[Rest for safety: which stakes?].
In 2003 were promulgated the texts regulating rest and safety, in the USA (approved by the ACGME) and in France (January 9th, 2001 and September 14th, 2001). The institution of the "rest for safety", an eleven hours duration interruption of activity, immediately after a night-call, can be viewed as a progress in the search for safety. Several studies showed a link between excessive work hours and occurrence of medical incidents related to tiredness. However published data do not show a link between tiredness and patients endangering. The tiredness resulting from sleep deprivation and disturbances in circadian rhythms is a cumulative phenomenon erased by a period of rest. In spite of a large individual variability, tiredness increases anxiety scores, irritability, depression and it deteriorates cognitive performances. The concept of "prophylactic" rest considers that a subject cannot start, rested, a work if he did not sleep at least 5 hours the previous night, or 12 hours during the previous 48 hours. The second important aspect of the rest for safety is the long-term prevention of potential pathologies in medical staff, in particular burnout syndrome. In our profession, night calls are considered most stressful; the psychological stress related to anticipation and night context causes measurable cardiovascular disturbances in anesthesiologists. Shift-work sleep disorders may induce gastric ulcers, heart attacks, metabolic syndrome, depression and accidents related to somnolence. Long duration work-hours, accompanied by sleep deprivation, may double the risk of car accidents in junior physicians, in whom vigilance levels can compare with those of patients concerned by narcolepsy or with the cognitive disturbances induced by alcohol intoxication. Reduced work-hours improve vigilance and divide by three the rate of serious medical errors. True opportunities of sleep and control of sleep duration at the individual level could be suggested. The idea that taking the necessary rest would be synonymous with a decrease of efficiency in patient care is not demonstrated, but the danger of a poorer information transmission should be handed with an optimization of our manpower and organization. Aging is accompanied by a progressive disorganization of sleep. The foreseeable shortage of manpower, synonymous with aging of the medical actors and increased vulnerability to tiredness, is a posteriori the justification of the institution of the rest for safety.
Mion
G
G
Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital d'instruction des armées du Val-de-Grâce, Paris cedex 05, France. georges.mion@club.fr <georges.mion@club.fr>
Ricouard
S
S
D000056:Accident Prevention / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005221:Fatigue / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077408:Modafinil; D010815:Physician Impairment; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012146:Rest; D012308:Risk Management / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance
D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000077408:Modafinil