title: End-inspiratory occlusion maneuver during transesophageal echocardiography for patent foramen ovale detection in intensive care unit patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit cannot cooperate to perform the Valsalva maneuver during echocardiography for detection of patent foramen ovale. We evaluated the effectiveness of the end-inspiratory occlusion maneuver to enhance detection of patent foramen ovale in this patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective interventional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 40-bed intensive care unit of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty five sedated and mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients referred by their attending physician for bedside transesophageal echocardiography and agitated saline contrast study for detection of patent foramen ovale.
  
  
  METHODS
  Agitated saline contrast study with end-inspiratory occlusion maneuver.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients underwent a complete transesophageal echocardiographic study without any complications. Reduction in right atrial cross-sectional area (from 15.80 +/- 6.08 cm2 to 12.40 +/- 4.63 cm2; p < 0.001) and interatrial septum deviation during the maneuver were recorded in all patients. Microbubbles imaged in the left atrium within three cardiac cycles after injection of agitated saline diagnosed patent foramen ovale in three patients. When end-inspiratory occlusion maneuver was added, patent foramen ovale was diagnosed in seven patients (McNemar chi2 = 9.33, p = 0.0023).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The end-inspiratory occlusion maneuver enhances the sensitivity of transesophageal echocardiography with agitated saline contrast study for diagnosing intermittent patent foramen ovale in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients.
authors: First Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital, Ipsilantou 45-47, 10675 Athens, Greece. koroneos@hotmail.com
authors: Apostolos
authors: A
authors: Koroneos
authors: Panagiotis
authors: P
authors: Politis
authors: Sotiris
authors: S
authors: Malachias
authors: Antonis S
authors: AS
authors: Manolis
authors: Theodoros
authors: T
authors: Vassilakopoulos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000473:pathology*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D054092:Foramen Ovale, Patent / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012121:Respiration, Artificial