L-citrulline inhibits [3H]acetylcholine release from rat motor nerve terminals by increasing adenosine outflow and activation of A1 receptors.
OBJECTIVE
Nitric oxide (NO) production and depression of neuromuscular transmission are closely related, but little is known about the role of L-citrulline, a co-product of NO biosynthesis, on neurotransmitter release.


METHODS
Muscle tension recordings and outflow experiments were performed on rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations stimulated electrically.


RESULTS
L-citrulline concentration-dependently inhibited evoked [(3)H]ACh release from motor nerve terminals and depressed nerve-evoked muscle contractions. The NO synthase (NOS) substrate, L-arginine, and the NO donor, 3-morpholinosydnonimine chloride (SIN-1), also inhibited [(3)H]ACh release with a potency order of SIN-1>L-arginine>L-citrulline. Co-application of L-citrulline and SIN-1 caused additive effects. NOS inactivation with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine prevented L-arginine inhibition, but not that of L-citrulline. The NO scavenger, haemoglobin, abolished inhibition of [(3)H]ACh release caused by SIN-1, but not that caused by L-arginine. Inactivation of guanylyl cyclase with 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) fully blocked SIN-1 inhibition, but only partially attenuated the effects of L-arginine. Reduction of extracellular adenosine accumulation with adenosine deaminase or with the nucleoside transport inhibitor, S-(p-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine, attenuated the effects of L-arginine and L-citrulline, while not affecting inhibition by SIN-1. Similar results were obtained with the selective adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist, 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine. L-citrulline increased the resting extracellular concentration of adenosine, without changing that of the adenine nucleotides.


CONCLUSIONS
NOS catalyses the formation of two neuronally active products, NO and L-citrulline. While, NO may directly reduce transmitter release through stimulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase, the inhibitory action of L-citrulline may be indirect through increasing adenosine outflow and subsequently activating inhibitory A(1) receptors.
Barroso
A
A
Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia/UMIB, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Oliveira
L
L
Campesatto-Mella
E
E
Silva
C
C
Timóteo
M A
MA
Magalhães-Cardoso
M T
MT
Alves-do-Prado
W
W
Correia-de-Sá
P
P
D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002956:Citrulline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000502:physiology; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1; D019335:Nitroarginine; D002956:Citrulline; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000241:Adenosine; D000109:Acetylcholine