title: Sterilization of male stray dogs with a single intratesticular injection of calcium chloride: a dose-dependent study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study a method of chemical sterilization and its efficacy in adult male stray dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sterilization was performed 45 days after a single bilateral intratesticular injection of calcium chloride (CaCl(2)) at the doses of 5, 10, 15 or 20 mg per testis per kg body weight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histomorphological measures of testes showed total necrosis of testicular tissue at 45 days after an injection of either 10 or 15 or 20 mg CaCl(2) along with fibrosis and hyalinization in seminiferous tubules and interstitial spaces. Infiltration of leucocytes was also observed with the 10- or 15-mg dose. Disintegration of germ cell arrangement in seminiferous tubules and washing out of germ cells from the tubules were noted with the 5-mg dose. Relative organ weight, epididymal sperm count, plasma and intratesticular concentrations of testosterone, testicular activities of Delta(5),3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Delta(5),3beta-HSD), 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and testicular contents of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulphide (GSSG) and the ratio of GSH/GSSG, all were declined in each of the calcium chloride treated groups in comparison to the control group. Increases occurred in testicular malondialdehyde (MDA) and plasma concentrations of LH and FSH with each of the treatments by comparison with the control group. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, fasting blood sugar level, blood urea nitrogen as well as packed cell volume (PCV) and total plasma protein were recorded to monitor the changes in chronic stress in the experimental animals. Changes in these parameters were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An intratesticular injection of CaCl(2) at specified doses could be a suitable method of sterilization in preference to surgical castration of dogs.
authors: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 078, India.
authors: Kuladip
authors: K
authors: Jana
authors: Prabhat Kumar
authors: PK
authors: Samanta
mesh_terms: D015067:17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000097:blood; D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006400:Hematocrit; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D013076:Sperm Count; D013245:Sterilization, Reproductive / Q000379:methods*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D001798:Blood Proteins; D013739:Testosterone; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D015067:17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D006854:Hydrocortisone