title: Pneumatosis intestinalis and hepatic-portal-mesenteric venous gas in intestinal ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  the purpose of this study was to report the authors experience in the diagnosis, management, and clinical outcome of intestinal ischemia with pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) and hepatic-portal-mesenteric venous gas (HPMVG).
  
  
  METHODS
  a retrospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  the medical records of 12 cases of intestinal ischemia with PI and HPMVG spanning the last 10 years were reviewed. Clinical characteristics, imaging study results, surgical findings, histological findings, management, and clinical outcome were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  of the 12 cases that were evaluated, 9 patients presented with abdominal distension, three, with abdominal pain, five, with shock on admission, and six, with fever. Most patients (83%) had a history of diabetes mellitus. Dilated loops of bowel were identified on plain film radiography in 9 of 12 of patients. Only 3 cases were initially suspected of having abnormal gas over the RUQ or intramural intestine. All patients underwent abdominal computed tomography (CT). Nine patients were diagnosed with ischemic changes of the intestine (2 cases had colon involvement), and 3 patients were found to have a gangrenous intestine. While all patients underwent segmental resection of the intestine, ten of 12 patients died post-operatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  abdominal CT findings of PI and HPMVG in intestinal ischemia do not appear to either directly correlate with the gross findings or predict clinical outcome. The clinical outcome of patients affected with this condition was poor, even following surgical intervention. A positive clinical outcome may depend on the severity and extent of the underlying disease(s).
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chien-Hua
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jyh-Cherng
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huan-Fa
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hurng-Sheng
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shih-Yi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chu-Hsin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D006503:Hepatic Veins; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis; D007813:Laparotomy; D008297:Male; D008642:Mesenteric Veins; D008875:Middle Aged; D011006:Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D011169:Portal Vein; D011860:Radiography, Abdominal; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography