title: Therapeutic effect of follow-up assessments on antidepressant and placebo response rates in antidepressant efficacy trials: meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It remains unclear how much various factors contribute to the placebo response.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the therapeutic impact of follow-up assessments on placebo response in antidepressant trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind, placebo-controlled antidepressant trials that reported weekly changes in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) scores over 6 weeks were selected. Included studies (n=41) were divided into those that conducted four, five or six follow-up assessments. Reductions in HRSD scores as a function of the different follow-up schedules were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An extra follow-up visit at week 3 was associated with a 0.86 further reduction in HRSD score; an extra visit at week 5 was associated with a 0.67 further reduction. These effects represented approximately 34-44% of the placebo response that occurred over these time frames. Two additional visits were associated with twice the reduction in HRSD score than one, suggesting that the therapeutic impact of assessment visits is cumulative and proportional. A comparable therapeutic effect was also found in participants receiving active medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Follow-up assessments in antidepressant treatment trials incur a significant therapeutic effect for participants on placebo, and this represents about 40% of the placebo response.
authors.affiliation: Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Suite 4 01, Boston, MA 02114, USA. mposternak@partners.org
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Posternak
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015990:Placebo Effect; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents