title: Diet mixing time affects nursery pig performance.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of mixing time (mixer efficiency) of diets containing several low-inclusion ingredients (crystalline AA, ZnO, a medication, and vitamin and trace mineral premixes) on growth performance of nursery pigs. In a pilot study, mixing efficiency of a 1,360-kg capacity, horizontal ribbon mixer was evaluated with salt of different particle sizes (440, 730, 2,000, and 3,000 microm). Sample preparation was evaluated by analyzing diet samples as collected (unground) or by grinding the entire sample to approximately 400 microm in particle size (ground). Diets (907 kg) were mixed, and samples were collected after 0, 30, 60, 120, 210, 330, 480, and 630 s of mixing. The coefficient of variation among 10 samples for each mixing time was used to measure mixer efficiency as determined by Cl concentration. A salt particle size x sample preparation x mixing time interaction was observed (P = 0.04). Samples with 2,000- or 3,000-microm salt particle size (unground or ground) never reached the desired mixing efficiency of a 10% CV. Using 440-microm salt (unground or ground) or 730-microm salt particle sizes (ground) was necessary to accurately achieve a mixing efficiency of a <10% CV within 330 and 630 s, respectively. Next, 180 weanling pigs (PIC, 6.31 +/- 0.84 kg of BW, 21 +/- 3 d of age) were fed diets in 2 phases (d 0 to 14 and d 14 to 28). Treatments consisted of mixing diets for 0, 30, 60, 120, or 330 s (440-microm salt particle size). Samples were collected in the mixer, and then each bag of feed (22.5 kg) was labeled (first to last as-manufactured) and sampled to determine the mixing efficiency. An individual bag of feed was fed to a single pen of pigs, and when finished, the next sequential bag was used. As mixing time increased, mixer CV were 178, 38, 26, 21, and 5% for phase 1 and 172, 79, 60, 48, and 26% for phase 2. As mixing time increased, bag CV values were 26, 20, 16, 11, and 7% for phase 1 and 56, 45, 40, 33, and 12% for phase 2. From d 0 to 14, increasing mixing time increased ADG (linear, P < 0.01) and G:F (quadratic, P = 0.03). From d 0 to 28, increasing mixing time increased ADG (quadratic, P < 0.01) and G:F (linear, P = 0.04). These data demonstrate that inadequate diet mixing (CV > 12%) reduces nursery pig performance.
authors: Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA.
authors: C N
authors: CN
authors: Groesbeck
authors: R D
authors: RD
authors: Goodband
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Tokach
authors: S S
authors: SS
authors: Dritz
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Nelssen
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: DeRouchey
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D004063:Digestion; D004435:Eating; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D010316:Particle Size; D011897:Random Allocation; D012492:Salts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development*; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D012492:Salts