title: Effects of backwashing on the prosobranch snail Potamopyrgus jenkinsi Smith in granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorbers.
abstract: Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorbers are often the penultimate stage of surface water treatment and provide ideal habitats for invertebrates. Proliferation of chlorine-resistant invertebrates in GAC adsorbers may lead to their efflux into distribution systems, possibly resulting in contamination of customers' tap water. GAC adsorber sampling and laboratory experiments were undertaken to determine the effects of routine backwashing on GAC adsorber populations of the chlorine-resistant snail Potamopyrgus jenkinsi at a water treatment works. GAC adsorber sampling results suggested that routine backwashing altered the spatial distribution of snails, but not their overall abundance. In small-scale glass columns 40-50% of the smallest (0.3-0.6 mm shell height) juvenile snails were removed by a GAC backwash bed expansion of 30-40%; however, bed expansions of greater than 20% were not possible in the GAC adsorbers.
authors.affiliation: Anglian Water Services, Operational Science Department, Engineering Office, Grange Lane, Pitsford, Northamptonshire, NN6 9AP, UK.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Weeks
authors.forename: Barry S C
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Leadbeater
authors.forename: Maureen E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Callow
authors.forename: Jeff S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bale
authors.forename: J Barrie
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Holden
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D011156:Population Density; D012908:Snails; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon