title: The direct and indirect costs of untreated insomnia in adults in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the direct and indirect cost burden of untreated insomnia among younger adults (age 18-64), and to estimate the direct costs of untreated insomnia for elderly patients (age 65 and over).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective, observational study comparing insomnia patients to matched samples without insomnia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-insured, employer sponsored health insurance plans in the U.S.
  
  
  METHODS
  138,820 younger adults and 75,558 elderly patients with insomnia, plus equal-sized, matched comparison groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  NA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Direct costs included inpatient, outpatient, pharmacy, and emergency room costs for all diseases, for six months before an index date. The index date for insomnia patients was the date of diagnosis with or the onset of prescription treatment for insomnia, some-time during July 1, 1999-June 30, 2003. Non-insomnia patients were assigned the same index dates as the insomnia patients to whom they were matched. Indirect costs included costs related to absenteeism from work and the use of short-term disability programs. Propensity score matching was used to find insomnia and non-insomnia patients who had similar demographics, location, health plan type, comorbidities, and drug use patterns. Regression analyses controlled for factors that were different even after matching was completed. We found that average direct and indirect costs for younger adults with insomnia were about $1,253 greater than for patients without insomnia. Among the elderly, direct costs were about $1,143 greater for insomnia patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insomnia is associated with a significant economic burden for younger and older patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health and Productivity Studies, Cornell University, Washington, D.C., USA. Ron.Ozminkowski@Thomson.com
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ozminkowski
authors.forename: Shaohung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000191:economics; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives