title: Chronic smoking is associated with differential neurocognitive recovery in abstinent alcoholic patients: a preliminary investigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately 50 to 90% of individuals in North America seeking treatment for alcoholism are chronic smokers. A growing body of evidence suggests that chronic cigarette smokers show a pattern of neurocognitive dysfunction similar to that observed in alcoholic patients. However, previous studies investigating neurocognitive recovery in abstinent alcoholic patients did not specifically consider the potential effects of chronic cigarette smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study comprehensively compared longitudinal neurocognitive changes over 6 to 9 months of abstinence among 13 nonsmoking recovering alcoholic patients (ALC) and 12 actively smoking ALC. The neurocognitive performance of the alcoholic groups was compared with nonsmoking light-drinking controls (nonsmoking LD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nonsmoking ALC exhibited a significantly greater magnitude of longitudinal improvement than smoking ALC on measures of cognitive efficiency, executive skills, visuospatial skills, and working memory. Both nonsmoking ALC and smoking ALC demonstrated equivalent improvement on auditory-verbal learning, auditory-verbal memory, and processing speed. Nonsmoking LD showed no significant changes in neurocognition over time. In cross-sectional comparisons at 6 to 9 months of abstinence, nonsmoking ALC were superior to smoking ALC on measures of auditory-verbal learning, auditory-verbal memory, cognitive efficiency, executive skills, processing speed, and working memory. The longitudinal and cross-sectional neurocognitive differences observed between nonsmoking and smoking ALC remained significant after covarying for group differences in education, estimated premorbid intelligence alcohol consumption, and other potentially confounding variables. In smoking ALC, greater smoking severity was inversely related to longitudinal improvement on multiple neurocognitive measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary results suggest that chronic smoking may modulate neurocognitive recovery in abstinent alcoholic patients. More generally, chronic smoking may impact neurocognition in other conditions where is it a prevalent behavior.
authors: San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. timothy.durazzo@ucsf.edu
authors: Timothy C
authors: TC
authors: Durazzo
authors: Johannes C
authors: JC
authors: Rothlind
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Gazdzinski
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Banys
authors: Dieter J
authors: DJ
authors: Meyerhoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013695:Temperance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*