title: Effects of temperature on the fluoride release and recharging ability of glass ionomers.
abstract: This study investigated the effects of environmental temperature on the fluoride release and recharging ability of glass ionomers. Five disk specimens (15 mm in diameter and 1 mm thick) were made of each of the following materials: a conventional luting glass ionomer, two high viscosity restorative glass ionomers and a restorative resin-modified glass ionomer. The fluoride release of each material was measured at 4 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 55 degrees C. An additional three groups, which were made of the same materials, were stored in distilled and deionized water for 30 days and recharged in 250 ppm fluoride solution at 4 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 55 degrees C for five minutes. The fluoride re-release was measured daily from two days prior to two days after the recharging process. At all temperatures, the luting glass ionomers showed the greatest fluoride release and recharging ability, followed by the resin-modified glass ionomer, then the high viscosity glass ionomers. For each material, the fluoride release increased with increasing temperature and all glass ionomers showed greater recharging ability at higher temperatures. An increase in environmental temperature increased both the fluoride release and recharging of the glass ionomers. This may be important in developing regimes for improving the delivery of topical fluoride products.
authors.affiliation: Dental Materials Science, School of Dental Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Zhuoqun.Yan@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sidhu
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Carrick
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: McCabe
mesh_terms: D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008277:Magnesium Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000737:chemistry; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014783:Viscosity; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; C079765:Fuji II LC cement; C439808:Fuji IX GP Fast; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; C424245:Ketac-Molar Aplicap; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D019279:Resin Cements; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D014867:Water; D008277:Magnesium Oxide; C040235:Ketac-cem; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D005459:Fluorides; D015034:Zinc Oxide