title: In-hospital treatment of hyperglycemia: effects of intensified subcutaneous insulin treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperglycemia is common in hospitalized patients; however, glycemic control obtained during hospitalization is often suboptimal. No methods for achievement of proper glycemic control in this population have been validated in the in-hospital setting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of a novel intensive subcutaneous insulin protocol on the quality of in-hospital glycemic control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included in this prospective controlled study were all diabetic patients admitted to the internal medicine departments in a tertiary medical center during a 1-year period. The study was divided into pre-intervention (n = 94), intervention (n = 102) and post-intervention (n = 79) periods. During the intervention period all hospitalized diabetic patients with blood glucose > 200 mg/dL were treated with an intensive multi-injection protocol consisting of two or four times daily regular/NPH insulin injections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean glucose level throughout hospitalization was 178.7 +/- 47 mg/dL in the intervention period versus 198.8 +/- 60 mg/dL in the pre-intervention period (p < 0.05). During the intervention period, the difference between mean admission and discharge day glucose levels was 43 mg/dL in patients treated with four times daily insulin injections, in contrast to no change noted in the other treatment groups. During the post-intervention period the rate of implementation of the intensive protocol by the internal medicine teams declined to 47.5%, in contrast to a 78.4% implementation rate during the intervention period. This decline was associated with deterioration of glycemic control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of intensified insulin regimen improved the glycemic control of hospitalized diabetic patients. Successful incorporation of such intensive protocols into daily medical routines requires close involvement and continuous physician guidance by the hospital diabetes team.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Service and the Hadassah Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. eelina97@md.huji.ac.il
authors.forename: Hila
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elinav
authors.forename: Zemira
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Auryan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szalat
authors.forename: Tali
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bdolah-Abram
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: Itamar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Raz
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leibowitz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007297:Inpatients; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006454:Hemoglobins; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human