title: Differential effects of selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) tamoxifen, ospemifene and raloxifene on human osteoclasts in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) with oestrogen agonist effects in bone cells and without increased risk of breast and endometrial cancer have been developed. Here, we have investigated the effects of different types of SERMs on osteoclast differentiation, bone resorption and apoptosis in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human peripheral blood-derived CD14+ monocytes were cultured on bovine bone slices in the presence of RANKL, M-CSF, TNF-alpha and dexamethasone for seven days. Also, CD14+ monocytes were co-cultured either with human SaOS-2 or MG-63 osteosarcoma cells, in the presence of parathyroid hormone. Osteoclast cultures were treated with different SERMs. TRACP+ multinucleated cells and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen were used as markers for osteoclast formation and bone resorption, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In CD14+ monocyte cultures, tamoxifen directly inhibited human osteoclast formation and bone resorption, while raloxifene and ospemifene had no inhibitory effect. In the co-cultures either with SaOS-2 or MG-63 cells, ospemifene and raloxifene as well as tamoxifen inhibited osteoclast formation in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect was associated with an increased production of osteoprotegerin. The anti-oestrogen ICI 182 780 completely reversed the effects of these SERMs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tamoxifen had an oestrogen receptor dependent, direct, inhibitory effect on human osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, whereas ospemifene and raloxifene required osteoblastic cells to achieve a similar inhibition. The effects of ospemifene and raloxifene were mediated by oestrogen receptors by a mechanism involving paracrine induction of osteoprotegerin in cultures with osteoblast derived osteosarcoma cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Härkönen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kangas
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Väänänen
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hentunen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000517:prevention & control; D002417:Cattle; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D006801:Humans; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000032:analysis; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000494:pharmacology; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D053245:RANK Ligand; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013629:Tamoxifen; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D004958:Estradiol; D003907:Dexamethasone; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; C119141:Ospemifene