title: Ischemia preconditioning does not confer resilience to warm ischemia in a solitary porcine kidney model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether ischemia preconditioning (IPC) confers resilience to subsequent renal warm ischemia (WI) in a single-kidney porcine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  After right nephrectomy was performed, 20 female pigs were randomized to 5 groups: group 1: 60 minutes IPC followed by 90 minutes WI; group 2: 25 minutes IPC followed by 90 minutes WI; group 3: no IPC and 90 minutes WI; group 4: 60 minutes IPC, no WI; and group 5: no IPC, no WI (sham control procedure). Ischemia preconditioning was performed for 60 minutes (4 minutes clamping followed by 11 minutes reperfusion) or 25 minutes (10 minutes clamping followed by 15 minutes reperfusion). Serum creatinine values were obtained preoperatively and on postoperative day (POD) 1, 3, 8, and 15.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean serum creatinine values were comparable between groups on POD 1, with the exception of group 1, which was significantly worse than group 5 (control). On POD 3, renal function was similar between groups 1 and 2, and both were significantly worse than groups 4 and 5. On POD 8, renal dysfunction in group 1 was significantly worse than in group 3. All four animals from group 1 were killed after POD 8 because of overwhelming renal insufficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ischemia preconditioning did not suggest increased renal resilience to the kidney after subsequent prolonged WI. Our results further suggest that the protection provided by IPC in smaller animals is not appreciated in a larger-animal, single-kidney model. The additive effect of further ischemic insults was more deleterious to the remaining renal unit.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Marcelo A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Orvieto
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Zorn
authors.forename: Frederick P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Mendiola
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lucioni
authors.forename: Albert A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mikhail
authors.forename: Ofer N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Gofrit
authors.forename: Arieh L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shalhav
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D012016:Reference Values; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D034421:Sus scrofa; D052096:Warm Ischemia / Q000379:methods*