title: Genetic diversity and major spoligotype families of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from different regions of Turkey.
abstract: To highlight the transmission rate and major phylogenetic clades of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, a total of 200 drug-resistant strains isolated in four different regions of Turkey (Marmara n=81; Mediterranean n=39; Aegean n=42; East Anatolia n=38), were typed by spoligotyping and IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The major spoligotyping-defined shared-types (STs) and corresponding lineages were, ST 41 (22.5%, LAM7-TUR), ST53 (19.5%, ill-defined T super-family), ST 50 (6.5%, Haarlem 3), ST 1261 (4.5%, LAM7-TUR), ST 47 (3.5%, Haarlem 1), as well as two STs that belonged to undefined clades (ST 284, 3%, and ST 2067, 2.5%). The global distribution of major M. tuberculosis lineages among drug-resistant strains was as follows: T super-family (29%), Latin-American & Mediterranean (33.5%), Haarlem (14%), and the S lineage (3%). A high number of strains (n=29, 14.5%) showed patterns that did not fall within major clades described so far. A combination of spoligotyping and IS6110-RFLP fingerprinting methods resulted in a final clustering rate of 38.5% and a recent transmission rate of 25.5%. Our results underline the highly diverse nature of drug-resistant tuberculosis in our study population, as well as its ongoing transmission with lineages that are specific to these regions, the most predominant being the LAM7-TUR lineage which shows an enhanced phylogeographical specificity for Turkey.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey. rdurmaz@inonu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Riza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Durmaz
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zozio
authors.forename: Selami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gunal
authors.forename: Akgun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yaman
authors.forename: Cengiz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cavusoglu
authors.forename: Cengiz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guney
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sola
authors.forename: Nalin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rastogi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission; D014421:Turkey