title: Translating and validating a Training Needs Assessment tool into Greek.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The translation and cultural adaptation of widely accepted, psychometrically tested tools is regarded as an essential component of effective human resource management in the primary care arena. The Training Needs Assessment (TNA) is a widely used, valid instrument, designed to measure professional development needs of health care professionals, especially in primary health care. This study aims to describe the translation, adaptation and validation of the TNA questionnaire into Greek language and discuss possibilities of its use in primary care settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A modified version of the English self-administered questionnaire consisting of 30 items was used. Internationally recommended methodology, mandating forward translation, backward translation, reconciliation and pretesting steps, was followed. Tool validation included assessing item internal consistency, using the alpha coefficient of Cronbach. Reproducibility (test--retest reliability) was measured by the kappa correlation coefficient. Criterion validity was calculated for selected parts of the questionnaire by correlating respondents' research experience with relevant research item scores. An exploratory factor analysis highlighted how the items group together, using a Varimax (oblique) rotation and subsequent Cronbach's alpha assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The psychometric properties of the Greek version of the TNA questionnaire for nursing staff employed in primary care were good. Internal consistency of the instrument was very good, Cronbach's alpha was found to be 0.985 (p < 0.001) and Kappa coefficient for reproducibility was found to be 0.928 (p < 0.0001). Significant positive correlations were found between respondents' current performance levels on each of the research items and amount of research involvement, indicating good criterion validity in the areas tested. Factor analysis revealed seven factors with eigenvalues of > 1.0, KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) measure of sampling adequacy = 0.680 and Bartlett's test of sphericity, p < 0.001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The translated and adapted Greek version is comparable with the original English instrument in terms of validity and reliability and it is suitable to assess professional development needs of nursing staff in Greek primary care settings.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Dept. of Social Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece. adamarkaki@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Adelais
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Markaki
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Antonakis
authors.forename: Carolyn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lionis
mesh_terms: D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D020380:Needs Assessment; D011320:Primary Health Care; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014175:Translating