title: Alveolar bone formation in patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate after early secondary gingivoalveoloplasty: long-term results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Milan surgical protocol includes the use of an early secondary gingivoalveoloplasty together with hard palate closure at 18 to 36 months, to avoid later bone grafting. The goal of this study was to evaluate the long-term quality of ossification in patients who have undergone early secondary gingivoalveoloplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  The samples consisted of panoramic radiographs of 87 unilateral cleft lip-cleft palate and 29 bilateral cleft lip-cleft palate patients. The records available allowed for a longitudinal and a cross-sectional evaluation of the ossification in the cleft area. Alveolar bridging was assessed using a modified Bergland's scoring system. Nasal area ossification and canine inclination were each given three different qualitative scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The alveolar bridging noted was type I (71.7 percent), type II (23.5 percent), and type III (4.8 percent) in the whole sample of unilateral and bilateral cleft lip-cleft palate patients. No type IV ossification was found. Longitudinal analysis showed that approximately one-fourth of the cleft sites improved after permanent tooth eruption, and very few worsened. An evaluation of permanent dentition in a group of 27 unilateral and nine bilateral cleft lip-cleft palate patients (mean age, 14.8 +/- 2.0 years) showed that 15.5 percent of the whole sample had canine retention and 4.4 percent of the whole sample had to be surgically exposed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early secondary gingivoalveoloplasty seems to allow for adequate ossification in both the alveolar and the nasal regions. Permanent tooth eruption occurs at a normal rate. None of the patients has required a secondary alveolar bone graft.
authors.affiliation: Milan, Italy From the Regional Center for CLP, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan.
authors.forename: Maria Costanza
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Meazzini
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tortora
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morabito
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garattini
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brusati
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000543:Alveoloplasty; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000601:surgery*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005881:Gingiva / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D010012:Osteogenesis; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors