title: The cholesterol-raising factor from coffee beans, cafestol, as an agonist ligand for the farnesoid and pregnane X receptors.
abstract: Cafestol, a diterpene present in unfiltered coffee brews such as Scandinavian boiled, Turkish, and cafetière coffee, is the most potent cholesterol-elevating compound known in the human diet. Several genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis have previously been shown to be targets of cafestol, including cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid biosynthesis. We have examined the mechanism by which cafestol elevates serum lipid levels. Changes in several lipid parameters were observed in cafestol-treated APOE3Leiden mice, including a significant increase in serum triglyceride levels. Microarray analysis of these mice identified alterations in hepatic expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification, many of which are regulated by the nuclear hormone receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR). Further studies demonstrate that cafestol is an agonist ligand for FXR and PXR, and that cafestol down-regulates expression of the bile acid homeostatic genes CYP7A1, sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase, and Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide in the liver of wild-type but not FXR null mice. Cafestol did not affect genes known to be up-regulated by FXR in the liver of wild-type mice, but did increase expression of the positive FXR-target genes intestinal bile acid-binding protein and fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) in the intestine. Because FGF15 has recently been shown to function in an enterohepatic regulatory pathway to repress liver expression of bile acid homeostatic genes, its direct induction in the gut may account for indirect effects of cafestol on liver gene expression. PXR-dependent gene regulation of cytochrome P450 3A11 and other targets by cafestol was also only seen in the intestine. Using a double FXR/PXR knockout mouse model, we found that both receptors contribute to the cafestol-dependent induction of intestinal FGF15 gene expression. In conclusion, cafestol acts as an agonist ligand for both FXR and PXR, and this may contribute to its impact on cholesterol homeostasis.
authors: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 130, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. mlrick@bcm.tmc.edu
authors: Marie-Louise
authors: ML
authors: Ricketts
authors: Mark V
authors: MV
authors: Boekschoten
authors: Arja J
authors: AJ
authors: Kreeft
authors: Guido J E J
authors: GJ
authors: Hooiveld
authors: Corina J A
authors: CJ
authors: Moen
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Müller
authors: Rune R
authors: RR
authors: Frants
authors: Soemini
authors: S
authors: Kasanmoentalib
authors: Sabine M
authors: SM
authors: Post
authors: Hans M G
authors: HM
authors: Princen
authors: J Gordon
authors: JG
authors: Porter
authors: Martijn B
authors: MB
authors: Katan
authors: Marten H
authors: MH
authors: Hofker
authors: David D
authors: DD
authors: Moore
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053318:Apolipoprotein E3 / Q000235:genetics; D002790:Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000819:agonists* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008954:Models, Biological; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000819:agonists* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000819:agonists* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000819:agonists* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated
chemical_list: D053318:Apolipoprotein E3; D002790:Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase; D003069:Coffee; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004224:Diterpenes; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D008024:Ligands; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated; C052720:apolipoprotein E3 (Leidein); C108526:fibroblast growth factor 15, mouse; C053400:cafestol; C502772:Cyp7a1 protein, mouse