title: Neurocognitive endophenotypes in a multiplex multigenerational family study of schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Genetic factors contribute to the development of schizophrenia where cognitive dysfunction is a hallmark. The purpose of this article was to examine computerized neurocognitive measures as candidate endophenotypic markers of liability for schizophrenia in a genetically informative cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  European Americans from 35 multiplex multigenerational families (N=349) and healthy participants (N=154) underwent clinical assessments and neurocognitive measurements and provided blood samples. The neurocognitive measures included performance (accuracy and speed) from a computerized battery that assessed abstraction/mental flexibility; attention; verbal, face, and spatial memory; spatial processing; sensorimotor processing; and emotion intensity discrimination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Probands, relatives, and comparison subjects differed from each other in performance. Probands demonstrated greatest impairment relative to comparison subjects, followed by family members. Liability for schizophrenia affected the speed-accuracy tradeoff differently for specific neurocognitive domains. Significant heritability estimates were obtained for accuracy of verbal, facial, and spatial memory and spatial and emotion processing. For speed, estimates of heritability were significant for abstraction/mental flexibility, attention, face memory, and spatial and sensorimotor processing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a multigenerational multiplex design, the authors demonstrated that neurocognitive measures are associated with schizophrenia, differentiate unaffected relatives from comparison subjects, and may have significant presumed heritability. Therefore, they are endophenotypes suitable for genetic studies. Accuracy and speed can be differentially sensitive to presumed genetic liability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA. raquel@bbl.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Raquel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gur
authors.forename: Vishwajit L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Nimgaonkar
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Almasy
authors.forename: Monica E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Calkins
authors.forename: J Daniel
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ragland
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Pogue-Geile
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanes
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blangero
authors.forename: Ruben C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gur
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics