title: Urinary biomarkers to assess exposure of cats to environmental tobacco smoke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the use of urinary biomarkers to assess exposure of cats to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).
  
  
  METHODS
  61 healthy client-owned cats (19 from households in which smoking was reported and 42 from households in which there was no smoking).
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine samples were obtained from each cat and assayed for total nicotine (nicotine plus nicotine glucuronide) and total cotinine (cotinine plus cotinine glucuronide) content by use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, total urinary content of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a major metabolite of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, was measured by use of gas chromatography with nitrosamine-selective detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cats from households in which smoking was reported had significantly higher concentrations of total nicotine (70.4 ng/mL), total cotinine (8.53 ng/mL), and total NNAL (0.0562 pmol/mL) in urine, compared with concentrations for cats that lived in households in which there was no smoking (4.89 ng/mL, 0.74 ng/mL, and 0.0182 pmol/mL, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of these data provided biochemical evidence of exposure to ETS and uptake of tobacco-specific carcinogens by cats that live in households with smokers. Biomarkers could facilitate investigation of the health effects of ETS in cats and other species.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: McNiel
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Carmella
authors.forename: Lori A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: Robin L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bliss
authors.forename: Ky-Anh
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hecht
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D002415:Cats / Q000652:urine*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000662:veterinary; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000652:urine; D009538:Nicotine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000652:urine; D011725:Pyridines / Q000652:urine; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005965:Glucuronates; D009602:Nitrosamines; D011725:Pyridines; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; C075991:cotinine N-glucuronide; C085795:nicotine N-glucuronide; D009538:Nicotine; C099565:4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol; D003367:Cotinine