title: Impaired inotropic response in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a strain rate imaging study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Left ventricular (LV) concentric geometry and hypertrophy, depressed wall mechanics, and abnormal diastolic properties have been described in the diabetic heart. However, the cardiac response to dynamic exercise in diabetic patients remains controversial. The present study assessed strain rate (SR) imaging during dobutamine stress, to investigate inotropic response in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and without coronary artery disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four diabetics and 16 controls, both free of coronary artery disease, underwent Doppler echocardiography at rest and during dobutamine stress. Tissue Doppler systolic (S(m)) and early diastolic (E(m)) velocities, SR, and strain of middle posterior septum were measured at rest, low-dose, and high-dose dobutamine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetics had higher LV mass and relative wall thickness, lower midwall shortening, and transmitral pattern of abnormal LV relaxation. At rest, E(m) was significantly lower but S(m), SR, and strain were similar between the two groups. At low-dose and high-dose dobutamine, without difference of S(m), SR and strain were significantly lower in diabetics. At every level of dobutamine, strain increased with increasing heart rate (HR) in either group (both P < .0001), but the slope of the overall relation between HR and strain was lower in diabetics (b = -0.08) than in controls (b = -0.14) (P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In type 2 diabetes SR imaging allows detection of reduced longitudinal mechanics during dobutamine stress. The blunted slope of the relation between HR and regional strain suggests the impairment of the myocardial force-frequency relation, indicating altered contractile reserve in uncomplicated diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Cardioangiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. mgalderi@unina.it
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galderisi
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Simone
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Innelli
authors.forename: Annamelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turco
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turco
authors.forename: Brunella
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Capaldo
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riccardi
authors.forename: Oreste
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: de Divitiis
mesh_terms: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004280:Dobutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D015444:Exercise; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004280:Dobutamine