title: Written versus oral recommendations made by pharmacy students during internal medicine rotations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pharmacy students use a variety of methods to communicate with physicians during clinical rotations regarding pharmacotherapy concerns. Documented acceptance rates for oral or written recommendations, when studied individually, range between 64% and 95%.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the acceptance rates of written versus oral recommendations made by pharmacy students on internal medicine (IM) rotations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourth-year pharmacy students completing an IM rotation made oral or written recommendations to physicians at a large, community-based medical center from November 2005 through April 2006 (excluding December). The types of recommendations and outcomes of the interventions were recorded using a data collection form. The primary endpoint was to determine differences in acceptance rates for written versus oral recommendations. Secondary endpoints included comparing the recommendation types and their corresponding acceptance rates. Additionally, the acceptance rates for evidence-based medicine (EBM) interventions were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 625 recommendations were made by 10 pharmacy students during the 5 month study period; 47.5% of these were oral. A total of 82.8% of oral recommendations were accepted compared with 54.2% of written recommendations (p < 0.0001). Over 90% of the total recommendations were drug related. Overall, 68% of these recommendations were accepted. The major types of drug-related recommendations were indication for use (42.7%), inappropriate dose (17.2%), inappropriate route (11.3%), inappropriate drug (8.5%), and duplicate therapy (6.5%). The remaining types of interventions were laboratory related (6.4%) and requests for drug information (3.2%). A total of 227 (36.3%) recommendations were based on EBM guidelines, with an acceptance rate of 67.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacy student recommendations are well received by IM physicians. Oral recommendations are accepted at a statistically significantly higher percentage compared with written recommendations. High acceptance rates for recommendations may have the ability to positively impact patient care.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA. mpound@capefearvalley.com
authors.forename: Melanie W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Pound
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D004512:Education, Pharmacy / Q000379:methods*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D007388:Internal Medicine; D013339:Students, Pharmacy