title: Evaluation and significance of circulating epithelial cells in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the feasibility of using flow cytometry fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis for detecting circulating epithelial cells (CECs) in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC), and to determine whether CECs can be used to predict survival in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several prognostic models that include routinely used clinical and laboratory variables for predicting survival in men with HRPC have been reported; the presence of CECs measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in patients with HRPC is an independent prognostic factor for survival. CECs detected by FACS analysis correlate with advanced stage and poor survival outcome. A retrospective study was conducted to assess the presence of CECs by FACS analysis in metastatic HRPC patients initiating systemic chemotherapy with a taxane-based regimen. The association between clinical variables previously described and the presence of CECs along with the effect of the magnitude of CECs on survival was calculated, in 41 patients with HRPC, all of whom had peripheral blood collected for FACS analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Except for four patients, all those with metastatic HRPC had detectable CECs. Among these patients, the number of CECs/mL was correlated with age, serum PSA level and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Higher serum levels of PSA and ALP predicted a poor survival outcome. Similarly, patients with < or =1.8 CECs/mL had a significantly longer survival than those with more CECs/mL (P = 0.02). With a median follow-up of 15.4 months, the median overall survival for all patients was 18.4 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of more CECs in patients with metastatic HRPC was associated with a poorer survival outcome; levels of > or =1.8 CECs/mL were associated with a shorter survival in patients with metastatic HRPC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Garciaj4@ccf.org
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Jonathan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frohlich
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Small
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen