title: Cardiac cells implanted within the outer aortic wall of rats generate measurable contractile force.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether neonatal cardiomyocytes grafted into the aortic wall contract, develop pressure, and can be paced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medium only (n = 9) or neonatal cardiomyocytes (n = 12, 5 x 10(6) cells each) were injected into the outer aortic wall in adult female Fischer rats. At 6 weeks after implantation, 11 out of 12 cardiomyocyte-treated aortas showed spontaneous rhythmic beating at the grafted site following excision of the heart. The spontaneous beating rate changed with pacing frequency. Five out of the 11 beating aortas had intra-aortic pressure generated by the spontaneously contracting cardiomyocytes. The pulse pressure generated by the grafted cardiomyocytes was 0.36 +/- 0.05 mmHg without pacing; during pacing it was 0.78 +/- 0.21 mmHg with systolic pressure up to 3.8 mmHg. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed viable grafts in the outer wall of the cardiomyocyte-treated aortas in 12 out of 12 aortas. Neonatal cardiomyocytes in the graft matured with cross striations. Immunohistochemical staining of the aorta for sacromeric actin was positive in 12 out of 12 aortas. Staining of connexin 43 showed that some grafted cardiomyocytes formed gap junctions. The above examinations were negative in nine out of nine medium-treated aortas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show for the first time that cardiomyocytes engrafted into the foreign environment of an extracardiac vascular structure can be paced and generate measurable intravascular pressure. This study may serve as a useful model for studying the growth and response of the grafted cardiomyocytes to various stimuli in an extra-cardiac environment in vivo.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, The Heart Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital, Los Angeles, California 90017-2395, USA.
authors.forename: Wangde
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kloner
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001011:Aorta / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000737:chemistry / Q000637:transplantation*; D011674:Pulse; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D018031:Connexin 43