title: Further evidence of the reliability and validity of DSM-IV ODD and CD in preschool children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the reliability and validity of DSM-IV oppositional defiant and conduct disorders (ODD and CD) and symptoms using the Kiddie Disruptive Behavior Disorders Schedule and generate data on the manifestation of symptoms of ODD and CD in 3- to 5-year-old children.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-three consecutive referrals to a child and adolescent psychiatry clinic and 100 children recruited from a pediatric clinic and their biological mothers participated. Mothers were interviewed about current ODD and CD symptoms, and mother and teachers completed measures of impairment. Twenty-five percent of the interviews were randomly selected and coded by a second rater to test interrater reliability. A separate sample of 31 children was recruited for a 1-week test-retest study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, reliability of ODD and CD symptoms as measured by interrater and test-retest reliability was moderate to high. Reliability was not affected by age or sex of the child. Validity was demonstrated via associations with impairment and differentiation between referred and nonreferred children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most DSM-IV ODD and CD symptoms can be reliably and validly assessed in preschool children. Some developmental modifications are recommended. The results add to the literature on best methods of assessment of preschool psychopathology.
authors.affiliation: Drs. Keenan and Humphries are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago; Drs. Wakschlag, Danis, and Hill are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago; Ms. Duax is a doctoral student in the clinical psychology program at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland; and Ms. Donald is a doctoral student in the Harris School of Public Policy and The University of Chicago. Electronic address: kkeenan@yoda.bsd.uchicago.edu.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.affiliation: Drs. Keenan and Humphries are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago; Drs. Wakschlag, Danis, and Hill are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago; Ms. Duax is a doctoral student in the clinical psychology program at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland; and Ms. Donald is a doctoral student in the Harris School of Public Policy and The University of Chicago.
authors.forename: Lauren S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Wakschlag
authors.affiliation: Drs. Keenan and Humphries are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago; Drs. Wakschlag, Danis, and Hill are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago; Ms. Duax is a doctoral student in the clinical psychology program at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland; and Ms. Donald is a doctoral student in the Harris School of Public Policy and The University of Chicago.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Danis
authors.affiliation: Drs. Keenan and Humphries are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago; Drs. Wakschlag, Danis, and Hill are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago; Ms. Duax is a doctoral student in the clinical psychology program at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland; and Ms. Donald is a doctoral student in the Harris School of Public Policy and The University of Chicago.
authors.forename: Carri
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Drs. Keenan and Humphries are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago; Drs. Wakschlag, Danis, and Hill are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago; Ms. Duax is a doctoral student in the clinical psychology program at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland; and Ms. Donald is a doctoral student in the Harris School of Public Policy and The University of Chicago.
authors.forename: Marisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Humphries
authors.affiliation: Drs. Keenan and Humphries are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago; Drs. Wakschlag, Danis, and Hill are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago; Ms. Duax is a doctoral student in the clinical psychology program at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland; and Ms. Donald is a doctoral student in the Harris School of Public Policy and The University of Chicago.
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duax
authors.affiliation: Drs. Keenan and Humphries are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago; Drs. Wakschlag, Danis, and Hill are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago; Ms. Duax is a doctoral student in the clinical psychology program at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland; and Ms. Donald is a doctoral student in the Harris School of Public Policy and The University of Chicago.
authors.forename: Radiah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Donald
mesh_terms: D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results