title: What dose of external-beam radiation is high enough for prostate cancer?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the radiotherapy dose-response of prostate cancer, adjusted for prognostic factors in a mature cohort of men treated relatively uniformly at a single institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study cohort consisted of 1,530 men treated with three-dimensional conformal external-beam radiotherapy between 1989 and 2002. Patients were divided into four isocenter dose groups: <70 Gy (n = 43), 70-74.9 Gy (n = 552), 75-79.9 Gy (n = 568), and > or =80 Gy (n = 367). The primary endpoints were freedom from biochemical failure (FFBF), defined by American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) and Phoenix (nadir + 2.0 ng/mL) criteria, and freedom from distant metastases (FFDM). Multivariate analyses were performed and adjusted Kaplan-Meier estimates were calculated. Logit regression dose-response functions were determined at 5 and 8 years for FFBF and at 5 and 10 years for FFDM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiotherapy dose was significant in multivariate analyses for FFBF (ASTRO and Phoenix) and FFDM. Adjusted 5-year estimates of ASTRO FFBF for the four dose groups were 60%, 68%, 76%, and 84%. Adjusted 5-year Phoenix FFBFs for the four dose groups were 70%, 81%, 83%, and 89%. Adjusted 5-year and 10-year estimates of FFDM for the four dose groups were 96% and 93%, 97% and 93%, 99% and 95%, and 98% and 96%. Dose-response functions showed an increasing benefit for doses > or =80 Gy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Doses of > or =80 Gy are recommended for most men with prostate cancer. The ASTRO definition of biochemical failure does not accurately estimate the effects of radiotherapy at 5 years because of backdating, compared to the Phoenix definition, which is less sensitive to follow-up and more reproducible over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Eade
authors.forename: Alexandra L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Horwitz
authors.forename: Mark K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Buyyounouski
authors.forename: Gerald E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Hanks
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pollack
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome