title: A trial of immunotherapy against Leishmania amazonensis infection in vitro and in vivo with Z-100, a polysaccharide obtained from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, alone or combined with meglumine antimoniate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy and the immunomodulatory function of Z-100 alone or combined with meglumine antimoniate on Leishmania amazonensis infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of the compounds was evaluated by microscopic counting of intracellular amastigotes in macrophages stained with Giemsa, or axenic promastigotes, and IC(50) was determined by linear regression. The antileishmanial effect of the compounds was assessed in infected BALB/c mice by a limiting dilution analysis and the production of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-4, IgG1 and IgG2a was measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, Z-100 showed antileishmanial activity against intracellular amastigotes of L. amazonensis with an IC(50) of 13 mg/L. Moreover, infected macrophages treated with Z-100 (12 mg/L) showed smaller parasitophorous vacuoles with fewer parasites than the control. In addition, the efficacy of Z-100 plus meglumine antimoniate [14 mg/L pentavalent antimony (Sb(v))] was higher (46% inhibition) than either Z-100 or meglumine antimoniate alone. Nevertheless, no effect of Z-100 on axenic promastigotes was observed. Infected BALB/c mice treated with Z-100 (100 microg/kg) alone did not show any antileishmanial effects in comparison with the control group, and IFN-gamma, as well as IL-10 and IL-4, was up-regulated by the treatment. In addition, both IgG1 and IgG2a were also increased by the Z-100 treatment. Although Z-100 plus meglumine antimoniate (14 or 28 mg/kg Sb(v)) controlled both the parasite load and the footpad swelling in comparison with control mice, no significant differences were found with meglumine antimoniate alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro, Z-100 alone or combined with meglumine antimoniate showed an antileishmanial effect on L. amazonensis. However, no effect was observed in infected BALB/c mice treated with Z-100, suggesting that the up-regulation of IL-10 and IL-4 production by the treatment could be interfering with the development of a protective Th1-type response. For further understanding of the effects of Z-100 in vivo, another strain of mice such as C57BL/6 should be tested in future.
authors: Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Okoh, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan. jm-paola@kochi-u.ac.jp
authors: Paola Andrea
authors: PA
authors: Barroso
authors: Jorge Diego
authors: JD
authors: Marco
authors: Manuel
authors: M
authors: Calvopina
authors: Hirotomo
authors: H
authors: Kato
authors: Masataka
authors: M
authors: Korenaga
authors: Yoshihisa
authors: Y
authors: Hashiguchi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007167:Immunotherapy; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood; D007894:Leishmania mexicana / Q000254:growth & development; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000628:therapy*; D008055:Lipids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008351:Mannans / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008536:Meglumine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077485:Meglumine Antimoniate; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000737:chemistry*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D008055:Lipids; D008351:Mannans; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011134:Polysaccharides; C031208:specific substance maruyama; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D008536:Meglumine; D000077485:Meglumine Antimoniate; D007371:Interferon-gamma