title: Coefficient of variation of R-R intervals in electrocardiogram is a sensitive marker of anemia induced by autonomic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: The present study investigated the relationship between hemoglobin (Hb) levels and autonomic failure using a sensitive marker, coefficient of variation of R-R intervals in electrocardiogram (CVR-R) in order to clarify a cause of normocytic normochromic anemia in type 1 diabetic patients without overt nephropathy. We recruited 46 patients with type 1 diabetes and measured creatinine clearance (Ccr), HbA1c, albuminuria, Hb levels and CVR-R of all patients. In addition, the status of diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy were also evaluated. Serum erythropoietin (EPO), Fe, total iron binding capacity, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin levels and number of reticulocytes and mean corpuscular volume were also measured to distinguish types of anemia. To survey the statistical correlation existing between Hb and body mass index (BMI), Ccr, HbA1c, albuminuria or retinopathy, multiple regression analysis was performed. Serum EPO, Fe, TIBC, LDH and TB levels and number of reticulocytes and MCV were within normal limits. Multiple regression analysis disclosed that HbA1c, nephropathy evaluated by albuminuria and Ccr, and retinopathy has no concern with Hb level. There is only significant relationship between Hb levels and CVR-R. Similar results were obtained even if we analyzed a group of male and female separately. We conclude that CVR-R has the strong relationship on anemia without overt nephropathy in type 1 diabetes, indicating that autonomic failure contributes on the progression of anemia via a poor response of EPO to anemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishimbashi, Tokyo, Japan. tsaito@jikei.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takatoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Katsuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tojo
authors.forename: Rimei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kageyama
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tajima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D000740:Anemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000652:urine; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D002096:C-Peptide; D004921:Erythropoietin; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin