title: Activation of the kinase activity of ATM by retinoic acid is required for CREB-dependent differentiation of neuroblastoma cells.
abstract: The ATM protein kinase is mutated in ataxia telangiectasia, a genetic disease characterized by defective DNA repair, neurodegeneration, and growth factor signaling defects. The activity of ATM kinase is activated by DNA damage, and this activation is required for cells to survive genotoxic events. In addition to this well characterized role in DNA repair, we now demonstrate a novel role for ATM in the retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells into post-mitotic, neuronal-like cells. RA rapidly activates the activity of ATM kinase, leading to the ATM-dependent phosphorylation of the CREB protein, extrusion of neuritic processes, and differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells into neuronal-like cells. When ATM protein expression was suppressed by short hairpin RNA, the ATM-dependent phosphorylation of CREB was blocked. Furthermore, ATM-negative cells failed to differentiate into neuronal-like cells when exposed to retinoic acid; instead, they underwent cell death. Expression of a constitutively active CREBVP16 construct, or exposure to forskolin to induce CREB phosphorylation, rescued ATM negative cells and restored differentiation. Furthermore, when dominant negative CREB proteins with mutations in either the CREB phosphorylation site (CREBS133A) or the DNA binding domain (KCREB) were introduced into SH-SY5Y cells, retinoic acid-induced differentiation was blocked and the cells underwent cell death. The results demonstrate that ATM is required for the retinoic acid-induced differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells through the ATM dependent-phosphorylation of serine 133 of CREB. These results therefore define a novel mechanism for activation of the activity of ATM kinase by RA, and implicate ATM in the regulation of CREB function during RA-induced differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Norvin D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Yingli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Brendan D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000235:genetics; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D006801:Humans; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D016501:Neurites / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C115163:CREB1 protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D014212:Tretinoin; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases