title: Decrease of time for pathogen inactivation in alkaline disinfection systems using pressure.
abstract: From field studies conducted by Tulane University (New Orleans, Louisiana), efficiency of advanced alkaline disinfection in closed systems was found to depend on ammonia concentration, pH, exposure time, temperature, total solids content, pretreatment storage time, and mixing effectiveness. In this study of a closed alkaline system, an additional pathogen stressor pressure was tested. The effect of the alkaline dosing has been assessed for dewatered raw and aerobically and anaerobically digested municipal sludge cake that produce un-ionized ammonia at concentrations of 0.05 to 2% on a dry-weight basis. Inactivation of Ascaris suum eggs increased from 50 to 99% as the temperature was increased from 40 to 55 degrees C, thus achieving Class A levels. The systems studied were compared with an alkaline process operated under open conditions, which limited the concentrations of ammonia available because of Henry's Law. Under a closed pressurized system, the effect of un-ionized ammonia was greatly increased, and the resulting time required for inactivation was reduced from hours or days to minutes. In the next few years, it is expected that alkaline disinfection of biosolids will be optimized in relation to the factors stated above, at much lower doses of the alkaline agents. The closed-system alkaline processes that will be developed will be more energy-efficient, cost-effective, and have full control of potential odorous emissions.
authors.affiliation: Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Hollis, Room 1101D, P.O. Box 8015, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA. kfitzmorris@georgiasouthern.edu
authors.forename: Kari B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Fitzmorris
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Reimers
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Oleszkiewicz
authors.forename: M Dale
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Little
mesh_terms: D000468:Alkalies / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004202:Disinfectants; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011312:Pressure; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000468:Alkalies; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D010087:Oxides; D012722:Sewage; C016538:lime