title: Amniotic epithelial cell-derived cholangiocytes in experimental cholestatic ductal hyperplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bile duct paucity, ductopenia, is a feature of end-stage chronic cholangiopathies such as primary biliary cirrhosis. The limited proliferative ability of cholangiocytes after specific injury is thought to be the principal cause of ductopenia, although the detailed mechanisms involved are unclear. It has been reported that human amniotic epithelial cells (AEC) express differentiation markers of hepatic parenchymal cells, suggesting a resemblance of AEC to hepatic progenitor cells. The aim of the present study was to develop a mouse model of experimental cholestasis to assess the capability of mouse AEC to trans-differentiate into cholangiocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-transgenic C57BL/6 pregnant female mice were used as the source of AEC. At 11.5 gestational days, 1 x 10(5) AEC were isolated from EGFP-transgenic mouse embryos and transferred into C57BL/6 mice. Chronic cholestasis was induced by 0.1%alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) feeding immediately after the transfer of AEC. The proliferation of cholangiocytes in the livers was assessed morphologically and immunohistochemically (cytokeratin 7; CK7). The proliferative activity was also quantified immunohistochemically by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression. EGFP of transferred AEC was confirmed by fluorescent laser microscopy and immunofluorescent staining for EGFP. Also, Notch2 and Hes1 expression was evaluated to examine the roles of the differentiation markers in this process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Marked proliferation of cholangiocytes was observed in ANIT-fed mice confirmed by quantitative CK7 (3-4 fold vs control) and PCNA (11-20 fold vs control) staining. EGFP and CK7 double positive cells in interlobular bile ducts were confirmed in the livers of AEC-transferred recipients. Positivity of EGFP was further confirmed by the immunofluorescent staining for EGFP. Moreover, both Notch2 and Hes1 expression was confirmed in the proliferative bile duct in this model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant ductular proliferation was observed in ANIT-fed mice. EGFP-positive cholangiocytes were confirmed in this chronic cholestasis model. AEC transfer was able to contribute to the repopulating of proliferating cholangiocytes under cholestasis, suggesting AEC might be a candidate cell source for stem cell administration in future clinical applications to re-model interlobular bile ducts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan; and Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moritoki
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Noriatsu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kanno
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamagiwa
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: M Eric
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gershwin
authors.forename: Tooru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimosegawa