NF-kappaB regulation of YY1 inhibits skeletal myogenesis through transcriptional silencing of myofibrillar genes.
NF-kappaB signaling is implicated as an important regulator of skeletal muscle homeostasis, but the mechanisms by which this transcription factor contributes to muscle maturation and turnover remain unclear. To gain insight into these mechanisms, gene expression profiling was examined in C2C12 myoblasts devoid of NF-kappaB activity. Interestingly, even in proliferating myoblasts, the absence of NF-kappaB caused the pronounced induction of several myofibrillar genes, suggesting that NF-kappaB functions as a negative regulator of late-stage muscle differentiation. Although several myofibrillar promoters contain predicted NF-kappaB binding sites, functional analysis using the troponin-I2 gene as a model revealed that NF-kappaB-mediated repression does not occur through direct DNA binding. In the search for an indirect mediator, the transcriptional repressor YinYang1 (YY1) was identified. While inducers of NF-kappaB stimulated YY1 expression in multiple cell types, genetic ablation of the RelA/p65 subunit of NF-kappaB in both cultured cells and adult skeletal muscle correlated with reduced YY1 transcripts and protein. NF-kappaB regulation of YY1 occurred at the transcriptional level, mediated by direct binding of the p50/p65 heterodimer complex to the YY1 promoter. Furthermore, YY1 was found associated with multiple myofibrillar promoters in C2C12 myoblasts containing NF-kappaB activity. Based on these results, we propose that NF-kappaB regulation of YY1 and transcriptional silencing of myofibrillar genes represent a new mechanism by which NF-kappaB functions in myoblasts to modulate skeletal muscle differentiation.
Wang
Huating
H
Human Cancer Genetics Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Hertlein
Erin
E
Bakkar
Nadine
N
Sun
Hao
H
Acharyya
Swarnali
S
Wang
Jingxin
J
Carathers
Micheal
M
Davuluri
Ramana
R
Guttridge
Denis C
DC
D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D020868:Gene Silencing; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000502:physiology*; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D009210:Myofibrils / Q000235:genetics*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010957:Plasmids; D014162:Transfection; D050986:YY1 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
D016328:NF-kappa B; D050986:YY1 Transcription Factor; C494699:Yy1 protein, mouse; D008156:Luciferases