title: Cell signaling pathways in the mechanisms of neuroprotection afforded by bergamot essential oil against NMDA-induced cell death in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of bergamot essential oil (BEO; Citrus bergamia, Risso) on excitotoxic neuronal damage was investigated in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells exposed to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Cell viability was measured by dye exclusion. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase-3 activity were measured fluorimetrically. Calpain I activity and the activation (phosphorylation) of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) were assayed by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NMDA induced concentration-dependent, receptor-mediated, death of SH-SY5Y cells, ranging from 11 to 25% (0.25-5 mM). Cell death induced by 1 mM NMDA (21%) was preceded by a significant accumulation of intracellular ROS and by a rapid activation of the calcium-activated protease calpain I. In addition, NMDA caused a rapid deactivation of Akt kinase and this preceded the detrimental activation of the downstream kinase, GSK-3beta. BEO (0.0005-0.01%) concentration dependently reduced death of SH-SY5Y cells caused by 1 mM NMDA. In addition to preventing ROS accumulation and activation of calpain, BEO (0.01%) counteracted the deactivation of Akt and the consequent activation of GSK-3beta, induced by NMDA. Results obtained by using specific fractions of BEO, suggested that monoterpene hydrocarbons were responsible for neuroprotection afforded by BEO against NMDA-induced cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that BEO reduces neuronal damage caused in vitro by excitotoxic stimuli and that this neuroprotection was associated with prevention of injury-induced engagement of critical death pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacobiological Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy. mtcorasa@unicz.it
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Corasaniti
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maiuolo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maida
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fratto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navarra
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amantea
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Morrone
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bagetta
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006801:Humans; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000633:toxicity*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils; C068336:bergamot oil; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D002118:Calcium