title: Cost-effective diagnosis of ingested foreign bodies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the cost effectiveness of plain film radiography, computed tomography (CT), and endoscopy as initial diagnostic modalities in adult patients complaining of retained ingested foreign bodies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature review was conducted to determine key statistics for the analysis, such as prevalence of disease, prevalence of complications, and the sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic modality. Costs were estimated using 2006 Medicare reimbursement for hospital and professional fees. A deterministic cost-effectiveness analysis was then conducted using decision analysis software and a decision tree model to evaluate the various diagnostic strategies. After identifying initial results, we also performed sensitivity and threshold analysis to assess the strength of the recommendations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We reviewed 316 abstracts, identified 16 pertinent studies that included a total of 7,088 patients with possible foreign bodies, and extracted key statistics from those papers. Decision analysis showed that CT scanning as an initial diagnostic strategy proved more cost effective than plain film or operative endoscopy. The incremental cost of immediate endoscopy for every additional correctly diagnosed patient was $5,238. Plain radiography was more costly and less effective, even with the addition of confirmatory CT scanning after a negative plain film. Sensitivity and threshold analyses demonstrated that these results are robust.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients presenting with a complaint of a retained ingested foreign body are most cost-effectively managed with CT scan, after history and physical. Immediate endoscopy may be considered if CT is not available, although it adds significant cost. Plain films are dominated by these two diagnostic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Shrime
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D003679:Deglutition; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000191:economics*; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007828:Laryngoscopy / Q000191:economics*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000191:economics*