title: Correction of heart motion due to respiration in clinical myocardial perfusion SPECT scans using respiratory gating.
abstract: Several studies have described nonuniform blurring of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) due to respiration. This article describes a technique for correcting the respiration effect and assesses its effectiveness in clinical studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simulated phantoms, physical phantoms, and patient scans were used in this study. A heart phantom, which oscillated back and forth, was used to simulate respiration. The motion was measured on a gamma-camera supporting list-mode functionality synchronized with an external respiratory strap or resistor sensor. Eight clinical scans were performed using a 1-d (99m)Tc-sestamibi protocol while recording the respiratory signal. The list-mode capability along with the strap or sensor signals was used to generate respiratory bin projection sets. A segmentation process was used to detect the shift between the respiratory bins. This shift was further projected to the acquired projection images for correction of the respiratory motion. The process was applied to the phantom and patient studies, and the rate of success of the correction was assessed using the conventional bull's eye maps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The algorithm provided a good correction for the phantom studies. The shift after the correction, measured by a fitted ellipsoid, was <1 mm in the axial direction. The average motion due to respiration in the clinical studies was 9.1 mm in the axial direction. The average shift between the respiratory phases was reduced to 0.5 mm after correction. The maximal change in the bull's eye map for the clinical scans after the correction was 6%, with a mean of 3.75%. The postcorrection clinical summed perfusion images were more uniform, consistent, and, for some patients, clinically significant when compared with the images before correction for respiration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Myocardial motion generated by respiration during MPI SPECT affects perfusion image quality and accuracy. Motion introduced by respiration can be corrected using the proposed method. The degree of correction depends on the patient respiratory pattern and can be of clinical significance in certain cases.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. gil.kovalski@ge.com
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kovalski
authors.forename: Ora
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Israel
authors.forename: Zohar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Keidar
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frenkel
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: Haim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Azhari
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D015902:Gamma Cameras; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D009068:Movement; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D010477:Perfusion; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012119:Respiration; D013667:Technetium / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D013667:Technetium