title: Alcohol intake and cardiovascular disease and mortality: the role of pre-existing disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pre-existing conditions have been postulated as possible causes of the J-shaped relationship between alcohol intake and cardiovascular disease. Two research questions have been addressed in this paper. First, whether never drinkers and former drinkers differ from moderate drinkers in terms of health, and if so, which health problems contribute to this difference. Second, whether the U-shaped relationship between current alcohol intake and cardiovascular disease or all-cause mortality could in part be explained by difference in pre-existing disease burden.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective case-cohort, the Lifestyle and Health Study, consisting of 16,210 men and women aged between 45 and 70 years. Alcohol intake and risk factors were assessed at baseline with a self-administered questionnaire. Medical information was obtained from general practitioners. Cardiovascular events and mortality were followed for a period of 5 years (1996-2001).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Never drinkers and former drinkers were less healthy than moderate drinkers. They rated their health more often as poor, and often had more diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and also alcohol-related diseases. The difference in disease burden did not change the observed relationship between alcohol intake and cardiovascular events, and only partially changed the U-shaped relationship between alcohol intake and all-cause mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The found difference in health between never drinkers and former drinkers compared with moderate drinkers appeared to be only a partial explanation of the observed relationships between alcohol intake and cardiovascular disease, and between alcohol intake and all-cause mortality.
authors: Department of Health Care Studies, Division Medical Sociology, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Ingrid.friesema@rivm.nl
authors: I H M
authors: IH
authors: Friesema
authors: P J
authors: PJ
authors: Zwietering
authors: M Y
authors: MY
authors: Veenstra
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Knottnerus
authors: H F L
authors: HF
authors: Garretsen
authors: P H H M
authors: PH
authors: Lemmens
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013695:Temperance