title: Proteasome activity modulates chromatin modifications and RNA polymerase II phosphorylation to enhance glucocorticoid receptor-mediated transcription.
abstract: The 26S proteasome modulates steroid hormone receptor-dependent gene transcription at least in part by regulating turnover and recycling of receptor/transcriptional DNA complexes, thereby ensuring continued hormone response. For the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), inhibition of proteasome-mediated proteolysis or RNA interference-mediated depletion of specific proteasome subunits results in an increase in gene expression. To facilitate transcription, proteasome inhibition alters at least two features associated with modification of chromatin architecture and gene transcription. First, proteasome inhibition increases trimethyl histone H3K4 levels with a corresponding accumulation of this modification on GR-regulated promoters in vivo. Secondly, global levels of phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (Pol II) increase, together with hormone-dependent association of the phosphorylated Pol II, with the promoter and the body of the activated gene. We propose that apart from modulating receptor turnover, the proteasome directly influences both the transcription machinery and chromatin structure, factors integral to nuclear receptor-regulated gene transcription.
authors: Chromatin and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12233 (MD C4-01), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors: H Karimi
authors: HK
authors: Kinyamu
authors: Trevor K
authors: TK
authors: Archer
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D000076983:Histone Methyltransferases; D011495:Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007976:Leupeptins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008324:Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse / Q000235:genetics; D008745:Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011496:Protein Methyltransferases; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000378:metabolism*; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D007976:Leupeptins; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D021122:Protein Subunits; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D000076983:Histone Methyltransferases; D011496:Protein Methyltransferases; D011495:Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase; D012319:RNA Polymerase II; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; C072553:benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde