title: Oxidized fat induces oxidative stress but has no effect on NF-kappaB-mediated proinflammatory gene transcription in porcine intestinal epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of oxidized frying oils on PPARgamma which is a potent inhibitor of inflammatory responses in the intestine is currently unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to explore the effect of oxidized frying oil on PPARgamma DNA-binding and proinflammatory responses in intestinal epithelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 male pigs were fed two different diets containing either fresh fat or oxidized fat (n = 9 each). After 28 d, intestinal epithelial cells were isolated and analyzed for PPARgamma DNA-binding, NF-kappaB DNA-binding and NF-kappaB target gene expression. In addition, markers of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Feeding the oxidized fat slightly, but not significantly, activated PPARgamma DNA-binding in intestinal epithelial cells when compared to fresh fat. In addition, oxidized fat increased the concentration of TBARS and reduced the concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and activities of antioxidant enzymes relative to fresh fat (P < 0.05). No effect of the oxidized fat was observed on NF-kappaB DNA-binding and NF-kappaB target gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that moderate PPARgamma activation and induction of oxidative stress by oxidized frying oil have no implication for NF-kappaB-mediated proinflammatory gene expression in porcine intestinal epithelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Emil-Abderhalden-Strasse 26, 06108, Halle/Saale, Germany. robert.ringseis@landw.uni-halle.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ringseis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Piwek
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eder
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002375:Catalepsy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005223:Fats / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D005223:Fats; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016328:NF-kappa B; D047495:PPAR gamma; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D004247:DNA