title: Metabolic activation of herbicide products by Vicia faba detected in human peripheral lymphocytes using alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis.
abstract: Ametryn and metribuzin S-triazines derivatives and EPTC thiocarbamate are herbicides used extensively in Mexican agriculture, for example in crops such as corn, sugar cane, tomato, wheat, and beans. The present study evaluated the DNA damage and cytotoxic effects of three herbicides after metabolism by Vicia faba roots in human peripheral lymphocytes using akaline single cell gel electrophoresis. Three parameters were scored as indicators of DNA damage: tail length, percentage of cells with DNA damage (with comet), and level DNA damage. The lymphocytes were treated for 2 h with 0.5-5.0 microg/ml ametryn or metribuzin and 1.5-10 microg/ml EPTC. Lymphocytes also were coincubated for 2 h with 20 microl V. faba roots extracts that had been treated for 4 h with 50-500 mg/l of the two triazines or with the thiocarbamate herbicide or with ethanol (3600 mg/l), as positive control. The lymphocytes treated with three pesticides without in vivo metabolic activation by V. faba root did not show significant differences in the mean values between genotoxic parameters compared with negative control. But when human cells were exposed to three herbicides after they had been metabolized the frequency of cell comet, tail length and level DNA damage all increased. At highest concentrations of the three herbicides produced severe DNA damage compared with S10 fraction and negative control. The linear regression analysis of the tail length values of three herbicides indicated that there was genotoxic effect concentration-response relationship with ametryn and ametribuzin but no EPTC. The ethanol induced major increase DNA damage compared with S10 fraction and the three pesticides. There were not effects in cell viability with treatment EPTC and metribuzin whether or not it had been metabolized. High concentrations of ametryn alone and after it had been metabolized decreased cell viability compared with the negative control. The results demonstrated that the three herbicides needed to be activated by the V. faba root metabolism to produce DNA damage in human peripheral lymphocyte. The alkaline comet technique is a rapid and sensitive assay, to quickly evaluate DNA damage the metabolic activation of herbicide products by V. faba root in human cells in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorios de Citogenética y Mutagénesis Ambientales, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 México DF, Mexico. mcalderon@atmosfera.unam.mx
authors.forename: María Elena
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Calderón-Segura
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gómez-Arroyo
authors.forename: Bertha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Molina-Alvarez
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Villalobos-Pietrini
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Calderón-Ezquerro
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cortés-Eslava
authors.forename: Pedro Rafael
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Valencia-Quintana
authors.forename: Lucina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: López-González
authors.forename: Rubén
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zúñiga-Reyes
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Rincón
mesh_terms: D001711:Biotransformation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009153:Mutagens / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000633:toxicity; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D031307:Vicia faba / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D009153:Mutagens; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D014227:Triazines; C100057:ametryne; C009235:metribuzin; C036251:EPTC