title: Homeless people's perceptions of welcomeness and unwelcomeness in healthcare encounters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Homeless people face many barriers to obtaining health care, and their attitudes toward seeking health care services may be shaped in part by previous encounters with health care providers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine how homeless persons experienced "welcomeness" and "unwelcomeness" in past encounters with health care providers and to characterize their perceptions of these interactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative content analysis of 17 in-depth interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen homeless men and women, aged 29-62 years, residing at 5 shelters in Toronto, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interpretive content analysis was performed using iterative stages of inductive coding. Interview transcripts were analyzed using Buber's philosophical conceptualization of ways of relating as "I-It" (the way persons relate to objects) and "I-You" (the way persons relate to dynamic beings).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most participants perceived their experiences of unwelcomeness as acts of discrimination. Homelessness and low social class were most commonly cited as the perceived basis for discriminatory treatment. Many participants reported intense emotional responses to unwelcoming experiences, which negatively influenced their desire to seek health care in the future. Participants' descriptions of unwelcoming health care encounters were consistent with "I-It" ways of relating in that they felt dehumanized, not listened to, or disempowered. Welcoming experiences were consistent with "I-You" ways of relating, in that patients felt valued as a person, truly listened to, or empowered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Homeless people's perceptions of welcomeness and unwelcomeness are an important aspect of their encounters with health care providers. Buber's "I-It" and "I-You" concepts are potentially useful aids to health care providers who wish to understand how welcoming and unwelcoming interactions are fostered.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Chuck K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Pamela L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Hudak
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003142:Communication; D003144:Communication Barriers; D017050:Episode of Care; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D035502:Trust / Q000523:psychology