title: Exposure to movie smoking among US adolescents aged 10 to 14 years: a population estimate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have linked seeing smoking in movies with adolescent smoking, but none have determined how much movie smoking adolescents see.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to determine exposure to movie smoking in a representative sample of young US adolescents. METHODS. We surveyed 6522 nationally representative US adolescents aged 10-14 years. We content analyzed 534 contemporary box-office hits for movie smoking. Each movie was assigned to a random subsample of adolescents (mean: 613) who were asked whether they had seen the movie. Using survey weights, we estimated the total number of US adolescents who had seen each movie and then multiplied by the number of smoking depictions in each movie to obtain gross smoking impressions seen by adolescents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 534 movies were mainly rated PG-13 (41%) and R (40%), and 74% contained smoking (3830 total smoking occurrences). On average, each movie was seen by 25% of the adolescents surveyed. Viewership was higher with increased age and lower for R-rated movies. Overall, these movies delivered 13.9 billion gross smoking impressions, an average of 665 to each US adolescent aged 10-14 years. Although this sample's R-rated movies contained 60% of smoking occurrences, they delivered only 39% of smoking impressions because of lower adolescent viewership. Thirty popular movies each delivered > or =100 million gross smoking impressions. Thirty actors each delivered >50 million smoking impressions, such that just 1.5% of actors delivered one quarter of all character smoking to the adolescent sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Popular movies deliver billions of smoking images and character smoking depictions to young US adolescents. Removing smoking from youth-rated films would substantially reduce exposure from new box-office hits. Furthermore, the popular actors who frequently smoke in movies could have a major impact on adolescent movie smoking exposure by choosing not to portray characters who smoke.
authors.affiliation: Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA. james.d.sargent@hitchcock.org
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sargent
authors.forename: Susanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Tanski
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gibson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior; D008297:Male; D009040:Motion Pictures; D044382:Population Groups / Q000523:psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D019460:Tobacco Industry