title: West Nile virus infection in tree squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae) in California, 2004-2005.
abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) transmission generally involves a mosquito vector and an avian reservoir host, with mammals as incidental hosts. Although most mammalian WNV infections cause low or no morbidity or mortality, tree squirrels are susceptible to WNV-associated neurologic disease with infection prevalence comparable to that in dead birds. Positive species included fox squirrel (Sciurus niger), western gray squirrel (S. griseus), and eastern gray squirrel (S. carolinensis). Kidney tissue (dissected and swabbed), and oropharyngeal (oral) swab samples from tree squirrels submitted by California vector control and rehabilitation agencies were tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; cycle threshold values were similar for all three samples, ranging from 21.9 to 26.5. Kidney tissue was more sensitive than oral swabs for detecting WNV in squirrels. Three of 36 live neurologic tree squirrels had viremia approximately 5 log(10) plaque-forming units/mL or greater, similar to WNV-infected birds. Tree squirrels are useful in WNV surveillance and provide localized evidence of WNV transmission to mammals.
authors.affiliation: Vector-Borne Disease Section, Division of Communicable Disease Control, California Department of Health Services, Richmond, CA 94804, USA. kpadgett@dhs.ca.gov
authors.forename: Kerry A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Padgett
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Reisen
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kahl-Purcell
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cahoon-Young
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Lynda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zucca
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Husted
authors.forename: Vicki L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000662:veterinary; D007668:Kidney / Q000821:virology; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000821:virology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D012376:Rodent Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012589:Sciuridae / Q000821:virology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral