding still persisted. For these patients the cause of disease was classified as infection agent combined with non-infection factor. Evidence of infection agent could not be discovered in 14 patients (24.56%) and they failed to respond to anti-infection therapy. For them the cause of disease was classified as non-infection agent. 13 patients with refractory HC underwent tentative treatment with corticosteroids, 9 of them achieved a complete remission, 2 of them achieved partial remission, and 2 of them remained non-responsive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LOHC after allo-HSCT is a common complication and caused by multiple factors. Differentiation of the possible causes may benefit its clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hematology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China.
authors.forename: Dai-Hong
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lan-Ping
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xiao-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Kai-Yan
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yao-Chen
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yu-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dao-Pei
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003556:Cystitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000821:virology; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous