title: Orthodontics in 3 millennia. Chapter 14: surgical adjuncts to orthodontics.
abstract: Around 1970, after overcoming obstacles related to anesthesia, infection, and blood supply, orthognathic surgeons come into their own. The history of cleft lip and palate treatment has a much earlier beginning because a deformed infant evokes a strong desire to intervene. Angle's belief that orthodontists can grow bone finally came to fruition with the advent of distraction osteogenesis, which developed from the limb-lengthening procedures of Ilizaroff in Russia. Now distraction osteogenesis has replaced osteotomies in many applications.
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wahl
mesh_terms: D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000266:history* / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000266:history* / Q000601:surgery; D016267:External Fixators / Q000266:history; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods