title: Imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of cytokines in bipolar disorder is still controversial. Although a few studies have found alterations of cytokines in bipolar disorder, their findings were inconsistent. The aim of this study was to determine whether the cytokines are involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 37 manic patients with bipolar disorder and 74 control subjects were recruited. The mitogen-induced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-4, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and IL-2 was measured using quantitative sandwich ELISA at the time of admission and 6 weeks after mood stabilizer treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-6 and TNF-alpha production of bipolar manic patients was significantly higher than those of normal controls, while IL-4 values of the patients were significantly lower than normal controls. IL-6/IL-4, TNF-alpha/IL-4, IL-2/IL-4, and IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratios were significantly higher in bipolar manic patients than in normal controls. After 6 weeks of treatment, the levels of IL-6 significantly decreased compared with baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of various types of mood stabilizers on cytokine production should be considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the increased activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines may play a role in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Republic of Korea. yongku@korea.ac.kr
authors: Yong-Ku
authors: YK
authors: Kim
authors: Hyun-Gang
authors: HG
authors: Jung
authors: Aye-Mu
authors: AM
authors: Myint
authors: Hyun
authors: H
authors: Kim
authors: Sun-Hwa
authors: SH
authors: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016651:Lithium Carbonate / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4; D016651:Lithium Carbonate; D014635:Valproic Acid; D007371:Interferon-gamma