title: Role for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1beta) determination in seminal plasma during infertility investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical relevance of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1beta) determination in seminal plasma during infertility investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient infertility clinic of a university-based hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomly chosen asymptomatic males (n = 148) from subfertile couples.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Determination of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in seminal plasma (SP) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In aliquots of the same ejaculates: 1) evaluation of semen quality with sperm analysis and sperm function testing; 2) determination of antisperm antibodies (ASA) of the immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA class; 3) microbial screening; and 4) immunocytochemical round cell differentiation to determine leukocyte counts and ratios. Medical history, clinical examination, and determination of subsequent fertility (after control for female infertility factors).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in SP correlated significantly (r = 0.65; P<.0001), and these parameters were significantly related to the leukocyte ratio (%LC) of the seminal round cells (r = 0.36; P<.001) and the leukocyte counts per ejaculate (r = 0.34; P<.001). There was no relationship of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels in SP with semen quality or parameters of sperm functional capacity, and there was no association with local ASA of the IgG or IgA class. The concentration of both cytokines was also not related to the outcome of the microbial screening and did not affect subsequent fertility. No correlation of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels in SP with the concentration of C-reactive protein in same-day serum samples was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in seminal fluid correlate significantly with leukocyte counts and ratios in the same ejaculates, as indicators of silent male genital tract infection/inflammation. However, this is not related to semen cultures in asymptomatic individuals and not associated with clinically relevant parameters of semen quality, including sperm fertilizing capacity.
authors: Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Women's Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Waltraud_Eggert-kruse@med.uni-heidelberg.de <Waltraud_Eggert-kruse@med.uni-heidelberg.de>
authors: Waltraud
authors: W
authors: Eggert-Kruse
authors: Isabell
authors: I
authors: Kiefer
authors: Cordula
authors: C
authors: Beck
authors: Traute
authors: T
authors: Demirakca
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Strowitzki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000032:analysis; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012661:Semen / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D013076:Sperm Count; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein