title: Archipelago keratitis: a clinical variant of recurrent herpetic keratitis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe archipelago keratitis, a presumed clinical variant of herpetic epithelial keratitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 6 patients with an unusual form of superficial keratitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  History, including age, gender, clinical evolution, and treatment; slit-lamp biomicroscopy findings; in vivo confocal microscopy findings; and corneal epithelial scrapings were analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical ocular examination, a diagnostic workup including corneal scraping for herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction, in vivo confocal microscopy, and therapeutic outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors describe a series of 6 patients with keratitis consisting of foci of epithelial erosions associated with subepithelial nummular inflammatory infiltrates and disposed in a radial, centripetal, archipelagolike pattern originating from the limbus. All the patients had a past history of herpetic epithelial keratitis, herpetic vesicles on the ipsilateral lid, or both. Polymerase chain reaction-based screening for herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 in corneal scrapings demonstrated positive results in 2 patients. In vivo corneal confocal microscopy revealed focal areas of hyperreflective epithelial cells and hyperreflective subepithelial dendritic structures overlying activated keratocytes. All the patients improved with oral valacyclovir treatment followed by topical steroid therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Archipelago keratitis may be a new clinical variant of herpetic keratitis, reflecting herpetic dissemination from the limbus to the center of the cornea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild and Bichat Hospital, APHP, Paris, France. egabison@free.fr
authors.forename: Eric E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Gabison
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alfonsi
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doan
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Racine
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sultan
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baudouin
authors.forename: Thanh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoang-Xuan
mesh_terms: D000212:Acyclovir / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000382:microbiology; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D016849:Keratitis, Herpetic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011245:Pregnadienes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D000077483:Valacyclovir; D014633:Valine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; D011245:Pregnadienes; D014633:Valine; D000077483:Valacyclovir; C013769:rimexolone; D000212:Acyclovir