title: The Faces Symbol Test, a newly developed screening instrument to assess cognitive decline related to multiple sclerosis: first results of the Berlin Multi-Centre FST Validation Study.
abstract: Reliable, language-independent, short screening instruments to test for cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) remain rare, despite the high number of patients affected by cognitive decline. We developed a new, short screening instrument, the Faces Symbol Test (FST), and compared its diagnostic test characteristics with a composite of the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), in 108 MS patients and 33 healthy controls. An Informant-Report Questionnaire, a Self-Report Questionnaire, and a neurologist's estimation of the Every Day Life Cognitive Status were also applied to the MS patients. The statistical analyses comprised of a receiver operating characteristic analysis for test accuracy and for confounding variables. The PASAT and DSST composite score estimated that 36.5% of the MS patients had cognitive impairment. The FST estimated that 40.7% of the MS patients were cognitively impaired (sensitivity 84%; specificity 85%). The FST, DSST and PASAT results were significantly correlated with the patients' physical impairment, as measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). The results suggest that the FST might be a culture-free, sensitive, and practical short screening instrument for the detection of cognitive decline in patients with MS, including those in the early stages.
authors: Kantstr. 125, D-10625 Berlin, Germany. schererpw@berlin. sireco. net
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Scherer
authors: I K
authors: IK
authors: Penner
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Rohr
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Boldt
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Ringel
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Wilke-Burger
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Burger-Deinerth
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Isakowitsch
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Zimmermann
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Zahrnt
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Hauser
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Hilbert
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Tiel-Wilck
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Anvari
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Behringer
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Peglau
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Friedrich
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Plenio
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Benesch
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Ehret
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Nippert
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Finke
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Schulz
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Bergtholdt
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Breitkopf
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Kaskel
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Reischies
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Kugler
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D001604:Berlin; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005145:Face; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000523:psychology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011581:Psychological Tests; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013850:Thinking