title: A quantitative evaluation of human coordination interfaces for computer assisted surgery.
abstract: Computer assisted surgery (CAS) for tumor resection can assist the surgeon in locating the tumor margin accurately via some form of guidance method. A wide array of guidance methods can be considered, including model-based visual representations, symbolic graphical interfaces, and those based on other sensory cues such as sound. Given the variety of these guidance methods, it becomes increasingly important to test and analyze guidance methods for CAS in a quantitative and context-dependent manner to determine which is most suitable for a given surgical task. In this paper, we present a novel experimental methodology and analysis framework to test candidate guidance methods for CAS. Different viewpoints and stereographic, symbolic and auditory cues were tested in isolation or in combination in a set of virtual surgery experiments. A total of 28 participants were asked to circumscribe a virtual tumor with a magnetically tracked scalpel while measuring the surgical trajectory. This allowed measurement of surgical accuracy, speed, and the frequency with which the tumor margin was intersected, and enabled a quantitative comparison of guidance approaches. This study demonstrated that adding sound to pictorial guidance methods consistently improved accuracy, speed and margin intersection of the virtual surgery. However, the use of stereovision showed less benefit than expected. While guidance based on a combination of symbolic and pictorial cues enhanced accuracy, we found that speed could be substantially impaired. These studies demonstrate that optimal guidance combinations exist which would not be apparent by studying individual guidance methods in isolation. Our findings suggest that care is needed when using expensive and sometimes cumbersome virtual visualization technologies for CAS, and that simpler, non-stereo presentation may be sufficient for specific surgical tasks.
authors.affiliation: Imaging Research Department, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cardin
authors.forename: J X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Lobaugh
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Guimont
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Plewes
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D016288:Computer Terminals; D003626:Data Display; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D008875:Middle Aged; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D013016:Sound; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014584:User-Computer Interface