title: Valproate is an effective, well-tolerated drug for treatment of status epilepticus/serial attacks in adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Status epilepticus (SE) and serial attacks (SA) represent neurological emergencies, and mortality rate for SE/SA is high, ranging from 3% to 25%, depending on cause and co-morbidity. As SE/SA become more refractory to treatment over time, rapid, appropriate treatment is extremely important. Here, we report a prospective registration of the effect of intravenous (IV) valproate (VPA) on SE/SA in a group of Norwegian patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one adult patients (18 males, 23 females) were included in the study. All had previously been unsuccessfully treated with diazepam. For 19, the main SE/SA seizure type was generalized tonic-clonic, while 16 had complex-partial seizures. Six had seizures that were difficult to classify. The treatment protocol recommended 25 mg/kg of VPA loading dose over 30 min, followed by continuous infusion of 100 mg/h for at least 24 h, then per oral administration. If seizures persisted after the loading dose, general anaesthesia (barbiturates/propofol/midazolam) was administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No serious side effects were reported. In 76% of the cases (31 of 41), SE/SA stopped and anaesthesia was not required. Of the patients treated within 3 h, only 5% needed anaesthesia, whereas of those treated after 3-24 h, 38% needed anaesthesia. Of those who waited for more than 24 h before treatment, 60% required anaesthesia. Furthermore, 60% of the patients who needed anaesthesia were given loading doses below 2100 mg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VPA seems to be a safe, effective treatment of SE/SA, but efficacy is dependent on time lapse between symptoms and VPA treatment, and administration of a sufficiently high loading dose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Centre, Oslo, Norway. ketil.olsen@rikshospitalet.no
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taubøll
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gjerstad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018681:Anesthetics, General / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D018681:Anesthetics, General; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014635:Valproic Acid