title: Enhanced NF kappa B and AP-1 transcriptional activity associated with antiestrogen resistant breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Signaling pathways that converge on two different transcription factor complexes, NFkappaB and AP-1, have been identified in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers resistant to the antiestrogen, tamoxifen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two cell line models of tamoxifen-resistant ER-positive breast cancer, MCF7/HER2 and BT474, showing increased AP-1 and NFkappaB DNA-binding and transcriptional activities, were studied to compare tamoxifen effects on NFkappaB and AP-1 regulated reporter genes relative to tamoxifen-sensitive MCF7 cells. The model cell lines were treated with the IKK inhibitor parthenolide (PA) or the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (PS341), alone and in combination with tamoxifen. Expression microarray data available from 54 UCSF node-negative ER-positive breast cancer cases with known clinical outcome were used to search for potential genes signifying upregulated NFkappaB and AP-1 transcriptional activity in association with tamoxifen resistance. The association of these genes with patient outcome was further evaluated using node-negative ER-positive breast cancer cases identified from three other published data sets (Rotterdam, n = 209; Amsterdam, n = 68; Basel, n = 108), each having different patient age and adjuvant tamoxifen treatment characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Doses of parthenolide and bortezomib capable of sensitizing the two endocrine resistant breast cancer models to tamoxifen were capable of suppressing NFkappaB and AP-1 regulated gene expression in combination with tamoxifen and also increased ER recruitment of the transcriptional co-repressor, NCoR. Transcript profiles from the UCSF breast cancer cases revealed three NFkappaB and AP-1 upregulated genes--cyclin D1, uPA and VEGF--capable of dichotomizing node-negative ER-positive cases into early and late relapsing subsets despite adjuvant tamoxfien therapy and most prognostic for younger age cases. Across the four independent sets of node-negative ER-positive breast cancer cases (UCSF, Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Basel), high expression of all three NFkappaB and AP-1 upregulated genes was associated with earliest metastatic relapse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Altogether, these findings implicate increased NFkappaB and AP-1 transcriptional responses with tamoxifen resistant breast cancer and early metastatic relapse, especially in younger patients. These findings also suggest that agents capable of preventing NFkappaB and AP-1 gene activation may prove useful in restoring the endocrine responsiveness of such high-risk ER-positive breast cancers.
authors.affiliation: Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, CA 94945, USA. yzhou@buckinstitute.org <yzhou@buckinstitute.org>
authors.forename: Yamei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.forename: Joe W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Shanaz H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Dairkee
authors.forename: Dan H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Eppenberger
authors.forename: Serenella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eppenberger-Castori
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Benz
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D013629:Tamoxifen