title: Selection of radiolabeled gastrin analogs for peptide receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy.
abstract: The gastrin/cholecystokinin-2 (CCK-2) receptor has been identified as a possible target for peptide receptor radionuclide imaging and therapy. Several radiolabeled peptides binding to this receptor have been explored in animal models and clinical trials but either low tumor uptake or high renal retention has been found. The aim of this study was to identify a peptide with improved tumor-to-kidney pharmacodynamics when compared with current candidates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A small peptide-chelator library of 34 compounds based on the C-terminal sequences of CCK-8 or minigastrin was constructed. The peptides were radiolabeled with (111)In with high labeling efficiency (>90%), as determined by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. The labeled peptides were screened by assessing tumor and kidney uptake in pancreatic xenograft nude mouse models, including AR42J. An extensive biodistribution analysis was performed on the lead candidate from the library.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Minigastrin analogs containing a pentaglutamate sequence showed the highest tumor uptake but very high renal retention. CCK analogs showed the lowest tumor and renal uptake. Deletion of the pentaglutamate sequence in the gastrin analogs lowered the tumor uptake by a factor of 3 but decreased the kidney uptake by a factor of 20. Insertion of histidine residues in the sequence reduced kidney uptake by a further factor of almost 2-fold. In AR42J tumor-bearing mice, the peptide with the sequence DOTA-HHEAYGWMDF-NH(2) (DOTA is tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid) showed the highest tumor-to-kidney ratio of all peptides studied, with saturable uptake in target organs and low uptake by nontarget tissues other than the kidney.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This peptide is a worthwhile candidate for clinical studies to determine whether it is suitable for use in peptide receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom. stephen.mather@cancer.org.uk
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mather
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: Jane K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Sosabowski
authors.forename: Teresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005755:Gastrins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051381:Rats; D043887:Receptor, Cholecystokinin B / Q000737:chemistry; D018000:Receptors, Peptide / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005755:Gastrins; D043887:Receptor, Cholecystokinin B; D018000:Receptors, Peptide