title: Effects of lamotrigine alone and in combination with MK-801, phenobarbital, or phenytoin on cell death in the neonatal rat brain.
abstract: The neonatal rat brain is vulnerable to neuronal apoptosis induced by antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), especially when given in combination. This study evaluated lamotrigine alone or in combination with phenobarbital, phenytoin, or the glutamate antagonist (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK-801) for a proapoptotic action in the developing rat brain. Cell death was assessed in brain regions (striatum, thalamus, and cortical areas) of rat pups (postnatal day 8) by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, 24 h after acute drug treatment. Lamotrigine alone did not increase neuronal apoptosis when given in doses up to 50 mg/kg; a significant increase in cell death occurred after 100 mg/kg. Combination of 20 mg/kg lamotrigine with 0.5 mg/kg MK-801 or 75 mg/kg phenobarbital resulted in a significant increase in TUNEL-positive cells, compared with MK-801 or phenobarbital treatment alone. A similar enhancement of phenytoin-induced cell death occurred after 30 mg/kg lamotrigine. In contrast, 20 mg/kg lamotrigine significantly attenuated phenytoin-induced cell death. Lamotrigine at 10 mg/kg was without effect on apoptosis induced by phenytoin. Although the functional and clinical implications of AED-induced developmental neuronal apoptosis remain to be elucidated, our finding that lamotrigine alone is devoid of this effect makes this drug attractive as monotherapy for the treatment of women during pregnancy, and for preterm or neonatal infants. However, because AEDs are often introduced as add-on medication, careful selection of drug combinations and doses may be required to avoid developmental neurotoxicity when lamotrigine is used in polytherapy.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Jinsook
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gale
authors.forename: Alexei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kondratyev
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D008297:Male; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012737:Sex Factors; D013788:Thalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D014227:Triazines / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014227:Triazines; D010672:Phenytoin; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D010634:Phenobarbital