title: Hydration mechanisms of mineral trioxide aggregate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the hydration mechanism of white mineral trioxide aggregate (White MTA, Dentsply, Tulsa Dental Products, Tulsa, OK, USA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The chemical constitution of white MTA was studied by viewing the powder in polished sections under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The hydration of both white MTA and white Portland cement (PC) was studied by characterizing cement hydrates viewed under the SEM, plotting atomic ratios, performing quantitative energy dispersive analyses with X-ray (EDAX) and by calculation of the amount of anhydrous clinker minerals using the Bogue calculation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Un-hydrated MTA was composed of impure tri-calcium and di-calcium silicate and bismuth oxide. The aluminate phase was scarce. On hydration the white PC produced a dense structure made up of calcium silicate hydrate, calcium hydroxide, monosulphate and ettringite as the main hydration products. The un-reacted cement grain was coated with a layer of hydrated cement. In contrast MTA produced a porous structure on hydration. Levels of ettringite and monosulphate were low. Bismuth oxide was present as un-reacted powder but also incorporated with the calcium silicate hydrate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  White MTA was deficient in alumina suggesting that the material was not prepared in a rotary kiln. On hydration this affected the production of ettringite and monosulphate usually formed on hydration of PC. The bismuth affected the hydration mechanism of MTA; it formed part of the structure of C-S-H and also affected the precipitation of calcium hydroxide in the hydrated paste. The microstructure of hydrated MTA would likely be weaker when compared with that of PC.
authors: Department of Building and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, Malta. josette.camilleri@um.edu.mt
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Camilleri
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D001729:Bismuth / Q000737:chemistry; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008903:Minerals / Q000737:chemistry; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D011208:Powders; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D008903:Minerals; D010087:Oxides; D011208:Powders; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; C501337:ettringite; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; D014867:Water; C013481:dicalcium silicate; C035219:calcium aluminate; C035218:calcium aluminate ferrite; C506393:tricalcium silicate; C033301:bismuth oxide; D000535:Aluminum; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D002118:Calcium; D001729:Bismuth