title: Cost-effectiveness of preventative therapies for postmenopausal women with osteopenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited data are available regarding the cost-effectiveness of preventative therapies for postmenopausal women with osteopenia. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of raloxifene, alendronate and conservative care in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a microsimulation model to assess the incremental cost and effectiveness of raloxifene and alendronate relative to conservative care. We assumed a societal perspective and a lifetime time horizon. We examined clinical scenarios involving postmenopausal women from 55 to 75 years of age with bone mineral density T-scores ranging from -1.0 to -2.4. Modeled health events included vertebral and nonvertebral fractures, invasive breast cancer, and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Raloxifene and alendronate were assumed to reduce the incidence of vertebral but not nonvertebral fractures; raloxifene was assumed to decrease the incidence of breast cancer and increase the incidence of VTEs. Cost-effectiveness is reported in $/QALYs gained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For women 55 to 60 years of age with a T-score of -1.8, raloxifene cost approximately $50,000/QALY gained relative to conservative care. Raloxifene was less cost-effective for women 65 and older. At all ages, alendronate was both more expensive and less effective than raloxifene. In most clinical scenarios, raloxifene conferred a greater benefit (in QALYs) from prevention of invasive breast cancer than from fracture prevention. Results were most sensitive to the population's underlying risk of fracture and breast cancer, assumed efficacy and costs of treatment, and the discount rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For 55 and 60 year old women with osteopenia, treatment with raloxifene compares favorably to interventions accepted as cost-effective.
authors: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA. emeadows@lilly.com
authors: Eric S
authors: ES
authors: Meadows
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Klein
authors: Matthew D
authors: MD
authors: Rousculp
authors: Lee
authors: L
authors: Smolen
authors: Robert L
authors: RL
authors: Ohsfeldt
authors: Joseph A
authors: JA
authors: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019386:Alendronate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017059:Models, Econometric; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012306:Risk; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D019386:Alendronate