title: Rates of decline distinguish Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment relative to normal aging: integrating cognition and brain function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increasing age is the strongest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet, departure from normal age-related decline for established markers of AD including memory, cognitive decline and brain function deficits, has not been quantified.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the cross-sectional estimates of the "rate of decline" in cognitive performance and psychophysiological measures of brain function over age in AD, preclinical (subjective memory complaint-SMC, Mild Cognitive Impairment-MCI) and healthy groups. Correlations between memory performance and indices of brain function were also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of cognitive decline increased between groups: AD showed advanced decline, and SMC/MCI groups represented intermediate stages of decline relative to normal aging expectations. In AD, advanced EEG alterations (excessive slow-wave/reduced fast-wave EEG, decreased working memory P450 component) were observed over age, which were coupled with memory decline. By contrast, MCI group showed less severe cognitive changes but specific decreases in the working memory N300 component and slow-wave (delta) EEG, associated with decline in memory. DISCUSSION AND INTEGRATIVE SIGNIFICANCE: While the cognitive data suggests a continuum of deterioration associated with increasing symptom severity across groups, integration with brain function measures points to possible distinct compensatory strategies in MCI and AD groups. An integrative approach offers the potential for objective markers of the critical turning point, with age as a potential factor, from mild memory problems to disease.
authors.affiliation: The Brain Resource International Database and the Brain Resource Company, NSW 2007, Australia. belinda.liddell@brainresource.com
authors.forename: Belinda J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Liddell
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arns
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kukla
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Jonson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moyle
authors.forename: Leanne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011930:Reaction Time