title: Clostridium butyricum TO-A culture supernatant downregulates TLR4 in human colonic epithelial cells.
abstract: The present study was performed to examine whether probiotics affect Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in human colonic epithelial cells. Culture supernatants or heat-killed bacteria of Bacillus mesentericus TO-A, Clostridium butyricum TO-A, and Streptococcus faecalis T-110 were applied to human colonic epithelial cells. Treatment with C. butyricum TO-A culture supernatant significantly reduced TLR4 mRNA level (x0.16), even in the presence of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma; x0.21) as compared with untreated controls. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that C. butyricum TO-A supernatant contains formate, acetate, and butyrate. Interestingly, TLR4 mRNA was significantly suppressed (x0.15-x0.22) only when cells were treated with solutions containing butyrate. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay suggested that the binding affinity of PU.1 to the promoter region of the TLR4 gene was markedly inhibited when the cells were treated with butyrate. This study suggested that butyrate produced by C. butyricum TO-A downregulates TLR4 mRNA level in human colonic epithelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Cell Biology (F5), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Isono
authors.forename: Tatsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katsuno
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Tomoo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Yasutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Gen'ichiro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002087:Butyrates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D046972:Clostridium butyricum / Q000378:metabolism*; D003106:Colon / Q000473:pathology*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D004586:Electrophoresis; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D051218:Lymphocyte Antigen 96 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D003470:Culture Media; C495377:LY96 protein, human; D051218:Lymphocyte Antigen 96; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4