title: Process of care and outcomes in patients with peripheral arterial disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the association of process of care measures with adverse limb and systemic events in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with PAD, as defined by an ankle-brachial index (ABI) <0.9. The index date was defined as the date, during 1995 to 1998, when the patient was seen in the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center noninvasive vascular laboratory and found to have PAD. We conducted a chart review for process of care variables starting 3 years before the index date and ending at the time of the first event or the final visit (December 31, 2001), whichever occurred first. We examined the association between PAD process of care measures, including risk factor control, and prescribing of medication, with time of the patient's first major limb event or death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 796 patients (mean age, 65 +/- 9.9 years), 230 (28.9% experienced an adverse limb event (136 lower-extremity bypass, 94 lower-extremity amputation), and 354 (44.5%) died. Of the patients who died, 247 died without a preceding limb event. Glucose control was protective against death or a limb event with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.74 (95% confidence limits [CL] 0.60, 0.91, P = 0.004). African Americans were at 2.8 (95% CL 1.7, 4.5) times the risk of Whites or Hispanics for an adverse limb event. However, this risk was no longer significant if their glucose was controlled. For process measures, the dispensing of PAD specific medication (HR 1.4, 95% CL 1.1, 1.7) was associated an increased risk for an adverse outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that glucose control is key to reducing the risk for adverse outcomes, particularly limb events in African Americans. Certain process of care measures, as markers of disease severity and disease management, are associated with poor outcomes in patients with PAD. Further work is needed to determine the role of early disease intervention to reduce poor outcomes in patients with PAD.
authors: Houston Center for Quality of Care and Utilization Studies, and Section of Health Services Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. tcc@umn.edu
authors: Tracie C
authors: TC
authors: Collins
authors: Rebecca J
authors: RJ
authors: Beyth
authors: David B
authors: DB
authors: Nelson
authors: Nancy J
authors: NJ
authors: Petersen
authors: Maria E
authors: ME
authors: Suarez-Almazor
authors: Ruth L
authors: RL
authors: Bush
authors: Alan T
authors: AT
authors: Hirsch
authors: Carol M
authors: CM
authors: Ashton
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans; D006801:Humans; D023821:Limb Salvage; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose