title: Effects of caspase inhibitors (z-VAD-fmk, z-VDVAD-fmk) on Nile Red fluorescence pattern in 7-ketocholesterol-treated cells: investigation by flow cytometry and spectral imaging microscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 7-ketocholesterol (7KC)-induced cell death has some characteristics of apoptosis and is associated with polar lipid accumulation. So, we investigated the effects of the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk and of the caspase-2 inhibitor z-VDVAD-fmk on lipid profile evaluated by staining with Nile Red (NR).
  
  
  METHODS
  The 7KC-treated human monocytic U937 cells were cultured in the absence or in the presence of the caspase inhibitors z-VAD-fmk or z-VDVAD-fmk. When staining with NR is performed, neutral and polar lipids have yellow and orange/red emission, respectively, and fluorescence was then analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) and by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) combined with subsequent image processing. The 3D-image sequences were obtained by means of CLSM using spectral analysis, and were analyzed by the factor analysis of medical image sequences algorithm to differentiate spectra inside mixed fluorescence emission and get corresponding specific images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By FCM, comparatively to untreated cells, higher percentages of red fluorescent cells were identified in 7KC-treated cells. Factor curves and images reveal orange and red fluorescence emissions in 7KC-treated cells and show yellow, orange, and red fluorescence emissions in 7KC-treated cells cultured in the presence of z-VAD-fmk or z-VDVAD-fmk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data support that investigation by FCM and by spectral analysis in CLSM associated with subsequent image processing provides useful tools to determine the effect of caspase inhibitors on lipid content evaluated with NR. They also favor the hypothesis of relationships between caspase activity and polar lipid accumulation.
authors: INSERM UMR 866 (Lipides, Nutrition et Cancer; équipe Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle), IFR Santé STIC, Université de Bourgogne-Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Vejux
authors: Gérard
authors: G
authors: Lizard
authors: Yves
authors: Y
authors: Tourneur
authors: Jean-Marc
authors: JM
authors: Riedinger
authors: Frédérique
authors: F
authors: Frouin
authors: Edmond
authors: E
authors: Kahn
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D002467:Cell Nucleus; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007653:Ketocholesterols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010078:Oxazines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007653:Ketocholesterols; D010078:Oxazines; C096713:benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone; C044808:nile red