title: Flow cytometry assessment of cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species generation by single and binary mixtures of cadmium, zinc and copper on populations of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila.
abstract: In the present study, we have assessed by flow cytometry, the cytotoxicity of the heavy metals Cd, Zn and Cu on populations of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. The obtained LC(50) for these metals was estimated as 0.195mgCdl(-1), 3.58mgZnl(-1) and 0.47mgCul(-1), respectively. As a result, the toxicity rank for this eukaryotic microorganism is Cd>Cu>>Zn. Using the same methodology and the Concentration Addition approach, the toxicity of binary mixtures of these metals was evaluated in order to detect the type of interaction between these metals. Results indicated that antagonism is the predominant interaction but it can change to additivity or even to synergism at high metal concentrations. Besides, the concentration ratio between metals plays also a crucial role in determining the type of metallic interaction, at least in Tetrahymena. Cytotoxicity data from single and bimetallic mixtures have been compared with those from selected microalgae, other species of ciliates, fish and mammalian cell lines and metazoan. By other hand, we have detected the mitochondrial generation of peroxides induced by both single and binary treatments with Cd, Zn and Cu on populations of Tetrahymena, using the specific fluorophore dyhidrorhodamine. The nature and concentrations of metal as well as the metallic ratio were important factors in reactive oxygen species production. All results found in T. thermophila are compared with previous reports in other organisms and, some explanations and hypothesis to support results are given, including the involvement of metallothioneins as antioxidants and their role in the binding of metal cations.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología-III, Facultad de Biología, Cl. Jose Antonio Novais 2, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallego
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martín-González
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D010545:Peroxides / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D016808:Tetrahymena thermophila / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity; D015032:Zinc / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010545:Peroxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002104:Cadmium; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc