title: Relative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) antiproliferative activity is mediated through p21-induced G1 arrest and E2F inhibition.
abstract: This study was performed to compare the relative antineoplastic activity of 10 different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in clinical use, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of this activity in a squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck model (SCCHN). A standard 5-day MTT assay was used to calculate IC(50) values in UM-SCC-1 cells for 10 NSAIDs, including celecoxib, rofecoxib, sulindac sulfide, sulindac sulfone, indomethacin, ketoprofen, flurbiprofen, naproxen, piroxicam, and aspirin. Celecoxib, a COX-2 specific inhibitor, was by far the most potent NSAID, with an IC(50) of 39.9 +/- 1.1 microM, followed by sulindac sulfide (116.5 +/- 2.34 microM). Celecoxib and sulindac sulfide also induced more activation of caspase-3 than any other NSAID. Cell cycle analysis showed that celecoxib and sulindac sulfide both induced a 3-fold increase in G(1) phase distribution, and this correlated with strong induction of p21(waf1/cip1), inhibition of cyclin D1, and hypophosphorylation of Rb. Celecoxib and sulindac sulfide treatment induced strong downstream inhibition of E2F transactivating activity as determined by a luciferase reporter assay. These data demonstrate the wide range of activity of various NSAID agents, and reveal a mechanism of action through cell cycle inhibition and induction of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.forename: Sarita G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: Prabhat C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Goswami
authors.forename: Lori L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.forename: Nichole S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Bedford
authors.forename: Frederick E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Domann
authors.forename: Douglas K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Trask
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D000068579:Celecoxib; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013467:Sulindac / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013467:Sulindac; C025462:sulindac sulfide; D000068579:Celecoxib