title: Hybrid testing of lumbar CHARITE discs versus fusions.
abstract: METHODS
  An in vitro human cadaveric biomechanical study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify effects on operated and other levels, including adjacent levels, due to CHARITE disc implantations versus simulated fusions, using follower load and the new hybrid test method in flexion-extension and bilateral torsion.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Spinal fusion has been associated with long-term accelerated degeneration at adjacent levels. As opposed to the fusion, artificial discs are designed to preserve motion and diminish the adjacent-level effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five fresh human cadaveric lumbar specimens (T12-S1) underwent multidirectional testing in flexion-extension and bilateral torsion with 400 N follower load. Intact specimen total ranges of motion were determined with +/-10 Nm unconstrained pure moments. The intact range of motion was used as input for the hybrid tests of 5 constructs: 1) CHARITE disc at L5-S1; 2) fusion at L5-S1; 3) CHARITE discs at L4-L5 and L5-S1; 4) CHARITE disc at L4-L5 and fusion at L5-S1; and 5) 2-level fusion at L4-L5-S1. Using repeated-measures single factor analysis of variance and Bonferroni statistical tests (P < 0.05), intervertebral motion redistribution of each construct was compared with the intact.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In flexion-extension, 1-level CHARITE disc preserved motion at the operated and other levels, while 2-level CHARITE showed some amount of other-level effects. In contrast, 1- and 2-level fusions increased other-level motions (average, 21.0% and 61.9%, respectively). In torsion, both 1- and 2-level discs preserved motions at all levels. The 2-level simulated fusion increased motions at proximal levels (22.9%), while the 1-level fusion produced no significant changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, CHARITE discs preserved operated- and other-level motions. Fusion simulations affected motion redistribution at other levels, including adjacent levels.
authors: Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA. manoharpanjabi@gmail.com
authors: Manohar
authors: M
authors: Panjabi
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Malcolmson
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: Teng
authors: Yasuhiro
authors: Y
authors: Tominaga
authors: Gweneth
authors: G
authors: Henderson
authors: Hassan
authors: H
authors: Serhan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001174:Arthrodesis; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*