title: A Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of PX-12, a novel inhibitor of thioredoxin-1, in patients with advanced solid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is a cellular redox protein that promotes tumor growth, inhibits apoptosis, and up-regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor. Objectives of this study were to determine safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of PX-12, a small-molecule inhibitor of Trx-1.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight patients with advanced solid tumors received PX-12 at doses of 9 to 300 mg/m(2), as a 1- or 3-h i.v. infusion on days 1 to 5, repeated every 3 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the 300 mg/m(2) dose level, one patient experienced a reversible episode of pneumonitis during the first cycle, and a second patient developed pneumonitis after the second cycle. Doses up to 226 mg/m(2) were well tolerated, and grade 3/4 events were uncommon (<3% of patients). The limiting factor on this dosing schedule was pungent odor caused by expired drug metabolite, 2-butanethiol. The best response was stable disease in seven patients (126-332 days). Whereas PX-12 was not detectable following the infusion, the C(max) of its inactive metabolite, 2-mercaptoimidazole, increased linearly with dose. PX-12 treatment lowered plasma Trx-1 concentrations in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PX-12, the first Trx-1 inhibitor to enter clinical trials, was tolerated up to a dose of 226 mg/m(2) by a 3-h infusion. Based on pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data, a trial of prolonged infusion schedule of PX-12 has been initiated.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Ramesh K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ramanathan
authors.forename: D Lynn
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: Chandra P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Belani
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Friedland
authors.forename: Sylvan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: H-H Sherry
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cordova
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Stratton
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Sharlow
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Tomislav
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dragovich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D004220:Disulfides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004220:Disulfides; D007093:Imidazoles; C491203:TXN protein, human; D013879:Thioredoxins; C412893:1-methylpropyl-2-imidazolyl disulfide