title: [From 1878 to 2006 - working in hyperbaric conditions during tunnelling].
abstract: To review the impact of Paul Bert's researches on hyperbaric work in tunnelling, the status of the industry in 1878 is described. Mostly based on the application of Triger's machine it was used to mine coal below the water table or to dig foundations for bridges in rivers or close to rivers. The results and conclusions obtained by Paul Bert which are applicable in that particular field are listed. The major steps of research or remarkable achievements in construction between 1878 and 2006 are presented as well as the evolution of decompression tables. Improvement in safety and conditions of caisson workers has been continuous until the technical revolution resulting from the introduction and the development of tunnelling boring machines (TBM) in the late 80's. TBM technology has resulted in major changes in tunnel construction. Hyperbaric interventions have also changed completely since human operators no longer work in pressurized conditions. Only occasional inspections and repairs are carried out under pressure. Present performance in hyperbaric conditions are reported, and high pressures reached in the 2000's using saturation technology are described. The future of hyperbaric works is also discussed whether for very high pressure, or complete replacement of caisson workers in TBMs. These descriptions show that Paul Bert provides us with very clear directions to improve safety in hyperbaric conditions and that none of his recommendations were mistaken, most being still relevant.
authors.affiliation: hyperbar@club-internet.fr
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Le Péchon
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D001331:Automation / Q000266:history; D001469:Barotrauma / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000293:injuries; D005544:Forecasting; D005602:France; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007222:Inert Gas Narcosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history / Q000503:physiopathology; D008906:Mining / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000009:adverse effects; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016272:Occupational Health; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history / Q000503:physiopathology; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011312:Pressure; D011482:Protective Devices; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen