title: Developmental morphology of the shoot in Weddellina squamulosa and implications for shoot evolution in the Podostemaceae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In angiosperms, the shoot apical meristem produces a shoot system composed of stems, leaves and axillary buds. Podostemoideae, one of three subfamilies of the river-weed family Podostemaceae, have a unique 'shoot' that lacks a shoot apical meristem and is composed only of leaves. Tristichoideae have been interpreted to have a shoot apical meristem, although its branching pattern is uncertain. The shoot developmental pattern in Weddellinoideae has not been investigated with a focus on the meristem. Weddellinoideae are in a phylogenetically key position to reveal the process of shoot evolution in Podostemaceae.
  
  
  METHODS
  The shoot development of Weddellina squamulosa, the sole species of Weddellinoideae, was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and semi-thin serial sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The shoot of W. squamulosa has a tunica-corpus-organized apical meristem. It is determinate and successively initiates a new branch extra-axillarily at the base of an immediately older branch, resulting in a sympodial, approximately plane branching pattern. Large scaly leaves initiate acropetally on the flanks of the apical meristem, as is usual in angiosperms, whereas small scaly leaves scattered on the stem initiate basipetally in association with the elongation of internodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Weddellinoideae, like Tristichoideae, have a shoot apical meristem, leading to the hypothesis that the meristem was lost in Podostemoideae. The patterns of leaf formation in Podostemoideae and shoot branching in Weddellinoideae are similar in that these organs arise at the bases of older organs. This similarity leads to another hypothesis that the 'branch' in Weddellinoideae (and possibly Tristichoideae) and the 'leaf' in Podostemoideae are comparable, and that the shoot apical meristem disappeared in the early evolution of Podostemaceae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, National Science Museum, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan. skoi@kahaku.go.jp
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koi
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kato
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D018519:Meristem / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008954:Models, Biological; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure