title: Tumoral and non-tumoral trachea stenoses: evaluation with three-dimensional CT and virtual bronchoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated the ability of 3D-CT and virtual bronchoscopy to estimate trachea stenosis in comparison to conventional axial CT and fiberoptic bronchoscopy, with a view to assist thoracic surgeons in depicting the anatomical characteristics of tracheal strictures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spiral CT was performed in 16 patients with suspected tracheal stenoses and in 5 normal subjects. Tracheal stenoses due to an endoluminal neoplasm were detected in 13 patients, whilst post-intubation tracheal stricture was observed in the other 3 patients. Multiplanar reformatting (MPR), volume rendering techniques (VRT) and virtual endoscopy (VE) for trachea evaluation were applied and findings were compared to axial CT and fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The accuracy of the procedure in describing the localization and degree of stenosis was tested by two radiologists in a blinded controlled trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The imaging modalities tested showed the same stenoses as the ones detected by flexible bronchoscopy and achieved accurate and non-invasive morphological characterization of the strictures, as well as additional information about the extraluminal extent of the disease. No statistically significant difference was observed between the bronchoscopic findings and the results of axial CT estimations (P = 1.0). No statistically significant differences were observed between bronchoscopic findings and the MPR, VRT and VE image evaluations (P = 0.705, 0.414 and 0.414 respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT and computed generated images may provide a high fidelity, noninvasive and reproducible evaluation of the trachea compared to bronchoscopy. They may play a role in assessment of airway patency distal to high-grade stenoses, and represent a reliable alternative method for patients not amenable to conventional bronchoscopy.
authors: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Greece. ekoletsis@hotmail.com
authors: Efstratios N
authors: EN
authors: Koletsis
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Kalogeropoulou
authors: Eleni
authors: E
authors: Prodromaki
authors: George C
authors: GC
authors: Kagadis
authors: Konstantinos
authors: K
authors: Katsanos
authors: Konstantinos
authors: K
authors: Spiropoulos
authors: Theodore
authors: T
authors: Petsas
authors: George C
authors: GC
authors: Nikiforidis
authors: Dimitris
authors: D
authors: Dougenis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014134:Tracheal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult