Inequality in the face of death? Public expenditure on health care for different socioeconomic groups in the last year of life.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association between public expenditure on health care in the last year of life and individual socioeconomic status in Sweden.


METHODS
Population-based study of public expenditure using linked registers for all 16,617 deaths among Stockholm County Council residents in 2002 (population 1.8 million). Age-standardized, total and per capita spend were calculated by income categories, age and specialty. Multivariate analysis examined the association between socioeconomic status and public expenditure.


RESULTS
County council expenditure on health care in the last year of life rose with increasing income of the deceased person. Median per capita expenditure increased from 55,417 Swedish Kronor (SEK) (US$ 7542) in the lowest income group to SEK 94,678 (US$ 12,887) in the highest. Total age-standardized spend increased by 60% across the same interval (80,227 [95% confidence interval (CI) 79,946-80,497] to SEK 127,344 [95% CI 126,969-127,719]). Expenditure decreased with increasing age over 65 years in all income groups. Higher income was independently associated with greater total public health spend in multivariate analysis, adjusting for age, sex, health-care utilization and major diagnostic groups.


CONCLUSIONS
There is inequality in public expenditure on health care at the end of life across socioeconomic groups in Stockholm. This phenomenon merits attention within Sweden, and beyond, in countries with less comprehensive welfare systems.
Hanratty
Barbara
B
Department of Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. B.Hanratty@liverpool.ac.uk
Burström
Bo
B
Walander
Anders
A
Whitehead
Margaret
M
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005380:Financing, Government / Q000941:ethics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000941:ethics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000145:classification*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries; D040841:Resource Allocation / Q000941:ethics*; D012923:Social Class; D012935:Social Justice; D012946:Social Welfare / Q000191:economics*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration