title: ITGCN of the testis, contralateral testicular biopsy and bilateral testicular cancer.
abstract: Over 30 years ago Skakkebaek was the first to characterize a noninvasive precursor lesion (intratubular germ cell neoplasia or carcinoma in situ) that would progress to invasive testicular tumors. In this article we discuss the molecular changes thought to cause this malignant transformation, various conditions that predispose to the development of testicular germ cell tumors, diagnostic strategies, and treatment options. Additionally we discuss the current patterns of contralateral testicular biopsy to identify intratubular germ cell neoplasia, as well as the incidence and management of bilateral testicular tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Karellas
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Damjanov
authors.forename: Jeffery M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Holzbeierlein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D012671:Seminiferous Tubules; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3