title: Small volume resuscitation: a randomized controlled trial with either norepinephrine or vasopressin during severe hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of hypertonic-hyperoncotic hydroxyethyl starch solution (HHS) combined with either norepinephrine (NE) or arginine vasopressin (AVP) on cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and brain metabolism after hemorrhagic shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen pigs were subjected to uncontrolled liver bleeding until hemodynamic decompensation followed by resuscitation using HHS (4 mL/kg) combined with either NE (bolus of 1000 microg; 60 microg/kg/hr; n = 7) or AVP (bolus of 10 U; 2 U/kg/hr; n = 7), respectively. Extracellular cerebral concentrations of glucose, glycerol, lactate, and the lactate/pyruvate ratio were assessed by microdialysis. After 30 minutes of therapy, bleeding was controlled by manual compression and all surviving animals were observed for 1 hour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After hemodynamic decompensation, AVP resulted in a significantly higher increase of CPP (mean +/- SD; 47 +/- 19 versus 28 +/- 9 mm Hg; p < 0.01) and cerebral venous partial pressure of oxygen (66 +/- 8 versus 49 +/- 9 mm Hg; p < 0.05) compared with NE after 10 minutes of therapy. Hemodynamic data and blood gas variables were not different between groups during the remaining study period. Brain metabolism was found comparable in both groups at any time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AVP was comparable to NE with respect to hemodynamics and blood gases, as well as brain metabolism in surviving animals throughout the study period. Our findings emphasize the importance of early resuscitation, as neuronal cell damage potentially starts immediately after onset of severe hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany. meybohm@anaesthesie.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meybohm
authors.forename: Erol
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cavus
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bein
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steinfath
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Claudius
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hamann
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dörges
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017551:Microdialysis; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014667:Vasopressins; D010100:Oxygen; D009638:Norepinephrine