title: Effect of high-carbohydrate or high-cis-monounsaturated fat diets on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of intervention trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is recommended to manage blood pressure. The DASH diet is low in saturated fat, but it is not clear whether saturated fat should be preferentially replaced with carbohydrate or unsaturated fat, especially cis-monounsaturated fat.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A meta-analysis of intervention studies comparing high-carbohydrate and high-cis-monounsaturated fat diets was conducted to increase understanding of the effect of carbohydrate and cis-monounsaturated fat on blood pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  For study diets to be included in the analysis, they had to be isoenergetic, and the subjects' body weight had to remain stable. Ten studies (6 randomized crossover, 1 randomized parallel, and 3 nonrandomized) met the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the random-effects model, which incorporates between-study variation to estimate the overall effect, diets rich in carbohydrate resulted in significantly higher systolic blood pressure [x(-) difference: 2.6 (95% CI: 0.4, 4.7) mm Hg; P=0.02] and diastolic blood pressure [1.8 (0.01, 3.6) mm Hg; P=0.05] than did diets rich in cis-monounsaturated fat. When the meta-analysis was limited to randomized crossover studies, both systolic [1.3 (-0.3, 2.9) mm Hg; P=0.11] and diastolic [0.9 (-0.2, 2.1) mm Hg; P=0.11] blood pressure were higher with a high-carbohydrate than with a high cis-monounsaturated fat diet, but the differences were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diets rich in carbohydrate may be associated with slightly higher blood pressure than diets rich in cis-monounsaturated fat. However, the magnitude of the difference may not justify making recommendations to alter the carbohydrate and cis-monounsaturated fat content of the diet to manage blood pressure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases and Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235-9052, USA. meena.shah@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Meena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Beverley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adams-Huet
authors.forename: Abhimanyu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garg
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D007536:Isomerism; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated