[Self-determined but with professional leadership? On the effectiveness and definition of self-help groups].
OBJECTIVE
Because the effectiveness of self-help groups (SHGs) has not been proven yet and also since multi-focus reviews on SHGs are rare, the present article offers an overview of the current state of research. Possible reasons for the conflicting results in the literature are also investigated.


METHODS
An extensive literature search was done to review studies which used longitudinal design and control groups to measure the effectiveness of SHGs and so-called "support groups".


RESULTS
Positive effects in comparison to the control groups were proven in four out of seven of the studies. In the remaining three studies the outcomes between the groups were the same.


CONCLUSIONS
Considering the naturalistic designs of the studies, these results clearly indicate that SHGs are indeed effective. An insufficient consideration of the heterogeneity of the groups is held responsible for the difficulties associated with previous research on the topic, especially as far as the differentiation between SHGs and professionally led groups is concerned. The definition excludes professional leadership but, in fact, professional involvement in SHGs up to their leadership is the rule. The following suggestions have been derived from this literature analysis: uniform classifications for SHGs and professionally-led support groups should be established in order to make it possible to provide a clear distinction between these types of groups as well as to indicate the extent of professional involvement in them. A plea is made for a generally stronger consideration of organisational differences in the research of SHGs.
Klytta
C
C
Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Psychologie und Arbeitswissenschaft, Fachbereich für Klinische und Gesundheitspsychologie, Berlin, Germany.
Wilz
G
G
D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D007857:Leadership; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration*; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D012657:Self-Help Groups / Q000458:organization & administration*