title: Morin (3,5,7,2',4'-Pentahydroxyflavone) abolishes nuclear factor-kappaB activation induced by various carcinogens and inflammatory stimuli, leading to suppression of nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated gene expression and up-regulation of apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Morin is a flavone that exhibits antiproliferative, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects through a mechanism that is not well understood. Because of the role of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in the control of cell survival, proliferation, tumorigenesis, and inflammation, we postulated that morin mediates its effects by modulating NF-kappaB activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the effect of morin on NF-kappaB pathway activated by inflammatory agents, carcinogens, and tumor promoters. The effect of this flavone on expression of NF-kappaB-regulated gene products involved in cell survival, proliferation, and invasion was also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed by DNA-binding assay that NF-kappaB activation induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, lipopolysaccharide, ceramide, interleukin-1, and H(2)O(2) was suppressed by morin; the suppression was not cell type specific. The suppression of NF-kappaB by morin was mediated through inhibition of IkappaBalpha (inhibitory subunit of NF-kappaB) kinase, leading to suppression of phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha and consequent p65 nuclear translocation. Morin also inhibited the NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression activated by TNF, TNF receptor (TNFR) 1, TNFR1-associated death domain, TNFR-associated factor 2, NF-kappaB-inducing kinase, IkappaB kinase, and the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB-regulated gene products involved in cell survival [inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) 1, IAP2, X chromosome-linked IAP, Bcl-xL, and survivin], proliferation (cyclin D1 and cyclooxygenase-2), and invasion (matrix metalloproteinase-9) were down-regulated by morin. These effects correlated with enhancement of apoptosis induced by TNF and chemotherapeutic agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, our results indicate that morin suppresses the activation of NF-kappaB and NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression, leading to enhancement of apoptosis. This may provide the molecular basis for the ability of morin to act as an anticancer and anti-inflammatory agent.
authors.affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Cente, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Sunil K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Manna
authors.forename: Rishi S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: Gautam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.forename: Bharat B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: Govindarajan T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Ramesh
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000503:physiopathology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D047309:Flavones
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002273:Carcinogens; D005419:Flavonoids; D016328:NF-kappa B; C008548:morin; D047309:Flavones