title: The uncoupling protein 1 gene, UCP1, is expressed in mammalian islet cells and associated with acute insulin response to glucose in African American families from the IRAS Family Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Variants of uncoupling protein genes UCP1 and UCP2 have been associated with a range of traits. We wished to evaluate contributions of known UCP1 and UCP2 variants to metabolic traits in the Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis (IRAS) Family Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We genotyped five promoter or coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 239 African American (AA) participants and 583 Hispanic participants from San Antonio (SA) and San Luis Valley. Generalized estimating equations using a sandwich estimator of the variance and exchangeable correlation to account for familial correlation were computed for the test of genotypic association, and dominant, additive and recessive models. Tests were adjusted for age, gender and BMI (glucose homeostasis and lipid traits), or age and gender (obesity traits), and empirical P-values estimated using a gene dropping approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  UCP1 A-3826G was associated with AIR(g) in AA (P = 0.006) and approached significance in Hispanic families (P = 0.054); and with HDL-C levels in SA families (P = 0.0004). Although UCP1 expression is reported to be restricted to adipose tissue, RT-PCR indicated that UCP1 is expressed in human pancreas and MIN-6 cells, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated co-localization of UCP1 protein with insulin in human islets. UCP2 A55V was associated with waist circumference (P = 0.045) in AA, and BMI in SA (P = 0.018); and UCP2 G-866A with waist-to-hip ratio in AA (P = 0.016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests a functional variant of UCP1 contributes to the variance of AIR(g) in an AA population; the plausibility of this unexpected association is supported by the novel finding that UCP1 is expressed in islets.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA. msale@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Michèle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sale
authors.forename: Fang-Chi
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Nicholette D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Candace J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Keith L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Keene
authors.forename: Hermina M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Borgerink
authors.forename: Arun J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: Kent D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Mohammed F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.forename: Jill M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Norris