title: Cervical screening by visual inspection, HPV testing, liquid-based and conventional cytology in Amazonian Peru.
abstract: Cervical cancer is an important public health problem in many developing countries, where cytology screening has been ineffective. We compared four tests to identify the most appropriate for screening in countries with limited resources. Nineteen midwives screened 5,435 women with visual inspection (VIA) and collected cervical samples for HPV testing, liquid-based cytology (LBC) and conventional cytology (CC). If VIA was positive, a doctor performed magnified VIA. CC was read locally, LBC was read in Lima and HPV testing was done in London. Women with a positive screening test were offered colposcopy or cryotherapy (with biopsy). Inadequacy rates were 5% and 11% for LBC and CC respectively, and less than 0.1% for VIA and HPV. One thousand eight hundred eighty-one women (84% of 2,236) accepted colposcopy/cryotherapy: 79 had carcinoma in situ or cancer (CIS+), 27 had severe- and 42 moderate-dysplasia on histology. We estimated a further 6.5 cases of CIS+ in women without a biopsy. Sensitivity for CIS+ (specificity for less than moderate dysplasia) was 41.2% (76.7%) for VIA, 95.8% (89.3%) for HPV, 80.3% (83.7%) for LBC, and 42.5% (98.7%) for CC. Sensitivities for moderate dysplasia or worse were better for VIA (54.9%) and less favourable for HPV and cytology. In this setting, VIA and CC missed the majority of high-grade disease. Overall, HPV testing performed best. VIA gives immediate results, but will require investment in regular training and supervision. Further work is needed to determine whether screened-positive women should all be treated or triaged with a more specific test.
authors: Cancer Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Mathematics and Statistics, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Maribel
authors: M
authors: Almonte
authors: Catterina
authors: C
authors: Ferreccio
authors: Jennifer L
authors: JL
authors: Winkler
authors: Jack
authors: J
authors: Cuzick
authors: Vivien
authors: V
authors: Tsu
authors: Sylvia
authors: S
authors: Robles
authors: Rina
authors: R
authors: Takahashi
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Sasieni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010568:Peru; D010808:Physical Examination; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000379:methods*