title: Hemoglobin levels and athletic performance in elite speed skaters during the olympic season 2006.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypotheses that the hemoglobin (Hb) distribution curve in elite male and female long track speed skaters is not normally distributed and that there is a positive relationship between competitive success and Hb concentration.
  
  
  METHODS
  A venous blood sample was taken before the events from all skaters. The Hb concentration distribution curves of all ranked from 1 to 30 were tested for normality. In addition, individual Hb concentrations were plotted against ranking in the matching events.
  
  
  METHODS
  2006 major championships and Olympic winter games.
  
  
  METHODS
  All elite male and female speed skaters (217 men and 200 women) competing in major international championships in 2006 and in the Olympic winter games 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hb concentration and individual ranking in the matching event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean Hb levels in men and women were 15.7 +/- 0.8 g/dL and 14.0 +/- 0.7 g/dL, respectively. The distribution curve in men would meet the criteria for normal distribution when 4 values from 2 skaters with naturally high Hb levels were neglected. In the women, the distribution curve did not meet the criteria for normality because of low frequency in the right side of the distribution curve and a high frequency at the left side. The curve failed to have a steep drop off at the right side. When plotting Hb concentration against ranking, there is no correlation and relationship between Hb concentration and competitive success.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Hb concentrations are within the normal range for endurance athletes, and there is no indication that the values are titrated toward the upper allowed limit. In addition, there is no relationship between Hb concentration and competitive success in elite speed skaters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Movement Sciences, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands. harm.kuipers@bw.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Harm
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shobe
authors.forename: Sanda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dubravcic-Simunjak
authors.forename: Hiroya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ambartsumov
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012861:Skating / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins