title: Partial deletions are associated with an increased risk of complete deletion in AZFc: a new insight into the role of partial AZFc deletions in male infertility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The AZFc region on the human Y chromosome has been found to be functionally important in spermatogenesis. Complete AZFc deletion is one of the most frequent causes of male infertility and the roles of partial AZFc deletions (gr/gr and b2/b3 deletions) in spermatogenesis are controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  To further study the roles of partial AZFc deletions in spermatogenic impairment and the relationship between complete and partial AZFc deletions, these deletions were typed and quantitative analysis of DAZ gene copies and Y chromosome haplogrouping were performed for seven pedigrees of complete AZFc deletion carriers, comprising 296 infertile and 280 healthy Chinese men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither the gr/gr nor the b2/b3 deletion was found to be associated with spermatogenic failure. In one pedigree, a complete AZFc deletion was observed to result from the gr/gr deletion, suggesting that complete deletions of AZFc can be preceded by partial deletions. In addition, a new gr/gr-deleted Y haplogroup Q1 was identified and the reported fixation of the b2/b3 deletion in haplogroup N confirmed. The frequency of complete AZFc deletion in haplogroups Q1 and N was significantly higher than that in the other haplogroupsm with fewer partial deletions. Duplications of DAZ gene copies were also observed in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date, these observations comprise the first evidence showing that partial AZFc deletions can increase the risk of complete AZFc deletion. The susceptibility of partial AZFc deletions to complete AZFc deletion deserves further examination, especially in the populations or Y haplogroups abundant in partial AZFc deletions.
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chuncheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Pingxing
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Yankai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Xiaobin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xiaoyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Xinru
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D000075364:Deleted in Azoospermia 1 Protein; D040461:Gene Components; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D010375:Pedigree; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C095668:DAZ1 protein, human; D000075364:Deleted in Azoospermia 1 Protein; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins