title: Levels of Ca2+-dipicolinic acid in individual bacillus spores determined using microfluidic Raman tweezers.
abstract: Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (dipicolinic acid [DPA]) in a 1:1 chelate with calcium ion (Ca-DPA) comprises 5 to 15% of the dry weight of spores of Bacillus species. Ca-DPA is important in spore resistance to many environmental stresses and in spore stability, and Ca-DPA levels in spore populations can vary with spore species/strains, as well as with sporulation conditions. We have measured levels of Ca-DPA in large numbers of individual spores in populations of a variety of Bacillus species and strains by using microfluidic Raman tweezers, in which a single spore is trapped in a focused laser beam and its Ca-DPA is quantitated from the intensity of the Ca-DPA-specific band at 1,017 cm(-1) in Raman spectroscopy. Conclusions from these measurements include the following: (i) Ca-DPA concentrations in the spore core are >800 mM, well above Ca-DPA solubility; (ii) SpoVA proteins may be involved in Ca-DPA uptake in sporulation; and (iii) Ca-DPA levels differ significantly among individual spores in a population, but much of this variation could be due to variations in the sizes of individual spores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858-4353, USA.
authors.forename: Shu-shi
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: De
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Pelczar
authors.forename: Venkata Ramana
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Vepachedu
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Setlow
authors.forename: Yong-qing
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001407:Bacillus / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry*; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D010848:Picolinic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010848:Picolinic Acids; D002118:Calcium; C004860:dipicolinic acid