The genetic lexicon of dyslexia.
Reading abilities are acquired only through specific teaching and training. A significant proportion of children fail to achieve these skills despite normal intellectual abilities and an appropriate opportunity to learn. Difficulty in learning to read is attributable to specific dysfunctions of the brain, which so far remain poorly understood. However, it is recognized that the neurological basis for dyslexia, or reading disability, is caused in large part by genetic factors. Linkage studies have successfully identified several regions of the human genome that are likely to harbor susceptibility genes for dyslexia. In the past few years there have been exciting advances with the identification of four candidate genes located within three of these linked chromosome regions: DYX1C1 on chromosome 15, ROBO1 on chromosome 3, and KIAA0319 and DCDC2 on chromosome 6. Functional studies of these genes are offering new insights about the biological mechanisms underlying the development of dyslexia and, in general, of cognition.
Paracchini
Silvia
S
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom.
Scerri
Thomas
T
Monaco
Anthony P
AP
D002465:Cell Movement / Q000235:genetics; D002884:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15; D002893:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3; D002896:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D015995:Prevalence
D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; C510451:DCDC2 protein, human; C478878:DNAAF4 protein, human; C500377:KIAA0319 protein, human; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins