title: Modulation of pathogenicity with norepinephrine related to the type III secretion system of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Norepinephrine (NE) controls the functions of the gastrointestinal tract, but its role in the pathogenicity of enteropathogens is not clear. We examined the effect of NE on the pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with regard to its type III secretion systems (TTSSs).
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate the effect of NE on pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus, we examined the cytotoxic activity to Caco-2 cells and enterotoxicity by use of the rat ileal loop model. It has been reported that TTSS1 causes cytotoxicity and that TTSS2 causes enterotoxicity in the animal ileal loop model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that, although NE alone did not affect the viability of Caco-2 cells, NE stimulated the cytotoxic activity of V. parahaemolyticus. Furthermore, NE increased the transcription of the TTSS1-related genes vscQ and vscU. These results indicate that NE regulates V. parahaemolyticus cytotoxic activity. The enterotoxicity of V. parahaemolyticus was increased by NE through interaction with alpha (1)-adrenergic receptors. These results indicate that alpha (1)-adrenergic receptors on the intestinal epithelium appear to interact with V. parahaemolyticus enterotoxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that enteric NE may modulate V. parahaemolyticus pathogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakaya
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells / Q000382:microbiology; D017931:DNA Primers; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014735:Vibrio Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D014736:Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D009638:Norepinephrine