title: Detection of urinary bladder cancer with flow cytometry and hexaminolevulinate in urine samples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma is diagnosed by a combination of cystoscopy and biopsy, with cytology as a valuable additional technique. The accuracy of cytological diagnosis depends on the experience of the cytologist and can inevitably vary from one cytologist to another. There is a need for an easy, reliable and objective diagnostic method. In the present study a new method was designed for the detection of bladder cancer cells in urine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flow cytometry was utilized to detect protoporphyrin IX in an artificial model consisting of normal urinary bladder transitional epithelial cells (NBECs) from healthy volunteers' urine and an established human urinary bladder carcinoma cell line, TCCSUP, after incubation with hexaminolevulinate (HAL). In addition, urine samples from 19 patients with histopathologically confirmed superficial bladder cancer were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation of NBECs or TCCSUP cells with HAL for 1 hour resulted in production of protoporphyrin IX only in the TCCSUP cells. Incubation of a mixture of NBECs and TCCSUP cells with HAL gave rise to a separated subpopulation of cells with protoporphyrin IX fluorescence. After cell sorting by flow cytometry the protoporphyrin IX-containing subpopulation of cells was confirmed as TCCSUP cells on cytological examination. It was possible to detect 5% TCCSUP cells in the mixture of NBECs/TCCSUP cells. To test the feasibility of the method in clinica diagnosis, urine samples from patients with bladder cancer were also measured with comparable, although preliminary and limited, results to those of cytological examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preliminary results show that the technique may be feasible for the detection of bladder cancer cells in urine with possible advantages of simplicity, reliability and objectivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The National Hospital-Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cunderlíková
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wahlqvist
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berner
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vasovic
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Warloe
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nesland
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Peng
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000652:urine; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000652:urine; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003581:Cytodiagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016482:Urinalysis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000652:urine; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; C028025:protoporphyrin IX; C419924:5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester