title: Strategies to improve sleep during extended search and rescue operations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated strategies to improve sleeping conditions during search and rescue operations during disaster response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty members of the Montgomery County (Maryland) Urban Search and Rescue Team were surveyed for individual sleep habits and sleeping aids used during extended deployments. Team members were also asked to suggest methods to improve sleep on future deployments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average amount of sleep during field operations was 5.4 hours with a range of 4-8 hours. Eight percent surveyed would prefer another schedule besides the 12-hour work day, all of whom proposed three 8-hour shifts. Fifteen percent of participants were interested in a pharmacological sleeping aid. Fifty percent of search and rescue members interviewed would consider using nonpharmacological sleeping aids. Furthermore, 40% of participants stated they had successfully devised self-employed methods of sleep aids for previous deployments, such as ear plugs, massage, mental imagery, personal routines, music and headphones, reading, and blindfolds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that availability of both pharmacological and nonpharmacological sleeping aids to search and rescue workers via the team cache could impact the quantity of sleep. Further investigation into methods of optimizing sleep during field missions could theoretically show enhanced performance through various aspects of missions including mitigation of errors, improved productivity, and improved overall physiological and emotional well-being of search and rescue personnel.
authors: Office of Critical Event Preparedness and Response, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21209, USA. jenkins@jhmi.edu
authors: Jennifer Lee
authors: JL
authors: Jenkins
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: Fredericksen
authors: Roger
authors: R
authors: Stone
authors: Nelson
authors: N
authors: Tang
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D004190:Disasters; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008396:Maryland; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D018635:Rescue Work; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors