title: A novel source for dioxins present in recycled fat from gelatin production.
abstract: Within a survey on dioxins in animal fat used as feed ingredient, a sample originating from pigs offal was shown to contain 50 ng Toxic Equivalents (TEQ) PCDD/PCDFs kg(-1) fat. Further investigation revealed fat samples with levels as high as 440 ng TEQ kg(-1) fat and contaminated feed with a highest level of 8.4 ng TEQ kg(-1) feed. The congener pattern was dominated by 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD and 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and was not recognized from any previous incident or known dioxin source. Remarkably, 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners were much more abundant than their non-2,3,7,8-substituted counterparts. The sampled fat was derived from a gelatin production plant. Broken filters, used to clean the hydrochloric acid (HCl) used in the process, caused the dioxin contamination. The fat was primarily used for pig feed. A new physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for lipophilic contaminants in growing slaughter pigs predicted levels at slaughter varying between 40 pg TEQ g(-1) fat (worst-case) and 2.5-7pgTEQ g(-1) fat under more realistic scenarios. Almost 300 farms were temporarily blocked. Many fat samples of pigs were analyzed using a combined approach of DR CALUX and GC/HRMS. Levels in contaminated pig fat were around the EU-limit of 1 pg TEQ g(-1) fat, with some samples up to 2-3 pg TEQ g(-1) fat. Of 80 negative samples analyzed by DR CALUX and GC/HRMS no false-negatives were obtained, whereas 36 and 62 of the 80 samples classified suspected with the bioassay had GC/HRMS levels above respectively the tolerance and action limits. It is concluded that novel and unexpected dioxin sources remain a threat to the food chain and require the proper evaluation and monitoring of production processes, including chemicals used therein.
authors.affiliation: RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Bornsesteeg 45, 6708PD Wageningen, The Netherlands. ron.hoogenboom@wur.nl
authors.forename: L A P
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hoogenboom
authors.forename: J C H
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Van Eijkeren
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zeilmaker
authors.forename: M J B
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mengelers
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herbes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Immerzeel
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Traag
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000032:analysis*; D004147:Dioxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry*; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004147:Dioxins; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; C051452:1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; D005780:Gelatin