title: Inadequate protein intake affects skeletal muscle transcript profiles in older humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inadequate dietary protein intake causes adverse changes in the morphology and function of skeletal muscle. These changes may be reflected in early alterations in muscle messenger RNA levels.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed whether inadequate protein intake differentially affects skeletal muscle transcript concentrations and expression profiles in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one older men and women (aged 55-80 y) consumed controlled diets that provided 1.2 g protein x kg(-1) x d(-1) (adequate protein) for 1 wk and then were randomly assigned to consume either 0.5 g protein x kg(-1) x d(-1) [inadequate protein (IP) group; n=11] or 1.2 g protein x kg(-1) x d(-1) (control group; n=10) for a second week. RNA was isolated from fasting-state vastus lateralis biopsy samples obtained at the end of each period, and transcript levels in the IP group were measured by using microarray analysis. Changes in selected transcript levels were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction in both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of variance showed 529 differentially expressed transcripts (P<0.05) after inadequate protein intake. Using the false discovery rate (FDR) correction to adjust for multiple comparisons, we observed that 85 transcripts were differentially expressed: 54 were up-regulated and 31 were down-regulated. The differentially expressed transcripts were in functional classes for immune, inflammatory, and stress responses (predominantly up-regulated); contraction, movement, and development (up-regulated); extracellular connective tissue (up-regulated); energy metabolism (down-regulated); protein synthesis (down-regulated); and proliferation (down-regulated). Diet-related differences in the expression of 9 transcripts were cross-validated by using real-time polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results document changes in skeletal muscle transcript levels induced by short-term inadequate protein intakes in older humans that might precede adverse metabolic, functional, and structural events, including muscle wasting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Foods & Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Anna E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Thalacker-Mercer
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fleet
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Nadine S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Carnell
authors.forename: Wayne W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger