title: Not all "quality-adjusted life years" are equal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is evidence that utility elicitation methods used in the calculation of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) yield different results. It is not clear how these differences impact economic evaluations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a mathematical model incorporating data on efficacy, costs, and utility values, we simulated the experiences of 100,000 hypothetical rheumatoid arthritis patients over 10 years (50,000 exposed to infliximab plus methotrexate [MTX] and 50,000 exposed to MTX alone). QALYs, were derived from the Health Utilities Index 2 and 3 (HUI2 and HUI3), the Short Form 6-D (SF-6D), and the Euroqol 5-D (EQ-5D). Incremental cost-utility ratios were determined using each instrument to calculate QALYs and the results were compared using cost-effectiveness acceptability curves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the different utility measurement methods, the mean difference in QALYs between the infliximab plus MTX and MTX groups ranged from a high of 1.95 QALYs (95% CI=1.93-1.97) using the HUI3 to 0.89 QALYs (95% CI=0.88-0.91) using the SF-6D. Adopting the commonly cited value of society's willingness to pay for a QALY of $50,000, 91% of the simulations favored the cost utility of infliximab plus MTX when using the HUI3 to calculate QALYs. However, when using the EQ-5D, HUI2, or the SF-6D utility values to calculate QALYS, the proportion of simulations that favored the cost utility of infliximab were 63%, 45%, and 12%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depending on the method for determining utility values used in the calculation of QALYs, very different incremental cost-utility ratios are generated.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Marra
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Marion
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Guh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Najafzadeh
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Esdaile
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gignac
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Anis
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000191:economics* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D000069285:Infliximab; D008390:Markov Chains; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D000069285:Infliximab; D008727:Methotrexate