title: Malaria vector control by indoor residual insecticide spraying on the tropical island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A comprehensive malaria control intervention was initiated in February 2004 on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. This manuscript reports on the continuous entomological monitoring of the indoor residual spray (IRS) programme during the first two years of its implementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mosquitoes were captured daily using window traps at 16 sentinel sites and analysed for species identification, sporozoite rates and knockdown resistance (kdr) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to assess the efficacy of the vector control initiative from December 2003 to December 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,807 and 10,293 Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae s.l. respectively were captured throughout the study period. Both M and S molecular forms of An. gambiae s.s. and Anopheles melas were identified. Prior to the first round of IRS, sporozoite rates were 6.0, 8.3 and 4.0 for An. gambiae s.s., An. melas and An. funestus respectively showing An. melas to be an important vector in areas in which it occurred. After the third spray round, no infective mosquitoes were identified. After the first spray round using a pyrethroid spray the number of An. gambiae s.s. were not reduced due to the presence of the kdr gene but An funestus and An. melas populations declined from 23.5 to 3.1 and 5.3 to 0.8 per trap per 100 nights respectively. After the introduction of a carbamate insecticide in the second round, An. gambiae s.s. reduced from 25.5 to 1.9 per trap per 100 nights and An. funestus and An. melas remained at very low levels. Kdr was found only in the M-form of An. gambiae s.s. with the highest frequency at Punta Europa (85%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All three vectors that were responsible for malaria transmission before the start of the intervention were successfully controlled once an effective insecticide was used. Continuous entomological surveillance including resistance monitoring is of critical importance in any IRS based malaria vector control programme. This paper demonstrates that sufficient resources for such monitoring should be included in any proposal in order to avoid programme failures.
authors.affiliation: Malaria Research Lead Programme, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa. bsharp@mrc.ac.za <bsharp@mrc.ac.za>
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: Frances C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Ridl
authors.forename: Dayanandan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Govender
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuklinski
authors.forename: Immo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kleinschmidt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000254:growth & development; D002219:Carbamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D016703:Equatorial Guinea; D005651:Fumigation / Q000379:methods*; D017344:Genes, Insect; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000254:growth & development; D007306:Insecticides; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D034101:Sporozoites / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins