title: Sexual symptoms in endocrine diseases: psychosomatic perspectives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Not only the most frequent causes of endocrine sexual dysfunction, such as hypogonadism and hyperprolactinemia, but almost all extragonadal endocrinopathies (hyper- and hypothyroidism, hyper- and hypocortisolism, steroidal secreting tumors, etc.) may have a greater or lesser effect on sexual function.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed scientific literature on the correlations between hormones and sexual behavior, analyzing the most important issue from a practical point of view. The aim of this review article was thus to summarize the sexual symptoms that may be observed with endocrine diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hormones directly or indirectly regulate all human sexual functions (desire, erection/lubrication, ejaculation, orgasm). Some sexual symptoms may occur as a psychosomatic consequence of hormonal impairment. However, in other cases, endocrine failure may be generated by the psychosomatic involvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The endocrinologist, as an expert in body chemistry, is ideally positioned to identify and evaluate the full range of medical, physical, and psychiatric problems disrupting sexual function.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Applied Biotechnologies, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Balercia
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boscaro
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lombardo
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carosa
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lenzi
authors.forename: Emmanuele A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jannini
mesh_terms: D000307:Adrenal Gland Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D007027:Hypothalamic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D010900:Pituitary Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology