title: Cardiovascular risk and adrenergic overdrive in the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper will review the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome as well as its importance as target of non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several indices of adrenergic drive, such as plasma norepinephrine, norepinephrine spillover from adrenergic nerve terminals and efferent postganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve traffic, have all shown an increase in the different conditions clustering in metabolic syndrome, such as obesity, hypertension and insulin resistance state. This increase: 1) appears to be potentiated in the metabolic syndrome; and 2) contributes to a large extent at the cardiovascular structural and functional alterations typical of the disease. Based on this evidence, non-pharmacologic life-style interventions as well as drug treatment procedures used in the therapeutic approach to the metabolic syndrome should be aimed at exerting not only favourable haemodynamic and metabolic effects but also pronounced sympathoinhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data reviewed in this paper strongly support the relevance of the sympathetic nervous system in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome and the importance of the sympathomodulation as a specific aim of therapeutic intervention.
authors: Clinica Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Prevenzione e Biotecnologie Sanitarie, Università Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via Pergolesi 33, 20052 Monza, Milan, Italy. guido.grassi@unimib.it <guido.grassi@unimib.it>
authors: Guido
authors: G
authors: Grassi
authors: Fosca
authors: F
authors: Quarti-Trevano
authors: Gino
authors: G
authors: Seravalle
authors: Raffaella
authors: R
authors: Dell'Oro
mesh_terms: D000320:Adrenergic Fibers / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008019:Life Style; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents