title: Interleukin-1beta, interleukin-18, and interferon-gamma expression in the cerebrospinal fluid of premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus--markers of white matter damage?
abstract: Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHHC) represents a major complication of preterm birth. The aim of this study was to determine whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-18, and interferon (IFN)-gamma are altered in the CSF of preterm infants with PHHC and may serve as a marker of white matter damage (WMD). Twenty-seven preterm infants with PHHC were included in the study; 13 of them had signs of cystic WMD (cWMD) on ultrasound examinations. CSF sample 1 was obtained at first ventriculostomy, sample 2 at shunt implantation. Results were compared with a control group of 20 age-matched patients without neurologic diseases. IL-1beta concentrations were elevated in CSF sample 1 of PHHC patients without WMD and in sample 1 of patients with cWMD. Concentrations of IL-18 were increased in both samples of patients without WMD and in sample 2 of patients with cWMD. CSF levels of IFN-gamma were elevated in sample 1 of PHHC patients with cWMD. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta and IL-18 levels in the CSF are elevated in patients with PHHC. Higher IFN-gamma levels are detected in a subgroup of patients developing cWMD, indicating its involvement in the pathogenesis of cWMD in the context of PHHC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany. thomas.schmitz@charite.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heep
authors.forename: Floris
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Groenendaal
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hüseman
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kie
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bartmann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Obladen
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Felderhoff-Müser
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D008297:Male; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020382:Interleukin-18; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D007371:Interferon-gamma