title: Influence of prostate volume and percent free prostate specific antigen on prostate cancer detection in men with a total prostate specific antigen of 2.6 to 10.0 ng/ml.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Percent free prostate specific antigen and prostate specific antigen density have been independently shown to increase the specificity of prostate cancer screening in men with prostate specific antigen levels between 4.1 and 10.0 ng/ml. Recent data suggest the total prostate specific antigen cutoff for performing a biopsy should be 2.6 ng/ml. We assessed the influence of percent free prostate specific antigen and prostate volume on cancer detection in men with a prostate specific antigen between 2.6 and 10.0 ng/ml.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1991 to 2005 all transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsies (5,587) for abnormal digital rectal examination and/or increased age specific prostate specific antigen were evaluated. A total of 1,072 patients with a prostate specific antigen between 2.6 and 10.0 ng/ml and any percent free prostate specific antigen were included in study. The cancer detection rate was calculated for each percent free prostate specific antigen/volume stratum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prostate cancer was detected in 296 patients (27.6%). The mean age and prostate specific antigen of the patients with benign pathology and prostate cancer were similar. Mean percent free prostate specific antigen was 17.5% and 14.1% (p>0.05), and the mean volume was 62.0 and 46.0 cc (p=0.001), respectively. The strongest risk factors for a positive biopsy were percent free prostate specific antigen (odds ratio 0.004, p<0.001), volume (OR 0.977, p<0.001) and digital rectal examination (OR 1.765, p=0.007), but not total prostate specific antigen (p=0.303). When stratified by volume and percent free prostate specific antigen, distinct risk groups were identified. The probability of detecting cancer inversely correlated with prostate volume and percent free prostate specific antigen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In men with prostate specific antigen levels between 2.6 and 10.0 ng/ml, the probability of detecting cancer was inversely proportional to prostate volume and percent free prostate specific antigen. This table may assist in predicting patient risk for harboring prostate cancer.
authors: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, New York 10021, USA. jamie_bruno@hotmail.com
authors: J James
authors: JJ
authors: Bruno
authors: Noel A
authors: NA
authors: Armenakas
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Fracchia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D001706:Biopsy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019160:Endosonography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen