title: Reversed type of color-pattern modifications of butterfly wings: a physiological mechanism of wing-wide color-pattern determination.
abstract: Application of cold shock or tungstate to butterfly pupae produces a unique color-pattern modification type on the adult wings, in which the color-pattern elements are dislocated toward the reduced focal elements. This modification-inducing activity has been primarily attributed to the putative cold-shock hormone (CSH) that is secreted into the hemolymph upon cold shock. Here, using a species of nymphalid butterfly Junonia almana, a new "reversed" type of the color-pattern modifications of butterfly wings was obtained by the application of heat shock or thapsigargin, a calcium-ATPase inhibitor, in which most elements were dislocated away from the enlarged focal elements. This result suggests that the endocrine secretion of CSH is sensitive to a wide range of temperature shocks, which then affects the cellular interpretation of the wing-wide positional information that is emitted from the focal locations. Ecdysteroid contributes to the wing-wide patterning primarily independently from CSH, but these two systems negatively interact with each other, probably in the intracellular signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Laboratory of Cell and Functional Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan. otaki@sci.u-ryukyu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Joji M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Otaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002080:Butterflies / Q000502:physiology*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003116:Color; D016264:Dextran Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology; D004441:Ecdysterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007301:Insect Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D011679:Pupa; D019284:Thapsigargin / Q000494:pharmacology; D017973:Tungsten Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007301:Insect Hormones; D017973:Tungsten Compounds; D004441:Ecdysterone; C025399:sodium tungstate(VI); D019284:Thapsigargin; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D018021:Lithium Chloride