title: Phylogenetic analysis of low-pathogenicity avian influenza H6N2 viruses from chicken outbreaks (2001-2005) suggest that they are reassortants of historic ostrich low-pathogenicity avian influenza H9N2 and H6N8 viruses.
abstract: Low-pathogenicity (LPAI) and high-pathogenicity (HPAI) avian influenza viruses are periodically isolated from South African ostriches, but during 2002 the first recorded outbreak of LPAI (H6N2) in South African chickens occurred on commercial farms in the Camperdown area of KwaZulu/Natal (KZN) Province. Sequence analysis of all eight genes were performed and phylogenetic analysis was done based on the hemagglutinin and neuraminidasc sequences. Results from phylogenetic analyses indicated that the H6N2 chicken viruses most likely arose from a reassortment between two South African LPAI ostrich isolates: an H9N2 virus isolated in 1995 and an H6N8 virus isolated in 1998. Two cocirculating sublineages of H6N2 viruses were detected, both sharing a recent common ancestor. One of these sublineages was restricted to the KZN province. The neuraminidase gene contained a 22-amino acid deletion in the NA-stalk region, which is associated with adaptation to growth in chickens, whereas the other group, although lacking the NA-stalk deletion, spread to commercial farms in other provinces. The persistence of particular H6N2 types in some regions for at least 2 yr supports reports from Asia and southern California suggesting that H6N2 viruses can form stable lineages in chickens. It is probable that the ostrich H6N8 and H9N2 progenitors of the chicken H6N2 viruses were introduced to ostriches by wild birds. Ostriches, in which AI infections are often subclinical, may serve as mixing vessels for LPAI strains that occasionally spill over into other poultry.
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Pretoria 0110, South Africa.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abolnik
authors.forename: S P R
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Bisschop
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Gerdes
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Olivier
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Horner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002645:Chickens / Q000821:virology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D006388:Hemagglutinins / Q000235:genetics; D053127:Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016865:Reassortant Viruses / Q000235:genetics*; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D020310:Struthioniformes / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D006388:Hemagglutinins