title: Probucol modulates iron nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)-dependent renal carcinogenesis and hyperproliferative response: diminution of oxidative stress.
abstract: Probucol is a clinically used cholesterol-lowering drug, with pronounced antioxidant properties. We have reported previously, that dietary supplementation of probucol enhances NAD(P)H:quinone reductase (Iqbal M, Okada S (2003) Pharmacol Toxicol 93:259-263) and inhibits Fe-NTA induced lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in vitro (Iqbal M, Sharma SD, Oakada (2004) Redox Rep 9:167-172). Further to this, in the present study, we evaluated the modulatory effect of probucol on iron nitrilotriacetae (Fe-NTA) dependent renal carcinogenesis, hyperproliferative response and oxidative stress. In Fe-NTA alone treated group, a 20% renal cell tumor incidence was recorded whereas, in N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-initiated and Fe-NTA promoted animals, the percentage tumor incidence was increased to 70% as compared with untreated controls. No tumor incidence was recorded in DEN-initiated, nonpromoted group. Diet supplemented with 1.0% probucol fed prior to, during and after Fe-NTA treatment in DEN-initiated animals afforded >65% protection in renal cell tumor incidence. Probucol fed diet pretreatment also resulted a significant and dose dependent inhibition of Fe-NTA induced renal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity. In oxidative stress studies, Fe-NTA alone treatment enhanced lipid peroxidation, accompanied by a decrease in the level of GSH, activities of antioxidants and phase II metabolizing enzymes in kidney concomitant with histolopathological changes. These changes were significantly and dose-dependently alleviated by probucol fed diet. From this data, it can be concluded that probucol can modulates toxic and tumor promoting effects of Fe-NTA and can serve as a potent chemopreventive agent to suppress oxidant induced tissue injury and carcinogenesis, in addition to being a cholesterol lowering and anti-atherogenic drug.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Institute, University Malaysia Sabah, Locked Bag No. 2073, 88999, Kotakinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. m_iqbal2k@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Yasumasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okazaki
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009571:Nitrilotriacetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011341:Probucol / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D002273:Carcinogens; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D009571:Nitrilotriacetic Acid; D011341:Probucol; C020326:ferric nitrilotriacetate