title: Radiobiological mechanisms in inflammatory diseases of low-dose radiation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Whereas X-irradiation with high doses is established to exert pro-inflammatory effects, low-dose radiotherapy (LD-RT) with single fractions below 1.0 Gy and a total dose below 12 Gy is clinically well known to exert anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects on several inflammatory diseases and painful degenerative disorders. Experimental studies to confirm the effectiveness, the empirical dose and fractionation schemes, and the underlying radiobiological mechanisms are still fragmentary.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anti-inflammatory efficiency of LD-RT was confirmed in several experimental in vitro and in vivo models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro studies revealed a variety of mechanisms related to the anti-inflammatory effect, in particular the modulation of cytokine and adhesion molecule expression on activated endothelial cells and leukocytes, and of nitric oxide (NO) production and oxidative burst in activated macrophages and native granulocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inflammatory diseases are the result of complex and pathologically unbalanced multicellular interactions. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that further molecular pathways and cellular components contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect of LD-RT. This review discusses data and models revealing aspects of the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammation induced by low doses of X-irradiation and may serve as a basis for systematic analyses, necessary to optimize LD-RT in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany. franz.roedel@strahlen.med.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rödel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keilholz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001822:Body Burden; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000528:radiation effects; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018448:Models, Immunological; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011853:Radiobiology / Q000379:methods; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D016896:Treatment Outcome