title: Epinephrine injection versus epinephrine injection and a second endoscopic method in high risk bleeding ulcers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoscopic therapy reduces rebleeding rate, need for surgery, and mortality in patients with bleeding peptic ulcers. Injection of epinephrine is the most popular therapeutic method. Guidelines disagree on the need for a second haemostatic procedure immediately after epinephrine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review was to determine whether the addition of a second procedure improves efficacy or patient outcomes or both after epinephrine injection in adults with high risk bleeding ulcers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials - CENTRAL (which includes the Cochrane Upper Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Diseases Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2006), MEDLINE (1966 to February 2006), EMBASE (1980 to February 2006) and reference lists of articles. We also contacted experts in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised studies comparing endoscopic treatment: epinephrine alone versus epinephrine associated with a second haemostatic method in adults with haemorrhage from peptic ulcer disease with major stigmata of bleeding as defined by the Forrest classification. Bleeding must have been confirmed by endoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen studies including 1763 people were included. Adding a second procedure reduced further bleeding rate from 18.8% to 10.4%; Peto Odds Ratio 0.51; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39 to 0.66, and emergency surgery from 10.8% to 7.1%; OR 0.63; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.89. Mortality fell from 5% to 2.5% OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.30 to 0.82. Subanalysis showed that the risk of further bleeding decreased regardless of which second procedure was applied. In addition, the risk was reduced in all subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional endoscopic treatment after epinephrine injection reduces further bleeding, the need for surgery and mortality in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer.
authors: Hospital de Sabadell, Unitat de Malaties Digestives, Institut Universitari Parc Tauli, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. Parc Tauli s/n, Sabadell, Spain, 08208. mvergara@cspt.es
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Vergara
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Calvet
authors: J P
authors: JP
authors: Gisbert
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016558:Hemostasis, Endoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D004837:Epinephrine