title: JP-8 jet fuel can promote auditory impairment resulting from subsequent noise exposure in rats.
abstract: We report on the transient and persistent effects of JP-8 jet fuel exposure on auditory function in rats. JP-8 has become the standard jet fuel utilized in the United States and North Atlantic Treaty Organization countries for military use and it is closely related to Jet A fuel, which is used in U.S. domestic aviation. Rats received JP-8 fuel (1000 mg/m(3)) by nose-only inhalation for 4 h and half of them were immediately subjected to an octave band of noise ranging between 97 and 105 dB in different experiments. The noise by itself produces a small, but permanent auditory impairment. The current permissible exposure level for JP-8 is 350 mg/m(3). Additionally, a positive control group received only noise exposure, and a fourth group consisted of untreated control subjects. Exposures occurred either on 1 day or repeatedly on 5 successive days. Impairments in auditory function were assessed using distortion product otoacoustic emissions and compound action potential testing. In other rats, tissues were harvested following JP-8 exposure for assessment of hydrocarbon levels or glutathione (GSH) levels. A single JP-8 exposure by itself at 1000 mg/m(3) did not disrupt auditory function. However, exposure to JP-8 and noise produced an additive disruption in outer hair cell function. Repeated 5-day JP-8 exposure at 1000 mg/m(3) for 4 h produced impairment of outer hair cell function that was most evident at the first postexposure assessment time. Partial though not complete recovery was observed over a 4-week postexposure period. The adverse effects of repeated JP-8 exposures on auditory function were inconsistent, but combined treatment with JP-8 + noise yielded greater impairment of auditory function, and hair cell loss than did noise by itself. Qualitative comparison of outer hair cell loss suggests an increase in outer hair cell death among rats treated with JP-8 + noise for 5 days as compared to noise alone. In most instances, hydrocarbon constituents of the fuel were largely eliminated in all tissues by 1-h postexposure with the exception of fat. Finally, JP-8 exposure did result in a significant depletion of total GSH that was observable in liver with a nonsignificant trend toward depletion in the brain and lung raising the possibility that the promotion of noise-induced hearing loss by JP-8 might have resulted from oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92357, USA. Larry.fechter@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Laurence D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Fechter
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gearhart
authors.forename: Sherry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fulton
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Kwangsam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Na
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cocker
authors.forename: Alisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nelson-Miller
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pouyatos
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003051:Cochlea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D018072:Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D006838:Hydrocarbons; C098607:JP8 aviation fuel; D005978:Glutathione