title: Promoter methylation of RASSF1A and DAPK and mutations of K-ras, p53, and EGFR in lung tumors from smokers and never-smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological studies indicate that some characteristics of lung cancer among never-smokers significantly differ from those of smokers. Aberrant promoter methylation and mutations in some oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are frequent in lung tumors from smokers but rare in those from never-smokers. In this study, we analyzed promoter methylation in the ras-association domain isoform A (RASSF1A) and the death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) genes in lung tumors from patients with primarily non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from the Western Pennsylvania region. We compare the results with the smoking status of the patients and the mutation status of the K-ras, p53, and EGFR genes determined previously on these same lung tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Promoter methylation of the RASSF1A and DAPK genes was analyzed by using a modified two-stage methylation-specific PCR. Data on mutations of K-ras, p53, and EGFR were obtained from our previous studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RASSF1A gene promoter methylation was found in tumors from 46.7% (57/122) of the patients and was not significantly different between smokers and never-smokers, but was associated significantly in multiple variable analysis with tumor histology (p = 0.031) and marginally with tumor stage (p = 0.063). The DAPK gene promoter methylation frequency in these tumors was 32.8% (40/122) and did not differ according to the patients' smoking status, tumor histology, or tumor stage. Multivariate analysis adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, tumor histology and stage showed that the frequency of promoter methylation of the RASSF1A or DAPK genes did not correlate with the frequency of mutations of the K-ras, p53, and EGFR gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that RASSF1A and DAPK genes' promoter methylation occurred frequently in lung tumors, although the prevalence of this alteration in these genes was not associated with the smoking status of the patients or the occurrence of mutations in the K-ras, p53 and EGFR genes, suggesting each of these events may represent independent event in non-small lung tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA. yal26@pitt.edu <yal26@pitt.edu>
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Weimin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Jill M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Siegfried
authors.forename: Joel L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Weissfeld
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Luketich
authors.forename: Phouthone
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keohavong
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D064550:Death-Associated Protein Kinases; D005260:Female; D018773:Genes, erbB-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D016158:Genes, p53 / Q000502:physiology*; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C411762:RASSF1 protein, human; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D064550:Death-Associated Protein Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases