title: Stroke in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the nature of stroke in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a region with high HIV seroprevalence and describe HIV associated vasculopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with first ever stroke, infected with HIV and prospectively included in the stroke register of the Groote Schuur Hospital/University of Cape Town stroke unit were identified and reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 2000 and 2006, 67 of the 1087 (6.1%) stroke patients were HIV infected. Of these, 91% (n = 61) were younger than 46 years. Cerebral infarction occurred in 96% (n = 64) of the HIV positive patients and intracerebral haemorrhage in 4% (n = 3). HIV infected young stroke patients did not demonstrate hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia or smoking as significant risk factors for ischaemic stroke. Infection as a risk factor for stroke was significantly more common in HIV positive patients (p = 0.018, OR 6.4, CI 3.1 to 13.2). In 52 (81%) patients with ischaemic stroke, an aetiology was determined. Primary aetiologies comprised infectious meningitides/vasculitides in 18 (28%) patients, coagulopathy in 12 (19%) patients and cardioembolism in nine (14%) patients. Multiple aetiologies were present in seven (11%) patients with ischaemic stroke. HIV associated vasculopathy was identified in 13 (20%) patients. The HIV associated vasculopathy manifested either extracranially (seven patients) as total or significant carotid occlusion or intracranially (six patients) as medium vessel occlusion, with or without fusiform aneurysmal dilation, stenosis and vessel calibre variation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Investigation of HIV infected patients presenting with stroke will determine an aetiology in the majority of patients. In our cohort, 20% of patients demonstrated evidence of an HIV associated vasculopathy.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Unit, Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Btipping@mweb.co.za
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tipping
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Villiers
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wainwright
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Candy
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bryer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000783:Aneurysm / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D004211:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D004617:Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008585:Meningitis, Meningococcal / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology