title: Risk factors for hide contamination of Scottish cattle at slaughter with Escherichia coli O157.
abstract: In the slaughter processing of cattle, contaminated hides have been identified as one of the major sources of Escherichia coli O157 carcase contamination. Logistic regression analysis was applied to data collected in a large scale study in Scotland involving 222 cattle forming 34 groups sent for slaughter from 30 farms to 10 slaughterhouses. Aspects of individual animal characteristics, farm management practices and slaughterhouse features were examined to identify potential risk factors for hide contamination at harvest. Two models were developed, the first in which slaughterhouse was modelled as a fixed effect, and a second model where slaughterhouse and farm groups were modelled as random effects. In the first model, there was a significantly increased risk of a carcase testing positive for E. coli O157 on the hide if either the hide of the carcase immediately before or after it on the line was contaminated (OR 3.6; 95% CI: 1.4-9.9). If both adjacent carcases had contaminated hides, the odds ratio for the study carcase having a contaminated hide rose to 11.5 (95% CI: 4.4-32.5). If animals were held in lairage, receiving hay as feed appeared to have a protective effect on hide contamination. Transportation to the slaughterhouse by haulier, as opposed to transport by the farmer, was associated with a 5.4 increase in the odds of E. coli O157 contamination. The use of a crush in the lairage, often employed when reading ear tags, was also found to significantly increase the odds of hide contamination with E. coli O157. In the second model, the inclusion of slaughterhouse and farm group as random effects resulted in two of the previously identified factors being associated with hide contamination. If at least one of the adjacent carcases on the line had a contaminated hide, the associated odds ratio was 6.6 (95% CI: 2.8-15.9), which rose to 22.7 (95% CI: 9.3-55.5) if both adjacent hides were contaminated. Receiving hay in lairage was found to be important to the model, although not significant in itself (OR 0.005; 95% CI: 1.2e(-6)-20.7). These results suggest that modifiable risk factors for hide contamination exist. However, in order best to reduce the prevalence of hide contamination at slaughter, individual slaughterhouse risk assessment and intervention strategies are appropriate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Mather
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Innocent
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McEwen
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Ternent
authors.forename: S W J
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mellor
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000382:microbiology*; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005506:Food Contamination; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008954:Models, Biological; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012606:Scotland; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology*