title: A new electromagnetic shock-wave generator "SLX-F2" with user-selectable dual focus size: ex vivo evaluation of renal injury.
abstract: Storz Medical AG (Kreutzlingen/Switzerland) has developed a new electromagnetic shockwave (SW) generator, the "SLX-F2", which allows the user to choose between a small-focus, high-pressure treatment regime or a wide-focus, low-pressure option. The aim of this study was to investigate, under standardized conditions, the impact of these two different treatment regimes on SW-induced renal injury. SW-induced renal injury was investigated by using the standardized model of the perfused ex vivo kidney. SWs were applied under ultrasound control in the parenchyma of a kidney pole. Different SW numbers (20, 50, 125, 250, 500, 1,000) were applied in three groups: group A was treated with a wider focus (80 MPa), groups B (60 MPa) and C (120 MPa) with a smaller focus (each parameter setting was repeated ten-fold). Disintegration capacity (measured by crater volume in cubes of plaster of Paris) was the same in groups A and C. After SW exposure, barium sulphate suspension was perfused through the renal artery. The maximum diameter (mm) of the extravasation in the cortex, representing the extent of vascular injury, was measured on X-ray mammography films. H&E staining was performed. In all three groups (A, B, C) a higher number of SWs caused the diameter of the extravasate to increase, with statistical significance appearing at 1,000 shots versus 20 shots (p < 0.05). Vascular injury was not influenced by the focal size and positive peak pressure at identical SW numbers applied. Histology of the focal area showed gap-like defects. Our ex vivo data show that renal vascular injury is independent of the focal diameter of the SW generator at the same peak positive pressure and disintegration power. This confirms the in vivo findings that show renal injury caused by SW as being related to the number of SWs administered. Clinical studies are needed to investigate whether there is any advantage to offering both treatment regimes in one SW machine-for example, by using the "wide-focus, low-pressure" option for kidney stones and the "small-focus, high-pressure" regimen for stones in the ureter. The renal injury caused by either regime remains comparable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Mannheim, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Rasmus
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leistner
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wendt-Nordahl
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grobholz
authors.forename: Maurice Stephan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marlinghaus
authors.forename: Kai Uwe
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Köhrmann
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alken
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Häcker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011312:Pressure; D013552:Swine