title: Determinants of domestic violence among women attending an human immunodeficiency virus voluntary counseling and testing center in Bangalore, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Violence against women is a global phenomenon that cuts across all social and economic classes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to measure the prevalence and correlates of domestic violence (DV) among women seeking services at a voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) center in Bangalore, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted among women visiting an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) VCT center in Bangalore, between September and November 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information about violence and other variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Univariable associations with DV were made using Pearson Chi-squared test for categorical variables and Student t-test or the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two percent of respondents reported DV, including physical abuse (29%), psychological abuse (69%) and sexual abuse (1%). Among the women who reported violence of any kind, 67% also reported that they were HIV seropositive. The most common reasons reported for DV included financial problems (38%), husband's alcohol use (29%) and woman's HIV status (18%). Older women (P < 0.001) and those with low income levels were the most likely to have experienced DV (P = 0.02). Other factors included husband's education, HIV seropositivity and alcohol or tobacco use (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found DV levels comparable to other studies from around the world. The findings highlight the need for additional training among health care providers in VCT centers in screening for DV, detection of signs of physical abuse and provisions and referrals for women suffering from domestic partner violence.
authors.affiliation: CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India. varimph@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Varalakshmi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chandrasekaran
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krupp
authors.forename: Ruja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Purnima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madhivanan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018585:Battered Women / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003151:Community Health Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D037001:Directive Counseling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D009938:Organizations; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D035141:Voluntary Programs