title: Molecular mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics in Bartonella bacilliformis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bartonella bacilliformis is the aetiological agent of Carrion's disease. Although ciprofloxacin, rifampicin and erythromycin have been successfully used in the treatment of the disease, failures and relapses have been reported. The objective of our study was to select in vitro mutants resistant to antibiotics in order to determine the frequency of mutations and to characterize the mechanism of resistance at the molecular level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antibiotic-resistant mutants were selected by serial passages of bacteria on blood agar plates containing antibiotics. Candidate genes involved in resistance were amplified and sequenced and compared in order to look at mutations associated with antibiotic resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ciprofloxacin-, rifampicin- and erythromycin-resistant mutants were obtained after five, three and four passages, respectively. Conversely, no mutant was obtained with either gentamicin or doxycycline even after 16 passages. The ciprofloxacin mutant contained an amino acid change at position 87 (Asp --> Asn) in its quinolone resistance-determining region of the DNA gyrase protein, whereas the rifampicin-resistant strain had an amino acid change at position 531 (Ser --> Phe) in the rifampicin resistance-determining region of the rpoB gene. Similarly, the erythromycin-resistant mutant showed an A2058G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According with the current knowledge on the treatment of human bartonellosis, we believe that doxycycline in association with gentamicin may be the preferred regimen for the treatment of the acute and eruptive stages of Carrion's disease, but clinical trials are warranted to support our findings.
authors: Unité des Rickettsies, CNRS UMR 6020, IFR 48, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
authors: Silpak
authors: S
authors: Biswas
authors: Didier
authors: D
authors: Raoult
authors: Jean-Marc
authors: JM
authors: Rolain
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001474:Bartonella Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D045503:Bartonella bacilliformis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D004917:Erythromycin; D004318:Doxycycline; D012293:Rifampin