title: Very low complication rates with a manual, nurse-led protocol for femoral sheath removal following coronary angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to provide contemporary information on the complication rates after femoral artery sheath removal using a specific, nurse-led protocol, which is universally applicable and can be readily adopted by other units.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have reported a wide range of complication rates following femoral sheath removal after cardiac catheterisation. A variety of methods has been used for access site management and therefore it is difficult to compare complication rates between units.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected prospectively on patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography via the transfemoral route in a single centre. Sheaths were removed by trained cardiac nurses with direct application of manual pressure over the femoral artery in accordance with a specific protocol. We also investigated the same endpoints in patients who received an arteriotomy closure device (ACD) during the study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the 516 patients who had their femoral sheaths removed with manual compression developed a major haematoma or complication. A minor haematoma developed in 1.6% of patients. Similarly, none of the 484 patients who received an ACD developed a major haematoma and 0.8% developed a minor haematoma. Mean arterial blood pressures were higher in patients that developed a haematoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that a manual, nurse-led system of femoral sheath removal following diagnostic coronary angiography is very safe and effective and that this remains a viable method of access site management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Barts and the London NHS Trust, London, UK. Reginald.Liew@bartsandthelondon.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Reginald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liew
authors.forename: Surjit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lidder
authors.forename: Ellie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: Miu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deaner
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knight
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000451:nursing; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000451:nursing; D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards*; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000451:nursing*; D003663:Decision Trees; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery; D006406:Hematoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000451:nursing; D011312:Pressure; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012449:Safety