title: Immunomodulatory effect of the purine nucleoside inosine following spinal cord contusion injury in rat.
abstract: METHODS
  In vivo study using a moderate spinal cord contusion injury (SCI) model in adult rat.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the immunomodulatory effects of the purine nucleoside inosine on macrophage/microglia activation at and near the lesion site and in white matter areas remote from the injury epicenter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals (N=56) were injured using a moderate SCI at T9-T10 spinal level and were divided into three groups, depending on treatment paradigm. Rats received either intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injections of inosine (N=28) or vehicle (N=28). Spinal cord tissue was processed for ED-1 immunoreactivity and the volume fraction of ED-1(+) profiles was calculated using the Cavalieri method and unbiased stereology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The volume fraction of ED-1(+) profiles within gray and lateral white matter regions at and around the lesion site was significantly reduced only following a twice daily-6 week treatment course, compared with vehicle controls, and white matter areas remote from the lesion were unaffected by all inosine treatment paradigms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continued subcutaneous delivery of inosine, beginning 15-min post-SCI and persisting throughout the survival period of 6 weeks exerted immunomodulatory effects at and around the lesion site.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Program, College of Graduate Studies, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Conta
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stelzner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005911:Gliosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007288:Inosine / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D011684:Purine Nucleosides / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D011684:Purine Nucleosides; D007288:Inosine