title: Evolution of a novel 5-amino-acid insertion in the beta3-beta4 loop of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
abstract: HIV-1 isolates harbouring an insertion in the beta3-beta4 loop of reverse transcriptase (RT) confer high-level resistance to nucleoside analogues. We have identified a novel 5-amino-acid insertion (KGSNR amino acids 66-70) in a patient on prolonged nucleoside combination therapy (didanosine and stavudine) and investigated which factors were responsible for its outgrowth. Remarkably, only small fold increases in drug resistance to nucleoside analogues were observed compared to wild type. The insertion variant displayed a reduced replicative capacity in the absence of inhibitor, but had a slight replicative advantage in the presence of zidovudine, didanosine or stavudine, resulting in the selection and persistence of this insertion in vivo. Mathematical analyses of longitudinal samples indicated a 2% in vivo fitness advantage for the insertion variant compared to the initial viral population. The novel RT insertion variant conferring low levels of resistance was able to evolve towards a high-level resistant replication-competent variant.
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Marleen C D G
authors: MC
authors: Huigen
authors: Loek
authors: L
authors: de Graaf
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Eggink
authors: Rob
authors: R
authors: Schuurman
authors: Viktor
authors: V
authors: Müller
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Stamp
authors: David K
authors: DK
authors: Stammers
authors: Charles A B
authors: CA
authors: Boucher
authors: Monique
authors: M
authors: Nijhuis
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D019020:Directed Molecular Evolution; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D011487:Protein Conformation; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase