title: Autonomic status epilepticus in Panayiotopoulos syndrome and other childhood and adult epilepsies: a consensus view.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss and propose a definition of autonomic status epilepticus (SE), describe its clinical and EEG features, and review what is known about its epidemiology, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and management.
  
  
  METHODS
  An international consortium of established researchers in the field was identified from their published work, agreed the purpose of the project, searched the literature, and, by use of e-mail communication, agreed the consensus document.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Autonomic SE is a condition lasting at least 30 min and characterized by epileptic activity causing altered autonomic function of any type at seizure onset or in which manifestations consistent with altered autonomic function are prominent (quantitatively dominant or clinically important) even if not present at seizure onset. It is best described, and probably most commonly encountered in children, with Panayiotopoulos syndrome. However, it also occurs in children with symptomatic epilepsies and, exceptionally, in adults. Its pathogenesis and most appropriate management are poorly understood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is hoped that this document will help clinical recognition of Autonomic SE, reduce misdiagnosis, and promote further interest and studies into what has been a relatively neglected area.
authors: Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, United Kingdom. colindferrie@aol.com
authors: Colin D
authors: CD
authors: Ferrie
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Caraballo
authors: Athanasios
authors: A
authors: Covanis
authors: Veysi
authors: V
authors: Demirbilek
authors: Aysin
authors: A
authors: Dervent
authors: Natalio
authors: N
authors: Fejerman
authors: Lucia
authors: L
authors: Fusco
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Grünewald
authors: Osamu
authors: O
authors: Kanazawa
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Koutroumanidis
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Lada
authors: John H
authors: JH
authors: Livingston
authors: Alessia
authors: A
authors: Nicotra
authors: Hirokazu
authors: H
authors: Oguni
authors: Zarko
authors: Z
authors: Martinovic
authors: Douglas R
authors: DR
authors: Nordli
authors: Pasquale
authors: P
authors: Parisi
authors: Rod C
authors: RC
authors: Scott
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Specchio
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Verrotti
authors: Federico
authors: F
authors: Vigevano
authors: Matthew C
authors: MC
authors: Walker
authors: Kazuyoshi
authors: K
authors: Watanabe
authors: Harumi
authors: H
authors: Yoshinaga
authors: Chrysostomos P
authors: CP
authors: Panayiotopoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019305:Epilepsy, Rolandic / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013577:Syndrome; D009626:Terminology as Topic