title: Compression-locked nailing of the humerus: a mechanical analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the treatment of humeral fractures, reamed nailing and compression have been reported to give higher stability. In this cadaver study, we compared the Unreamed Humeral Nail (UHN) with the (reamed) Telescopic Locking Nail (TLN) to find out whether any differences exist concerning bending and rotational stability, both with and without compression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nails were tested in a paired set-up with 8 pairs of fresh frozen cadaveric humeri. The nail-bone constructs were submitted to axial distraction to test compression, four-point bending and torsion. After creating a bone defect simulating an unstable fracture, bending and torsional tests were run again
  
  
  RESULTS
  After cyclic loading, distraction under compression with the TLN was significantly less than with the UHN: 0.10 (SD 0.06) vs. 0.31 (SD 0.18) mm (difference = -67%, 95% CI = -84% to -37%; p = 0.01). In bending, the constructs with TLN under compression were stiffer than those with the UHN: 0.96 (SD 0.25) vs. 0.80 (SD 0.25) kN/mm (difference = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.07 to 0.25; p = 0.01). In torsion and with a bone defect, no significant differences were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both nails are capable of resisting physiological forces acting on the humerus. The constructs with the TLN under compression are more stable in bending. Compression with an axial set screw is the more stable option.
authors: Department of General Surgery, Section of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, Maastricht, AZ, NL-6202, the Netherlands. jverbruggen@surgery.azm.nl
authors: Jan P A M
authors: JP
authors: Verbruggen
authors: Werner
authors: W
authors: Sternstein
authors: Jochen
authors: J
authors: Blum
authors: Pol M
authors: PM
authors: Rommens
authors: Jouwert W J L
authors: JW
authors: Stapert
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001858:Bone Nails; D002102:Cadaver; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000601:surgery*