title: Prophylactic role for complementary and alternative medicine in perinatal programming of adult health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The health status of an individual in adulthood is proposed to be determined by events occurring in the prenatal and early postnatal period. A common early life event proven to have long lasting effects on the developing fetus is stress, including pain. Exposure of fetal and neonatal infants to repetitive psychological (e.g., maternal stress) or physiological (e.g., pain, infection, and noise) stress during this period is proposed to alter mechanisms involved in the regulation of stress, immunological maturation, pain perception, and cognition. Such changes, which persist into adulthood, may occur via alterations in the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This process is typically referred to as 'perinatal programming'. Ontogenic alterations in the development of the HPA-axis have been related to a number of adult pathologies such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, asthma, as well as psychopathologies such as anxiety and depression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this review, the effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), such as music, dietary supplements, massage and aromatherapy, in reducing perinatal stress in mothers and infants is examined. An emphasis is placed on these therapies as preventative measures which may be of value to individuals at risk of developing disease profiles associated with the consequences of adverse perinatal programming. The widening interest in perinatal programming and CAM suggests the potential for CAM to become a valuable tool in offsetting negative adult health outcomes resulting from perinatal programming associated with adverse gestational early life environments.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia. Deborah.Hodgson@newcastle.edu.au
authors.forename: Deborah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.forename: Tamo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Adam K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000529:Complementary Therapies; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000196:embryology*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*