title: Helicoverpa armigera baseline susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins and resistance management for Bt cotton in India.
abstract: Transgenic cotton that produces insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), often referred to as Bt cotton, is widely grown in many countries. Bt cotton with a single cry1A gene and stacked also with cry2A gene has provided satisfactory protection against the damage by the lepidopteran bollworms, especially the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) which is considered as a key pest. The baseline susceptibility of the larvae of H. armigera to Cry1Ac and other toxins carried out in many countries has provided a basis for monitoring resistance. There is no evidence of development of field-level resistance in H. armigera leading to the failure of Bt cotton crop anywhere in the world, despite the fact that Bt cotton was grown on the largest ever area of 12.1 million hectares in 2006 and its cumulative cultivation over the last 11 years has surpassed the annual cotton area in the world. Nevertheless, the Bt resistance management has become a necessity to sustain Bt cotton and other transgenic crops in view of potential of the target insects to evolve Cry toxin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Entomology Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India. gtgujar@iari.res.in
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Gujar
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kalia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumari
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D003368:Gossypium / Q000235:genetics*; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D007194:India; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis