title: Thrombin inhibition with melagatran does not attenuate renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) is associated with activation of the coagulation system and inflammation within the kidney. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of selective thrombin inhibition with melagatran on kidney morphology and function in rats subjected to renal IR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats underwent renal IR (35 min of bilateral renal arterial clamping), or sham surgery. Treatment groups were: (i) IR-Saline, (ii) IR-Melagatran, (iii) Sham-Saline, and (iv) Sham-Melagatran. Twenty minutes prior to renal IR, the rats were administered a bolus dose of saline vehicle or melagatran [0.5 mumol/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)] followed by a continuous infusion throughout (0.08 micromol/kg/h, s.c.). Forty-eight hours after IR, renal function was assessed in anaesthetized animals and kidney histology was analysed semi-quantitatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rats in group IR-Saline showed an approximate 85% reduction in glomerular filtration rate, 5-fold increases in fractional urinary excretion rates of sodium, potassium and water, and marked renal histological abnormalities, compared with sham (P < 0.05). Renal histopathological changes in the cortex and outer medulla were characterized by tubular necrosis and atrophy, tubular cast formation and interstitial inflammation. In addition, there was significant vascular congestion in the inner stripe of the outer medullary zone. Melagatran treatment had no significant effects on any of the abnormalities in kidney morphology or function in rats subjected to renal IR. Plasma melagatran concentrations were within a range known to exert significant antithrombotic effects, throughout the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thrombin inhibition with melagatran did not ameliorate abnormalities in kidney morphology or function 48 h after renal IR. These results indicate that melagatran is not renoprotective in rats subjected to renal IR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden. nicoletta.nitescu@vgregion.se
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nitescu
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grimberg
authors.forename: Sven-Erik
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ricksten
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marcussen
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guron
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001384:Azetidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001596:Benzylamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D001835:Body Weight; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology*; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D013918:Thrombin Time
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001384:Azetidines; D001596:Benzylamines; C109573:melagatran; D013917:Thrombin