title: Laparoscopic radioisotope-guided sentinel lymph node dissection in staging of prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present our experience in laparoscopic sentinel lymph node (SLN) dissection in staging of clinically localized prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  From November 2001 to January 2005 laparoscopic SLN dissection was performed in 140 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer preceding radical prostatectomy. Mean preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was 8.26 ng/ml (SD 9.46). At 24 h before surgery, 2 ml 99mTc-labeled human albumin (2 ml/200 MBq) colloid was injected into the prostate gland under transrectal ultrasound guidance. Prostatic SLNs were detected by preoperative planar scintigraphy and intraoperative scanning with a specially designed laparoscopic gamma probe. The detected nodes were dissected and evaluated on frozen section. In case of positive frozen section extended lymph node dissection was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SLN was identified on both or one pelvic sidewall in 96 (68.1%) and 36 (25.7%) of the patients, respectively. SLNs were undetectable in 8 (5.7%) cases. In 48.2% (135 of 280) of the pelvic sidewalls, SLNs were exclusively outside the obturator fossa. Final histopathologic examination revealed SLN metastases in 19 (13.5%) patients; 71.4% (20 of 28) of the detected metastases were outside the current standard of lymph node dissection limited to the obturator fossa. Mean tumor size was 2.3 mm (SD 1.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data confirm the reliability of laparoscopic SLN dissection in staging of prostate cancer. Significant numbers of detected metastases were outside of the routinely sampled obturator fossa. Small metastasis size makes them undetectable by currently available preoperative imaging modalities.
authors: Department of Urology, Elisabethinen Hospital, Linz, Austria. stjeschke@hotmail.com
authors: Stephan
authors: S
authors: Jeschke
authors: Avi
authors: A
authors: Beri
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Grüll
authors: Josef
authors: J
authors: Ziegerhofer
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Prammer
authors: Karl
authors: K
authors: Leeb
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Sega
authors: Guenter
authors: G
authors: Janetschek
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019160:Endosonography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010388:Pelvis; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin