title: Acquired resistance to echinocandins in Candida albicans: case report and review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A patient with Candida albicans thrush and oesophagitis was treated with high doses of caspofungin but treatment eventually failed. Four C. albicans isolates were serially recovered before and after caspofungin treatment. A microbiological study was performed to characterize these four isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by the EUCAST reference method in RPMI and AM3 and by Etest. Molecular typing of the four isolates was done by sizing three polymorphic microsatellite markers. To look for specific mutations, sequencing of a region of the gene encoding the 1-3-beta-D-glucan synthase was performed for the four isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing showed an increase in both caspofungin and micafungin MICs for the two isolates recovered after caspofungin treatment failure. The best discrimination between the pre-treatment and post-treatment isolates was obtained with Etest. Molecular typing of the four isolates showed that the post-treatment isolates with reduced susceptibility were identical to a susceptible pre-treatment isolate, suggesting the acquisition of caspofungin resistance. Sequencing of the gene encoding the 1-3-beta-D-glucan synthase showed a mutation responsible for an amino acid change at Phe-641 that could confer reduced susceptibility to both echinocandins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that is it useful to perform in vitro susceptibility testing in the cases of clinical failure during caspofungin therapy.
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Thérèse
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Baixench
authors.forename: Naji
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aoun
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desnos-Ollivier
authors.forename: Dea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garcia-Hermoso
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bretagne
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramires
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piketty
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dannaoui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D000077336:Caspofungin; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000502:physiology*; D054714:Echinocandins; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D055666:Lipopeptides; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D000077551:Micafungin; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014230:Triazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065819:Voriconazole
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D054714:Echinocandins; D055666:Lipopeptides; D008074:Lipoproteins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D011743:Pyrimidines; D014230:Triazoles; D000666:Amphotericin B; D015725:Fluconazole; D000077336:Caspofungin; D065819:Voriconazole; D000077551:Micafungin