Brain energy metabolism and neurotransmission at near-freezing temperatures: in vivo (1)H MRS study of a hibernating mammal.
The brain of a hibernating mammal withstands physiological extremes that would result in cerebral damage and death in a non-hibernating species such as humans. To examine the possibility that this neuroprotection results from alterations in cerebral metabolism, we used in vivo(1)H NMR spectroscopy at high field (9.4 T) to measure the concentration of 18 metabolites (neurochemical profile) in the brain of 13-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) before, during, and after hibernation. Resolved in vivo(1)H NMR spectra were obtained even at low temperature in torpid hibernators ( approximately 7 degrees C). The phosphocreatine-to-creatine ratio was increased during torpor (+143%) indicating energy storage, and remained increased to a lesser extent during interbout arousal (IBA) (+83%). The total gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration was increased during torpor (+135%) and quickly returned to baseline during IBA. Glutamine (Gln) was decreased (-54%) during torpor but quickly returned to normal levels during IBA and after terminal arousal in the spring. Glutamate (Glu) was also decreased during torpor (-17%), but remained decreased during IBA (-20% compared with fall), and returned to normal level in the spring. Our observation that Glu and Gln levels are depressed in the brain of hibernators suggests that the balance between anaplerosis and loss of Glu and Gln (because of glutamatergic neurotransmission or other mechanisms) is altered in hibernation.
Henry
Pierre-Gilles
PG
Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. henry@cmrr.umn.edu
Russeth
Kevin P
KP
Tkac
Ivan
I
Drewes
Lester R
LR
Andrews
Matthew T
MT
Gruetter
Rolf
R
D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006605:Hibernation / Q000502:physiology*; D007294:Inositol / Q000378:metabolism; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism; D012589:Sciuridae / Q000502:physiology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*; D013654:Taurine / Q000378:metabolism; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
D004983:Ethanolamines; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D005973:Glutamine; D013654:Taurine; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D007294:Inositol; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; C005448:phosphorylethanolamine; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D005978:Glutathione; D005947:Glucose; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline; D001205:Ascorbic Acid