Site-specific S-glutathiolation of mitochondrial NADH ubiquinone reductase.
The generation of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria acts as a redox signal in triggering cellular events such as apoptosis, proliferation, and senescence. Overproduction of superoxide (O2*-) and O2*--derived oxidants changes the redox status of the mitochondrial GSH pool. An electron transport protein, mitochondrial complex I, is the major host of reactive/regulatory protein thiols. An important response of protein thiols to oxidative stress is to reversibly form protein mixed disulfide via S-glutathiolation. Exposure of complex I to oxidized GSH, GSSG, resulted in specific S-glutathiolation at the 51 kDa and 75 kDa subunits (Beer et al. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 47939-47951). Here, to investigate the molecular mechanism of S-glutathiolation of complex I, we prepared isolated bovine complex I under nonreducing conditions and employed the techniques of mass spectrometry and EPR spin trapping for analysis. LC/MS/MS analysis of tryptic digests of the 51 kDa and 75 kDa polypeptides from glutathiolated complex I (GS-NQR) revealed that two specific cysteines (C206 and C187) of the 51 kDa subunit and one specific cysteine (C367) of the 75 kDa subunit were involved in redox modifications with GS binding. The electron transfer activity (ETA) of GS-NQR in catalyzing NADH oxidation by Q1 was significantly enhanced. However, O2*- generation activity (SGA) mediated by GS-NQR suffered a mild loss as measured by EPR spin trapping, suggesting the protective role of S-glutathiolation in the intact complex I. Exposure of NADH dehydrogenase (NDH), the flavin subcomplex of complex I, to GSSG resulted in specific S-glutathiolation on the 51 kDa subunit. Both ETA and SGA of S-glutathiolated NDH (GS-NDH) decreased in parallel as the dosage of GSSG increased. LC/MS/MS analysis of a tryptic digest of the 51 kDa subunit from GS-NDH revealed that C206, C187, and C425 were glutathiolated. C425 of the 51 kDa subunit is a ligand residue of the 4Fe-4S N3 center, suggesting that destruction of 4Fe-4S is the major mechanism involved in the inhibition of NDH. The result also implies that S-glutathiolation of the 75 kDa subunit may play a role in protecting the 4Fe-4S cluster of the 51 kDa subunit from redox modification when complex I is exposed to redox change in the GSH pool.
Chen
Chwen-Lih
CL
Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
Zhang
Liwen
L
Yeh
Alexander
A
Chen
Chun-An
CA
Green-Church
Kari B
KB
Zweier
Jay L
JL
Chen
Yeong-Renn
YR
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000201:enzymology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
D021122:Protein Subunits; D013481:Superoxides; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I; D005978:Glutathione; D003545:Cysteine