title: Soft-tissue changes during facial growth in skeletal Class II individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In orthodontic treatment, a harmonious soft-tissue profile can be difficult to achieve; the thickness of the soft tissues can vary greatly, and changes with growth and treatment can be difficult to predict. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the thickness and the length of the soft tissues of the nose, upper and lower lips, and chin due to growth from 6 to 16 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cephalograms of 36 subjects (22 boys, 15 girls) with skeletal Class II malocclusions were analyzed. They participated in the Burlington Growth Study, and longitudinal records had been collected at ages 6, 9, 12, 14, and 16 years. The cephalograms were digitized and analyzed with Dentofacial Planner Plus (version 2.0; Dentofacial Software, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) software. Statistical analysis was performed with the nonparametric Friedman test, and comparisons among means were made with 1-way ANOVA software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All structures showed some growth at all stages. The nose showed the greatest increases in thickness and length in both sexes. There was sexual dimorphism at 16 years, with higher values for boys. Upper lips tended to reduce in the girls. Upper lip length showed slight increases, and base of the upper lip showed small increases for both sexes. The lower lip had moderate increases in all measurements, and its thickness showed sexual dimorphism at almost all ages. The soft tissues of the chin increased in both thickness and length, with no sexual dimorphism.
authors.affiliation: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. elima@pucrs.br
authors.forename: Luciana Bocudo
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Hoffelder
authors.forename: Eduardo Martinelli Santayana
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: de Lima
authors.forename: Fernando Lima
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bolognese
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002680:Chin / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D011859:Radiography; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors