title: Risk factors for late-onset health care-associated bloodstream infections in patients in neonatal intensive care units.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few data comparing risk factors for catheter-related (CR) versus non-CR bloodstream infection (BSI) or for BSI caused by gram-positive versus gram-negative organisms. The aims of this study were to compare risk factors for CR versus non-CR BSI and to compare risk factors for BSI associated with gram-negative versus gram-positive organisms among infants hospitalized in two neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected prospectively over a 2-year period to assess risk factors among 2,935 neonates from two NICUs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among all neonates, in addition to low birth weight and presence of a central venous catheter, hospitalization in NICU 1 (relative risk [RR]: 1.60, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.14, 2.24) was a significant predictor of BSI. In neonates with a central catheter total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was a significant risk factor for BSI (RR: 4.69, 95% CI: 2.22, 9.87). Ventilator use was a significant risk factor for CR versus non-CR BSI (RR: 3.74, 95% CI: 1.87, 7.48), and significantly more CR BSI were caused by gram-positive (77.1%) than by gram-negative organisms (61.4%), P = .03.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirmed that central venous catheters and low birth weight were risk factors for neonates with late-onset healthcare-associated BSI and further elucidated the potential risks associated with TPN and ventilator use in subgroups of neonates with BSI. Additional studies are needed to examine the incremental risk of TPN among infants with central venous catheters and to understand the link between CR BSI and ventilator use. Preventive strategies for BSI in neonates in NICUs should continue to focus on limiting the use of invasive devices.
authors: Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Sharon E
authors: SE
authors: Perlman
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Saiman
authors: Elaine L
authors: EL
authors: Larson
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical / Q000009:adverse effects