Plastidial fatty acid levels regulate resistance gene-dependent defense signaling in Arabidopsis.
In Arabidopsis, resistance to Turnip Crinkle Virus (TCV) depends on the resistance (R) gene, HRT, and the recessive locus rrt. Resistance also depends on salicylic acid (SA), EDS1, and PAD4. Exogenous application of SA confers resistance in RRT-containing plants by increasing HRT transcript levels in a PAD4-dependent manner. Here we report that reduction of oleic acid (18:1) can also induce HRT gene expression and confer resistance to TCV. However, the 18:1-regulated pathway is independent of SA, rrt, EDS1, and PAD4. Reducing the levels of 18:1, via a mutation in the SSI2-encoded stearoyl-acyl carrier protein-desaturase, or by exogenous application of glycerol, increased transcript levels of HRT as well as several other R genes. Second-site mutations in the ACT1-encoded glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase or GLY1-encoded glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase restored 18:1 levels in HRT ssi2 plants and reestablished a dependence on rrt. Resistance to TCV and HRT gene expression in HRT act1 plants was inducible by SA but not by glycerol, whereas that in HRT pad4 plants was inducible by glycerol but not by SA. The low 18:1-mediated induction of R gene expression was also dependent on ACT1 but independent of EDS1, PAD4, and RAR1. Intriguingly, TCV inoculation did not activate this 18:1-regulated pathway in HRT plants, but instead resulted in the induction of several genes that encode 18:1-synthesizing isozymes. These results suggest that the 18:1-regulated pathway may be specifically targeted during pathogen infection and that altering 18:1 levels may serve as a unique strategy for promoting disease resistance.
Chandra-Shekara
A C
AC
Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
Venugopal
Srivathsa C
SC
Barman
Subhankar Roy
SR
Kachroo
Aardra
A
Kachroo
Pradeep
P
D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D019184:Carmovirus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D044943:Fatty Acid Desaturases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D017343:Genes, Plant; D005990:Glycerol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005992:Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology; D018087:Plastids / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C491954:HRT protein, Arabidopsis; D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D019301:Oleic Acid; D044943:Fatty Acid Desaturases; C433487:stearoyl ACP desaturase, Arabidopsis; D005992:Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase; C513677:plastidic glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, Arabidopsis; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; C400766:PAD4 protein, Arabidopsis; D020156:Salicylic Acid; D005990:Glycerol