title: A 19-year review of paediatric patients with acute scrotum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to compare incidence, symptoms and signs of spermatic cord torsion to those of other conditions causing acute scrotum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of 388 consecutive boys under 17 years of age treated for acute scrotum at The Hospital for Children and Adolescents in Helsinki in 1977-1995 were reviewed. During the period studied all patients with acute scrotum underwent urgent surgery to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment. The duration and characteristics of the symptoms, clinical findings prior to operation and the age of the patients were registered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scrotal explorations revealed 100 cases (26%) of spermatic cord torsion (SCT), 174 cases (45%) of torsion of the testicular appendage (AT), 38 cases (10%) of epididymitis (ED), 32 cases (8%) of incarcerated inquinal hernias and 44 (11%) other conditions. During the first year of life SCT was the most common cause of acute scrotum, another peak incidence being in adolescence. Almost half of the boys with AT were nine to 12 years of age (median 11). Except for infants, the patients' acute symptoms were pain (SCT 88%, AT 94%, ED 76%). Swelling in the hemiscrotum was found in 44% of SCT, in 39% of AT and in 88% of ED cases. Epididymitis was also accompanied by erythema (37%), but infrequently with fever (in 16%). Erythema was found also in AT (32%), but the "blue dot sign" was found positive in only 17 (10%) of the boys with AT. Three quarters of the boys who were operated on within six hours from onset of symptoms had testicle torsion. All testicles were saved when detorsion was performed within six hours, but salvage was possible in only half of the cases when symptoms had lasted more than six but less than 12 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high probability of SCT among those admitted to an emergency department within six hours from the onset of the symptoms justifies immediate surgical exploration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Research Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. eija.makela@pshp.fi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lahdes-Vasama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rajakorpi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wikström
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004823:Epididymitis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012611:Scrotum; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male / Q000379:methods