title: Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in an eclectus parrot.
abstract: METHODS
  A 2-year-old female Solomon Island eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) was evaluated by a veterinarian because of a 4-day history of progressive lethargy, weakness, poor appetite, and inactivity. The bird was referred to a veterinary teaching hospital for further examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinicopathologic analyses revealed that the parrot had marked regenerative anemia, autoagglutination, and biliverdinuria. Small, rounded RBCs (thought to be spherocytes) were detected in blood smears. The abnormal findings met the diagnostic criteria for dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. However, analyses of blood samples for lead and zinc concentrations and plasma bile acids concentrations; the use of PCR assays for Chlamydophila psittaci, psittacine circovirus 1 (causative agent of beak and feather disease), and polyomavirus; and microbial culture and Gram staining of feces did not reveal a cause for the hemolytic anemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although administration of immunosuppressive doses of cyclosporine was initiated, there was a rapid progression of disease, which lead to death of the parrot before this treatment could be continued long-term. Lack of an identifiable underlying disease (confirmed by complete histologic examinations at necropsy) supported the diagnosis of primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia has not been widely reported in psittacine birds. A comprehensive evaluation and complete histologic examination of tissues to rule out underlying disease processes are required to definitively establish a diagnosis of primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in parrots. Primary immune-me-diated hemolytic anemia should be considered as a differential diagnosis for regenerative anemia in a parrot.
authors.affiliation: James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Tolina T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000744:Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D010311:Parrots