title: Coral microbial communities, zooxanthellae and mucus along gradients of seawater depth and coastal pollution.
abstract: The high incidence of coral disease in shallow coastal marine environments suggests seawater depth and coastal pollution have an impact on the microbial communities inhabiting healthy coral tissues. A study was undertaken to determine how bacterial communities inhabiting tissues of the coral Montastraea annularis change at 5 m, 10 m and 20 m water depth in varying proximity to the urban centre and seaport of Willemstad, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles. Analyses of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (TRFLP) of 16S rRNA gene sequences show significant differences in bacterial communities of polluted and control localities only at the shallowest seawater depth. Furthermore, distinct differences in bacterial communities were found with increasing water depth. Comparisons of TRFLP peaks with sequenced clone libraries indicate the black band disease cyanobacterium clone CD1C11 is common and most abundant on healthy corals in less than 10 m water depth. Similarly, sequences belonging to a previously unrecognized group of likely phototrophic bacteria, herein referred to as CAB-I, were also more common in shallow water. To assess the influence of environmental and physiologic factors on bacterial community structure, canonical correspondence analysis was performed using explanatory variables associated with: (i) light availability; (ii) seawater pollution; (iii) coral mucus composition; (iv) the community structure of symbiotic algae; and (v) the photosynthetic activity of symbiotic algae. Eleven per cent of the variation in bacterial communities was accounted for by covariation with these variables; the most important being photosynthetically active radiation (sunlight) and the coral uptake of sewage-derived compounds as recorded by the delta(15)N of coral tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. jklaus@rsmas.miami.edu
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Klaus
authors.forename: Ingmar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Janse
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Heikoop
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sanford
authors.forename: Bruce W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Fouke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D017753:Ecosystem; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D009427:Netherlands Antilles; D020560:Proteobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000145:classification; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000145:classification; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S