title: Periprocedural and medium-term antithrombotic strategies in patients with an indication for long-term anticoagulation undergoing coronary angiography and intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The optimal antithrombotic treatment for patients on long-term anticoagulation undergoing invasive coronary procedures is currently undefined. The strategies adopted periprocedurally and medium-term after coronary stenting (percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation) at our Institution, were reviewed, and the safety and efficacy of the various regimens evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients undergoing invasive coronary procedures between January 2002 and December 2004 were retrospectively identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 3709 patients overall, 104 (2.8%; 95% confidence interval 2.3-3.4) were on warfarin (because of atrial fibrillation in >50% of cases), whereas this was the case for 49 (3.1%; 95% confidence interval 2.3-4.1) of 1584 undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation. The antithrombotic strategies were highly variable, both periprocedurally (i.e. warfarin withdrawal or substitution by heparin, followed by aspirin with or without a thienopyridine) and medium-term after percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation (i.e. combination of warfarin and single or dual antiplatelet agents or pure dual antiplatelet treatment). Overall, periprocedural hemorrhages occurred in five patients (4.8%; 95% confidence interval 1.56-11.22). No thromboembolic events were observed, whereas one subacute stent thrombosis occurred (2%; 95% confidence interval 0.05-11) during warfarin and aspirin treatment. Among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation, 1-month hemorrhagic rate was 10% (95% confidence interval, 3.3-23.8); most hemorrhages (major bleeds in three-quarters of cases) occurred during triple therapy with warfarin (or low-molecular-weight heparin), aspirin and a thienopyridine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At our Institution (where standardized protocols are currently not in use), periprocedural and medium-term antithrombotic treatment in patients on long-term anticoagulation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation showed substantial variability. As a result of the relevant 1-month complication rate, further properly sized and designed studies are warranted to identify the optimal strategies for this patient subset, which is foreseen to progressively increase over the next years.
authors: Division of Cardiology, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy, and School of Medicine, Karolinska University, Stockholm, Sweden. andrearubboli@libero.it
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Rubboli
authors: Mauro
authors: M
authors: Colletta
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Herzfeld
authors: Pietro
authors: P
authors: Sangiorgio
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Di Pasquale
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000628:therapy*; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents