title: Construct validity of the helplessness/hopelessness/haplessness scale: correlations with perfectionism and depression.
abstract: In a sample of 117 undergraduates, helplessness scores and the discrepancy scores on a measure of perfectionism predicted depression scores, providing evidence for construct validity for the hopelessness, helplessness, and haplessness scales.
authors: University of Alberta.
authors: Lindsey
authors: L
authors: Leenaars
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Lester
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology