title: Lack of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase-1 accelerates atherosclerosis in diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent clinical studies have suggested a major protective role for the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx1) in diabetes-associated atherosclerosis. We induced diabetes in mice deficient for both GPx1 and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) to determine whether this is merely an association or whether GPx1 has a direct effect on diabetes-associated atherosclerosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ApoE-deficient (ApoE-/-) and ApoE/GPx1 double-knockout (ApoE-/- GPx1-/-) mice were made diabetic with streptozotocin and aortic lesion formation, and atherogenic pathways were assessed after 10 and 20 weeks of diabetes. Aortic proinflammatory and profibrotic markers were determined by both quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis after 10 weeks of diabetes and immunohistochemical analysis after 10 and 20 weeks of diabetes. Sham-injected nondiabetic counterparts served as controls. Atherosclerotic lesions within the aortic sinus region, as well as arch, thoracic, and abdominal lesions, were significantly increased in diabetic ApoE-/- GPx1-/- aortas compared with diabetic ApoE-/- aortas. This increase was accompanied by increased macrophages, alpha-smooth muscle actin, receptors for advanced glycation end products, and various proinflammatory (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) and profibrotic (vascular endothelial growth factor and connective tissue growth factor) markers. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed increased expression of receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and connective tissue growth factor. Nitrotyrosine levels were significantly increased in diabetic ApoE-/- GPx1-/- mouse aortas. These findings were observed despite upregulation of other antioxidants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of functional GPx1 accelerates diabetes-associated atherosclerosis via upregulation of proinflammatory and profibrotic pathways in ApoE-/- mice. Our study provides evidence of a protective role for GPx1 and establishes GPx1 as an important antiatherogenic therapeutic target in patients with or at risk of diabetic macrovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Oxidative Stress Group, JDRF Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Baker Heart Research Institute, PO Box 6492, St Kilda Rd Central, Melbourne, VIC 8008, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stefanovic
authors.forename: Josefa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pete
authors.forename: Anna C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Calkin
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giunti
authors.forename: Vicki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thallas-Bonke
authors.forename: Karin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jandeleit-Dahm
authors.forename: Terri J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kola
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Judy B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: de Haan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology; D005355:Fibrosis; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006938:Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007249:Inflammation / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012850:Sinus of Valsalva / Q000473:pathology; D013311:Streptozocin; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000094765:Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D005978:Glutathione; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D016328:NF-kappa B; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D013311:Streptozocin; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D014443:Tyrosine; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000094765:Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2; C526318:CCN2 protein, mouse; C467480:vascular endothelial growth factor A, mouse; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; C488842:Cybb protein, mouse; C000722068:Gpx1 protein, mouse