title: E-cadherin cell-cell adhesion in ewing tumor cells mediates suppression of anoikis through activation of the ErbB4 tyrosine kinase.
abstract: Ability to grow under anchorage-independent conditions is one of the major hallmarks of transformed cells. Key to this is the capacity of cells to suppress anoikis, or programmed cell death induced by detachment from the extracellular matrix. To model this phenomenon in vitro, we plated Ewing tumor cells under anchorage-independent conditions by transferring them to dishes coated with agar to prevent attachment to underlying plastic. This resulted in marked up-regulation of E-cadherin and rapid formation of multicellular spheroids in suspension. Addition of calcium chelators, antibodies to E-cadherin (but not to other cadherins or beta(1)-integrin), or expression of dominant negative E-cadherin led to massive apoptosis of spheroid cultures whereas adherent cultures were unaffected. This correlated with reduced activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway but not the Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 cascade. Furthermore, spheroid cultures showed profound chemoresistance to multiple cytotoxic agents compared with adherent cultures, which could be reversed by alpha-E-cadherin antibodies or dominant negative E-cadherin. In a screen for potential downstream effectors of spheroid cell survival, we detected E-cadherin-dependent activation of the ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase but not of other ErbB family members. Reduction of ErbB4 levels by RNA interference blocked Akt activation and spheroid cell survival and restored chemosensitivity to Ewing sarcoma spheroids. Our results indicate that anchorage-independent Ewing sarcoma cells suppress anoikis through a pathway involving E-cadherin cell-cell adhesion, which leads to ErbB4 activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway, and that this is associated with increased resistance of cells to cytotoxic agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, USC-CHLA Institute for Pediatric Clinical Research, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Hyung-Gyoo
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Jasmine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jenabi
authors.forename: Jingsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Nino
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Keshelava
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: C Patrick
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Triche
authors.forename: Poul H B
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Sorensen
mesh_terms: D023102:Anoikis / Q000502:physiology*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015820:Cadherins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D066247:Receptor, ErbB-4; D012512:Sarcoma, Ewing / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015820:Cadherins; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D066247:Receptor, ErbB-4; C587689:ERBB4 protein, human