title: Cervical range of motion and cephalic kinesthesis: ultrasonographic analysis by age and sex.
abstract: METHODS
  Exploratory experimental design.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess cervical range of motion (ROM) and ability to return the head to a neutral position in healthy subjects according to age and sex.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cervical ROM and ability to return the head to a neutral position have been studied, but no data on the influence of age and sex in this movement is available.
  
  
  METHODS
  We divided 232 healthy volunteers able to sit for 20 minutes into 6 age groups: 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-65, and older than 65 years. Zebris 3-dimensional ultrasonography measured the active cervical ROM and ability to return the head to the neutral position. Bone landmarks and vertical position were defined for each subject. Recorded data were neutral position, lateral bending (right and left), flexion-extension, and axial rotation (right and left). We evaluated patients' ability, without external intervention, to return the head to a self-defined neutral position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ROM was affected by age as assessed by analysis of variance (F = 27.8 in the sagittal plane, F = 12.1 in the frontal plane, and F = 19.7 in the axial plane; all P < 0.0001), but neither sex nor age affected ability to return the head to a neutral position (F = 0.615, P = 0.688 on the left; F = 0.808, P = 0.545 on the right). Maximal ROM was observed for right axial rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide a database by age and sex for patient ability to return the head to the neutral position and for cervical ROM. This database could be used as a reference in clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hôpital Cochin AP-HP, Université René Descartes, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demaille-Wlodyka
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiquet
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lavaste
authors.forename: Wafa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Skalli
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Revel
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poiraudeau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007596:Joints / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D007699:Kinesthesis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000592:standards*