title: Serological response to vaccination against avian influenza in zoo-birds using an inactivated H5N9 vaccine.
abstract: Five hundred and forty birds in three zoos were vaccinated twice against avian influenza with a 6-week interval using an inactivated H5N9 vaccine. Serological response was evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition test 4-6 weeks following the second vaccine administration. 84% of the birds seroconverted, and 76% developed a titre > or =32. The geometric mean titre after vaccination was 137. A significant species variation in response was noted; penguins, pelicans, ducks, geese, herons, Guinea fowl, cranes, cockatiels, lovebirds, and barbets showed very poor response to vaccination, while very high titres and seroconversion rates were seen in flamingos, ibis, rheas, Congo peafowl, black-winged stilts, amazon parrots, and kookaburras.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Roskildevej 38, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark. mfb@zoo.dk
authors.forename: Mads F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bertelsen
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klausen
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grøndahl
authors.forename: Poul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D001717:Birds / Q000145:classification; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D029521:Alphainfluenzavirus / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated