title: Reduced tear production in three canine endocrinopathies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous reports have suggested that hypothyroid and diabetic patients can be predisposed to keratoconjunctivitis sicca. This study aimed to measure tear production in dogs with diabetes, hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism using the Schirmer tear test and to compare these results with Schirmer tear test values for a group of normal dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Schirmer tear tests were performed on 16 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, 18 with diabetes and 12 with hypothyroidism together with 100 control dogs. Corneal sensitivity was also measured in 12 of the 18 diabetic dogs with a Cochet Bonnet aesthesiometer and compared with age- and breed-matched normal dogs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Schirmer tear test values in dogs with hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism and diabetes were 12.3+/-3.2, 14.0+/-4.0 and 12.3+/-5.3 mm/minutes, respectively. Schirmer tear test values were significantly lower than that for the control group (19.6+/-4.2 mm/minutes) in all dogs with an endocrinopathy. Only in two hypothyroid dogs and three diabetics, this was manifested as profound keratoconjunctivitis sicca with Schirmer tear test value lower than 5 mm/minutes. Diabetic dogs had significantly reduced corneal sensitivity compared with a matched set of control dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows a significant reduction in tear production in animals with diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which this reduction in tear production occurs. Assessment of tear production should be undertaken in animals diagnosed with these endocrinopathies, as these animals may progress to clinical keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mellor
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Heath
mesh_terms: D000308:Adrenocortical Hyperfunction / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D007638:Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism*