title: Nicotine pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of three potential reduced exposure products, moist snuff and nicotine lozenge.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare nicotine pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of three new smokeless tobacco potential reduced exposure products (PREPs; Ariva, Revel and Stonewall) with moist snuff (Copenhagen) and medicinal nicotine (Commit lozenge).
  
  
  METHODS
  10 subjects completed a randomised, within-subject, crossover study. Subjects used one product for 30 min at each of the five laboratory sessions. Maximal nicotine concentration (Cmax) was determined and area under the concentration time curve (AUC) was calculated for a 90-min period (during use and 60 min after use). Nicotine craving, withdrawal symptoms and ratings of product effects and liking were measured during product use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nicotine AUC and Cmax were higher for Copenhagen than for any other product (p<0.002) and higher for Commit than for either Ariva or Revel (p<0.001). Cmax for Commit was also higher than for Stonewall (p = 0.03). Craving was lowest during use of Copenhagen (p<0.03). Craving during use of Stonewall, Ariva and Commit was lower than during use of Revel (p<0.05). Withdrawal symptom score during use of Copenhagen was lower than during use of Revel (p = 0.009). Copenhagen scores were higher (p<0.005) than all other products in several measures of drug effects and liking (feel good effects, satisfaction, liking and desire for product, and strength of product).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new smokeless tobacco PREPs result in lower nicotine concentrations and equivalent or lower reductions in subjective measures compared with medicinal nicotine. Since health effects of PREPs are largely unknown, medicinal nicotine should be preferentially encouraged for smokers or smokeless tobacco users wishing to switch to lower-risk products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. kotly001@umn.edu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kotlyar
authors.forename: M Irene
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Mendoza-Baumgart
authors.forename: Zhong-ze
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Pentel
authors.forename: Brianne C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Feuer
authors.forename: Erin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Dorothy K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Hatsukami
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013607:Tablets; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D013607:Tablets; D009538:Nicotine