title: Construct validity of the endoscopic sinus surgery simulator: II. Assessment of discriminant validity and expert benchmarking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish discriminant validity of the endoscopic sinus surgery simulator (ES3) (Lockheed Martin, Akron, Ohio) between various health care provider experience levels and to define benchmarking criteria for skills assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective multi-institutional comparison study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based tertiary care institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten expert otolaryngologists, 14 otolaryngology residents, and 10 medical students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects completed the ES3's virtual reality curriculum (10 novice mode, 10 intermediate mode, and 3 advanced mode trials). Performance scores were recorded on each trial. Performance differences were analyzed using analysis of variance for repeated measures (experience level as between-subjects factor).
  
  
  METHODS
  Simulator performance scores, accuracy, time to completion, and hazard disruption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The novice mode accurately distinguished the 3 groups, particularly at the onset of training (mean scores: senior otolaryngologists, 66.0; residents, 42.7; students, 18.3; for the paired comparisons between groups 1 and 2 and groups 1 and 3, P = .04 and .03, respectively). Subjects were not distinguished beyond trial 5. The intermediate mode only discriminated students from other subjects (P = .008). The advanced mode did not show performance differences between groups. Scores on the novice mode predicted those on the intermediate mode, which predicted advanced mode scores (r = 0.687), but no relationship was found between novice and advanced scores. All groups performed equally well and with comparable consistency at the outset of training. Expert scores were used to define benchmark criteria of optimal performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study completes the construct validity assessment of the ES3 by demonstrating its discriminant capabilities. It establishes expert surgeon benchmark performance criteria and shows that the ES3 can train novice subjects to attain those. The refined analysis of trial performance scores could serve educational and skills assessment purposes. Current studies are evaluating the transfer of surgical skills acquired on the ES3 to the operating room (predictive validity).
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA. mfried@montefiore.org
authors: Marvin P
authors: MP
authors: Fried
authors: Babak
authors: B
authors: Sadoughi
authors: Suzanne J
authors: SJ
authors: Weghorst
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Zeltsan
authors: Hernando
authors: H
authors: Cuellar
authors: José I
authors: JI
authors: Uribe
authors: Clarence T
authors: CT
authors: Sasaki
authors: Douglas A
authors: DA
authors: Ross
authors: Joseph B
authors: JB
authors: Jacobs
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Lebowitz
authors: Richard M
authors: RM
authors: Satava
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D019985:Benchmarking; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D018961:Educational Technology; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014584:User-Computer Interface