title: Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and co-culture can affect post-thaw development and apoptosis in cryopreserved embryos.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of growth factor supplementation and Vero cell co-culture on apoptosis and development of frozen thawed one-cell mouse embryos.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following treatment regimens were assessed: (a) control medium (b) Vero cell co-culture and (c) growth factor supplemented medium. The individual growth factors tested were: GM-CSF, IGF-I, IGF-II, TNF-alpha, FGF-4, LIF, TGF-alpha, TGF-beta, IL-6, PDGF and EGF. Blastocyst development and differentiation were monitored. At termination of the experiments, overall blastomere number and apoptosis were assessed using the TUNEL assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences were observed in blastulation and hatching rates. ICM differentiation in thawed embryos was notably improved with either co-culture or growth factor supplementation. The only growth factor significantly modulating apoptosis in thawed embryos was granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). GM-CSF enhanced continued cell survival and prevented apoptosis but did not influence overall cell number in developing blastocysts. Vero cell co-culture significantly increased cell number in blastocysts (124+/-42 vs 100+/-44 in control; P<0.05). Embryonic apoptosis was higher in the co-cultured embryos. The increased presence of apoptotic cells in blastocysts of high cell number may reflect the regulatory role of apoptosis in balancing ICM: TE ratios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that culture conditions can modulate post-thaw embryonic development and apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: The Cleveland Clinic Fertility Center, 26900 Cedar Road, Beachwood, OH 44122, USA. desain@ccf.org
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Namita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kattal
authors.forename: Faten F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: AbdelHafez
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szeptycki-Lawson
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldfarb
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053624:Blastocyst Inner Cell Mass / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D015925:Cryopreservation; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor