title: The cost effectiveness of opportunistic chlamydia screening in England.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) is being implemented in England. This study aims to estimate the cost effectiveness of (a) the NCSP strategy (annual screening offer to men and women aged under 25 years) and (b) alternative screening strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stochastic, individual based, dynamic sexual network model was combined with a cost effectiveness model to estimate the complications and associated costs of chlamydial infection. The model was constructed and parameterised from the perspective of the National Health Service (NHS) (England), including the direct costs of infection, complications and screening. Unit costs were derived from standard data sources and published studies. The average and incremental cost effectiveness ratio (cost per major outcome averted or quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained) of chlamydia screening strategies targeting women and/or men of different age groups was estimated. Sensitivity analyses were done to explore model uncertainty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All screening strategies modelled are likely to cost the NHS money and improve health. If pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) progression is less than 10% then screening at any level is unlikely to be cost effective. However, if PID progression is 10% or higher the NCSP strategy compared to no screening appears to be cost effective. The incremental cost effectiveness analysis suggests that screening men and women aged under 20 years is the most beneficial strategy that falls below accepted thresholds. There is a high degree of uncertainty in the findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Offering an annual screening test to men and women aged under 20 years may be the most cost effective strategy (that is, under accepted thresholds) if PID progression is 10% or higher.
authors.affiliation: Modelling & Economics Unit, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, UK.
authors.forename: Elisabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Katherine M E
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: W John
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Edmunds
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis; D016358:Contact Tracing; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D006113:United Kingdom