title: Electrocorticographic frequency alteration mapping: a clinical technique for mapping the motor cortex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Electrocortical stimulation (ECS) has been well established for delineating the eloquent cortex. However, ECS is still coarse and inefficient in delineating regions of the functional cortex and can be hampered by after-discharges. Given these constraints, an adjunct approach to defining the motor cortex is the use of electrocorticographic signal changes associated with active regions of the cortex. The broad range of frequency oscillations are categorized into two main groups with respect to the sensorimotor cortex: low and high frequency bands. The low frequency bands tend to show a power reduction with cortical activation, whereas the high frequency bands show power increases. These power changes associated with the activated cortex could potentially provide a powerful tool in delineating areas of the motor cortex. We explore electrocorticographic signal alterations as they occur with activated regions of the motor cortex, as well as its potential in clinical brain mapping applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated seven patients who underwent invasive monitoring for seizure localization. Each patient had extraoperative ECS mapping to identify the motor cortex. All patients also performed overt hand and tongue motor tasks to identify associated frequency power changes in regard to location and degree of concordance with ECS results that localized either hand or tongue motor function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The low frequency bands had a high sensitivity (88.9-100%) and a lower specificity (79.0-82.6%) for identifying electrodes with either hand or tongue ECS motor responses. The high frequency bands had a lower sensitivity (72.7-88.9%) and a higher specificity (92.4-94.9%) in correlation with the same respective ECS positive electrodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concordance between stimulation and spectral power changes demonstrate the possible utility of electrocorticographic frequency alteration mapping as an adjunct method to improve the efficiency and resolution of identifying the motor cortex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. ericleuthardt@sbcglobal.net
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Leuthardt
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Gerwin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schalk
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dowling
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: Jeff G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ojemann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D009991:Oscillometry; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014059:Tongue / Q000502:physiology