title: Excess respiratory symptoms in full-time male and female workers in large-scale swine operations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The respiratory health effects of working in swine operations have been previously investigated mainly in male owner/operators with intermittent exposure to indoor air contaminants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the respiratory health of male and female workers employed full time in large-scale intensive swine operations in Saskatchewan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of male and female swine workers employed full time and nonfarming control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 374 swine farmers (240 men and 134 women) and 411 nonfarming rural control subjects (184 men and 227 women) participated in the study. After controlling for age and smoking, male and female workers were significantly more likely to have chronic and usual cough, and chronic and usual phlegm in comparison to male and female nonfarming control subjects, respectively. The risks of these symptoms were greater in female workers (chronic cough: odds ratio [OR], 5.14; 95% confidence interval, 2.67 to 9.89; chronic phlegm: OR, 4.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.86 to 9.73) than in male workers (chronic cough: OR, 3.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.77 to 6.81; chronic phlegm: OR, 3.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.76 to 5.89). These increased risks were not observed for asthma and asthma-like symptoms in female workers. Male workers had an increased risk of shortness of breath in comparison to their nonfarming counter parts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Swine workers had increased risk of chronic and usual bronchitis-like symptoms. Female workers in swine operations appear to have greater risk of these symptoms. Future surveillance programs should include both male and female workers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, 13-106B Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
authors.forename: Ambikaipakan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Senthilselvan
authors.forename: Liliane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chénard
authors.forename: Kendra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ulmer
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gibson-Burlinguette
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leuschen
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dosman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D003371:Cough / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012525:Saskatchewan / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D016526:Workload