title: In vivo effects of myocardial creatine depletion on left ventricular function, morphology, and energy metabolism--consequences in acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The failing heart is characterized by disturbed myocardial energy metabolism and creatine (Cr) depletion. The aims of this study were to in vivo evaluate the effects of Cr depletion on: a) left ventricular (LV) function and morphology during rest and stress, b) LV energy metabolism, c) catecholamine in LV and plasma content, and d) incidence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias (MVA) during acute myocardial infarction (MI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male rats weighing approximately 200 g were used. Two groups were studied: the rats treated with Cr analogue beta-guanidinopropionic acid (BGP) (n = 25) and controls (n = 23). BGP (1 M) was administered by subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps over 4 weeks. The rats (BGP n = 9, control n = 12) were than examined with transthoracic echocardiography at basal and at stress conditions induced by transesophageal pacing. In vivo (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used for evaluation of myocardial energy status (BGP n = 7, control n = 12). (31)P MRS, echocardiography and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of myocardial Cr, total adenine nucleotides and catecholamines in myocardium and plasma were performed on noninfarcted hearts. Myocardial infarction was induced in a subgroup of animals (BGP n = 15, control n = 15) by ligation of the left coronary artery resulting in a large ( approximately 50%) anterolateral MI and acute HF. A computerized electrocardiogram tracing was obtained continuously before induction of MI and up to 60 minutes postinfarction. Qualitative and quantitative variables of ventricular arrhythmias were analyzed using arrhythmia score. Body weight (BW) was lower (P < .01), whereas LV/BW was higher (P < .01) in the BGP group. Total myocardial Cr pool was decreased for at least 50% (P < .01) compared with the controls. There was no difference in total nucleotide pool. Phosphocreatine/adenosine-3-phosphate ratio was lower in the BGP group (P < .01). LV systolic function was disturbed during rest and stress (P < .05). Similarly, LV dimensions were increased in the BGP group (P < .05). Induction of acute MI resulted in markedly increased incidence of MVA and higher mortality in the BGP group (P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Myocardial Cr depletion results in functional and structural LV alterations associated with lower myocardial energy reserve. Intact myocardial Cr metabolism is important for normal LV function during basal and stress conditions. Acute MI in the setting of myocardial Cr depletion leads to excessive mortality from ventricular arrhythmias and progressive heart failure.
authors: Wallenberg Laboratory at Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Malin
authors: M
authors: Lorentzon
authors: Truls
authors: T
authors: Råmunddal
authors: Entela
authors: E
authors: Bollano
authors: Bassam
authors: B
authors: Soussi
authors: Finn
authors: F
authors: Waagstein
authors: Elmir
authors: E
authors: Omerovic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002395:Catecholamines; D003401:Creatine