title: Metabolic syndrome, diabetes and subclinical atherosclerosis as assessed by carotid intima-media thickness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) is a useful surrogate marker of cardiovascular disease and is associated with cardiac events. We investigated cross-sectionally the association between carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), confounding risk factors, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) using the modified Japanese criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Carotid IMT was evaluated on B-mode ultrasonography in 918 patients (394 men aged 66 +/- 15 years and 524 women aged 72 +/- 13 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among our 918 patients, 74 (8.1%) had no metabolic abnormalities, 478 (52.1%) had a metabolic abnormality with neither type 2 diabetes or MetS, and 127 had MetS without diabetes. Of the patients with type 2 diabetes, 132 (14.4%) did not have MetS and 107 (11.7%) had both type 2 diabetes and MetS. The carotid IMT values in the four groups with any metabolic abnormalities were significantly greater than the IMT of the group with neither condition (p=0.001), respectively. In syndrome model, type 2 diabetes was significantly associated with carotid atherosclerosis (p= 0.006), but MetS was borderline significant. In the component model of MetS, there was a significant association with hypertension (p<0.001) and dyslipidemia (p=0.006). Multiple logistic regression analysis for carotid atherosclerosis compared to neither condition demonstrated that subjects with both MetS and diabetes (OR, 5.58; 95% CI, 2.64-11.8), those with type 2 diabetes without MetS (OR, 3.00; 95% CI, 1.45-6.22), and those with MetS without type 2 diabetes (OR, 2.58; 75% CI, 1.24-5.39) showed a higher odds ratio after adjustment for covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even after taking into account each individual component of MetS, the clustering of visceral obesity with at least 2 of the 3 components, and diabetes are independently associated with increased carotid IMT. This suggests that the components of MetS and type 2 diabetes interact to affect vascular thickness synergistically.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seiyo Municipal Nomura Hospital, Seiyo-city, Ehime, Japan. rykawamo@ehime.med.or.jp
authors.forename: Ryuichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohtsuka
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamitani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000378:metabolism; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL