title: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor upregulates angiogenic factors and correlates with clinical measures in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) levels and clinical measures in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the potential for regulation of angiogenesis in RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum and synovial fluid (SF) levels of MIF and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with RA were determined by sandwich ELISA, and the relationships among MIF, VEGF, and RA clinical measures were analyzed. RA synovial fibroblasts were cultured with recombinant human MIF (rhMIF) and the production of VEGF and interleukin 8 (IL-8) were measured in the conditioned media. The angiogenic effect of MIF was examined using established measures of angiogenesis in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and the daily dosage of oral prednisolone were correlated with SF levels of MIF. The SF levels of MIF were found to be higher in patients with bony erosion than in those without (69.2 +/- 11.4 ng/ml vs 44.0 +/- 6.2 ng/ml; p = 0.045). MIF levels had good correlation with VEGF levels (r = 0.52, p < 0.001 in sera, and r = 0.6, p < 0.001 in SF). Production of the angiogenic factors VEGF and IL-8 was enhanced in cultured RA synovial fibroblasts stimulated by rhMIF. Endothelial tube formation was augmented when the endothelial cells were cultured with the conditioned media from rhMIF-pretreated SF mononuclear cells, and this phenomenon was reversed by anti-VEGF antibody.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SF MIF may reflect the clinical activity in patients with RA, and rhMIF induces the angiogenic factors in RA synovial fibroblasts. These results suggest that MIF may be an important cytokine in the perpetuation of the angiogenic and inflammatory processes in patients with RA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hae-Rim
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Mi-Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Mi-La
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Chong-Hyeon
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Sang-Heon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sung-Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leng
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bucala
authors.forename: Insoo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Jongseon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.forename: Ho-Youn
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A