title: Immediate extubation in the operating room after cardiac operations with thoracotomy and sternotomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immediate extubation after cardiac operations in the operating room (OR) is rarely practised in Taiwan. The increased use of the minimally invasive and off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) and the financial pressure from health insurance have raised the interest of its application after cardiac operations. The purpose of the study was to investigate the practice of immediate extubation in patients undergoing cardiac operations via minimal invasive thoracotomy against via midline sternotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy unselected consecutive patients undergoing cardiac operations via either minimally invasive thoracotomy or midline sternotomy were enrolled for investigation. Anesthetic management, including bispectral index and continuous train-of-four (TOF) monitoring, was modified to extubate the patients in the OR within 15 min after the closure of the skin wound. Extubation criteria based on clear consciousness, recovery of muscle power, and stable hemodynamics without purposeful strong inotropic support were stipulated. Patient-controlled analgesia was used to provide adequate postoperative pain control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extubation within 15 min after the end of surgery was successful in all patients who underwent thoracotomy while there were five patients who could not be extubated in the sternotomy group. The PaCO2 values 30 min after extubation and the ICU stay were significantly higher and longer in patients of the sternotomy group. The pain intensity after extubation or the doses of analgesics used did not differ between two groups of patients. There was only one patient in the sternotomy group who needed reintubation and there was no postoperative death in both groups of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We consider that immediate extubation after cardiac procedures either through thoracotomy or sternotomy is a rather safe practice and if possible minimally invasive technique should be chosen because it causes smaller wound and offers safer immediate extubation and shorter ICU stay.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Tzu-Yu
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Kuan-Ming
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Cheng-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Wei-Horng
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Jean
authors.forename: Ming-Jiuh
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shu-Hsun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009873:Operating Rooms; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000628:therapy; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery*; D013908:Thoracotomy