title: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between zolpidem and caffeine.
abstract: The kinetic and dynamic interaction of caffeine and zolpidem was evaluated in a double-blind, single-dose, six-way crossover study of 7.5 mg zolpidem (Z) or placebo (P) combined with low-dose caffeine (250 mg), high-dose caffeine (500 mg), or placebo. Caffeine coadministration modestly increased maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve of zolpidem by 30-40%, whereas zolpidem did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of caffeine or its metabolites. Compared to P+P, Z+P significantly increased sedation, impaired digit-symbol substitution test performance, slowed tapping speed and reaction time, increased EEG relative beta amplitude, and impaired delayed recall. Caffeine partially, but not completely, reversed most pharmacodynamic effects of zolpidem. Thus, caffeine only incompletely reverses zolpidem's sedative and performance-impairing effects, and cannot be considered as an antidote to benzodiazepine agonists.
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts--New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: R M
authors: RM
authors: Cysneiros
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Farkas
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Harmatz
authors: L L
authors: LL
authors: von Moltke
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Greenblatt
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D011725:Pyridines; D002110:Caffeine; D000077334:Zolpidem