title: Antenatal taboos among Chinese women in Hong Kong.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to identify the antenatal taboos commonly practised by pregnant Hong Kong Chinese women; to explore the health beliefs behind these taboos; and to examine how pregnant women perceived and reacted to the cultural tradition.
  
  
  METHODS
  general ethnography and in-depth interviews, followed by a quantitative self-reported survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antenatal clinic of a university-affiliated hospital in Hong Kong.
  
  
  METHODS
  consecutive samples of 60 women for in-depth interviews, and 832 women for the survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  an inventory on the adherence and attitude towards antenatal taboos, and the Beck Depression Inventory that measures severity of depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  antenatal taboos were still commonly observed by contemporary Chinese women. Miscarriage, fetus malformation and fetal ill-health were the key cultural fears that drove contemporary Chinese women to observe the traditional taboos. About one-quarter and one-tenth of the women, respectively, felt unhappy and disputed with their families about the taboos. These women had significantly higher levels of depression in late pregnancy and during childbirth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  health-care practitioners should be aware of the benefits and risks of traditional antenatal taboos on maternal health. Although some taboos can be socio-morally protective, the tension created by the observation of cultural tradition in modernity may impair maternal psychological well-being. Health-care providers in Western countries should be vigilant of the complex cultural tension faced by migrant Chinese mothers.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China. dominiclee@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: Dominic T S
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Iris S L
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Ngai
authors.forename: Mandy M T
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Ingrid H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Lok
authors.forename: Alexander S K
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.forename: Tony K H
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D005195:Family Relations / Q000208:ethnology; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D036801:Parturition; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D012938:Social Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013609:Taboo / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult