title: The Stroke Outcomes and Neuroimaging of Intracranial Atherosclerosis (SONIA) trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) can identify intracranial atherosclerosis but have not been rigorously validated against the gold standard, catheter angiography. The WASID trial (Warfarin Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease) required performance of angiography to verify the presence of intracranial stenosis, allowing for prospective evaluation of TCD and MRA. The aims of Stroke Outcomes and Neuroimaging of Intracranial Atherosclerosis (SONIA) trial were to define abnormalities on TCD/MRA to see how well they identify 50 to 99% intracranial stenosis of large proximal arteries on catheter angiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  SONIA standardized the performance and interpretation of TCD, MRA, and angiography. Study-wide cutpoints defining positive TCD/MRA were used. Hard copy TCD/MRA were centrally read, blind to the results of angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SONIA enrolled 407 patients at 46 sites in the United States. For prospectively tested noninvasive test cutpoints, positive predictive values (PPVs) and negative predictive values (NPVs) were TCD, PPV 36% (95% CI: 27 to 46); NPV, 86% (95% CI: 81 to 89); MRA, PPV 59% (95% CI: 54 to 65); NPV, 91% (95% CI: 89 to 93). For cutpoints modified to maximize PPV, they were TCD, PPV 50% (95% CI: 36 to 64), NPV 85% (95% CI: 81 to 88); MRA PPV 66% (95% CI: 58 to 73), NPV 87% (95% CI: 85 to 89). For each test, a characteristic performance curve showing how the predictive values vary with a changing test cutpoint was obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both transcranial Doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography noninvasively identify 50 to 99% intracranial large vessel stenoses with substantial negative predictive value. The Stroke Outcomes and Neuroimaging of Intracranial Atherosclerosis trial methods allow transcranial Doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography to reliably exclude the presence of intracranial stenosis. Abnormal findings on transcranial Doppler ultrasound or magnetic resonance angiography require a confirmatory test such as angiography to reliably identify stenosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA. EFeldmann@lifespan.org
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Feldmann
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wilterdink
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kosinski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Chimowitz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sarafin
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rogg
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cloft
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wechsler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saver
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tegeler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sloan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002537:Intracranial Arteriosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States