title: Evolving proteins in mammalian cells using somatic hypermutation.
abstract: We describe a new method to mutate target genes through somatic hypermutation (SHM) and to evolve proteins directly in living mammalian cells. Target genes are expressed under the control of an inducible promoter in a B-cell line that hypermutates its immunoglobulin (Ig) V genes constitutively. Mutations can be introduced into the target gene through SHM upon transcription. Mutant genes are then expressed and selected or screened for desired properties in cells. Identified cells are subjected to another round of mutation and selection or screening. This process can be iterated easily for numerous rounds, and multiple reinforcing mutations can be accumulated to produce desirable phenotypes. This approach bypasses labor-intensive in vitro mutagenesis and samples a large protein sequence space. In this protocol a monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP1.2) was evolved in Ramos cells to afford a mutant (mPlum) with far-red emission. This method can be adapted to evolve other eukaryotic proteins and to be used in other cells able to perform SHM. For each round of evolution, it takes approximately 1 d to mutate the target gene, approximately 0.5-1 d to select or screen, and 2-4 d to propagate the cells for the next round depending on how many cells are collected.
authors.affiliation: The Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. lwang@salk.edu
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Roger Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Tsien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes; D002460:Cell Line; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region / Q000235:genetics; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016296:Mutagenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D015202:Protein Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein