title: The effects of genetic liability for schizophrenia and maternal smoking during pregnancy on obstetric complications.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a genetic vulnerability for schizophrenia and/or health-risk behaviors among schizophrenic pregnant women were associated with an increased incidence of obstetric complications (OCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A high-risk birth cohort was formed by searching the Finnish Perinatal Register for all births from 1991-2000 with arterial cord pH values below 7.20, an indication of fetal asphyxia. This database was merged with national hospital discharge registries to determine psychiatric morbidity of the mothers and the mothers' first-degree relatives. Mothers were divided into 3 groups: women diagnosed with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (n=53), mothers with a first-degree relative with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (n=590) and healthy controls (n=36,895).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Schizophrenic women had significantly more OCs than mothers with a first-degree schizophrenic relative and controls. These women had significantly increased rates of eclampsia, premature delivery, prenatal hospitalizations, and marginally significant increases in high blood pressure. Offspring of schizophrenic mothers had significantly decreased APGAR scores and birth weight and increased medical complications after birth. In contrast, women with a schizophrenic first-degree relative had no significant increases in OCs compared to controls. Schizophrenic mothers also smoked more than the other groups and smoking was found to mediate the relationship between maternal schizophrenic status and decreased birth weight among offspring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal schizophrenia during pregnancy leads to an increased risk of OCs, possibly due to engagement in health-risk behaviors during pregnancy, such as smoking, whereas genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia, by itself, does not appear to be related to incidence of OCs.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Psychology Department, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, United States. ellman@psych.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Lauren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ellman
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huttunen
authors.forename: Jouko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lönnqvist
authors.forename: Tyrone D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Cannon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001034:Apgar Score; D001238:Asphyxia Neonatorum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001724:Birth Weight; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013223:Statistics as Topic