title: Smad4 and ERK2 stimulated by transforming growth factor beta1 in rhabdomyosarcoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) plays an essential role in the regulation of normal physiologic processes of cells. TGF-beta has been shown to regulate several mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways in several epithelial cells. However, the effects of TGF-beta on soft tissue sarcoma are seldom reported. Our previous studies suggested that there should be some other signal transduction pathways besides Smads, which are important to regulate the growth of human embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cells. In the present study, we examined the expression and functional relations of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) and Smad4 in human RMS tissue and a RMS cell line, RD.
  
  
  METHODS
  RD cells and normal human primary skeletal myoblasts (Mb) were treated with TGF-beta1 to establish the expression profile of ERK2 at the mRNA and protein levels detected by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of ERK2 and Smad4 in 50 tissue specimens of human RMS and 23 specimens of normal skeletal muscles. Follow-up of specimens was performed 6 months to 70 months later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RD cells and human RMS tissues showed the higher expression of ERK2 and Smad4 than the normal control, either the protein level or the mRNA level. And, exogenous TGF-beta1 stimulation can lead to higher expression of ERK2 and its nuclear translocation, so TGF-beta1 can also activated MAPK (ERK2) pathway, resulting in a sustained activation of ERK2 for at least 2 hours. Immunohistochemistry analysis, however, showed that there was no correlation between ERK2 and Smad4 protein. The overexpression of ERK2 and Smad4 had no indicative effects on histological subtypes, histological grading, gender, age, and prognosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In RMS, signaling of TGF-beta1 from cell surface to nucleus can also be directed through the MAPK (ERK2) pathway besides the TGF-beta1/Smads pathway. The activation of ERK2 by TGF-beta1 may be Smad4 independent. Moreover, there may be some other tanglesome relationships between the TGF-beta1/Smads pathway and the MAPK pathway which takes part in the development, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells.
authors: Department of Pathology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
authors: Hua
authors: H
authors: Guo
authors: Hong-ying
authors: HY
authors: Zhang
authors: Shou-li
authors: SL
authors: Wang
authors: Lü
authors: L
authors: Ye
authors: Guang-hua
authors: GH
authors: Yang
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Bu
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051901:Smad4 Protein / Q000502:physiology*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; C497796:SMAD4 protein, human; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1