title: Carbonyl stress reduction in peritoneal dialysis fluid: development of a novel high-affinity adsorption bead.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heat sterilization of glucose peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluid generates reactive carbonyl compounds (RCOs), which have been implicated in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on peritoneal proteins, with an attendant deterioration of peritoneal permeability in PD patients. To reduce their levels in PD fluid, we had previously devised beads coupled with RCO-trapping agents. The hazards linked to the diffusion of RCO-trapping compounds in the systemic circulation are avoided. Hydrazine-epoxy beads proved the most effective. Still, the amount needed to trap all RCOs remained relatively large.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a novel agent linking a powerful RCO-trapping AGE inhibitor, pyrazolinone-polyethyleneimine, with cellulose beads (PPCBs). We tested its effectiveness to lower RCOs and AGE formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mixed with glucose PD fluid, PPCBs markedly lowered RCOs (alpha-dicarbonyls and aldehydes) and inhibited the generation of pentosidine, an AGE, to levels similar to those of filter-sterilized PD fluid. Their effectiveness is more than one order of magnitude above those of previously developed beads. The PPCBs markedly improved PD fluid biocompatibility. Incubation of 1 L commercial glucose PD fluid at 25 degrees C for 24 hours with 10 or 30 g of wet PPCBs reduced RCO content by 75% - 90% and 100% respectively, without altering the pH or glucose and electrolyte contents of the PD fluid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We developed a high-affinity adsorption bead to reduce the toxic RCO content and AGE formation potential (carbonyl stress) of PD fluid.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Sciences and Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Izuhara
authors.forename: Takatoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kakuta
authors.forename: Shunya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takizawa
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Tatsuhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higaki
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Ypersele de Strihou
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyata
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D002460:Cell Line; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007659:Ketones / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D007659:Ketones