title: Are there adaptive changes in the human brain of patients with Parkinson's disease treated with long-term deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus? A 4-year follow-up study with regional cerebral blood flow SPECT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this follow-up study was to assess persistent motor and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) changes in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) treated with high-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten PD patients with STN-DBS underwent three rCBF SPECT studies at rest, once preoperatively in the off-drug condition (T(0)), and twice postoperatively in the off-drug/off-stimulation conditions at 5 +/- 2 (T(1)) and 42 +/- 7 months (T(2)). Patients were assessed using the UPDRS, H&Y and S&E scales. SPM was used to investigate baseline rCBF changes from the preoperative condition to the postoperative conditions and the relationship between rCBF and UPDRS scores used as covariate of interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parkinsonian patients showed a clinical improvement which was significant only on follow-up at 42 months. The main effect of treatment from T(0) to T(1) was to produce baseline rCBF increases in the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), premotor cortex and somatosensory association cortex. From T(1) to T(2) a further baseline rCBF increase was detected in the pre-SMA (p < 0.0001). A correlation was detected between the slight improvement in motor scores and the rCBF increase in the pre-SMA (p < 0.0001), which is known to play a crucial role in clinical progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests the presence of adaptive functional changes in the human brain of PD patients treated with long-term STN-DBS. Such adaptive processes seem to occur in the pre-SMA and to play only a slightly beneficial role in terms of functional compensation of motor impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Nuclear Medicine Unit, Ospedale Misericordia e Dolce, Piazza Ospedale 5, 59100 Prato, Italy. ssestini@usl4.toscana.it
authors.forename: Stelvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sestini
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pupi
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ammannati
authors.forename: Ramat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silvia
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sorbi
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castagnoli
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome