title: Molecular changes associated with the endolymphatic hydrops model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hearing loss and cochlear degeneration in the guinea pig model of endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) results, in part, from toxic levels of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) such as glutamate, which in turn leads to changes in the expression of genes linked to intracellular glutamate homeostasis and apoptosis, leading to neuronal cell death.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  EAAs have been shown to play a role in normal auditory signal transmission in mammalian cochlea, but have also been implicated in neurotoxicity when levels are elevated. Changes in the expression of specific genes involved in the glutamatergic and apoptotic pathway would serve as evidence for excitotoxicity linked to elevated levels of glutamate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Guinea pigs underwent surgical obliteration of the endolymphatic duct, and then a timed harvest of the treated (right) and control (left) cochlea and subsequent quantification of gene expression via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quantitative polymerase chain reaction data show significant upregulation of glutamate aspartate transporter and neuronal nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels 3 weeks postsurgery and Caspase 3 mRNA levels 1 week postsurgery. No significant changes were detected in glutamine synthetase expression levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Upregulation of genes involved in glutamate homeostasis and the apoptotic pathway in animals treated with endolymphatic duct obstruction (usually associated with secondary ELH) support the hypothesis that EAAs may play a role in the pathophysiology of ELH-related cochlear injury. Inhibitors to these pathways can be useful for the study of new avenues to delay or prevent ELH-related hearing loss.
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anne
authors.forename: Lauren B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Kisley
authors.forename: Syed T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Tajuddin
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leahy
authors.forename: Kumar N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Alagramam
authors.forename: Cliff A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Megerian
mesh_terms: D027322:Amino Acid Transport System X-AG / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D003051:Cochlea / Q000737:chemistry; D018159:Endolymphatic Hydrops / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D027322:Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D053148:Caspase 3; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase