title: High radiosensitivity of germ cells in human male fetus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Germ cells formed during human fetal life are essential for fertility of the adult, and several studies have described an increasing frequency of male reproductive disorders, which may have a common origin in fetal life and which are hypothesized to be caused by endocrine disruptors. However, factors inducing a genotoxic stress may also be implicated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effect of gamma-irradiation on the functions of human fetal testis during the first trimester of gestation by using an organ culture system. Then we focused on the role of the p53 pathway in the observed effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Germ cells were highly sensitive to irradiation even at doses as low as 0.1 and 0.2 Gy. Indeed, for these doses, one third of germ cells died by apoptosis. Other germ cells were blocked in their cycle, but no repair seemed to occur, and longer culture with the highest dose used showed that they were destined to die. Sertoli cells were less affected, although their proliferation and the level of anti-Müllerian hormone were reduced. Irradiation had no effect on testosterone secretion or on the expression of steroidogenic enzymes by Leydig cells. After irradiation, p53 phosphorylated on serine 15 was detected from 1-24 h in all cell types. This activation of p53 was accompanied by an increase in mRNA levels of proapoptotic factors Bax and Puma, whereas that of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 remained unchanged. P21, which is responsible for cell cycle arrest, was also up-regulated 6, 30, and 72 h after irradiation. Finally, when we added pifithrin-alpha, a specific inhibitor of p53 functions, a significant decrease in irradiation-induced apoptosis in both germ and Sertoli cells was observed, indicating the involvement of the p53 pathway in irradiation-induced apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated here for the first time the great sensitivity of human fetal germ cells to genotoxic stress caused by ionizing radiation.
authors: Laboratory of Differentiation and Radiobiology of the Gonads, Unit of Gametogenesis and Genotoxicity, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 566, Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, France.
authors: Romain
authors: R
authors: Lambrot
authors: Hervé
authors: H
authors: Coffigny
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Pairault
authors: Charlotte
authors: C
authors: Lécureuil
authors: René
authors: R
authors: Frydman
authors: René
authors: R
authors: Habert
authors: Virginie
authors: V
authors: Rouiller-Fabre
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D007985:Leydig Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D012708:Sertoli Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D013739:Testosterone; D053148:Caspase 3