title: The normal electrocardiogram of four species of conscious raptors.
abstract: The aim of this study was to describe normal ECG patterns and values in four species of conscious raptors (Eurasian kestrel, Griffon vulture, Little owl, and Eurasian Eagle owl). Electrocardiograms were carried out in 75 conscious birds belonging to four species of raptors. Lead II waveforms were analysed to determine amplitudes and durations of waves and intervals. Morphologic patterns of P-QRS-T deflections were analysed in the six limb leads. Rhythm, heart rate, mean electrical axis, presence of Ta wave, ST slurring, and P-on-T phenomenon were also studied. The influence of species, body weight and heart rate in electrocardiographic variables were statistically analysed (P < 0.05). Sinus rhythm was present in all tracings, showing sinus arrhythmia in four cases. Ta wave was present in six tracings and P-on-T phenomenon in four. ST segment could be identified in all tracings, being mainly high above baseline. Significant differences between species were found for all the electrocardiographic parameters. The heart rate and body weight were also found to be a significant influence in most parameters. This study provides electrocardiographic data for four species of raptors that can be used to establish comparisons for clinical purposes.
authors: Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain. talavera@um.es
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Talavera
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Guzmán
authors: M J Fernández
authors: MJ
authors: del Palacio
authors: A P
authors: AP
authors: Albert
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Bayón
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000662:veterinary*; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D020304:Raptors / Q000502:physiology*