title: Effects of CT irradiation on implantable cardiac rhythm management devices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively measure the response of a variety of models of implantable cardiac rhythm management devices (ICRMDs) to the radiation delivered by computed tomography (CT), for both maximum and typical dose levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one ICRMDs (13 pacemakers, eight cardioverter-defibrillators) manufactured by Medtronic (Minneapolis, Minn) were exposed to ionizing radiation from CT systems in both spiral and dynamic acquisition modes at maximum and typical dose levels. Devices were monitored during exposure to check for any operational abnormalities and were interrogated after exposure to check for any residual abnormalities. Total radiation dose and peak dose rate were measured, and the volume CT dose index was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oversensing was observed in 20 of 21 devices at maximum doses and in 17 of 20 devices at typical doses. Oversensing most often manifested as inhibition, although it occasionally manifested as tracking or safety pacing. Two devices inhibited for more than 4 seconds in spiral mode at clinical dose levels. Oversensing was transient and ceased as soon as the device stopped moving through the x-ray beam or the beam was turned off. The partial electrical reset (PER) safety feature was activated in two models, InSync 8040 and Thera DR. With the exception of PER, programming was not altered. Effects occurred only if the x-ray beam passed directly over the ICRMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT irradiation at typical clinical doses results in oversensing of ICRMDs in the majority of devices tested, although the identified effects were predominantly transient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. mccollough.cynthia@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Cynthia H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: McCollough
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Primak
authors.forename: Wesley J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Buysman
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004868:Equipment Failure; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed