title: Blood concentrations of enflurane before, during, and after hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine blood concentrations of enflurane delivered via a membrane oxygenator during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with changes in the input enflurane concentration and temperature and to characterize the pharmacokinetics of enflurane washout during and after CPB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood enflurane concentrations were measured by gas chromatography before, during, and after CPB by using mean delivered enflurane concentrations of 0.5% v/v (group 1, n = 5), 0.8% (group 2, n = 7), and 1% (group 3, n = 14).
  
  
  METHODS
  The investigation was performed in a teaching hospital setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients undergoing cardiac surgery requiring hypothermic CPB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Variations in input enflurane concentration in different patients plus blood sampling from the arterial side of the circuit for enflurane assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median (25th and 75th percentiles) pre-CPB blood enflurane concentrations were 48 (25-50) mg/L, 52 (47-56) mg/L, and 115 (90-143) mg/L in groups 1 (0.5% v/v), 2 (0.8% v/v), and 3 (1% v/v), respectively. During hypothermia (28 degrees C) corresponding enflurane concentrations were 44 (31-53) mg/L, 56 (45-62) mg/L, and 145 (109-203) mg/L, respectively. For groups 1 and 2, there were no significant changes in blood enflurane compared with the corresponding pre-CPB value. However, for group 3, cooling resulted in a significant increase (p = 0.006) in blood enflurane. In all groups, enflurane concentrations after rewarming were similar to those in the pre-CPB period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that exposure to enflurane concentrations greater than 0.8% during CPB can result in high blood concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia. roger.goucke@health.wa.gov.au
authors.forename: C Roger
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Goucke
authors.forename: L Peter
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Hackett
authors.forename: P Hugh
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: Kenneth F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Ilett
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001831:Body Temperature; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004737:Enflurane / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D017694:Rewarming; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D004737:Enflurane