title: Use of social words in autobiographies and longevity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the relationship between social word use in autobiographies and longevity. Although there is substantial evidence that our social relationships are associated with mortality, interpretation of this work is weakened by the limitations of assessing the social environment with structured questionnaires and interviews. By analyzing the word content of autobiographies, we could assess spontaneous indicators of important social relationships and relate them to longevity. This technique is less subject to social desirability reporting biases and more sensitive to aspects of the social environment that are central to how one experiences his or her social world.
  
  
  METHODS
  The autobiographies of 96 psychologists and 220 literary writers were digitized and scanned for social relationship word frequency via a computerized word counting program. Archival data were collected on birth and death dates, year of publication, place of birth, age when the autobiography was written, and sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for sex, year of birth, and age at the time of writing, we found that higher use of words indicating social roles/integration (e.g., father, sister, neighbor, co-worker) was associated with an increased lifespan in both samples. Specific social categories assessing the use of family role terms (e.g., aunt, family, brother) and references to other individuals (e.g., they, we, us, everyone) also predicted longer life, but only in the sample of psychologists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessing social word use in autobiographies provided an indirect measure of social relationships that predicted longevity. This technique of analyzing writing samples may be useful in future archival research as well as in studies where it is desirable to study social relationships in an indirect fashion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. pressmansd@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Sarah D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Pressman
authors.forename: Sheldon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001325:Autobiographies as Topic; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007802:Language; D008136:Longevity; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011584:Psychology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012380:Role; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D012934:Social Isolation; D014956:Writing