title: Variation in fecal testosterone levels, inter-male aggression, dominance rank and age during mating and post-mating periods in wild adult male ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta).
abstract: In primate species exhibiting seasonal reproduction, patterns of testosterone excretion in adult males are variable: in some species, peaks correlate with female receptivity periods and heightened male-male aggression over access to estrous females, in others, neither heightened aggression nor marked elevations in testosterone have been noted. In this study, we examined mean fecal testosterone ( f T) levels and intermale aggression in wild adult male ring-tailed lemurs residing in three groups at Beza Mahafaly Reserve, Madagascar. Results obtained from mating and post-mating season 2003 were compared to test Wingfield et al. [1990. Am Nat 136:829-846] "challenge hypothesis", which predicts a strong positive relationship between male testosterone levels and male-male competition for access to receptive females during breeding season. f T levels and rates of intermale aggression were significantly higher during mating season compared to the post-mating period. Mean f T levels and aggression rates were also higher in the first half of the mating season compared with the second half. Number of males in a group affected rates of intermale agonism, but not mean f T levels. The highest-ranking males in two of the groups exhibited higher mean f T levels than did lower-ranking males, and young males exhibited lower f T levels compared to prime-aged and old males. In the post-mating period, mean male f T levels did not differ between groups, nor were there rank or age effects. Thus, although male testosterone levels rose in relation to mating and heightened male-male aggression, f T levels fell to baseline breeding levels shortly after the early mating period, and to baseline non-breeding levels immediately after mating season had ended, offsetting the high cost of maintaining both high testosterone and high levels of male-male aggression in the early breeding period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. lgould@uvic.ca
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Ziegler
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000374:Aggression; D000818:Animals; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D007900:Lemur / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D012621:Seasons; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal; D012930:Social Dominance; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone