title: Chiari malformation and sleep related breathing disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the frequency, mechanisms and predictive factors of sleep apnoea syndrome (SAS) in a large group of children and adults with type I (CMI) and II (CMII) Chiari malformation (CM).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The anatomical and functional integrity of both respiratory circuits and lower cranial nerves controlling the upper airway is necessary for breathing control during sleep. These latter structures may be altered in CM, and a few investigations have reported CM related sleep disordered breathing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six consecutive unrelated patients with CM (40 CMI, six CMII), of which 20 were children (eight males) and 26 were adults (12 males), underwent physical, neurological and oto-rhino-laryngoscopic examination, MRI and polysomnography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SAS was present in 31 (67.4%) of the patients with CM (70% of CMI, 50% of CMII, including mainly children). Sixty per cent of children with CM exhibited SAS, including 35% with obstructive (OSAS) and 25% with central (CSAS) sleep apnoea syndrome. SAS was observed in 73% of CM adults (57.7% OSAS, 15.4% CSAS). Severe SAS was found in 23% of CM adults. Multiple regression analysis revealed that age, type II Chiari and vocal cord paralysis predicted the central apnoea index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SAS is highly prevalent in all age groups of patients suffering from CM. CSAS, a rare condition in the general population, was common among the patients with CM in our study. Sleep disordered breathing associated with CM may explain the high frequency of respiratory failures observed during curative surgery of CM. Our results suggest that SAS should be systematically screened for in patients with CM, especially before surgery.
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, INSERM U888 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dauvilliers
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stal
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abril
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coubes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bobin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Touchon
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Escourrou
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bourgin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001139:Arnold-Chiari Malformation / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010808:Physical Examination; D017286:Polysomnography; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology