title: Hormesis and its place in nonmonotonic dose-response relationships: some scientific reality checks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This analysis is a critical assessment of current hormesis literature. I discuss definitions, characterization, generalizability, mechanisms, absence of empirical data specific for hormesis hypothesis testing, and arguments that hormesis be the "default assumption" in risk assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hormesis, a biological phenomenon typically described as low-dose stimulation from substances producing higher-dose inhibition, has recently garnered interest in several quarters. The principal sources of published materials for this analysis are the writings of certain proponents of hormesis. Surprisingly few systematic critiques of current hormesis literature exist. Limits to the phenomenon's appropriate role in risk assessment and health policy have been published.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serious gaps in scientific understanding remain: a stable definition; generalizability, especially for humans; a clear mechanistic basis; limitations in the presence of multiple toxic end points, target organs, and mechanisms. Absence of both arms-length, consensus-driven, scientific evaluations and empirical data from studies specifically designed for hormesis testing have limited its acceptance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Definition, characterization, occurrence, and mechanistic rationale for hormesis will remain speculative, absent rigorous studies done specifically for hormesis testing. Any role for hormesis in current risk assessment and regulatory policies for toxics remains to be determined.
authors: PB Associates, 714 9th Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA. pandbmushak@cs.com
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Mushak
mesh_terms: D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006291:Health Policy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants