title: Serum Clara cell protein as an indicator of pulmonary impairment in occupational exposure at aluminum foundry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although some of the exposures in aluminum (Al) smelting have been well characterized, and respiratory disorders in aluminum production workers are well known, the relationship between internal aluminum loads and appropriate lung biomarkers have not been elucidated. The aim of our work was to carry out a comprehensive investigation in workers employed in the Aluminum Foundry Casting Department with special reference to currently existing hygiene standards, known as threshold limit values (TLV) based on aluminum effects on the respiratory system. The measurement of serum anti-inflammatory Clara cell protein (CC16) was employed as a peripheral marker of the lung epithelium function.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 50 casting smelters, 5 locksmiths, 11 sawyers and auxiliary workers exposed to dust containing 14% of aluminum, and a group of 42 controls were examined. Respiratory function tests were performed and forced volume capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced expiratory volume in the first percent (FEV1%), forced expiratory flows in 50% VC (FEV50), and markers of foundry workers' exposure and body burden, Al concentration in the breathing zone, blood and urine, biomarkers of the effects of exposure, concentration of CC16 and hyaluronic acid (HA) in serum were determined in all examined workers. Additional measurements comprised determinations of serum iron (Fe) levels, myeloperoxidase (MPO), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), immunoglobulin E (IgE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in erythrocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group of casting smelters was characterized by the highest levels of aluminum in urine (Al-U) (43.7 microg L(-1)), high levels of MPO, ECP and IgE, high SOD activity, low CC16 levels, and low activity of GST. Lower Al-U excretion was observed in locksmiths (35.2 microg L(-1)) and sawyers (21.7 microg L(-1)). Serum CC16 proved to be the most sensitive biomarker, showing high inverse relationship with serum Al (Al-S) concentrations in casting smelters (p = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study showed that in conditions of occupational exposure, dusts containing Al2O3 < 1 mg m(-3) cause changes in the respiratory system and biomarkers in serum, especially in CC16, connected with altered functioning of this system. Changes in concentrations of the examined biomarkers and also in respiratory parameters of the study subjects were observed when Al-U concentration was > 40 microg L (-1).
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, łódź, Poland. halatek@imp.lodz.pl
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hałatek
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trzcinka-Ochocka
authors.forename: Wanda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Matczak
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gruchała
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D000535:Aluminum / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008450:Maximal Midexpiratory Flow Rate; D008669:Metallurgy; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D013147:Spirometry; D014598:Uteroglobin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D015415:Biomarkers; D004391:Dust; C556389:SCGB1A1 protein, human; D014598:Uteroglobin; D000535:Aluminum