title: Sickness absence poses a threat to the Swedish Welfare State: a cross-sectional study of sickness absence and self-reported illness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increasing cost of public social sickness insurance poses a serious economic threat to the Swedish welfare state. In recent years, expenditures for social insurance in general, as well as social sickness insurance in particular, have risen steeply in Sweden. This cross-sectional study analyzed the association between sickness absence (SA) and self-reported reduced working capacity due to a longstanding illness (>3 months), as well between SA and a number of other health problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported data on longstanding illness and resultant reduced working capacity, socioeconomic factors, working environment, psychosomatic complaints, anxiety, and general health were obtained for 22,281 employed (paid) persons aged 25 to 64 years. These data were retrieved from the Swedish Living Conditions Survey for 1995 to 2002. National civic registration numbers, replaced with serial numbers to ensure anonymity, were used to link these data to individual-level SA records from the National Social Insurance Board. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio of the main outcome variable for the three levels of the SA variable (0-28, 29-90, >90 days/year).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an obvious increasing gradient in length of SA and increasing odds of reporting reduced working capacity. Odds ratios ranged from 3.5 to 19.0; i.e., those with more than ninety days of SA had 19.0 times higher odds of reporting reduced working capacity than those with 0-28 days of SA a year. This very strong association changed less than 10% after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and working environment characteristics. A total of 48.7% of persons on sick leave > or = 29 days reported no longstanding illness and reduced working capacity. Of these persons, about 43% reported one or more other health problem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirmed that longstanding illness that results in self-reported reduced working capacity is an important variable related to length of SA, even after taking important confounders into consideration. We found a little less than half of those on sick leave reported no reduced working capacity due to longstanding illness, and some of these reported no other health problems. However, it is possible that some respondents had health problems not captured in the survey.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Center for Family and Community Medicine, Huddinge, Sweden. jan.sundquist@ki.se
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundquist
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Windi
authors.forename: Sven-Erik
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sundquist
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations / Q000145:classification; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012946:Social Welfare / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden