title: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a randomized controlled pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Negative symptoms in schizophrenia are associated with deficits in executive function and frequently prove highly resistant to neuroleptic medication. Using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to activate the prefrontal cortex has been suggested as a treatment for negative symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a double-blind randomized controlled pilot study of real versus sham rTMS for negative symptoms in schizophrenia. 17 right-handed patients with prominent negative symptoms (PANSS negative subscore >or=20) were randomized to a 10 day course of real (n=8) or sham rTMS (n=9) applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (20 trains per day, 10 s treatment at 10 Hz, 50 s inter-train interval, 110% of motor threshold). The primary outcome measure was PANSS negative symptom score. Secondary outcomes included mood, cognitive function and side-effects. Patients were followed-up two weeks afterwards. The main effect of treatment arm was evaluated across end of treatment and two-week follow-up time points using ANCOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects completed the treatment course. There was no significant difference between the two groups on PANSS negative symptom scores at either time point. At the end of treatment, no subjects in either group met the criterion for response (i.e. a 20% reduction in baseline PANSS negative symptom score). The real rTMS group had better delayed recall on a test of verbal learning than the sham group at 2 week follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Real rTMS was not found to be better than sham rTMS in alleviating negative symptoms of schizophrenia although it was associated with some improvement in aspects of cognitive function at follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Section of Old Age Psychiatry P070, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. a.mogg@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mogg
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Purvis
authors.forename: Savitha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eranti
authors.forename: Faith
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Contell
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Declan M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: McLoughlin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents