title: Cinnabarinic acid generated from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid strongly induces apoptosis in thymocytes through the generation of reactive oxygen species and the induction of caspase.
abstract: 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA) is one of the tryptophan metabolites along the kynurenine pathway and induces apoptosis in T cells. We investigated the mechanism of 3HAA-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. The optimal concentration of 3HAA for apoptosis induction was 300-500 microM. The induction of apoptosis by a suboptimal concentration (100 microM) of 3HAA was enhanced by superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as MnCl2 and further promoted in the presence of catalase. The 3HAA-mediated generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was enhanced by SOD or MnCl2 and inhibited by catalase. Corresponding to apoptosis induction, the generation of cinnabarinic acid (CA) through the oxidation of 3HAA was enhanced by SOD or MnCl2 in the presence of catalase. The synthesized CA possessed more than 10 times higher apoptosis-inducing activity than 3HAA. The intracellular ROS generation was induced by CA within 15 min and decreased to the control levels within 4 h, whereas the 3HAA-induced ROS generation increased gradually up to 4 h. Corresponding to ROS generation, the mitochondrial membrane potential was downregulated within 15 min and retained by the CA treatment. Apoptosis induction by 3HAA or CA was dependent on caspases, and caspase-3 was much more strongly activated by CA than 3HAA. In conclusion, the CA generated from 3HAA possesses a strong apoptosis-inducing activity in thymocytes through ROS generation, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and caspase activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hiramatsu
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akimoto
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Takikawa
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawabe
authors.forename: Ken-Ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Isobe
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nagase
mesh_terms: D015095:3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002712:Chlorides / Q000494:pharmacology; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D017895:Manganese Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010078:Oxazines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D017895:Manganese Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D015095:3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid; C000483:cinnabarinic acid; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D053148:Caspase 3; C025340:manganese chloride