title: Preparation of anticipatory postural adjustments prior to stepping.
abstract: Step initiation involves anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) that propel the body mass forward and laterally before the first step. This study used a startle-like acoustic stimulus (SAS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to examine the preparation of APAs before forward stepping. After an instructed delay period, subjects initiated forward steps in reaction to a visual "go" cue. TMS or SAS was delivered before (-1,400 or -100 ms), on (0 ms), or after (+100 ms for TMS, +200 ms for SAS) the imperative "go" cue. Ground reaction forces and electromyographic activity were recorded. In control trials, the mean reaction time was 217 +/- 38 ms. In contrast, the SAS evoked APAs that had an average onset of 110 +/- 54 ms, whereas the incidence, magnitude, and duration of the APA increased as the stimulus timing approached the "go" cue. A facilitation of motor-evoked potentials in the initial agonist muscle was observed only when TMS was applied at +100 ms. These findings indicate that there was an initial phase of movement preparation during which the APA-stepping sequence was progressively assembled, and that this early preparation did not involve the corticomotor pathways activated by TMS. The subsequent increase in corticomotor excitability between the imperative stimulus and onset of the APA suggests that corticospinal pathways contribute to the voluntary initiation of the prepared APA-stepping sequence. These findings are consistent with a feedforward mode of neural control whereby the motor sequence, including the associated postural adjustments, is prepared before voluntary movement.
authors: Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 645 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 1100, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. c-mackinnon@northwestern.edu
authors: Colum D
authors: CD
authors: MacKinnon
authors: Dennis
authors: D
authors: Bissig
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Chiusano
authors: Emily
authors: E
authors: Miller
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Rudnick
authors: Candice
authors: C
authors: Jager
authors: Yunhui
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Marie-Laure
authors: ML
authors: Mille
authors: Mark W
authors: MW
authors: Rogers
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention; D003463:Cues; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods