title: n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids induce the expression of COX-2 via PPARgamma activation in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells.
abstract: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n-3 inhibit inflammation, in vivo and in vitro in keratinocytes. We examined in HaCaT keratinocyte cell line whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) a n-3 PUFA, gamma-linoleic acid (GLA) a n-6 PUFA, and arachidic acid a saturated fatty acid, modulate expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme pivotal to skin inflammation and reparation. We demonstrate that only treatment of HaCaT with GLA and EPA or a PPARgamma ligand (roziglitazone), induced COX-2 expression (protein and mRNA). Moreover stimulation of COX-2 promoter activity was increased by those PUFAs or rosiglitazone. The inhibitory effects of GW9662 and T0070907 (PPARgamma antagonists), on COX-2 expression and on stimulation of COX-2 promoter activity by EPA and GLA suggest that PPARgamma is implicated in COX-2 induction. Finally, PLA2 inhibitor methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate blocked the PUFA effects on COX-2 induction, promoter activity and arachidonic acid mobilization suggesting involvement of AA metabolites in PPAR activation. These findings demonstrate that n-3 and n-6 PUFA increased PPARgamma activity is necessary for the COX-2 induction in HaCaT human keratinocyte cells. Given the anti-inflammatory properties of EPA, we suggest that induction of COX-2 in keratinocytes may be important in the anti-inflammatory and protective mechanism of action of PUFAs n-3 or n-6.
authors: Macrophages, Mediateurs de l'Inflammation et Interactions Cellulaires, Université Paul Sabatier, EA 2405- INSERM IFR 31, Institut Louis Bugnard, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France.
authors: Gérald
authors: G
authors: Chêne
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Dubourdeau
authors: Patricia
authors: P
authors: Balard
authors: Laure
authors: L
authors: Escoubet-Lozach
authors: Claudine
authors: C
authors: Orfila
authors: Antoine
authors: A
authors: Berry
authors: José
authors: J
authors: Bernad
authors: Marie-Françoise
authors: MF
authors: Aries
authors: Marie
authors: M
authors: Charveron
authors: Bernard
authors: B
authors: Pipy
mesh_terms: D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D047495:PPAR gamma; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human