title: The relationship between dietary habits, blood glucose and insulin levels among people without cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes; the ATTICA study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diet has long been associated with a risk of insulin resistance and poor glycemic control. We sought to investigate the association between food groups and indices of glycemic control in adults without type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 2001 - 2002 we randomly enrolled 1514 men (18-87 years old) and 1528 women (18-89 years old) without evidence of cardiovascular disease from the Attica area of Greece. Of them, 118 men and 92 women were excluded from the present analysis due to a history of diabetes mellitus (type 2). Fasting blood glucose and insulin levels were measured, while dietary habits were evaluated through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Red meat consumption was positively associated with hyperglycemia (p = 0.04), hyperinsulinemia (p = 0.04), and HOMA levels (p = 0.03), even after adjusting for BMI and various other potential confounders. The intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, yogurt and other dairy products was not associated with levels of glycemic control indices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher consumption of red meat and its products may aggravate hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in non-diabetic people.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 46 Paleon Polemiston St., 166 74 Attica, Athens, Greece. d.b.panagiotakos@usa.net
authors.forename: Demosthenes B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Panagiotakos
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tzima
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pitsavos
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chrysohoou
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papakonstantinou
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zampelas
authors.forename: Christodoulos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stefanadis