Feasibility of laryngeal mask airway use by prehospital personnel in simulated pediatric respiratory arrest.
BACKGROUND
Pediatric respiratory arrest is a technically challenging scenario infrequently faced by prehospital providers. Prehospital endotracheal intubation (ETI) is a complex procedure, and one study showed that it may result in worse neurological outcome in these patients. Alternatives to ETI include bag-valve-mask (BVM) ventilation and the laryngeal mask airway (LMA). Although the LMA has been used successfully for pediatric resuscitation in the hospital setting, there is no data describing its use in the prehospital setting.


OBJECTIVE
Prehospital providers can successfully place and ventilate the pediatric LMA in a simulated pediatric respiratory arrest.


METHODS
Paramedic students received a 1-hour training session covering the use of the pediatric LMA. Subjects performed airway management of a simulator manikin using both the LMA and the BVM. Rate of successful LMA placement, time to first ventilation, tidal volume by weight, and ventilations per minute were recorded. A generalized estimating equation analysis was completed to determine the effects of time and ventilation technique.


RESULTS
All 13 subjects (100%) successfully ventilated the mannequin with both techniques. The median number of attempts required to successfully place the LMA was one. Median time from the start of the scenario to BVM ventilation was 4 seconds (IQR 3, 5), and the median for LMA ventilation was 30 seconds (IQR 25, 52). Tidal volumes were significantly greater with BVM ventilation (5.07 mL/kg [IQR 4.47, 5.43]) than with LMA ventilation (2.88 mL/kg [IQR 2.17, 4.04]). An obvious air leak was present in all LMA cases, potentially resulting in reduced tidal volume delivery. Excessive ventilatory rates were noted in both BVM (42 ventilations per minute [IQR 33, 46]) and LMA (37 ventilations per minute [IQR 31, 39]) groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Prehospital providers were able to place and ventilate a simulated pediatric respiratory arrest patient using the LMA after a brief educational intervention. Obvious air leakage was noted when ventilating with the LMA and likely represents one technical limitation of using a simulator.
Guyette
Francis X
FX
Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
Roth
Kimberly R
KR
LaCovey
David C
DC
Rittenberger
Jon C
JC
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017214:Laryngeal Masks; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D010414:Pennsylvania; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000628:therapy