title: Cortical plasticity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: motor imagery and function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cortical networks underlying motor imagery are functionally close to motor performance networks and can be activated by patients with severe motor disabilities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to examine the longitudinal effect of progressive motoneuron degeneration on cortical representation of motor imagery and function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied 14 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and 15 healthy controls and a subgroup of 11 patients and 14 controls after 6 months with a grip force paradigm comprising imagery and execution tasks using functional magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Motor imagery activated similar neural networks as motor execution in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and healthy subjects in the primary motor (BA 4), premotor, and supplementary motor (BA 6) cortex. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients presented a stronger response within premotor and primary motor areas for imagery and execution compared to controls. After 6 months, these differences persisted with additional activity in the precentral gyrus in patients as well as in a frontoparietal network for motor imagery, in which activity increased with impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest an ongoing compensatory process within the higher order motor-processing system of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients, probably to overcome loss of function in primary motor and motor imagery-specific networks. The increased activity in precentral and frontoparietal networks in motor imagery might be used to control brain-computer interfaces to drive communication and limb prosthetic devices in patients with loss of motor control such as severely disabled amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients in a locked-in-like state.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurophysiology, Univeristy of Ulm, Ulm, Germany. dorothee.lule@uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: Dorothée
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lulé
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Diekmann
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kassubek
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurt
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Birbaumer
authors.forename: Albert C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ludolph
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kraft
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003143:Communication Devices for People with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014584:User-Computer Interface