title: Ectopic ureter in the horse: Three cases and a review of the literature.
abstract: Ureterovesicular anastomosis resulted in resolution of the clinical signs of urinary incontinence in three horses with unilateral ectopic ureter. Follow-up of two of the horses ten months and three years later indicated no further urinary tract problems; the third horse died four days after surgery from intestinal infarction.Diagnosis can be readily confirmed by antegrade or retrograde ureterography, or endoscopic visualization of the ectopic ureteral openings. Nephrectomy appears indicated in cases of unilateral ectopic ureter with associated ipsilateral urinary tract infection or hydronephrosis, providing the contralateral kidney has normal function. Ureterovesicular anastomosis appears to be indicated in the management of unilateral ectopic ureters in the absence of ascending urinary tract infection or hydronephrosis, and in cases of bilateral ectopic ureters.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Pringle
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Ducharme
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Baird