title: Measurement of pupil diameter variations as a physiological indicator of the affective state in a computer user.
abstract: In this paper we explore the potential of analyzing pupil diameter measurements obtained using a desktop-mounted Eye Gaze Tracking (EGT) instrument to identify changes in the affective state of a computer user. In our experiment we induced intervals of relaxed and stressed affective states by asking the computer user to respond to sequences of congruent and incongruent Stroop word presentations. The recorded pupil diameter values verify our initial expectations by showing an increase in pupil diameter mean value as the subject transitions form a congruent Stroop sequence or segment to an incongruent Stroop segment. This mean pupil diameter value increase was found in all but one of the 96 transitions studied from 32 subjects. The statistical significance of these mean value increases was studied by means of a t-test for the comparison of means. All the pairs of mean pupil diameter values were found to be significantly different at a 0.05 significance level (p <0.05). This seems to indicate that the real-time measurement of pupil diameter of the computer user holds a strong promise to become a non-intrusive way to make the computer aware of changes in the affective status of the user. However, it is clear that several implementation issues still must be resolved before this approach can be practical for use in the context of ordinary human-computer interaction, where, for example, the environmental illumination levels are not controlled, as they were during our experiments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.forename: Naphtali
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rishe
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D003199:Computer Systems; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007498:Iris / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*; D014584:User-Computer Interface