title: Variation in the normal hearing threshold predicts childhood IQ, linguistic, and behavioral outcomes.
abstract: Childhood hearing level varies considerably within the range considered normal. Four classes of outcome were investigated for associations with hearing thresholds in this range: ability to identify speech in noise, neurocognitive ability, linguistic ability, and behavior. The research was conducted in a general population cohort of 711 children with mean hearing threshold of 15 dB HL or better. Some outcomes: speech in noise, intelligence, and certain linguistic abilities, were predicted in both boys and girls; effects were stronger in girls. In girls only, poorer hearing predicted worse behavior. These effects remained after statistical control for childhood socioeconomic status and otitis media. Variability in normal hearing, due to causes other than otitis media, is associated with the listening, language, and neurocognitive abilities of children, and the behavior of girls. We suggest that these effects may be present for three reasons, cochlear insults, neurodevelopmental factors, and psychological factors. We discuss how these may interact to produce the effects observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. david.welch@dmhdru.otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Patrick J D
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Dawes
mesh_terms: D001309:Auditory Threshold; D001519:Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D013060:Speech