title: The hepatitis E virus Orf3 protein protects cells from mitochondrial depolarization and death.
abstract: The biology and pathogenesis of hepatitis E virus are poorly understood due to the lack of an in vitro culture or infection models. The viral Orf3 protein activates the cellular mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and is likely to modulate the host cell environment for efficient viral replication. We screened for cellular genes whose transcription was differentially up-regulated in an Orf3-expressing stable cell line (ORF3/4). The gene for mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) was one such candidate. The up-regulation of VDAC in ORF3/4 cells was confirmed by Northern and Western blotting in various cell lines. Transfection of ORF3/4 cells with an ORF3-specific small interfering RNA led to a reduction in VDAC protein levels. VDAC is a critical mitochondrial outer membrane protein, and its overexpression results in apoptosis. Surprisingly, Orf3-expressing cells were protected against staurosporine-induced cell death by preservation of mitochondrial potential and membrane integrity. A small interfering RNA-mediated reduction in Orf3 and VDAC levels also made cells sensitive to staurosporine. Chemical cross-linking showed Orf3-expressing cells to contain higher levels of oligomeric VDAC. These cells also contained higher levels of hexokinase I that directly interacted with VDAC. This interaction is known to preserve mitochondrial potential and prevent cytochrome c release. We report here the first instance of a viral protein promoting cell survival through such a mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 067, India.
authors.forename: Syed Mohammad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Moin
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Panteva
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jameel
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D002460:Cell Line; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D016752:Hepatitis E virus / Q000378:metabolism*; D006593:Hexokinase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014162:Transfection; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; C400973:ORF3 protein, Hepatitis E virus; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D014764:Viral Proteins; D045304:Cytochromes c; D006593:Hexokinase; D019311:Staurosporine