title: Developmental changes in adiposity in toddlers and preschoolers in the GENESIS study and associations with the ACE I/D polymorphism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between the angiotensin I-converting enzyme 1 (ACE) I/D polymorphism and adiposity-related phenotypes in a large cohort of toddlers and preschoolers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body composition measurements and DNA samples were obtained from 2102 Greek children aged 1-6 years, as part of a large-scale epidemiological study (GENESIS). All children were genotyped for the ACE I/D polymorphism and gender- and age-stratified statistical analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In girls aged 4-6 years, the D-allele was associated with higher measurements of body mass index (BMI) (P=0.018), waist (P=0.001) and upper arm (P=0.013) circumferences, genotype accounting for 2.5, 4 and 3% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. In boys, the D-allele showed strong associations with lower BMI (P=0.001) at the age of 1-2 years that explained 17% of the phenotypic variance and with larger suprailiac skinfold (P=0.008) at 3-4 years old that explained 2% of the variance. No other significant associations between the ACE I/D polymorphism and adiposity-related phenotypes were found. In girls, the age at which significant associations were revealed coincided with the age at which BMI was observed to increase after its developmental nadir, but this feature of the association was not observed in boys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ACE I/D polymorphism is associated with developmental and physiological changes in adiposity-related traits during early childhood in a gender- and age-specific manner.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Institute of Diet, Exercise and Lifestyle, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lagou
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: M E S
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grammatikaki
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oikonomou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ioannou
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moschonis
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Y P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Pitsiladis
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005838:Genotype; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A