title: Brain: the common site of relapse in patients with pancoast or superior sulcus tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a retrospective analysis to determine the occurrence of brain metastasis with superior sulcus tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 685 charts of patients treated for upper lobe lung cancer between 1997 and 2003. Twenty-nine out of 685 patients (4%) had a diagnosis of Pancoast or superior sulcus tumor. The histology includes 11 patients with adenocarcinoma, seven with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), six with squamous cell carcinoma, four with large cell carcinoma, and one with anaplastic carcinoma. Regarding stage at presentation: seven patients had stage IIB, two had stage IIIA, 16 had stage IIIB, and four had stage IV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up is 14 months (range 6-70 months). The total occurrence of brain metastasis is seven out of 29 patients (24%). Two patients (stage IV) had brain metastasis at the time of presentation and five patients (stage IIB-III) developed brain metastasis at a median time of 10 months after the diagnosis. Stage associated with brain metastasis after diagnosis is two patients for stage IIB, two for stage IIIA, and one for stage IIIB. For the 25 patients with stage IIB to stage III disease, nine (36%) developed distant metastasis after definitive therapy. Out of these nine patients, five (55%) developed brain metastasis. It was the most common site of distant failure. Histology for seven patients with brain metastasis was four of seven with adenocarcinoma, two of seven with squamous cell carcinoma, and one of seven with NSCLC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain metatasis may be relatively common at diagnosis. The brain is the frequent site of failure for superior sulcus tumors. We recommend careful surveillance for brain metastasis during and after the therapy. We also recommend obtaining brain imaging prior to surgery in patients receiving induction therapy for the primary tumor.
authors.affiliation: SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA. Shahh@upstate.edu
authors.forename: Hemangini
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Anker
authors.forename: Jeffery
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bogart
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Graziano
authors.forename: Chirag M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015994:Incidence; D008168:Lung / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010178:Pancoast Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology