title: Is all ventricular fibrillation the same? A comparison of ischemically induced with electrically induced ventricular fibrillation in a porcine cardiac arrest and resuscitation model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The standard porcine cardiac arrest model uses electrical induction of ventricular fibrillation. Reported restoration of spontaneous circulation and survival rates in this model are as high as 90% for ventricular fibrillation durations of 7-10 mins, values substantially greater than rates in the clinical population (i.e., 20% to 30%). A high first shock success rate, infrequent refibrillation, and short times for restoration of spontaneous circulation are typical of the model. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ischemic induction of ventricular fibrillation in swine followed by standard advanced cardiac life support would result in short-term outcomes approximating those observed in human victims of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized comparative trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Translational research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Domestic swine (n = 40, mean weight 40 +/- 4 kg, range 34-47 kg) of both genders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swine were instrumented and randomized to either electrical ventricular fibrillation induction or ischemic ventricular fibrillation, produced by balloon occlusion of the mid-left anterior descending coronary artery (n = 20 per group). Transthoracic impedance was measured and 30 Omega added in series for all animals. The balloon remained inflated during resuscitation efforts in ischemic ventricular fibrillation animals. After 7 mins of ventricular fibrillation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated and defibrillation was attempted 1 min later. Epinephrine and antiarrhythmics were administered as per guidelines. Resuscitation was terminated if restoration of spontaneous circulation had not occurred after 15 mins of advanced cardiac life support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the number of countershocks required to initially terminate ventricular fibrillation was not different (electrical ventricular fibrillation 1.9 +/- 1.6, ischemic ventricular fibrillation 2.4 +/- 2.0), the refibrillation rate was higher in the ischemic ventricular fibrillation group (4.9 +/- 4 vs. 0.8 +/- 1 episodes/animal, p < .001), resulting in a greater number of shocks before restoration of spontaneous circulation (total shocks for ischemic ventricular fibrillation 9.4 +/- 5.6 vs. electrical ventricular fibrillation 2.7 +/- 2.2, p < .001). Time to restoration of spontaneous circulation was longer in the ischemic ventricular fibrillation group (430 +/- 234 secs vs. 149 +/- 120 secs, p < .001). Restoration of spontaneous circulation rates were not different (electrical ventricular fibrillation 90% vs. ischemic ventricular fibrillation 65%). However, survival to 6 hrs was greater in the electrical ventricular fibrillation group (18 of 20, 90%) than in the ischemic ventricular fibrillation group (8 of 20, 40%, p = .002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resuscitation from ischemic ventricular fibrillation is more difficult than electrical ventricular fibrillation and is characterized by greater time to restoration of spontaneous circulation, frequent refibrillation, greater number of countershocks, higher epinephrine dose during resuscitation efforts, profound cardiac dysfunction, and a short-term survival rate approaching clinical experience. Ischemically induced ventricular fibrillation is a more clinically relevant model for the evaluation of resuscitation interventions.
authors.affiliation: David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA. jniemann@medharbor.edu
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Niemann
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rosborough
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Youngquist
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D021721:Balloon Occlusion; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004554:Electric Countershock; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D004837:Epinephrine