title: Selection of entomopathogenic fungi for use in combination with sub-lethal doses of imidacloprid: perspectives for the control of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
abstract: In the first part of this study, four isolates of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin (LPP1, LPP2, CG05 and CG24) and one isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin (CG46) were tested against adult foragers of Atta sexdens rubropilosa. Ants were allowed to walk on filter paper discs, inside Petri dishes, previously impregnated with 1 ml of a conidia suspension (2 x 10(7) conidia ml(-1)), maintained at 80% RH and 26 degrees C for 24 h and subsequently, transferred to sterile Petri dishes, maintained at 23 degrees C, 80% RH, 24 h dark. The mean values of LT(50) for LPP2, LPP1, CG46, CG24 and CG05 were 3.5, 3.7, 3.8, 4.2 and 4.4 days, respectively. Control insects for all tests in this study showed less than 10% mortality. Experiments were carried out to test the toxicity of imidacloprid (IMI) to A. sexdens rubropilosa. Mortality was evaluated 10 days following a 24 h exposure to the insecticide. Percent mortality caused by 500, 200, 100 and 10 ppm IMI was 77.8, 56.7, 45.5 and 5.5 respectively. Insects treated with 10 ppm IMI were observed to have reduced locomotor activity 24 h after exposure to the insecticide. The LC(50) of IMI was 154.3 ppm. Subsequent tests were carried out to evaluate the combination of a sub-lethal dose of IMI (10 ppm) and infection by CG24 (1 x 10(7) conidia ml(-1)). Mortality due to fungal infection alone was 43.3%. Mortality of insects treated with IMI followed by exposure to the fungus was 64.3%. These results indicate that IMI significantly increases the susceptibility of ants to infection by B. bassiana CG24.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology and Plant Pathology, CCTA - Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense - Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brasil. adao@uenf.br
authors.forename: Adão Valmir
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Bruno Lorenz
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Richard Ian
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Samuels
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001000:Ants / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D052982:Beauveria / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D052981:Metarhizium / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; C082359:imidacloprid