title: Initial experience with the Amplatzer membranous septal occluder in adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most perimembranous ventricular septal defects (pmVSD) that are still patent in adult life are small, hemodynamically and clinically unimportant, and do not require any intervention. However, surgery in adulthood for those that need to be closed carries significant morbidity. A trans-catheter technique for closing pmVSDs has been developed, and this paper describes our initial experience using the Amplatzer membranous septal occluder (AMSO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients, 9 female and 3 male, median age 34.5 years (range: 21-67) underwent catheterization for attempted pmVSD closure. Ten of the defects were native and 2 were post-operative residual defects. Transcatheter VSD closure was performed as previously described, under general anesthesia and with trans-esophageal echocardiographic (TEE) monitoring. Patients had a moderate to large left to right shunt (mean Qp/Qs = 2.0+/-0.4) with mild left heart volume overload and near normal pulmonary pressure. All 10 native pmVSDs were closed successfully, 9 with AMSO and one with an Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder, after failure to implant the AMSO. There was one post procedural complication--self-limiting retroperitoneal bleeding. Three patients had a residual leak. Attempted VSD closure in the 2 patients with post surgery residual shunt was unsuccessful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that transcatheter mVSD closure with the AMSO is an efficient and safe alternative to surgery in carefully selected adult patients with native pmVSDs.
authors: Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit and Departments of Cardiology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel. rafaelh@clalit.org.il
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Hirsch
authors: Avraham
authors: A
authors: Lorber
authors: Yaron
authors: Y
authors: Shapira
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Brosh
authors: Asaad
authors: A
authors: Khoury
authors: John L
authors: JL
authors: Bass
authors: Ran
authors: R
authors: Kornowski
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Battler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome