title: In vitro apatite formation on chemically treated (P/M) Ti-13Nb-13Zr.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Titanium alloys are considered the material of choice when used as endosteal part of implants. However, they are not able to bond directly to bone. The objective of this study was to suggest a chemical surface treatment for Ti-13Nb-13Zr to initiate the formation of hydroxy carbonated apatite (HCA) during in vitro bioactivity tests in simulated body fluid (SBF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Titanium, niobium, and zirconium hydride powders were blended, compacted and sintered. Sintered Ti-13Nb-13Zr samples were etched in HCl, H(3)PO(4), and in a mixture of HF+HNO(3), respectively, and subsequently pretreated in NaOH. The influence of acid etching conditions on the microstructure of the Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloys as well as on the rate of HCA formation was evaluated using SEM-EDS, FTIR, and gravimetric analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sintered Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloys consist of a Widmannstätten (alpha+beta) microstructure. Exposure of chemically etched and NaOH activated samples to SBF for 1 week leads to the formation of a HCA layer on the surface of HCl as well as H(3)PO(4) treated samples. No HCA formation was found on HNO(3) treated samples. After 2 weeks in SBF the mass increase, that can be correlated to the HCA formation rate, was the highest for HCl pretreated samples (2.4 mg/cm(2)) followed by H(3)PO(4) (0.8 mg/cm(2)) and HNO(3) pretreated ones (0.2 mg/cm(2)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since the in vitro HCA formation from SBF is generally accepted as a typical feature for bioactive materials, it is supposed that HCl etching with subsequent NaOH treatment might enhance the in vivo bone-bonding ability of Ti-13Nb-13Zr.
authors: Department of Materials Science (III)-Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Frank A
authors: FA
authors: Müller
authors: Marco C
authors: MC
authors: Bottino
authors: Lenka
authors: L
authors: Müller
authors: Vinicius A R
authors: VA
authors: Henriques
authors: Ulrich
authors: U
authors: Lohbauer
authors: Ana Helena A
authors: AH
authors: Bressiani
authors: José C
authors: JC
authors: Bressiani
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D001031:Apatites / Q000032:analysis*; D003722:Dental Alloys; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid; D008422:Materials Testing; D008669:Metallurgy; D017942:Nitric Acid; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D011208:Powders; D012463:Saliva; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D003722:Dental Alloys; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D011208:Powders; C090153:titanium alloy (TiNb13Zr13); D017942:Nitric Acid; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D014025:Titanium; C030242:phosphoric acid; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid