title: Double pedicle deep inferior epigastric perforator/muscle-sparing TRAM flaps for unilateral breast reconstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Utilizing both rectus abdominis muscles for unilateral breast reconstruction poses significant risks for hernia or bulge formation and decreased abdominal wall strength. We have used the fascial sparing double pedicle deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP)/DIEP or DIEP/muscle sparing TRAM (MS-TRAM) flap to overcome the disadvantages of the conventional bilateral TRAM or bilateral free TRAM flaps.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1996 and March 2005, 14 double pedicle free DIEP/DIEP or DIEP/MS-TRAM flaps were performed in 14 patients for unilateral breast reconstruction. The abdominal wall was closed without mesh in all cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evaluation of results was conducted through a retrospective chart review and questionnaire. The average hospital stay was 5.4 days. The follow-up period ranged from 9 months to 10 years. There was no flap loss. There were no hernias, although 1 obese patient had lower abdominal wall bulging. Questionnaire was returned by 11 out of 14 patients, with an average rating of 4.5 (1-5), with all but 1 who would recommend it to others. None of the 11 patients had postoperative abdominal pain or back pain, and 9/11 patients returned to daily activities and/or sports. All patients that worked preoperatively returned to work postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Double pedicle free flaps for unilateral breast reconstruction are a safe option when autologous breast reconstruction is desired, but the volume of tissue required to build a breast exceeds the amount that could be transferred on a single pedicle flap. The double pedicle DIEP (DIEP/DIEP) and/or MS-TRAM (DIEP-MS-TRAM) flap offers good symmetric results for unilateral breast reconstruction and can minimize abdominal wall morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Jayant P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019074:Epigastric Arteries; D004954:Esthetics; D005205:Fascia / Q000637:transplantation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D017568:Rectus Abdominis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000637:transplantation*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome