title: Studies of associations between disability in multiple sclerosis, skin type, gender and ultraviolet radiation.
abstract: Recent studies suggest ultraviolet radiation (UVR)/vitamin D is protective against the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). We determined if outcome in MS is associated with the surrogate for host pigmentation, skin type, and parameters of UVR exposure. We used a validated questionnaire to determine skin type and UVR exposure during childhood (0-16 years), and early adult life (17-40 years), in 448 Caucasians with MS. Outcome was assessed using the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) and Multiple Sclerosis Severity Scale (MSSS). We studied the association of skin type and exposure with dichotomized values of EDSS (< and >or=6) and MSSS (continuous variable) using logistic and linear regression analyses, respectively. Sex, onset age and MS duration were significantly associated with outcome in all patients. In 169 females with established disease (>or=10 years), sun sensitive skin types 1 and 2 were associated with reduced risk of EDSS >or=6 (odds ratio =0.50; 95% CI = 0.26-0.97), and higher MSSS values (coefficient = -0.86; 95% CI = -1.67 to -0.05). Parameters of UVR exposure were not significantly associated with outcome. These preliminary data show an association between skin type and disability in female MS patients. They are compatible with independent studies suggesting that exposure mediates MS pathogenesis via vitamin D. Further studies are required to properly assess these potentially important findings.
authors: Keele Multiple Sclerosis Research, Human Genomics Research Group, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University Medical School, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire, UK.
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Woolmore
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Stone
authors: E M
authors: EM
authors: Pye
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Partridge
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Boggild
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Young
authors: P W
authors: PW
authors: Jones
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Fryer
authors: C P
authors: CP
authors: Hawkins
authors: R C
authors: RC
authors: Strange
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006370:Heliotherapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012867:Skin / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013472:Sunlight; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays