title: The role of SHIP in macrophages.
abstract: The SH2-containing inositol-5'-phosphatase, SHIP, represses the proliferation, survival, and activation of hematopoietic cells, in large part by translocating to membranes following extracellular stimulation and hydrolysing the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-generated second messenger PI-3,4,5-P3 (PIP3) to PI-3,4-P2. SHIP-/- mice have, as a result, an increased number of monocyte/macrophages because their progenitors display enhanced survival and proliferation, as well as more rapid differentiation. Interestingly, SHIP-/- mice do not display lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or CpG oligonucleotide-induced tolerance because this blunting of inflammatory mediator production is contingent upon LPS- and CpG-induced upregulation of SHIP in their macrophages and mast cells. This upregulation is mediated via the production of autocrine-acting TGFbeta which is induced via the MyD88-dependent pathway. The increased levels of SHIP then inhibit both MyD88-dependent and independent signaling. Intriguingly, SHIP-/- peritoneal and alveolar macrophages produce less nitric oxide (NO) than wild-type macrophages because they have constitutively high arginase I levels and this enzyme competes with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) for the substrate L-arginine. It is likely that, in the face of chronically elevated PIP3 levels in their myeloid progenitors, SHIP-/- mice display a skewed development away from M1 (killer) macrophages towards M2 (healing) macrophages. This suggests that SHIP plays a critical role in programming macrophages.
authors.affiliation: The Terry Fox Laboratory, B.C. Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sly
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Frann
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Antignano
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruschmann
authors.forename: Melisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rauh
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krystal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D000072181:Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatases; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010641:Phenotype; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; D000072181:Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatases