title: Xenopus hairy2 functions in neural crest formation by maintaining cells in a mitotic and undifferentiated state.
abstract: The neural crest is a population of mitotically active, multipotent progenitor cells that arise at the neural plate border. Neural crest progenitors must be maintained in a multipotent state until after neural tube closure. However, the molecular underpinnings of this process have yet to be fully elucidated. Here we show that the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcriptional repressor gene, Xenopus hairy2 (Xhairy2), is an essential early regulator of neural crest formation in Xenopus. During gastrulation, Xhairy2 is localized at the presumptive neural crest prior to the expression of such neural crest markers as Slug and FoxD3. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of Xhairy2 results in the repression of neural crest marker gene expression while inducing the ectopic expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p27(xic1) in the presumptive neural crest. We also found that ectopic p27(xic1) disturbs neural crest formation. Furthermore, the depletion of Xhairy2 leads to the apoptosis of mitotic cells. Our results suggest that Xhairy2 functions in neural crest specification by maintaining cells in the mitotic and undifferentiated state.
authors: Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, and JT Biohistory Research Hall, Osaka, Japan.
authors: Kan-Ichiro
authors: K
authors: Nagatomo
authors: Chikara
authors: C
authors: Hashimoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D017353:Gene Deletion; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008938:Mitosis; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C439928:HES4 protein, Xenopus; C493963:Xicl protein, Xenopus; C064045:delta protein