title: Glial cell-derived cytokines attenuate the breakdown of vascular integrity in diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: The blood-retinal barrier (BRB) is a biological unit comprised of specialized capillary endothelial cells firmly connected by intercellular tight junctions and endothelium-surrounding glial cells. The BRB is essential for maintaining the retinal microenvironment and low permeability and is compromised in an early phase during the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Here, we demonstrate that retinoic acid receptor (RAR)alpha stimulants preferentially act on glial cells rather than endothelial cells, resulting in the enhanced expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) through recruitment of the RARalpha-driven trans-acting coactivator to the 5'-flanking region of the gene promoter. Conversely, RARalpha decreases expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular permeability factor. These gene expression alterations causally limit vascular permeability by modulating the tight junction function of capillary endothelium in a paracrine manner in vitro. The phenotypic transformation of glial cells mediated by RARalpha is sufficient for significant reductions of vascular leakage in the diabetic retina, suggesting that RARalpha antagonizes the loss of tight junction integrity induced by diabetes. These findings reveal that glial cell-derived cytokines such as GDNF and VEGF regulate BRB function, implying that the glial cell can be a possible therapeutic target in diabetic retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Nami
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishikiori
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osanai
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mitamura
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohguro
authors.forename: Norimasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sawada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology; D002417:Cattle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D005909:Glioblastoma; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000502:physiology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000502:physiology; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics*; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; C000607071:RARA protein, human; C000607072:Rara protein, mouse; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A