title: Psychogenic tremor and related disorders.
abstract: Psychogenic tremor is the most common form (55%) of all psychogenic movement disorders. Almost 75% of presenting patients are female. Onset is often abrupt. Preceding events include work related injuries and other accidents. Important clinical characteristic include variability of direction, amplitude and frequency. A positive entrainment test, presence of the co-contraction sign, absence of finger tremor and slowness of voluntary movements are suggestive of psychogenic origin. Co-morbidity with psychiatric disorders is common and includes somatoform disorders (35%), such as pain, diffuse sensory loss, conversion disorders and depression (14%). One fifth (21%) of patients are involved in litigation or compensation issues. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs and investigations. A multimodal approach including neuropsychiatric evaluation and psychotherapy should be offered. Prognosis, however, is relatively poor particularly if the condition has persisted for over a year and in the long-term up to 80-90% of patients continue to have abnormal movements.
authors.affiliation: Sobell department of Motor Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology UCL, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. kbhatia@ion.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Kailash P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: Susanne A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D014202:Tremor / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*