title: Association of tri-nucleotide (CAG and GGC) repeat polymorphism of androgen receptor gene in Taiwanese women with refractory or remission rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: We investigated the relationship between CAG and GGC repeat polymorphism of the androgen receptor (AR) gene and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in female patients with different disease subtypes. This case-control study enrolled 215 women in three groups: RA patients refractory to standardized therapy (n = 51); RA patients at complete remission phase (n = 60); and healthy controls (n = 104). CAG and GGC repeat lengths were determined by automated fluorescence-based DNA fragment-sizing method. Demographic data, allele lengths, allele distribution, and zygosity status of CAG/GGC repeats were assessed for the three groups. Refractory RA patients tend to have a significantly younger onset age of RA and more elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates than do remission RA patients. Mean and median values of CAG and GGC repeat lengths are similar in both RA and control patients. However, RA patients harboring any long CAG alleles with more than 23 repeats had an increased risk of a refractory course, whereas differences in risk were not observed between these patients and RA subtypes harboring any long GGC alleles with more than 16 repeats. In addition, the homozygous frequency of CAG but not GGC alleles was lower in refractory RA than in remission RA patients or in controls (p = 0.042). Neither CAG nor GGC repeat lengths had a significant relationship with rheumatoid factor reactivity. Our observations indicate that short CAG repeats of the AR gene with higher transactivation activity may have protective effects against refractory course of RA development and that homozygous frequency of CAG alleles may be involved in the disease remission subtype. In contrast, lack of association of GGC polymorphism and RA was also observed. Together, these data imply that CAG but not GGC alleles in the AR polymorphism may play an important role in modulating the disease pattern of RA among Taiwanese women.
authors: Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, 16F-4, No. 123-9, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung Hsiang, 833, Kaohsiung Hsein, Taiwan.|Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung Hsiang, 833, Kaohsiung Hsein, Taiwan.
authors: S F
authors: SF
authors: Yu
authors: Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung Hsiang, 833, Kaohsiung Hsein, Taiwan.
authors: T T
authors: TT
authors: Cheng
authors: Program for Population Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Y H
authors: YH
authors: Hsu
authors: Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung Hsiang, 833, Kaohsiung Hsein, Taiwan.
authors: H M
authors: HM
authors: Lai
authors: Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung Hsiang, 833, Kaohsiung Hsein, Taiwan.
authors: Y C
authors: YC
authors: Chen
authors: Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung Hsiang, 833, Kaohsiung Hsein, Taiwan.
authors: C K
authors: CK
authors: Chiu
authors: Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung Hsiang, 833, Kaohsiung Hsein, Taiwan.
authors: K M
authors: KM
authors: Lin
authors: Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Chang
authors: Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung Hsiang, 833, Kaohsiung Hsein, Taiwan. hkang3@mail.cgu.edu.tw.
authors: C J
authors: CJ
authors: Chen
authors: Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, 16F-4, No. 123-9, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung Hsiang, 833, Kaohsiung Hsein, Taiwan. hkang3@mail.cgu.edu.tw.|Center for Menopause and Reproductive Medicine Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. hkang3@mail.cgu.edu.tw.
authors: H Y
authors: HY
authors: Kang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015995:Prevalence; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D018911:Trinucleotide Repeats / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C410798:AR protein, human; D011944:Receptors, Androgen