title: Epigenetic modifications of RASSF1A gene through chromatin remodeling in prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The RAS-association domain family 1, isoform A (RASSF1A) gene is shown to be inactivated in prostate cancers. However, the molecular mechanism of silencing of the RASSFIA gene is not fully understood. The present study was designed to investigate the mechanisms of inactivation of the RASSF1A gene through the analysis of CpG methylation and histone acetylation and H3 methylation associated with the RASSF1A promoter region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methylation status of the RASSF1A gene was analyzed in 131 samples of prostate cancer, 65 samples of benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH), and human prostate cell lines using methylation-specific PCR. Histone acetylation (acetyl-H3, acetyl-H4) and H3 methylation (dimethyl-H3-K4, dimethyl-H3-K9) status associated with the promoter region in prostate cells were analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aberrant methylation was detected in 97 (74.0%) prostate cancer samples and 12 (18.5%) BPH samples. The methylation frequency of RASSF1A showed a significant increase with high Gleason sum and high stage. The ChIP assays showed enhancement of histone acetylation and dimethyl-H3-K4 methylation on the unmethylated RASSF1A promoter. TSA alone was unable to alter key components of the histone code. However, after 5-aza-2'-deoxy-cytidine treatment, there was a complete reversal of the histone components in the hypermethylated promoter. Levels of acetyl-H3, acetyl-H4, and dimethyl-H3-K4 became more enriched, whereas H3K9me2 levels were severely depleted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report suggesting that reduced histone acetylation or H3K4me2 methylation and increased dimethyl-H3-K9 methylation play a critical role in the maintenance of promoter DNA methylation-associated RASSF1A gene silencing in prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: Steven T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Okino
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Place
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Urakami
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kikuno
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Deepa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pookot
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shahana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majid
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Enokida
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Rajvir
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dahiya
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D006657:Histones; C411762:RASSF1 protein, human; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins