title: The IFAST model, a novel parallel nonlinear EEG analysis technique, distinguishes mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease patients with high degree of accuracy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper presents the results obtained with the innovative use of special types of artificial neural networks (ANNs) assembled in a novel methodology named IFAST (implicit function as squashing time) capable of compressing the temporal sequence of electroencephalographic (EEG) data into spatial invariants. The aim of this study is to assess the potential of this parallel and nonlinear EEG analysis technique in distinguishing between subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with a high degree of accuracy in comparison with standard and advanced nonlinear techniques. The principal aim of the study was testing the hypothesis that automatic classification of MCI and AD subjects can be reasonably correct when the spatial content of the EEG voltage is properly extracted by ANNs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Resting eyes-closed EEG data were recorded in 180 AD patients and in 115 MCI subjects. The spatial content of the EEG voltage was extracted by IFAST step-wise procedure using ANNs. The data input for the classification operated by ANNs were not the EEG data, but the connections weights of a nonlinear auto-associative ANN trained to reproduce the recorded EEG tracks. These weights represented a good model of the peculiar spatial features of the EEG patterns at scalp surface. The classification based on these parameters was binary (MCI versus AD) and was performed by a supervised ANN. Half of the EEG database was used for the ANN training and the remaining half was utilised for the automatic classification phase (testing).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best results distinguishing between AD and MCI reached to 92.33%. The comparative results obtained with the best method so far described in the literature, based on blind source separation and Wavelet pre-processing, were 80.43% (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirmed the working hypothesis that a correct automatic classification of MCI and AD subjects can be obtained extracting spatial information content of the resting EEG voltage by ANNs and represent the basis for research aimed at integrating spatial and temporal information content of the EEG.
authors.affiliation: Semeion Research Centre, Via Sersale, 117, 00128 Rome, Italy. m.buscema@semeion.it
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buscema
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rossini
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Babiloni
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grossi
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004569:Electroencephalography; D001330:Electronic Data Processing / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D012720:Severity of Illness Index