title: Prediction of first coronary events with the Framingham score: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uncertainty exists about the performance of the Framingham risk score when applied in different populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We assessed calibration of the Framingham risk score (ie, relationship between predicted and observed coronary event rates) in US and non-US populations free of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed studies that evaluated the performance of the Framingham risk score to predict first coronary events in a validation cohort, as identified by Medline, EMBASE, BIOSIS, and Cochrane library searches (through August 2005). Two reviewers independently assessed 1496 studies for eligibility, extracted data, and performed quality assessment using predefined forms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 25 validation cohorts of different population groups (n = 128,000) in our main analysis. Calibration varied over a wide range from under- to overprediction of absolute risk by factors of 0.57 to 2.7. Risk prediction for 7 cohorts (n = 18658) from the United States, Australia, and New Zealand was well calibrated (corresponding figures: 0.87-1.08; for the 5 biggest cohorts). The estimated population risks for first coronary events were strongly associated (goodness of fit: R2 = 0.84) and in good agreement with observed risks (coefficient for predicted risk: beta = 0.84; 95% CI 0.41-1.26). In 18 European cohorts (n = 109499), the corresponding figures indicated close association (R2 = 0.72) but substantial overprediction (beta = 0.58, 95% CI 0.39-0.77). The risk score was well calibrated on the intercept for both population clusters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Framingham score is well calibrated to predict first coronary events in populations from the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. Overestimation of absolute risk in European cohorts requires recalibration procedures.
authors: Horten Centre for Patient Oriented Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Postfach Nord, Zurich, Switzerland. klaus.eichler@zhwin.ch
authors: Klaus
authors: K
authors: Eichler
authors: Milo A
authors: MA
authors: Puhan
authors: Johann
authors: J
authors: Steurer
authors: Lucas M
authors: LM
authors: Bachmann
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods