title: Effects of ghrelin on feeding regulation and interdigestive migrating complex in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide with remarkable prokinetic effects. However, its mechanisms in regulating feeding and gastrointestinal migrating myoelectrical complex (MMC) are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of ghrelin on feeding regulation and duodenal motility in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Feeding regulation was investigated at different times after intravenous injection of ghrelin and its receptor antagonist (D-Lys3)GHRP-6 in fasted rats. Rats were supplied with a pair of silver bipolar electrodes embedded in the duodenal serosa for electromyography. Ghrelin was injected intravenously into the rats during the fed state or fasted state. Some rats were pretreated with atropine, phentolamine, propranolol, L-arginine, the 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptor antagonist ondansetron, and (D-Lys3)GHRP-6.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ghrelin had little effect on food intake in the first 30 min after administration, but was found to increase feeding during the subsequent hours. (D-Lys3)GHRP-6 decreased feeding and antagonized the effect of ghrelin. Ghrelin induced duodenal MMC after administration in the fed state, and shortened the duodenal MMC cycle length and the duration of phase III during fasting. The amplitude and frequency of phase III were increased without affecting the percentage of phase III in the MMC cycle. Pretreatment with atropine, L-arginine, ondansetron, and (D-Lys3)GHRP-6 inhibited the effects of ghrelin. Propranolol and phentolamine had little influence on these effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ghrelin appears to be closely related to feeding and intestinal motility. The excitatory effects of ghrelin are dependent on the cholinergic pathway, and it has a close relationship with the NOS-NO or 5-HT pathway. The ghrelin receptor is involved in its activities.
authors: Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China. miss.wangyan@gmail.com
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Dong
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Cheng
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004386:Duodenum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects*; D004576:Electromyography; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D054439:Ghrelin; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016065:Myoelectric Complex, Migrating / Q000187:drug effects*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D017294:Ondansetron / Q000494:pharmacology; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D009842:Oligopeptides; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin; D017294:Ondansetron; C041048:growth hormone releasing hexapeptide; D001285:Atropine; D013006:Growth Hormone; D001120:Arginine