title: Reciprocal regulation of SOCS 1 and SOCS3 enhances resistance to ionizing radiation in glioblastoma multiforme.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and SOCS3 genes is dysregulated in several solid tumors, causing aberrant activation of cell growth and survival signaling pathways. In this study, we analyzed SOCS1 and SOCS3 gene expression in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and studied the role of each protein in GBM cell signaling and radiation resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  SOCS1 and SOCS3 gene expression was analyzed in 10 GBM cell lines by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting. SOCS3 expression was also studied in 12 primary GBM tissues by immunohistochemistry. The methylation status of the SOCS1 and SOCS3 loci was determined by methylation-specific PCR. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in GBM cell lines overexpressing SOCS1 or lacking SOCS3 was determined by phosphorylated-specific Western blotting. Radiation responses in SOCS1-positive and SOCS3-deficient GBM cell lines and fibroblasts from wild-type and SOCS1 or SOCS3 knockout mice were studied in a clonogenic survival assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All GBM cell lines tested lacked SOCS1 expression, whereas GBM cell lines and primary GBM tumor samples constitutively expressed SOCS3. SOCS1 gene repression was linked to hypermethylation of the SOCS1 genetic locus in GBM cells. Reintroduction of SOCS1 or blocking SOCS3 expression sensitized cells to radiation and decreased the levels of activated ERK MAPKs in GBM cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SOCS1 and SOCS3 are aberrantly expressed in GBM cell lines and primary tissues. Altered SOCS gene expression leads to increased cell signaling through the ERK-MAPK pathway and may play a role in disease pathogenesis by enhancing GBM radioresistance.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Zhou
authors: Rika
authors: R
authors: Miki
authors: Mervi
authors: M
authors: Eeva
authors: Francesca M
authors: FM
authors: Fike
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Seligson
authors: Lu
authors: L
authors: Yang
authors: Akihiko
authors: A
authors: Yoshimura
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Teitell
authors: Christina A M
authors: CA
authors: Jamieson
authors: Nicholas A
authors: NA
authors: Cacalano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000071222:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C108944:SOCS1 protein, human; C106644:SOCS3 protein, human; D000071222:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins