title: Lysine intake affects gene expression of anabolic hormones in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar.
abstract: Nutritional factors influence regulation of the growth hormone (GH) and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in fish, but so far there are no published studies describing how single indispensable amino acids influence these systems. Therefore, the present study aimed to test whether lysine (Lys) intake at low (LL=2.85 g/16 gN), medium (ML=4.91 g/16 gN) and high levels (HL=9.19 g/16 gN) affected the expression of genes related to the GH-IGF system (i.e. GH receptor, GH-R, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein 1, IGFBP-1, IGF-I receptor IGF-IR) in Atlantic salmon during seawater growth phase. Salmon fed the HL diet significantly up-regulated hepatic IGF-I mRNA level by a factor of 2.2 as compared to those with medium Lys intake. In addition a significant up-regulation of 2.7-fold in muscle IGF-II mRNA was present. Low Lys intake decreased the nitrogen deposition and muscle protein accretion in fish and significantly down-regulated hepatic IGFBP-1 as well as muscle GH-R and IGF-II, as compared to those fed the ML diet. mRNA of IGF-IR on the other hand was not affected by Lys intake. High Lys intake resulted in a 7-fold up-regulation of muscle IGF-II mRNA level as compared to low Lys intake, and thus might be an important local anabolic regulator in fast muscle tissue. The single indispensable amino acid Lys indeed affected signalling through the genes of IGF-I, IGFBP-1 in hepatic tissue and GH-R, IGF-II in fast muscle in Atlantic salmon. Concomitantly the higher Lys intake increased nitrogen deposition to a certain level.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. ernst.hevroy@nifes.no
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hevrøy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Mowafi
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Olsvik
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Norberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Espe
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008239:Lysine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1; D008239:Lysine; D009584:Nitrogen