title: Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its progression to oral carcinoma: a review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a distinct clinical form of oral leukoplakia defined by its progressive clinical course, changing clinical and histopathological features, and potential to develop into cancer. PVL behaves in a more aggressive and relentless manner than the more innocuous white oral lesions that it can resemble clinically.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed search was conducted which identified studies that examined patients with PVL and reported data meeting inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PVL is seen much more frequently in females and most often diagnosed after the sixth decade of life. Tobacco use is not strongly linked to the presence of PVL (63% of patients did not use tobacco products). Most (74%) of the patients with PVL progressed to oral carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PVL is a persistent and progressive oral lesion that requires very close follow-up along with early and aggressive treatment to increase the chances of a favorable outcome.
authors: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7213, USA.
authors: Robert J
authors: RJ
authors: Cabay
authors: Thomas H
authors: TH
authors: Morton
authors: Joel B
authors: JB
authors: Epstein
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D062789:Tobacco Products