title: The joint effect of oxidative stress and antioxidants on the risk of an aneurysmal rupture subarachnoid hemorrhage: a case-control study in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A case-control study was conducted in Japan to examine the joint effects of oxidative stress and antioxidants on the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 201 consecutive patients with first spontaneous SAH aged 30 to 79 years who had aneurysm(s) confirmed by angiography and/or computed tomographic scan and were admitted to two medical hospitals in Nagoya, Japan, from April 1992 to March 1997. Community control subjects were identified and matched to each case by gender and age (+/-2 years). Conditional logistic regression modeling was used to compute odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for body mass index, physical activity, family history of SAH, a history of hypertension, drinking habit, and frequency of green-yellow vegetables and fruits, and tea consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The greatest risk for SAH was posed by combination of current smoking and a less frequent intake of soy products (adjusted OR = 5.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0 to 14.3). Less frequent intake of soy products significantly elevated SAH risk, independent of smoking habits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggested that enhancement of the antioxidant defense system such as much intake of soy products may be important in preventing SAH rather than the reduction of such oxidants as smoking. Our findings should prove useful for targeting individuals/populations in programs for primary prevention of SAH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Aichi Prefectural College of Nursing and Health, Nagoya, Japan. okamoto@aichi-nurs.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kazushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Rokuro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Horisawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017542:Aneurysm, Ruptured / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007564:Japan; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D045730:Soy Foods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants