title: Classification and individualization of black ballpoint pen inks using principal component analysis of UV-vis absorption spectra.
abstract: The technique of principal component analysis has been applied to the UV-vis spectra of inks obtained from a wide range of black ballpoint pens available in the UK market. Both the pen ink and material extracted from the ink line on paper have been examined. Here, principal component analysis characterised each spectrum within a group through the numerical loadings attached to the first few principal components. Analysis of the spectra from multiple measurements on the same brand of pen showed excellent reproducibility and clear discrimination between inks that was supported by statistical analysis. Indeed it was possible to discriminate between the pen ink and the ink line from all brands examined in this way, suggesting that the solvent extraction process may have an influence on these results. For the complete set of 25 pens, interpretation of the loadings for the first few principal components showed that both the pen inks and the extracted ink lines may be classified in an objective manner and in agreement with the results of parallel thin layer chromatography studies. Within each class almost all inks could be individualised. Further work has shown that principal component analysis may be used to identify a particular ink from a database of reference UV-vis spectra and a strategy for developing this approach is suggested.
authors.affiliation: Faulds Laboratories, Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK. c.d.adam@keele.ac.uk
authors.forename: Craig D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Sherratt
authors.forename: Vladimir L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Zholobenko