title: Endoscopic access closure for direct implantation of valved stents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The off-pump trans left ventricular approach provides an alternative option for insertion of stented aortic valves of any size for endovascular replacement. One of the key steps in this procedure is the repair of the ventricle after catheter withdrawal. This study evaluates the reliability of a new device for sutureless and quick repair of the left ventricle access.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Amplatz-nitinol occluder consists of two square heads that squeeze the ventricle wall between them thus sealing the ventricular defect. In four adult pigs weighing 55 kg, left thoracoscopy was performed to open the pericardium and visualise the cardiac apex. Following a heparin injection (100 U/kg) under ICUS and fluoroscopic control, we inserted a 30 F sheath into the epigastric area through the cardiac apex up into the left ventricle thus simulating the approach for an off-pump aortic valve replacement. The sheath was then removed and the ventricle closed with the occluder. Animals were followed-up for three hours; the haemodynamics and pericardial bleeding were recorded. The animals were then sacrificed and the gross anatomy of the heart was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The device was successfully deployed in four animals in less than one minute. ACT was above 200 seconds in all cases. All animals survived the procedure with a mean arterial pressure of 50 +/- 15 mm Hg. Bleeding during deployment was 80 +/- 20 ml and over a 3 hour period was 800 +/- 20 ml. Examination of the gross anatomy examination demonstrated the correct positioning of the device.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The occluder is easy to use and the procedure is feasible and reproducible. However, the occluder design requires technical improvements in order to reduce bleeding before it can be used clinically.
authors: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Lausanne CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland. Piergiorgio.Tozzi@hospvd.ch
authors: Piergiorgio
authors: P
authors: Tozzi
authors: Malgorzata
authors: M
authors: Pawelec-Wojtalic
authors: Dorota
authors: D
authors: Bukowska
authors: Enrico
authors: E
authors: Ferrari
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Siniscalchi
authors: Ludwig K
authors: LK
authors: von Segesser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015607:Stents; D013552:Swine