title: Identification of the atypical L-type Ca2+ channel blocker diltiazem and its metabolites as ghrelin receptor agonists.
abstract: Using a high-throughput functional screen, the atypical L-type Ca2+ channel blocker diltiazem was discovered to be an agonist at the human ghrelin (GHSR1a) receptor. In cellular proliferation, Ca2+ mobilization, and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET-2) assays, diltiazem was a partial agonist at GHSR1a receptors, with 50 to 80% relative efficacy compared with the GHSR1a peptide agonist GHRP-6, and high nanomolar to low micromolar potency, depending upon the assay. Seven of the known primary metabolites of diltiazem were synthesized, and three of them (MA, M1, and M2) were more efficacious and/or more potent than diltiazem at GHSR1a receptors, with a rank order of agonist activity of M2 > M1 > MA > diltiazem, whereas M4 and M6 metabolites displayed weak agonist activity, and the M8 and M9 metabolites were inactive. Binding affinities of diltiazem and these metabolites to GHSR1a receptors followed a similar rank order. In vivo tests showed that diltiazem and M2 each stimulated growth hormone release in male Sprague-Dawley neonatal rats, although to a lesser degree than GHRP-6. Thus, diltiazem and chemical analogs of diltiazem represent a new class of GHSR1a receptor agonists. The possible contributions of GHSR1a receptor activation to the clinical actions of diltiazem are discussed in the context of the known beneficial cardiovascular effects of ghrelin.
authors.affiliation: ACADIA Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 3911 Sorrento Valley Blvd., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
authors.forename: Jian-Nong
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Schiffer
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kenneth K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Erika A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Currier
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: Norman R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.forename: Luis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Gardell
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Brann
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: Ethan S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Burstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000187:drug effects*; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000819:agonists*; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin
chemical_list: D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D009842:Oligopeptides; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin; C041048:growth hormone releasing hexapeptide; D013006:Growth Hormone; D004110:Diltiazem; D002118:Calcium