title: Prevalence and associated factors of pneumonia in patients with vegetative state in Taiwan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence rate and influencing factors of pneumonia associated with long-term tube feeding in special care units for patients with persistent vegetative states (PVS) in Taiwan.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity, hospitalization and mortality in the nursing home population. Tube feeding has been found as a risk factor for the occurrence of pneumonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred sixty subjects were chosen from three hospital-based special care units for patients with PVS and 10 nursing facilities for persons in PVS in Taiwan. All subjects, who were diagnosed with PVS, received either financial aid for institutional care or were means-tested from The Bureau of Social Welfare of cities and counties in Taiwan. Data were collected through chart review and observations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence rate of pneumonia in nursing facilities for patients with PVS was 14.2%. The prevalence rate of tube-feeding in nursing facilities for PVS was 91.2%. The mean duration of tube-feeding was 73.21 SD 55.33 months. A total of 90.4% was fed with a nasogastric (NG) tube. Having a lower intake of food and fluids daily and having been institutionalized for a shorter period were three dominant factors associated with the occurrence of pneumonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research findings reveal that the incidence of pneumonia is higher in patients who do not receive adequate food and water. Continuing in-service training to improve caregivers' knowledge and skill in providing care to patients in PVS and monitoring their skills in feeding is needed to decrease the occurrence of pneumonia in this population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Staff needs to be taught to monitor laboratory data and signs and symptoms of malnutrition and hydration deficit, and also be alert to early indicators of pneumonia in patients with PVS.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. lichan@ym.edu.tw
authors.forename: Li-Chan
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Pei-Chi
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Shiao-Chi
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D003681:Dehydration / Q000517:prevention & control; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D018458:Persistent Vegetative State / Q000150:complications* / Q000451:nursing; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology