title: Clinical utility of a stability-based ankle fracture classification system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neither of the ankle fracture classification systems (Lauge-Hansen or Weber) in widespread use today is prognostic. To test the hypothesis that ankle fracture prognosis is dependent on initial biomechanical stability, an alternative classification system created using stability-based treatment criteria was developed on the basis of a structured analysis of the ankle fracture literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  All English-language papers reporting on ankle fractures (searched using the terms "ankle + fracture") published between 1966 and 2005 with available online abstracts via PubMed were screened.
  
  
  METHODS
  Abstracts were manually screened for inclusion using the following criteria: (1) there were at least 2 groups of patients categorized on the basis of either fracture configuration or treatment and (2) data was reported in sufficient detail to permit interstudy comparisons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each included paper was abstracted into a computerized database for consistent data capture. Data elements included the following: fracture classification, stability definitions, surgical indications, patient follow-up parameters, and outcome measures. Ankle fractures were also stratified into stable and unstable groups using predefined stability criteria, and the outcome measures were re-analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test was used for statistical comparisons, assigning statistical significance to 2-tailed tests with P < 0.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the hypothesis that a stability-based ankle fracture classification system can be prognostic. For unstable ankle fractures, the radiographic outcomes were better after surgery, when the decision for surgery was made on the basis of stability (P = 0.0173). Overall, non-operative treatment results were also better with stability-based treatment (P = 0.0299).
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Michelson
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Magid
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McHale
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003663:Decision Trees; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography