title: Pediatric robotic surgery: lessons from a clinical experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Robotic surgery may improve minimally invasive surgery at high magnification by tremor filtration, motion-scaling, and improved dexterity with the provision of a wrist at the end of the robotic instrument.
  
  
  METHODS
  We chose the Zeus Microwrist robotic surgical system as more applicable to small children than the competing da Vinci surgical system. We attempted 57 surgical procedures and completed 54.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Completed procedures included Nissen fundoplication (n = 25), cholecystectomy (n = 18), Heller myotomy (n = 2), splenectomy (n = 2), Morgagni hernia repair (n = 2), and single cases of complex pyloroplasty in the chest, bowel resection, left Bochdalek congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair, esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula repair, and choledochal cyst excision. There were no complications related to the use of the robot. The mean time for the surgeon at the console using the robot was 117 +/- 39 minutes for Nissen fundoplication, and the total operating room time was 250 +/- 60 minutes. Surgeons found dissection, suturing, and knot tying easier than with conventional laparoscopy. None of the surgeons thought the lack of touch feedback (haptics) was crucial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robotic surgery offers increased dexterity to the pediatric minimally invasive surgeon, but procedures require more time, and there is no defined patient benefit. The fact that robotic surgery digitalizes minimally invasive surgery creates exciting possibilities for training surgeons, planning operations, and performing surgery at great distances from the operator.
authors.affiliation: Wayne State University School of Medicine and the Maxine and Stuart Frankel Foundation Computer-Assisted Robot-Enhanced Surgery Program, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. mklein@dmc.org
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Langenburg
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kabeer
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lorincz
authors.forename: Colin G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Knight
mesh_terms: D004066:Digestive System Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D012371:Robotics; D013156:Splenectomy / Q000379:methods; D013158:Splenic Diseases / Q000601:surgery*