title: Adhesion between dental ceramic and bonding resin: quantitative evaluation by Vickers indenter methodology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adhesion to dental ceramic by Vickers indenter methodology. This technique allows the creation of adhesive fractures and determines the influence of the surface treatment on adhesive capacities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single bond adhesive system (One Step Bisco) was applied to ceramic Vitapan 3D Master CE 0124 samples. Ceramic samples were polished with 500 or 4000-grit paper, sandblasted or not (Sa/NSa), treated with fluorhydric acid or not (A/NA) and silane or not (Si/NSi). The experimental groups (Gr) were: (Gr 1) 4000; (Gr 2) 4000+Si; (Gr 3) 4000+Sa+A; (Gr 4) 4000+Sa+A+Si; (Gr 5) 500+Sa+A+Si. Each sample was indented with the diamond Vickers indenter Leitz Durimet 2 (Wetzlar, Germany) using a load of 20N for 30s. The surfaces of the debonded areas were observed in an optical microscope providing a digital image of the debonded surface. The adhesion bond strength was calculated according to the formula of Engel and Roshon [Engel PA, Roshon DD. Indentation-debonding of an adhered surface layer. J Adhesion 1979;10(33): 237-53]. The statistical analysis was conducted using Student's t test (p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The values obtained for each group were: (Gr 1) 32MPa; (Gr 2) 52MPa; (Gr 3) 112MPa; (Gr 4) 131MPa; (Gr 5) 265MPa. There is a significant improvement in bond strength with the silane application on the 4000 polished surface (Gr 2). However, there is no significant difference when silane is applied or not on a sanded and etched ceramic (Gr 4). Bond strengths were higher with 500 grit polished, sanded, etched with silane application on the surface (Gr 5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Vickers indenter methodology is able to discriminate between the influences of different surface treatments on the adhesion of an adhesive layer on a feldspathic ceramic.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biomatériaux Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France. sydoucet@free.fr
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doucet
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tavernier
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colon
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Picard
mesh_terms: D001840:Dental Bonding; D045662:Dental Etching; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D006244:Hardness; D008689:Methacrylates; D019279:Resin Cements; D012821:Silanes; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: C103506:Bis-GMA, BPDM, HEMA dental-bonding resin; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D008689:Methacrylates; D019279:Resin Cements; D012821:Silanes; C082340:Vita Mark II; D003776:Dental Porcelain