title: Predictors of bipolar disorder risk among patients currently treated for major depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of this study was to assess the rate of bipolar disorder (BPD) risk among patients unsuccessfully treated for major depression and to identify predictors of bipolarity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychiatrists from community and private practice settings sequentially selected patients with unipolar depression who exhibited nonresponse to at least 1 antidepressant (AD) trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients self-reported their demographics, family history, comorbid health status, and legal problems. Current depression symptoms were assessed via the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies--Depression (CES-D) scale. Bipolar screening was performed using the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). A psychiatrist recorded patient history and current and prior AD medication use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 602 patients enrolled, 18.6% screened positive on the MDQ. This rate was not affected by the number of prior AD failures or patient demographics. A prior history of BPD was reported by 12.3% of patients of which the psychiatrist was not aware or did not report, and 41.2% of these patients were MDQ+. Stepwise logistic regression identified 5 variables associated with bipolar disorder risk: the CES-D item "people were unfriendly," comorbid anxiety, initial depression diagnosis within 5 years, family history of BPD, and legal problems. In the subset of patients with complete data for the 5 variables (n = 483), 41.3% of the patients endorsing any 3 or more risk factors (n = 109) were MDQ+.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Almost 20% of patients with AD nonresponsive unipolar depression screened positive for BPD and the number of past medication trials had no effect on bipolarity. This suggests that clinicians should carefully screen for BPD in patients who have failed at least 1 antidepressant. Comorbid anxiety, feelings of people being unfriendly, recent depression diagnosis, BPD family history, and legal problems may prove useful indicators of BPD risk among patients who have failed at least 1 antidepressant. Future studies are needed to confirm that these risk factors are useful clinical variables to screen for bipolarity.
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Joseph.Calabrese@uhhs.com
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Muzina
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Frye
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klingman
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Robert M A
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hirschfeld
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents