title: Visceral obesity and hemostatic profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: the effect of gender and metabolic compensation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients are characterized by a very high risk of cardiovascular diseases. Among the factors that are responsible for this phenomenon are abdominal obesity and hemostatic abnormalities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of the markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis with the parameters of abdominal obesity and metabolic compensation in T2DM patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  46 T2DM patients participated in the study: 24 men (mean age 61.1 +/- 7.9 years) and 22 postmenopausal women (mean age 62.6 +/- 8.7 years). In each patient the content and distribution of fatty tissue was measured by a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry method (DEXA). The central abdominal fat/gynoid hip fat (CAF/GF) ratio was calculated. The following hemostatic parameters were measured: fibrinogen (Fb), factor VII (fVII), antithrombin III (ATIII), C protein (pC), tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) and alpha 2 antiplasmin (alpha2 AP). In addition, the biochemical indices of metabolic compensation were measured: HbA1c, glucose levels and lipids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients of both genders were divided according to median CAF/GF ratio. The activity of PAI-1 was significantly higher in women with CAF/GF ratio >or= 0.88 as compared to those with CAF/GF < 0.88 (2.64 +/- 1.28 vs. 1.61 +/- 0.27 U/ml, p < 0.05). The activity of ATIII was significantly lower in men with CAF/GF ratio >or= 1.17, as compared to those with CAF/GF < 1.17 (105.10 +/- 10.02 vs. 113.42 +/- 10.72 %, p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the CAF/GF ratio and the activity of PAI-1 in women (r = 0.30, p < 0.05). In addition, in men the CAF/GF ratio was negatively correlated with ATIII activity (r = -0.44, p < 0.05). Multiple stepwise regression analysis demonstrated independent association between the CAF/ GF ratio and the activity of PAI-1 (p < 0.001), and between the CAF/GF ratio and the activity of alpha2 AP (p < 0.01). There was an independent association between the concentration of HbA1c and the concentration of Fb (p < 0.001) and between triglycerides and the activity of fVII (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study show that the patients with T2DM and with higher markers of abdominal obesity measured by DEXA show fibrinolysis impairment and thrombinogenesis elevation compared to those with lower abdominal obesity markers. Independent factors determining hypercoagulation also include metabolic control and lipids. Hemostatic disorders place subjects with diabetes and abdominal obesity at risk of developing vascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 15 Kopernika Street, 31-501 Krakow, Poland. ela_kozek@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Elzbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kozek
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Katra
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malecki
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sieradzki