title: Involvement of NF-kappaB subunit p65 and retinoic acid receptors, RARalpha and RXRalpha, in transcriptional regulation of the human GnRH II gene.
abstract: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) I and II are hypothalamic decapeptides with pivotal roles in the development of reproductive competence and regulation of reproductive events. In this study, transcriptional regulation of the human GnRH II gene was investigated. By scanning mutation analysis coupled with transient promoter assays, the motif at -641/-636 (CATGCC, designated GII-Sil) was identified as a repressor element. Mutation of this motif led to full restoration of promoter activity in TE671 medulloblastoma and JEG-3 placenta choriocarcinoma cells. Supershift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed in vitro and in vivo binding of NF-kappaB subunit p65 and the retinoic acid receptors, RARalpha and RXRalpha, to the promoter sequences. Over-expression of these protein factors indicated that p65 is a potent repressor, and the RARalpha/RXRalpha heterodimer is involved in the differential regulation of the GnRH II gene in neuronal and placental cells. This was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Treatment of cells with the RARalpha/RXRalpha ligands, all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid, reduced and increased GnRH II gene expression in TE671 and JEG-3 cells, respectively. Taken together, these data demonstrate the differential roles of NF-kappaB p65 and RARalpha/RXRalpha, interacting with the same sequence in the promoter of the human GnRH II gene to influence gene expression in a cell-specific manner.
authors: School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
authors: Ruby L C
authors: RL
authors: Hoo
authors: Kathy Y Y
authors: KY
authors: Chan
authors: Francis K Y
authors: FK
authors: Leung
authors: Leo T O
authors: LT
authors: Lee
authors: Peter C K
authors: PC
authors: Leung
authors: Billy K C
authors: BK
authors: Chow
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D019281:Dimerization; D015536:Down-Regulation; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D011966:Receptors, LHRH / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000502:physiology*; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha / Q000502:physiology*; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000502:physiology*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C427484:GNRHR2 protein, human; C000607071:RARA protein, human; D011966:Receptors, LHRH; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014212:Tretinoin