title: Indications for hand-assisted laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation for liver tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiofrequency ablation has established itself as the preferred treatment for irresectable liver tumors. It can be performed either percutaneously, laparoscopically, or by open surgery. The choice of approach depends on the patient and tumor-related variables. The laparoscopic approach appears to be the safest and most effective method for small tumors on the liver surface. It also provides additional information on the intrahepatic tumor burden with the use of intraoperative ultrasound and staging laparoscopy. Furthermore, the pneumoperitoneum reduces the flow of the portal vein and increases the efficacy of the ablation. Depending on the location of the tumor, mobilization of the liver or lysis of adhesions from previous surgery can require open surgery. Our aim was to study the combined use of laparoscopy and laparotomy by using hand-assisted laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed hand-assisted laparoscopy to ablate nine tumors in seven patients, enabling us to combine most of the advantages of laparoscopy and open surgery. The radiofrequency ablation was technically simple to perform. A laparoscopy of the entire abdominal cavity and a thorough examination of the entire liver via ultrasound was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The electrode was accurately placed in all patients. In four patients, a complete mobilization of the right lobe was performed to obtain the easiest possible access to the tumor. In three patients, severe adhesions from previous surgeries were removed prior to insertion of the laparoscopic tools. The ablation was completed safely and successfully in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our overall impression of the hand-assisted laparoscopic approach is that it seems to have a major advantage in comparison with simple laparoscopy, specifically for adhesions from previous surgeries and when the right liver lobe requires mobilization. Also, needle placement seems to be far more accurate than with simple laparoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany. guido.schumacher@charite.de
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eisele
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spinelli
authors.forename: Sven Christian
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pratschke
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology