title: Electrospray ionization/atmospheric pressure photoionization multimode source for low-flow liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis.
abstract: Analysis of several polar and non-polar compounds is performed with a newly developed dual electrospray ionization/atmospheric pressure photoionization (ESI/APPI) or ESPI source. Several variables are considered in the source, such as ESI probe heater temperature, solvent flow, dopant effects, repeller plate voltage, source geometry and photon energy (Kr vs. Ar lamp). Direct photoionization resulting in a molecular radical cation [M](*+) dominates at high temperatures (>400 degrees C) and low flow rates (<200 microL/min). Indirect photo-induced chemical ionization (PCI) involving solvent molecules becomes important at lower temperatures and higher solvent flow rates. Indirect PCI is enhanced using an Ar lamp, which yields comparable [M+H](+) signal but poorer [M](*+) signal than the Kr lamp at lower temperatures and higher flow rates. This is in support of our recent finding that the Ar lamp results in a solvent-dependent enhancement of analyte molecules via PCI. Analysis of 12 compounds in methanol under low-flow conditions (10 microL/min) demonstrates that the dual ESPI source performs favorably for most compounds versus the standard ESCI source, and significantly better than ESCI for the analysis of unstable drugs, like flurbiprofen. Several factors contributing to the benefits of the ESPI source are the shared optimal geometry for ESI and APPI sources and soft ionization of APPI versus APCI.
authors.affiliation: Syagen Technology, Inc., 1411 Warner Ave Suite D, Tustin, CA 92780-6461, USA.
authors.forename: Luke C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: Karl A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hanold
authors.forename: Sheng-Suan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Syage
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis; D012997:Solvents; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012997:Solvents