title: Plant breeding to control zinc deficiency in India: how cost-effective is biofortification?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the potential impact of zinc biofortification of rice and wheat on public health in India and to evaluate its cost-effectiveness compared with alternative interventions and international standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  The burden of zinc deficiency (ZnD) in India was expressed in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost. Current zinc intakes were derived from a nationally representative household food consumption survey (30-day recall) and attributed to household members based on adult equivalent weights. Using a dose-response function, projected increased zinc intakes from biofortified rice and wheat were translated into potential health improvements for pessimistic and optimistic scenarios. After estimating the costs of developing and disseminating the new varieties, the cost-effectiveness of zinc biofortification was calculated for both scenarios and compared with alternative micronutrient interventions and international reference standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Representative household survey (n = 119 554).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The calculated annual burden of ZnD in India is 2.8 million DALYs lost. Zinc biofortification of rice and wheat may reduce this burden by 20-51% and save 0.6-1.4 million DALYs each year, depending on the scenario. The cost for saving one DALY amounts to $US 0.73-7.31, which is very cost-effective by standards of the World Bank and the World Health Organization, and is lower than that of most other micronutrient interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Not only may zinc biofortification save lives and prevent morbidity among millions of people, it may also help accommodate the need to economise and to allocate resources more efficiently. Further research is needed to corroborate these findings.
authors.affiliation: Division of International Agricultural Trade and Food Security, University of Hohenheim (490b), 70593 Stuttgart, Germany. astein1@uni-hohenheim.de
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Penelope
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nestel
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Meenakshi
authors.forename: Matin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qaim
authors.forename: H P S
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Sachdev
authors.forename: Zulfiqar A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Bhutta
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D017048:Health Care Costs; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000458:organization & administration; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry; D011788:Quality of Life; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D015032:Zinc