title: Leptin stimulates fatty acid oxidation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gene expression in mouse C2C12 myoblasts by changing the subcellular localization of the alpha2 form of AMP-activated protein kinase.
abstract: Leptin stimulates fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the induction of gene expression, such as that for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). We now show that leptin stimulates fatty acid oxidation and PPARalpha gene expression in the C2C12 muscle cell line through the activation of AMPK containing the alpha2 subunit (alpha2AMPK) and through changes in the subcellular localization of this enzyme. Activated alpha2AMPK containing the beta1 subunit was shown to be retained in the cytoplasm, where it phosphorylated acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase and thereby stimulated fatty acid oxidation. In contrast, alpha2AMPK containing the beta2 subunit transiently increased fatty acid oxidation but underwent rapid translocation to the nucleus, where it induced PPARalpha gene transcription. A nuclear localization signal and Thr(172) phosphorylation of alpha2 were found to be essential for nuclear translocation of alpha2AMPK, whereas the myristoylation of beta1 anchors alpha2AMPK in the cytoplasm. The prevention of alpha2AMPK activation and the change in its subcellular localization inhibited the metabolic effects of leptin. Our data thus suggest that the activation of and changes in the subcellular localization of alpha2AMPK are required for leptin-induced stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and PPARalpha gene expression in muscle cells.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Shiki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Suni
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiuchi
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Minokoshi
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D020738:Leptin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009379:Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D020738:Leptin; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D047493:PPAR alpha; D021122:Protein Subunits; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases