title: Establishment of a novel orthotopic xenograft model of human gallbladder carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gallbladder cancer is characterized by high morbidity and mortality. An appropriate human xenograft animal model could serve as a research tool to investigate new therapeutic strategies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  To date, the few reports describing a xenograft animal model showed significant limitations. We improved a murine orthotopic human xenotransplantation model by implanting human gallbladder carcinoma cells directly into the lumen of the gallbladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mz-ChA-1 cells were orthotopically injected into the gallbladder of Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID) beige mice inducing the growth of solid tumors. The natural course of the disease, tumor growth, and metastases were analyzed. The cytotoxic drug gemcitabine was tested in vitro and in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All animals revealed solid tumors in the inoculated area with liver infiltration. The median tumor volume in the untreated group was significantly higher than in the gemcitabine-treated group. Immunohistochemical staining revealed expression of human cytokeratin 7 and cytokeratin 8. To analyze tumor cell proliferation, the tumors were stained for the antigen Ki-67, and labeling indices were calculated for both groups. Animals receiving gemcitabine treatment showed significantly lower mean labeling indices. In vitro investigation revealed a significant reduction of DNA synthesis. DNA fragmentation, as a measure of apoptosis, was elevated by roughly 20% within 24 h of treatment. With this, we successfully established an orthotopic xenotransplant animal model and investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of gemcitabine in human xenografted Mz-ChA-1 gallbladder adenocarcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model resembles the clinical situation as closely as possible and offers a relevant option for the preclinical testing of new therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery and Thoracic Surgery, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospitals, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 7, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan-Hendrik
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Egberts
authors.forename: Bodo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schniewind
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schafmayer
authors.forename: Marie-Luise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kruse
authors.forename: Bence
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sipos
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fändrich
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kalthoff
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tepel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D053552:Keratin-7 / Q000032:analysis; D053533:Keratin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D053552:Keratin-7; D053533:Keratin-8; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine