title: Identification of endocannabinoids and related compounds in human fat cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently, an activation of the endocannabinoid system during obesity has been reported. More particularly, it has been demonstrated that hypothalamic levels of both endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine), are up-regulated in genetically obese rodents. Circulating levels of both endocannabinoids were also shown to be higher in obese compared with lean women. Yet, the direct production of endocannabinoids by human adipocytes has never been demonstrated. Our aim was to evaluate the ability of human adipocytes to produce endocannabinoids.
  
  
  METHODS
  The production of endocannabinoids by human adipocytes was investigated in a model of human white subcutaneous adipocytes in primary culture. The effects of leptin, adiponectin, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma activation on endocannabinoid production by adipocytes were explored. Endocannabinoid levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, leptin and adiponectin secretion measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and PPAR-gamma protein expression examined by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that 2-arachidonoylglycerol, anandamide, and both anandamide analogs, N-palmitoylethanolamine and N-oleylethanolamine, are produced by human white subcutaneous adipocytes in concentrations ranging from 0.042+/-0.004 to 0.531+/-0.048 pM/mg lipid extract. N-palmitoylethanolamine is the most abundant cannabimimetic compound produced by human adipocytes, and its levels are significantly down-regulated by leptin but not affected by adiponectin and PPAR-gamma agonist ciglitazone. N-palmitoylethanolamine itself does not affect either leptin or adiponectin secretion or PPAR-gamma protein expression in adipocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has led to the identification of human adipocytes as a new source of endocannabinoids and related compounds. The biological significance of these adipocyte cannabimimetic compounds and their potential implication in obesity should deserve further investigations.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Université de La Réunion, 15 avenue René Cassin-BP.7151, 97715 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France. gonthier@univ-reunion.fr
authors.forename: Marie-Paule
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gonthier
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hoareau
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Festy
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Matias
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valenti
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bès-Houtmann
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rouch
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robert-Da Silva
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chesne
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lefebvre d'Hellencourt
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Césari
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Marzo
authors.forename: Régis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roche
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D005260:Female; D005989:Glycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D005989:Glycerides; D008055:Lipids; D047495:PPAR gamma; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; C094503:glyceryl 2-arachidonate; C078814:anandamide