title: Dialysis facility ownership and epoetin dosing in patients receiving hemodialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epoetin therapy for dialysis-related anemia is the single largest Medicare drug expenditure. The type of facility (profit, chain, and affiliation status) at which a patient receives dialysis might affect epoetin dosing patterns and has implications for future epoetin policies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between dialysis facility ownership and the dose of epoetin administered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the US Renal Data System were used to identify 159,522 adult Medicare-eligible, end-stage renal disease patients receiving in-center hemodialysis during November and December 2004. Regression models were used to estimate the mean epoetin dose and dose adjustment by profit, chain, and affiliation status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Weekly mean epoetin dose administered in December 2004 and the adjustment in dose between November and December 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with patients in nonprofit dialysis facilities (n = 28,199), patients in large for-profit dialysis chain facilities (n = 106,116) were consistently administered the highest doses of epoetin regardless of anemia status. Compared with nonprofit facilities, for-profit facilities administered, on average, an additional 3306 U/wk of epoetin. Among the 6 large chain facilities with a similar patient case-mix, the average dose of epoetin ranged from 17,832 U/wk at chain 5 (nonprofit facilities with a mean hematocrit level of 34.6%) to 24,986 U/wk at chain 2 (for-profit facilities with a mean hematocrit level of 36.5%). Dosing adjustments also differed by type of facility. On average, compared with nonprofit facilities, for-profit facilities increased epoetin doses 3-fold for patients with hematocrit levels of less 33% and also increased the doses among patients with hematocrit levels in the recommended target of 33% to 36%, especially in the largest for-profit chain facilities. The greatest difference in dosing practice patterns between facilities was found among patients with hematocrit levels of less than 33%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dialysis facility organizational status and ownership are associated with variation in epoetin dosing in the United States. Different epoetin dosing patterns suggest that large for-profit chain facilities used larger dose adjustments and targeted higher hematocrit levels.
authors: Medical Technology and Practice Patterns Institute, Bethesda, Md 20814, USA.
authors: Mae
authors: M
authors: Thamer
authors: Yi
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Kaufman
authors: Dennis
authors: D
authors: Cotter
authors: Fan
authors: F
authors: Dong
authors: Miguel A
authors: MA
authors: Hernán
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D000740:Anemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006269:Health Facilities, Proprietary; D006397:Hematinics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D009939:Organizations, Nonprofit; D010067:Ownership / Q000145:classification*; D017149:Private Sector; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D006397:Hematinics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa