title: Dietary mutagen exposure and risk of pancreatic cancer.
abstract: To investigate the association between dietary exposure to food mutagens and risk of pancreatic cancer, we conducted a hospital-based case-control study at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center during June 2002 to May 2006. A total of 626 cases and 530 noncancer controls were frequency matched for race, sex and age (+/-5 years). Dietary exposure information was collected via personal interview using a meat preparation questionnaire. A significantly greater portion of the cases than controls showed a preference to well-done pork, bacon, grilled chicken, and pan-fried chicken, but not to hamburger and steak. Cases had a higher daily intake of food mutagens and mutagenicity activity (revertants per gram of daily meat intake) than controls did. The daily intakes of 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), as well as the mutagenic activity, were significant predictors for pancreatic cancer (P = 0.008, 0.031, and 0.029, respectively) with adjustment of other confounders. A significant trend of elevated cancer risk with increasing DiMeIQx intake was observed in quintile analysis (P(trend) = 0.024). A higher intake of dietary mutagens (those in the two top quintiles) was associated with a 2-fold increased risk of pancreatic cancer among those without a family history of cancer but not among those with a family history of cancer. A possible synergistic effect of dietary mutagen exposure and smoking was observed among individuals with the highest level of exposure (top 10%) to PhIP and BaP, P(interaction) = 0.09 and 0.099, respectively. These data support the hypothesis that dietary mutagen exposure alone and in interaction with other factors contribute to the development of pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA. dli@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Donghui
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Rena Sue
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Melissa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bondy
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Nga T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Abbruzzese
authors.forename: Manal M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hassan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003296:Cooking; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D009153:Mutagens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D011810:Quinoxalines; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; C045421:3,4,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxalin-2-amine