title: [Navigated drilling for femoral head necrosis. Experimental and clinical results].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the early stages of osteonecrosis of the femoral head, core decompression by exact drilling into the ischemic areas can reduce pain and achieve reperfusion. Using computer aided surgery, the precision of the drilling can be improved while simultaneously lowering radiation exposure time for both staff and patients. We describe the experimental and clinical results of drilling under the guidance of the fluoroscopically-based VectorVision navigation system (BrainLAB, Munich, Germany).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 70 sawbones were prepared mimicking an osteonecrosis of the femoral head. In two experimental models, bone only and obesity, as well as in a clinical setting involving ten patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head, the precision and the duration of radiation exposure were compared between the VectorVision system and conventional drilling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No target was missed. For both models, there was a statistically significant difference in terms of the precision, the number of drilling corrections as well as the radiation exposure time. The average distance to the desired midpoint of the lesion of both models was 0.48 mm for navigated drilling and 1.06 mm for conventional drilling, the average drilling corrections were 0.175 and 2.1, and the radiation exposure time less than 1 s and 3.6 s, respectively. In the clinical setting, the reduction of radiation exposure (below 1 s for navigation compared to 56 s for the conventional technique) as well as of drilling corrections (0.2 compared to 3.4) was also significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Computer guided drilling using the fluoroscopically based VectorVision navigation system shows a clearly improved precision with a enormous simultaneous reduction in radiation exposure. It is therefore recommended for clinical routine.
authors.affiliation: Asklepios Klinik Bad Abbach, Orthopädische Klinik und Poliklinik der Universität Regensburg, Kaiser-Karl-V-Allee 3, 93077, Bad Abbach. j.beckmann@asklepios.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beckmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tingart
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perlick
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lüring
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grifka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anders
mesh_terms: D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D005270:Femur Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D005271:Femur Head Necrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome