title: Effect of content and format of prescription drug labels on readability, understanding, and medication use: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the evidence regarding the optimal content and format of prescription labels that might improve readability, understanding, and medication use.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and systematic reviews from MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database (1990-June 2005), supplemented by reference mining and reference lists from a technical expert panel.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected studies that focused on the content of physician-patient communication about medications and the content and format of prescription drug labels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers extracted and synthesized information about study design, populations, and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2009 articles screened, 36 that addressed the content of physician-patient communication about medications and 69 that were related to the content or format of medication labels met review criteria. Findings showed that patients request information about a drug's indication, expected benefits, duration of therapy, and a thorough list of potential adverse effects. The evidence about label format supports the use of larger fonts, lists, headers, and white space, using simple language and logical organization to improve readability and comprehension. Evidence was not sufficient to support the use of pictographic icons. Little evidence linked label design or content to measurable health outcomes, adherence, or safety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence suggests that specific content and format of prescription drug labels facilitate communication with and comprehension by patients. Efforts to improve the labels should be guided by such evidence, although additional study assessing the influence of label design on medication-taking behavior and health outcomes is needed. Several policy options exist to require minimal standards to optimize medical therapy, particularly in light of the new Medicare prescription drug benefit.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. wshrank@partners.org
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shrank
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Avorn
authors.forename: Cony
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rolon
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shekelle
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D032882:Comprehension; D004348:Drug Labeling; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic