title: Increased catecholamines and heart rate in children with low birth weight: perinatal contributions to sympathoadrenal overactivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low birth weight is associated with cardiovascular disease. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that perinatal stress alters autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system. In this study, catecholamines, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were measured in healthy children with low birth weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  This clinical study included 105 children (mean age 9.6 years) in three groups; born at term with normal birth weight (controls, n=37), born at term but small for gestational age (SGA, n=29) and born preterm (Preterm, n=39). Dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline were determined in urine. HR and BP were measured at rest, during an orthostatic test and after a mathematical mental stress test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children in the Preterm and SGA groups excreted higher levels of catecholamines when compared with controls. HR (mean [SD] values) were higher at rest and after mental stress in Preterm (at rest 76 [9] and after mental stress 82 [12] min(-1)) and in SGA (79 [8] and 82 [10]) when compared with controls (70 [9] and 75 [9]). HR correlated with urinary catecholamines (r=0.24-0.27, P<0.05). Blood pressures measured at rest, during orthostatic testing and after mental stress did not differ between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preterm birth and fetal growth restriction are associated with increased sympathoadrenal activity in childhood, as indicated by stress-induced increases in HR and urinary catecholamines. These findings suggest that the cardiovascular control is differently programmed in these children with possibly higher risk of developing hypertension in adulthood.
authors: Department of Woman & Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Johansson
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Norman
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Legnevall
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Dalmaz
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Lagercrantz
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Vanpée
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D004298:Dopamine / Q000652:urine; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology* / Q000652:urine; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology / Q000652:urine; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age / Q000502:physiology / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000652:urine; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine