title: Effects of passive smoking on heart rate variability, heart rate and blood pressure: an observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been shown to increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases and death, and autonomic dysfunction (specifically, reduced heart rate variability (HRV)) is a predictor of increased cardiac risk. This study tests the hypothesis that ETS exposure reduces HRV in the general population and discusses possible pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was conducted between 2001 and 2003 and is part of the SAPALDIA (Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults) study. The analysis included 1218 randomly selected non-smokers aged 50 and above who participated in 24-h electrocardiogram recordings. Other examinations included an interview, investigating health status (especially respiratory and cardiovascular health and health relevant behaviours and exposure to ETS) and measurements of blood pressure, body height and weight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects exposed to ETS at home or at work for more than 2 h/day had a difference of -15% in total power (95%CI: -26 to -3%), low frequency power (-28 to -1%), low/high frequency ratio (-26 to -3%) and -18% (-29 to -4%) in ultralow frequency power of HRV compared with subjects not exposed to ETS at home or work. We also found a 2.7% (-0.01 to 5.34%) higher heart rate during the recording in exposed subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to ETS at home and work is associated with lower HRV and with higher heart rate in an ageing population. Our findings suggest that exposure to ETS increases cardiac risk through disturbances in the autonomic nervous system.
authors: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basel, Switzerland. denise.felber@unibas.ch
authors: Denise
authors: D
authors: Felber Dietrich
authors: Joel
authors: J
authors: Schwartz
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Schindler
authors: Jean-Michel
authors: JM
authors: Gaspoz
authors: Jean-Claude
authors: JC
authors: Barthélémy
authors: Jean-Marie
authors: JM
authors: Tschopp
authors: Frédéric
authors: F
authors: Roche
authors: Arnold
authors: A
authors: von Eckardstein
authors: Otto
authors: O
authors: Brändli
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Leuenberger
authors: Diane R
authors: DR
authors: Gold
authors: Ursula
authors: U
authors: Ackermann-Liebrich
mesh_terms: D001341:Autonomic Nervous System; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D013557:Switzerland; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014937:Work
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution