Axillary reverse mapping (ARM): a new concept to identify and enhance lymphatic preservation.
BACKGROUND
Variations in arm lymphatic drainage put the arm lymphatics at risk for disruption during axillary lymph node surgery. Mapping the drainage of the arm with blue dye (axillary reverse mapping, ARM) decreases the likelihood of disruption of lymphatics and subsequent lymphedema.


METHODS
This institutional review board (IRB)-approved study from May to October 2006 involved patients undergoing SLNB and/or ALND. Technetium sulfur colloid (4 mL) was injected in the subareolar plexus and 2-5 mL of blue dye intradermally was injected in the ipsilateral upper extremity (ARM). Data were collected on variations in lymphatic drainage that impacted SLNB or ALND, successful identification and protection of the arm lymphatics, any crossover between a hot breast node and a blue arm node, and occurrence of lymphedema.


RESULTS
Of the 40 patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer, 18 required an ALND, with a median age of 49.7 years old. Fourteen patients had a SLNB + ALND, and four patients had ALND alone. In 100% of patients, all breast SLNs were hot but not blue, and the false negative rate was 0. In 11 of 18 ALNDs (61%) blue lymphatics or blue nodes were identified in the axilla. In the initial seven cases with positive lymph nodes in the axilla, the blue node draining from the arm was biopsied and all were negative.


CONCLUSIONS
ARM identified significant lymphatic variations draining the upper extremities and facilitated preservation in all but one case. ARM added to present-day ALND and SLNB further defines the axilla and may be useful to prevent lymphedema.
Thompson
Margaret
M
Division of Breast Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
Korourian
Soheila
S
Henry-Tillman
Ronda
R
Adkins
Laura
L
Mumford
Sheilah
S
Westbrook
Kent C
KC
Klimberg
V Suzanne
VS
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001365:Axilla / Q000473:pathology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid
D004396:Coloring Agents; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid