title: Biocompatibility of brilliant blue G in a rat model of subretinal injection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the toxicity of brilliant blue G (BBG) compared with those of indocyanine green (ICG) and trypan blue (TB) in a rat model of subretinal injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retinal detachment was produced by subretinal injection of the dyes. The biocompatibility of BBG (0.25 mg/mL) was evaluated over 2 months and 2 weeks by ophthalmic examinations. The eyes were enucleated and analyzed by light, fluorescence, as well as transmission electron microscopy. Apoptotic cell death was detected by TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end labeling. The results were compared with those for ICG (5 mg/mL) and TB (1 mg/mL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  ICG caused retinal degeneration and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell atrophy 2 weeks after subretinal injection. Apoptotic cell death was detected in the inner and outer nuclear layers and the RPE layer, especially the photoreceptors. TB caused less retinal degeneration, mainly in the area detached by the subretinal injection. BBG had no detectable toxic effects after 2 months and 2 weeks. Apoptotic cell death was detected in the ICG and TB groups, mainly in the photoreceptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subretinal injection of the dyes caused retinal cell degeneration at lower concentrations than those reported for intravitreous injection. However, subretinal injection of BBG at 0.25 mg/mL appeared to provide satisfactory biocompatibility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Akifumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hisatomi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Enaida
authors.forename: Tadahisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kagimoto
authors.forename: Yasutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: Yasuaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: Tatsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000633:toxicity*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000633:toxicity; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000633:toxicity; D007267:Injections; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051381:Rats; D011914:Rats, Inbred BN; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D014343:Trypan Blue / Q000633:toxicity; D014821:Vitrectomy
chemical_list: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004396:Coloring Agents; C006796:brilliant blue; D014343:Trypan Blue; D007208:Indocyanine Green