title: A systematic review of urinary findings in experimental septic acute renal failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In experimental septic acute renal failure, urinary analysis is used to help diagnose and classify renal injury. However, the scientific basis for such use has not been systematically evaluated. Thus, we appraised the value of common urinary findings for the diagnosis and classification of experimental septic acute renal failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical center and university-based research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental studies describing urinary biochemistry, derived indexes, and microscopy in septic acute renal failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven articles fulfilled all inclusion criteria. Due to heterogeneity, no formal quantitative analysis was possible. The methods for induction of sepsis and models were variable. The urinary sodium, fractional excretion of sodium, and urine osmolality were reported in only four (15%), 21 (78%), and seven (26%) studies, respectively. The fractional excretion of sodium exhibited a decrease, no change, or an increase from baseline in 11 (52%), five (24%), and five (24%) studies, respectively. The urine osmolality decreased from baseline in all endotoxin-induced models but showed an early transient increase in six (22%) studies of cecal-ligation perforation. Proteinuria or urinary enzymuria was reported in only seven (26%) studies. Urinary microscopy was described in one study. Only ten studies (37%) simultaneously reported on histopathology. In all these studies, histology either was normal or showed minor ultrastructural changes on electron microscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No conclusions are possible on how several urinary tests perform in diagnosing or classifying acute renal failure or in predicting the presence of acute tubular necrosis in experimental sepsis. Additional research is necessary to define the diagnostic and prognostic value of urinalysis in experimental sepsis.
authors: Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. bagshaw@ualberta.ca
authors: Sean M
authors: SM
authors: Bagshaw
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Langenberg
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Wan
authors: Clive N
authors: CN
authors: May
authors: Rinaldo
authors: R
authors: Bellomo
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine*; D000818:Animals; D053099:Azotemia / Q000175:diagnosis; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine*; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods