title: Report of resistance to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid in Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
abstract: Susceptibilities of UK and mainland European samples of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid were investigated over a 7 year period. All 24 strains collected between 1997 and 2003 showed similar baseline levels of susceptibility to that of a known susceptible laboratory strain when exposed to a diagnostic concentration (128 mg L(-1)) of formulated imidacloprid. Two samples collected during 2004, one from the UK and one from The Netherlands, demonstrated reduced susceptibility at this concentration. Using dose-response assays, the presence of resistant individuals was disclosed in both these strains; some individuals were unaffected at doses high enough to induce phytotoxic effects. This report represents the first confirmed cases of neonicotinoid resistance inducing control failures in T. vaporariorum, and highlights a need for careful vigilance to sustain the effectiveness of imidacloprid and related neonicotinoid insecticides.
authors: Rothamstead Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK. kevin.gorman@bbsrc.ac.uk
authors: Kevin
authors: K
authors: Gorman
authors: Gregor
authors: G
authors: Devine
authors: Jude
authors: J
authors: Bennison
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Coussons
authors: Neville
authors: N
authors: Punchard
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: Denholm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006430:Hemiptera; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; C082359:imidacloprid