title: Pretreatment with insulin enhances anticancer functions of 5-fluorouracil in human esophageal and colonic cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of insulin on enhancing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) anticancer functions and its mechanisms in the human esophageal cancer cell line (Eca 109) and human colonic cancer cell line (Ls-174-t).
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of insulin/5-FU combination treatment on the growth of Eca 109 and Ls-174-t cells was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. After insulin treatment or insulin/5-FU treatment, cell cycle distribution of both cell lines was analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blot assay was used to assess the expression of caspase-3 and thymidylate synthase (TS). Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, DNA fragmentation assay, and terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay (TUNEL). Moreover, the changes of 5-FU uptake after insulin pretreatment were detected by HPLC assay and Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that insulin enhanced the inhibitory effect of 5- FU on cell proliferation when Eca 109 cells and Ls-174-t cells were pretreated with insulin for the appropriate time. Insulin increased the cell number of the S phase and the uptake of 5-FU. Insulin/5-FU treatment enhanced apoptosis of tumor cells and upregulated the expression of cleaved caspase-3 compared with 5-FU treatment. Moreover, insulin/5-FU treatment induced the changes of free TS and the TS ternary complex level compared with 5-FU treatment in Eca 109 and Ls-174-t cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that insulin enhances anticancer functions of 5- FU when it is treated before 5-FU for the appropriate time in human esophageal and colonic cancer cell lines.
authors: Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
authors: Ke
authors: K
authors: Zou
authors: Ji-Hang
authors: JH
authors: Ju
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Xie
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; D005472:Fluorouracil