title: A quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivative induces DNA oxidative damage not attenuated by vitamin C and E treatment.
abstract: Some anticancer compounds are pro-drugs which give rise to toxic species through enzymatic reduction. The quinoxaline-di-N-oxide derivative Q-85 HCl (7-chloro-3-[[(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl]amino]-2-quinoxalinecarbonitrile 1,4-di-N-oxide hydrochloride) is a bioreductive compound selectively toxic in hypoxia. Due to the possibility of secondary tumors the study of the genotoxic capability of antitumoral drugs is very important. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of Q-85 HCl to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative DNA damage in Caco-2 cells, both in hypoxia and in well-oxygenated conditions. Secondly, we attempted to evaluate the effect of vitamins C and E under hypoxic and normoxic conditions, in order to determine if these antioxidant substances modify Q-85 HCl effect in hypoxic cells or possibly exert a protective action in normal cells. Caco-2 cells were treated with Q-85 HCl for 2h, at high concentrations in normoxia (0.1-5 microM) and at low concentrations in hypoxia (0.002-0.1 microM). In normoxia, a dose-related significant increase in intracellular ROS level was evident; in hypoxia all the concentrations produced very high level of ROS. Just after the treatment and 24h later, oxidative DNA damage was evaluated by the modified comet assay after post-digestion of the cells with formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG) and endonuclease III (Endo III). Q-85 HCl treatment evoked a significant dose-dependent increase in the total comet score of the cells both in hypoxia and normoxia, indicating that this compound or some metabolite is able to oxidize purine and pyrimidine bases. After 24h DNA damage caused by the compound was completely repaired with only one exception: cells treated with the highest concentration of Q-85 HCl in hypoxia and post-digested with FPG. Vitamin C (5-100 microM) and vitamin E (500-400 microM) did not have a pro-oxidant effect in Caco-2 cells. Treatment of cells with vitamin C (10 microM) or vitamin E (100 microM) did not significantly reduce oxidative DNA damage in hypoxia and normoxia. In conclusion, the use of these vitamins would not hinder toxicity against hypoxic cells, but a protective effect in normoxic cells was not evident.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Farmacobiología Aplicada, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Amaia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azqueta
authors.forename: Leire
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arbillaga
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pachón
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cascante
authors.forename: Edmond E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Creppy
authors.forename: Adela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López de Cerain
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D004249:DNA Damage; D045647:DNA Glycosylases / Q000378:metabolism; D043382:DNA-Formamidopyrimidine Glycosylase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C108265:7-chloro-3-(((N,N-dimethylamino)propyl)amino)-2-quinoxalinecarbonitrile-1,4-di-N-oxide; D011355:Prodrugs; D011810:Quinoxalines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014810:Vitamin E; D045647:DNA Glycosylases; D043382:DNA-Formamidopyrimidine Glycosylase; D001205:Ascorbic Acid