title: Antibiotic treatment of the tick vector Amblyomma americanum reduced reproductive fitness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The lone star tick Amblyomma americanum is a common pest and vector of infectious diseases for humans and other mammals in the southern and eastern United States. A Coxiella sp. bacterial endosymbiont was highly prevalent in both laboratory-reared and field-collected A. americanum. The Coxiella sp. was demonstrated in all stages of tick and in greatest densities in nymphs and adult females, while a Rickettsia sp. was less prevalent and in lower densities when present.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We manipulated the numbers of both bacterial species in laboratory-reared A. americanum by injecting engorged nymphs or engorged, mated females with single doses of an antibiotic (rifampin or tetracycline) or buffer alone. Burdens of the bacteria after molting or after oviposition were estimated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction with primers and probes specific for each bacterial species or, as an internal standard, the host tick. Post-molt adult ticks that had been treated with rifampin or tetracycline had lower numbers of the Coxiella sp. and Rickettsia sp. and generally weighed less than ticks that received buffer alone. Similarly, after oviposition, females treated previously with either antibiotic had lower burdens of both bacterial species in comparison to controls. Treatment of engorged females with either antibiotic was associated with prolonged time to oviposition, lower proportions of ticks that hatched, lower proportions of viable larvae among total larvae, and lower numbers of viable larvae per tick. These fitness estimators were associated with reduced numbers of the Coxiella sp. but not the Rickettsia sp.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that the Coxiella sp. is a primary endosymbiont, perhaps provisioning the obligately hematophagous parasites with essential nutrients. The results also suggest that antibiotics could be incorporated into an integrated pest management plan for control of these and other tick vectors of disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Pacific-Southwest Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infections, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jianmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Algimantas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jasinskas
authors.forename: Alan G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Barbour
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001096:Arachnid Vectors; D003381:Coxiella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012281:Rickettsia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013987:Ticks / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D013752:Tetracycline; D012293:Rifampin