title: Reduction of PKC alpha decreases cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of human malignant hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: Protein kinase C (PKC) superfamily play key regulatory roles on the development of cancer. However, the exact role of these enzymes in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been well established. Using the RT-PCR and Western blotting to analyze the levels of PKC isoforms mRNA and protein in the five different differentiated hepatoma cell lines, we found that PKC alpha was highly expressed in the poor-differentiated HCC cell lines (SK-Hep-1 and HA22T/VGH) as compared with that in the well-differentiated HCC cell lines (PLC/PRF/5, Hep3B, and HepG2). When treated with PKC alpha antisense oligonucleotides (ODN), both HA22T/VGH and SK-Hep-1 cells lines showed the reduction of PKC alpha expression, as well as a deceleration in the growth rate and in the level of cyclin D1, but the increase in the levels of p53 and p21(WAF1/CIP1). Moreover, the reduction of PKC alpha expression also inhibited the migratory and invasive potential of both HA22T/VGH and SK-Hep-1 cells lines, and revealed a down-regulation of several migration/invasion-related genes (MMP-1, u-PA, u-PAR, and FAK). These phenomenon were also confirmed by DNA-based small interfering RNA (siRNA) PKC alpha and PKC alpha/beta specific inhibitor Go6976. Thus, the results indicated that PKC alpha may be associated with regulation of cell proliferation/migration/invasion in human poorly differentiated HCC cells, suggesting a role for the PKC alpha in the malignant progression of human HCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Trang-Tiau
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yi-Hsien
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Yih-Shou
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Jer-Yuh
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism; D016373:DNA, Antisense / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D002227:Carbazoles; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016373:DNA, Antisense; D007211:Indoles; D007527:Isoenzymes; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C081021:Go 6976; D019938:Cyclin D1; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha