title: High-resolution CT of patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High-resolution CT is an important tool in the detection and management of bronchiectasis, but there is little information about high-resolution CT findings in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). We analyzed all high-resolution CT studies of the chest available for a cohort of PCD patients to identify an associated pattern of high-resolution CT changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-resolution CT studies were available for 45 PCD patients from 42 families with ranges of age and disease severity. The images were assessed for severity and distribution of bronchiectasis, peribronchial thickening, mucous plugging, and other findings. A bronchiectasis severity score was calculated. CT findings were correlated with phenotypic findings, including situs type, ciliary ultrastructural defect, nasal level of nitric oxide, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and microbiologic findings in the airways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine adults (mean age, 42 +/- 15 years; age range, 21-73 years) and 16 children (mean age, 8 +/- 4 years; age range, 1-14 years) were included; 26 (58%) of the patients were women or girls. Situs inversus totalis (38%) or heterotaxy (18%) was identified in 56% of the patients. A high (9%) prevalence of pectus excavatum was identified. High-resolution CT of all of the adult and 56% of the pediatric patients showed bronchiectasis in a predominantly middle and lower lobe distribution. The right middle lobe was most commonly involved. Bronchiectasis severity score correlated with older age and worse pulmonary function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-resolution CT shows that pulmonary disease related to PCD predominantly involves the middle and lower lobes of the lungs. In adults, high-resolution CT findings negative for bronchiectasis may have a role in excluding the diagnosis of PCD. Correlation of severity of disease on high-resolution CT with patient phenotype gives further insight into the diversity and natural history of PCD.
authors: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. kennedy@mdanderson.org
authors: Marcus P
authors: MP
authors: Kennedy
authors: Peadar G
authors: PG
authors: Noone
authors: Margaret W
authors: MW
authors: Leigh
authors: Maimoona A
authors: MA
authors: Zariwala
authors: Susan L
authors: SL
authors: Minnix
authors: Michael R
authors: MR
authors: Knowles
authors: Paul L
authors: PL
authors: Molina
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007619:Kartagener Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed