title: Endoscopic management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma in patients with a history of bladder urothelial carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic management of renal pelvis and ureteral urothelial carcinoma is gaining acceptance as a conservative treatment modality. Patients with a history of bladder urothelial carcinoma are at high risk for upper tract recurrence. We evaluate the role of endoscopic management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma in patients with a history of primary bladder urothelial carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 90 patients with a history of primary bladder urothelial carcinoma who underwent endoscopic treatment of localized upper tract urothelial carcinoma between 1983 and 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median patient age at diagnosis was 73 years (range 50 to 90). A total of 13 (14.4%) patients previously underwent cystectomy. With a median followup of 4.3 years (range 0.1 to 17), 105 upper tract urothelial carcinoma recurrences developed in 55 patients at a mean of 0.6 years (range 22 days to 5.9 years). Of these recurrences 76 were amenable to endoscopic management while 29 required nephroureterectomy. In 38 patients there were 91 bladder recurrences. At last followup 48 patients died, 17 of urothelial carcinoma at a median of 3.4 years (range 1 to 10). Cancer specific survival at 5 years for this cohort was 71.2%. Risk of death from urothelial carcinoma was significantly associated with stage (RR 3.23) and grade (RR 4.05) of upper tract urothelial carcinoma, imperative indication (RR 4.30), and treatment of bladder urothelial carcinoma with cystectomy (RR 3.34).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma in patients with primary bladder urothelial carcinoma demonstrates a significant local recurrence rate. Furthermore, 5-year cancer specific survival is low. These patients represent a high risk cohort requiring strict ureteroscopic followup after endoscopic management is instituted.
authors: Department of Urology, Mayo Medical School and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. krambeck.amy@mayo.edu
authors: Amy E
authors: AE
authors: Krambeck
authors: R Houston
authors: RH
authors: Thompson
authors: Christine M
authors: CM
authors: Lohse
authors: David E
authors: DE
authors: Patterson
authors: Joseph W
authors: JW
authors: Segura
authors: Horst
authors: H
authors: Zincke
authors: Daniel S
authors: DS
authors: Elliott
authors: Michael L
authors: ML
authors: Blute
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009392:Nephrectomy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*