title: Transmission dynamics of hepatitis E among swine: potential impact upon human infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a zoonosis for which pigs play a role as a reservoir. In Japan, the infection has been enzootic in swine. Clarifying the detailed mechanisms of transmission within farms is required in order to facilitate an understanding of the age-specific patterns of infection, especially just prior to slaughter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we reanalyze a large-scale seroprevalence survey dataset from Japanese pig farms to estimate the force of infection. The forces of infection of swine HEV were estimated to be 3.45 (95% confidence interval: 3.17, 3.75), 2.68 (2.28, 3.14) and 3.11 (2.76, 3.50) [x10-2 per day] in Hokkaido, Honshu and Kyushu, respectively. The estimates with our model assumptions indicated that the average ages at infection ranged from 59.0-67.3 days and that the basic reproduction number, R0, was in the order of 4.02-5.17. Sensitivity analyses of age-specific incidence at different forces of infection revealed that a decline in the force of infection would elevate the age at infection and could increase the number of virus-excreting pigs at the age of 180 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although our estimates imply that more than 95% of pigs are infected before the age of 150 days, the model shows that a decline in the force of infection could increase the risk of pig-to-human transmission. If the force of infection started to decline, it might be necessary to implement radical countermeasures (e.g. separation of uninfected pigs from infected herds beginning from the end of the suckling stage) to minimize the number of virus-positive pigs at the finishing stage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, Kannnondai, Tsukuba, Japan. ksatou@affrc.go.jp
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Satou
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishiura
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D016751:Hepatitis E / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013552:Swine / Q000821:virology*; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology*; D013997:Time Factors; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral