title: Toy-oriented changes in early arm movements II--joint kinematics.
abstract: Our recent work suggests that infants begin to change their hand and joint kinematics in the presence of a toy months before the onset of purposeful reaching. Moreover, these 'toy-oriented' changes in hand kinematics cluster into Early, Mid and Late phases. The purpose of the present study was to test hypotheses regarding toy-oriented changes in joint kinematics in the same infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen infants were observed every other week from 8 weeks up to the first week of reaching around 20 weeks. At each session, a high-speed motion analysis system recorded infants' arm movements with and without a toy present.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the Early phase, infants scaled down their movements. In contrast, during the Mid phase infants scaled up their movements and did not change the relationship between the shoulder and elbow for speed and smoothness-related variables. In addition, infants showed toy-oriented changes such as increase in shoulder flexion and adduction. In the Late phase, infants continued to produce toy-oriented changes in shoulder orientation, and increased shoulder excursion and speed relative to the elbow. Thus, the toy-oriented changes in hand kinematics in the Mid and Late phases [Bhat, A. N., & Galloway, J. C. (2006). Toy-oriented changes in early arm movements of young infants: Hand kinematics. Infant Behavior and Development, 29(3), 358-372] more closely followed changes in shoulder kinematics. Lastly, results are discussed in terms of shoulder-elbow dissociations, speed-amplitude relationships, and the key role of spontaneous movements in the development of reaching.
authors.affiliation: Infant Motor Behavior Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Mckinly Lab, Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Galloway
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002657:Child Development; D004550:Elbow / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D010988:Play and Playthings; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology