title: Increased apoptosis and skewed differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells lacking the histone methyltransferase Mll2.
abstract: Epigenetic regulation by histone methyltransferases provides transcriptional memory and inheritable propagation of gene expression patterns. Potentially, the transition from a pluripotent state to lineage commitment also includes epigenetic instructions. The histone 3 lysine 4 methyltransferase Mll2/Wbp7 is essential for embryonic development. Here, we used embryonic stem (ES) cell lines deficient for Mll2 to examine its function more accurately. Mll2-/- ES cells are viable and retain pluripotency, but they display cell proliferation defects due to an enhanced rate of apoptosis. Apoptosis was not relieved by caspase inhibition and correlated with decreased Bcl2 expression. Concordantly, Mll2 binds to the Bcl2 gene and H3K4me(3) levels are reduced at the binding site when Mll2 is absent. In vitro differentiation showed delays along representative pathways for all three germ layers. Although ectodermal delays were severe and mesodermal delays persisted at about three days, endodermal differentiation seemed to recover and overshoot, concomitant with prolonged Oct4 gene expression. Hence, Mll2 is not required for ES cell self-renewal or the complex changes in gene expression involved in lineage commitment, but it contributes to the coordination and timing of early differentiation decisions.
authors.affiliation: Genomics Group, BioInnovations Zentrum, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lubitz
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schaft
authors.forename: A Francis
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anastassiadis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004475:Ectoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D004707:Endoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D011495:Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase; D016256:Lewis X Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009024:Morphogenesis; D051788:Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016256:Lewis X Antigen; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051788:Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein; D011495:Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase; C510860:Kmt2d protein, mouse