title: Progressive and interrelated functional and structural evidence of post-onset brain reduction in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Progressive brain abnormalities in schizophrenia remain controversial. Evidence of interrelated progressive functional impairment would buttress the case for structural progression. Mismatch negativity (MMN) is reduced in chronic but not first-hospitalized schizophrenia and may index progressive structural changes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether MMN shows associations with underlying auditory cortex gray matter at first hospitalization and progressive reduction longitudinally.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional (first hospitalization) and longitudinal (1.5-year follow-up).
  
  
  METHODS
  A private psychiatric hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Protocol entrance: MMN and magnetic resonance imaging at first hospitalization in 20 subjects with schizophrenia, 21 subjects with bipolar disorder with psychosis, and 32 control subjects. Longitudinal electrophysiologic testing: MMN in 16 subjects with schizophrenia, 17 subjects with bipolar disorder, and 20 control subjects. Longitudinal electrophysiologic testing and magnetic resonance imaging: MMN and magnetic resonance imaging in 11 subjects with schizophrenia, 13 subjects with bipolar disorder, and 13 control subjects. At each time point, reported samples were group matched for age, handedness, and parental socioeconomic status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electrophysiologic testing and high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mismatch negativity amplitude and Heschl gyrus and planum temporale gray matter volumes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initially, groups did not differ in MMN amplitude. Subjects with schizophrenia showed associations between MMN and Heschl gyrus (r=-0.52; P=.02) not present in the other groups. At longitudinal MMN testing, schizophrenia showed MMN reduction (P=.004). Only schizophrenia evinced longitudinal left hemisphere Heschl gyrus reduction (P=.003), highly correlated with MMN reduction (r=0.6; P=.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At first hospitalization for schizophrenia, MMN indexed left hemisphere Heschl gyrus gray matter volume, consistent with variable progression of pre-hospitalization cortical reduction. Longitudinally, the interrelated progressive reduction of functional and structural measures suggests progressive pathologic processes early in schizophrenia. An active process of progressive cortical reduction presents a potential therapeutic target. Mismatch negativity may be a simple, sensitive, and inexpensive index not only of this progressive pathologic process but also of successful intervention.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, Brockton, Boston, MA, USA. dean_salisbury@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Dean F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Salisbury
authors.forename: Noriomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kuroki
authors.forename: Kiyoto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.forename: Martha E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Shenton
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: McCarley
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001284:Atrophy; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology