title: Recto-urethral fistula following brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of prostate brachytherapy (BT) in the management of prostate cancer is increasing. BT is often chosen because of its perceived lower toxicity when compared with other radical therapy options. Rarely however serious complications can occur. One such complication is recto-urethral fistula (RUF). We report the incidence of RUF following BT at our centre and review the potential factors in fistula development.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospectively collected database was used to identify cases of RUF among 1455 patients treated with prostate BT at a single UK centre with at least 2 years of follow up. This included patients treated with BT monotherapy, as well as those treated with BT combined with external beam radiotherapy and BT used as salvage as all these groups have a higher incidence of RUF. Implant dose and volume characteristics for those patients, their co-morbidities and history of endoscopic procedures were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recto-urethral fistula was identified in three (0.2%) patients, occurring at 19-27 months following BT. All these patients had BT monotherapy. All three patients had rectal symptoms after their BT and had been investigated with endoscopy and low rectal biopsy. Subsequent surgical management with faecal and/or urinary diversion was required. On review of patients' BT details, radiation dose and volume parameters were higher on the postprocedure CT calculations than had been suggested by the preimplant plan. No other predisposing risk factors for RUF were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of RUF in our population is low. RUF following BT has been associated with rectal biopsy in previous series and this is confirmed in our report. Gastrointestinal specialists should not perform biopsy of the anterior rectum in patients who have had BT unless there is a very high clinical suspicion of malignancy.
authors: Clinical Oncology, Cookridge Hospital, Leeds, UK.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Shakespeare
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Mitchell
authors: B M
authors: BM
authors: Carey
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Finan
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Henry
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Ash
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Bottomley
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Al-Qaisieh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012003:Rectal Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014522:Urethral Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014548:Urinary Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*