title: Identifying heart failure patients at high risk for near-term cardiovascular events with serial health status assessments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identification of heart failure outpatients at increased risk for clinical deterioration remains a critical challenge, with few tools currently available to assist clinicians. We tested whether serial health status assessments with the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) can identify patients at increased risk for mortality and hospitalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated 1358 patients with heart failure after an acute myocardial infarction in the Eplerenone's Neurohormonal Efficacy and Survival Study, a multicenter randomized trial that included serial KCCQ assessments. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to examine whether changes in KCCQ scores during successive outpatient visits were independently associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality or hospitalization. Change in KCCQ (deltaKCCQ) was linearly associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], for each 5-point decrease in deltaKCCQ, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.19) and the combined outcome of cardiovascular mortality or hospitalization (HR for each 5-point decrease in deltaKCCQ, 1.12; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.18). In Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, all-cause mortality among patients with deltaKCCQ of < or = -10, > -10 to < 10, and > 10 points was 26%, 16%, and 13%, respectively (P=0.008). After multivariable adjustment, the linear relationship between deltaKCCQ and both all-cause mortality and combined cardiovascular death and hospitalization persisted (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.18; and HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.17 for each 5-point decrease in deltaKCCQ, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In heart failure outpatients, serial health status assessments with the KCCQ can identify high-risk patients and may prove useful in directing the frequency of follow-up and the intensity of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64111, USA.
authors.forename: Mikhail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kosiborod
authors.forename: Gabriel E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Soto
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Harlan M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Krumholz
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Weintraub
authors.forename: Prakash
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deedwania
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Spertus
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis