title: Cascade polymeric MRI contrast media derived from poly(ethylene glycol) cores: initial syntheses and characterizations.
abstract: Diagnostic contrast media for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are often applied to enhance the signal of blood allowing for quantitative definition of vascular functional characteristics including tissue blood volume, flow, and leakiness. Well-tolerated and safe macromolecular formulations are currently being sought that remain in the blood for a relatively long period and that leak selectively from diseased vessels, particularly cancer vessels. We synthesized a new class of macromolecular, water-soluble MRI contrast media by introducing two diverging polylysine cascade amplifiers at each end of a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) backbone, followed by substitution of terminal lysine amino groups with Gd-DTPA chelates. Four candidate PEG cascade conjugates are reported here, PEG3400-Gen4-(Gd-DTPA)8, PEG6000-Gen4-(Gd-DTPA)8, PEG12000-Gen4-(Gd-DTPA)8, and PEG3400-Gen5-(Gd-DTPA)13 with descriptions of their basic physical, biological, and kinetic properties, including real and effective molecular sizes, proton T1 relaxivities in water and plasma, partition coefficients, osmolalities, chelate stability, stability in plasma, stability to autoclaving, certain in vivo pharmacokinetics (blood half-life, blood clearance, volume of distribution), and whole body elimination profiles in normal rodents. These candidate PEG-core cascade MRI contrast media showed a range of effective molecular sizes similar to proteins weighing 74-132 kDa, although their actual molecular weights were much smaller, 12-20 kDa. All compounds exhibited a narrow range of size dispersity and relatively high T1 relaxivities (approximately 3 times the value for unconjugated Gd-DTPA at 2 T and 37 degrees C). Representative compounds also showed a high degree of hydrophilicity, stability in solution buffer and plasma, and lack of binding to proteins. The two candidate compounds with the largest effective molecular sizes, PEG12000-Gen4-(Gd-DTPA)8 and PEG3400-Gen5-(Gd-DTPA)13, had longer blood half-lives, 36 and 73 min, respectively (monoexponential kinetics for both), and showed strong, prolonged MRI enhancement of vessels. Results also indicate that in vivo pharmacokinetics and bodily elimination profiles can be adjusted by the selection of molecular size for the PEG core and the selection of the amplification degree of the cascade polylysine clusters. The initially evaluated compounds from this new class of contrast media show acceptable, desirable characteristics in many, but not all, respects. Further efforts are directed toward candidate macromolecules having higher thermodynamic stability, higher degree of substitution by gadolinium chelates, and more rapid bodily elimination.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pharmaceutical and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0628, USA. yanjun.fu@radiology.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Yanjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Hans-Juergen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Raatschen
authors.forename: Danute E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Nitecki
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Wendland
authors.forename: Viktor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Novikov
authors.forename: Laure S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cyran
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rogut
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Shames
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Brasch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D011107:Polylysine / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D011107:Polylysine; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D005682:Gadolinium