A developmental roadmap for learning by imitation in robots.
In this paper, we present a strategy whereby a robot acquires the capability to learn by imitation following a developmental pathway consisting on three levels: 1) sensory-motor coordination; 2) world interaction; and 3) imitation. With these stages, the system is able to learn tasks by imitating human demonstrators. We describe results of the different developmental stages, involving perceptual and motor skills, implemented in our humanoid robot, Baltazar. At each stage, the system's attention is drawn toward different entities: its own body and, later on, objects and people. Our main contributions are the general architecture and the implementation of all the necessary modules until imitation capabilities are eventually acquired by the robot. Also, several other contributions are made at each level: learning of sensory-motor maps for redundant robots, a novel method for learning how to grasp objects, and a framework for learning task description from observation for program-level imitation. Finally, vision is used extensively as the sole sensing modality (sometimes in a simplified setting) avoiding the need for special data-acquisition hardware.
Lopes
Manuel
M
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
Santos-Victor
José
J
D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D032701:Biomimetics / Q000379:methods*; D003491:Cybernetics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis