title: The role of cordycepin in cancer treatment via induction or inhibition of apoptosis: implication of polyadenylation in a cell type specific manner.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most anticancer drugs show their antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity via induction of apoptosis. In the present study we assessed the implication and role of cordycepin, a polyadenylation-specific inhibitor and a well-known chemotherapeutic drug, in apoptosis, induced by the anticancer drug etoposide.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this purpose, a variety of leukemia and lymphoma cell lines (U937, K562, HL-60, Daudi, Molt-4) were treated with the anticancer drugs etoposide and/or cordycepin and assessed for poly(A) polymerase (PAP) activity and isoforms by the highly sensitive PAP activity assay and western blotting, respectively. Induction of apoptosis was determined by endonucleosomal DNA cleavage, DAPI staining, caspase-6 activity assay and DeltaPsi m reduction, whereas cytotoxicity and cell cycle status were assessed by Trypan blue staining, MTT assay and flow cytometry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that PAP changes in all cell lines, in response to apoptosis induced by etoposide, in many cases even prior to hallmarks of apoptosis (endonucleosomal cleavage of DNA, DeltaPsi(m) reduction). A further elucidation to this apoptosis-polyadenylation correlation was added, by cell treatment with cordycepin, resulting in either suppression (U937, K562) or induction (HL-60) of the apoptotic process, according to the cell type. However, inhibition of polyadenylation did not influence the cell lines Daudi and Molt-4 used, where alternative apoptotic pathways are induced through cleavage of DNA into high molecular weight fragments.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology, NCSR Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Hellinida
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thomadaki
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scorilas
authors.forename: Chris Milto
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tsiapalis
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Havredaki
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053178:Caspase 6 / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D003839:Deoxyadenosines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005047:Etoposide / Q000494:pharmacology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007211:Indoles; D007938:Leukemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D051336:Mitochondrial Membranes / Q000187:drug effects; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011061:Poly A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D003839:Deoxyadenosines; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007211:Indoles; D011061:Poly A; C007293:DAPI; D005047:Etoposide; D053178:Caspase 6; C058120:cordycepin