title: Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and tobacco smoking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether tobacco smoking may be a risk factor for development of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred twenty-four consecutive patients with NA-AION who fulfilled our inclusion criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients provided a detailed ocular, medical, and smoking history, and underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation. For data analysis, patients were divided into current, former, and never smokers. The prevalence for current smoking in the NA-AION patients was compared to the corresponding race-, gender-, age-, and period-matched subgroup of the U.S. population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Association between NA-AION and tobacco smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 624 patients, 369 (59.1%) were men, and mean (+/- standard deviation) age was 61.0+/-12.3 years. Of all the patients, 151 (24.2%) were current smokers, 160 (25.6%) former smokers, and 313 (50.2%) had never smoked. The prevalence of smoking in NA-AION patients was not significantly different from the prevalence in the period-matched U.S. population and the period matched Iowa population. In contrast, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, arterial hypertension, and cerebrovascular disease in NA-AION patients was significantly higher compared to the prevalence of these chronic conditions in the matched U.S. population (P<0.0001). There was no significant difference in initial visual acuity (P = 0.97) or the amount of initial visual field loss (P = 0.31) among nonsmokers, former smokers, and current smokers. Current smokers had NA-AION in the first eye at a significantly younger age (57.8+/-11.7 years) than former smokers (64.0+/-10.2 years; P<0.0001), and nonsmokers (60.4+/-13.5 years; P = 0.032). Comparison of the distribution of the time to develop NA-AION in the fellow eye showed no significant difference among the 3 groups (log-rank test P = 0.186).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed no association between NA-AION and tobacco smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1091, USA. sohan-hayreh@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Sohan Singh
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hayreh
authors.forename: Jost B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: M Bridget
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001167:Arteritis / Q000209:etiology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D018917:Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology