title: Gender disparities in the quality of cardiovascular disease care in private managed care plans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have shown that women with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are screened and treated less aggressively than men and are less likely to undergo cardiac procedures. Research in this area has primarily focused on the acute setting, and there are limited data on the ambulatory care setting, particularly among the commercially insured. To that end, the objective of this study is to determine if gender disparities in the quality of CVD care exist in commercial managed care populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a national sample of commercial health plans, we analyzed member-level data for 7 CVD quality indicators from the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) collected in 2005. We used hierarchical generalized linear models to estimate these HEDIS measures as a function of gender, controlling for race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age, and plans' clustering effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that women were less likely than men to have low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol controlled at <100 mg/dL in those who have diabetes (odds ratio [OR], 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76-0.86) or a history of CVD (OR, 0.72; CI 95%, 0.64-0.82). The difference between men and women in meeting the LDL control measures was 5.74% among those with diabetes (44.3% vs. 38.5%) and 8.53% among those with a history of CVD (55.1% vs. 46.6%). However, women achieved higher performance than men in controlling blood pressure (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.02-1.21), where the rate of women meeting this quality indicator exceeded that of men by 1.94% (70.8% for women vs. 68.9% for men).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender disparities in the management and outcomes of CVD exist among patients in commercial managed care plans despite similar access to care. Poor performance in LDL control was seen in both men and women, with a lower rate of control in women suggesting the possibility of less intensive cholesterol treatment in women. The differences in patterns of care demonstrate the need for interventions tailored to address gender disparities.
authors: Department of Health Administration and Policy, College of Public Health and College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, 801 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73120, USA. ann-chou@ouhsc.edu
authors: Ann F
authors: AF
authors: Chou
authors: Sarah Hudson
authors: SH
authors: Scholle
authors: Carol S
authors: CS
authors: Weisman
authors: Arlene S
authors: AS
authors: Bierman
authors: Rosaly
authors: R
authors: Correa-de-Araujo
authors: Lori
authors: L
authors: Mosca
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017149:Private Sector / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health; D014932:Women's Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration