title: Pepsin, a biomarker of gastric aspiration in lung allografts: a putative association with rejection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human lung transplantation is a therapeutic option for selected patients with advanced cardiopulmonary disease, but long-term survival is limited by chronic rejection. Persistent acute rejection and gastric aspiration have been implicated as risk factors but there is little or no evidence to date that they are associated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We have tested the hypothesis that pepsin, a marker of gastric aspiration, is present in lung transplant recipients, and that high levels are associated with biopsy-diagnosed acute rejection and/or bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) pepsin were measured by ELISA in 36 lung transplant recipients, 4 normal volunteers, and 17 subjects with unexplained chronic cough.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our primary finding was that, compared with control subjects, BAL pepsin levels were elevated in stable lung transplant recipients, subjects with acute rejection, and subjects with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Our secondary finding was that the highest levels were found in recipients with acute vascular rejection grade > or = A2 (median, 11.2; range, 5.4 - 51.7 ng/ml; normal median, 1.1; range, 0-2.3 ng/ml; p = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that elevated levels of pepsin, a biomarker of gastric aspiration, are consistently identified in the BAL of lung allografts. The highest levels were seen in patients with > or = grade A2 acute rejection. This provides further evidence supporting the possible role of aspiration in the development of overall allograft injury.
authors.affiliation: Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stovold
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Corris
authors.forename: Desmond M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Jaclyn A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Decalmer
authors.forename: Gail E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Dark
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D015897:Comorbidity; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry*; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010434:Pepsin A / Q000032:analysis*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D053120:Respiratory Aspiration / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D010434:Pepsin A