title: Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is growing recognition that bipolar disorder (BPD) has a spectrum of expression that is substantially more common than the 1% BP-I prevalence traditionally found in population surveys.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence, correlates, and treatment patterns of bipolar spectrum disorder in the US population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Households in the continental United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationally representative sample of 9282 English-speaking adults (aged >or=18 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Version 3.0 of the World Health Organization's Composite International Diagnostic Interview, a fully structured lay-administered diagnostic interview, was used to assess DSM-IV lifetime and 12-month Axis I disorders. Subthreshold BPD was defined as recurrent hypomania without a major depressive episode or with fewer symptoms than required for threshold hypomania. Indicators of clinical severity included age at onset, chronicity, symptom severity, role impairment, comorbidity, and treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifetime (and 12-month) prevalence estimates are 1.0% (0.6%) for BP-I, 1.1% (0.8%) for BP-II, and 2.4% (1.4%) for subthreshold BPD. Most respondents with threshold and subthreshold BPD had lifetime comorbidity with other Axis I disorders, particularly anxiety disorders. Clinical severity and role impairment are greater for threshold than for subthreshold BPD and for BP-II than for BP-I episodes of major depression, but subthreshold cases still have moderate to severe clinical severity and role impairment. Although most people with BPD receive lifetime professional treatment for emotional problems, use of antimanic medication is uncommon, especially in general medical settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents the first prevalence estimates of the BPD spectrum in a probability sample of the United States. Subthreshold BPD is common, clinically significant, and underdetected in treatment settings. Inappropriate treatment of BPD is a serious problem in the US population. Explicit criteria are needed to define subthreshold BPD for future clinical and research purposes.
authors.affiliation: Intramural Research Program, Section on Developmental Genetic Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. kathleen.merikangas@nih.gov
authors.forename: Kathleen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Merikangas
authors.forename: Hagop S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.forename: Jules
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Angst
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Robert M A
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hirschfeld
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petukhova
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kessler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology