title: The effect of moderate alcohol consumption on adiponectin oligomers and muscle oxidative capacity: a human intervention study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether moderate alcohol consumption increases plasma high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin and/or muscle oxidative capacity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven lean (BMI 18-25 kg/m(2)) and eight overweight (BMI >or=27 kg/m(2)) men consumed 100 ml whisky ( approximately 32 g alcohol) or water daily for 4 weeks in a randomised, controlled, crossover trial. After each treatment period, muscle biopsies and fasting blood samples were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adiponectin concentrations increased (p < 0.001) by 12.5% after 4 weeks of moderate alcohol consumption. Moderate alcohol consumption tended to increase HMW adiponectin by 57% (p = 0.07) and medium molecular weight adiponectin by 12.5% (p = 0.07), but not low molecular weight (LMW) adiponectin. Skeletal muscle citrate synthase, cytochrome c oxidase and beta-3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (beta-HAD) activity were not changed after moderate alcohol consumption, but an interaction between alcohol consumption and BMI was observed for cytochrome c oxidase (p = 0.072) and citrate synthase (p = 0.102) activity. Among lean men, moderate alcohol consumption tended to increase cytochrome c oxidase (p = 0.08) and citrate synthase activity (p = 0.12) by 23 and 26%, respectively, but not among overweight men. In particular, plasma HMW adiponectin correlated positively with activities of skeletal muscle citrate synthase (r = 0.64, p = 0.009), cytochrome c oxidase (p = 0.59, p = 0.009) and beta-HAD (r = 0.46, p = 0.056), while such correlation was not present for LMW adiponectin. Whole-body insulin sensitivity and intramyocellular triacylglycerol content were not affected by moderate alcohol consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate alcohol consumption increases adiponectin concentrations, and in particular HMW adiponectin. Concentrations of HMW adiponectin in particular were positively associated with skeletal muscle oxidative capacity.
authors.affiliation: TNO Quality of Life, Business Unit Biosciences, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J W J
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Beulens
authors.forename: L J C
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: van Loon
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pelsers
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bobbert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spranger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helander
authors.forename: H F J
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Hendriks
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001835:Body Weight; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism*; D050177:Overweight; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011788:Quality of Life; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D007328:Insulin; D010100:Oxygen