title: Ultrasound mediated transdermal insulin delivery in pigs using a lightweight transducer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In previous studies, ultrasound mediated transdermal drug delivery has shown a promising potential as a method for noninvasive drug administration. For prospective future human application, this study was designed to determine the feasibility of lightweight cymbal transducer array as a practical device for noninvasive transdermal insulin delivery in large pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six Yorkshire pigs (100-140 lbs) were divided into two groups. As the control (n = 3), the first group did not receive any ultrasound exposure with the insulin. The second group (n = 3) was treated with ultrasound and insulin at 20 kHz with an I(sptp) = 100 mW/cm(2) at a 20% duty cycle for 60 min. With the pigs in lateral recumbency after anesthesia, the ultrasound transducer with insulin was placed on the axillary area of the pig. At the beginning and every 15 min up to 90 min, the blood glucose level was determined using a glucose monitoring system. To compare the results of individual animals, the change of blood glucose level was normalized to each animal's initial glucose value at the start of the experiment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although each animal had a different initial glucose level, the mean and standard error for the six animals was 146 +/- 13 mg/dl. For the control group, the blood glucose level increased to 31 +/- 21 mg/dl compared to the initial baseline over the 90 min experiment. However for the ultrasound with insulin treated group, the glucose level decreased to -72 +/- 5 mg/dl at 60 min (p < 0.05) and continued to decrease to -91 +/- 23 mg/dl in 90 min (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate the feasibility of ultrasound mediated transdermal insulin delivery using the cymbal transducer array in animal with a similar size and weight to a human. Based on these result, the cymbal array has potential as a practical ultrasound system for noninvasive transdermal insulin delivery for diabetes management.
authors: Department of Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors: E J
authors: EJ
authors: Park
authors: Jacob
authors: J
authors: Werner
authors: Nadine Barrie
authors: NB
authors: Smith
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D015612:Phonophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013552:Swine; D014159:Transducers
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin