title: A new method to transfect the hypoblast of the chick embryo reveals conservation of the regulation of an Otx2 enhancer between mouse and chick extraembryonic endoderm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mouse anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) and the chick hypoblast are thought to have homologous roles in the early stages of neural induction and primitive streak formation. In mouse, many regulatory elements directing gene expression to the AVE have been identified. However, there is no technique to introduce DNA into the chick hypoblast that would enable a comparison of their activity and this has hampered a direct comparison of the regulation of gene expression in the mouse and chick extraembryonic endoderm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we describe a new method to introduce DNA into the chick hypoblast, using lipofectamine-mediated transfection. We show that the hypoblast can be easily transfected and that it starts to express a luciferase reporter within 2 hours of transfection. The validity of technique is tested by following the movement and fate of hypoblast cells, which reveals their translocation to the anterior germinal crescent. We then introduce a vector containing GFP driven by the mouse VEcis-Otx2 enhancer (which directs gene expression to the mouse AVE) and we detect activity in the hypoblast.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new technique for delivering expression constructs to the chick hypoblast will enable studies on gene activity and regulation to be performed in this tissue, which has proved difficult to transfect by electroporation. Our findings also reveal that regulatory elements that direct gene expression to the mouse AVE are active in chick hypoblast, supporting the idea that these two tissues have homologous functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK. albazerchi@wisc.edu <albazerchi@wisc.edu>
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albazerchi
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cinquin
authors.forename: Claudio D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D018274:Electroporation; D004627:Embryonic Induction / Q000235:genetics; D004707:Endoderm; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D008055:Lipids; D051379:Mice; D051857:Otx Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; C086724:Lipofectamine; D051857:Otx Transcription Factors; C497660:Otx2 protein, mouse