title: Development of in vitro tooth staining model and usage of catalysts to elevate the effectiveness of tooth bleaching.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Whole blood or tea was frequently used to stain the teeth for measuring the effectiveness of different bleaching materials. However, the components of blood or tea cannot be quantitatively determined and variability might exist among different brands of tea. The purpose of this study was to develop a reproducible in vitro tooth-staining model to simulate the intrinsic discoloration of teeth and evaluate the ability of two catalysts to enhance the bleaching activity of H(2)O(2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rhodamine B, Orange II, Fe(III) phthalocyanine, and tea were used to stain the tooth specimens for 4-72 h and subsequently bleached by H(2)O(2) for 4-72 h. The process was photographed using a digital stereoscopic microscope and a digital camera. The image was transformed to get L*, a*, b* values of CIE Lab system with image processing software. The catalytic ability of light irradiation plus addition of Fe/Sodium-Y or Mn/Sodium-Y for specimens stained by Orange II was evaluated in test tubes and in extracted tooth model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The color of specimens stained by Rhodamine B could not be sufficiently recovered after bleaching by H(2)O(2). In addition, the reaction of Fe(III) phthalocyanine with H(2)O(2) in test tubes was too fast to be monitored. Light activation plus use of Fe/Sodium-Y or Mn/Sodium-Y could significantly accelerate the bleaching efficiency of H(2)O(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orange II was the most appropriate dye for tooth staining among the dyes used in this study. Addition of Fe/Sodium-Y or Mn/Sodium-Y plus light irradiation could elevate the bleaching efficacy of H(2)O(2) for those specimens stained by Orange II.
authors: School of Dentistry and Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1 Chang-Te Street, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Bor-Shiunn
authors: BS
authors: Lee
authors: Shih-Hao
authors: SH
authors: Huang
authors: Yu-Chih
authors: YC
authors: Chiang
authors: Yu-Shan
authors: YS
authors: Chien
authors: Chung-Yuan
authors: CY
authors: Mou
authors: Chun-Pin
authors: CP
authors: Lin
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001391:Azo Compounds; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007211:Indoles; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D008345:Manganese / Q000737:chemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D016877:Oxidants; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012235:Rhodamines; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D013662:Tea; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000379:methods*; D014075:Tooth Discoloration
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D007211:Indoles; D016877:Oxidants; D012235:Rhodamines; D013662:Tea; C493990:iron phthalocyanine; D008345:Manganese; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007501:Iron; C029773:rhodamine B; C014722:2-naphthol orange