title: Biomechanical evaluation of occupant anthropometry during frontal collisions.
abstract: The present study examines the biomechanical implications of 3-point lap/shoulder seat belts and frontal air bags to the injury probabilities for occupants of varying anthropometry, during frontal collisions. Using Mathematical Dynamic Modeling (MADYMO) software, a variety of simulated frontal crash tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of seat belts and air bags in reducing probability of injury to different sized occupants. The simulations included virtual models of the 5th percentile female, 50th percentile male, and 95th percentile male to represent three occupant size classes. The test matrix paired each of these dummy sizes with four restraint system configurations. The configurations examined were seat belt only, air bag only, both seat belt and air bag, and none. Each of the simulated crashes was modeled to replicate a direct (12 O'clock) frontal collision with a total change in velocity of 56.3kph. Likelihood of serious injury was determined through the calculation of Head Injury Criteria (HIC,36ms), angular acceleration of the head center of gravity, and the Nij neck injury criteria. The results generally suggested that air bags produce a more significant reduction in HIC for larger belted occupants than they do for smaller belted occupants, and that whether belted or not, smaller occupants received the largest reduction in head CG angular acceleration due to the existence of an air bag. Though clear trends were not noted in the neck injury values, it was noted that the simulations with out air bags produced two results that failed the injury criterion, while no serious neck injuries would be expected based on the values produced in the simulations with air bags. The study suggested that a properly timed air bag deployment can reduce injury potential for all occupants of all sizes, but that the magnitude of this benefit is dependent on anthropometry.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Institute, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frieder
authors.forename: Sri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sances
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D017278:Air Bags / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000379:methods; D001824:Body Constitution; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control