title: Utility of lip biopsy in the diagnosis and treatment of Sjogren's syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease involving primarily the salivary and lacrimal glands ("sicca" symptoms) with extraglandular features including joint and nervous system involvement. In patients with a questionable diagnosis of SS but severe extraglandular symptoms, a lip biopsy is often performed to firmly establish the diagnosis of SS. This study was undertaken to identify areas of uncertainty regarding the accuracy of biopsy interpretation and the diagnostic benefits of the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Retrospective review of clinical and pathologic data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data from 47 patients referred to the otolaryngology-head and neck surgery service for lip biopsy were reviewed. Archival pathologic specimens were scored using the currently accepted grading system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The grading system was incorrectly applied during initial interpretation of 45% (n = 21) of specimens. This resulted in five (10%) pathologic misdiagnoses and 16 (34%) nondiagnoses. On re-interpreting the specimens with consistent application of the grading system, 62% (n = 29) of the biopsies were definitely positive, and 36% (n = 17) were negative. Neither positive serology nor the presence of sicca symptoms predicted a positive biopsy (likelihood ratio = 0.95 and 0.96, respectively). Lip biopsy guided treatment in at least 65% (n = 31) of patients but was ignored in the presence of other clinical findings in 17% (n = 8) of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent application of the grading system is essential in avoiding incorrect diagnosis and aiding clinical decisions. However, not all patients undergoing lip biopsy will derive diagnostic benefit from the procedure. In this series, clinical symptoms and serology did not predict positive lip biopsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Langerman
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Nadera J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Sweiss
authors.forename: Jerome B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Taxy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology