title: Selective down-regulation of glioma-associated oncogene 2 inhibits the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
abstract: The sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway contributes to the initiation and progression of tumors with various origins when aberrantly activated. In this study, we investigated if the Shh pathway is important for the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and also began to identify which components of the pathway play a pivotal role in the biology of HCC. Expression levels of components in the pathway were measured, and glioma-associated oncogene (Gli) 2 levels were found to be considerably higher in human HCC lines compared with normal liver. Gli2 levels were also higher in tumor tissue from HCC patients compared with normal liver. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) were used to specifically down-regulate Gli2, and this led to decreased proliferation of various HCC cell lines. However, inhibition of Gli1 and Gli3 with ASOs did not decrease proliferation in most HCC cell lines and inhibitors targeting the upstream components of the pathway, including smoothened (Smo), displayed antiproliferative effects in only a subset of HCC cell lines. Moreover, in cancer cells harboring Smo mutations or unresponsive to the Smo inhibitor 3-keto-N-aminoethylaminoethylcaproyldihydrocinnamoyl cyclopamine, the Gli2 ASO was still able to inhibit proliferation. The importance of Gli2 in HCC proliferation was further confirmed by the changes in expression levels of genes, such as Bcl-2, c-Myc, and p27, following suppression of Gli2 expression. Taken together, these results suggest that, among the Gli transcription factors, Gli2 plays a predominant role in the proliferation of HCC cells and the suppression of Gli2 expression may provide a useful therapeutic option for the treatment of HCC.
authors: Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 1896 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA. ykim@isisph.com
authors: Youngsoo
authors: Y
authors: Kim
authors: Joon Won
authors: JW
authors: Yoon
authors: Xiaokun
authors: X
authors: Xiao
authors: Nicholas M
authors: NM
authors: Dean
authors: Brett P
authors: BP
authors: Monia
authors: Eric G
authors: EG
authors: Marcusson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000502:physiology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D014704:Veratrum Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000075746:Zinc Finger Protein Gli2
chemical_list: C082593:GLI2 protein, human; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; C509239:SHH protein, human; D014704:Veratrum Alkaloids; D000075746:Zinc Finger Protein Gli2; C000541:cyclopamine