title: Parental smoking, closeness to parents, and youth smoking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine parent closeness and its effect in predicting youth smoking when 0, 1, or 2 parents smoked.
  
  
  METHODS
  Youth and parent smoking, closeness to parents, family structure, and gender and ethnicity among middle (n=17,468) and high school (n=5457) students were measured using a questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Number of parents smoking incrementally moderated the protective effect of all 4 measures of parent closeness, in predicting youth smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addressing parent smoking and strengthening family relationships need significantly greater emphasis in interventions to further reduce youth smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0306, USA. dbwilson@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Diane B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Donna K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: McClish
authors.forename: Carolyn J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Heckman
authors.forename: C Patricia
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Obando
authors.forename: Bassam A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Dahman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations / Q000208:ethnology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014768:Virginia / Q000453:epidemiology