title: Women's smoking history prior to entering the US Navy: a prospective predictor of performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether women's tobacco use prior to entering the US Navy is predictive of subsequent career performance. A priori predictions were that smoking at entry into the Navy would be related to early attrition, poorer job performance, more disciplinary problems and lower likelihood of re-enlistment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort analysis of 5487 women entering the US Navy between March 1996 and March 1997 was conducted. Navy attrition/retention and career performance measures, such as time in service, early attrition, type of discharge, misconduct, number of promotions, demotions and unauthorised absences, highest paygrade achieved, and re-enlistment were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with never smokers, daily smokers at entry into the US Navy had subsequent career outcomes consistently indicating poorer job performance (eg, early attrition prior to serving a full-term enlistment, more likely to have a less-than-honourable discharge, more demotions and desertions, lower achieved paygrade and less likely to re-enlist). Other types of smokers consistently fell between never and daily smokers on career outcome measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For women entering the US Navy, being a daily smoker is a prospective predictor of poorer performance in the Navy. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of cessation intervention with smoker-enlistees prior to their entering the Navy, to assess the impact on subsequent career outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 9245 Sky Park Court, Suite 120, San Diego, CA 92123, USA. tconway@mail.sdsu.edu
authors.forename: Terry L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: Susan I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Woodruff
authors.forename: Linda K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Hervig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D009326:Naval Medicine; D011361:Professional Competence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States