title: Bleeding events with antithrombotic therapy in patients with unstable angina or non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; insights from a large clinical practice registry (GRACE).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thienopyridine use, in particular clopidogrel in acute coronary syndromes, has been associated with an improvement in outcome. However, little information is available regarding their bleeding risk when used in combination with other antithrombotic agents and revascularisation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a large, multinational, prospective registry, the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events, the major bleeding rate (using GRACE criteria) of 27,358 patients with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction was recorded during index admission. The interaction of thienopyridines on major bleeding with other antithrombotic agents and with revascularisation was analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 11,478 patients who received thienopyridines during hospitalisation experienced a significant increase in major bleeding (2.8% with thienopyridines, 2.2% without thienopyridines; p=0.002). No significant interaction with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and thienopyridines was seen with regard to bleeding. Thienopyridines with unfractionated heparin did not alter bleeding risk, but thienopyridines with low molecular weight heparin was associated with a significant excess of bleeding (2.1% with thienopyridines, 1.3% without thienopyridines; p=0.004). There was no significant difference in major bleeding with thienopyridines in patients who did or did not undergo revascularisation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major bleeding was increased in patients receiving thienopyridines. No increase in bleeding risk was seen in patients having revascularisation.
authors.affiliation: Royal Adelaide Hospital, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Martin K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Stiles
authors.forename: Omar H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Dabbous
authors.forename: Keith A A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality*; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011725:Pyridines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D011725:Pyridines; C446540:thienopyridine