title: Acute pancreatitis after embolization of liver tumors: frequency and associated risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a rare complication after liver embolization (LE) of primary and secondary liver tumors (approximately 1.7%), but it has a significant morbidity and mortality potential if associated with other complications. It usually develops early within 24 h after the LE procedure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To calculate the frequency of AP after LE in our institution and to analyze the factors involved in this procedure (anatomical features, embolization materials, cytostatic drugs, technical factors).
  
  
  METHODS
  118 LE (bland embolization and transarterial chemoembolization) were performed in our institution. The study group included 59 patients who met the following inclusion criteria: one or more LE events, with complete pre- and post-interventional laboratory studies including: serum Ca(2+), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, lipase, C-reactive protein, hematocrit and leukocytes. The diagnosis of AP was established according to the criteria of the Atlanta system of classification. For the statistical analysis the association between two response variables (e.g. AP after embolization and risk factor during the embolization, AP after embolization and volume of embolic material) was evaluated using Pearson's chi(2) test and Fisher's exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The calculated frequency of AP after LE in our series was 15.2%. Amylase and lipase were elevated up to 8.7 and 20.1 times, respectively, 24 h after LE. We observed a statistically significantly lower incidence of AP in those patients who received 2 ml or less of embospheres compared with those with an embolization volume of >2 ml (Pearson's chi(2) = 4.5000, Pr = 0.034, Fisher's exact test = 0.040). Although carboplatin was administered to 7 of 9 of the patients who developed AP after the embolization procedure, there was no statistical significance (Fisher's exact test = 0.197) for carboplatin as an AP risk factor when compared with all the patients who received this drug (n = 107).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although AP after LE seems to have a multifactorial etiology, both the toxicity of the antineoplastic drugs (carboplatin-related toxicity) as well as direct ischemic mechanisms (non-target embolization, reflux mechanisms) may be the most important causes of the inflammatory pancreatic reaction after LE. We suggest that systematic measurement of serum pancreatic enzymes should be performed in cases of abdominal pain following selective LE and transarterial chemoembolization in order to confirm acute pancreatitis after embolization, which can clinically mimic a postembolization syndrome.
authors: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. ruben_lopez@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors: R
authors: R
authors: López-Benítez
authors: B A
authors: BA
authors: Radeleff
authors: H M
authors: HM
authors: Barragán-Campos
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Noeldge
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Grenacher
authors: G M
authors: GM
authors: Richter
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Sauer
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Buchler
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Kauffmann
authors: P J
authors: PJ
authors: Hallscheidt
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007459:Iodized Oil / Q000009:adverse effects; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D010316:Particle Size; D011860:Radiography, Abdominal; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007459:Iodized Oil