title: Higher prevalence of osteoporosis among female Holocaust survivors.
abstract: The prevalence of osteoporosis was statistically significantly higher among female Holocaust survivors than among those who were not exposed to the Holocaust. These findings support the importance of nutrition and environmental conditions during childhood and adolescence on BMD in older adults.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Holocaust survivors during childhood and adolescence experienced undernutrition and lack of exercise and sunlight. The study aimed to establish if Holocaust survivors have higher prevalence of osteoporosis than subjects who were not Holocaust survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-three female Jewish Holocaust survivors > or = 60 years old and 60 female European-born Jews > or =60 years old who were not in the Holocaust were examined. BMD was measured using DXA of the lumbar spine and hips. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to test for an increasing trend in decreased BMD in the Holocaust survivors versus controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among Holocaust survivors 54.8% had osteoporosis, 39.7% osteopenia, and 5.5% normal BMD, whereas among controls 25.0% had osteoporosis, 55.0% osteopenia, and 20.0% normal BMD (p = 0.0001). In those who were <17 years old in 1945, among Holocaust survivors 58.0% had osteoporosis, 34.0% osteopenia, and 8.0% normal BMD, whereas among controls 20.0% had osteoporosis, 57.8% osteopenia, and 22.2% normal BMD (p = 0.0003). In those > or =17 years old in 1945, among Holocaust survivors 47.8% had osteoporosis, 52.2% osteopenia and none had normal BMD, whereas among controls 40.0% had osteoporosis, 46.7% osteopenia, and 13.3% normal BMD (p = 0.28).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of osteoporosis was significantly higher among Holocaust survivors.
authors.affiliation: Acute Geriatric Department, Herzog Hospital, POB 3900, Jerusalem 91035, Israel. elm@zahav.net.il
authors.forename: E-L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Menczel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000503:physiopathology; D017767:Holocaust / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D007585:Jews / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D017741:Survivors