title: Accuracy in the estimation of food servings against the portions in food photographs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In diet surveys, quantitative underestimation of food consumption may be due to intentional misreporting or false portion-size reporting. Perception of food photographs used as aids for assessing the actual amounts may have an effect. This study was carried out to assess the validity of food photographs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A real-time test protocol where 52 presented food servings were compared against photographed portions with similar food items.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteers from the Rehabilitation Company Petrea (in Turku) were recruited, 161 adults participated, and for 146 subjects, complete data were collected.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proportions of correct estimations and reporting errors, in weights and percentages, are presented by gender and food group. Food descriptors, portion-size options and subject characteristics were studied as potential determinants of accuracy in portion-size estimation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total proportion of exactly correct estimations was 51% in men and 49% in women. The overall reporting error was -10 g in men and +1 g in women for the 52 food servings. Underreporting was typical for bread, spread and cold cuts and dishes in both genders. Over-reporting was typical for cereals in both genders and for snacks, vegetables and fruit in women. The estimation error was associated with the portion-size options but not associated with the energy density of food items, education or body mass index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Food portions in photographs seem to be a useful aid for the quantification of most food items. However, validation studies are needed to test the applicability of photographs for estimating current portions and for searching better tools in dietary surveys.
authors: Department of Health Promotion and Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Nutrition Unit, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki, Finland. marja-leena.ovaskainen@ktl.fi
authors: M-L
authors: ML
authors: Ovaskainen
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Paturi
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Reinivuo
authors: M-L
authors: ML
authors: Hannila
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Sinkko
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Lehtisalo
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Pynnönen-Polari
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Männistö
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000145:classification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012858:Size Perception