title: Atomic force microscopy measurements of lens elasticity in monkey eyes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the feasibility of measuring the elasticity of intact crystalline lenses using atomic force microscopy (AFM).
  
  
  METHODS
  AFM elasticity measurements were performed on intact lenses from 18 fresh cynomolgus monkey cadaver eyes (4-10 years old, <1 day postmortem) that had been left attached to their zonule-ciliary body-sclera framework. The eyes were prepared by bonding a plastic ring on the sclera after removal of the conjunctival, adipose, and muscle tissues. The posterior pole was sectioned, with the excess vitreous removed, and the eye's anterior section was placed on a Teflon slide to protect the posterior pole of the lens. The cornea and iris were then sectioned. The lens-zonule-ciliary body-sclera section was then placed in a Petri dish filled with balanced salt solution in an AFM system designed for force measurements. Next, the central pole of the anterior surface of the intact lens was probed with the AFM cantilever tip. The recorded AFM cantilever deflection-indentation curves were used to derive force-indentation curves for the lens after factoring out the deflection of the cantilever on a hard surface. Young's modulus of the lens was calculated from the force-indentation relation using the Hertz model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Young's modulus was 1,720+/-880 Pa (range: 409-3,210 Pa) in the 18 cynomolgus monkey lenses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AFM can be used to provide measurements of the elasticity of the whole lens including the capsule. Values obtained using AFM on cynomolgus monkey lenses are similar to published values obtained using dynamic mechanical analysis on young human lenses.
authors.affiliation: The Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
authors.forename: Noël M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ziebarth
authors.forename: Ewa P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Wojcikiewicz
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Manns
authors.forename: Vincent T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Moy
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Parel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002102:Cadaver; D004548:Elasticity; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000502:physiology*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008954:Models, Biological