title: On the accuracy of CartoMerge for guiding posterior left atrial ablation in man.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent reports suggest that the CartoMerge system is useful for guiding human posterior left atrial (PLA) endocardial ablation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the accuracy of the CartoMerge system during PLA ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients undergoing PLA catheter ablation were studied. In each patient, registration of preoperative computed tomographic (CT) and intraoperative electroanatomic left atrial images was performed to create CartoMerge images. Encircling of right and left pulmonary venous vestibules with ablation points was then performed guided solely by intracardiac echocardiography, with point locations saved on a CartoMerge image to which the operator was blinded. The accuracy of the CartoMerge image was then assessed by measuring the distance from the location of each ablation point on the image to its actual anatomic location. In five patients, accuracy of registration of each of three left atrial CT images (just prior to mitral valve opening, at end-diastasis, at end-atrial contraction) with the electroanatomic image was compared. In two patients, accuracy of registration using left atrial image data alone was compared with that which used both left atrial and thoracic aorta image data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In each patient, inaccuracy of the CartoMerge image was apparent, the magnitude of which was similar for right- and left-vestibule ablation points. Accuracy was significantly improved when the end-atrial contraction CT image was used for registration. The inclusion of thoracic aorta image data did not improve accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CartoMerge system is inaccurate. Inaccuracy may be reduced by using CT and electroanatomic images obtained at the same point in the atrial mechanical cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lacomis
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schwartzman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012107:Research Design; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome