title: Primary pedicle screw augmentation in osteoporotic lumbar vertebrae: biomechanical analysis of pedicle fixation strength.
abstract: METHODS
  Pedicle screw pullout testing in osteoporotic and control human cadaveric vertebrae, comparing augmented and control vertebrae.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the pullout strengths of pedicle screws fixed in osteoporotic vertebrae using polymethyl methacrylate delivered by 2 augmentation techniques, a standard transpedicular approach and kyphoplasty type approach.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Pedicle screw instrumentation of the osteoporotic spine carries an increased risk of screw loosening, pullout, and fixation failure. Osteoporosis is often cited as a contraindication for pedicle screw fixation. Augmentation of the vertebral pedicle and body using polymethyl methacrylate may improve fixation strength and construct survival in the osteoporotic vertebrae. While the utility of polymethyl methacrylate has been demonstrated for salvage of screws that have been pulled out, the effect of the cement technique on pullout strength in osteoporotic vertebrae has not been previously studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen osteoporotic and 9 healthy human lumbar vertebrae were tested. All specimens were instrumented with pedicle screws using a uniform technique. Osteoporotic pedicles were augmented with polymethyl methacrylate using either a kyphoplasty type technique or a transpedicular augmentation technique. Screws were tested in a paired testing array, randomly assigning the augmentation techniques to opposite sides of each vertebra. Pullout to failure was performed either primarily or after a 5000-cycle tangential fatigue conditioning exposure. After testing, following screw removal, specimens were cut in the axial plane through the center of the vertebral body to inspect the cement distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pedicle screws placed in osteoporotic vertebrae had higher pullout loads when augmented with the kyphoplasty technique compared to transpedicular augmentation (1414 +/- 338 versus 756 +/- 300 N, respectively; P < 0.001). An unpaired t test showed that fatigued pedicle screws in osteoporotic vertebrae augmented by kyphoplasty showed higher pullout resistance than those placed in healthy control vertebrae (P = 0.002). Both kyphoplasty type augmentation (P = 0.007) and transpedicular augmentation (P = 0.02) increased pullout loads compared to pedicle screws placed in nonaugmented osteoporotic vertebrae when tested after fatigue cycling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pedicle screw augmentation with polymethyl methacrylate improves the initial fixation strength and fatigue strength of instrumentation in osteoporotic vertebrae. Pedicle screws augmented using the kyphoplasty technique had significantly greater pullout strength than those augmented with transpedicular augmentation technique and those placed in healthy control vertebrae with no augmentation.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland Clinic Spine Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Burval
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: McLain
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Milks
authors.forename: Serkan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inceoglu
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001843:Bone Cements; D001863:Bone Screws; D006801:Humans; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008422:Materials Testing; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate