title: Evaluation of strontium isotope abundance ratios in combination with multi-elemental analysis as a possible tool to study the geographical origin of ciders.
abstract: In order to evaluate alternative analytical methodologies to study the geographical origin of ciders, both multi-elemental analysis and Sr isotope abundance ratios in combination with multivariate statistical analysis were estimated in 67 samples from England, Switzerland, France and two Spanish regions (Asturias and the Basque Country). A methodology for the precise and accurate determination of the (87)Sr/(86)Sr isotope abundance ratio in ciders by multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) was developed. Major elements (Na, K, Ca and Mg) were measured by ICP-AES and minor and trace elements (Li, Be, B, Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, W, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th and U) were measured by ICP-MS using a collision cell instrument operated in multitune mode. An analysis of variance (ANOVA test) indicated that group means for B, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Se, Cd, Cs, Ce, W, Pb, Bi and U did not show any significant differences at the 95% confidence level, so these elements were rejected for further statistical analysis. Another group of elements (Li, Be, Sc, Co, Ga, Y, Sn, Sb, La, Tl, Th) was removed from the data set because concentrations were close to the limits of detection for many samples. Therefore, the remaining elements (Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ba) together with (87)Sr/(86)Sr isotope abundance ratio were considered for principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Finally, LDA was able to classify correctly 100% of cider samples coming from different Spanish regions, France, England and Switzerland when considering Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ba and (87)Sr/(86)Sr isotope abundance ratio as original variables.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Ruiz
authors.forename: Mariella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moldovan
authors.forename: Giuseppino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fortunato
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wunderli
authors.forename: J Ignacio
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: García Alonso
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D005843:Geography; D027845:Malus; D013325:Strontium Isotopes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D013325:Strontium Isotopes