title: Yeast therapy for the treatment of breast cancer: a nude mice model study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have demonstrated that phagocytosis of yeast induces apoptosis in human breast cancer (BC) cells in vitro. Here, the in vivo apoptotic activity of the S. cerevisiae against human BC (MCF-7) bearing nude mice was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  MCF-7 cells were injected into nude mice. Mice were then injected intratumorally with yeast on a weekly basis for 45 days. Tumors were excised and analyzed for phagocytosis/apoptosis via histopathological staining, electron microscopy (EM), and flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrate the ability of MCF-7 cells to phagocytize yeast and the effectiveness of yeast in triggering apoptosis in MCF-7 cells in vivo. Histological sections of yeast-treated tumors show extensive tumor apoptosis/fibrosis. EM studies clearly show apoptotic MCF-7 cells with nuclear margination and fragmentation. Flow cytometry confirmed this result. No noticeable adverse side-effects from the yeast treatment were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S. cerevisiae is a promising anti-cancer agent that induces significant levels of apoptosis in malignant cells in vivo. However, yeast therapy for the treatment of breast cancer has yet to pass controlled clinical trials.
authors: Drew University of Medicine and Science, Department of Otolaryngology, Los Angeles, CA, USA. mghoneum@ucla.edu
authors: Mamdooh
authors: M
authors: Ghoneum
authors: Lina
authors: L
authors: Wang
authors: Sudhanshu
authors: S
authors: Agrawal
authors: Sastry
authors: S
authors: Gollapudi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D015002:Yeast, Dried / Q000627:therapeutic use*