title: Clinical management for spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma: diagnosis and treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is a very rare condition, so there were few studies assessing the management criteria of SSEH.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the differential diagnosis and clinical results of treatment for SSEH.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart and radiograph review of the patients with SSEH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven consecutive patients with SSEH who were treated in our institute.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differential diagnosis, severity of the paresis, and treatment selection were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the relationship between the following parameters and clinical results: (1) the initial symptoms, (2) imaging diagnosis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), (3) treatment selection (conservative or surgical treatment), (4) the interval of surgery, and (5) the severity of paresis using ASIA impairment scale (AIS) grading.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all patients, the symptoms at onset were severe neck and back pain. MRI showed isointensity to the spinal cord in the T1-weighted view and iso- or high intensity in the T2-weighted view. A solid pattern in MRI was shown in 4 patients, and a mosaic pattern was shown in 3 patients. Decompression was performed in five cases, and spontaneous recovery appeared in two cases. The mean interval time for operation was 29.8 hours. The severity of paresis was grade B in 3 cases and grade C in 4 cases at onset. These cases recovered to become grade E in 3 cases and grade D in 4 cases. Neurological deficits were present in two patients with conservative therapy and in two patients with a long interval for operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Precise diagnosis without delay and rapid surgical treatment are essential for the management of SSEH.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yodogawa Christian Hospital, Osaka City, Japan. amatsumura@med.osaka-cu.ac.jp
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Matsumura
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Namikawa
authors: Ryoji
authors: R
authors: Hashimoto
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Okamoto
authors: Ikuhisa
authors: I
authors: Yanagida
authors: Manabu
authors: M
authors: Hoshi
authors: Kazuko
authors: K
authors: Noguchi
authors: Masatsugu
authors: M
authors: Takami
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D046748:Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome