title: Respiration-averaged CT for attenuation correction in canine cardiac PET/CT.
abstract: Heart disease is a leading cause of death in North America. With the increased availability of PET/CT scanners, CT is now commonly used as a transmission source for attenuation correction. Because of the differences in scan duration between PET and CT, respiration-induced motion can create inconsistencies between the PET and CT data and lead to incorrect attenuation correction and, thus, artifacts in the final reconstructed PET images. This study compared respiration-averaged CT and 4-dimensional (4D) CT for attenuation correction of cardiac PET in an in vivo canine model as a means of removing these inconsistencies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five dogs underwent respiration-gated cardiac (18)F-FDG PET and 4D CT. The PET data were reconstructed with 3 methods of attenuation correction that differed only in the CT data used: The first method was single-phase CT at either end-expiration, end-inspiration, or the middle of a breathing cycle; the second was respiration-averaged CT, which is CT temporally averaged over the entire respiratory cycle; and the third was phase-matched CT, in which each PET phase is corrected with the matched phase from 4D CT. After reconstruction, the gated PET images were summed to produce an ungated image. Polar plots of the PET heart images were generated, and percentage differences were calculated with respect to the phase-matched correction for each dog. The difference maps were then averaged over the 5 dogs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For single-phase CT correction at end-expiration, end-inspiration, and mid cycle, the maximum percentage differences were 11% +/- 4%, 7% +/- 3%, and 5% +/- 2%, respectively. Conversely, the maximum difference for attenuation correction with respiration-averaged CT data was only 1.6% +/- 0.7%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Respiration-averaged CT correction produced a maximum percentage difference 7 times smaller than that obtained with end-expiration single-phase correction. This finding indicates that using respiration-averaged CT may accurately correct for attenuation on respiration-ungated cardiac PET.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Russell A H
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carnes
authors.forename: Ting-Yim
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R Glenn
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D004285:Dogs; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*