title: An improved plaque reduction virus neutralization assay for human metapneumovirus.
abstract: Virus-neutralizing antibodies against human metapneumovirus (hMPV) have been shown to be important indicators for protection in experimental animal models. An improved plaque reduction virus neutralization assay to detect hMPV-specific neutralizing antibodies was designed using two prototype recombinant hMPV strains expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). These prototypes represented each of the main antigenic variants of hMPV, because antigenic variability could have implications for vaccine development. The utility of mutations in the F gene resulting in trypsin-independent replication was also tested. Although these mutant hMPV strains could replicate in the absence of trypsin, bigger plaque size was achieved with the addition of trypsin. Insertion of the GFP gene in the genome of hMPV did not affect replication of the virus in vitro. Plaques could be detected by measuring expression of GFP after 5 days by automated scanning. Ferret, hamster, and macaque sera positive for hMPV were compared in a conventional virus neutralization assay and the plaque reduction virus neutralization assay. The results obtained with the two assays were in agreement but the improved plaque reduction virus neutralization assay was faster, more suitable for high throughput testing, and 10-fold more sensitive than the conventional virus neutralization assay.
authors.forename: Miranda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: Sander
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herfst
authors.forename: Eefje J A
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Schrauwen
authors.forename: Bernadette G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: van den Hoogen
authors.forename: Albert D M E
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Osterhaus
authors.forename: Ron A M
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fouchier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D006224:Cricetinae; D005289:Ferrets; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D008251:Macaca; D029121:Metapneumovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D009500:Neutralization Tests / Q000379:methods*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D044967:Serum / Q000276:immunology; D014357:Trypsin / Q000378:metabolism; D014709:Vero Cells; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D014357:Trypsin