title: Enalapril/amlodipine combination in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients: a prospective randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most hypertensive renal transplant recipients require two or more antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control. However, which medications must be combined is still a matter of debate.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective randomized open-label blinded evaluation trial comparing the six-month effects of the amlodipine-enalapril combination (n = 32) vs. enalapril alone (n = 33) and vs. amlodipine alone (n = 34) on arterial pressure, renal function, albuminuria and tolerability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At six months, diastolic arterial pressure was more adequately controlled (i.e., <90 mmHg) in the combination group than in the amlodipine and enalapril groups (100% vs. 82.4% and 84.8%, respectively, p = 0.038). The same trend was observed for systolic arterial pressure (65.6% vs. 58.8% and 51.5%, NS). The six-month change in albuminuria was similar in the combination group and in the enalapril group (-64.7% vs. -59.5%); however, patients in the combination group exhibited a greater reduction in albuminuria than in the amlodipine group (-64.7% vs. -29.0%, p = 0.002). As compared with baseline values, serum creatinine and potassium remained unchanged in the combination group, whereas they increased by 9 +/- 12 micromol/L (p = 0.01) and by 0.2 +/- 0.4 mmol/L (p < 0.01), respectively, in the enalapril group. The cyclosporine trough levels remained unchanged in the combination group, but increased in the amlodipine group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)-calcium-channel blocker (CCB) combination controls arterial pressure more adequately than ACEI alone or CCB alone, reduces albuminuria and may prevent the ACEI-induced initial rise in serum creatinine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, François Rabelais University, CHRU Bretonneau, Tours, France. halimi@med.univ-tours.fr
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Halimi
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giraudeau
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buchler
authors.forename: Azmi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Najjar
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Etienne
authors.forename: Inass
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Laouad
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bruyère
authors.forename: Yvon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lebranchu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000517:prevention & control; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004656:Enalapril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D017311:Amlodipine; D004656:Enalapril; D016572:Cyclosporine; D003404:Creatinine