title: Monocular activation of V1 and V2 in amblyopic adults measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although previous neuroimaging efforts clearly indicate visual cortical dysfunction in adults with amblyopia, the extent of abnormalities remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study directly compared activity in visual cortex produced by monocular stimulation in 18 adults (six esotropic strabismics, six anisometropes, and six controls). Measures were made in three cortical regions-of-interest, individually defined using standard retinotopic mapping techniques in the nonamblyopic eye, corresponding to extrafoveal V1, extrafoveal V2, and the foveal representation at the occipital pole. Fixation stability was monitored and found not to differ significantly between subject groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall results showed depressed fMRI signal magnitude for amblyopic eyes compared with sound eyes, although a few subjects did not show this trend. Assessment of the spatial extent of activation using an ocular dominance index did show significantly larger interocular differences for both strabismics and anisometropes compared with control subjects for whom eye dominance was carefully defined. In addition, both amblyopic groups showed less cortical area able to be significantly driven by either eye. The magnitude of these effects was equivalent in V1, V2, and the foveal representation, as well as between amblyopic groups. No difference was detected in the strength of signal from the nasal versus temporal retina in either amblyopic group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asymmetries in magnitude of monocular activation do occur in subjects with amblyopia, but these basic measures are limited in terms of sensitivity for mild to moderate amblyopia and for specificity between subtypes.
authors: Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA. iconner@mix.wvu.edu
authors: Ian P
authors: IP
authors: Conner
authors: J Vernon
authors: JV
authors: Odom
authors: Terry L
authors: TL
authors: Schwartz
authors: Janine D
authors: JD
authors: Mendola
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000550:Amblyopia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004948:Esotropia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005584:Fovea Centralis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology; D015349:Vision, Monocular / Q000502:physiology; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult