title: Disturbed expression of the apoptosis regulators XIAP, XAF1, and Smac/DIABLO in gastric adenocarcinomas.
abstract: Dysregulation of apoptosis plays an important role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Whereas x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis, its antagonists second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases/direct IAP binding protein with low PI (Smac/DIABLO), and XIAP-associated factor 1 (XAF1) promote apoptosis. To explore the relevance of XIAP, Smac/DIABLO, and XAF1 for carcinogenesis and tumor progression, we analyzed 46 primary gastric adenocarcinomas and non-neoplastic gastric mucosa samples by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. XIAP, Smac/DIABLO, and XAF1 expression was found in all non-neoplastic gastric mucosa samples and all adenocarcinomas. XIAP expression levels did not change between non-neoplastic gastric mucosa and adenocarcinomas or between carcinomas of early and advanced stages. Although Smac/DIABLO expression was significantly (P=0.01) higher in carcinomas, the ratio of XIAP to Smac/DIABLO expression remained stable between non-neoplastic mucosa and carcinomas. XAF1 expression had the tendency to decrease from non-neoplastic mucosa to advanced adenocarcinomas. Importantly, the ratio of XIAP to XAF1 expression significantly (P=0.03) increased from non-neoplastic mucosa to adenocarcinomas and the increase was even higher in carcinomas of advanced stage (P=0.01). Moreover, expression of the XAF1 splice variants differing in the zinc-finger domain essential for XIAP-binding was analyzed and revealed a significant higher (P=0.03) variant-2/variant-1 ratio in advanced carcinomas. In conclusion, an increased expression ratio of XIAP to XAF1 in combination with a disturbed expression of the XAF1 splice variants could be shown in gastric adenocarcinomas. These marked imbalances probably result in an impaired ability for XAF1 to antagonize the effects of XIAP thereby contributing to apoptosis-resistance and generating an important growth advantage.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Tomotaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mahotka
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wethkamp
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heikaus
authors.forename: Helmut E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Gabbert
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ramp
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017398:Alternative Splicing; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C412403:DIABLO protein, human; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; C417551:XAF1 protein, human; C496866:XIAP protein, human