title: Immunohistochemical staining for mismatch repair proteins, and its relevance in the diagnosis of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) arises mostly from germline mutations of the mismatch repair genes MSH2 and MLH1. The diagnosis of HNPCC is based on a set of clinical criteria that may be too restrictive to identify all affected patients. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) for the mismatch repair proteins, MutS homologue 2 (MSH2) and MutL homologue 1 (MLH1), reliably identifies the microsatellite instability phenotype. This study evaluated the ability of IHC to detect germline mutations in an unselected group of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with CRC operated on between July 2000 and March 2003, and demonstrating a loss of protein, were contacted. Following informed consent, searchs for germline mutation and methylation of the promoter were performed on normal and tumoral DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients agreed to participate, four of whom fulfilled the Amsterdam II criteria. Loss of expression of MLH1 was found in 20 patients, and loss of expression of MSH2 in ten patients. Four of the MLH1-deficient patients had a germline MLH1 point mutation (positive predictive value (PPV) 20 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 2 to 38 per cent) and 11 had promoter methylation. Seven of the MSH2-deficient patients had a germline MSH2 point mutation (PPV 70 (95 per cent c.i. 54 to 96 per cent), and none showed promoter methylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MLH1-deficient patients who are young or have a positive family history of cancer should be referred for genetic testing and counselling, whereas MSH2-deficient patients should be counselled in the same way as patients with HNPCC.
authors: Department of Digestive Surgery, Hôpital Saint-Antoine (AP/HP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Ewald
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Rodrigue
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Mourra
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Lefèvre
authors: J-F
authors: JF
authors: Fléjou
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Tiret
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Gespach
authors: Y R
authors: YR
authors: Parc
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020137:Base Pair Mismatch / Q000235:genetics; D003123:Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D053843:DNA Mismatch Repair; D005260:Female; D005821:Genetic Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein