title: Invasive teat surgery in dairy cattle: part I - surgical procedures and classification of lesions.
abstract: A prospective study was performed to identify the nature and management of teat abnormalities in cows presented to a referral teaching hospital during a three year period. All cattle (n = 60) admitted to the Ontario Veterinary College for teat problems were evaluated by physical examination; in 53 teats, contrast radiography or xeroradiography were obtained. Surgery was performed on 52 teats from 51 cows and a prosthesis was implanted in 27 teats. Short term (under two weeks) complications included intraoperative bleeding (n = 6), milk leakage through the incision (n = 4), and failure to milk by machine in 26 cases. Histopathological diagnosis of sections taken from obstructive lesions included fibrous tissue (n = 8), normal mammary tissue (n = 3), fibropapilloma, mammary polyps, and inflamed mucosa (one each). The lesion could be classified into five types: 1) focal teat cistern obstruction, 2) diffuse teat cistern obstruction, 3) membranous obstruction, 4) diffuse teat and gland cistern obstruction, or 5) leakage of milk through an abnormal route (i.e. teat fistula, webbed teat, or lacerations).
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Ducharme
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arighi
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Horney
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Livesey
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hurtig
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pennock