title: Can antidepressants be used to treat the schizophrenia prodrome? Results of a prospective, naturalistic treatment study of adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study reports the results of a prospective, naturalistic treatment study of adolescents considered to be in the prodromal (i.e., prepsychotic) phase of schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight adolescents (mean age = 15.8 years) participating in the initial phase of the Recognition and Prevention (RAP) program (1998-2005) were included in the current report. Individuals were selected from the overall sample (N = 152) if they had: (1) displayed attenuated positive symptoms, (2) been treated pharmacologically for at least 8 weeks, and (3) been followed up for at least 6 months (mean follow-up = 30.5 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two types of medication were naturalistically prescribed: antidepressants (N = 20) or second-generation antipsychotics (N = 28), with polypharmacy common. The 2 treatment groups did not differ in baseline symptom profiles, with the exception of disorganized thinking, which was more severe in second-generation antipsychotic-treated adolescents. Twelve of the 48 adolescents (25%) developed a psychotic disorder, with all converters having been prescribed second-generation antipsychotics. There were no conversions among antidepressant-treated adolescents (log-rank chi(2) = 7.36, df = 1, p = .007). Treatment outcome, however, was confounded, since 11 of the 12 converters were nonadherent. Adolescents, in general, were more likely to be nonadherent to second-generation antipsychotics (61%, 17/28) than to antidepressants (20%, 4/20; chi(2) = 7.86, p = .005). Improvement in 3 of 5 positive symptoms over time was significant (p < .001) and similar for both medications. Disorganized thought, however, did not improve regardless of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonrandom assignment limits comparisons between antidepressants and anti-psychotics in this study. However, with follow-up, a number of adolescents meeting criteria for prodromal schizophrenia were successfully treated with antidepressants. At present, a substantial number of false positives among the antidepressant-treated subgroup cannot be ruled out. However, the findings suggest that, in some cases, it might be preferable to begin treatment with antidepressants and progress to antipsychotics once symptoms intensify, since adherence to the latter is difficult to maintain.
authors.affiliation: Recognition and Prevention (RAP) Program, Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA. cornblat@lij.edu
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cornblatt
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lencz
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Auther
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lesser
authors.forename: Julia Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: Manoj R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Carmel A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: Christoph U
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Correll
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000296:Adolescent Psychiatry; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents