title: From frown lines to fissures: therapeutic uses for botulinum toxin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the pharmacological mode of action of botulinum toxin (BTX) has been elucidated, its therapeutic potential has been increasingly recognised. The aims of this review were to summarize our current understanding of the pharmacological action of this agent and to review its therapeutic uses.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic literature search with Medline (January 1965 to December 2004) was carried out to identify articles related to the pharmacological mode of action and clinical uses for botulinum toxin using the keyword "botulinum toxin".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botulinum toxin A is emerging as a valuable clinical tool, both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in a wide variety of disorders, and is already the treatment of choice for selected conditions. Better understanding of its modes of action may identify alternative targets for pharmacological intervention, and may allow development of longer acting drugs with lower immunogenicity. Therapeutic uses of BTX-A must be assessed systematically in prospective studies, and the clinical role of other subtypes requires evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Queen Mary's Hospital, Sidcup, Kent, UK. rp_sutcliffe@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Sutcliffe
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sandiford
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Khawaja