title: Craniospinal irradiation with spinal IMRT to improve target homogeneity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a new technique for the spinal component of craniospinal irradiation (CSI) in the supine position, to describe a verification procedure for this method, and to compare this technique with conventional plans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients were treated between 1998 and 2006 with CSI using a novel technique. Sixteen children were treated with a conventional field arrangement. All patients were followed for outcomes and toxicity. CSI was delivered using a posteroanterior (PA) intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) spinal field matched to conventional, opposed lateral cranial fields. Treatment plans were generated for each patient using the IMRT technique and a standard PA field technique. The resulting dosimetry was compared to determine target homogeneity, maximum dose to normal tissues, and total monitor units delivered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evaluation of the spinal IMRT technique compared with a standard PA technique reveals a 7% reduction in the target volume receiving > or =110% of the prescribed dose and an 8% increase in the target volume receiving > or =95% of the prescribed dose. Although target homogeneity was improved, the maximum dose delivered in the paraspinal muscles was increased by approximately 8.5% with spinal IMRT compared to the PA technique. Follow-up evaluations revealed no unexpected toxicity associated with the IMRT technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new technique of spine IMRT is presented in combination with a quality assurance method. This method improves target dose uniformity compared to the conventional CSI technique. Longer follow-up will be required to determine any benefit with regard to toxicity and disease control.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Atmaram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pai Panandiker
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Likhacheva
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ullman
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ondos
authors.forename: Shervin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karimpour
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Citrin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000528:radiation effects; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D013131:Spine / Q000528:radiation effects; D016683:Supine Position