title: Octopuses (Octopus bimaculoides) and cuttlefishes (Sepia pharaonis, S. officinalis) can conditionally discriminate.
abstract: In complex navigation using landmarks, an animal must discriminate between potential cues and show context (condition) sensitivity. Such conditional discrimination is considered a form of complex learning and has been associated primarily with vertebrates. We tested the hypothesis that octopuses and cuttlefish are capable of conditional discrimination. Subjects were trained in two maze configurations (the conditions) in which they were required to select one of two particular escape routes within each maze (the discrimination). Conditional discrimination could be demonstrated by selecting the correct escape route in each maze. Six of ten mud-flat octopuses (Octopus bimaculoides), 6 of 13 pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis), and one of four common cuttlefish (S. officinalis) demonstrated conditional discrimination by successfully solving both mazes. These experiments demonstrate that cephalopods are capable of conditional discrimination and extend the limits of invertebrate complex learning.
authors: Department of Biology, Millersville University, 50 East Frederick Street, Millersville, PA 17551-0302, USA.
authors: Lauren M
authors: LM
authors: Hvorecny
authors: Jessica L
authors: JL
authors: Grudowski
authors: Carrie J
authors: CJ
authors: Blakeslee
authors: Tiffany L
authors: TL
authors: Simmons
authors: Paula R
authors: PR
authors: Roy
authors: Jennifer A
authors: JA
authors: Brooks
authors: Rachel M
authors: RM
authors: Hanner
authors: Marie E
authors: ME
authors: Beigel
authors: Miranda A
authors: MA
authors: Karson
authors: Rachel H
authors: RH
authors: Nichols
authors: Johanna B
authors: JB
authors: Holm
authors: Jean Geary
authors: JG
authors: Boal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049830:Cephalopoda; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D018782:Maze Learning; D013028:Space Perception; D013037:Spatial Behavior