title: Factors influencing implementation of medical directives by registered nurses: the experience of a large Ontario teaching hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand factors that affect the implementation of medical directives by registered nurses in a large teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative nested case study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large multi-site teaching hospital that utilizes over 20 different medical directives was chosen as the setting for this case study. Three distinct medical directives within this setting were selected to obtain maximum variation in the number of individuals involved in a particular directive and type of clinical area. Between March and October 2005, 27 individuals concerned with clinical implementation of these medical directives were interviewed using a semi-structured interview schedule. The registrars of two regulatory bodies that oversee policies related to medical directives and a consultant with expertise in medical directives were also interviewed. Eleven documents related to the use of medical directives were identified using purposive document sampling methods and were included in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Implementation of medical directives is influenced by a variety of factors, including nurse confidence and willingness to assume responsibility, the amount of new learning needed to carry out the directive and additional paperwork required. Perceived usefulness of the medical directive, physician support of nurses' use of the directives and frequency of encounter with that type of patient were also important factors. The implementation of a medical directive is a complex process; directives are difficult to write well and often affect the scope of practice of other healthcare professionals. The amount of education and monitoring required to implement a directive needs careful consideration to ensure the appropriate resources are available to support implementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater attention to the factors that facilitate implementation of medical directives is required in order to implement directives in an efficient and effective manner.
authors.affiliation: Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON. alvarkim@hhsc.ca
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alvarado
mesh_terms: D016223:Advance Directives; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training; D009738:Nursing Service, Hospital; D009864:Ontario; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D010346:Patient Care Management; D019555:Physician-Nurse Relations