title: Differential expression of duplicated LDH-A genes during temperature acclimation of weatherfish Misgurnus fossilis. Functional consequences for the enzyme.
abstract: Temperature acclimation in poikilotherms entails metabolic rearrangements provided by variations in enzyme properties. However, in most cases the underlying molecular mechanisms that result in structural changes in the enzymes are obscure. This study reports that acclimation to low (5 degrees C) and high (18 degrees C) temperatures leads to differential expression of alternative forms of the LDH-A gene in white skeletal muscle of weatherfish, Misgurnus fossilis. Two isoforms of LDH-A mRNA were isolated and characterized: a short isoform (= 1332 bp) and a long isoform ( = 1550 bp), which both have 5'-UTRs and ORFs of the same length (333 amino acid residues), but differ in the length of the 3'-UTR. In addition, these two mRNAs have 44 nucleotide point mismatches of an irregular pattern along the complete sequence, resulting in three amino acid mismatches (Gly214Val; Val304Ile and Asp312Glu) between protein products from the short and long mRNA forms, correspondingly LDH-A(alpha) and LDH-A(beta) subunits. It is expected that the beta-subunit is more aliphatic due to the properties of the mismatched amino acids and therefore sterically more restricted. According to molecular modelling of M. fossilis LDH-A, the Val304Ile mismatch is located in the subunit contact area of the tetramer, whereas the remaining two mismatches surround the contact area; this is expected to manifest in the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the assembled tetramer. In warm-acclimated fish the relative expression between alpha and beta isoforms of the LDH-A mRNA is around 5 : 1, whereas in cold-acclimated fish expression of is reduced almost to zero. This indicates that at low temperature the pool of total tetrameric LDH-A is more homogeneous in terms of alpha/beta-subunit composition. The temperature acclimation pattern of proportional pooling of subunits with different kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the tetrameric enzyme may result in fine-tuning of the properties of skeletal LDH-A, which is in line with previously observed kinetic and thermodynamic differences between 'cold' and 'warm' LDH-A purified from weatherfish. Also, an irregular pattern of nucleotide mismatches indicates that these mRNAs are the products of two independently evolving genes, i.e. paralogues. Karyotype analysis has confirmed that the experimental population of M. fossilis is tetraploid (2n = 100), therefore gene duplication, possibly through tetraploidy, may contribute to the adaptability towards temperature variation.
authors.affiliation: Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshaven 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. maxim.zakhartsev@awi.de
authors.forename: Maxim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zakhartsev
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lucassen
authors.forename: Liliya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kulishova
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deigweiher
authors.forename: Yuliya A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Smirnova
authors.forename: Rina D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Zinov'eva
authors.forename: Nikolay
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mugue
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baklushinskaya
authors.forename: Hans O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Pörtner
authors.forename: Nikolay D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Ozernyuk
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology*; D020440:Gene Duplication; D007621:Karyotyping; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase