title: Oral 17beta-estradiol and sequential progesterone in menopause: effects on insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the acute effects of low-dose oral estradiol and sequential progesterone on the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)/growth hormone (GH) axis, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) 1 and 3, and plasma levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in postmenopausal subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty healthy normal-weight women (mean age: 54.2 +/- 5.7 years) spontaneously postmenopausal for at least 6 months were enrolled. None had used hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Appropriate investigations excluded renal, glucose, lipid and coagulation abnormalities. Breast X-ray and endometrial ultrasound examinations excluded organic pathologies. They received oral cyclical HRT for 1 year, based on the administration of oral estradiol (1 mg/day) for 28 consecutive days plus progesterone (200 mg/day) from day 15 to day 28; out of the whole group, 15 subjects received progesterone orally (group A), while in 15 progesterone was administered transvaginally (group B). On the day before treatment (T0), on day 14 (T14) and on day 28 (T28) of the first cycle, plasma levels of estradiol, progesterone, SHBG, GH, IGF-I and -II, IGFBP-1 and -3, insulin and C-peptide were assayed in all patients. The same parameters were evaluated at T14 and T28 during the 12th month of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At T14, we observed significant increases in the levels of estradiol (from 20 +/- 16 to 115 +/- 71 pg/ml, p < 0.001), SHBG (from 132 +/- 42 to 182 +/- 55 nmol/l, p < 0.001) and IGFBP-1 (from 92 +/- 57 to 127 +/- 87 ng/ml, p < 0.004), while the level of IGF-I decreased (from 197 +/- 138 to 129 +/- 85 ng/ml, p < 0.003). At T28, progesterone levels were significantly higher in the women receiving it orally than transvaginally (8.4 +/- 6.1 vs. 3.7 +/- 3.2 ng/ml, p < 0.025). However, while oral progesterone did not affect the estrogen-induced variations, transvaginal progesterone abrogated the increase in the levels of IGFBP-1. The levels of IGF-II, IGFBP-3, GH, glucose, C-peptide and insulin did not change at any time. At 1 year, the values maintained the same trends. The estrogen-induced variations of SHBG were correlated directly with those of estradiol (r = 0.48) and inversely with those of IGF-I (r = -0.424).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose oral estradiol reduces plasma levels of IGF-I and increases IGFBP-1 and SHBG concentrations, while GH is unchanged. These effects, significant and immediate, lead us to hypothesize a direct action of estradiol on hepatocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynaecological and Human Reproductive Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. bruno.mozzanega@unipd.it
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mozzanega
authors.forename: Gian Luca
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Babbo
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salmaso
authors.forename: Renzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Toni
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schiavo
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mioni
authors.forename: Saula Vigili
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: de Kreutzenberg
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000187:drug effects*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000187:drug effects; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I