title: Lifestyle-determined gender and hierarchical differences in the lead contamination of bones from a feudal town of the Edo period.
abstract: We analyzed lead concentrations in bones from both genders of Japanese merchants (including rohnin; masterless samurai) and farmer classes, and compared the findings with those of the samurai class in the Edo period (1603-1867) to clarify gender and hierarchical (or occupational) differences in lead exposure during the Japanese feudal age. Merchant class females had significantly higher lead exposure (90.8 microg Pb/g dry bone; n=20) than males of the same class (39.9 microg Pb/g dry bone; n=31) (p<0.01), indicating a remarkable gender difference in the urban population. In contrast to these high concentrations, males and females of the farmer class living in agricultural (or semi-rural) areas had significantly lower exposure (total mean value; 9.2 mug Pb/g dry bone; n=4) than both genders of the merchant class (p<0.001), and the gender difference was not significant in this class.
authors.affiliation: The First Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan. tnakash@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tamiji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: Kohji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuno
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsushita
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005580:Fossils; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D012272:Ribs / Q000737:chemistry*; D012424:Rural Population; D012737:Sex Factors; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D007854:Lead