title: Immediate thumb extension following extensor indicis proprius-to-extensor pollicis longus tendon transfer using the wide-awake approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The elective use of low-dose epinephrine in hand surgery has allowed for the performance of simple operative procedures with tourniquet-free pure local anesthesia (the wide-awake approach). The absence of general anesthesia or sedation has, in turn, allowed for the observation of how quickly the sensorimotor cortex adapts following procedures such as tendon transfer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven patients underwent a wide-awake transfer of the extensor indicis proprius to the extensor pollicis longus between February of 2002 and May of 2005 for restoration of thumb extension using local lidocaine with epinephrine alone. One of the seven patients experienced rupture of the initial transfer, necessitating transfer of the extensor carpi radialis longus to the extensor pollicis longus using the wide-awake approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All seven patients were able to extend their thumbs fully by means of extensor indicis proprius intraoperatively immediately following transfer suture placement. Restoration of function was not ablated by loss of proprioception or visual feedback. At a mean follow-up of 15 months, thumb extension was restored to within normal limits in the affected thumb, with a slight decrease in grip and tripod pinch strength.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The wide-awake approach has allowed the authors to adjust tendon transfer tension with active movement before skin closure without the risks associated with general or regional anesthesia. In addition, it has allowed them to observe immediate cortical adaptation in the context of a simple tendon transfer. The authors hypothesize that the brain's ability to immediately use extensor indicis proprius for thumb extension stems from the activation of preexisting synergistic cortical finger movement programs.
authors.affiliation: Halifax and Saint John, Canada; and Springfield, Ill. From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Dalhousie University, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center; Division of Plastic Surgery, Dalhousie University, Saint John Regional Hospital; and Institute of Plastic Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bezuhly
authors.forename: Gerald L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Sparkes
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Neumeister
authors.forename: Donald H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lalonde
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D013709:Tendon Transfer; D013933:Thumb / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine