title: Morphology and ultrastructure of differentiating three-dimensional mammalian skeletal muscle in a collagen gel.
abstract: Because previous studies of three-dimensional skeletal muscle cultures have shown limited differentiation, the goal of this study was to establish conditions that would produce mature sarcomeres in a mammalian-derived skeletal muscle construct. We evaluated the differentiation of bioartificial muscles generated from C(2)C(12) myoblasts in a collagen gel cultured under steady, passive tension for up to 36 days. Staining for alpha-actinin, myosin, and F-actin indicated the presence of striated fibers as early as 6 days post-differentiation. Electron microscopy at 16 days post-differentiation revealed multinucleated myotubes with ordered, striated myofibers. At 33 days, the cultures contained collagen fibers and showed localization of paxillin at the fiber termini, suggesting that myotendinous junctions were forming. The present study demonstrates mature muscle synthesis in a three-dimensional system using a pure mammalian myoblast cell line. Our results suggest that this culture model can be used to evaluate the effects of various mechanical and biochemical cues on muscle development under normal and pathological conditions.
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: Rhim
authors: Dorothy A
authors: DA
authors: Lowell
authors: Mary C
authors: MC
authors: Reedy
authors: Dorothy H
authors: DH
authors: Slentz
authors: Sarah J
authors: SJ
authors: Zhang
authors: William E
authors: WE
authors: Kraus
authors: George A
authors: GA
authors: Truskey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen / Q000502:physiology*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission / Q000379:methods; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology*; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen