title: Measuring flux of soil fumigants using the aerodynamic and dynamic flux chamber methods.
abstract: Methods for measuring and estimating flux density of soil fumigants under field conditions are important for the purpose of providing inputs to air dispersion models and for comparing the effects of management practices on emission reduction. The objective of this study was to measure the flux of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin at a site in Georgia (GA) using the aerodynamic method and the dynamic flux chamber (FC) method. A secondary objective was to compare the effects of high density polyethylene (HDPE), and virtually impermeable film (VIF) tarps on fumigant flux at a site in Florida (FL). Chloropicrin and 1,3-D were applied by surface drip application of In-Line soil fumigant on vegetable beds covered by low density polyethylene (LDPE), HDPE, or VIF. The surface drip fumigation using In-Line and LDPE tarp employed in this study resulted in volatilization of 26.5% of applied 1,3-D and 11.2% of the applied chloropicrin at the GA site, as determined using the aerodynamic method. Estimates of mass loss obtained from dynamic FCs were 23.6% for 1,3-D and 18.0% for chloropicrin at the GA site. Flux chamber trials at the FL site indicate significant additional reduction in flux density, and cumulative mass loss when VIF tarp is used. This study supports the use of dynamic FCs as a valuable tool for estimating gas flux density from agricultural soils, and evaluating best management practices for reducing fumigant emissions to the atmosphere.
authors.affiliation: Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Rd., Building 306/A2, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA. ijvanwesenbeeck@dow.com
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: van Wesenbeeck
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Knuteson
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Barnekow
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D005651:Fumigation; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000737:chemistry*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D020959:Polyethylene; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D007306:Insecticides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D020959:Polyethylene; C023891:1,3-dichloro-1-propene; C100187:chloropicrin