title: PAX4 mutations in Thais with maturity onset diabetes of the young.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Six maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) genes have been discovered to date but account for a small proportion of MODY among Asians, suggesting the existence of other MODY genes in this racial group.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not genetic variants in PAX4, a crucial transcription factor in beta-cell development, contribute to MODY in Thais.
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened PAX4 coding sequences in 46 MODY probands without mutation in known MODY genes and in 74 nondiabetic controls using PCR-single-stranded conformational polymorphism analysis followed by direct sequencing. Genotyping of variants identified was done by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight sequence differences were identified. Two novel variations (R164W and IVS7-1G>A) were found in two different probands. Neither was found in the 74 nondiabetic controls and additional 270 healthy subjects of Thai origin. R164W segregated with diabetes in the family of the proband and in vitro studies showed that it impairs the repressor activity of PAX4 on the insulin and glucagon promoters. The remaining six variants were previously described and observed in both groups. One of them, R192H, was three times more frequent in MODY probands than in 342 nondiabetic controls (minor allele frequency = 0.196 vs. 0.064; P < 0.00001). The same variant was associated with a younger age at diagnosis among 254 Thai subjects with adult-onset type 2 diabetes (44.6 +/- 15 vs. 49.7 +/- 11 yr; P = 0.048).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified two possible pathogenic mutations of PAX4, R164W, and IVS7-1G>A. For one of these, we have shown evidence of segregation with diabetes and a functional impact on PAX4 activity. Single-nucleotide polymorphism R192H might influence the age at onset of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. sinpv.natpl@gmail.com
authors.forename: Nattachet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Plengvidhya
authors.forename: Suwattanee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kooptiwut
authors.forename: Napat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Songtawee
authors.forename: Asako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: Hiroto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furuta
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishi
authors.forename: Kishio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nanjo
authors.forename: Wiwit
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tantibhedhyangkul
authors.forename: Watip
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boonyasrisawat
authors.forename: Pa-thai
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Yenchitsomanus
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doria
authors.forename: Napatawn
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Banchuin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D017354:Point Mutation; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C491709:PAX4 protein, human; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors