title: Stent expansion: a combination of delivery balloon underexpansion and acute stent recoil reduces predicted stent diameter irrespective of reference vessel size.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a strong inverse relationship between final vessel diameter and subsequent risk of treatment failure after coronary stent deployment. The aim of this study was to investigate the magnitude by which stent delivery balloon underexpansion and stent elastic recoil contributed to suboptimal final vessel geometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective angiographic study recruiting 499 lesions (385 patients) undergoing coronary stent implantation was performed. Quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) was used to measure the minimal lumen diameters of the delivery balloon during stent deployment (MLD1) and of the stented segment following balloon deflation (MLD2). The expected balloon diameter for the deployment pressure was determined from the manufacturer's reference chart. Delivery balloon deficit was measured by subtracting the MLD1 from the expected balloon size and stent recoil was calculated by subtracting MLD2 from MLD1. Delivery balloon deficit and stent recoil were examined as a function of reference vessel diameter (RVD) and balloon-vessel (BV) ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final stent MLD was a mean 27.2% (SD = 7.2) less than the predicted diameter. The mean delivery balloon deficit was 0.65 mm (SD = 0.27) and the mean stent recoil was 0.28 mm (SD = 0.17). Percentage delivery balloon deficit and stent recoil were independent of RVD. Delivery balloon deficit increased with higher BV ratios. Stent recoil was independent of BV ratio and the use of predilatation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Failure to achieve predicted final stent diameter is a real problem with contribution from delivery balloon underexpansion and stent recoil. On average the final stent MLD is only 73% of the expected diameter, irrespective of vessel size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Blackburn Hospital, Haslingden Road, Blackburn, Lancashire BB2 3HH, UK. saziz1@btinternet.com
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Raphael A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Rodney H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Stables
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000379:methods*; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012016:Reference Values; D015607:Stents