title: Nociception after intraperitoneal injection of a sodium pentobarbitone formulation with and without lidocaine in rats quantified by expression of neuronal c-fos in the spinal cord--a preliminary study.
abstract: After a search on Medline, it appears that intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbitone is often used for anaesthesia and euthanasia of rodents. In the present pilot study in rats, spinal nociception after intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbitone, with and without lidocaine, was examined by estimation of the number of c-fos-expressing neurones in the spinal dorsal horn. One group of rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 0.4 mL/kg sodium pentobarbitone (100 mg/mL; n=4). Another group of rats received a similar intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbitone formulated with lidocaine 10 mg/mL (n=4); a control group received a similar intraperitoneal injection of 0.9% saline (n=4). After 3 h, the animals were re-anaesthetized and perfused with 4% formaldehyde, and the spinal cord was collected and processed by immunohistochemistry for stereological quantification of the number of neurones with c-fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI). Intraperitoneal injection of the sodium pentobarbitone formulation caused a significantly increased number of neurones with FLI in the spinal cord (3930+/-247; mean+/-SEM; P<0.001) compared with the saline control group (765+/-131). The lidocaine added to the sodium pentobarbitone formulation significantly reduced the number to 2716+/-393 (P<0.05). In conclusion, intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbitone caused a significant increase in nociception which was lowered by adding lidocaine to the formulation, although it was still significantly higher than the control level. Further studies are needed with the aim of optimizing the lidocaine concentration and also to examine the effect of the combination of lidocaine with a long-acting local anaesthetic agent, e.g. bupivacaine.
authors: Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark. os@kvl.dk
authors: Ove
authors: O
authors: Svendsen
authors: Lisbet
authors: L
authors: Kok
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Lauritzen
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D008012:Lidocaine; D010424:Pentobarbital