title: Outcome following surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal involvement in preadolescent children: emphasis on mesial temporal sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors conducted a multiinstitutional, retrospective analysis to better define outcome and prognostic indicators for temporal lobe epilepsy surgery for suspected mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) in young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected for all children undergoing temporal resections at four epilepsy centers over approximately 10 years. Children with a histopathological diagnosis of neoplasm were excluded. Forty-nine patients (28 boys and 21 girls) were included in the study. Their mean age at surgery was 9.1 years (range 1.25-13.9 years). The mean age at seizure onset was 3.2 years (range birth-10 years). Histopathological examination demonstrated MTS in 26 cases, gliosis in nine, dysplasia in five, gliosis with dysplasia in four, and nonspecific or normal findings in five. Forty-one anterior temporal lobectomies (nine tailored) and eight selective amygdalohippocam-pectomies were performed (28 left side, 21 right side). Twenty-nine children (59.2%) underwent invasive monitoring. Operative complications included extraaxial hematomas (two cases), cerebrospinal fluid leaks (two cases), and hydrocephalus (one case), each in children undergoing invasive monitoring. The mean duration of follow up was 26.4 months (range 5-74 months) overall and 23.9 months (range 6-74 months) for the Engel Class I subgroup. Outcomes at the most recent follow-up examination were categorized as Engel Class I-II in 31 (63.3%) of 49 children overall, 20 (76.9%) of 26 children with confirmed MTS, four (36.4%) of 11 children with gliosis, and four (57.1%) of seven children with dysplasia. All patients who underwent selective amygdalohippocampectomies had confirmed MTS and Engel Class I outcomes. Patients with more than one seizure type (p = 0.048) or moderate to severe developmental delay (p = 0.03) had significantly worse outcomes (Engel Class III or IV). Age at seizure onset, age at surgery, and duration of seizure disorder were not significantly related to outcome. There was a trend for bilateral or extratemporal findings on electroencephalography (EEG) (p = 0.157), high preoperative seizure frequency (p = 0.097), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings inconsistent with MTS (p = 0.142) to be associated with worse outcome, although it did not reach statistical significance. In only 12 (46.1%) of the 26 patients with confirmed MTS was the condition prospectively diagnosed on preoperative MR imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Younger children with temporal lobe epilepsy have satisfying surgical outcomes, particularly when MTS is present. Magnetic resonance imaging may not be as sensitive in detecting MTS in children as in older patients. Negative predictors identified include multiple seizure types and preoperative developmental delay. Multifocal or bilateral EEG findings, high preoperative seizure frequency, and MR imaging findings inconsistent with MTS also independently suggested worse outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110-1077, USA. smythm@nsurg.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Limbrick
authors.forename: Jeffrey G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ojemann
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zempel
authors.forename: Shenandoah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Donncha F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Russell P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Saneto
authors.forename: Monisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Appleton
authors.forename: Francesco T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Mangano
authors.forename: Tae Sung
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D038481:Anterior Temporal Lobectomy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012598:Sclerosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome