title: Phase I trial of imexon in patients with advanced malignancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Imexon, a pro-oxidant small molecule, has antitumor activity in preclinical models. The drug induces apoptosis through accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The purpose of this trial was to define the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), toxicities, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of imexon in patients with advanced cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine patients with metastatic cancer received intravenous imexon over 30 to 45 minutes for 5 consecutive days (one course) every other week (days 1 through 5 and 15 through 19) monthly. Doses were initially escalated using an accelerated trial design and then a modified Fibonacci method. Plasma imexon levels and six different thiols were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 13 dose levels evaluated, from 20 mg/m2/d to 1,000 mg/m2/d. The MTD recommended for phase II studies was 875 mg/m2/d for 5 days every 2 weeks (n = 9 patients). The two dose-limiting toxicities at 1,000 mg/m2/d involved grade 3 abdominal pain and fatigue and grade 4 neutropenia, which occurred in one patient each. Other common toxicities included nausea and vomiting (58%) and constipation (63%); both were managed well with prophylactic medications. One partial response was obtained in a heavily pretreated patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Pharmacokinetic studies showed dose-independent clearance, with a 95-minute mean half-life. Plasma thiol studies showed a dose- and area under the curve-dependent decrease in cystine levels 8 hours after dosing at 750 mg/m2/d.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phase II recommended dose of imexon is 875 mg/m2/d for 5 days every other week. A decrease in plasma thiols did correlate with imexon exposure.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
authors.forename: Tomislav
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dragovich
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mendelson
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Modiano
authors.forename: H-H Sherry
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Samulitis
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Day
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grenier
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hersh
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dorr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006588:Hexanones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006588:Hexanones; C014919:4-imino-1,3-diazabicyclo(3.1.0)hexan-2-one