title: Impact of trivalent arsenicals on selenoprotein synthesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to arsenic has been associated with development of skin, lung, bladder, liver, and kidney cancer. Recent evidence suggests that an increase in oxidative stress in cells treated with arsenicals represents the molecular mechanism behind arsenic-induced carcinogenesis. Selenium, in the form of selenocysteine, is necessary for the activity of several enzymes with a role in defense against reactive oxygen species. A mutual sparing effect between arsenic and selenium has been shown in animal studies when both metalloids are present in high concentrations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether changes in selenoprotein synthesis may be an underlying mechanism behind arsenic-induced carcinogenesis, we analyzed the new synthesis of selenoproteins within cells after exposure to inorganic or methylated arsenicals using a human keratinocyte cell model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of arsenite to culture medium blocked new synthesis of selenoproteins when selenium was present in the form of selenite, and appeared to stimulate the use of serum-derived selenium. Monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) treatment of cells, in contrast, did not block all new synthesis of selenoproteins but did result in an increase in cytosolic thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1) at both the mRNA and protein levels. MMA(III) also reduced the new synthesis of cellular glutatione peroxidase (cGpx) and other smaller selenoproteins. Dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) stimulated selenoprotein synthesis by an as yet unknown mechanism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that arsenite and MMA(III) are key metabolites that trigger higher levels of TrxR1, and both lead to a reduction in the expression of cGpx. Together these effects certainly could lead to carcinogenesis given the knowledge that many cancers have higher levels of TrxR, and reduced Gpx levels will reduce the cell's ability to defend against reactive oxygen species. Based on these results, the impact of the trivalent arsenicals arsenite and MMA(III) on selenoprotein synthesis may indeed represent a potential molecular mechanism for the higher rates of cancer observed in populations exposed to high levels of arsenic.
authors: Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2364, USA.
authors: Denis
authors: D
authors: Ganyc
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Talbot
authors: Fanta
authors: F
authors: Konate
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Jackson
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Schanen
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Cullen
authors: William T
authors: WT
authors: Self
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes; D051379:Mice; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051140:Selenoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D054481:Thioredoxin Reductase 1; D013880:Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051140:Selenoproteins; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; C516124:TXNRD1 protein, human; D054481:Thioredoxin Reductase 1; D013880:Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase; C516125:Txnrd1 protein, mouse