title: Ultrasonographic guidance for sciatic and femoral nerve blocks in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have shown that ultrasound guidance for paediatric regional anaesthesia can improve the quality of upper extremity and neuraxial blocks. We therefore investigated whether ultrasound guidance for sciatic and femoral nerve blocks prolongs sensory blockade in comparison with nerve stimulator guidance in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six children scheduled for surgery of one lower extremity were randomized to receive a sciatic and femoral nerve block under either ultrasound or nerve stimulator guidance. After induction of general anaesthesia, the blocks were performed using an ultrasound-guided multiple injection technique until the nerves were surrounded by levobupivacaine, or by nerve stimulator guidance using a predefined dose of 0.3 ml kg(-1) of levobupivacaine. An increase in heart rate of more than 15% of baseline during surgery defined a failed block. The duration of the block was determined from the injection of local anaesthetic to the time when the patient received the first postoperative analgesic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two blocks in the nerve stimulator group failed. There were no failures in the ultrasound group. The duration of analgesia was longer in the ultrasound group mean (sd) 508 (178) vs 335 (169) min (P < 0.05). The volume of local anaesthetic in sciatic and femoral nerve blocks was reduced with ultrasound compared with nerve stimulator guidance [0.2 (0.06) vs 0.3 ml kg(-1) (P < 0.001) and 0.15 (0.04) vs 0.3 ml kg(-1) (P < 0.001), respectively].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound guidance for sciatic and femoral nerve blocks in children increased the duration of sensory blockade in comparison with nerve stimulator guidance. Prolonged sensory blockade was achieved with smaller volumes of local anaesthetic when using ultrasound guidance.
authors: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Oberndorfer
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Marhofer
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Bösenberg
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Willschke
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Felfernig
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Weintraud
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kapral
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Kettner
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005267:Femoral Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine