title: Effect of an immune-enhancing diet on lymphocyte in head-injured rats: what is the role of arginine?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The benefit of immune-enhancing diets (IEDs) in the intensive care unit remains controversial. Considering their complexity, the role of each component, in particular arginine (Arg), in their properties is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the role of arginine in the immunomodulatory effects of an IED (Crucial) in head-injured rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four rats were randomized into five groups: AL (ad libitum), HI (head-injured), HI-STD (HI + standard enteral nutrition, EN), HI-STD-Arg (HI + standard EN + Arg in equimolar concentration to Arg in IED), and HI-IED (HI + IED). These isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were administered over 4 days. After death, the thymus was removed and weighed. The density of CD25, CD4 and CD8 on lymphocytes from blood and from Peyer patches was evaluated. Mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and spleen were cultured for analysis of enterobacterial translocation and dissemination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HI induced an atrophy of the thymus which was not corrected by the standard diet (HI 0.27 +/- 0.03, HI-STD 0.35 +/- 0.03 vs. AL 0.49 +/- 0.02 g; p < 0.05). However, the standard diet supplemented with arginine limited the thymic atrophy and the IED restored thymus weight. CD25 density and interleukin-2 production were increased only in the HI-STD-Arg and HI-IED groups (p < 0.05). Head injury induced enterobacterial translocation and dissemination which were blunted only in the HI-STD-Arg group (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this rat HI model, arginine appears to be safe, contributes to a large extent to the immunomodulatory effects of the IED, and seems to limit enterobacterial translocation and dissemination more efficiently alone than in an IED.
authors: Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition EA2498, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France. djamel.hamani@nutrition-paris5.org
authors: Djamel
authors: D
authors: Hamani
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Charrueau
authors: Marie-José
authors: MJ
authors: Butel
authors: Valérie
authors: V
authors: Besson
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Belabed
authors: Ioannis
authors: I
authors: Nicolis
authors: Servane
authors: S
authors: Le Plénier
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Marchand-Leroux
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Marchand-Leromp
authors: Jean-Claude
authors: JC
authors: Chaumeil
authors: Luc
authors: L
authors: Cynober
authors: Christophe
authors: C
authors: Moinard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000178:diet therapy*; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000097:blood*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001120:Arginine