title: Intermuscular adipose tissue rivals visceral adipose tissue in independent associations with cardiovascular risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The metabolic implications of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) are poorly understood compared to those of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) even though the absolute quantities of both depots are similar in many individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to determine the independent relationship between whole-body IMAT and cardiovascular risk factor parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to quantify total skeletal muscle (SM), total adipose tissue (TAT) of which IMAT, defined as the AT visible by MRI within the boundary of the muscle fascia, is a sub-component. Fasting serum measures (n=262) of glucose, total cholesterol (T-Chol), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-Chol), triglycerides (TG), protein bound glucose (PBG, n=206) and insulin (n=119) were acquired in healthy African-American (AA, n=78) and Caucasian (Ca, n=109) women (body mass index (BMI) 26.5+/-5.7 kg/m(2); 44.4+/-16.4 years) and men (39 AA, 62 Ca; BMI 25.6+/-3.5 kg/m(2); 45.6+/-17.4 years). General linear models identified the independent effects of IMAT after covarying for SM, VAT, TAT, race, sex and two-way interactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant independent associations were observed for IMAT with glucose (P<0.001), PBG (P<0.001) and T-Chol (P<0.05). The association of IMAT with cholesterol differed by race in such a manner that for a unit increase in IMAT, T-Chol increased more rapidly in Ca compared to AA (P<0.05). TG, HDL-Chol and insulin had no independent association with IMAT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strong independent associations of IMAT with fasting glucose and PBG suggest that IMAT may be related to glucose metabolism; however, IMAT is also associated with T-Chol in Ca.
authors: Department of Medicine, Obesity Research Center, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors: J-E
authors: JE
authors: Yim
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Heshka
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Albu
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Heymsfield
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Kuznia
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Harris
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Gallagher
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D001823:Body Composition; D002784:Cholesterol; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol