title: The ability of the Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol (SRE) Scale to predict alcohol-related outcomes five years later.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A low level of response (LR) to alcohol as measured through alcohol challenges is an early-appearing, genetically influenced characteristic that predicts the risk of heavier drinking and alcohol problems. A less expensive and more easily used measure of LR, the retrospective Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol (SRE) questionnaire, also relates to alcohol intake and problems but has not been evaluated for its ability to predict alcohol-related problems 5 years later.
  
  
  METHODS
  At Time 1, 95 18- to 35-year-old (mean age: 25.9 years) subjects who were offspring from families participating at the San Diego site of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) were administered the SRE and evaluated regarding alcohol, drug, and demographic characteristics using the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) interview. Follow-up interviews (Time 2) using the SSAGA were completed an average (SD) of 5.4 (1.34) years later for approximately 80% of the original sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The retrospective SRE score at Time 1 (the number of drinks for effects the first five times [First 5] of drinking) correlated with Time 2 maximum quantity and frequency, alcohol problems overall, the number of alcohol-dependence items endorsed, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence. The relationships remained robust in hierarchical logistic regression analyses even in the context of age, gender, the number of SRE items endorsed, and alcohol use and problem variables at Time 1. The regressions explained between 21% and 43% of the variance of the outcomes overall, with the First 5 SRE score alone accounting for between 4% and 14%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with the ability of SRE-based LR scores at Time 1 to predict alcohol-related outcomes over the subsequent 5 years.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, and the Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161-2002, USA. mschuckit@ucsd.edu
authors: Marc A
authors: MA
authors: Schuckit
authors: Tom L
authors: TL
authors: Smith
authors: George P
authors: GP
authors: Danko
authors: Juliann
authors: J
authors: Pierson
authors: Victor
authors: V
authors: Hesselbrock
authors: Kathleen K
authors: KK
authors: Bucholz
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Kramer
authors: Samuel
authors: S
authors: Kuperman
authors: Cameron
authors: C
authors: Dietiker
authors: Rachael
authors: R
authors: Brandon
authors: Grace
authors: G
authors: Chan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D002140:California; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012650:Self Disclosure; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires