title: The development of a short questionnaire for screening of activity limitation and safety awareness (SALSA) in clients affected by leprosy or diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a method of measuring activity limitation in leprosy and diabetes. The resulting questionnaire should be quick and simple to use in basic clinical settings, not require any testing skills or equipment, be validated across a number of cultures in order to be widely applicable, be relevant for anyone with long-standing peripheral neuropathy and be sensitive to changes in clients' capabilities. Because of impaired sensibility in hands or feet, persons affected by leprosy or diabetes are expected to be aware that many activities carry a risk of injury, particularly repetitive stress, excess pressure, friction or burns. They are expected to avoid these risky activities, or modify how they are carried out, in order to prevent injury. An additional aim of the study was therefore to find ways of assessing how far clients were aware of safety issues and how much they limited their activities voluntarily because of safety concerns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lists of activities of daily living relevant for the target populations were generated through individual interviews and focus group discussions. A questionnaire of 374 items was compiled and administered to 436 persons affected by leprosy and 132 affected by diabetes in five countries in four continents. A total of 76% of respondents had impairments. Occupational therapists not otherwise involved in this study gave an independent assessment of the degree of activity limitation of 207 respondents. The process of item selection from this database is presented step by step. Items for the SALSA scale were practised by at least 70% of respondents in all participating populations, were easy to perform for some but difficult for others, correlated well with the assessment of independent practitioners and had good item-total correlation. The present set of 20 items is well represented by a single principal component and had a high scale reliability coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On a 20-item scale, one would expect a score of 20 if the respondents practiced all the activities listed without difficulty. Higher scores reflect increasing activity limitation. The SALSA score varied from 10 to 75 with a mean of 32. The distribution of the scores was not different between men and women or between disease groups. There was a consistent increase of the SALSA score with age and with the level of impairment. Compared to India and Nigeria, the average SALSA scores, adjusted for age and impairment level, were higher in Israel and Brazil, but lower in China. The spearman correlation coefficient between the SALSA scores and the scores assigned by the independent experts was 0.67. Among 23 respondents without overt disease, the SALSA score had a median of 19 and half the respondents scored between 18 and 20.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present research has resulted in the SALSA scale, a short questionnaire which can be administered within 10 min and which provides a standardized measure of activity limitation in clients with a peripheral neuropathy. It can be used to make comparisons between (groups of) individuals in different countries and in the same person (or group) over time. General health workers can use SALSA to screen clients and refer those with high scores to specialised services. In addition, the scale will assist service providers in designing appropriate interventions.
authors: The Leprosy Mission Nigeria.
authors: Jannine
authors: J
authors: Ebenso
authors: Priscila
authors: P
authors: Fuzikawa
authors: Hanna
authors: H
authors: Melchior
authors: Ruth
authors: R
authors: Wexler
authors: Angelika
authors: A
authors: Piefer
authors: Chen Shu
authors: CS
authors: Min
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Rajkumar
authors: Alison
authors: A
authors: Anderson
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Benbow
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Lehman
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Nicholls
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Saunderson
authors: Johan P
authors: JP
authors: Velema
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001364:Awareness; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007918:Leprosy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012449:Safety; D012648:Self Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014937:Work