title: A verification protocol for the probe sequences of Affymetrix genome arrays reveals high probe accuracy for studies in mouse, human and rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Affymetrix GeneChip technology uses multiple probes per gene to measure its expression level. Individual probe signals can vary widely, which hampers proper interpretation. This variation can be caused by probes that do not properly match their target gene or that match multiple genes. To determine the accuracy of Affymetrix arrays, we developed an extensive verification protocol, for mouse arrays incorporating the NCBI RefSeq, NCBI UniGene Unique, NIA Mouse Gene Index, and UCSC mouse genome databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Applying this protocol to Affymetrix Mouse Genome arrays (the earlier U74Av2 and the newer 430 2.0 array), the number of sequence-verified probes with perfect matches was no less than 85% and 95%, respectively; and for 74% and 85% of the probe sets all probes were sequence verified. The latter percentages increased to 80% and 94% after discarding one or two unverifiable probes per probe set, and even further to 84% and 97% when, in addition, allowing for one or two mismatches between probe and target gene. Similar results were obtained for other mouse arrays, as well as for human and rat arrays. Based on these data, refined chip definition files for all arrays are provided online. Researchers can choose the version appropriate for their study to (re)analyze expression data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The accuracy of Affymetrix probe sequences is higher than previously reported, particularly on newer arrays. Yet, refined probe set definitions have clear effects on the detection of differentially expressed genes. We demonstrate that the interpretation of the results of Affymetrix arrays is improved when the new chip definition files are used.
authors: Groningen Bioinformatics Centre, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands. r.alberts@rug.nl
authors: Rudi
authors: R
authors: Alberts
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Terpstra
authors: Menno
authors: M
authors: Hardonk
authors: Leonid V
authors: LV
authors: Bystrykh
authors: Gerald
authors: G
authors: de Haan
authors: Rainer
authors: R
authors: Breitling
authors: Jan-Peter
authors: JP
authors: Nap
authors: Ritsert C
authors: RC
authors: Jansen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015342:DNA Probes / Q000235:genetics*; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016415:Sequence Alignment / Q000379:methods*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes