title: The evolution of the vertebrate metzincins; insights from Ciona intestinalis and Danio rerio.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The metzincins are a large gene superfamily of proteases characterized by the presence of a zinc protease domain, and include the ADAM, ADAMTS, BMP1/TLL, meprin and MMP genes. Metzincins are involved in the proteolysis of a wide variety of proteins, including those of the extracellular matrix. The metzincin gene superfamily comprises eighty proteins in the human genome and ninety-three in the mouse. When and how the level of complexity apparent in the vertebrate metzincin gene superfamily arose has not been determined in detail. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of vertebrate metzincins using genes from both Ciona intestinalis and Danio rerio to provide new insights into the complex evolution of this gene superfamily.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have identified 19 metzincin genes in the ciona genome and 83 in the zebrafish genome. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that the expansion of the metzincin gene superfamily in vertebrates has occurred predominantly by the simple duplication of pre-existing genes rather than by the appearance and subsequent expansion of new metzincin subtypes (the only example of which is the meprin gene family). Despite the number of zebrafish metzincin genes being relatively similar to that of tetrapods (e.g. man and mouse), the pattern of gene retention and loss within these lineages is markedly different. In addition, we have studied the evolution of the related TIMP gene family and identify a single ciona and four zebrafish TIMP genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The complexity seen in the vertebrate metzincin gene families was mainly acquired during vertebrate evolution. The metzincin gene repertoire in protostomes and invertebrate deuterostomes has remained relatively stable. The expanded metzincin gene repertoire of extant tetrapods, such as man, has resulted largely from duplication events associated with early vertebrate evolution, prior to the sarcopterygian-actinopterygian split. The teleost repertoire of metzincin genes in part parallels that of tetrapods but has been significantly modified, perhaps as a consequence of a teleost-specific duplication event.
authors: Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. j.huxley.jones@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk <j.huxley.jones@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk>
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Huxley-Jones
authors: Toni-Kim
authors: TK
authors: Clarke
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Beck
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Toubaris
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Robertson
authors: Raymond P
authors: RP
authors: Boot-Handford
mesh_terms: D051722:ADAM Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D002938:Ciona intestinalis / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000235:genetics*; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000235:genetics; D005810:Multigene Family; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000235:genetics; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics*; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; D051722:ADAM Proteins; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; C053833:meprin A