title: Using tobit regression analysis to further understand the association of youth alcohol problems with depression and parental factors among Korean adolescent females.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study characterized the extent to which youth depressive symptoms, parental alcohol problems, and parental drinking account for differences in alcohol-related problems among a large sample of adolescent females.
  
  
  METHODS
  The stratified sample consists of 2077 adolescent females from twelve female-only high schools located in a large metropolitan city in the Republic of Korea. Students completed a questionnaire about alcohol use and alcohol problems, their parents' alcohol problems, and a number of risk and protective factors. Data were analyzed using tobit regression analyses to better characterize the associations among variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Almost two-thirds of students who consume alcohol had experienced at least one to two alcohol-related problems in their lives and 54.6% reported at least one current symptom of depression, with nearly one-third reporting two depressive symptoms. Two-thirds of the students indicated that at least one parent had an alcohol-related problem, and that approximately 29% had experienced several problems. Results of tobit regression analyses indicate that youth alcohol-related problems are positively associated with depressive symptoms (p<0.01) and parent drinking problems (p<0.05). Parental drinking is no longer significant when the variable parental attention is added to the model. Decomposition of the tobit parameters shows that for every unit of increase in depressive symptoms and in parent drinking problems, the probability of a youth experiencing alcohol problems increases by 6% and 1%, respectively. For every unit of increase in parental attention, the probability of youth experiencing drinking problems decreases by 5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents evidence that alcohol-related problems and depressive symptoms are highly prevalent among adolescent females. Although a comprehensive public health approach is needed to address drinking and mental health problems, different interventions are needed to target factors associated with initiation of alcohol problems and those associated with increased alcohol problems among those who already began experiencing such problems.
authors.affiliation: Young Again Adult Day Health Care Center, 1080 South University Avenue, 2743 SSWB, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. jadelva@umich.edu
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delva
authors.forename: Andrew Grogan
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kaylor
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Steinhoff
authors.forename: Dong-Eok
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Siefert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000437:Alcoholism; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires