title: A comparison of mass removal, thermal injury, and crater morphology of cortical bone ablation using wavelengths 2.79, 2.9, 6.1, and 6.45 microm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous investigations have reported evidence of wavelength dependence on cortical bone ablation. This study used mid-infrared laser wavelengths generated by a free electron laser (FEL) and mass removal measurements to further examine the ablation efficiency of a wavelength (2.79 microm) not previously reported and three wavelengths (2.9, 6.1, and 6.45 microm) previously demonstrated by crater morphology alone to be efficient for cortical bone removal.
  
  
  METHODS
  The wavelengths examined were provided by an FEL emitting 4 microseconds macropulses consisting of 1-2 picoseconds duration micropulses delivered at 350 picoseconds intervals. The mass removal measurements were conducted by a microbalance, and the collateral thermal injury and crater morphology of cortical bone were examined by light microscopy following standard histologic processing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study demonstrated that the highest mass removal was achieved at lambda = 6.1 microm followed by, in order, lambda = 2.9, 6.45, and 2.79 microm. The zones of thermal injury and crater morphology created in cortical bone at the selected wavelengths were examined at the radiant exposure of 28.3 J/cm2. Ablation using lambda = 6.1 microm provided the largest crater size and the least collateral thermal injury. The greatest amount of collateral thermal injury was produced by lambda = 2.79 microm at both the sides and base of the ablation crater.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mass removal of cortical bone produced by FEL ablation at selected mid-IR wavelengths was measured as a function of incident radiant exposure. The ablation efficiency was found to be dependent upon wavelength. The lambda = 2.79 microm did not offer any improvement over the other wavelengths evaluated, suggesting that a potential shift in the dynamic optical properties of water during tissue irradiance with the FEL does not present an advantage to the cutting of cortical bone. The lambda = 6.1 microm provided the highest ablation efficiency with deepest crater and the least amount of collateral thermal injury.
authors: Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612, USA. jyoun@cu.ac.kr
authors: Jong-In
authors: JI
authors: Youn
authors: Paula
authors: P
authors: Sweet
authors: George M
authors: GM
authors: Peavy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002056:Burns / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D002417:Cattle; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008853:Microscopy; D013977:Tibia / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*