title: Metabolic syndrome and incident cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in a Mediterranean hypertensive population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in the general population, it is not clear whether its existence is independently associated with CVD in hypertensives. We investigated the presence of MetS in subjects with hypertension and its impact on the incidence of CVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively investigated 1007 hypertensive individuals. The MetS was assessed using the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria. The incidence of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events was ascertained during a median follow-up period of 2.1 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of MetS was 42.1% (39.0% in men and 44.7% in women). In addition to hypertension, four MetS components were present in 3.6% of the individuals, three in 13.7%, two in 24.8%, and only one in 33.7%. The incidence of cardiac, cerebrovascular, and total cardiovascular events/1000 person-years was higher among MetS subjects than among those without (31.0% v 21.3%, P = .050, 25.5% v 13.7%, P = .045, and 55.4% v 35.8% P = .009, respectively). After adjustment, MetS subjects had higher risk for cardiac, cerebrovascular, and total cardiovascular events (by 72%, 90%, and 75%, respectively). Hypertensive subjects with three or more components of MetS had threefold higher risk for cardiac events, 2.59 for cerebrovascular, and 2.26 for total cardiovascular events compared with those with no other component.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MetS is a significant predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The clustering of three or more components of the syndrome in addition to hypertension recognizes a population of even higher cardiovascular risk independently of other traditional risk factors.
authors.affiliation: 4th Department of Internal Medicine and Unit of Vascular Medicine, Evangelismos State General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Emmanuel A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Andreadis
authors.forename: George I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Tsourous
authors.forename: Chara K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Tzavara
authors.forename: Dimitrios X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Georgiopoulos
authors.forename: Panagiota M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Katsanou
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Marakomichelakis
authors.forename: Emmanuel J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Diamantopoulos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D019083:Mediterranean Region / Q000453:epidemiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011153:Population; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk