title: [Three-dimensional echocardiography in cardiac surgery. Current status and perspectives].
abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography is a new imaging technique that can provide useful information about cardiovascular morphology, pathology, and function. Recent refinements in instrumentation, data acquisition, post-processing, and computation speed allow 3D echocardiography to play an important role in cardiac imaging. These modalities provide comprehensive information on ventricular and valve morphology and function. Combined with 3D color Doppler sonography, further assessment of valvular function and determination of flow in the left ventricular outflow tract and cross-septal defects are now possible. Three-dimensional color flow imaging also makes echocardiography accurate for assessing the severity of mitral regurgitation. The purpose of this review is to describe technical developments in 3D echocardiography and its clinical application in cardiac surgery. Moreover, based on clinical studies at our centre, we describe the morphology of the mitral valve, its flow pattern, and function of the mitral annulus.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Herzchirurgie, Chirurgische Klinik der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland. rhoda@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hoda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mottl-Link
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Meinzer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karck
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Simone
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006343:Heart Septal Defects / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity