title: Applying item response theory and computer adaptive testing: the challenges for health outcomes assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We review the papers presented at the NCI/DIA conference, to identify areas of controversy and uncertainty, and to highlight those aspects of item response theory (IRT) and computer adaptive testing (CAT) that require theoretical or empirical research in order to justify their application to patient reported outcomes (PROs).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  IRT and CAT offer exciting potential for the development of a new generation of PRO instruments. However, most of the research into these techniques has been in non-healthcare settings, notably in education. Educational tests are very different from PRO instruments, and consequently problematic issues arise when adapting IRT and CAT to healthcare research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical scales differ appreciably from educational tests, and symptoms have characteristics distinctly different from examination questions. This affects the transferring of IRT technology. Particular areas of concern when applying IRT to PROs include inadequate software, difficulties in selecting models and communicating results, insufficient testing of local independence and other assumptions, and a need of guidelines for estimating sample size requirements. Similar concerns apply to differential item functioning (DIF), which is an important application of IRT. Multidimensional IRT is likely to be advantageous only for closely related PRO dimensions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although IRT and CAT provide appreciable potential benefits, there is a need for circumspection. Not all PRO scales are necessarily appropriate targets for this methodology. Traditional psychometric methods, and especially qualitative methods, continue to have an important role alongside IRT. Research should be funded to address the specific concerns that have been identified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen Medical School, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK. p.fayers@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Fayers
mesh_terms: D003199:Computer Systems; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D018401:Sample Size; D012984:Software; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires