title: Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: a pilot feasibility study in an Italian cardiologic center.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The majority of studies demonstrating the diagnostic potential of three-dimensional (3-D) echocardiography have been conducted on selected series of patients in research laboratories.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the feasibility and usefulness of real-time 3-D transthoracic echocardiography in daily routine practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred consecutive patients underwent standard two-dimensional (2-D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and real-time (RT) 3-D TTE with a commercially available ultrasound system (Sonos 7500 LIVE 3D, Philips Medical Systems). The quality of 3-D acquisitions and post-processed images was graded as: bad, satisfactory, good and demo. In each case, the results of 3-D TTE were compared with 2-D images to disclose additional qualitative information provided by 3-D examination. An additional qualitative information score was given for each cardiac structure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean time of the 3-D examination was 11+/-4 min. The mean time of 2-D transthoracic studies in our laboratory is 25 min and the total time in this series was therefore approximately 36 min. The mean number of acquisitions in our series was 11.5 per patient. The quality was evaluated as bad/insufficient in 7.0%, satisfactory/sufficient in 29.6%, good in 40.2% and demo in 23.2% of all datasets and reconstructions. The structures with greater additional qualitative information scores comprise the anterior and posterior mitralic leaflets, antero-lateral and postero-medial papillary muscles and leaflets of tricuspid valve. The intra- and interobserver reproducibility of quality grading was good and there are few interobserver discrepancies, which were resolved by two physicians, experienced in 3-D echocardiography, not involved in the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RT 3-D TTE may be used in clinical settings with high feasibility rate and may provide additional, clinically quite relevant qualitative information. This technique may expand the abilities of non-invasive cardiology and open new doors for the evaluation of cardiac disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, and Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia, Italy. opsfco@tin.it
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Correale
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ieva
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balzano
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Biase
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016507:Cardiology Service, Hospital; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors