title: Gorilla-like anatomy on Australopithecus afarensis mandibles suggests Au. afarensis link to robust australopiths.
abstract: Mandibular ramus morphology on a recently discovered specimen of Australopithecus afarensis closely matches that of gorillas. This finding was unexpected given that chimpanzees are the closest living relatives of humans. Because modern humans, chimpanzees, orangutans, and many other primates share a ramal morphology that differs from that of gorillas, the gorilla anatomy must represent a unique condition, and its appearance in fossil hominins must represent an independently derived morphology. This particular morphology appears also in Australopithecus robustus. The presence of the morphology in both the latter and Au. afarensis and its absence in modern humans cast doubt on the role of Au. afarensis as a modern human ancestor. The ramal anatomy of the earlier Ardipithecus ramidus is virtually that of a chimpanzee, corroborating the proposed phylogenetic scenario.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. yoelrak@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Yoel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rak
authors.forename: Avishag
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ginzburg
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Geffen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005580:Fossils; D006071:Gorilla gorilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D015186:Hominidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011148:Pongo pygmaeus / Q000033:anatomy & histology