title: The association between ulnar length and forearm movement in patients with multiple osteochondromas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between the length of the ulna as a proportion of height (proportional ulnar length [PUL]), forearm and wrist ranges of motion, and degree of observable deformity in people with hereditary multiple exostoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty-two people with hereditary multiple exostoses were examined; 35 were under the age of 15 years and therefore were presumed to be skeletally immature. Elbow, forearm, and wrist motion were measured, and the radius and ulna were palpated for osteochondromas. Ulnar length was estimated as a proportion of height (PUL) in skeletally immature subjects. The relationships between total active motion, number of palpable osteochondromas, and proportional length were examined for one randomly selected limb from each subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A negative correlation was found between the number of palpable osteochondromas and range of forearm rotation. The degree of forearm motion in those under the age of 15 years was directly related to PUL and indirectly related to the number of palpable osteochondromas. Children whose PUL is within the normal range have a normal range of motion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a child with hereditary multiple exostoses affecting the forearm, the PUL is associated with the range of movement and deformity, and it can be a useful adjunct in deciding the appropriate management.
authors.affiliation: Edinburgh University Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New Royal Infirmary, Little France, Edinburgh, UK. adamwatts@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Adam C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: J Andrew
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ballantyne
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: A Hamish R W
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Porter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D005097:Exostoses, Multiple Hereditary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010173:Palpation; D011403:Pronation / Q000502:physiology; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D013484:Supination / Q000502:physiology; D014457:Ulna / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000503:physiopathology