title: Plant stanol esters are potentially cost-effective in the prevention of coronary heart disease in men: Bayesian modelling approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plant stanol esters in spreads have demonstrated efficacy in reducing serum cholesterol. The cost-effectiveness of plant stanol esters in the prevention of coronary heart disease, however, has remained unevaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Bayesian modelling approach was applied to synthesize clinical evidence and evaluate the cost-effectiveness (Euro/quality-adjusted life years) of plant stanol esters in spread in the prevention of coronary heart disease based on published FINRISK and 4S risk functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The regular use of plant stanol esters reduced total serum cholesterol by -0.362 mmol/l [95% credibility interval (CrI) -0.31 to -0.41]. The corresponding placebo-adjusted reduction attributable to stanol esters when combined with statin was -0.385 mmol/l (95% CrI -0.18 to -0.61). The cost-effectiveness estimations were assessed for men and women separately at four different initial ages at which the regular use of stanol esters was assumed to be started. The base case cost per quality-adjusted life years gained by using stanol esters regularly ranged from 7436 to 20,999 Euro in men and from 34,327 to 112,151 Euro in women based on the initial starting age. According to uncertainty analysis, there is over a 90% probability that the use of plant stanol esters is cost-effective for men inclusively and for 60-year-old and older women assuming that decision-makers' maximum willingness to pay per quality-adjusted life year is 50,000 Euro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A recommendation that plant stanol ester-containing spreads be used as a part of daily diet replacing regular spread could be viewed as potentially cost-effective public health policy in the prevention of CHD in all adult men and in older age-groups of women with total serum cholesterol levels of 5 mmol/l or greater.
authors: Department of Social Pharmacy, Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy and Economics, University of Kuopio, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. janne.martikainen@uku.fi
authors: Janne A
authors: JA
authors: Martikainen
authors: Anne-Mari
authors: AM
authors: Ottelin
authors: Vesa
authors: V
authors: Kiviniemi
authors: Helena
authors: H
authors: Gylling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000191:economics*; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000191:economics; D011788:Quality of Life; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D035501:Uncertainty
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D028321:Plant Preparations; D012855:Sitosterols; C407042:plant stanol ester; D002784:Cholesterol