title: Free copper and resting temporal EEG rhythms correlate across healthy, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study tested the hypothesis that the serum copper abnormalities were correlated with alterations of resting electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms across the continuum of healthy elderly (Hold), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Resting eyes-closed EEG rhythms delta (2-4Hz), theta (4-8Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-13Hz), beta 1 (13-20Hz), beta 2 (20-30Hz), and gamma (30-40Hz), estimated by LORETA, were recorded in 17 Hold, 19 MCI, 27 AD- (MMSE< or =20), and 27 AD+ (MMSE20) individuals and correlated with copper biological variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across the continuum of Hold, MCI and AD subjects, alpha sources in parietal, occipital, and temporal areas were decreased, while the magnitude of the delta and theta EEG sources in parietal, occipital, and temporal areas was increased. The fraction of serum copper unbound to ceruloplasmin positively correlated with temporal and frontal delta sources, regardless of the effects of age, gender, and education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results sustain the hypothesis of a toxic component of serum copper that is correlated with functional loss of AD, as revealed by EEG indexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study represents the first demonstration that the fraction of serum copper unbound to ceruloplasmin is correlated with cortical delta rhythms across Hold, MCI, and AD subjects, thus unveiling possible relationships among the biological parameter, advanced neurodegenerative processes, and synchronization mechanisms regulating the relative amplitude of selective EEG rhythms.
authors.affiliation: Dip Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia, Univ La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. claudio.babiloni@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Babiloni
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Squitti
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Percio
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cassetta
authors.forename: Maria Carla
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ventriglia
authors.forename: Florinda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferreri
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tombini
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frisoni
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Binetti
authors.forename: Mariella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gurzi
authors.forename: Serenella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salinari
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zappasodi
authors.forename: Paolo M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rossini
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015784:Betaxolol; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002570:Ceruloplasmin / Q000378:metabolism; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000145:classification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D014054:Tomography
chemical_list: D003300:Copper; D002570:Ceruloplasmin; D015784:Betaxolol