title: Recognition of lexical tone production of children with an artificial neural network.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that the artificial neural network can successfully classify Mandarin Chinese tone patterns produced by multiple children. The neural network can be used as an objective way of evaluating tone production of children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Traditionally, tone production is evaluated subjectively using human listeners. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of using an artificial neural network in evaluating tone production of Mandarin-speaking children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Speech materials were recorded from 61 normal-hearing children. The fundamental frequency (F0) of each monosyllabic word was extracted and then used as inputs to a feed-forward backpropagation artificial neural network. The number of inputs was set at 12, whereas the number of hidden neurons was set at 16 in the neural network. The output layer consisted of four neurons representing the four Mandarin tone patterns. The tone recognition performance of the neural network was further compared with that of native Mandarin-speaking adult listeners.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The neural network successfully classified the tone patterns of the 61 child speakers with an accuracy of about 85% correct. This high accuracy exceeded the tone recognition performance by the adult listeners. Individual child speakers showed varied tone production accuracy as recognized by the adult listeners or by the neural network.
authors: School of Hearing, Speech and Language Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA. XuL@ohio.edu
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Xu
authors: Xiuwu
authors: X
authors: Chen
authors: Ning
authors: N
authors: Zhou
authors: Yongxin
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: Xiaoyan
authors: X
authors: Zhao
authors: Demin
authors: D
authors: Han
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007804:Language Development; D008297:Male; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D010700:Phonetics; D010898:Pitch Perception; D012016:Reference Values; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013068:Speech Production Measurement