title: The effects of force inhibition by sodium vanadate on cross-bridge binding, force redevelopment, and Ca2+ activation in cardiac muscle.
abstract: Strongly bound, force-generating myosin cross-bridges play an important role as allosteric activators of cardiac thin filaments. Sodium vanadate (Vi) is a phosphate analog that inhibits force by preventing cross-bridge transition into force-producing states. This study characterizes the mechanical state of cross-bridges with bound Vi as a tool to examine the contribution of cross-bridges to cardiac contractile activation. The K(i) of force inhibition by Vi was approximately 40 microM. Sinusoidal stiffness was inhibited with Vi, although to a lesser extent than force. We used chord stiffness measurements to monitor Vi-induced changes in cross-bridge attachment/detachment kinetics at saturating [Ca(2+)]. Vi decreased chord stiffness at the fastest rates of stretch, whereas at slow rates chord stiffness actually increased. This suggests a shift in cross-bridge population toward low force states with very slow attachment/detachment kinetics. Low angle x-ray diffraction measurements indicate that with Vi cross-bridge mass shifted away from thin filaments, implying decreased cross-bridge/thin filament interaction. The combined x-ray and mechanical data suggest at least two cross-bridge populations with Vi; one characteristic of normal cycling cross-bridges, and a population of weak-binding cross-bridges with bound Vi and slow attachment/detachment kinetics. The Ca(2+) sensitivity of force (pCa(50)) and force redevelopment kinetics (k(TR)) were measured to study the effects of Vi on contractile activation. When maximal force was inhibited by 40% with Vi pCa(50) decreased, but greater force inhibition at higher [Vi] did not further alter pCa(50). In contrast, the Ca(2+) sensitivity of k(TR) was unaffected by Vi. Interestingly, when force was inhibited by Vi k(TR) increased at submaximal levels of Ca(2+)-activated force. Additionally, k(TR) is faster at saturating Ca(2+) at [Vi] that inhibit force by > approximately 70%. The effects of Vi on k(TR) imply that k(TR) is determined not only by the intrinsic properties of the cross-bridge cycle, but also by cross-bridge contribution to thin filament activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. dmartyn@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Martyn
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kreutziger
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Regnier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004548:Elasticity; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014638:Vanadates / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014638:Vanadates