title: Mutation of the circadian clock gene Per2 alters vascular endothelial function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The circadian clock regulates biological processes including cardiovascular function and metabolism. In the present study, we investigated the role of the circadian clock gene Period2 (Per2) in endothelial function in a mouse model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the wild-type littermates, mice with Per2 mutation exhibited impaired endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine in aortic rings suspended in organ chambers. During transition from the inactive to active phase, this response was further increased in the wild-type mice but further decreased in the Per2 mutants. The endothelial dysfunction in the Per2 mutants was also observed with ionomycin, which was improved by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. No changes in the expression of endothelial acetylcholine-M3 receptor or endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein but increased cyclooxygenase-1 (not cyclooxygenase-2) protein levels were observed in the aortas of the Per2 mutants. Compared with Per2 mutants, a greater endothelium-dependent relaxation to ATP was observed in the wild-type mice, which was reduced by indomethacin. In quiescent aortic rings, ATP caused greater endothelium-dependent contractions in the Per2 mutants than in the wild-type mice, contractions that were abolished by indomethacin. The endothelial dysfunction in the Per2 mutant mice is not associated with hypertension or dyslipidemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mutation in the Per2 gene in mice is associated with aortic endothelial dysfunction involving decreased production of NO and vasodilatory prostaglandin(s) and increased release of cyclooxygenase-1-derived vasoconstrictor(s). The results suggest an important role of the Per2 gene in maintenance of normal cardiovascular functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Rue du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hema
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Viswambharan
authors.forename: João M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Carvas
authors.forename: Vladan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Antic
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marecic
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jud
authors.forename: Christian E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Zaugg
authors.forename: Xiu-Fen
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Ming
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Montani
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000235:genetics* / Q000528:radiation effects; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000633:toxicity; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000172:deficiency; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins; D043587:Receptor, Muscarinic M3 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D008055:Lipids; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C513312:Per2 protein, mouse; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins; D043587:Receptor, Muscarinic M3; D014157:Transcription Factors; D009599:Nitroprusside; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015759:Ionomycin; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496315:Nos3 protein, mouse; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D000109:Acetylcholine; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D007213:Indomethacin