title: Mutational analysis of EGFR and related signaling pathway genes in lung adenocarcinomas identifies a novel somatic kinase domain mutation in FGFR4.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fifty percent of lung adenocarcinomas harbor somatic mutations in six genes that encode proteins in the EGFR signaling pathway, i.e., EGFR, HER2/ERBB2, HER4/ERBB4, PIK3CA, BRAF, and KRAS. We performed mutational profiling of a large cohort of lung adenocarcinomas to uncover other potential somatic mutations in genes of this signaling pathway that could contribute to lung tumorigenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed genomic DNA from a total of 261 resected, clinically annotated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) specimens. The coding sequences of 39 genes were screened for somatic mutations via high-throughput dideoxynucleotide sequencing of PCR-amplified gene products. Mutations were considered to be somatic only if they were found in an independent tumor-derived PCR product but not in matched normal tissue. Sequencing of 9MB of tumor sequence identified 239 putative genetic variants. We further examined 22 variants found in RAS family genes and 135 variants localized to exons encoding the kinase domain of respective proteins. We identified a total of 37 non-synonymous somatic mutations; 36 were found collectively in EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA. One somatic mutation was a previously unreported mutation in the kinase domain (exon 16) of FGFR4 (Glu681Lys), identified in 1 of 158 tumors. The FGFR4 mutation is analogous to a reported tumor-specific somatic mutation in ERBB2 and is located in the same exon as a previously reported kinase domain mutation in FGFR4 (Pro712Thr) in a lung adenocarcinoma cell line.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is one of the first comprehensive mutational analyses of major genes in a specific signaling pathway in a sizeable cohort of lung adenocarcinomas. Our results suggest the majority of gain-of-function mutations within kinase genes in the EGFR signaling pathway have already been identified. Our findings also implicate FGFR4 in the pathogenesis of a subset of lung adenocarcinomas.
authors.affiliation: Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jenifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: McLellan
authors.forename: Maureen F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Zakowski
authors.forename: Alex E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lash
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Broderick
authors.forename: Inderpal S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Sarkaria
authors.forename: Duykhanh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: Bhuvanesh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Tracie L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Miner
authors.forename: Ginger A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Fewell
authors.forename: Lucinda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Fulton
authors.forename: Elaine R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Mardis
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kris
authors.forename: Valerie W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Rusch
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Varmus
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pao
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051499:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D066246:ErbB Receptors; C496371:FGFR4 protein, human; D051499:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4