title: Is the distinction between superficial pressure ulcers and moisture lesions justifiable? A clinical-pathologic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pressure ulcers are classified into 4 distinct stages, which allows comparisons between institutions and even countries. Recently, attempts have been made to single out so-called moisture lesions from the early stages of pressure ulcer lesions as a distinct entity.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate the justification for this development, 14 histopathologic samples from patients with both incontinence and pressure ulcer lesions were studied in an attempt to delineate differences in the pathophysiology and histopathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two distinct histopathologic pictures emerged: an ischemic pattern and a pattern of irritation. The latter appeared to be associated with lesions that clinically fit the description of moisture lesions, but this association was not absolute.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no justification for singling out moisture lesions from pressure ulcer lesions. The distinction may even be dangerous when proper preventive measures for the development of pressure ulcers are not taken because of the existence of a possible moisture lesion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Deventer Ziekenhuis, 7400 GC Deventer, Overijssel, the Netherlands. houwingr@dz.nl
authors.forename: Ronald H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Houwing
authors.forename: Jan Willem
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Arends
authors.forename: Marijke R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Canninga-van Dijk
authors.forename: Eddy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Koopman
authors.forename: Jeen R E
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Haalboom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000145:classification* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017592:Skin Care; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000150:complications