title: Biological and immunological relations among human parvovirus B19 genotypes 1 to 3.
abstract: The human parvovirus B19 is now divided into three genotypes: type 1 (prototype), type 2 (A6- and LaLi-like), and type 3 (V9-like). In overall DNA sequence, the three virus types differ by approximately 10%. The most striking DNA dissimilarity, of >20%, is observed within the p6 promoter region. Because of the scarcity of data on the biological activities and pathogenetic potentials of virus types 2 and 3, we examined the functional characteristics of these virus types. We found the activities of the three p6 promoters to be of equal strength and to be most active in B19-permissive cells. Virus type 2 capsid protein VP2, alone or together with VP1, was expressed with the baculovirus system and was shown to assemble into icosahedral parvovirus-like particles, which were reactive in the hemagglutination assay. Furthermore, sera containing DNA of any of the three B19 types were shown to hemagglutinate. The infectivities of these sera were examined in two B19-permissive cell lines. Reverse transcription-PCR revealed synthesis of spliced B19 mRNAs, and immunofluorescence verified the production of NS and VP proteins in the infected cells. All three genotypes showed similar functional characteristics in all experiments performed, showing that the three virus types indeed belong to the same species, i.e., human parvovirus B19. Additionally, the antibody activity in sera from B19 type 1- or type 2-infected subjects (long-term immunity) was examined with homo- and heterologous virus-like particles. Cross-reactivity of 100% was observed, indicating that the two B19 genotypes comprise a single serotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekman
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hokynar
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kakkola
authors.forename: Kalle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kantola
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hedman
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bondén
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gessner
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aberham
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Norja
authors.forename: Simo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miettinen
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hedman
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Söderlund-Venermo
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D016367:Baculoviridae; D002213:Capsid / Q000276:immunology*; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D005838:Genotype; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006384:Hemagglutination / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D016732:Parvovirus B19, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D013045:Species Specificity; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D036022:Capsid Proteins