Effects of postural support on eye hand interactions across development.
Reaching to grasp an object of interest requires a complex sensorimotor transformation-involving eye, head, hand, and postural systems. We show here that discontinuities in development of movement in these systems are dependent not only on age but also vary according to task constraints. Providing external postural support allows us to examine the differential influences of the eye on the hand and the hand on the eye as the ability to isolate and coordinate each system changes with age. Children 4-6 years old had significant difficulty isolating eye movement from head or hand movement, whereas children 7-9 years old showed improved ability to isolate the eye, and by 10-15 years children became proficient in isolating hand movements from eye movements. Postural support had differential effects on the processes of initiation and execution of eye-hand movements. The addition of postural support decreased the time needed for planning the movement, especially in the youngest children, and contributed to increased speed of isolated movements, whereas it caused differential slowing of coordinated movements depending on the child's developmental level. We suggest that the complexity of the results reflects the complexity of changing task requirements as children transition from simpler ballistic control of all systems to flexible, independent but coordinated control of multiple systems.
Saavedra
Sandy
S
Department of Human Physiology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 122C Esslinger Hall, Eugene, OR 97403-1240, USA. ssaavedr@uoregon.edu
Woollacott
Marjorie
M
van Donkelaar
Paul
P
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001132:Arm / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000254:growth & development*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000254:growth & development; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000254:growth & development