title: Independent relationship between heart rate recovery and C-reactive protein in older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the independent effect of parasympathetic tone (PST), assessed here according to heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise, on circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in 132 elderly participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis using baseline data from an ongoing trial assessing the effects of exercise on immune function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Champaign/Urbana, Illinois, vicinity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-living older adults who had been sedentary for 6 months or longer. Major exclusion criteria were current use of medications that could interfere with immunity, severe arthritis, history of cancer or inflammatory disease, recent illness or vaccination, and smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were assessed for serum CRP (using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen intake (VO(2))), HRR, percentage body fat (using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), physical activity level (according to the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE)), fasting plasma glucose, kidney function (creatinine level), and perceived stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean CRP level+/-standard deviation was 3.81+/-2.7 mg/L, placing this group in a high-risk category. After adjusting for the effects of body fat (34.6%+/-7.4%), aspirin use, VO(2) peak (19.5+/-3.9 mL oxygen/kg per minute), PASE, sex (64% women), and perceived stress, HRR was the only independent predictor of CRP (beta=-0.257, P=.003, change in coefficient of determination=0.060).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HRR after exercise appears to be independently associated with lower CRP in older sedentary individuals, suggesting that the parasympathetic nervous system is involved in regulating chronic inflammation in older adults. Improvements in PST, as a result of regular physical exercise, may contribute to the antiinflammatory effects of exercise, independent of physical fitness or fatness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Uinversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Rudy J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McAuley
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Woods
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001823:Body Composition; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D010809:Physical Fitness
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein