title: The effects of amount, timing and distribution of simulated rainfall on the development of Haemonchus contortus to the infective larval stage.
abstract: Three studies were undertaken to determine the effects of amount, timing and distribution of simulated rainfall on the developmental success of Haemonchus contortus. Faeces containing H. contortus eggs were deposited onto pasture plots under a rainfall-activated retractable roof which eliminated incident rainfall. In October (spring) 2004 and January (summer) 2005, the effects of amount (6, 12, 18 or 24 mm) and timing (1, 4, 8 or 15 days post-faecal deposition) of a single simulated rainfall event was investigated via manual application of water to plots. More H. contortus pre-infective larvae (L1 and L2) developed under the d 1 simulated rainfall treatment than later treatments. There was no effect of rainfall amount on development in either experiment, and negligible development to infective larvae (L3). In February (summer) 2006, the effects of amount (12, 24 or 32 mm) and distribution (single event or three smaller but equal split events over 32 h) of simulated rainfall events was investigated with water applied via sprinkler. In this experiment L3 were recovered from the herbage in one-third of the plots harvested, however recovery was low (0.08% of eggs deposited) and there were no treatment effects. Recovery of L1 and L2 from faeces increased with simulated rainfall amount at d 4, and more L1 and L2 were recovered from the split distribution treatment at d 4. The results indicate that moisture conditions soon after faecal deposition are key determinants of H. contortus development success, with significant penalties on development when simulated rainfall was applied 7 days or more post-deposition, and when the duration of simulated rainfall was short. High rates of evaporation during both summer experiments resulted in rapid drying of the micro-environment and this appears to have limited development to L3.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, School of Rural Science and Agriculture, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. laurenjoconnor@gmail.com
authors.forename: Lauren J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Lewis P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Walkden-Brown
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D006188:Haemonchiasis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary; D006189:Haemonchus / Q000254:growth & development*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D011891:Rain; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D013997:Time Factors