title: Association between glycosylated hemoglobin level and 16-year incidence of chronic kidney disease in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of recently defined outcome of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been widely reported in type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prospective association between baseline glycosylated hemoglobin levels and the 16-year incidence of CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study of type 1 diabetes individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community based in southwestern Wisconsin.
  
  
  METHODS
  547 younger-onset type 1 diabetes individuals who were free of CKD at baseline (1984-86).
  
  
  METHODS
  Development of CKD (defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate<60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) or ESRD [history of dialysis or renal transplantation]) over 16-year follow-up period, among individuals free of CKD at baseline. Alternate outcome was 16-year incident ESRD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 16 years of follow-up, there were 158 cases of CKD and 37 cases of ESRD in our cohort. The 16-year cumulative incidence of CKD was 31.7 percent. Elevated glycosylated hemoglobin levels were associated with incident CKD and ESRD in separate models. Multivariable odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence intervals (CI)] comparing the highest quartile of glycosylated hemoglobin (11-15.3%) to the lowest quartile (6-8.6%) was 6.44 (3.61-11.51), p-trend<0.0001 for incident CKD and 21.87 (2.84-168.39), p-trend<0.0001 for ESRD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher baseline glycosylated hemoglobin levels are independently associated with incident CKD and ESRD, among individuals with type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Community, Occupational, and Family Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. ashankar@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: B E K
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Moss
mesh_terms: D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin