title: Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health care-associated infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Hand hygiene is regarded as an effective preventive measure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the short and longer-term success of strategies to improve hand hygiene compliance and to determine whether a sustained increase in hand hygiene compliance can reduce rates of health care-associated infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted electronic searches of: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group specialised register of trials; MEDLINE; PubMed; EMBASE; CINAHL; and the BNI. All databases were searched to July 2006; MEDLINE was searched from 1980, CINAHL from its inception, and the remainder from 1990 until July 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials; controlled clinical trials; controlled before and after studies; and interrupted time series analyses meeting explicit entry and quality criteria used by the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group. Studies reporting proxy indicators of hand hygiene compliance were considered. Studies to promote compliance with universal precautions were included providing data relating specifically to hand hygiene were presented separately.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed data quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two studies met the criteria for review. One was a randomised controlled trial. The other was a controlled before and after study. Both were poorly controlled. Statistically significant post-intervention increase in hand washing was reported in one study up to four months after the intervention. In the other there was no post-intervention increase in hand hygiene compliance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is little robust evidence to inform the choice of interventions to improve hand hygiene. It appears that single interventions based on short, 'one off' teaching sessions are unlikely to be successful, even short-term. There is a need to undertake methodologically robust research to explore the effectiveness of soundly designed interventions to increase hand hygiene compliance.
authors: City University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, 24 Chiswell Street, London, UK EC1 4TY. d.gould@city.ac.uk
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Gould
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Chudleigh
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Moralejo
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Drey
mesh_terms: D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D017757:Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient / Q000517:prevention & control*