title: Large-scale, hot-filament-assisted synthesis of tungsten oxide and related transition metal oxide nanowires.
abstract: A scalable and versatile method for the large-scale synthesis of tungsten trioxide nanowires and their arrays on a variety of substrates, including amorphous quartz and fluorinated tin oxide, is reported. The synthesis involves the chemical-vapor transport of metal oxide vapor-phase species using air or oxygen flow over hot filaments onto substrates kept at a distance. The results show that the density of the nanowires can be varied from 10(6)-10(10) cm(-2) by varying the substrate temperature. The diameter of the nanowires ranges from 100-20 nm. The results also show that variations in oxygen flow and substrate temperature affect the nanowire morphology from straight to bundled to branched nanowires. A thermodynamic model is proposed to show that the condensation of WO(2) species primarily accounts for the nucleation and subsequent growth of the nanowires, which supports the hypothesis that the nucleation of nanowires occurs through condensation of suboxide WO(2) vapor-phase species. This is in contrast to the expected WO(3) vapor-phase species condensation into WO(3) solid phase for nanoparticle formation. The as-synthesized nanowires are shown to form stable dispersions compared to nanoparticles in various organic and inorganic solvents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
authors.forename: Jyothish
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thangala
authors.forename: Sreeram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaddiraju
authors.forename: Rahel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bogale
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thurman
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: Biswapriya
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Deb
authors.forename: Mahendra K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Sunkara
mesh_terms: D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D046911:Macromolecular Substances / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D028561:Transition Elements / Q000737:chemistry; D014414:Tungsten / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D010087:Oxides; D028561:Transition Elements; C009495:titanium dioxide; C511604:tungsten oxide; D014025:Titanium; D014414:Tungsten