title: Restricted co-expression of Dlk1 and the reciprocally imprinted non-coding RNA, Gtl2: implications for cis-acting control.
abstract: Dlk1 and Gtl2 are reciprocally imprinted neighboring genes located within a 1 Mb imprinted domain on murine distal chromosome 12. The two genes are expressed and developmentally regulated during mammalian embryogenesis. Dlk1/Pref1 encodes a transmembrane protein with homology to members of the Notch/Delta developmental signaling pathway and Gtl2 generates alternatively spliced poly-adenylated transcripts lacking a conserved open reading frame. An intergenic differentially methylated region (IG-DMR) located 13 kb upstream of Gtl2 has been shown to regulate imprinting throughout the domain by an as yet unknown mechanism. In order to gain insights into regulation at this domain and to compare it with imprinting control at other loci, we compared the expression profile of Dlk1 with Gtl2 during mouse embryogenesis in normal conceptuses and in those with uniparental disomy for chromosome 12. The expression profile of these genes suggests a causative role for Dlk1 and Gtl2 in the pathologies found in uniparental disomy animals, characterized by defects in skeletal muscle maturation, bone formation, placenta size and organization and prenatal lethality. Here, we show restricted overlap in cellular expression of these two genes throughout development. Dlk1 is imprinted and expressed in cell types within the lung, liver and placenta where Gtl2 is not expressed. Gtl2 is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), whereas Dlk1 is found localized to specific regions such as the hypothalamus. Co-expression is observed in most of the mesodermal-derived tissues, notably the skeletal muscle where both genes are strongly co-expressed. In this tissue, Dlk1 shows a relaxation of imprinting with some expression from the maternal allele. These findings indicate that the general mechanism of imprinting at the stages analyzed is not through the co-ordinate non-coding RNA or insulator mechanisms observed for other imprinted domains, and suggest that the two genes have independent tissue-specific functions.
authors: Department of Physiology, Development and Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK.
authors: Simão T
authors: ST
authors: da Rocha
authors: Maxine
authors: M
authors: Tevendale
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: Knowles
authors: Shuji
authors: S
authors: Takada
authors: Marie
authors: M
authors: Watkins
authors: Anne C
authors: AC
authors: Ferguson-Smith
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D004707:Endoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D005838:Genotype; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000378:metabolism; D024182:Uniparental Disomy
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; C512925:Dlk1 protein, mouse; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C422882:MEG3 non-coding RNA, mouse; D011506:Proteins; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated