title: Dynamic changes in localization of Chromobox (Cbx) family members during the maternal to embryonic transition.
abstract: The Chromobox domain (Cbx) gene family, consisting of Polycomb and Heterochromatin Protein 1 genes, is involved in transcriptional repression, cell cycle regulation and chromatin remodeling. We report the first study of gene expression and protein localization of the Cbx genes in in vitro produced bovine embryos. All but one gene (Cbx6) were expressed. This was confirmed by immunolocalization for HP1alpha, beta, gamma, and Pc2, 3. HP1beta was found in the nuclei of embryos from the two-cell stage onwards, whereas HP1gamma showed diffuse cytoplasmic/nuclear localization at the two- and eight-cell stages, and predominantly nuclear localization at the four-cell stage and the 16-cell stage onwards. Leptomycin B (LMB), a specific inhibitor of the nuclear export protein CRM-1 (chromosomal regional maintenance-1), was found to increase nuclear localization of HP1gamma at the eight-cell stage, and to prevent progression past this stage of embryogenesis. This indicates that HP1gamma possesses a CRM-1-dependent nuclear export pathway which may represent part of the basis of HP1gamma's ability to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in dynamic fashion. HP1alpha was expressed in embryonic nuclei at all stages, but was found to relocalise from euchromatin to heterochromatin during the maternal to embryonic transition (MET). In contrast, Pc2 and Pc3 were evenly distributed between cytoplasm and nucleus until the eight- and sixteen-cell stages or the morula stage, respectively, before relocating preferentially to the cytoplasm. Collectively, the results suggest that dynamic changes of the nuclear-cytoplasmic and subnuclear distribution of members of the Cbx family may be central to the MET.
authors.affiliation: Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. nancy.dcruz@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: Nancy T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Ruddock-D'Cruz
authors.forename: Sivachelvi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prashadkumar
authors.forename: Katrina J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Corey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heffernan
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Jans
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000378:metabolism*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D028884:Karyopherins / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D005810:Multigene Family; D009928:Organ Specificity; D063146:Polycomb-Group Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D023121:RNA, Messenger, Stored / Q000378:metabolism*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000097606:Exportin 1 Protein
chemical_list: D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D028884:Karyopherins; D063146:Polycomb-Group Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D023121:RNA, Messenger, Stored; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D000097606:Exportin 1 Protein