title: Gaseous neuromodulator-related genes expressed in the brain of honeybee Apis mellifera.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and carbon monoxide (CO) are thought to act as gaseous neuromodulators in the brain across species. For example, in the brain of honeybee Apis mellifera, NO plays important roles in olfactory learning and discrimination, but the existence of H2S- and CO-mediated signaling pathways remains unknown. In the present study, we identified the genes of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), and heme oxygenase (HO) from the honeybee brain. The honeybee brain contains at least one gene for each of NOS, CBS, and HO. The deduced proteins for NOS, CBS, and HO are thought to contain domains to generate NO, H2S, and CO, respectively, and to contain putative Ca2+/calmodulin-binding domains. On the other hand, the honeybee brain contains three subunits of sGC: sGCalpha1, sGCbeta1, and sGCbeta3. Phylogenetic analysis of sGC revealed that Apis sGCalpha1 and sGCbeta1 are closely related to NO- and CO-sensitive sGC subunits, whereas Apis sGCbeta3 is closely related to insect O2-sensitive sGC subunits. In addition, we performed in situ hybridization for Apis NOS mRNA and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry in the honeybee brain. The NOS gene was strongly expressed in the optic lobes and in the Kenyon cells of the mushroom bodies. NOS activity was detected in the optic lobes, the mushroom bodies, the central body complex, the lateral protocerebral lobes, and the antennal lobes. These findings suggest that NO is involved in various brain functions and that H2S and CO can be endogenously produced in the honeybee brain.
authors: Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
authors: Takayuki
authors: T
authors: Watanabe
authors: Mika
authors: M
authors: Kikuchi
authors: Dai
authors: D
authors: Hatakeyama
authors: Takumi
authors: T
authors: Shiga
authors: Takehiro
authors: T
authors: Yamamoto
authors: Hitoshi
authors: H
authors: Aonuma
authors: Masakazu
authors: M
authors: Takahata
authors: Norio
authors: N
authors: Suzuki
authors: Etsuro
authors: E
authors: Ito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology*; D003541:Cystathionine beta-Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology*; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D010088:Oxidoreductases; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase; D003541:Cystathionine beta-Synthase