title: Cationic surfactants induce apoptosis in normal and cancer cells.
abstract: Cationic surfactants, such as benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride, possess quaternary ammonium salt. These surfactants have antimicrobial action and are used as a preservative and an antiseptic. The positively charged polar head of cationic surfactants seems to play a role in the antimicrobial action of these compounds. Recently, benzalkonium chloride in eye drops has been reported to induce apoptosis in conjunctival cells. Here, we examined whether various types of surfactants including anionic and amphoteric surfactants induce apoptosis or not in mammalian cells. Antimicrobial cationic surfactants induced apoptosis at lower concentration than its critical micelle concentration (CMC) in rat thymocytes. Other quaternary ammonium surfactants, such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, similarly increased biochemical and morphological features of apoptosis, whereas both anionic and amphoteric surfactants had no significant effect on these apoptotic features. These results suggest that the positive charge of quaternary ammonium surfactants is involved with onset of the apoptotic process. The treatment of benzethonium chloride also led to apoptotic cell death in Jurkat cells. These results indicate that cationic surfactants induce apoptosis in the normal and cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2180, Japan.
authors.forename: Riyo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Enomoto
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: Toshinori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohasi
authors.forename: Ryoko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Futagami
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komae
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.forename: Eibai
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001558:Benzethonium / Q000633:toxicity; D002412:Cations / Q000633:toxicity; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D015458:Leukemia, T-Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002412:Cations; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D001558:Benzethonium