title: Systematic review: the long-term effects of false-positive mammograms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although abnormal screening mammograms deleteriously affect the psychological well-being of women during the time immediately surrounding the tests, their long-term effects are poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the long-term effects of false-positive screening mammograms on the behavior and well-being of women 40 years of age or older.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language studies from the MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and ERIC databases through August 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were identified that examined the effects of false-positive results of routine screening mammography on women's behavior, well-being, or beliefs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two investigators independently coded study characteristics, quality, and effect sizes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  23 eligible studies (n = 313,967) were identified. A random-effects meta-analysis showed that U.S. women who received false-positive results on screening mammography were more likely to return for routine screening than those who received normal results (risk ratio, 1.07 [95% CI, 1.02 to 1.12]). The effect was not statistically significant among European women (risk ratio, 0.97 [CI, 0.93 to 1.01]), and Canadian women were less likely to return for routine screening because of false-positive results (risk ratio, 0.63 [CI, 0.50 to 0.80]). Women who received false-positive results conducted more frequent breast self-examinations and had higher, but not apparently pathologically elevated, levels of distress and anxiety and thought more about breast cancer than did those with normal results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Correlational study designs, a small number of studies, a lack of clinical validation for many measures, and possible heterogeneity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some women with false-positive results on mammography may have differences in whether they return for mammography, occurrence of breast self-examinations, and levels of anxiety compared with women with normal results. Future research should examine how false-positive results on mammography affect other outcomes, such as trust and health care use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA. ntba@unc.edu
authors.forename: Noel T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: Talya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Salz
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lillie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D016504:Breast Self-Examination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors