title: Atlantoaxial fusion: a biomechanical analysis of two C1-C2 fusion techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different atlantoaxial fusion techniques are used for instability. Transarticular screws are biomechanically superior to wiring techniques and equivalent to C1 lateral mass to C2 pedicle (C1LM-C2P) fixation. Recently, C1 lateral mass to C2 laminar (C1LM-C2L) fixation has been shown to have flexibility similar to C1LM-C2P fixation in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Compare the stiffness of C1LM-C2P with C1LM-C2L screw rod fixation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro biomechanical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stiffness in flexion/extension, lateral bending, axial rotation, and anterior-posterior (AP) translation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight fresh-frozen human cadaveric cervical spines (C1-C3) were tested intact and, after a type II odontoid fracture, were instrumented and tested with two fixation constructs: C1LM-C2P screws and C1LM-C2L screws. The testing involved flexion, extension, lateral bending, AP translation, and axial rotation. Stiffness was measured and compared with a repeated-measures analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C1LM-C2P was significantly stiffer than the intact in AP translation (p<.001), lateral bending (p=.001), and axial rotation (p=.002) and equivalent in flexion/extension (p=.09). C1LM-C2L was significantly stiffer than the intact in AP translation (p<.01) and axial rotation (p<.004) and equivalent in lateral bending (p<.71) and flexion/extension (p=.22). C1LM-C2P was stiffer than C1LM-C2L in right/left lateral bending (p<.001) and axial rotation (p=.009) and equivalent in AP translation (p=.06) and flexion/extension (p=.74).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C1LM-C2P fixation is equivalent to C1LM-C2L fixation in flexion/extension and AP translation and superior in lateral bending and axial rotation.
authors: Spine Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors: Roderick
authors: R
authors: Claybrooks
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Kayanja
authors: Ryan
authors: R
authors: Milks
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: Benzel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D001368:Axis, Cervical Vertebra / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D001270:Cervical Atlas / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D054159:Torsion, Mechanical