title: Virulence traits associated with verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 recovered from freshwater biofilms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether epilithic biofilms in freshwater streams in a mixed UK agricultural river catchment harbour Escherichia coli O157, and if so, whether they demonstrate an association with those excreted by grazing farm animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flint shingle, native to the study site, was used as a surface for biofilm development within cages of metal lath set into a stream bed at four locations on a chalkland farm. Shingle was collected from all sites once a month, as were pooled faecal samples from five farm animal populations. Subpopulations of E. coli, including E. coli O157 that demonstrated significant phenotypic and genotypic similarity with animal faecal isolates (t-test, P = 0.05) were isolated. Of 1002 E. coli isolates from biofilms and animal faeces, 48 were confirmed as the O157 strain by latex agglutination. The presence of five virulence traits associated with incidence of human disease was tested using PCR. Stx(2) was the most frequently isolated single gene (30 isolates), while stx(1) was the least frequently recovered (four isolates).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Escherichia coli O157, expressing up to four virulence factors associated with human disease, reside within freshwater biofilms in this agricultural environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aquatic biofilms may potentially act as a reservoir for these pathogens, and the implications of the findings for the protection of drinking water resources should be further investigated.
authors: School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK. i.cooper@bton.ac.uk
authors: I R
authors: IR
authors: Cooper
authors: H D
authors: HD
authors: Taylor
authors: G W
authors: GW
authors: Hanlon
mesh_terms: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D000818:Animals; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D045483:Rivers / Q000382:microbiology*; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D037521:Virulence Factors