title: Six-year incidence of proteinuria in type 1 diabetic African Americans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to report the 6-year incidence of proteinuria and associated risk factors in African Americans with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  African Americans (n = 483) with type 1 diabetes were reexamined in a 6-year follow-up study. Proteinuria and creatinuria were measured in 4-h timed urine specimens obtained at initial and follow-up visits. Other evaluations included a structured clinical interview, ocular examination, masked grading of seven stereoscopic fundus photographs, blood pressure measurements, blood assays, and administration of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 6-year period, 117 (42.9%) of the 473 patients at risk developed "any" proteinuria, defined as either microalbuminuria (26.0%) or overt (16.9%) proteinuria; 87 (23.5%) progressed from micro- or no albuminuria to overt proteinuria and 39 (8.7%) to end-stage renal disease; and 40 (20.6%) regressed. Peak incidence of any proteinuria occurred for patients who were 10-14 years of age or had 5-10 years of diabetes duration at baseline. Multiple regression analysis showed that baseline albumin excretion rate (AER), systemic hypertension, blood cholesterol, and high BDI depression scores were significant and independent risk factors for incidence of any proteinuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In African Americans with type 1 diabetes, the 6-year incidence of proteinuria is high, particularly among young patients and those with a relatively short duration of diabetes at baseline. Baseline AER is the strongest predictor for incidence of any proteinuria.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry, Newark, New Jersey 07101-1709, USA. roymo@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Monique S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Affouf
authors.forename: Alec
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors