title: Annual rate of transvenous defibrillation lead defects in implantable cardioverter-defibrillators over a period of >10 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of patients with longer follow-up after implantation of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator is increasing continuously. Defibrillation lead failure is a typical long-term complication. Therefore, the long-term reliability of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads has become an increasing concern. The aim of the present study was to assess the annual rate of transvenous defibrillation lead defects related to follow-up time after lead implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 990 consecutive patients who underwent first implantation of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator between 1992 and May 2005 were analyzed. Median follow-up time was 934 days (interquartile range, 368 to 1870). Overall, 148 defibrillation leads (15%) failed during the follow-up. The estimated lead survival rates at 5 and 8 years after implantation were 85% and 60%, respectively. The annual failure rate increased progressively with time after implantation and reached 20% in 10-year-old leads (P<0.001). Lead defects affected newer as well as older models. Patients with lead defects were 3 years younger at implantation and more often female. Multiple lead implantation was associated with a trend to a higher rate of defibrillation lead defects (P=0.06). The major lead complications were insulation defects (56%), lead fractures (12%), loss of ventricular capture (11%), abnormal lead impedance (10%), and sensing failure (10%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increasing annual lead failure rate is noted primarily during long-term follow-up and reached 20% in 10-year-old leads. Patients with lead defects are younger and more often female.
authors.affiliation: Herzzentrum Ludwigshafen, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Germany. thomas.kleemann.lu@t-online.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kleemann
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Doenges
authors.forename: Margit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vater
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Senges
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Saggau
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Weisse
authors.forename: Karlheinz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seidl
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects; D020878:Device Removal; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy