title: Swimming pools and fungi: an environmental epidemiology survey in Italian indoor swimming facilities.
abstract: A growing number of people attend swimming facilities for recreational activities, rehabilitative treatments, or sport. Filamentous fungi and yeast can be isolated from contaminated air, water and surfaces and may represent a biological risk for employees and users. Here we investigated the occurrence of mycotic species, in a sample of Italian swimming pools (n = 10). Detection and identification of isolated species were achieved by cultural and morphological methods. Results revealed moderate mycotic titres and a high biodiversity. Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp. and Alternaria sp., were constantly detected in air and surfaces sampled by the swimming area, while pathogenic yeast Candida albicans was never detected. Fusarium spp. was the most common taxon isolated from surfaces. For one facility, we typed the genotypic profiles and studied, by genetic typing, the spatial and temporal distribution of isolates. Phylogenetic relationships between species were analysed by alignment of small ribosomal subunit RNA sequences.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicological Hygienic and Environmental Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino (PU), Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brandi
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sisti
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paparini
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gianfranceschi
authors.forename: Giuditta F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Schiavano
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Santi
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Santoni
authors.forename: Valter
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Magini
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Romano-Spica
mesh_terms: D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D003881:Dermatomycoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D003904:Mitosporic Fungi / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000032:analysis; D013550:Swimming; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S