title: Risk factors for mortality among patients with diabetes: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to examine demographic, socioeconomic, and biological predictors of all-cause, cardiovascular, and noncardiovascular mortality in patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey, medical record, and administrative data were obtained from 8,733 participants in the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes Study, a multicenter, prospective, observational study of diabetes care in managed care. Data on deaths (n = 791) and cause of death were obtained from the National Death Index after 4 years. Predictors examined included age, sex, race, education, income, duration, and treatment of diabetes, BMI, smoking, microvascular and macrovascular complications, and comorbidities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Predictors of adjusted all-cause mortality included older age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.04 [95% CI 1.03-1.05]), male sex (1.57 [1.35-1.83]), lower income (< $15,000 vs. > $75,000, HR 1.82 [1.30-2.54]; $15,000-$40,000 vs. > $75,000, HR 1.58 [1.15-2.17]), longer duration of diabetes (> or = 9 years vs. < 9 years, HR 1.20 [1.02-1.41]), lower BMI (< 26 vs. 26-30 kg/m2, HR 1.43 [1.13-1.69]), smoking (1.44 [1.20-1.74]), nephropathy (1.46 [1.23-2.73]), macrovascular disease (1.46 [1.23-1.74]), and greater Charlson index (> or = 2-3 vs. < 1, HR 2.01 [1.04-3.90]; > or = 3 vs. < 1, HR 4.38 [2.26-8.47]). The predictors of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality were different. Macrovascular disease predicted cardiovascular but not noncardiovascular mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among people with diabetes and access to medical care, older age, male sex, smoking, and renal disease are important predictors of mortality. Even within an insured population, socioeconomic circumstance is an important independent predictor of health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. lmattei@med.umich.edu
authors.forename: Laura N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: McEwen
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Karter
authors.forename: Mary N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Haan
authors.forename: Debashis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Paula M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lantz
authors.forename: Carol M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mangione
authors.forename: Theodore J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Herman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors