title: Expression profiling of genes regulated by TGF-beta: differential regulation in normal and tumour cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  TGF-beta is one of the key cytokines implicated in various disease processes including cancer. TGF-beta inhibits growth and promotes apoptosis in normal epithelial cells and in contrast, acts as a pro-tumour cytokine by promoting tumour angiogenesis, immune-escape and metastasis. It is not clear if various actions of TGF-beta on normal and tumour cells are due to differential gene regulations. Hence we studied the regulation of gene expression by TGF-beta in normal and cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using human 19 K cDNA microarrays, we show that 1757 genes are exclusively regulated by TGF-beta in A549 cells in contrast to 733 genes exclusively regulated in HPL1D cells. In addition, 267 genes are commonly regulated in both the cell-lines. Semi-quantitative and real-time qRT-PCR analysis of some genes agrees with the microarray data. In order to identify the signalling pathways that influence TGF-beta mediated gene regulation, we used specific inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase, ERK kinase, JNK kinase and integrin signalling pathways. The data suggest that regulation of majority of the selected genes is dependent on at least one of these pathways and this dependence is cell-type specific. Interestingly, an integrin pathway inhibitor, RGD peptide, significantly affected TGF-beta regulation of Thrombospondin 1 in A549 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest major differences with respect to TGF-beta mediated gene regulation in normal and transformed cells and significant role of non-canonical TGF-beta pathways in the regulation of many genes by TGF-beta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. pratiba@mrdg.iisc.ernet.in <pratiba@mrdg.iisc.ernet.in>
authors.forename: Prathibha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ranganathan
authors.forename: Animesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: Raghu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhushan
authors.forename: Aravinda K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chavalmane
authors.forename: Ravi Kiran Reddy
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kalathur
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Paturu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kondaiah
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D016023:Integrins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D016023:Integrins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases