title: Residual motor signal in long-term human severed peripheral nerves and feasibility of neural signal-controlled artificial limb.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The residual motor pathways after amputation have not been fully elucidated. We sampled potentials from peripheral nerve stumps with intrafascicular electrodes to study residual motor transmission and explore the feasibility of nerve signal-controlled artificial limbs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six intrafascicular electrodes were inserted into the ulnar, radial, and median nerves in the stump of an amputee. An electrode was placed outside the fascicle as a reference. Potentials from 4 of the 6 electrodes per trial were monitored using a 4-channel electromyogram machine, and 32 groups of electrophysiologic tests were conducted under volitional control. Actions included finger extension and flexion, forearm pronation and supination, and wrist extension and flexion. Each action was carried out with light, intermediate, and full efforts. Then, 2 of 6 electrodes randomly chosen per trial were interfaced to a nerve signal-controlled artificial limb. Finger extension and flexion of the prosthesis were tested under volitional control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The volitional motor nerve potentials uniquely associated with the missing limb were recorded successfully with intrafascicular electrodes. The signal amplitude from the radial nerve was 5.5 microV +/- 0.8 (mean +/- SD), which was greater than the amplitudes from the ulnar (2.5 microV +/- 0.4) and median (2.2 microV +/- 0.3) nerves. Under volitional control of the subject, finger extension of the artificial limb was triggered by the radial nerve signal, but the remaining actions were unsuccessful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The long-term amputee was able to generate motor neuron activity related to phantom limb movement. Intrafascicular electrodes can be used to monitor residual motor nerve activity in the stump, and the amplitude may predict successful control of artificial limbs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhong Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China. xjia1@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Xiaowen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Tongyi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhongwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000328:Adult; D000672:Amputation Stumps / Q000294:innervation*; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D004525:Efferent Pathways; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004576:Electromyography; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement