title: Using theater to teach clinical empathy: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical empathy, a critical skill for the doctor-patient relationship, is infrequently taught in graduate medical education. No study has tested if clinical empathy can be taught effectively.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether medicine residents can learn clinical empathy techniques from theater professors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A controlled trial of a clinical empathy curriculum taught and assessed by 4 theater professors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, a large urban university and health system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty Internal Medicine residents: 14 in the intervention group, 6 in the control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hours of classroom instruction and workshop time with professors of theater.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scores derived from an instrument with 6 subscores designed to measure empathy in real-time patient encounters. Baseline comparisons were made using two-sample T tests. A mixed-effects analysis of variance model was applied to test for significance between the control and intervention groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intervention group demonstrated significant improvement (p < or = .011) across all 6 subscores between pre-intervention and post-intervention observations. Compared to the control group, the intervention group had better posttest scores in 5 of 6 subscores (p < or = .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study was neither randomized nor blinded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collaborative efforts between the departments of theater and medicine are effective in teaching clinical empathy techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0102, USA. awdow@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Alan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Dow
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Wenzel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003142:Communication; D003479:Curriculum; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000193:education*; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*