title: Isolated arthroscopic biceps tenotomy or tenodesis improves symptoms in patients with massive irreparable rotator cuff tears.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lesions of the long head of the biceps tendon are often associated with massive rotator cuff tears and may be responsible for shoulder pain and dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of isolated arthroscopic biceps tenotomy or tenodesis as treatment for persistent shoulder pain and dysfunction due to an irreparable rotator cuff tear associated with a biceps lesion.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective study of sixty-eight consecutive patients (mean age [and standard deviation], 68 +/- 6 years) in whom a total of seventy-two irreparable rotator cuff tears had been treated arthroscopically with biceps tenotomy or tenodesis. A simple tenotomy was performed in thirty-nine cases, and a tenodesis was performed in thirty-three. No associated acromioplasty was performed. All patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically by an independent observer at a mean of thirty-five months postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-three patients (78%) were satisfied with the result. The mean Constant score improved from 46.3 +/- 11.9 points preoperatively to 66.5 +/- 16.3 points postoperatively (p < 0.001). A healthy-appearing teres minor on preoperative imaging was associated with significantly increased postoperative external rotation (40.4 degrees +/- 19.8 degrees compared with 18.1 degrees +/- 18.4 degrees ) and a significantly higher Constant score (p < 0.05 for both) compared with the values for the patients with an absent or atrophic teres minor preoperatively. Three patients with pseudoparalysis of the shoulder did not benefit from the procedure and did not regain active elevation above the horizontal level. In contrast, the fifteen patients with painful loss of active elevation recovered active elevation. The acromiohumeral distance decreased 1.1 +/- 1.9 mm on the average, and glenohumeral osteoarthritis developed in only one patient. The results did not differ between the tenotomy and tenodesis groups (mean Constant score, 61.2 +/- 18 points and 72.8 +/- 12 points, respectively). The "Popeye" sign was clinically apparent in twenty-four (62%) of the shoulders that had been treated with a tenotomy; of the sixteen patients who noticed it, none were bothered by it.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both arthroscopic biceps tenotomy and arthroscopic biceps tenodesis can effectively treat severe pain or dysfunction caused by an irreparable rotator cuff tear associated with a biceps lesion. Shoulder function is significantly inferior if the teres minor is atrophic or absent. Pseudoparalysis of the shoulder and severe rotator cuff arthropathy are contraindications to this procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Traumatology, Hôpital de l'Archet, University of Nice, 151, route de St. Antoine de Ginestière, 06202 Nice, France. boileau.p@chu-nice.fr
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boileau
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baqué
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valerio
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ahrens
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chuinard
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trojani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001182:Arthroscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000601:surgery*; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D053656:Tenodesis / Q000379:methods*