title: Increased excretion of glycosaminoglycans in children with urinary incontinence compared to those with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in patients with either urinary incontinence or nocturnal enuresis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 65 patients with either nocturnal enuresis (n=34) or urinary incontinence (n=31) and 67 controls. Excretion of urinary GAGs was assessed using the sodium tetraborate-carbazole method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GAG excretion in patients with urinary incontinence was significantly higher than that in controls (p<0.000129) and in children with nocturnal enuresis (p<0.016). There were no age or sex differences in GAG excretion in the three groups studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased GAG excretion in patients with urinary incontinence suggests an association with urothelial/detrusor pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Università Cattolica S. Cuore, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy. pferrara@rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marrone
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mastrangelo
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicoletti
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Emmanuele
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fasano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001881:Borates; D002227:Carbazoles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000652:urine*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D001881:Borates; D002227:Carbazoles; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; C041514:carbazole; C010634:sodium borate