title: Mutual interaction between nutritional status and chronic arsenic toxicity due to groundwater contamination in an area of Terai, lowland Nepal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To reveal the inter-relationship between nutritional status and arsenic toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey in an area of lowland Nepal, where a high prevalence of both skin manifestation and malnutrition was observed. Daily arsenic intake was estimated by measuring the arsenic concentration and daily consumption of the drinking water.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult villagers (248 men and 291 women). About half were classified as "underweight" (body mass index <18.5), indicating poor nutritional status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arsenic intake was negatively correlated with body mass index and substantially increased the prevalence of underweight individuals, among whom the prevalence of skin manifestations was 1.65-fold higher than normal weight individuals. When exposure level was considered, the prevalence of skin symptoms was consistently higher in the underweight than in the normal group. Although enhanced susceptibility in men was apparent by the increased prevalence of cutaneous symptoms, no sex difference was observed in the prevalence of underweight individuals related with exposure to arsenic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data suggested that exposure to arsenic is associated with an increased prevalence of underweight, a serious health problem in developing countries, which in turn is associated with increased skin manifestation of arsenic poisoning.
authors: Department of Human Ecology, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Universit of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Makhan
authors: M
authors: Maharjan
authors: Chiho
authors: C
authors: Watanabe
authors: Sk Akhtar
authors: SA
authors: Ahmad
authors: Masahiro
authors: M
authors: Umezaki
authors: Ryutaro
authors: R
authors: Ohtsuka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D020261:Arsenic Poisoning / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D009390:Nepal; D009752:Nutritional Status; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014881:Water Supply