title: Nocardia keratitis: species, drug sensitivities, and clinical correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To correlate the clinical presentation and treatment outcome of Nocardia keratitis with the time to diagnosis, different species and with the drug sensitivity pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with Nocardia corneal ulcers were studied at a tertiary eye care center. Speciation of Nocardia isolates was done by sequencing the 16s rRNA gene. Clinical response to treatment was assessed by chart review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty one (65.3%) patients presented within 15 days of the onset of symptoms with typical clinical features of Nocardia keratitis, ie, a ring-like distribution of superficial infiltrates in a wreath pattern. Eight patients (25%) who presented after 15 days and within 30 days had an ulcer resembling fungal keratitis. N. Cyriacigeorgica (n = 11; 34.37%), N. asteroides (n = 9; 28%), N. farcinica (n = 7; 22%,) and N. Otitidiscaviarum (n = 5; 16%). All the species had 100% sensitivity to amikacin, sulphamethoxazole, imipenem and co-trimoxazole. Time to diagnosis of the infection was significantly associated with the different types of clinical presentation; those presenting early having the typical clinical picture (P = 0.004). Patients (73%) presenting within 15 days showed a highest recovery rate. (P = 0.045). The recovery time of the patients when compared with species showed those who were infected with N. cyriageorgica had a healing time of less than 15 days. Clinically, healing was faster when treated with 2% amikacin. Visual outcome improved in fourteen patients (44%) and sixteen (50%) patients remained the same (P = 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Characteristic clinical picture of Nocardia is dependant on early presentation. It could be mistaken for fungal keratitis. Microbiological confirmation is important. Drug of choice for Nocardia keratitis is amikacin.
authors.affiliation: Department Of Ocular Microbiology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India . lalitha@aravind.org
authors.forename: Prajna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lalitha
authors.forename: Mamta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.forename: Nampurumalsamy Venkatesh
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Prajna
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gilpin
authors.forename: Karthik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.forename: Muthaiah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000583:Amikacin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003320:Corneal Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015378:Imipenem / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D009615:Nocardia / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009617:Nocardia Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D015378:Imipenem; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; D000583:Amikacin; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole