title: Pharmacological effects of naltrexone and intravenous alcohol on craving for cigarettes among light smokers: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although naltrexone has been widely researched in the context of drinking and smoking behaviors, with each substance studied separately, little is known about the effects of naltrexone on craving for cigarettes during alcohol intoxication.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study used a within-subjects double-blind placebo-controlled design to (1) examine the effects of alcohol, administered intravenously, on craving for cigarettes; (2) test the effects of naltrexone on cigarette craving during alcohol intoxication; and (3) examine the relationship between craving for alcohol and cigarettes across rising breath alcohol concentrations (BrACs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Heavy drinking light smokers completed two counterbalanced intravenous alcohol challenge sessions, one after taking naltrexone (50 mg) for 3 days and one after taking a placebo for 3 days. During each session, participants reported on their craving for alcohol and cigarettes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses revealed a significant positive effect of BrAC on urge to smoke as well as a BrAC x Medication interaction. Specifically, the linear relationship between BrAC and urge to smoke was significantly weaker in the naltrexone condition, as compared to placebo. There was also a positive association between urge to drink and urge to smoke, and this relationship was moderated by BrAC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that the pharmacological effects of alcohol alone induce craving for cigarettes and that naltrexone blunts the progression of craving for cigarettes during alcohol intoxication. These results highlight the potential clinical utility of naltrexone for heavy drinkers trying to quit smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Muenzinger Psychology Building, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA. Lara.Ray@Colorado.edu
authors.forename: Lara A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kahler
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Leventhal
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Monti
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.forename: Kent E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hutchison
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000188:drug therapy; D001944:Breath Tests; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004347:Drug Interactions; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012907:Smoking / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D000431:Ethanol; D009271:Naltrexone