title: Mechanical comparison of posterior instrumentation constructs for spinal fixation across the cervicothoracic junction.
abstract: METHODS
  A biomechanical study comparing 4 different posterior implant configurations for instrumentation across the cervicothoracic junction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare mechanical parameters during flexion bending and axial rotation testing among 4 different posterior cervicothoracic rod-and-screw constructs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Several posterior rod constructs are available for instrumentation across the cervicothoracic junction. No studies have examined the mechanical properties of constructs of varying rod diameters and rod connector types.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four different rod-and-screw-based constructs for posterior cervicothoracic instrumentation underwent flexion bending or axial rotation testing. Stiffness, ultimate and yield forces (torques) were compared using an analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly lower stiffness, ultimate and yield force (torque) was observed with a 3.5-mm rod construct compared with the 3 other constructs. No significant differences were demonstrated between a dual diameter rod (3.5 mm to 5.5 mm) and a solid domino connector extending between 3.5-mm and 5.5-mm rods. A hinged domino connector construct between 3.5-mm and 5.5-mm rods had similar stiffness but lower ultimate and yield force from either the dual diameter rod or the solid domino construct.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results demonstrate that the 3.5-mm rod-and-screw construct is the weakest configuration for posterior fixation across the cervicothoracic junction. The dual diameter rod and fixed domino connector constructs were the strongest and demonstrated similar values for yield and ultimate force.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Tatsumi
authors.forename: Jung U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hart
mesh_terms: D001858:Bone Nails; D001863:Bone Screws; D008422:Materials Testing; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae; D019415:Torque; D014102:Torsion Abnormality; D016474:Weight-Bearing