title: Phalangeal and navicular bone hypoplasia and hoof malformation in the hind limbs of a foal.
abstract: Anatomical anomalies in the hind feet of a seven month old Appaloosa foal were identified and investigated through the use of gross anatomical dissection, radiography and angiography. Abnormalities were restricted to the distal aspect of both hind legs, the right hind leg being more severely affected. Anatomically the right foot resembled that of an equine fetus of approximately 120 days gestational age. Disruption of vascular perfusion to hoof structures was evident in both hind legs and was related to areas of abnormal bone conformation as well as to areas of abnormal ossification and calcification. Phalangeal and navicular bone hypoplasia were apparent as were soft tissue and joint anomalies. Although the etiology of the defects identified remains obscure, several theories are suggested, namely heritability, acquired defects and the possible teratogenic effects of clenbuterol.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bell