title: Laparoscopic tubal reanastomosis using robotics: experience from a teaching institution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tubal reanastomosis typically requires a laparotomy and in the past few years has been performed much less frequently due to the development and success of in vitro fertilization. Laparoscopic tubal anastomosis eliminates the need for laparotomy and can be performed in an out-patient setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  From October 2003 to September 2004, five patients who had previous tubal sterilization and requested tubal reanastomosis underwent laparoscopic tubal reanastomosis with the use of the da Vinci surgical system (Intuitive Surgical, Mountain View, CA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten fallopian tubes were successfully reconstructed, as confirmed by chromopertubation at the end of the procedure. Patency was confirmed by hysterosalpingogram in seven out of eight tubes. The mean (+/- standard deviation) time of the procedure was 172 +/- 53 min. The mean time for docking the robotic arms to the patient was 62 +/- 16.8 min and the mean robotic time was 97 +/- 36 min. There were two live births, one ectopic pregnancy, and one biochemical pregnancy. The mean time to conception was 5.5 +/- 2 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic microsurgical tubal reanastomosis after tubal sterilization can be performed using a remote-controlled robotic system. Systematization of the operative steps allowed for operative times that compare favorably with the time needed for open microsurgical techniques. Larger series are needed to standardize the procedure and confirm postoperative fecundity rates.
authors.affiliation: University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece. nvlahos@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Nikos F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Vlahos
authors.forename: Brandon J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Bankowski
authors.forename: Jeremy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Dianne A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Shiller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008866:Microsurgery; D012371:Robotics; D013243:Sterilization Reversal / Q000379:methods*