title: Quantifying the physiology of laryngotracheal stenosis: changes in pulmonary dynamics in response to graded extrathoracic resistive loading.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A model of airway obstruction was developed to study the impact of changes in airway resistance on ventilatory mechanics. This was used to derive quantitative indices of airway obstruction to aid in the objective diagnosis and physiological monitoring of adult patients with laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Six airway resistors, the characteristics of which mirrored the selective impediment to inspiratory airflow that occurs in patients with LTS, were created and calibrated. Maximum-effort flow-volume loops were obtained from 15 volunteers with resistors placed in series with the spirometer. Diagnostic and monitoring performances of various flow-volume indices were assessed with receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) and analysis of variance (ANOVA), respectively. Promising indices were further evaluated in patients with LTS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimentally, the ratio of expiratory and inspiratory flows at midvital capacity (MEF50/MIF50) and peak expiratory to inspiratory flow ratio (PEF/PIF) had diagnostic sensitivities of 87% and 89%, respectively. The best index, both experimentally and clinically, was the ratio of area under the expiratory and inspiratory curves (ratio of integrals), with experimental and clinical sensitivities of 97% and 100%, respectively. A clinical specificity of 95%, and area under the curve of 0.965 were achieved for this index. Both PEF/PIF and the ratio of integrals could identify step changes in airway resistance greater than 10 cmH2O . sec . L (P < .05; ANOVA).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flow-volume testing is simple and noninvasive and can be used to quantify the diagnosis and physiological monitoring of patients with LTS. The ratio of areas under the expiratory and inspiratory curves appears to be the optimal index for this purpose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK. RN@cantab.net
authors.forename: S A Reza
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nouraei
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Winterborn
authors.forename: S Mahmoud
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nouraei
authors.forename: Dino A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Giussani
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Guri S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sandhu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007829:Laryngostenosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012984:Software; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis; D014636:Valsalva Maneuver / Q000502:physiology