title: Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate activates Akt and improves spatial learning in APP/PS1 mice without affecting beta-amyloid burden.
abstract: Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) is a clinically tolerated inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), antioxidant and antiinflammatory agent, which provides protection in brain ischemia models. In neonatal hypoxia-ischemia model, PDTC activates Akt and reduces activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta). Because chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and increased GSK-3beta activity are features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, we tested whether PDTC reduces brain pathology and improves cognitive function in a transgenic animal model of AD. A 7 month oral treatment with PDTC prevented the decline in cognition in AD mice without altering beta-amyloid burden or gliosis. Moreover, marked oxidative stress and activation of NF-kappaB were not part of the brain pathology. Instead, the phosphorylated form of GSK-3beta was decreased in the AD mouse brain, and PDTC treatment increased the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3beta. Also, PDTC treatment increased the copper concentration in the brain. In addition, PDTC rescued cultured hippocampal neurons from the toxicity of oligomeric Abeta and reduced tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus of AD mice. Finally, astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT-1, known to be regulated by Akt pathway, was decreased in the transgenic AD mice but upregulated back to the wild-type levels by PDTC treatment. Thus, PDTC may improve spatial learning in AD by interfering with Akt-GSK pathway both in neurons and astrocytes. Because PDTC is capable of transferring external Cu2+ into a cell, and, in turn, Cu2+ is able to activate Akt, we hypothesize that PDTC provides the beneficial effect in transgenic AD mice through Cu2+-activated Akt pathway.
authors.affiliation: A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Tarja M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Malm
authors.forename: Henna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iivonen
authors.forename: Gundars
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goldsteins
authors.forename: Velta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Keksa-Goldsteine
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahtoniemi
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanninen
authors.forename: Antero
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salminen
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Auriola
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Groen
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanila
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koistinaho
mesh_terms: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D053764:Presenilin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D053764:Presenilin-1; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D013859:Thiocarbamates; C020972:pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt