title: Upper-limb botulinum toxin A injection and occupational therapy in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy identified from a population register: a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to assess the effect of botulinum toxin A and occupational therapy compared with occupational therapy alone on body structure, activities participation, and self-perception in a sample of children (aged 3-16 years) with hemiplegic cerebral palsy recruited from a statewide register.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants of this single-blind, randomized, controlled trial identified from a population-based cerebral palsy register received either an individually prescribed and localized injection of botulinum toxin A with 4 sessions of occupational therapy over 4 weeks (intervention) or occupational therapy alone (control). Outcomes were assessed from 2 domains of the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health: body structure (Modified Ashworth Scale and Tardieu Scale) and activities participation (Assessment of Motor and Process Skills, Goal Attainment Scale, Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory, and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory). Self-perception was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the participants (intervention: n = 21; control: n = 22) provided data at baseline and 3 and 6 months. Mean age was 8.6 years; 23 were boys and 20 were girls. At 3 months, children allocated to receive the intervention performed significantly better in terms of body structure and activities participation. They reported improvements in self-perception for the global self-worth domain. At 6 months, the differences between the intervention and control groups persisted for the measures of body structure but not for activities participation or self-perception.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botulinum toxin A injection combined with a low-intensity occupational therapy program achieves significant improvements in body structure, activity participation, and self-perception.
authors: Flinders University Department of Rehabilitation and Aged Care, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia, Australia. ray.russo@cywhs.sa.gov.au
authors: Remo N
authors: RN
authors: Russo
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Crotty
authors: Michelle D
authors: MD
authors: Miller
authors: Sonya
authors: S
authors: Murchland
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Flett
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Haan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001132:Arm / Q000473:pathology; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009788:Occupational Therapy / Q000379:methods; D012042:Registries; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A