title: Psychiatric disorders in Norwegian 8- to 10-year-olds: an epidemiological survey of prevalence, risk factors, and service use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Bergen Child Study is a longitudinal study of child mental health from the city of Bergen, Norway. We present methods and results from the first wave of the study, focusing on prevalence of disorders, associations with risk factors, and the use of services.
  
  
  METHODS
  The target population included all 9,430 children attending grades 2 to 4 in Bergen schools during the academic year 2002/2003. The main screening instrument was the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, whereas diagnoses were based on the Development and Well-Being Assessment. Information about child and family risk factors and service use was also obtained in this second stage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first phase, the teacher Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was obtained for 9,155 (97%) of the target children and the matching parent Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for 6,297 (67%); 1,011 children (11%) were assessed with the Development and Well-Being Assessment in the second phase. The weighted prevalence for any DSM-IV psychiatric disorder was 7.0% (95% confidence interval 5.6%-8.5%). Disorders were associated with age, gender, learning difficulties, family type, and poverty. Although 75% of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder had been in contact with specialist mental health services, this was true for only 13% of those with pure emotional disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children is relatively low in this Norwegian sample, when assessed with the Development and Well-Being Assessment. Children with emotional disorders have limited access to specialist services.
authors.affiliation: Drs. Heiervang, Plessen, and Bjelland are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, Norway, and Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Drs. Stormark, Posserud, Ullebø, and Lie are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen; Dr. Lundervold is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health and the Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen; Dr. Heimann is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, and Linköping University, Sweden; Dr. Goodman is with King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK; Dr. Gillberg is with Queen Silvia's Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: einar.heiervang@rbup.uib.no.
authors.forename: Einar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heiervang
authors.affiliation: Drs. Heiervang, Plessen, and Bjelland are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, Norway, and Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Drs. Stormark, Posserud, Ullebø, and Lie are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen; Dr. Lundervold is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health and the Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen; Dr. Heimann is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, and Linköping University, Sweden; Dr. Goodman is with King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK; Dr. Gillberg is with Queen Silvia's Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kjell M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Stormark
authors.affiliation: Drs. Heiervang, Plessen, and Bjelland are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, Norway, and Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Drs. Stormark, Posserud, Ullebø, and Lie are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen; Dr. Lundervold is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health and the Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen; Dr. Heimann is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, and Linköping University, Sweden; Dr. Goodman is with King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK; Dr. Gillberg is with Queen Silvia's Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Astri J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lundervold
authors.affiliation: Drs. Heiervang, Plessen, and Bjelland are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, Norway, and Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Drs. Stormark, Posserud, Ullebø, and Lie are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen; Dr. Lundervold is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health and the Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen; Dr. Heimann is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, and Linköping University, Sweden; Dr. Goodman is with King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK; Dr. Gillberg is with Queen Silvia's Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heimann
authors.affiliation: Drs. Heiervang, Plessen, and Bjelland are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, Norway, and Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Drs. Stormark, Posserud, Ullebø, and Lie are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen; Dr. Lundervold is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health and the Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen; Dr. Heimann is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, and Linköping University, Sweden; Dr. Goodman is with King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK; Dr. Gillberg is with Queen Silvia's Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.affiliation: Drs. Heiervang, Plessen, and Bjelland are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, Norway, and Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Drs. Stormark, Posserud, Ullebø, and Lie are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen; Dr. Lundervold is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health and the Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen; Dr. Heimann is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, and Linköping University, Sweden; Dr. Goodman is with King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK; Dr. Gillberg is with Queen Silvia's Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maj-Britt
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Posserud
authors.affiliation: Drs. Heiervang, Plessen, and Bjelland are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, Norway, and Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Drs. Stormark, Posserud, Ullebø, and Lie are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen; Dr. Lundervold is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health and the Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen; Dr. Heimann is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, and Linköping University, Sweden; Dr. Goodman is with King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK; Dr. Gillberg is with Queen Silvia's Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ullebø
authors.affiliation: Drs. Heiervang, Plessen, and Bjelland are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, Norway, and Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Drs. Stormark, Posserud, Ullebø, and Lie are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen; Dr. Lundervold is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health and the Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen; Dr. Heimann is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, and Linköping University, Sweden; Dr. Goodman is with King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK; Dr. Gillberg is with Queen Silvia's Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kerstin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Plessen
authors.affiliation: Drs. Heiervang, Plessen, and Bjelland are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, Norway, and Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Drs. Stormark, Posserud, Ullebø, and Lie are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen; Dr. Lundervold is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health and the Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen; Dr. Heimann is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, and Linköping University, Sweden; Dr. Goodman is with King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK; Dr. Gillberg is with Queen Silvia's Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ingvar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bjelland
authors.affiliation: Drs. Heiervang, Plessen, and Bjelland are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, Norway, and Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Drs. Stormark, Posserud, Ullebø, and Lie are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen; Dr. Lundervold is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health and the Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen; Dr. Heimann is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, and Linköping University, Sweden; Dr. Goodman is with King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK; Dr. Gillberg is with Queen Silvia's Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Stein A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lie
authors.affiliation: Drs. Heiervang, Plessen, and Bjelland are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, Norway, and Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Drs. Stormark, Posserud, Ullebø, and Lie are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen; Dr. Lundervold is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health and the Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen; Dr. Heimann is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, and Linköping University, Sweden; Dr. Goodman is with King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK; Dr. Gillberg is with Queen Silvia's Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gillberg
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors