title: Cyclic load testing of biodegradable suture anchors containing 2 high-strength sutures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to test 4 different biodegradable suture anchors threaded with 2 high-strength sutures under cyclic loading conditions in humeral cadaveric specimens divided into 2 different age groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two paired human cadaveric humeri were stripped of all soft tissue. Two groups were studied: group 1, in which the mean age was 54 years, and group 2, in which the mean age was 70 years. We placed 1 suture anchor at 3 humeral sites per bone (anterior, middle, and posterior greater tuberosity). We tested 24 specimens using each of 4 anchors: TwinFix AB (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA), BioZip (Stryker Endoscopy, San Jose, CA), Bio-Corkscrew FT (Arthrex, Naples, FL), and SpiraLok (DePuy Mitek, Raynham, MA). The anchor's sutures were grasped with an Instron clamp (Instron, Canton, MA), preloaded, and cycled from 10 to 60 N 500 times, followed by destructive testing. The mean displacement at 500 cycles, yield loads, failure modes, and ultimate loads were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most cyclic motion occurred during the first 100 cycles. More motion occurred in older bones than in younger bones (P < .05). The mean yield loads were greater for the young group for the SpiraLok anchors than for Bio-Corkscrew FT anchors in the young and old groups (P < .001), TwinFix anchors in the old group (P < .05), and BioZip anchors in the old group (P < .05). The ultimate failure loads for SpiraLok anchors in the young group were greater than for Bio-Corkscrew FT anchors in the young and old groups and BioZip anchors in the old group (P < .05). In group 1 TwinFix AB (P = .01) and BioZip (P = .02) ultimate loads were statistically greater than that for Bio-Corkscrew FT. The TwinFix AB failed by anchor pullout. The Bio-Corkscrew FT failed by eyelet pullout. The BioZip and SpiraLok pulled out in older bone and experienced eyelet breakage in younger bone. None of the 4 anchors reached 5 mm of displacement even after 500 loading cycles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the displacement occurred in the first 100 cycles. Of all anchors tested, the Bio-Corkscrew FT recorded the lowest displacement after 500 cycles (P < .05). The SpiraLok had the highest ultimate load of all anchors tested (P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rotator cuff anchors perform differently in younger humeral bone than in older humeral bone. Most displacement with cyclic loading occurring between the anchor and bone takes place in the first 100 cycles. Anchors in older bones can be expected to fail at lower loads.
authors.affiliation: Plano Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center, Plano, Texas 75093, USA.
authors.forename: F Alan
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Coons
authors.forename: Michell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Suarez
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000601:surgery; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D053441:Suture Anchors; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013718:Tensile Strength