title: Therapeutic drug monitoring of quetiapine in adolescents with psychotic disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are developmental and age-dependent differences in the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of drugs in children and adolescents. Therefore, there is a need to carry out standardised studies to find out therapeutic ranges of plasma/serum concentrations in psychopharmacotherapy of children and adolescents. The aim of this prospective study was to examine the relationship between quetiapine serum concentration, treatment response, and side effects in a clinical setting to elucidate the age-specific therapeutic range of quetiapine in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a period of two years, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) was routinely performed in 21 adolescents (mean age was 15.9+/-1.5 years, 57% male) with psychotic disorders according to the guidelines of the AGNP TDM expert group. The psychopathology was assessed by using the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Side effects were assessed by using the Dose Record and Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (DOTES). Trough quetiapine concentrations were determined under steady state conditions after multiple-dose regimes (median 600 mg/day; range 100-800 mg/day).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a marked variability of the serum concentrations, ranging from 19-877 ng/ml. 40.8% of the determined values were below and 24.5% above the therapeutic range (70-170 ng/ml) recommended for adults. None of the patients had severe side effects. We found a weak correlation between dose and serum concentration of quetiapine and no relationship between serum concentration and treatment response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are several limitations of this study, and our results should therefore be interpreted with caution. Notwithstanding, differences in the ontogenesis of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics may be the reason for the difference in the relationship between blood concentrations and therapeutic response to psychopharmaca in children, adolescents and adults. Further studies using larger samples, baseline assessment of psychopathology, definition of the treatment interval and investigation of clinically relevant interactions with various co-medications are warranted to improve the limitations of this pilot study.
authors: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. manfred.gerlach@mail.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Gerlach
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Hünnerkopf
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Rothenhöfer
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Libal
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Burger
authors: H-W
authors: HW
authors: Clement
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Fegert
authors: Ch
authors: Ch
authors: Wewetzer
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Mehler-Wex
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate