title: [Vocal effectiveness in speech and singing: acoustical, physiological and perceptive aspects. applications in speech therapy].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  What is vocal effectiveness in lyrical singing in comparison to speech? Our study tries to answer this question, using vocal efficiency and spectral vocal effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vocal efficiency was mesured for a trained and untrained subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to these invasive measures, it appears that the trained singer uses her larynx less efficiently. Efficiency of the larynx in terms of energy then appears to be secondary to the desired voice quality. The acoustic measures of spectral vocal effectiveness of vowels and sentences, spoken and sung by 23 singers, reveal two complementary markers: The "singing power ratio" and the difference in amplitude between the singing formant and the spectral minimum that follows it. Magnetic resonance imaging and simulations of [a], [i] and [o] spoken and sung show laryngeal lowering and the role of the piriform sinuses as the physiological foundations of spectral vocal effectiveness, perceptively related to carrying power.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These scientifical aspects allow applications in voice therapy, such as physiological and perceptual foundations allowing patients to recuperate voice carrying power with or without background noise.
authors.affiliation: Institut A. Vernes, 36, rue d'Assas, 75006 Paris, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pillot
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vaissière
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D014833:Voice Quality; D014834:Voice Training