title: Laser scanning confocal ophthalmoscopy and polarimetry of human immunodeficiency virus patients without retinopathy, under antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Confocal laser scanning ophthalmoscopy (HRT; Heidelberg retinal tomograph II) and scanning laser polarimetry (GDx-variable corneal compensator [VCC]) were used to investigate whether early indicators of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness loss could be observed in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that had no associated retinopathy or optic neuropathy and were concomitantly receiving antiretroviral medications.
  
  
  METHODS
  HRT and GDx-VCC parameters obtained from a group of 13 HIV-positive subjects (n=26 eyes) on antiretroviral therapy examined with HRT, with a subgroup of six subjects (n=12 eyes) examined with both HRT and GDx-VCC, were compared with those of a matched HIV-negative control cohort (13 subjects, n=26 eyes) examined with HRT, with a subgroup of five subjects (n=10 eyes) examined with both HRT and GDx-VCC. We employed generalized estimating equations for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduced mean values for the HRT height variation contour (p<0.045) and HRT mean RNFL thickness (p<0.023) were observed in HIV-positive subjects controlling for age, sex, and race. A significantly reduced mean value corresponding to the GDx-VCC superior maximum (p<0.014) and inferior maximum (p<0.016) were also observed for the HIV-positive cohort analyzed controlling for age, sex, and race.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HRT and GDx-VCC indicators of RNFL thickness appear to be significantly reduced in HIV-positive subjects without retinopathy or optic nerve disease using antiretroviral medication, suggesting RNFL loss occurs in this population of HIV-positive patients. The lack of correlation between CD4 counts, viral load, number of antiretroviral medications used, or years from diagnosis of HIV and RNFL thinning, suggests that possibly other factors associated with HIV infection may contribute to the apparent RNFL thickness loss.
authors: Nova Southeastern University, Health Profession Division, College of Optometry, Department of Public Health, Ft. Lauderdale, North Miami Beach, Florida 33162, USA. ebesada@nova.edu
authors: Eulogio
authors: E
authors: Besada
authors: Diana
authors: D
authors: Shechtman
authors: Greg
authors: G
authors: Black
authors: Patrick C
authors: PC
authors: Hardigan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000276:immunology; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D015483:HIV Antibodies