title: Food mineral composition and acid-base balance in preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to a transient age-related low renal capacity for net acid excretion, preterm infants fed formula are at a considerable risk of spontaneously developing incipient late metabolic acidosis, clinically characterized by e.g., disturbed bone mineralization and impaired growth.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  From acid-base data in blood and urine under different diets of modified human milk or preterm formulas is attempted to explore the impact of food mineral (and protein) composition on renal regulation and systemic acid-base balance in preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 48 infants fed their own mother's milk (28 native human milk, 20 enriched with fortifier) and 34 patients on formula (23 on a standard batch, 11 on a modified batch with reduced acid load). Intake of food was measured and acid-base data were determined in blood and timed-urine (8-12 h) samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences in mineral composition of the diets led to considerable differences of daily "alkali-intake", without significant effects on non-respiratory (base excess, BE) and respiratory (PCO(2)) acid-base data in the blood. In contrast, a highly significant proportionality between individual dietary alkali intake and daily renal base (Na(+) + K(+)-Cl(-)) excretion was observed (y = 0.32x-0.70, n = 80, r = 0.77, P < 0.0001), irrespective of the type of the diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal base saving mechanisms are normally effective in preterm infants to compensate for differences in dietary acid-base load. Generally, nutritional acid-base challenges can be judged much earlier and more safely by urinary than by blood acid-base analysis. Taking into account the age specific low capacity for renal NAE, the relatively high nutritional acid load of preterm standard formula should be reduced.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Clinic, 44137 Dortmund, Germany. hermann.kalhoff@klinikumdo.de
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kalhoff
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Manz
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kiwull
authors.forename: Heidrun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiwull-Schöne
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002712:Chlorides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D002712:Chlorides; D008894:Milk Proteins; D008903:Minerals; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary; D017419:Potassium, Dietary; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D008274:Magnesium