title: Costs of a community pharmacist-led medicines management service for patients with coronary heart disease in England: healthcare system and patient perspectives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of death in the UK. CHD cost the UK National Health Service (NHS) pound 3.5 billion in 2003. The economic impact of community pharmacists providing a medicines management service for patients with CHD has not been rigorously evaluated; the full economic costs of such interventions are rarely presented in the literature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the incremental costs of a 1-year community pharmacist-led medicines management service for patients with CHD in the UK, from a healthcare system and patient perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cost-minimisation analysis was conducted alongside a multicentre randomised controlled trial. The primary study participants were patients with CHD identified from general practice computer records. Patients (intervention, n = 980; control, n = 500) from 38 general practices in nine geographical areas in the UK were included in the study. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOMES MEASURES: The intervention consisted of a review of pharmaceuticals and lifestyle advice by pharmacists in their premises, with recommendations communicated to the patient's GP. The main outcome measure was the incremental cost per patient in the intervention group compared with the control group. Annual costs ( pound, 2003/4 values) included the costs of the intervention (training and delivery costs), the usual costs of NHS treatment (costs of pharmaceuticals, GP and hospital visits) and costs borne by patients. Data were collected in the 12 months before and 12 months after the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total NHS cost increased between baseline and follow-up in both groups (from pound 1243 to pound 1286 [3%] in the control group and from pound 1410 to pound 1433 [2%] in the intervention group). The greater cost in the intervention group largely reflects the additional cost of the pharmacist training and the time taken to deliver the intervention; the difference in costs between the intervention and control groups, after controlling for differences in costs at baseline at follow-up, was statistically significant (p = 0.001). The costs of pharmaceuticals was higher in the intervention group ( pound 769.20 vs pound 742.3; p = 0.04). According to the sensitivity analysis, the intervention cost would need to decrease by 35% to achieve equivalence between costs in each arm of the trial. Difference to costs of patients and their carers at follow-up were not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The introduction of a 1-year pharmacist-led medicines management service is likely to increase the total cost of CHD treatment and prevention from the healthcare perspective, as the cost of the intervention outweighed the observed reduction in the cost of drugs in the intervention group. No changes in costs from the patient perspective were found.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tinelli
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bond
mesh_terms: D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000191:economics*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003625:Data Collection; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics; D016527:Drug Costs; D004739:England; D006801:Humans; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D010361:Patients; D013222:State Medicine / Q000191:economics