title: Prospective evaluation of pain and analgesic use following major elective intracranial surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Opioid administration after major intracranial surgery is often limited by a presumed lack of need and a concern that opioids will adversely affect the postoperative neurological examination. The authors conducted a prospective study to evaluate the incidence, severity, and treatment of postoperative pain in patients who underwent major intracranial surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty-seven patients (77 men and 110 women, mean age 52 +/- 15 years, mean weight 78.1 +/- 19.9 kg) underwent either supratentorial (129 patients) or infratentorial (58 patients) procedures. Sixty-nine percent of the patients reported experiencing moderate to severe pain (> or =4 on a 0-10 scale) during the 1st postoperative day. Pain scores greater than or equal to 4 persisted in 48% on the 2nd postoperative day. Approximately 80% of patients were treated with acetaminophen on the 1st postoperative day, whereas opioids (primarily intravenous fentanyl) were administered to 58%. Compared with patients who underwent supratentorial procedures, those who underwent infratentorial procedures reported more severe pain at rest (mean score 4.9 +/- 2.2 compared with 3.8 +/- 2.6; p = 0.015) and with movement (mean score 6.3 +/- 2.6 compared with 4.5 +/- 2.7; p < 0.001) on the 1st postoperative day. On both the 1st and 2nd postoperative days, patients who underwent infratentorial procedures received greater quantities of opioid (p < or = 0.019) and nonopioid (p < or = 0.013) analgesics than those who underwent supratentorial procedures. Patients' dissatisfaction with analgesic therapy was significantly associated with elevated pain levels on the first 2 postoperative days (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to prevailing assumptions, the study findings reveal that most patients undergoing elective major intracranial surgery will experience moderate to severe pain for the first 2 days after surgery and that this pain is often inadequately treated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-4965, USA. agottschalk@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gottschalk
authors.forename: Lauren C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Berkow
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mirski
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Elizabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Weingart
authors.forename: Donlin M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Myron
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics