title: Palliative thoracic radiotherapy in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: can quality-of-life assessments help in selection of patients for short- or long-course radiotherapy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patient-assessed health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) scores, together with demographic and clinical factors in stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, are important prognostic factors for survival and may be helpful in determining thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a previously published randomized trial, 301 patients were treated with different palliative radiotherapy schedules, comparing short-term hypofractionated TRT (arm A: 17 Gy/2 fractions [n = 105]) with more protracted TRT (arm B: 42 Gy/15 fractions [n = 104]); arm C: 50 Gy/25 fractions [n = 92]). Baseline HRQOL, demographic, and clinical data were available for all patients. All possible prognostic factors from univariate analysis were entered into the Cox multivariate regression model to identify variables of independent prognostic relevance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall survival was similar, whereas long-term survival was restricted to higher-dose radiotherapy with 3-year survival rates of 1, 8, and 6% (p = 0.40) and 5-year survival rates of 0, 4, and 3% (p = 0.12) in arms A, B, and C, respectively. In univariate analysis, Karnofsky performance status, use of analgesics, and weight loss were highly significant non-HRQOL factors (p < 0.001), and physical function, appetite loss, cough, and pain were the most powerful HRQOL factors (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, appetite loss appeared as the most powerful independent prognostic indicator. In the group of patients treated with protracted fractionation (n = 196), the 2-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates in patients with no appetite loss (n = 95) were 22% (21/95), 12% (11/95), and 8% (8/95) compared with 3% (3/101), 1% (1/101), and 1% (1/101) in patients with appetite loss present at baseline (n = 101).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to performance status and weight loss, patient-reported appetite loss should be assessed in stage III NSCLC patients before administrating TRT; such assessment is a valuable tool for selecting patients to normofractionated or lower-dose hypofractionated palliative TRT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, St. Olavs Hospital, University Hospital of Trondheim, Norway. Stein.Sundstrom@stolav.no
authors.forename: Stein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sundstrøm
authors.forename: Roy M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bremnes
authors.forename: Paal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brunsvig
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Aasebø
authors.forename: Stein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaasa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care; D018579:Patient Selection; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D015996:Survival Rate