title: Evolutionary control of leaf element composition in plants.
abstract: Leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations are correlated in plants. Higher-level phylogenetic effects can influence leaf N and P. By contrast, little is known about the phylogenetic variation in the leaf accumulation of most other elements in plant tissues, including elements with quantitatively lesser roles in metabolism than N, and elements that are nonessential for plant growth. Here the leaf composition of 42 elements is reported from a statistically unstructured data set comprising over 2000 leaf samples, representing 670 species and 138 families of terrestrial plants. Over 25% of the total variation in leaf element composition could be assigned to the family level and above for 21 of these elements. The remaining variation corresponded to differences between species within families, to differences between sites which were likely to be caused by soil and climatic factors, and to variation caused by sampling techniques. While the majority of variation in leaf mineral composition is undoubtedly associated with nonevolutionary factors, identifying higher-level phylogenetic variation in leaf elemental composition increases our understanding of terrestrial nutrient cycles and the transfer of toxic elements from soils to living organisms. Identifying mechanisms by which different plant families control their leaf elemental concentration remains a challenge.
authors: Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
authors: Toshihiro
authors: T
authors: Watanabe
authors: Plant Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
authors: Martin R
authors: MR
authors: Broadley
authors: Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK.|Laboratory of Plant Systematics, KU Leuven, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Jansen
authors: The Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
authors: Philip J
authors: PJ
authors: White
authors: Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan.
authors: Jitsuya
authors: J
authors: Takada
authors: Faculty of Geo-Environmental Science, Rissho University 1700 Magechi, Kumagaya-Shi, Saitama 360-0194, Japan.
authors: Kenichi
authors: K
authors: Satake
authors: National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
authors: Takejiro
authors: T
authors: Takamatsu
authors: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Palangka Raya, Palangka Raya 73112, Indonesia.
authors: Sehat Jaya
authors: SJ
authors: Tuah
authors: Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
authors: Mitsuru
authors: M
authors: Osaki
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D004602:Elements; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D012987:Soil
chemical_list: D004602:Elements; D008903:Minerals; D012987:Soil