title: Modulation of articular chondrocyte proliferation and anionic glycoconjugate synthesis by glucosamine (GlcN), N-acetyl GlcN (GlcNAc) GlcN sulfate salt (GlcN.S) and covalent glucosamine sulfates (GlcN-SO4).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate, in chondrocyte cultures under conditions for maximizing responses in proliferation and proteoglycan (PG) synthesis, the effects of glucosamine hydrochloride (GlcN.HCl) and glucosamine sulfate (GlcN.S) salts, N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), and covalently substituted GlcN-X,Y,Z(SO(4))(n) (general formula).
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine articular chondrocytes (BAC) were studied under anchorage-independent (AI, alginate beads) and anchorage-dependent (AD, plastic surface) conditions. Differentiation markers were evaluated (e.g., cartilage-specific (V+C)(-) fibronectin). Varying concentrations of GlcN.HCl, GlcN.S, GlcNAc and GlcN sulfated at positions -2, -3, -6, (-2,3), (-3,6) and (-3,4,6), were tested. Cell proliferation, DNA synthesis and [(35)S]-sulfate incorporation into newly synthesized PG were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing GlcN.HCl or GlcN.S concentrations gave decreasing net PG synthesis. Compounds showed more pronounced effects in AD cultures (expressing the V(-)C(+) fibronectin isoform) compared to AI cultures ((V+C)(-) isoform). Addition of GlcN.HCl or GlcN.S gave a concentration-dependent decrease in BAC proliferation, partially prevented by glucose (Glc). GlcNAc was not inhibitory. Addition of GlcN-2-SO(4) or GlcN-2,6-diSO(4) did not affect proliferation or DNA synthesis. The other GlcN-sulfates gave varying inhibitory effects, which for GlcN-3-SO(4) were reversed by inosine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The free amino group of GlcN seems responsible for inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation and PG synthesis. These effects were greater under higher concentrations of GlcN in AD vs AI conditions. GlcN.HCl behaves similarly to GlcN.S, but differential effects with GlcN-X,Y,Z(SO(4))(n) isomers were observed. Acetylation or sulfation of the GlcN amino group reverses or partially reverses, respectively, anti-proliferative effects of GlcN. Sulfation of GlcN, at positions 3 and 6 results in complex effects on AC proliferation and PG synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Terry
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rees-Milton
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pruss
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hopwood
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carran
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Anastassiades
mesh_terms: D000117:Acetylglucosamine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000464:Alginates; D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology*; D002417:Cattle; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002452:Cell Count; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D006001:Glycoconjugates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D008863:Microspheres; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D000838:Anions; D003470:Culture Media; D006001:Glycoconjugates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D011509:Proteoglycans; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D005944:Glucosamine; D000117:Acetylglucosamine