title: Progressive derailment of cell cycle regulators in endometrial carcinogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Derailments of the control mechanisms of the cell cycle can initiate carcinogenesis, and play a role in progression to cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the expression of cell cycle proteins in normal, premalignant and malignant endometrial lesions representing the morphologically well defined stepwise model of human endometrial carcinogenesis
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study. Paraffin-embedded specimens from inactive endometrium (n = 16), endometrial hyperplasia (n = 23) and endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (n = 39) were stained immunohistochemically for cyclin A, cyclin B1, cyclin D1, cyclin E, cdk2, p16, p21, p27, p53 and Ki67(MIB-1)). Differences in expression between the tissues, and correlation with classical prognostic factors for the carcinomas were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of cyclin A and Ki67 gradually increased from normal through hyperplasia to carcinoma, indicating that proliferation increases over the carcinogenetic spectrum. cdk2, p16 and p21 gradually increased from normal through hyperplasia to carcinoma, indicating their potential importance in both early and late carcinogenesis. Cyclin D1, cyclin E and p53 especially increased and p27 decreased from hyperplasia to carcinoma, underlining their role in late carcinogenesis. In cancers, expression of cyclin A, p53 and Ki67 was positively correlated to grade, and cyclin A was positively correlated with cdk2, p21, Ki67, cyclin E and p53.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During (endometrioid) endometrial carcinogenesis, there is increasing proliferation paralleled by progressive derailment of cyclin B1, cyclin D1, cyclin E, p16, p21, p27, p53, and cdk2, indicating the importance of these cell cycle regulators in endometrial carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Gynecology and Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Horrée
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: van Diest
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van der Groep
authors.forename: D M D S
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sie-Go
authors.forename: A P M
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Heintz
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004717:Endometrium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins