title: Dual effect of butyrate on IL-1beta--mediated intestinal epithelial cell inflammatory response.
abstract: Butyrate (NaBu), a product of intestinal microbial metabolism, has been proposed as an anti-inflammatory agent for treating inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms implicated in the modulation of intestinal epithelial cell inflammatory response to NaBu remain unknown. Here, microarray analysis performed on nontransformed human crypt intestinal epithelial cells (HIEC) shows that NaBu regulated specifically the short-term IL-1beta -dependent induction of different inflammatory genes. While NaBu significantly increased the IL-1beta -induction of genes like SAA2, C3, and IL-1alpha , other inflammatory genes like CXCL5, CXCL11, and IL-1beta were decreased. Induction of various genes such as CXCL8, CCL20, and IL-6 was unaffected by NaBu. We show that, compared to genes that are upregulated or downregulated by NaBu, genes that are unaffected by NaBu were induced more rapidly after IL-1beta treatment and contained a higher concentration of transcription factor binding sites in their promoter region. In addition, transient treatment with IL-1beta was sufficient for subsequent induction of NaBu-upregulated and NaBu-unaffected classes of genes, while a continuous presence of IL-1beta was required for NaBu-downregulated gene expression. In conclusion, our results suggest that fundamental differences predispose inflammatory genes to specific regulation by NaBu in intestinal epithelial cells, thereby allowing precise control of inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Mylène
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blais
authors.forename: Ernest G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Asselin
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016209:Interleukin-8; C083772:SAA2 protein, human; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors