Achieving the National Quality Forum's "Never Events": prevention of wrong site, wrong procedure, and wrong patient operations.
OBJECTIVE
Review the evidence regarding methods to prevent wrong site operations and present a framework that healthcare organizations can use to evaluate whether they have reduced the probability of wrong site, wrong procedure, and wrong patient operations.


BACKGROUND
Operations involving the wrong site, patient, and procedure continue despite national efforts by regulators and professional organizations. Little is known about effective policies to reduce these "never events," and healthcare professional's knowledge or appropriate use of these policies to mitigate events.


METHODS
A literature review of the evidence was performed using PubMed and Google; key words used were wrong site surgery, wrong side surgery, wrong patient surgery, and wrong procedure surgery. The framework to evaluate safety includes assessing if a behaviorally specific policy or procedure exists, whether staff knows about the policy, and whether the policy is being used appropriately.


RESULTS
Higher-level policies or programs have been implemented by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgery, Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, Veteran's Health Administration, Canadian Orthopaedic, and the North American Spine Society Associations to reduce wrong site surgery. No scientific evidence is available to guide hospitals in evaluating whether they have an effective policy, and whether staff know of the policy and appropriately use the policy to prevent "never events."


CONCLUSIONS
There is limited evidence of behavioral interventions to reduce wrong site, patient, and surgical procedures. We have outlined a framework of measures that healthcare organizations can use to start evaluating whether they have reduced adverse events in operations.
Michaels
Robert K
RK
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Makary
Martin A
MA
Dahab
Yasser
Y
Frassica
Frank J
FJ
Heitmiller
Eugenie
E
Rowen
Lisa C
LC
Crotreau
Richard
R
Brem
Henry
H
Pronovost
Peter J
PJ
D002170:Canada; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D006801:Humans; D007591:Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013677:Medical Laboratory Science; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods*; D012955:Societies, Medical; D013503:Surgery Department, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs