title: Musculoskeletal symptoms among poultry processing workers and a community comparison group: Black women in low-wage jobs in the rural South.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poultry processing is characterized by rapid line speed and extreme division of labor. Morbidity associated with this work has been reported by scientists, journalists and workers in this fast growing industry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data from baseline measures of a cohort of black women employed in poultry processing (n = 291) and a community comparison group (n = 299) in rural North Carolina were used to evaluate musculoskeletal symptom reports and to explore factors associated with those reports. Recruitment of participants and collection of data were performed by women in the community circumventing the need to involve employers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in musculoskeletal symptom prevalence were observed between women employed in poultry processing and those of similar economic status employed elsewhere in the same area of rural northeastern North Carolina. After adjusting for other factors independently associated with symptoms among these women including age, depression, and perceived isometric load at work, the prevalence of upper extremity and neck symptoms was 2.4 (95% CI 1.7, 3.2) times higher among women working in poultry processing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings add to the documentation of occupational health concerns among vulnerable workers employed in poultry processing in our state; in this economically depressed area of rural northeastern North Carolina poultry processing is the largest single employer of women. On a larger scale, the potential magnitude of upper extremity morbidity among women employed in poultry processing should be viewed with the knowledge that poultry processing is a growing industry in the U.S. with work done largely by blacks and immigrants.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. hester.lipscomb@duke.edu
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lipscomb
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Epling
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Pompeii
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dement
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008462:Meat-Packing Industry; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011200:Poultry; D015995:Prevalence; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012923:Social Class; D012935:Social Justice; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors