title: Collagen XXIII expression is associated with prostate cancer recurrence and distant metastases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We had previously identified a new transmembrane collagen, type XXIII, in metastatic rat prostate carcinoma cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of collagen XXIII in human prostate cancer and investigate its relationship with disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated collagen XXIII expression in prostate cancer tissue and did a retrospective analysis of association with prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-defined disease recurrence. The presence of collagen XXIII in prostate cancer patient urine was also assessed before and after prostatectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Collagen XXIII protein was detected at very low levels in benign prostate tissue and was significantly increased in prostate cancer. Distant metastases exhibited significantly higher collagen XXIII levels compared with either localized prostate cancer or regional (lymph node) metastases. Patients with high collagen XXIII levels had a 2.8-fold higher risk of PSA failure with median time to failure of 8.1 months, compared with low collagen XXIII patients with a median time to failure of 5 years. Multivariate Cox regression showed that the presence of collagen XXIII was significantly associated with time to PSA recurrence, independent of other clinical variables. Collagen XXIII was also detected in prostate cancer patient urine, with reduced levels after prostatectomy, indicating potential as a noninvasive fluid biomarker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present the first report demonstrating increased collagen XXIII expression in prostate cancer tissue. We show that collagen XXIII level is a significant independent predictor of PSA-defined disease recurrence, suggesting a potential role as a molecular biomarker of prostate cancer progression and metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Banyard
authors.forename: Lere
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Matthias D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurakowski
authors.forename: Kristin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Spivey
authors.forename: Adam S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Lloyd M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuefer
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Zetter
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C499252:COL23A1 protein, human; D003094:Collagen