title: Ammonium channel expression is essential for brain development and function in the larva of Ciona intestinalis.
abstract: Ammonium uptake into the cell is known to be mediated by ammonium transport (Amt) proteins, which are present in all domains of life. The physiological role of Amt proteins remains elusive; indeed, loss-of-function experiments suggested that Amt proteins do not play an essential role in bacteria, yeast, and plants. Here we show that the reverse holds true in the tunicate Ciona intestinalis. The genome of C. intestinalis contains two AMT genes, Ci-AMT1a and Ci-AMT1b, which we show derive from an ascidian-specific gene duplication. We analyzed Ci-AMT expression during embryo development. Notably, Ci-AMT1a is expressed in the larval brain in a small number of cells defining a previously unseen V-shaped territory; these cells connect the brain cavity to the external environment. We show that the knockdown of Ci-AMT1a impairs the formation of the brain cavity and consequently the function of the otolith, the gravity-sensing organ contained in it. We speculate that the normal mechanical functioning (flotation and free movement) of the otolith may require a close regulation of ammonium salt(s) concentration in the brain cavity, because ammonium is known to affect both fluid density and viscosity; the cells forming the V territory may act as a conduit in achieving such a regulation.
authors.affiliation: Stazione Zoologica A Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Melillo
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Filippo
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Maria Rosaria
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Rosaria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Santis
authors.forename: Euan R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matassi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001693:Biological Transport, Active / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002938:Ciona intestinalis / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D017353:Gene Deletion; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000502:physiology; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D007473:Ion Channels; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds