title: Influence of the mode of ventilation on ketamine/xylazine requirements in rabbits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of the mode of mechanical ventilation (MV) on the dose of intravenous anesthetic during 3 hours of ketamine/xylazine anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one adult male New Zealand White rabbits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rabbits were anesthetized (ketamine/xylazine 35 + 5 mg kg(-1), IM), the trachea was intubated and randomized to four groups - (1) CMV-1 (n = 14), ventilated with traditional conventional volume-cycled MV [V(T) = 12 mL kg(-1), RR = 20, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) = 0 cmH(2)O]; (2) CMV-2 (n = 13), ventilated with a modern lung-protective regimen of volume-cycled MV (V(T) = 6 mL kg(-1), RR = 40, PEEP = 5 cmH(2)O); (3) HFPV (n = 17) ventilated with high-frequency percussive ventilation [high-frequency oscillations (450 minute(-1)) superimposed on 40 minute(-1) low-frequency respiratory cycles, I:E ratio = 1:1], oscillatory continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) of 7-10 cmH(2)O, and demand CPAP of 8-10 cmH(2)O. (4) A fourth group, spontaneously ventilating (SV, n = 17), was anesthetized, intubated, but not ventilated mechanically. FiO(2) in all groups was 0.5. Anesthesia was maintained at a surgical plane by IV administration of a ketamine/xylazine mixture (10 + 2 mg kg(-1), as necessary) for 3 hours after intubation. Total dose of xylazine/ketamine administered and the need for yohimbine to facilitate recovery were quantitated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total dose of xylazine/ketamine was significantly higher in the HFPV and SV groups compared with CMV-1 (p < 0.01). Fewer animals required yohimbine to reverse anesthesia in the HFPV than CMV-1 group (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HFPV mode of MV led to higher doses of ketamine/xylazine being used than the other modes of MV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In rabbits, anesthetic dose for the maintenance of anesthesia varied with the mode of MV used. Investigators should be aware of the possibility that changing the mode of ventilation may lead to an alteration in the amount of drug required to maintain anesthesia.
authors: US Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA.
authors: Andrey L
authors: AL
authors: Yershov
authors: Bryan S
authors: BS
authors: Jordan
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Fudge
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Dubick
mesh_terms: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000662:veterinary; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011817:Rabbits; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D014991:Xylazine; D015016:Yohimbine; D007649:Ketamine