title: Prevalence of and risk factors for pubic lipoma development in HIV-infected persons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The natural history of HIV-associated body habitus changes is unclear. In this report, we describe a novel manifestation of HIV-associated lipoaccumulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We noted the presence of suprapubic fat pads (pubic lipomas [PLs]) in several patients with preexisting HIV-associated body habitus abnormalities. Subsequently, we evaluated the prevalence of and associated risk factors for development of PLs by undertaking an observational cross-sectional study among patients with known lipodystrophy who attended a metabolic clinic in northern Italy. Inclusion criteria were a physician-confirmed diagnosis of lipodystrophy according to the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study definition and, for those affected with PL, a readily noticeable PL on physical examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated 582 patients with lipodystrophy: 214 female (36.7%) and 368 male (63.3%). The overall PL prevalence was 9.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.2% to 12.1%; P < 0.0001). PLs were more common among obese than nonobese individuals (34.5%, 95% CI: 17.9% to 5l.3% vs. 8%, 95% CI: 5.9% to 10.6%, respectively; P < 0.0001) and those with preexisting dorsocervical fat pads, commonly called "buffalo humps" (BHs) (18.5%, 95% CI: 12.7% to 25.4% vs. 6.1%, 95% CI: 4.03% to 8.83%, respectively, P < 0.0001; relative risk = 3.02, 95% CI: 1.84% to 4.96%, P < 0.0001). The PL prevalence in the nonobese HIV-infected population (body mass index [BMI] <30, n = 550) was 8.0% (95% CI: 5.9% to 10.6%; P < 0.0001). Logistic regression analyses identified the following factors as associated with a greater likelihood for PL: BMI >30 (beta = 0.18, SE = 0.04; P < 0.001), female gender (beta = 1.06, SE = 0.31; P < 0.001), and shorter duration of HIV infection (beta = -0.005, SE = 0.003; P = 0.04). We used a chain graph model to evaluate risk factors for BH and PL simultaneously. A nonnull interaction between these entities was evident, and this association seemed to be independent of factors positively associated with both (BMI and gender).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PL is a newly recognized manifestation of HIV-associated lipoaccumulation that is more likely to occur among those with coexisting dorsocervical fat pads, suggesting the possibility of a common pathogenesis between the 2 entities. Likewise, PLs are more common among women, obese individuals, and those with a shorter duration of HIV infection. We suggest that PL should be considered part of the HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome.
authors: Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Infectious Diseases Clinic, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. g.guaraldi@unimo.it
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Guaraldi
authors: Gabriella
authors: G
authors: Orlando
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Squillace
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Roverato
authors: Domenico
authors: D
authors: De Fazio
authors: Marcella
authors: M
authors: Vandelli
authors: Giulia
authors: G
authors: Nardini
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Beghetto
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: De Paola
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Esposito
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Palella
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006119:Groin / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology*; D006678:HIV; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D039682:HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors