title: Use of individual fraction size data from 3756 patients to directly determine the alpha/beta ratio of prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of fraction size and total dose of radiation on recurrence of localized prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3756 patients treated with radiation monotherapy at three institutions were analyzed, including 185 high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDRB) boost patients. The 5th to 95th centiles of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) fraction sizes and doses were 1.8 to 2.86 Gy, and 57.4 to 77.4 Gy, respectively, and HDRB fractional doses were between 5.5 and 12 Gy, totaling 147 unique fractionation schedules. Failure was defined by one biochemical (nadir + 2 ng/ml) and two advanced disease endpoints. The alpha/beta ratios were estimated via a proportional hazards model stratified by risk severity and institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The alpha/beta ratio using biochemical recurrence was 3.7 Gy (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.1, infinity Gy) for EBRT-only cases and 2.6 Gy (95% CI, 0.9, 4.8 Gy) after the addition of HDRB data. This estimate was highly dependent on an HDRB homogeneity correction factor (120% HDRB dose increase; alpha/beta ratio 4.5 Gy, 95% CI 1.6, 8.7 Gy). A 5-Gy increase in total dose reduced the hazard of failure by 16% (95% CI 11, 21%, p < 0.0001), and had more impact as follow-up matured (p < 0.0003). The clinically advanced endpoints concurred with the biochemical failure results, albeit with less precision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the concept that the alpha/beta ratio of prostate cancer is low, although considerable uncertainty remains in the estimated value. Outcome data from EBRT studies using substantially higher doses per fraction are needed to show increased precision in these estimates.
authors: Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. scott.williams@petermac.org
authors: Scott G
authors: SG
authors: Williams
authors: Jeremy M G
authors: JM
authors: Taylor
authors: Ning
authors: N
authors: Liu
authors: Yolande
authors: Y
authors: Tra
authors: Gillian M
authors: GM
authors: Duchesne
authors: Larry L
authors: LL
authors: Kestin
authors: Alvaro
authors: A
authors: Martinez
authors: Gary R
authors: GR
authors: Pratt
authors: Howard
authors: H
authors: Sandler
mesh_terms: D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000097:blood; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011853:Radiobiology
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen