title: Examining smoking and cessation during pregnancy among an Appalachian sample: a preliminary view.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several transitions that a woman experiences prenatally may influence her desire or ability to discontinue smoking. This study explores the role of smoking for young, Appalachian, nulliparous pregnant women and their plans for smoking during their pregnancies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reports of women and their male partners were taken from baseline interviews conducted during the first trimester of pregnancy. Cigarette smoking appeared to be more than an isolated addictive activity; rather, smoking was interwoven in women's social and personal realms, often changing as their perceptions of self changed. Women and their partners who continued to smoke appeared to be depressed, reject authority, and perceived little control over issues related to being pregnant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the argument that standard substance use treatments and polices based on stages-of-change theories may not be effective for all individuals particularly those experiencing significant developmental changes in their lives. Greater success might be obtained from treatment programs designed to recognize the impact of these transitions as it relates to the substance use. The changing experiences of pregnant women in terms of their identity development, views of others, and their relationships have not been adequately addressed in existing cessation programs. Empirically-based interventions targeting these lifestyle characteristics may lead to increased cessation success among pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Robert C, Byrd Health Sciences Center, Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506-9214, USA. lcottrell@hsc.wvu.edu
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cottrell
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Alia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.forename: Sabera
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sobhan
authors.forename: Traci
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Bonita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stanton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001061:Appalachian Region; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012938:Social Perception; D012944:Social Support; D018454:Spouses; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult