title: Is it now time to promote mixed enteral and parenteral nutrition for the critically ill patient?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intensive care outcome measured by morbidity and mortality is altered in the severely malnourished ICU patient, and nutritional support of the critically ill is accepted as a standard of care. Current recommendations suggest starting enteral feeding as soon as possible whenever the gastrointestinal tract is functioning. The disadvantage of enteral support is that inadequate energy and protein intake can occur. The present commentary focuses on some recent findings regarding the nutritional support of critically ill patients and proposes to promote mixed nutrition support by enteral nutrition (EN), and by parenteral nutrition (PN) whenever EN is insufficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increasing nutrition deficit during a long ICU stay is associated with increased morbidity (increased infection rate or impaired wound healing). Evidence shows that EN can result in underfeeding and that nutrition goals are reached only after 5-7 days. Contrary to former beliefs, recent meta-analyses of studies in the ICU showed that PN is not related to excess mortality but may even be associated with improved survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimising the increased substrate requirement for the critically ill by initiating timely nutrition support and ensuring tight glycaemic control with insulin is now considered central for improved intensive care outcomes. Supplemental PN combined with EN could be an effective alternative to achieve 100% of energy and protein targets at day 4, when EN alone fails to achieve goals greater than 60% by day 3. Whether such combined nutrition support provides additional benefit on overall outcome has to be ascertained in further studies.
authors.affiliation: Geneva University Hospital, Service of Intensive Care, Rue Micheli-du-Crest 24, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland. claudia-paula.heidegger@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: Claudia-Paula
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Heidegger
authors.forename: Jacques-André
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Romand
authors.forename: Miriam M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Treggiari
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pichard
mesh_terms: D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013557:Switzerland