title: DNA repair gene XRCC1 polymorphisms and bladder cancer risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking and chemical occupational exposure are the main known risk factors for bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Oxidative DNA damage induced by carcinogens present in these exposures requires accurate base excision repair (BER). The XRCC1 protein plays a crucial role in BER by acting as a scaffold for other BER enzymes. Variants in the XRCC1 gene might alter protein structure or function or create alternatively spliced proteins which may influence BER efficiency and hence affect individual susceptibility to bladder cancer. Recent epidemiological studies have shown inconsistent associations between these polymorphisms and bladder cancer. To clarify the situation, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 14 XRCC1 polymorphisms in a case-control study involving more than 1100 subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no evidence of an association between any of the 14 XRCC1 polymorphisms and bladder cancer risk. However, we found carriage of the variant Arg280His allele to be marginally associated with increased bladder cancer risk compared to the wild-type genotype (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.50 [0.98-2.28], p = 0.06). The association was stronger for current smokers such that individuals carrying the variant 280His allele had a two to three-fold increased risk of bladder cancer compared to those carrying the wildtype genotype (p = 0.09). However, the evidence for gene-environment interaction was not statistically significant (p = 0.45).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide no evidence of an association between polymorphisms in XRCC1 and bladder cancer risk, although our study had only limited power to detect the association for low frequency variants, such as Arg280His.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Radiobiology Group, Section of Oncology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK. seichungsak@yahoo.com <seichungsak@yahoo.com>
authors.forename: Sei Chung
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sak
authors.forename: Jennifer H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: D Timothy
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kiltie
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012306:Risk; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D000076105:X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000076105:X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1; C000619371:XRCC1 protein, human