title: Cross-sectional correlates of increased aortic stiffness in the community: the Framingham Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased aortic stiffness is associated with numerous common diseases of aging, including heart disease, stroke, and renal disease. However, the prevalence and correlates of abnormally high aortic stiffness are incompletely understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated 2 aortic stiffness measures, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and forward pressure wave amplitude, in a pooled sample of the Framingham Original, Offspring, and minority Omni cohorts (mean age, 62 years; 56% women). Abnormal stiffness of each measure was defined as a value exceeding the sex-specific 90th percentile of a reference group with a low burden of conventional cardiovascular disease risk factors. Applying this criterion to the entire sample identified a 24% to 33% prevalence of abnormal stiffness measures. The prevalence of abnormal stiffness increased markedly with age, eg, for pulse wave velocity, from a few percent in both sexes aged < 50 years to 64% (men) to 74% (women) in those aged > or = 70 years. With adjustment for age, important correlates of abnormal aortic stiffness included higher mean arterial pressure, greater body mass index, impaired glucose metabolism, and abnormal lipids. Correlates of aortic stiffness were similar if we used age-specific rather than fixed criteria for defining abnormal stiffness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of abnormal aortic stiffness increases steeply with advancing age in the community, especially in the presence of obesity or diabetes. Our data suggest that the burden of disease attributable to aortic stiffness is likely to increase considerably over the next few years as the population ages.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Engineering, Inc, 51 Sawyer Rd, Suite 100, Waltham, MA 02453, USA. GaryFMitchell@mindspring.com
authors.forename: Gary F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Chao-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Emelia J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Michelle J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Keyes
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vita
authors.forename: Ramachandran S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vasan
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001011:Aorta / Q000502:physiology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors