title: Prolotherapy injections for chronic low-back pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prolotherapy involves repeated injections of irritant solutions to strengthen lumbosacral ligaments and reduce some types of chronic low-back pain; spinal manipulation and exercises are often used to enhance its effectiveness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of prolotherapy in adults with chronic low-back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched CENTRAL 2006, Issue 3 and MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and AMED from their respective beginnings to October 2006, with no restrictions on language, and consulted content experts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomised (RCT) and quasi-randomised controlled trials (QRCT) that compared prolotherapy injections to control injections, alone or in combination with other treatments, which measured pain or disability before and after the intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently selected the trials and assessed methodological quality. Intervention protocols varied from study to study, making meta-analysis impossible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified five high quality studies with a total of 366 participants. All measured pain or disability levels at six months, and four measured the proportion of participants reporting a greater than 50% reduction in pain or disability scores. Three randomized controlled trials (206 participants) found that prolotherapy injections alone are no more effective than control injection for chronic low-back pain and disability. At six months, there was no difference between groups in mean pain or disability scores (2 RCTs; 184 participants) and no difference in proportions who reported over 50% improvement in pain or disability (3 RCTs; 206 participants). These trials could not be pooled due to clinical heterogeneity. Two RCTs (160 participants) found that prolotherapy injections, given with spinal manipulation, exercise, and other therapies, are more effective than control injections for chronic low-back pain and disability. At six months, one study reported a significant difference between groups in mean pain and disability scores, whereas the other study did not. Both studies reported a significant difference in the proportion of individuals who reported over 50% reduction in disability or pain. Co-interventions confounded interpretation of results and clinical heterogeneity in the trials prevented pooling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is conflicting evidence regarding the efficacy of prolotherapy injections for patients with chronic low-back pain. When used alone, prolotherapy is not an effective treatment for chronic low-back pain. When combined with spinal manipulation, exercise, and other co-interventions, prolotherapy may improve chronic low-back pain and disability. Conclusions are confounded by clinical heterogeneity amongst studies and by the presence of co-interventions.
authors: CHEO Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8L1. sdagenais@cheo.on.ca
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Dagenais
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Yelland
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Del Mar
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Schoene
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005990:Glycerol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D007509:Irritants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008022:Ligaments / Q000187:drug effects*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019800:Phenol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D013812:Therapeutics
chemical_list: D007509:Irritants; D019800:Phenol; D008012:Lidocaine; D005947:Glucose; D005990:Glycerol