title: Constitutive cyclooxygenase-2 is involved in central nociceptive processes in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostaglandins play a major role in inflammation and pain. They are synthesized by the two cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms: COX-1, which is expressed constitutively in many cell types, and COX-2, which is induced at the site of inflammation. However, unlike peripheral tissues, COX-2 is expressed constitutively in the central nervous system and may play a role in nociceptive processes. The current study aimed to investigate the role of constitutive COX-2 in the spinal transmission of nociceptive signals in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used 12 healthy volunteers to compare the effects of the specific COX-2 inhibitor sodium parecoxib (1 mg/kg) or placebo, administered intravenously in a double-blind and crossover fashion, on the electrophysiologic recordings of the nociceptive flexion (RIII) reflex. The RIII reflex is an objective psychophysiologic index of the spinal transmission of nociceptive signals and was recorded from the biceps femoris after electrical stimulation of the sural nerve. Two experiments, 7 days apart, were conducted in each volunteer. On each experimental day, the effects of parecoxib or placebo were tested on (1) the RIII reflex threshold, (2) the stimulus-response curves of the reflex up to the tolerance threshold (frequency of stimulation: 0.1 Hz), and (3) the progressive increase of the reflex and pain sensations (i.e., "windup" phenomenon) induced by a series of 15 stimulations at a frequency of 1 Hz (intensity 20% above RIII threshold).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parecoxib, but not placebo, significantly reduced the slope of the stimulus-response curve, suggesting a reduction in the gain of the spinal transmission of nociceptive signals. By contrast, the windup phenomenon was not significantly altered after administration of parecoxib or placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that constitutive COX-2 modulates spinal nociceptive processes and that the antiinflammatory and antinociceptive actions of COX-2 inhibitors are not necessarily related.
authors: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U-792, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ambroise Paré, Centre d'Evaluation et de Traitement de la Douleur, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
authors: Frédéric
authors: F
authors: Martin
authors: Dominique
authors: D
authors: Fletcher
authors: Marcel
authors: M
authors: Chauvin
authors: Didier
authors: D
authors: Bouhassira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000502:physiology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007555:Isoxazoles; C409945:parecoxib; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2