title: Natriuretic peptides and therapeutic applications.
abstract: Since the discovery of atrial natriuretic factor by de Bold et al., there has been tremendous progress in our understanding of the physiologic, diagnostic and therapeutic roles of the natriuretic peptides (NPs) in health and disease. Natriuretic peptides are endogenous hormones that are released by the heart in response to myocardial stretch and overload. Three mammalian NPs have been identified and characterized, including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP or atrial natriuretic factor), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). In addition, Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (DNP) has been isolated from the venom of Dendroaspis angusticeps (the green mamba snake), and urodilatin from human urine. These peptides are structurally similar and they consist of a 17-amino-acid core ring and a cysteine bridge. Both ANP and BNP bind to natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR-A) that are expressed in the heart and other organs. Activation of NPR-A generates an increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which mediates natriuresis, inhibition of renin and aldosterone, as well as vasorelaxant, anti-fibrotic, anti-hypertrophic, and lusitropic effects. The NP system thus serves as an important compensatory mechanism against neurohumoral activation in heart failure. This provides a strong rationale for the use of exogenous NPs in the management of acutely decompensated heart failure. In this article, the therapeutic applications of NPs in the acute heart failure syndromes are reviewed. Emerging therapeutic agents and areas for future research are discussed.
authors: Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55906, USA. lee.candace@mayo.edu
authors: Candace Y W
authors: CY
authors: Lee
authors: John C
authors: JC
authors: Burnett
mesh_terms: D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D020098:Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type / Q000378:metabolism; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D017461:Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D012910:Snake Venoms / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D012910:Snake Venoms; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D020098:Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type; C056452:Ularitide; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D017461:Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D006152:Cyclic GMP