title: Electrochemotherapy: aspects of preclinical development and early clinical experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an optimized, reproducible system of electrochemotherapy, and to investigate its clinical application in patients with cutaneous or subcutaneous recurrences of inoperable or progressive disease recalcitrant to current anticancer treatments.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Electrochemotherapy is the application of electric pulses to tumor tissue, rendering the cell membranes permeable to otherwise impermeant or poorly permeant anticancer drugs. This facilitates a potent local cytotoxic effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  The optimal parameters for electrical pulses and bleomycin concentration were obtained in vitro and then applied to tumors derived from 4 histologically distinct human cancer cell lines (7860, PC3, OE19, MCF-7) established in athymic nude mice. Comparison was made with tumors that received bleomycin alone, electric pulses alone, and untreated controls. The optimized electrochemotherapy was then applied to patients with cutaneous or subcutaneous tumors, of any histologic type, recurrent or metastatic and unresponsive to standard chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy regimens. Tumors were assessed at monthly intervals to determine response to the treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo: Using the optimal parameters ascertained in vitro, all tumors treated by electrochemotherapy with bleomycin (n = 24) had significantly regressed (P < 0.001, all 4 lines) compared with control tumors (n = 72). Twelve tumors completely regressed (50%) following a single application, with 12 partial regressions (50%). Clinical: In 30 patients (111 tumors), none of the treated tumors progressed. Sixty percent of tumors (66 of 111) showed complete regression, 22% (24 of 111) partial response, and 18% (21 of 111) no change. Electrochemotherapy was more effective in smaller tumors (<3 cm), 71% (64 of 90) showing complete regression, 20% (18 of 90) partial response, and 9% (8 of 90) no change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrochemotherapy parameters optimized in vitro are applicable in vivo. This treatment is effective in athymic nude mice for all histologic types indicating a nonimmunologic mode of action. In clinical application, electrochemotherapy is an effective, safe, and reproducible therapy. Patients with cutaneous or subcutaneous tumors previously refractory to surgical intervention, systemic chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy responded successfully irrespective of histologic type.
authors: Cork Cancer Research Centre, Leslie C. Quick Jr. Cancer Laboratory, Biosciences Institute & Mercy University Hospital, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
authors: John O
authors: JO
authors: Larkin
authors: Christopher G
authors: CG
authors: Collins
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Aarons
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Tangney
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Whelan
authors: Seamus
authors: S
authors: O'Reily
authors: Oscar
authors: O
authors: Breathnach
authors: Declan M
authors: DM
authors: Soden
authors: Gerald C
authors: GC
authors: O'Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy; D053672:Electrochemotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D001761:Bleomycin