title: Surgical treatment of symptomatic cavernous malformations of the brainstem.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cavernous malformations (CM) at the level of the brainstem, continue to present a challenge in therapeutic terms and are an important source of controversy. Here we present our experience and the results obtained by adopting surgical treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results of a consecutive series of 17 patients were studied. The surgical intervention was designed after: 1. A neurological examination. 2. MRI and cerebral angiography. 3. Correlation with anatomical brainstem maps. The surgical intervention was approached from the most damaged zone or through a zone which was functionally least important.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete extirpation was achieved in 15 patients without mortality. In a few patients the surgical intervention temporarily aggravated the prior lesion of the cranial nerves (2/17) or damage new sensory tracts (2/17). The functional post-operative recovery was good, in terms of consciousness (4/5), cranial nerves (11/17), the pyramidal tract (3/5) and the cerebellum (2/4). Of the patients that were operated, 14 of 17 returned to their professional activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of surgery can surpass the morbidity-mortality of the natural history or treatment with radiosurgery. There is a clear consensus in recommending surgical intervention for CMs that are superficially located, in young patients and in those with a risk of further bleeding. It is probably best that the surgery is performed during the subacute period, when the MRI offers a clear image confirming the presence of the CM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. rgsola@neurorgs.com
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Sola
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pulido
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pastor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ochoa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castedo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020295:Brain Stem Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D020786:Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D011859:Radiography; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome