title: Race-ethnicity differences in folic acid intake in women of childbearing age in the United States after folic acid fortification: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2002.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neural tube defects are serious birth defects of the brain and spinal cord. Up to 70% of neural tube defects can be prevented by the consumption of folic acid by women before and early during pregnancy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to examine folic acid intake in women of childbearing age in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed nutrient intake data reported by 1685 nonpregnant women aged 15-49 y who participated in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, 2001-2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted geometric mean consumption of folic acid from fortified foods was 128 microg/d (95% CI: 123, 134 microg/d) in nonpregnant women. Eight percent (95% CI: 5.8%, 11.0%) of nonpregnant women reported consuming >or=400 microg folic acid/d from fortified foods. This proportion was lower among non-Hispanic black women (5.0%) than among non-Hispanic white (8.9%) or Hispanic (6.8%) women. A smaller percentage of non-Hispanic black (19.1%) and Hispanic (21%) women than of non-Hispanic white women (40.5%) consumed >or=400 microg folic acid from supplements, fortified foods, or both, in addition to food folate, as recommended by the Institute of Medicine to reduce the frequency of neural tube defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most nonpregnant women of childbearing age in the United States reported consuming less than the recommended amount of folic acid. The proportion with low daily folic acid intake was significantly higher in non-Hispanic black and Hispanic women than in non-Hispanic white women. At the present level of folic acid fortification, most women need to take a folic acid-containing dietary supplement to achieve the Institute of Medicine recommendation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Quan-He
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Heather K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mulinare
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Erickson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D004032:Diet / Q000208:ethnology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D016742:Preconception Care; D014481:United States; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D005492:Folic Acid