title: Genome sequence analysis of La Crosse virus and in vitro and in vivo phenotypes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  La Crosse virus (LACV), family Bunyaviridae, is a mosquito-borne virus recognized as a major cause of pediatric encephalitis in North America with 70-130 symptomatic cases each year. The virus was first identified as a human pathogen in 1960 after its isolation from a 4 year-old girl who suffered encephalitis and died in La Crosse, Wisconsin. The majority of LACV infections are mild and never reported, however, serologic studies estimate infection rates of 10-30/100,000 in endemic areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, sequence analysis of the complete LACV genomes of low-passage LACV/human/1960, LACV/mosquito/1978, and LACV/human/1978 strains and of biologically cloned derivatives of each strain, indicates that circulating LACVs are genetically stable over time and geographic distance with 99.6-100%, 98.9-100%, 97.8-99.6%, and 99.2-99.7% amino acid identity for N, NsS, M polyprotein, and L proteins respectively. We identified 5 amino acid differences in the RNA polymerase and 4 nucleotide differences in the non-coding region of the L segment specific to the human virus isolates, which may result in altered disease outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All three wild type viruses had similar in vitro growth kinetics and phenotypes in mosquito C6/36 and Vero cells, and similar levels of neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness in Swiss Webster mice. The biologically cloned derivative of LACV/human/1960 was significantly less neuroinvasive than its uncloned parent and differed in sequence at one amino acid position in the GN glycoprotein, identifying this residue as an attenuating mutation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. bennettri@niaid.nih.gov
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Ton
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Whitehead
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D009033:Culicidae; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004670:Encephalitis, California / Q000821:virology; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006801:Humans; D018062:La Crosse virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D017354:Point Mutation; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014709:Vero Cells; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins