title: The value of three-dimensional transrectal ultrasonography in staging prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use three-dimensional transrectal ultrasonography (3D-TRUS) to reconstruct the prostate, and thus determine its value in staging clinically localized prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 180 patients with newly diagnosed clinically localized prostate cancer were assessed using 3D-TRUS for staging. TRUS findings were compared with histopathological staging after radical prostatectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pathological staging of specimens showed extracapsular extension in 69 patients, of whom 53 had pathological capsular perforation and 16 had seminal vesicle invasion. 3D-TRUS identified 58 patients with sites of extracapsular extension with 84% sensitivity, 96% specificity, 94% positive predictive value, 91% negative predictive value and an overall accuracy of 92%. Of the 16 patients with seminal vesicle invasion 14 were identified correctly on 3D-TRUS. Overall the 3D-TRUS staging sensitivity was 84%, specificity 96%, positive predictive value 93%, negative predictive value 91% and accuracy 91%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D-TRUS seems to be an accurate technique for staging localized prostate cancer. If 3D-TRUS indicates locally advanced disease, the probability of capsular perforation or seminal vesicle invasion is very high.
authors: Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Michael.mitterberger@uibk.ac.at
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Mitterberger
authors: Germar-Michael
authors: GM
authors: Pinggera
authors: Leo
authors: L
authors: Pallwein
authors: Johann
authors: J
authors: Gradl
authors: Ferdinand
authors: F
authors: Frauscher
authors: Georg
authors: G
authors: Bartsch
authors: Hannes
authors: H
authors: Strasser
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Akkad
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Horninger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography