title: Analysis of meiotic recombination in 22q11.2, a region that frequently undergoes deletions and duplications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is the most frequent genomic disorder with an estimated frequency of 1/4000 live births. The majority of patients (90%) have the same deletion of 3 Mb (Typically Deleted Region, TDR) that results from aberrant recombination at meiosis between region specific low-copy repeats (LCRs).
  
  
  METHODS
  As a first step towards the characterization of recombination rates and breakpoints within the 22q11.2 region we have constructed a high resolution recombination breakpoint map based on pedigree analysis and a population-based historical recombination map based on LD analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our pedigree map allows the location of recombination breakpoints with a high resolution (potential recombination hotspots), and this approach has led to the identification of 5 breakpoint segments of 50 kb or less (8.6 kb the smallest), that coincide with historical hotspots. It has been suggested that aberrant recombination leading to deletion (and duplication) is caused by low rates of Allelic Homologous Recombination (AHR) within the affected region. However, recombination rate estimates for 22q11.2 region show that neither average recombination rates in the 22q11.2 region or within LCR22-2 (the LCR implicated in most deletions and duplications), are significantly below chromosome 22 averages. Furthermore, LCR22-2, the repeat most frequently implicated in rearrangements, is also the LCR22 with the highest levels of AHR. In addition, we find recombination events in the 22q11.2 region to cluster within families. Within this context, the same chromosome recombines twice in one family; first by AHR and in the next generation by NAHR resulting in an individual affected with the del22q11.2 syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show in the context of a first high resolution pedigree map of the 22q11.2 region that NAHR within LCR22 leading to duplications and deletions cannot be explained exclusively under a hypothesis of low AHR rates. In addition, we find that AHR recombination events cluster within families. If normal and aberrant recombination are mechanistically related, the fact that LCR22s undergo frequent AHR and that we find familial differences in recombination rates within the 22q11.2 region would have obvious health-related implications.
authors.affiliation: Secció de Genètica, Hospital Universitari Son Dureta, Andrea Doria 55, Palma de Mallorca 07014, Balears, Spain. ltorres@hsd.es; Jordi Rosell
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Torres-Juan
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosell
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sánchez-de-la-Torre
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fibla
authors.forename: Damià
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heine-Suñer
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D025063:Chromosome Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002892:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22; D005260:Female; D020440:Gene Duplication; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008540:Meiosis; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D010375:Pedigree; D011995:Recombination, Genetic
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers