title: Supplementation with iron and riboflavin enhances dark adaptation response to vitamin A-fortified rice in iron-deficient, pregnant, nightblind Nepali women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nightblindness affects 16-52% of pregnant women in areas of Nepal and in some cases persists after vitamin A treatment. Iron and riboflavin affect vitamin A utilization and photoreceptor function, respectively, and pilot data in the study population showed a high prevalence of iron and riboflavin deficiencies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to assess the effect of supplemental iron and riboflavin on pupillary threshold (PT) and plasma retinol in nightblind, pregnant Nepali women given vitamin A-fortified rice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nightblind pregnant women were randomly assigned to receive, 6 d/wk under supervision for 6 wk, a vitamin A-fortified rice curry dish providing 850 microg retinal activity equivalents/d with either a 30-mg Fe and 6-mg riboflavin (FeR + VA) capsule or a placebo control (VA only) capsule. Hemoglobin, erythrocyte riboflavin, and plasma ferritin and retinol were measured before and after the intervention. Dark adaptation was assessed by PT score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women who were iron deficient at baseline (n=38) had significantly greater improvement in PT score with iron and riboflavin supplementation than without (P=0.05). Iron and riboflavin supplements significantly reduced the prevalences of riboflavin deficiency (from 60% to 6%; P<0.0001), iron deficiency anemia (from 35% to 15%; P<0.007), and abnormal PT (from 87% to 30%; P<0.05) from baseline. Mean increases in erythrocyte riboflavin (P<0.0001) and plasma ferritin (P=0.01) were greater in the FeR + VA group than in the VA only group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iron deficiency may limit the efficacy of vitamin A to normalize dark adaptation in pregnant Nepali women. Further studies are needed to assess the effect of simultaneous delivery of iron and vitamin A for the treatment of nightblindness.
authors.affiliation: Program in International Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Marjorie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Haskell
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: Ram K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: Kenneth H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Lindsay H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003623:Dark Adaptation / Q000187:drug effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009390:Nepal; D009755:Night Blindness / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012275:Oryza; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012257:Riboflavin Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019266:Iron, Dietary; D014801:Vitamin A; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D012256:Riboflavin