title: Age-group differences in set-switching and set-maintenance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task.
abstract: This study examined developmental change in set-switching and set-maintenance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST), and sought to determine how executive function (EF) components (i.e., Working Memory, Shifting and Inhibition) may contribute to the observed changes on WCST performance. To this end, performance in four age groups (7-year-olds, 11-year-olds, 15-year-olds, and 21-year-olds) was measured on the WCST, and on three EF tasks assumed to tap Working Memory, Shifting, and Inhibition. The results showed that adult levels of performance were reached in 11-year-olds for set-switching, and in 15-year-olds for set-maintenance. A subsequent principal component analysis revealed that set-switching and set-maintenance loaded on two factors for 7-year-olds, but a single factor in the other age groups. Finally, regression analyses yielded a complex pattern of results concerning the prediction of set-switching and set-maintenance by the performance on tasks used to assess the EF components. The results were interpreted to suggest distinct developmental trends in set-switching and set-maintenance abilities required by the WCST.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.huizinga@uva.nl
authors.forename: Mariette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huizinga
authors.forename: Maurits W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: van der Molen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D012718:Set, Psychology; D014888:Wechsler Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data