title: A sensitive mutation-specific screening technique for GNAS1 mutations in cases of fibrous dysplasia: the first report of a codon 227 mutation in bone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report on the mutation-specific restriction enzyme digest (MSRED) method using paraffin-embedded tissue as a means of detecting GNAS1 mutations in fibrous dysplasia (FD), and to determine if any of the reported GNAS1 mutations in endocrine neoplasms, not previously documented in FD, can be found in FD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-seven cases of extragnathic FD were analysed as two groups, 1997-2002 and 2003-06, chosen because tissue fixation and decalcification methods were more accurately recorded in the latter. MSRED revealed that between 2003 and 2006, 93% of 28 'in house' extragnathic cases harboured a GNAS1 mutation, compared with 75% of 32 cases before 2003. Fixation times of no more than 48 h and decalcification in ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid gave the best results. Of the 56 mutations detected (five gnathic, 51 extragnathic), 32 (57%) were R201H, 21 (38%) were R201C and three (5%) were Q227L. Two Q227L extragnathic cases had unusual clinical/radiological findings. No mutations were detected in osteofibrous dysplasia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Detection of GNAS1 mutations by MSRED is a valuable adjunct to the histopathological diagnosis of FD. This is the first report of a Q227L mutation in FD, although it has been previously documented in pituitary adenoma.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Idowu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Adnani
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Odell
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Diss
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gale
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Flanagan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002864:Chromogranins; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D005357:Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D011859:Radiography; D015183:Restriction Mapping / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D002864:Chromogranins; D003062:Codon; C406732:GNAS protein, human; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs