title: Cytoarchitectural and kinetic features in the histological evaluation of follicular thyroid neoplasms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The diagnosis of follicular thyroid carcinomas is mainly based on capsular and vascular invasion. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic relevance of nuclear features, inflammation and stromal changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anisokaryosis, chromatin pattern, nucleolus, nuclear pleomorphism, nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, necrosis, stromal changes and tumour interstitial lymphocytes (TIL) were analysed in adenomatous hyperplastic nodules (39), adenomas (43) and carcinomas (28 minimally invasive, 48 widely invasive and 27 anaplastic). Ki67 immunostaining, in situ end labelling (ISEL) for apoptosis and the Ki67/ISEL index were analysed by topographical compartments. Variables were compared by histological diagnosis using Fisher's exact test, analysis of variance and Student's t-tests and considered significant if P < 0.05. TIL were absent in 96% of neoplasms and 54% of adenomatous hyperplastic nodules. Conspicuous nucleoli, increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and coexistent apoptosis-myxoid changes distinguished minimally invasive carcinomas from adenomas. The most specific variables of high-grade carcinoma were vasculonecrotic patterns, nuclear hyperchromatism and pleomorphism. A kinetic advantage predominated in the internal compartments of benign lesions and in the peripheral compartments of malignant lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Follicular carcinomas show up-regulation of proliferation markers and the distinctive topographical kinetic profiles provide a basis for the distinction between benign and malignant and an explanation for the circumscription and encapsulation of benign lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Barts and the London Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arif
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blanes
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Diaz-Cano
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D018265:Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology