title: Relative distribution of plasma flow markers and red blood cells across BBB openings in acute cerebral ischemia.
abstract: Acute blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening in cerebral ischemia is an often observed but seldom studied phenomenon. Increased permeability has been implicated with several consequences including exacerbating ischemic injury, leading to hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and also predictive of chronic damage and a way of delivering therapeutics to the diseased parts of brain. Very few studies have investigated the 'size' of such acute openings. Herein the blood-brain distribution of fluorescent isothiocyanate (FITC)- labeled red blood cells (RBCs; approximately 5 tm in diameter) and two different sized plasma flow markers in cerebral microvessels was studied by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) 6 and 24 hours after the onset of a 3 hour period of focal ischemia. At hour 6, Evans blue-tagged albumin [EB-Alb; molecular weight (MW)= 68 kDa, Stokes-Einstein radius=37 A], a marker of both plasma flow and BBB opening, was seen both inside and around microvessels whereas the RBCs were only intravascular. FITC-labeled dextran (FITC-dextran; MW=2000 kDa, Stokes-Einstein radius = approximately 150 A), another plasma flow tracer, had not leaked across the BBB into the tissue at this time. At hour 24, both RBCs and FITC-dextran were found extravascularly along with EB-Alb. We postulate that smaller sized openings in BBB at hour 6 limited the leaking of the two large tracers (RBCs and FITC-dextran) and that such size-dependency was lost by 24 hours with the progression of the ischemic injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA. annta@neuro.hfh.edu
authors.forename: Tavarekere N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Nagaraja
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fenstermacher
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Knight
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003911:Dextrans; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D005070:Evans Blue; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000503:physiopathology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010949:Plasma / Q000502:physiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D015415:Biomarkers; D003911:Dextrans; D005070:Evans Blue; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate