title: Toxicity of explosive compounds to the marine mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, in aqueous exposures.
abstract: Lethal and sublethal effects of the explosive compounds, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) were assessed in separate water only exposures to the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Toxicity endpoints included survival and byssal thread formation in adults, and larval development success of embryos, in 96- and 48-h exposures, respectively. The larval development endpoint was over an order of magnitude more sensitive to TNT compared to adult survival, with median effective concentration (EC50) values of 0.75 and 19.5mgL(-1) (3.30 and 74.1micromolL(-1)), respectively. Byssal thread formation (48h EC50=6.57mgL(-1); 29.3micromolL(-1)) was also impaired at sublethal concentrations. The highest RDX and HMX concentrations tested (28.4 and 1.9mgL(-1) [124 and 6.43micromolL(-1)], respectively) failed to promote any significant toxicological effect in exposed mussels. Median lethal residues (LR50) of 14.0microg g(-1) (51.0nmolg(-1)) ww for TNT in the adults were similar to those measured for other marine invertebrates in previous studies, while body residues as high as 19.6 and 0.92microg g(-1) (86 and 3.1nmolg(-1)) ww were not associated with any toxicity for RDX and HMX, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, Environmental Sciences and Applied Systems Branch, 53475 Strothe Road, San Diego, CA 92152, USA. gunther.rosen@navy.mil
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Guilherme R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Lotufo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001392:Azocines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000378:metabolism; D001822:Body Burden; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014227:Triazines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001392:Azocines; D001704:Biopolymers; D053834:Explosive Agents; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014303:Trinitrotoluene; C007950:octogen; C009160:cyclonite