title: [Effects of folic acid fortification in the rates of malformations at birth in Chile].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of folic acid fortification on neural tube defects is well known. Other reports show a beneficial effect of the fortification on orofacial clefts, urinary malformations and defects caused by limb reduction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the changes in prevalence of congenital malformations after the start of flour folic acid fortification in Chile.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rates of 22 malformations occurring in the maternity of the University of Chile Clinical Hospital and other Chilean hospitals participating in the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) were compared before and after the start of flour folic acid fortification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the start of folic acid fortification a significant reduction in the rates of anencephalia, spina bifida and diaphragmatic hernia, was observed. The rates of all other malformations remained stable or increased. The rates of all malformations at the University of Chile Clinical Hospital had a steady increase until 2005 and were significantly higher than in the rest of hospitals participating in ECLAMC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Folic acid fortification was associated with an expected reduction in rates of spina bifida and anencephalia and an unexpected reduction in the rates of diaphragmatic hernia.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Neonatología, Maternidad, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile, Escuela de Salud Pública, Santiago, Chile. jnazer@redclinicauchile.cl
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nazer H
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cifuentes O
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aguila R
authors.forename: María Eugenia
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Juárez H
authors.forename: María Pía
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cid R
authors.forename: María Loreto
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Godoy V
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: García A
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Melibosky R
mesh_terms: D000757:Anencephaly / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005433:Flour; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D050498:Live Birth / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid