title: Modified Lundie loops improve apraxia of eyelid opening.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current treatments are unsatisfactory for improving apraxia of eyelid opening, defined as a delay or inability to open closed eyelids voluntarily in the presence of intact motor pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  Improvement in functional health was assessed using the Blepharospasm Disability Scale (BDS) in five consecutive patients with apraxia of eyelid opening treated with wire loops affixed behind ordinary spectacles (Lundie loops) and modified to provide pressure on the brow as a stimulus to keep the eyelids elevated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All five patients showed improvement in BDS scores. The mean percentage of normal activity of the study population improved from 25% to 37.6%. Outdoor activities were not significantly altered with the use of the device.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modified Lundie loops appear to be helpful in improving the functional health of patients with eyelid apraxia. These results will need to be verified in larger trials.
authors.affiliation: North Cheshire Hospitals, National Health Service Trust, Warrington, UK. anitharams@hotmail.co.uk
authors.forename: Balasubramanian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ramasamy
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Manon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Carmel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Noonan
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001072:Apraxias / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005143:Eyelids / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome