title: Metformin plus low-dose glimeperide significantly improves Homeostasis Model Assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA(IR)) and beta-cell function (HOMA(beta-cell)) without hyperinsulinemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and defects in insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells, which have been studied by using euglycemic/hyperinsulinemic clamps. However, it is difficult to study insulin resistance and beta-cell failure by these techniques in humans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different antidiabetic therapeutic regimens on insulin resistance and beta-cell activity by using a mathematical model, Homeostasis Model Assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA(IR)) and beta-cell function (HOMA(beta-cell)).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy type 2 diabetic patients were randomly assigned to one of three therapeutic regimens: (A) metformin + American Diabetic Association (ADA)-recommended diet + physical activity; (B) metformin + low-dose glimepiride + ADA diet + physical activity; or (C) ADA diet + physical activity (no drugs). Blood samples were obtained before and after the treatment to determine serum levels of fasting and post-prandial blood glucose, fasting insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and HOMA(IR) and HOMA(beta-cell) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting and post-prandial levels of glucose, HbA1c, and fasting insulin and calculated HOMA(IR) and HOMA(beta-cell) values before treatment were significantly higher than the respective values after treatment for all groups of patients (P < 0.01). Significant differences were also found when comparing the treatment-induced reduction in fasting blood glucose (51.8%; P < 0.01), post-prandial blood glucose (55.0%; P < 0.05), and HOMA(IR) (65.3%; P < 0.01) in patients of Group B with that in patients receiving other therapeutic options (Groups A and C).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metformin plus low-dose glimepiride (plus ADA diet and physical activity) is a more effective treatment for type 2 diabetes than either metformin plus ADA diet and physical activity or ADA diet and physical activity alone. Determination of HOMA(IR) and HOMA(beta-cell) values is an inexpensive, reliable, less invasive, and less labor-intensive method than other tests to estimate insulin resistance and beta-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center Dr. Félix Gómez, University of Zulia School of Medicine, Maracaibo, Venezuela. vbermudez@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Valmore J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Bermúdez-Pirela
authors.forename: Clímaco
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cano
authors.forename: Mayerlim T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: Aida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Souki
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lemus
authors.forename: Elliuz M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.forename: Hamid A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Seyfi
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cano
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciscek
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bermúdez-Arias
authors.forename: Freddy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: Zafar H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Israili
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hernández-Hernández
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valasco
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D004032:Diet; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000150:complications; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009043:Motor Activity; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008687:Metformin; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; C057619:glimepiride