title: A matrix effect in pectin-rich fruits hampers digestion of allergen by pepsin in vivo and in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is a general belief that a food allergen should be stable to gastric digestion. Various acidic plant polysaccharides, including pectin, are ubiquitous in fruit matrixes and can form hydrogels under low-pH conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hydrogel forming polysaccharide-rich fruit matrixes on in vivo gastric and in vitro pepsic digestion of fruit allergens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fruit extract proteins (kiwi, banana, apple and cherry) and a purified major kiwi allergen Act c 2 were digested with simulated gastric fluid in accordance with the US Pharmacopeia. In vivo experiments on kiwi fruit digestion were performed on four healthy non-atopic volunteers by examining the gastric content 1 h after ingestion of kiwi fruit. The Act c 2 and kiwi proteins were detected in immunoblots using monoclonal anti-Act c 2 antibodies and rabbit polyclonal antisera.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Crude fruit extracts were resistant to digestion by pepsin when compared with commonly prepared extracts. In the gastric content of all volunteers, following kiwi fruit ingestion and immunoblotting, intact Act c 2 was detected with anti-Act c 2 monoclonal antibodies, while kiwi proteins of higher molecular weights were detected using rabbit polyclonal antisera. Addition of apple fruit pectin (1.5% and 3%) to the purified kiwi allergen was able to protect it from pepsin digestion in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The matrix effect in pectin-rich fruits can influence the digestibility of food proteins and thereby the process of allergic sensitization in atopic individuals.
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Polovic
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Blanusa
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Gavrovic-Jankulovic
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Atanaskovic-Markovic
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Burazer
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Jankov
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Cirkovic Velickovic
mesh_terms: D029042:Actinidia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D000485:Allergens / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D004063:Digestion / Q000276:immunology*; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000032:analysis; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000032:analysis; D010368:Pectins / Q000032:analysis; D010434:Pepsin A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000276:immunology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D004187:Disaccharides; D009005:Monosaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010940:Plant Proteins; D010368:Pectins; D010434:Pepsin A