title: Optical glutamate sensor for spatiotemporal analysis of synaptic transmission.
abstract: Imaging neurotransmission is expected to greatly improve our understanding of the mechanisms and regulations of synaptic transmission. Aiming at imaging glutamate, a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, we developed a novel optical glutamate probe, which consists of a ligand-binding domain of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor glutamate receptor GluR2 subunit and a small molecule fluorescent dye. We expected that such fluorescent conjugates might report the microenvironmental changes upon protein conformational changes elicited by glutamate binding. After more than 100 conjugates were tested, we finally obtained a conjugate named E (glutamate) optical sensor (EOS), which showed maximally 37% change in fluorescence intensity upon binding of glutamate with a dissociation constant of 148 nm. By immobilizing EOS on the cell surface of hippocampal neuronal culture preparations, we pursued in situ spatial mapping of synaptically released glutamate following presynaptic firing. Results showed that a single firing was sufficient to obtain high-resolution images of glutamate release, indicating the remarkable sensitivity of this technique. Furthermore, we monitored the time course of changes in presynaptic activity induced by phorbol ester and found heterogeneity in presynaptic modulation. These results indicate that EOS can be generally applicable to evaluation of presynaptic modulation and plasticity. This EOS-based glutamate imaging method is useful to address numerous fundamental issues about glutamatergic neurotransmission in the CNS.
authors: Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
authors: Shigeyuki
authors: S
authors: Namiki
authors: Hirokazu
authors: H
authors: Sakamoto
authors: Sho
authors: S
authors: Iinuma
authors: Masamitsu
authors: M
authors: Iino
authors: Kenzo
authors: K
authors: Hirose
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C092350:FM 4-64; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C104722:glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA 2