title: Revision open anterior approaches for spine procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anterior exposure has become an increasingly popular procedure for the general and vascular surgeon due to the increased use of anterior lumbar interbody fusion and artificial disc replacement for the treatment of many spinal problems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Because of this increase, revision operations have become increasing necessary. Despite this, there is almost no literature dealing with the issues related to these complex revision operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of charts was performed on patients operated on from April 2002 until October 2004 in two tertiary care hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 218 open exposures for anterior lumbar spinal approaches were performed of which 9 patients required revision lumbar spinal operations. Seven patients were approached again anteriorly (78%), and 2 (22%) patients required a combined anterior and posterior approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nine cases were the number of revision procedures performed over the 16-month period of this study. The average age was 44 overall (range, 25-89) and 53 (33-73) for the revision operations, p>.05. All revision operations attempted were successful. Seven (78%) of the secondary procedures could be approached retroperitoneally whereas 2 (22%) patients required transperitoneal approaches owing to the degree of adhesions. The average length until revision surgery was 13 months (range 6-24). No patients required early revision defined as surgery within 30 days from the primary surgery. Early complications occurred in 4 patients (44%), and included dural tear, median nerve dysthesia, left common femoral nerve palsy further complicated by prolonged postoperative ileus and retrograde ejaculation. Late complications occurred in one patient and consisted of a deep venous thrombosis and urinary tract infection. The average length of stay was 6 days (SD 2.7 days) (range 4-12) compared with 4 days (SD 2.3 days) (range 2-22) for the index operations, p>.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Revision anterior open exposure to the lumbar and lumbosacral vertebral bodies can be performed safely, but is associated with an increased rate of early complications. Nonetheless, these complications are self-limited and highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in maximizing the various surgical skills of spine (orthopedic and neurosurgical) and exposure (vascular and general) surgeons in reducing serious complications in revision anterior lumbar spinal surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06504, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gumbs
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanan
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Rahul V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Bauer
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sumpio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome