title: Electrophysiologic and anatomical characteristics of the right atrial posterior wall in patients with and without atrial flutter: analysis by intracardiac echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The posterior right atrial transverse conduction capability during typical atrial flutter (AFL) is well known, but its relationship to the anatomical characteristics remains controversial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four AFL and 16 controls underwent intracardiac echocardiography after placement of a 20-polar catheter at the posterior block site during AFL or pacing. In 31 patients, the effective refractory period (ERP) at the block site was determined as the longest coupling interval that resulted in double potentials during extrastimuli from the mid-septal (SW) and free (FW) walls. The block site was located 3.0-29.0 mm posterior to the crista terminalis (CT) in each AFL and control patient. The CT area indexed to the body surface area was larger in AFL patients than in control patients (16.4+/-6.5 mm(2)/m(2) vs 11.3+/-6.4 mm(2)/m(2), p=0.01), and was positively correlated to age (r=0.34, p=0.02). The ERP was longer in the AFL patients than in controls (SW: median value 600 [270-725] ms vs 220 [200-253] ms; FW: 280 [230-675] ms vs 215 [188-260] ms, p<0.05 for each).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A functional block line was located on the septal side of the CT in all patients. A limited conduction capability and age-related CT enlargement might have important implications for the pathogenesis in AFL.
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Yasuo
authors: Y
authors: Okumura
authors: Ichiro
authors: I
authors: Watanabe
authors: Sonoko
authors: S
authors: Ashino
authors: Masayoshi
authors: M
authors: Kofune
authors: Kimie
authors: K
authors: Ohkubo
authors: Yasuhiro
authors: Y
authors: Takagi
authors: Kazunori
authors: K
authors: Kawauchi
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Yamada
authors: Kenichi
authors: K
authors: Hashimoto
authors: Atsushi
authors: A
authors: Shindo
authors: Hidezou
authors: H
authors: Sugimura
authors: Toshiko
authors: T
authors: Nakai
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Saito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016275:Atrial Function; D004452:Echocardiography; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria; D006327:Heart Block / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012032:Refractory Period, Electrophysiological