title: Surface laser scanning to routinely produce casts for patient immobilization during radiotherapy.
abstract: Immobilization casts are used to reduce patient movement during the radiotherapy of head and neck and brain malignancies. Polyethylene-based casts are produced by first taking a Plaster of Paris 'negative' impression of the patient. A 'positive' mould is then made, which is used to vacuum form an immobilization cast. Taking the 'negative' cast can be messy, stressful for patients and labour intensive. Recently, lightweight hand-held laser surface scanners have become available. These allow an accurate 3-D representation of objects to be generated non-invasively. This technology has now been applied to the production of casts for radiotherapy. Each patient's face and head is digitized using the Polhemus FastSCAN (Polhemus, Colchester, VT, USA) scanner. The electronic data are transferred to a computer numerical controlled mill, where a positive impression is machined. The feasibility of the process was examined, the labour required and radiation therapists' satisfaction with aspects of the produced masks assessed. The scanner-based method of mask production was found to be simple, accurate and non-invasive. There was a reduction in radiation therapist labour required. Masks produced with the scanner-based method were reported to result in improved mask fitting, daily reproducibility, patient immobilization and patient comfort.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McKernan
authors.forename: S  A
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bydder
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deans
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nixon
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Joseph
mesh_terms: D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D007834:Lasers; D008397:Masks; D009068:Movement; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*