title: Gene flow from GM glyphosate-tolerant to conventional soybeans under field conditions in Japan.
abstract: Natural out-crossing rates were evaluated for conventional soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivated adjacent to genetically modified (GM) glyphosate-tolerant soybeans under field conditions during a four-year period in Japan. A total of 107 846 progeny of 2772 plants harvested from conventional varieties were screened for glyphosate herbicide tolerance. The highest out-crossing rates, 0.19% in 2001 and 0.16% in 2002, were observed in adjacent rows 0.7 m from the pollen source. The highest rate in 2004 was 0.052%, which was observed at 2.1 m. No out-crossing was observed in the rows 10.5 m from the pollen source over the four-year period. The farthest distances between receptor and pollen source at which out-crossing was observed were 7 m in 2001, 2.8 m in 2002, and 3.5 m in 2004. The greatest airborne pollen density during the flowering period, determined by Durham pollen samplers located between the rows of each variety, was 0.368 grains.cm(-2).day(-1), with the average value at 0.18 grains.cm(-2).day(-1), indicating that the possibility of out-crossing by wind is minimal. Thrips species and predatory Hemiptera visited the soybean flowers more frequently during the four-year period than any other common pollinators, such as bees.
authors: National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan. yyoshi@niaes.affrc.go.jp
authors: Yasuyuki
authors: Y
authors: Yoshimura
authors: Kazuhito
authors: K
authors: Matsuo
authors: Koji
authors: K
authors: Yasuda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D051456:Gene Flow / Q000235:genetics*; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D053209:Herbicide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology; D007564:Japan; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D054817:Pollination / Q000235:genetics*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000235:genetics; D013025:Glycine max / Q000235:genetics*; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D005998:Glycine; D000097797:Glyphosate