title: Aberrant epigenetic modifications in hepatocarcinogenesis induced by hepatitis B virus X protein.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The involvement of the hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein in epigenetic modifications during hepatocarcinogenesis has not been previously characterized. The aim of the present study was to identify the involvement of HBx in regional hypermethylation and global hypomethylation during the formation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Liver cell lines were transiently or stably transfected with an HBx-expressing vector. DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) promoter activity changes were examined by luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation. The methylation status of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 was examined by methyl-specific polymerase chain reaction and bisulfite sequencing. Global DNA methylation levels were examined using 5-methylcytosine dot blot and methylation-sensitive Southern blot analysis. HBx-mediated DNA methylation abnormalities were confirmed in patient HCC samples using methyl-specific polymerase chain reaction and 5-methylcytosine dot blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HBx expression increased total DNMT activities by up-regulation of DNMT1, DNMT3A1, and DNMT3A2 and selectively promoted regional hypermethylation of specific tumor suppressor genes. HBx specifically repressed insulin-like growth factor-3 expression through de novo methylation via DNMT3A1 and DNMT3A2 and by inhibiting SP1 binding via recruiting methyl CpG binding protein 2 to the newly methylated SP1 binding element. HBx also induced global hypomethylation of satellite 2 repeat sequences by down-regulating DNMT3B. The prevalence of these specific methylation abnormalities by HBx was significantly correlated with HBx expression in HBV-infected HCC patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeted deregulation of DNMTs by HBx promotes both specific regional hypermethylation and global hypomethylation. These epigenetic modulations by HBx may suggest a mechanism for epigenetic tumorigenesis during HBV-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Liver Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Cancer Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: In Young
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Bo Hwa
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: Eunsil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Dong Jin
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Young-Hwa
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Je-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Stefan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Surzycki
authors.forename: Young Ik
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D015139:Blotting, Southern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D000090205:DNA Methyltransferase 3A; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C000717967:DNMT3A protein, human; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D015534:Trans-Activators; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; C057628:hepatitis B virus X protein; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases; D000090205:DNA Methyltransferase 3A; C000619380:DNMT1 protein, human