title: Asymmetrical shoulder kinematics in children with brachial plexus birth palsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shoulder movement patterns differ between limbs of children with unilateral brachial plexus birth palsy. To better understand the interlimb differences we examined the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joint contributions to arm elevation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen children with brachial plexus birth palsy, 4-12 years of age participated. Shoulder 3D kinematic data were collected using a magnetic tracking device during arm elevation with the involved and non-involved limbs for three trials each at a fixed rate. Based on maximum arm elevation in the involved limb the children were divided into two groups: group one <or=75 degrees ; and group two >75 degrees .
  
  
  RESULTS
  During arm elevation from 15 to 75 degrees the involved limb of group one displayed lower glenohumeral joint excursion than the non-involved and both limbs of group two. Scapular upward rotation was higher in the involved limb of both groups. For group one, the glenohumeral:scapulothoracic ratio for 15-75 degrees arm elevation was lower in the involved (0.6:1) than the non-involved (2.2:1) limb and both limbs of group two: involved (1.7:1); non-involved (1.9:1). During 15-135 degrees arm elevation for group two, the glenohumeral:scapulothoracic ratio was more similar between limbs: involved (1.5:1) and non-involved (2:1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The scapulothoracic joint made a greater contribution to arm elevation than the glenohumeral joint only in the involved limb of group one, altering the scapulohumeral rhythm. Musculoskeletal and neural factors may account for the group and limb differences. Routine 3D kinematic analysis of shoulder joint rotation may aid treatment planning and better quantify outcomes in this group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Thomas Jefferson University, 130 S. 9th Street, Suite 830, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. susan.duff@jefferson.edu <susan.duff@jefferson.edu>
authors.forename: Susan V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Duff
authors.forename: Sudarshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dayanidhi
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kozin
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001720:Birth Injuries; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*