Developmental and behavioral comorbidities of asthma in children.
OBJECTIVE
Asthma is the most common chronic childhood illness. Treatment is typically focused on disease management rather than developmental and behavioral comorbidities that may affect quality of life or contribute to poor disease control. The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence of developmental and behavioral comorbidities of asthma and the role of confounding socioeconomic factors.


METHODS
The first National Survey of Children's Health was the data source for this study. Interviews with parents or guardians were conducted during 2003-2004 to ascertain the physical, emotional, and behavioral health of 102,353 randomly selected children ages 0-17 years. Associations were examined between asthma and rates of developmental and behavioral problems. Logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounding effects of age, gender, race, income, and parent education on outcomes.


RESULTS
Children with asthma have higher rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; diagnoses of depression, behavioral disorders, learning disabilities; and missed school days (all p < .0001). The more severe the asthma is, the higher the rates are of these problems. Children with asthma are bullied more commonly and are more likely to abuse drugs. When socioeconomic factors are controlled for, asthma significantly increases the odds of having developmental, emotional, and behavioral problems.


CONCLUSIONS
Children with asthma, especially severe asthma, are at high risk of developmental, emotional, and behavioral problems. Asthma is independently associated with these problems, although socioeconomic disadvantage adds additional risk. Asthma treatment programs must acknowledge and address these comorbidities to achieve the best overall outcomes for children with this common chronic disease.
Blackman
James A
JA
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. jab5u@virginia.edu
Gurka
Matthew J
MJ
D000041:Absenteeism; D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010552:Personality Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States