title: Bone mineral density changes over a year in young females with schizophrenia: relationship to medication and endocrine variables.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperprolactinaemia is associated with the use of potent dopamine-2 receptor blocking anti-psychotic agents in schizophrenia and with bone loss in the general population. Significantly higher rates of reduced bone mineral density (BMD) have been identified in young pre-menopausal females with schizophrenia receiving prolactin-raising anti-psychotics compared to those receiving prolactin-sparing anti-psychotics. This prospective study compared BMD alterations over a period of 1 year in patients maintained on either prolactin-raising (e.g. risperidone, amisulpride or depot anti-psychotics) or prolactin-sparing (olanzapine) anti-psychotics. The effects of specific interventions to improve BMD were also examined in the context of whether patients were receiving either prolactin-raising or anti-psychotics or Olanzapine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre-menopausal females (n=38) with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, who had received exclusively either prolactin-raising (n=25) or prolactin-sparing (n=13) anti-psychotics during their treatment history, had clinical, endocrine and bone marker assessments performed at baseline and every 3 months for a period of 1 year. BMD was measured by DEXA scan at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. Patients from both groups either received specific interventions (n=16) or no interventions (n=16) to improve bone density.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an overall gain in lumbar BMD values in the prolactin-sparing subgroup, compared to an overall loss in the prolactin-raising subgroup (p=0.02), for the groups that received no specific interventions to improve BMD. Within the group that received specific interventions, the subgroup receiving prolactin-sparing anti-psychotics had a significant increase in lumbar (p=0.01) and hip (p=0.01) BMD over time, whereas alterations in the prolactin-raising subgroup were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women taking prolactin-raising anti-psychotics and not receiving specific interventions to improve bone density had evidence of ongoing bone demineralisation over a year; whereas women taking prolactin-sparing anti-psychotics had a modest overall increase in BMD. Most clinical interventions appeared to be helpful, but were significantly more effective in those taking prolactin-sparing anti-psychotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland. annamariameaney@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Meaney
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: O'Keane
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D017697:Premenopause / Q000187:drug effects; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D004958:Estradiol; D011388:Prolactin