title: Regularity of center-of-pressure trajectories depends on the amount of attention invested in postural control.
abstract: The influence of attention on the dynamical structure of postural sway was examined in 30 healthy young adults by manipulating the focus of attention. In line with the proposed direct relation between the amount of attention invested in postural control and regularity of center-of-pressure (COP) time series, we hypothesized that: (1) increasing cognitive involvement in postural control (i.e., creating an internal focus by increasing task difficulty through visual deprivation) increases COP regularity, and (2) withdrawing attention from postural control (i.e., creating an external focus by performing a cognitive dual task) decreases COP regularity. We quantified COP dynamics in terms of sample entropy (regularity), standard deviation (variability), sway-path length of the normalized posturogram (curviness), largest Lyapunov exponent (local stability), correlation dimension (dimensionality) and scaling exponent (scaling behavior). Consistent with hypothesis 1, standing with eyes closed significantly increased COP regularity. Furthermore, variability increased and local stability decreased, implying ineffective postural control. Conversely, and in line with hypothesis 2, performing a cognitive dual task while standing with eyes closed led to greater irregularity and smaller variability, suggesting an increase in the "efficiency, or "automaticity" of postural control". In conclusion, these findings not only indicate that regularity of COP trajectories is positively related to the amount of attention invested in postural control, but also substantiate that in certain situations an increased internal focus may in fact be detrimental to postural control.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University, Research Institute MOVE, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stella F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Donker
authors.forename: Melvyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roerdink
authors.forename: An J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Greven
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Beek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition; D019277:Entropy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology