title: Treatment options for chronic pain management: opioids revisited.
abstract: Pain is a public health disaster. Although it remains largely undertreated, pharmacists and pharmacy managers can do much to correct the problem. Change will require the education of patients and health care professionals on the facts pertaining to addiction, drug dependence, and drug tolerance. Evidence-based resources, including guidelines published by the APS, should be consulted. A variety of short- and long-acting drugs are available, not the least of which are the opioids. Fears regarding addiction and uncertainty about tolerance have precluded the comprehensive use of these drugs, and varying dose requirements complicate the picture. What is known, however, is that dose titration must be performed with the goal of preventing breakthrough pain. Fortunately, sufficient drug formulae have been developed to accommodate this need. Pain is the primary reason why people come into the health care system, and it is incumbent upon health care professionals to eliminate insufficient pain control, using the drugs available to the patient's best advantage.
authors.affiliation: Professor of Pharmacotherapy and Anesthesiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, USA.
authors.forename: Arthur G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Lipman
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid