title: Evaluation of local and systemic effects after intramuscular implantation of lead shot alternatives in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the local and systemic effects of IM implantation of lead shot alternatives in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  22 laboratory rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sterile IM implantation of shot metals was performed, with euthanasia and necropsy at 2, 8, 16, and 26 weeks after implantation. Skeletal muscle specimens were examined histologically and kidney specimens were tested for heavy metals. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of corrosion of metals was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Corrosion of susceptible metals was greatest at 2 weeks in vivo and in vitro. Inflammation associated with all pellet types was greatest 2 weeks after implantation. Nickel-plated steel incited significantly greater inflammation at 2 weeks, compared with bismuth alloy. Kidney iron concentration was significantly greater at 26 weeks, compared with other test periods. Local tissue deposition of iron was verified by use of Prussian blue staining for all iron-containing metals. Concentration of arsenic in kidneys was significantly greater at 8, 16, and 26 weeks after implantation, compared with 2 weeks. CLINICAL RELEVANCE AND IMPACT FOR HUMAN MEDICINE: Humans or dogs wounded with nickel-plated steel may require more aggressive initial monitoring than those wounded with other shot types. Monitoring of systemic arsenic concentrations may be indicated in patients wounded with shotgun pellets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hoots
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Renberg
authors.forename: Kristin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Roush
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis; D003343:Corrosion; D005260:Female; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic
chemical_list: D007854:Lead; D009532:Nickel; D007501:Iron; D001151:Arsenic