title: Human Krüppel-like factor 11 inhibits human proinsulin promoter activity in pancreatic beta cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Krüppel-like factor 11 (KLF11; TIEG2), a pancreas-enriched Sp1-like transcription factor, is a known negative regulator of pancreatic exocrine cell growth. A recent study indicated KLF11-induced activation of the human proinsulin promoter (hInsP).
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the functional role of KLF11 in pancreatic beta cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endogenous KLF11 mRNA expression was found in whole rat pancreas, human pancreatic islets and INS-1E beta cells and was profoundly reduced by high glucose in INS-1E. Cotransfections of INS-1E and beta-TC3 beta cells with a human (h)KLF11 expression plasmid and an hInsP-driven reporter plasmid resulted in a substantial dose-dependent and glucose-independent inhibition of proinsulin promoter activity. 5'-deletion of hInsP demonstrated that hKLF11 acts via DNA sequences upstream of -173 and requires the beta cell-specific transcription machinery, since hKLF11-mediated inhibition of promoter activity was abolished in HEK293 cells. Besides a previously described GC box, we further identified a CACCC box within the hInsP, both putative KLF11-binding motifs. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis (EMSA) verified binding of in vitro translated hKLF11 to the GC box, but neither hKLF11-induced inhibition nor basal hInsP activity was altered by mutation or 5'-deletion of the GC box. In contrast, CACCC box mutation substantially reduced basal promoter activity and partially diminished hKLF11 inhibition, although binding of in vitro translated hKLF11 to the CACCC box could not be verified by EMSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In rodent beta cell lines, we demonstrate hKLF11overexpression-mediated inhibition [corrected] of human proinsulin gene expression and characterise a prominent role for the CACCC box in maintaining basal proinsulin promoter activity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory B9, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Perakakis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laubner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Limbert
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stahl
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Brendel
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Bretzel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seufert
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Päth
mesh_terms: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D001665:Binding Sites; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000166:cytology; D009154:Mutation; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011384:Proinsulin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D007328:Insulin; C115117:KLF11 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D011384:Proinsulin; D005947:Glucose