title: Cyclosporine and tacrolimus for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine and tacrolimus are important treatments for patients with active rheumatoid arthritis, especially in cases of resistance or intolerance to methotrexate or other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Here, we discuss the mechanism, efficacy and safety of cyclosporine and tacrolimus in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent clinical trials of cyclosporine have shown the advantages of its combination with methotrexate, glucocorticoids and leflunomide in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis. In Japan, tacrolimus monotherapy was found to be quite effective and combination therapy with methotrexate had positive results in an American study. The inhibitory effects of both drugs not only on T lymphocytes, but also on human osteoclast formation, have been demonstrated in basic studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyclosporine and tacrolimus are clinically available disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Numerous clinical studies have shown the usefulness of these calcineurin inhibitors in monotherapy and also when combined with methotrexate. Although these drugs have similar effects, there are some differences in adverse reactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Toho University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitahara
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawai
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012449:Safety; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D022021:Tacrolimus Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D022021:Tacrolimus Binding Proteins; D016559:Tacrolimus; D008727:Methotrexate