title: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a porcine xenograft: a serologic, histologic, and biomechanical study in primates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study proposes treatment methods to provide a mechanically competent, immunocompatible, and sterile porcine graft for human knee ligament reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) was reconstructed by using treated porcine patellar tendon grafts or controls of untreated porcine grafts or allografts in 20 rhesus monkeys. Animals were stratified into 2-, 6-, and 12-month postreconstruction cohorts. Serologic and histologic assessments were performed to evaluate host immunological and cellular response. Healing and functional integrity of the ACL reconstructions were assessed by tensile biomechanical testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Untreated porcine grafts were acutely resorbed and rejected, whereas treated porcine grafts and allografts were incorporated by the host as functional grafts. Temporal histologic assessment of treated porcine grafts and rhesus grafts revealed gradual host cellular infiltration and graft collagen remodeling through a similar mechanism of ligamentization. Biomechanical evaluations support graft functional integration with no difference between allograft and treated graft reconstructions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rhesus allograft and treated porcine grafts presented with similar healing profiles in a long-term evaluation of ACL reconstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunochemical modification and sterilization of porcine patellar tendon grafts may improve initial biocompatibility and long-term functionality of xenografts in musculoskeletal applications.
authors.affiliation: The Stone Clinic, San Francisco, California, USA. kstonemd@stoneclinic.com
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Ann W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Walgenbach
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Turek
authors.forename: Damon L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Somers
authors.forename: Winston
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wicomb
authors.forename: Uri
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Galili
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006085:Graft Survival; D000882:Haplorhini; D017847:Patellar Ligament / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000637:transplantation*; D011897:Random Allocation; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D013718:Tensile Strength; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning / Q000379:methods*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous