title: Long-term results of a randomized clinical trial of Shouldice, Lichtenstein and transabdominal preperitoneal hernia repairs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an ongoing debate about the preferred technique for inguinal hernia repair. In this randomized study the long-term results of Shouldice, Lichtenstein and transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) hernia repair were compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  Some 280 men with a primary hernia were randomized prospectively to undergo Shouldice, tension-free Lichtenstein or laparoscopic TAPP repair. Patients were examined after 52 months to assess hernia recurrence, nerve damage, testicular atrophy and patient satisfaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hernia recurrence occurred in six patients after Shouldice repair, and in one patient each after Lichtenstein and TAPP repairs. All recurrences after tension-free repairs were diagnosed within the first year after surgery. Nerve injuries were significantly more frequent after open Shouldice and Lichtenstein repairs. Patient satisfaction was greatest after laparoscopic TAPP repair.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tension-free repair was superior to the non-mesh Shouldice technique. The open anterior approach to the groin was associated with demonstrable nerve injury, and laparoscopic TAPP repair was the most effective approach in the hands of an experienced surgeon.
authors: Department of General Surgery, Krankenhaus Bietigheim, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Butters
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Redecke
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Köninger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002983:Clinical Competence; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013526:Surgical Mesh; D016896:Treatment Outcome