title: Congenital breast deformity reconstruction using perforator flaps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital breast deformities such as Poland syndrome, unilateral congenital hypoplasia, tuberous breast anomaly, and amastia pose a challenging plastic surgical dilemma. The majority of patients are young, healthy individuals who seek esthetic restoration of their breast deformities. Currently, both implant and autologous reconstructive techniques are used. This study focuses on our experience with congenital breast deformity patients who underwent reconstruction using a perforator flap.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1994 to 2005, a retrospective chart review was performed on women who underwent breast reconstruction using perforator flaps to correct congenital breast deformities and asymmetry. Patient age, breast deformity type, perforator flap type, flap volume, recipient vessels, postoperative complications, revisions, and esthetic results were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over an 11-year period, 12 perforator flaps were performed. All cases were for unilateral breast deformities. The patients ranged from 16 to 43 years of age. Six patients had undergone previous correctional surgeries. Eight (n = 8) flaps were used for correction of Poland syndrome and its associated chest wall deformities. Four (n = 4) flaps were used for correction of unilateral breast hypoplasia. In all cases, the internal mammary vessels were the recipient vessels of choice. No flaps were lost. No vein grafts were used. All patients were discharged on the fourth postoperative day. Complications encountered included seroma, hematoma, and nipple malposition. Revisional surgery was performed in 30% of the cases. Esthetic results varied from poor to excellent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perforator flaps are an acceptable choice for patients with congenital breast deformities seeking autologous breast reconstruction. Deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEP) or superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flaps are performed when adequate abdominal tissue is available; however, many young patients have inadequate abdominal tissue, thus a GAP flap can be used. Perforator flaps are a safe, reliable surgical technique. In the properly selected patient, donor-site morbidity and functional compromise are minimized, improved self-esteem is noted, postoperative pain is decreased, and excellent long-term esthetic results can be achieved.
authors.affiliation: LSU Health Sciences Center, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Abhinav K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gautam
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: LoTempio
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Mountcastle
authors.forename: Joshua L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Ernest S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Chiu
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000098:blood supply; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001940:Breast / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D002081:Buttocks / Q000098:blood supply; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D011045:Poland Syndrome / Q000601:surgery*; D013524:Surgical Flaps