title: Human adipocytes induce an ERK1/2 MAP kinases-mediated upregulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and an angiotensin II-sensitization in human adrenocortical cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypertension is a major complication of overweight with frequently elevated aldosterone levels in obese patients. Our previous work suggests a direct stimulation of adrenal aldosterone secretion by adipocytes. Owing to aldosterone's important role in maintaining blood pressure homeostasis, its regulation in obesity is of major importance. One objective was to determine the signaling mechanisms involved in adipocyte-induced aldosterone secretion. In addition to a direct stimulation, a sensitization toward angiotensin II (AngII) might be involved. The second objective was to determine a possible adipokines-induced sensitization of human adrenocortical cells to AngII.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human subcutaneous adipocytes and adrenocortical cells, and the adrenocortical cell line NCI-H295R were used. Adrenocortical cells were screened for signal transduction protein expression and phosphorylation. Subsequently, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), cAMP and phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase were analyzed by Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative PCR, reporter gene assay and confocal microscopy to investigate their role in adipocyte-mediated aldosterone secretion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AngII-mediated aldosterone secretion was largely increased by preincubating H295R cells with adipocyte secretory products. StAR mRNA and StAR protein were upregulated in a time-dependent way. This steroidogenic effect was independent of the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway as cellular cAMP was unaltered and inhibition of PKA by H89 failed to reduce aldosterone secretion. However, CREB reporter gene activity was moderately elevated. Upregulation of StAR was accompanied by ERK1/2 MAP kinase activation and nuclear translocation of the kinases. Inhibition of MAP kinase by UO126 abolished adipokine-stimulated aldosterone secretion from primary human adrenocortical and H295R cells, and inhibited StAR gene activity. Adipokines stimulated steroidogenesis also in primary human adrenocortical cells, supporting a role in human physiology and/or pathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adipokines induce aldosterone secretion from human adrenocortical cells and sensitization of the cells to stimulation by AngII, possibly mediated via ERK1/2-dependent upregulation of StAR activity. This stimulation of aldosterone secretion could be one link between overweight and inappropriately elevated aldosterone levels.
authors: Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01309 Dresden, Germany. alexander.krug@uniklinikum-dresden.de
authors: A W
authors: AW
authors: Krug
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Vleugels
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Schinner
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Lamounier-Zepter
authors: C G
authors: CG
authors: Ziegler
authors: S R
authors: SR
authors: Bornstein
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Ehrhart-Bornstein
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D054392:Adipokines / Q000502:physiology; D000302:Adrenal Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002460:Cell Line; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein; D000804:Angiotensin II; D000450:Aldosterone; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1