title: Norflurazon mobility, dissipation, activity, and persistence in a sandy soil as influenced by formulation.
abstract: Five ethylcellulose (EC) microencapsulated formulations (MEFs) of norflurazon were prepared and applied in soil to study their mobility, dissipation, activity, and persistence. The results show that the release into water of norflurazon from EC microspheres was retarded when compared with that of commercial herbicide. The mobility of norflurazon from MEFs into soil columns has been greatly diminished in comparison with that of its current commercial formulation (CF). Norflurazon distribution at different depths in the soil was higher in the upper ring (up to 50% of the initial application). In contrast, the residues from commercial norflurazon along the complete soil column were only about 2%. Degradation and bioassay experiments showed that the MEFs had greater persistence (t1/2 values were 7.72 and 30.83 weeks for CF and MEFs, respectively) and herbicidal activity than the commercial formulation. The use of these formulations can be advantageous, because they can minimize the risk of groundwater contamination and permit herbicide use at reduced rates, maintaining the desired concentrations of herbicide in the topsoil layer for longer periods of weed control.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (CSIC), Apartado 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain. fsopenav@irnase.csic.es
authors.forename: Fátima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sopeña
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maqueda
authors.forename: Esmeralda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morillo
mesh_terms: D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry*; D008863:Microspheres; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D011724:Pyridazines; D012987:Soil; C008677:norflurazone