title: [Management of hyperopia in children].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the prevalence of hyperopia in school-aged children and to analyze the factors that increase the risk of squint or amblyopia in a retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred eyes of 150 children with hyperopia who did not have anisometropia > or =1.5 D were selected. Complete ophthalmological examination was performed for all children. Hyperopia was defined when spherical equivalent was +0.5 D or greater. Amblyopia was screened and treated by patching therapy and then penalisation. Complete spectacle correction was achieved in children with high hyperopia (+3.5 D or greater) or in presence of squint or amblyopia. A statistical analysis compared the results using the Mann-Whitney test and the chi square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 9.5+/-2.7 years. Girls were statistically more represented than boys. The mean sphere measured overall was +2 D (+/-1.65). Severe hyperopia was detected in 19% of the children; it was latent in 35% of children. Strabismus was detected in 7% and was accommodative in 25%. Esotropia was the most prevalent deviation (72.8%). The prevalence of amblyopia was 12%. The mean sphere measured in amblyopic children was 5.66 D (+/-1.64 D). Initial depth of amblyopia was mild to moderate and 98% of the children achieved iso-acuity after patching therapy. The correlation between severe hyperopia, amblyopia, and squint was statistically significant. Indeed, the risk ratios of squint and amblyopia, 5.2 and 3.70, respectively, were significantly high in children with severe hypermetropia. Complete spectacle correction improved final visual acuity and reduced the angle deviation in accommodative esotropia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with hyperopia of +3.5 D or greater have an increased risk of amblyopia and squint that threatens their visual function. Hyperopic correction should be prescribed even if no strabismus or amblyopia is detected in order to prevent this risk. Screening programs should also be promoted to detect these children at an early age.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisie.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jeddi Blouza
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Loukil
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mhenni
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Khayati
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mallouche
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zouari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000550:Amblyopia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D001248:Asthenopia / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019468:Disease Management; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004948:Esotropia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D009779:Occlusive Dressings; D015995:Prevalence; D013285:Strabismus / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D014792:Visual Acuity