title: Effect of tiotropium bromide on the cardiovascular response to exercise in COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise limitation and exertional dyspnea are important symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which may be partially relieved by tiotropium. Although the mechanism of relief is multifactorial, improved dynamic ventilatory mechanics appear to be important. It is not however known whether tiotropium may also act by improving cardiovascular function during exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study in 18 COPD subjects with a FEV(1) 40+/-3% predicted (mean+/-SEM). Subjects inhaled either tiotropium 18 microg or placebo once daily for 7-10 days then the other intervention for a further 7-10 days after a 35-day washout period. Subjects performed constant work rate cycle exercise at 75% of maximum after each treatment period. Heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen uptake, operating lung volumes and breathing pattern were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart rate was 7 beats/min lower at rest and throughout exercise with tiotropium compared to placebo (p=0.001). Oxygen uptake was unchanged throughout exercise. Oxygen pulse on exercise was greater by 7.4% (p<0.01) and systolic blood pressure was lower by 7 mmHg (p=0.03). The cardiac rate pressure product was reduced by 7.6% (p<0.01) with tiotropium. Exercise endurance tended to be greater with tiotropium. Reduction in heart rate on exercise correlated with an increase in inspiratory reserve volume (r=-0.50, p=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tiotropium may improve cardiac as well as pulmonary function during exercise in COPD. We suggest that this effect may be due, in part, to improved cardiopulmonary interaction as a result of mechanical unloading of the ventilatory muscles however further study is required.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Investigation Unit, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Travers
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laveneziana
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kesten
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide