title: Mental training in surgical education: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of a cognitive training method on the performance of simulated laparoscopic cholecystectomy in laparoscopic training courses.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Surgeons are like professional sportsmen in that they have to be able to perform complicated, fine-motor movements under stressful conditions. Mental training, systematically and repeatedly imagining a movement's performance, is a well-established technique in sports science, and this study aimed to determine its value in training surgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 98 surgeons undergoing basic laparoscopic training participated in a randomized controlled trial; 31 received additional mental training, 32 additional practical training, and 35 received no additional training (control group). All used a Pelvi-Trainer simulator to perform laparoscopic cholecystectomy at baseline and follow-up, after any additional intervention. We used a modified Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) instrument to assess performance. Principle outcome variables were the OSATS task-specific checklist (11 procedural steps, scored as correctly [1] or wrongly [0] performed) and the global rating scale (an overall performance evaluation, scored 1-5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Improvement in the task-specific checklist score between baseline and follow-up differed significantly between groups (P = 0.046 on ANOVA). Least significant difference tests yielded differences between the mental and practical training groups (P = 0.024) and between the mental training and control groups (P = 0.040), but not between the practical training and control groups (P = 0.789). Paired Student t test showed that performance at follow-up was significantly better in the mental training and control groups (mental training group, P = 0.001; control group, P = 0.018) but not the practical training group (P = 0.342). There were no significant intergroup differences in global rating scale results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional mental training is an effective way of optimizing the outcomes of further training for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It is associated with fewer costs and with better outcomes in some crucial assessment scales than additional practical training.
authors: Ethicon, Endo-Surgery Europe, Norderstedt, Germany. M.Immenroth@gmx.de
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Immenroth
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Bürger
authors: Jürgen
authors: J
authors: Brenner
authors: Manfred
authors: M
authors: Nagelschmidt
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Eberspächer
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Troidl
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000193:education*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*