title: Beneficial effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on the ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rat skin flaps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that occurs when tissues are subjected to ischaemia for a variable period of time, after which they are reperfused. Many factors have been implicated in the cause of reperfusion injury including free radicals and neutrophils. Caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active component of propolis from honeybee; it has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, and protective effects against ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We investigated the effects of CAPE on the survival of skin flaps in the rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen Wistar rats were used, and randomly divided into three groups (n=6 rats each group): the control group (Group 1), ethanol group (Group 2), and CAPE group (Group 3). A caudally based rectangular flap, 3x10 cm in size, was elevated on the back of the rat, according to the method described by Khouri and colleagues. The flap was sutured back into its original place. In the control group, saline 0.2 ml/day was given intraperitoneally (i.p.). Five percent ethanol 0.2 ml/day was administered i.p. in the ethanol group, and CAPE 50 micromol/kg/day i.p. in the CAPE group. To observe the effects of CAPE, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured from extracted skin tissue. Flap viability was evaluated seven days after the initial operation, measuring necrotic areas of flaps and total flap areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MDA and NO levels were significantly decreased in CAPE group; and however, GSH, GSH-Px, and SOD enzyme activities were significantly increased in CAPE group. We believed that the CAPE had beneficial effects to improve the survival of skin flaps since it has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and protective effects against I/R injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inonu University, Medical Faculty, T. Ozal Medical Center, TR 44069 Malatya, Turkey. haydogan@inonu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aydogan
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gurlek
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Parlakpinar
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Askar
authors.forename: Aysun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bay-Karabulut
authors.forename: Nilay
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aydogan
authors.forename: Alpay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fariz
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Acet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D009336:Necrosis; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002109:Caffeic Acids; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C055494:caffeic acid phenethyl ester; D005978:Glutathione; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol