title: Severe receptive language disorder in childhood--familial aspects and long-term outcomes: results from a Scottish study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about the familial characteristics of children with severe receptive specific language impairment (SLI). Affected children are more likely to have long-term problems than those with expressive SLI but to date they have only been described as small cohorts within SLI populations. We therefore aimed to describe the clinical and familial characteristics of severe receptive SLI as defined by a rigorous phenotype and to establish whether non-word repetition showed a relationship with language impairment in these families.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of children who met ICD-10 (F80.2) criteria for receptive SLI at school entry, their siblings and genetic parents with standardised measures of language and non-verbal IQ, phonological auditory memory and speech sound inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At a mean of 6 years after school entry with a severe receptive SLI, the 58 participants had a normal mean and standard deviation non-verbal IQ, but only 3% (two) had attained language measures in the normal range. One third still had severe receptive language impairment. One third of siblings not known to be affected had language levels outside the normal range. Phonological auditory memory was impaired in most family members.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe receptive SLI is nearly always associated with an equally severe reduction in expressive language skills. Language impairment in siblings may go undetected and yet they are at high risk. Family members had weak phonological auditory memory skills, suggesting that this could be a marker for language acquisition difficulties. Receptive SLI rarely resolves and trials of therapy are urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'Hare
authors.forename: Jocelynne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cowie
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elton
authors.forename: Jamal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nasir
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seckl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D032882:Comprehension; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007360:Intelligence; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D011379:Prognosis