title: Evaluation of 188 consecutive homografts implanted in pulmonary position after 20 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Homografts are considered the gold standard for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction. Their long-term durability is limited, and alternatives became available. We evaluate their long-term hemodynamic performance to permit comparisons with alternative devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1985 and 2004, 188 homografts were implanted in pulmonary position at our institution. Mean patient age was 24.8 years (range 2 days-75 years); 56 were female and 132 male. Total follow-up time was 1073 years. Fifty-eight percent were Ross procedures (mean age 31.5 years) and 42% were different procedures (mean age 15.6 years); main diagnoses were tetralogy of Fallot (48%), truncus arteriosus (14%), transposition of the great arteries (11%). Twenty-six percent were redo implantations. We evaluated freedom from death, explantation, insufficiency, relevant gradient, degeneration, and the interval between diagnosis of degeneration and therapeutic procedure (therapeutic gap). Results were stratified by indication, age, history, homograft size, and origin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten-year-freedom-from explantation was 82% in homografts >19 mm and 45% in smaller ones. Ten-year freedom from degeneration was 68% after Ross procedure and 25% after other operations; it was 83% in patients older than 10 years at implantation and 51% in younger ones. 'Non-Ross-procedure' and 'implantation age below 10 years' were the only independent risk factors for degeneration. The observed trend towards therapeutical gap reduction was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Homograft implantation in the pulmonary position can be performed with good long-term freedom from explantation. However, freedom from degeneration is a matter of concern. Therefore, alternative valved conduits are required especially for pediatric patients.
authors: Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. boethig.dietmar@mh-hannover.de
authors: Dietmar
authors: D
authors: Boethig
authors: Heidi
authors: H
authors: Goerler
authors: Mechthild
authors: M
authors: Westhoff-Bleck
authors: Masamichi
authors: M
authors: Ono
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Daiber
authors: Axel
authors: A
authors: Haverich
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Breymann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000637:transplantation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D011664:Pulmonary Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000601:surgery*