title: Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) steady-state evoked responses to multiple simultaneous sinusoidal amplitude modulated tones.
abstract: Auditory steady-state evoked potentials were measured in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in response to single and multiple sinusoidal amplitude modulated (SAM) tones. Tests were conducted in air using a "jawphone" sound projector. Evoked potentials were recorded noninvasively using surface electrodes embedded in suction cups. Sound stimuli consisted of SAM tones with 1, 2, 3, or 4 carrier frequencies (10, 20, 30, 40 kHz), each with a unique modulation frequency. Stimulus sound pressure levels were varied in 5-dB steps from approximately 120 to 60-75 dB re 1 microPa, depending on frequency. Evoked potentials followed the temporal envelope of each stimulus, resulting in spectral components at each unique modulation frequency. Spectral analysis was used to evaluate the response amplitude for each carrier as a function of stimulus level. There were no significant differences between thresholds obtained with single and multiple stimuli at 10, 30, and 40 kHz. At 20 kHz, thresholds obtained with three components were higher than those obtained with four components, possibly revealing interactions between stimuli with less than one octave frequency separation. The use of multiple SAM stimuli may offer substantial advantages for studies of marine mammal hearing, where testing time and access to subjects are typically limited.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego, Code 2351, 53560 Hull St, San Diego, California 92152, USA.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Finneran
authors.forename: Dorian S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Houser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050681:Bottle-Nosed Dolphin / Q000502:physiology*; D004455:Echolocation / Q000502:physiology*; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000502:physiology*