title: Multimodality imaging of cortical and white matter abnormalities in Sturge-Weber syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Impaired cortical venous outflow and abnormal deep venous collaterals are common in Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), but their relation to brain metabolism and function is poorly understood. In this study, advanced MR imaging techniques, such as susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), were applied in conjunction with positron-emission tomography (PET), to assess cortical and white matter structural abnormalities and their relation to cortical glucose metabolism and cognitive functions in children with unilateral SWS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen children (age, 1.5-10.3 years) with unilateral SWS underwent MR imaging with SWI and DTI, glucose metabolism PET, and comprehensive neuropsychologic assessment prospectively. The MR imaging and PET images were coregistered and cortical regions showing decreased glucose metabolism were compared with locations of SWI signal intensity abnormalities, changes in white matter water diffusion, and cognitive functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SWI detected both cortical abnormalities (n=8) and deep transmedullary veins (n=9), including those in young children with no cortical SWI signal intensity changes. These veins were often located under cortex adjacent to hypometabolic regions. DTI showed abnormal water diffusion both under hypometabolic cortex and in adjacent white matter with collateral veins. Cognitive dysfunction was associated with abnormal water diffusion in the posterior white matter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transmedullary venous collaterals can be detected early by SWI and persist in white matter adjacent to damaged cortex in children with SWS. Microstructural white matter damage extends beyond cortical abnormalities and may contribute to cognitive impairment. SWI and DTI can be incorporated into clinical MR imaging acquisitions to objectively assess microstructural abnormalities at different stages of SWS.
authors.affiliation: Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA. juhasz@pet.wayne.edu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Juhász
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Haacke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xuan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makki
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Behen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maqbool
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Muzik
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chugani
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Chugani
mesh_terms: D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000378:metabolism; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013341:Sturge-Weber Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D005947:Glucose