title: Pediatric regional anesthesia - update.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  New topics in pediatric regional anesthesia are discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continuous peripheral nerve blocks, new local anesthetics and the performance of regional blocks with ultrasonography guidance are summarized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prolonged analgesia with continuous peripheral nerve blocks in the treatment of pediatric postoperative limb pain, sometimes with patient-controlled regional analgesia, should be preferred instead of continuous epidural analgesia. Levobupivacaine and ropivacaine display the same pharmacokinetic profile as racemic bupivacaine with less cardiac toxicity. Conversely, continuous infusion of these new local anesthetics offers the safest therapeutic index, especially in infants. Many adjuvants have been used, but clonidine offers clear advantages. Ultrasonography guidance blocks will probably become the reference technique for local anesthetics injection and regional anesthesia catheter placement; new training in this field should be available.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation Chirurgicale 2, Université de Rennes 1, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France. claude.ecoffey@chu-rennes.fr
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ecoffey
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000293:Adolescent; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local