title: Ancient papillomavirus-host co-speciation in Felidae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Estimating evolutionary rates for slowly evolving viruses such as papillomaviruses (PVs) is not possible using fossil calibrations directly or sequences sampled over a time-scale of decades. An ability to correlate their divergence with a host species, however, can provide a means to estimate evolutionary rates for these viruses accurately. To determine whether such an approach is feasible, we sequenced complete feline PV genomes, previously available only for the domestic cat (Felis domesticus, FdPV1), from four additional, globally distributed feline species: Lynx rufus PV type 1, Puma concolor PV type 1, Panthera leo persica PV type 1, and Uncia uncia PV type 1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The feline PVs all belong to the Lambdapapillomavirus genus, and contain an unusual second noncoding region between the early and late protein region, which is only present in members of this genus. Our maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that the evolutionary relationships between feline PVs perfectly mirror those of their feline hosts, despite a complex and dynamic phylogeographic history. By applying host species divergence times, we provide the first precise estimates for the rate of evolution for each PV gene, with an overall evolutionary rate of 1.95 x 10(-8) (95% confidence interval 1.32 x 10(-8) to 2.47 x 10(-8)) nucleotide substitutions per site per year for the viral coding genome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our work provides evidence for long-term virus-host co-speciation of feline PVs, indicating that viral diversity in slowly evolving viruses can be used to investigate host species evolution. These findings, however, should not be extrapolated to other viral lineages without prior confirmation of virus-host co-divergence.
authors: Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. annabel.rector@uz.kuleuven.be
authors: Annabel
authors: A
authors: Rector
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Lemey
authors: Ruth
authors: R
authors: Tachezy
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Mostmans
authors: Shin-Je
authors: SJ
authors: Ghim
authors: Koenraad
authors: K
authors: Van Doorslaer
authors: Melody
authors: M
authors: Roelke
authors: Mitchell
authors: M
authors: Bush
authors: Richard J
authors: RJ
authors: Montali
authors: Janis
authors: J
authors: Joslin
authors: Robert D
authors: RD
authors: Burk
authors: Alfred B
authors: AB
authors: Jenson
authors: John P
authors: JP
authors: Sundberg
authors: Beth
authors: B
authors: Shapiro
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Van Ranst
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D045989:Felidae / Q000821:virology*; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D052691:Lambdapapillomavirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity