title: Intranasal delivery: physicochemical and therapeutic aspects.
abstract: Interest in intranasal (IN) administration as a non-invasive route for drug delivery continues to grow rapidly. The nasal mucosa offers numerous benefits as a target issue for drug delivery, such as a large surface area for delivery, rapid drug onset, potential for central nervous system delivery, and no first-pass metabolism. A wide variety of therapeutic compounds can be delivered IN, including relatively large molecules such as peptides and proteins, particularly in the presence of permeation enhancers. The current review provides an in-depth discussion of therapeutic aspects of IN delivery including consideration of the intended indication, regimen, and patient population, as well as physicochemical properties of the drug itself. Case examples are provided to illustrate the utility of IN dosing. It is anticipated that the present review will prove useful for formulation scientists considering IN delivery as a delivery route.
authors.affiliation: Nastech Pharmaceutical Company, Inc., Bothell, WA 98021, USA. rcostantino@Nastech.com
authors.forename: Henry R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Costantino
authors.forename: Lisbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Illum
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Quay
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004355:Drug Stability; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D012995:Solubility; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000932:Antiemetics; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D014612:Vaccines