title: Serum calcium and breast cancer risk: results from a prospective cohort study of 7,847 women.
abstract: Experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that calcium-regulating hormones--parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D--may be associated with breast cancer risk. No prospective cohort study has investigated the association between pre-diagnostic calcium levels and subsequent risk of breast cancer. We have examined this in a cohort of 7,847 women where serum calcium levels and established risk factors for breast cancer had been assessed at baseline. During a mean follow-up of 17.8 years, 437 incident breast cancer cases were diagnosed. Incidence of breast cancer was calculated in different quartiles of serum calcium levels and a Cox's proportional hazards analysis was used to obtain corresponding relative risks (RR), with a 95% confidence interval (CI), adjusted for potential confounders. In premenopausal women, serum calcium levels were inversely associated with breast cancer risk in a dose-response manner. The adjusted RR (95% CI) of breast cancer was in the 2nd calcium quartile 0.91 (0.65-1.30), in the 3rd quartile 0.89 (0.60-1.31), and in the 4th quartile 0.56 (0.32-0.98), as compared to the 1st calcium quartile. In postmenopausal overweight women (BMI > 25), breast cancer risk was higher in calcium quartiles 2-4 as compared to the 1st quartile. Our findings may have implications for primary prevention of breast cancer and for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, 205 02, Malmo, Sweden. martin.almquist@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Almquist
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manjer
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bondeson
authors.forename: Anne-Greth
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Bondeson
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium