title: Stool-based DNA testing, a new noninvasive method for colorectal cancer screening, the first report from Iran.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To detect tumor-associated DNA changes in stool samples among Iranian patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) compared to healthy individuals using BAT-26, p16 hypermethylation and long DNA markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stool DNA was isolated from 45 subjects including 25 CRC patients and 20 healthy individuals using a new, fast and easy extraction method. Long DNA associated with tumor was detected using polymerase chain reaction method. Microsatellite studies were performed utilizing denaturating polyacrylamide gel to determine the instability of BAT-26. Methylation status of p16 promoter was analyzed using methylation-specific PCR (MSP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed a significant difference in existence of long DNA (16 in patients vs 1 in controls, P < 0.001) and p16 (5 in patients vs none in controls, P = 0.043) in the stool samples of two groups. Long DNA was detected in 64% of CRC patients; whereas just one of the healthy individuals was positive for Long DNA. p16 methylation was found in 20% of patients and in none of healthy individuals. Instability of BAT-26 was not detected in any of stool samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We could detect colorectal cancer related genetic alterations by analyzing stool DNA with a sensitivity of 64% and 20% and a specificity of 95% and 100% for Long DNA and p16 respectively. A non-invasive molecular stool-based DNA testing can provide a screening strategy in high-risk individuals. However, additional testing on more samples is necessary from Iranian subjects to determine the exact specificity and sensitivity of these markers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Genetics, Immunology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. abbaszadegan@ams.ac.ir
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Abbaszadegan
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tavasoli
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Velayati
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Sima
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vosooghinia
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farzadnia
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Asadzedeh
authors.forename: Mehran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gholamin
authors.forename: Ezzat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dadkhah
authors.forename: Azadeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aarabi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D019942:Genes, p16 / Q000502:physiology; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: C516892:BAT26 microsatellite DNA; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D005819:Genetic Markers