title: Nonvalidation of reported genetic risk factors for acute coronary syndrome in a large-scale replication study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given the numerous, yet inconsistent, reports of genetic variants being associated with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), there is a need for comprehensive validation of ACS susceptibility genotypes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform an extensive validation of putative genetic risk factors for ACS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Through a systematic literature search of articles published before March 10, 2005, we identified genetic variants previously reported as significant susceptibility factors for atherosclerosis or ACS. Restricting our analysis to white patients to reduce confounding from racial admixture, we identified 811 patients who presented from March 2001 through June 2003 with ACS at 2 Kansas City, Mo, university-affiliated hospitals. During 2005-2006, we genotyped the 811 patients along with 650 age- and sex-matched controls for 85 variants in 70 genes and attempted to replicate previously reported associations. We further explored possible associations without prior assumption of specific risk models and used the Sign test to search for weak associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Compare each prespecified gene variant associated with ACS risk among cases and controls. A surplus of associations would imply that some are associated with ACS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 85 variants tested, only 1 putative risk genotype (-455 promoter variant in beta-fibrinogen) was nominally statistically significant (P = .03). Only 4 additional genes were positive in model-free analysis. Neither number of associations was more frequent than expected by chance, given the number of comparisons. Finally, only 41 of 84 predefined risk variants were even marginally more frequent in cases than in controls (with 1 tie), representing a 48.8% "win rate" (95% confidence interval, 38.1%-59.5%) for the collective risk genotypes (P = .91, Sign test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our null results provide no support for the hypothesis that any of the 85 genetic variants tested is a susceptibility factor for ACS. These results emphasize the need for robust replication of putative genetic risk factors before their introduction into clinical care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn 06510, USA. morgan_t@kids.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Harlan M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Krumholz
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Lifton
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Spertus
mesh_terms: D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People