title: Twenty-year trends in fatal injuries to very young children: the persistence of racial disparities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mortality trends across modifiable injury mechanisms may reflect how well effective injury prevention efforts are penetrating high-risk populations. This study examined all-cause, unintentional, and intentional injury-related mortality in children who were aged 0 to 4 years for evidence of and to quantify racial disparities by injury mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Injury analyses used national vital statistics data from January 1, 1981, to December 31, 2003, that were available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rate calculations and chi2 test for trends (Mantel extension) used data that were collapsed into 3-year intervals to produce cell sizes with stable estimates. Percentage change for mortality rate ratios used the earliest (1981-1983) and the latest (2001-2003) study period for black, American Indian/Alaskan Native, and Asian/Pacific Islander children, with white children as the comparison group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All-cause injury rates declined during the study period, but current mortality ratios for all-cause injury remained higher in black and American Indian/Alaskan Native children and lower in Asian/Pacific Islander children compared with white children. Trend analyses within racial groups demonstrate significant improvements in all groups for unintentional but not intentional injury. Black and American Indian/Alaskan Native children had higher injury risk as a result of residential fire, suffocation, poisoning, falls, motor vehicle traffic, and firearms. Disparities narrowed for residential fire, pedestrian, and poisoning and widened for motor vehicle occupant, unspecified motor vehicle, and suffocation for black and American Indian/Alaskan Native children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings identify injury areas in which disparities narrowed, improvement occurred with maintenance or widening of disparities, and little or no progress was evident. This study further suggests specific mechanisms whereby new strategies and approaches to address areas that are recalcitrant to improvement in absolute rates and/or narrowing of disparities are needed and where increased dissemination of proven efficacious injury prevention efforts to high-risk populations are indicated.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Health Policy and Management, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, Room 1712, New York, NY 10032, USA. JP376@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Joyce C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pressley
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kendig
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paneth-Pollak
mesh_terms: D000061:Accidents, Home / Q000401:mortality; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality; D000367:Age Factors; D002423:Cause of Death; D046688:Child Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D009519:New York City; D011336:Probability; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014798:Vital Statistics; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy