Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and endometrial cancer risk: results from the Netherlands Cohort Study.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the association between alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and endometrial cancer.


METHODS
In 1986, the Netherlands Cohort Study was initiated. A self-administered questionnaire on dietary habits and other cancer risk factors was completed by 62,573 women. Follow-up for cancer was established by record linkage to the Netherlands Cancer Registry.


RESULTS
After 11.3-years of follow-up, 280 incident endometrial cancer cases were available for analyses. In multivariate analysis, the rate ratio (RR) for alcohol users versus non-users was 1.06 (95% Confidence Interval (95% CI)=0.78-1.43). There were neither dose-dependent trends nor associations with different types of beverages. The RR for former and current smokers versus never-smokers was 0.83 (95% CI=0.58-1.20) and 0.59 (95% CI=0.40-0.88), respectively. These estimates did not change significantly when body mass index (BMI) and age at menopause were added to the models.


CONCLUSIONS
There is no association between alcohol consumption and endometrial cancer. Current smoking is associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer. This association is neither mediated by BMI nor by age at menopause.
Loerbroks
Adrian
A
Department of Epidemiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Schouten
Leo J
LJ
Goldbohm
R Alexandra
RA
van den Brandt
Piet A
PA
D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000494:pharmacology; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
D003276:Contraceptives, Oral