title: A comparative SEM investigation of the smear layer following preparation of root canals using nickel titanium rotary and hand instruments.
abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of NiTi flex K-file instruments and rotary FlexMaster and Race instruments (short for reamers with Alternating Cutting Edges) in root canal preparation. A total of 75 single rooted teeth with minimum curvature (< 5 degrees ) were selected and divided into three groups, each containing 25 teeth. Canals were prepared with NiTi flex K-file, FlexMaster and Race instruments using crown down preparation technique, up to size #40. After each instrument, the root canals were flushed with 5 ml of 0.5% NaOCl solution. The amount of debris and smear layer was quantified on the basis of Hulsmann method using a scanning electron microscope. Completely cleaned root canals were not found after instrumentation with any of the three instruments. In general, FlexMaster instruments left significantly less debris and smear layer than Race and NiTi flex K-file instruments (P < 0.05). NiTi flex K-files resulted in significantly more smear layer (P < 0.05) compared to Race and FlexMaster instruments only in the apical third of the canal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontic, Tabriz Dental School, Tabriz, Iran. zand@gmail.com <zand@gmail.com>
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zand
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bidar
authors.forename: Pari
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghaziani
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.forename: Shahriar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahi
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys; D003762:Dental Instruments; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009532:Nickel; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016369:Smear Layer; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium