title: Connective tissue fibroblast response to acupuncture: dose-dependent effect of bidirectional needle rotation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although acupuncture-needle manipulation is an important component of acupuncture therapy, little information is currently available on whether or not specific types of needle manipulation produce different effects on the body. Bidirectional (back-and-forth) rotation is one of the most common forms of needle manipulation used in acupuncture practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we hypothesized that bidirectional acupuncture needle rotation causes dose-dependent active cytoskeletal remodeling in connective tissue fibroblasts similar to that previously demonstrated with unidirectional rotation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subcutaneous tissue explants from 18 mice were randomized to varying amounts of bidirectional rotation cycles (8-64) and rotation-cycle amplitude (180 degrees -720 degrees ) ex vivo for 30 minutes, followed by tissue fixation, confocal microscopy, and measurement of fibroblast cell body cross-sectional area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As with unidirectional rotation, fibroblasts responded to bidirectional rotation with extensive cell spreading and lamellipodia formation. Bidirectional needle rotation had a significant overall effect on fibroblast cell body cross sectional area (analysis of variance, p < 0.001). The cellular response to bidirectional rotation was nonmonotonic with maximal responses occurring within specific stimulus windows with regard to cycle amplitude and cycle number.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that subtle differences in acupuncture-needle manipulation techniques can affect cellular responses in mouse subcutaneous connective tissue. Further studies will be needed to determine whether these connective-tissue responses are related to therapeutic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA. Helene.langevin@uvm.edu
authors.forename: Helene M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Langevin
authors.forename: Nicole A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bouffard
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Churchill
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Badger
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D048430:Cell Shape; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009339:Needles; D012399:Rotation; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques