title: Haemodynamic patterns in children with posttraumatic diffuse brain swelling. A preliminary study in 6 cases with neuroradiological features consistent with diffuse axonal injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the present report we describe the cerebral haemodynamics and the neuroradiological findings observed in six consecutive children, three males and three females aged 4-15.6 yrs (mean age 8.95) displaying a neuroradiological pattern consistent with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) along with slit ventricles.
  
  
  METHODS
  All the patients were admitted to the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit with GCS scores less than 8 after a severe brain injury. Serial head computed to mography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) scans demonstrated a radiological pattern of DAI. Transcranial Doppler Sonography (TCD) of the middle cerebral arteries was performed through the temporal bone window in all the patients. All patients but one underwent a continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral extraction of O(2) (CEO(2)). Treatment with barbiturates and hyperventilation was necessary in all the cases. In one patient, a bilateral decompressive cran iectomy was performed in order to decrease severe in tracranial hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyperflow along with intracranial hyper tension, variably responsive to barbiturate medication, was observed in all the patients by means of TCD and CEO(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intracranial hypertension can be elevated in pediatric posttraumatic hyperflow syndromes associated with DAI. The observation of the time course of the parameters studied allowed us to modify the pharmacological treatment and/or perform surgical decompression (external cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage in five cases; decompressive craniectomy in one case). Compartmental hyperflow TCD pattern was evident in only one patient. Although the limited number of pa tients in our series does not allow definite conclusions, we strongly believe that TCD, with ICP and CEO(2) monitoring, are useful tools in planning surgical strategy in children with neuroradiological signs of DAI.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurosurgery, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy. mvisocchi@hotmail.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Visocchi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiaretti
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Rocco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003399:Craniotomy; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D020833:Diffuse Axonal Injury / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial