title: Evaluation of liquid- and fog-based application of Sterilox hypochlorous acid solution for surface inactivation of human norovirus.
abstract: Noroviruses (NVs) are the most frequent cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in common settings, with surface-mediated transfer via contact with fecally contaminated surfaces implicated in exposure. NVs are environmentally stable and persistent and have a low infectious dose. Several disinfectants have been evaluated for efficacy to control viruses on surfaces, but the toxicity and potential damage to treated materials limits their applicability. Sterilox hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution (HAS) has shown broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity while being suitable for general use. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of HAS to reduce NV both in aqueous suspensions and on inanimate carriers. HOCl was further tested as a fog to decontaminate large spaces. HOCl effectiveness was evaluated using nonculturable human NV measured by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and two surrogate viruses, coliphage MS2 and murine NV, that were detected by both infectivity and RT-PCR. Exposing virus-contaminated carriers of ceramic tile (porous) and stainless steel (nonporous) to 20 to 200 ppm of HOCl solution resulted in > or = 99.9% (> or = 3 log10) reductions of both infectivity and RNA titers of tested viruses within 10 min of exposure time. HOCl fogged in a confined space reduced the infectivity and RNA titers of NV, murine NV, and MS2 on these carriers by at least 99.9% (3 log10), regardless of carrier location and orientation. We conclude that HOCl solution as a liquid or fog is likely to be effective in disinfecting common settings to reduce NV exposures and thereby control virus spread via fomites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Univerisity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. gpark@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Geun Woo
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Deyanna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Boston
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kase
authors.forename: Mark N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sobsey
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017909:Levivirus / Q000187:drug effects; D050296:Microbial Viability; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D038301:Virus Inactivation
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004202:Disinfectants; D012367:RNA, Viral; C118085:superoxidized water; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide