title: Propofol compared with the morphine, atropine, and suxamethonium regimen as induction agents for neonatal endotracheal intubation: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to compare the efficacy of propofol, a hypnotic agent, to the regimen of morphine, atropine, and suxamethonium as an induction agent for nonemergency neonatal endotracheal intubation. We hypothesized that propofol aids intubation by allowing the continuation of spontaneous breathing.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized, open-label, controlled trial of infants who required nonemergency endotracheal intubation. Primary outcome was successful intubation confirmed by chest auscultation and clinical examination of the infant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants randomly assigned to propofol (n = 33) and the morphine, atropine, and suxamethonium regimen (n = 30) were comparable in median gestational age (27 vs 28 weeks), birth weight (1020 vs 1095 g), weight at intubation (1068 vs 1275 g), and age at intubation (4 vs 3 days). Sleep or muscle relaxation were achieved within 60 seconds in both groups, but time to achieve successful intubation was more than twice as fast with propofol (120 vs 260 seconds). Blood pressure and heart rates were not different, but intraprocedural oxygen saturations were significantly lower in infants on the morphine, atropine, and suxamethonium regimen (trough arterial oxygen saturation: 60% vs 80%). Nasal/oral trauma was less common, and recovery time was shorter (780 vs 1425 seconds) in the propofol group. No significant adverse effects were seen in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propofol is more effective than the morphine, atropine, and suxamethonium regimen as an induction agent to facilitate neonatal nasal endotracheal intubation. Importantly, hypoxemia was less severe, probably because of the maintenance of spontaneous breathing. A controlled environment may have promoted the ease of intubation, resulting in less trauma. The shorter duration of action would be advantageous in a compromised infant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Newborn Care, Royal Hospital for Women, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia.
authors.forename: Satish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghanta
authors.forename: Mohamed E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Abdel-Latif
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.forename: Hari
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ravindranathan
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Awad
authors.forename: Julee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oei
mesh_terms: D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013390:Succinylcholine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009020:Morphine; D001285:Atropine; D013390:Succinylcholine; D015742:Propofol