title: Endoscopy-guided removal of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: comparison with computer tomography-guided stereotactic evacuation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) continues to be a major medical and socioeconomic problem. While the surgical procedure failed to show benefits over functional outcome, a less invasive and quicker surgical decompression might improve the outcome. The authors introduced endoscopy-guided evacuation in managing ICH and reports the benefits over the conventional method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven cases underwent endoscopic evacuation of ICH (Group E). The clinical features and outcomes were compared to the retrospective data of 20 cases who underwent computer tomography (CT)-guided stereotactic removal of ICH (Group C). Confidence level less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While the clinical features of the two groups were not significantly different except for the ICH volume, outcomes were better in all aspects in Group E. The patients in Group E required shorter operative time (72 min vs 102 min, p < 0.01) with better hematoma evacuation (95.5% vs 75%, p < 0.01), shorter stay in the intensive care unit (ICU; 4.2 days vs 6.9 days, p < 0.01) and less frequent CT scanning (6.4 times vs 8.6 times, p < 0.01) compared to the patients in Group C. Neurological outcome improved significantly in Group E 1 week after surgery (p < 0.01), but not in Group C. Glasgow outcome scale at 6 months were better in Group E than in Group C (p < 0.05). Nine patients (33%) showed good recovery at 6 months postoperatively after endoscopic evacuation of ICH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic hematoma evacuation provided the quick, adequate decompression of ICH. The outcomes were better than the CT-guided hematoma removal. Further study is necessary to evaluate the real benefit of this surgical procedure over the functional outcome of ICH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. nishihara-tky@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tetsuhiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishihara
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teraoka
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kirino
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D003128:Coma; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome