title: Influence of Leishmania (Viannia) species on the response to antimonial treatment in patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pentavalent antimonials (SbV) are the first-line chemotherapy for American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL). There are, however, reports of the occurrence of treatment failure with these drugs. Few studies in Latin America have compared the response to SbV treatment in ATL caused by different Leishmania species.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical parameters and response to SbV chemotherapy were studied in 103 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Peru. Leishmania isolates were collected before treatment and typed by multilocus polymerase-chain-reaction restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 103 isolates were identified as L. (Viannia) peruviana (47.6%), L. (V.) guyanensis (23.3%), L. (V.) braziliensis (22.3%), L. (V.) lainsoni (4.9%), L. (Leishmania) mexicana (1%), and a putative hybrid, L. (V.) braziliensis/L. (V.) peruviana (1%). L. (V.) guyanensis was most abundant in central Peru. Of patients infected with the 3 former species, 21 (21.9%) did not respond to SbV chemotherapy. The proportions of treatment failure (after 12 months of follow-up) were 30.4%, 24.5%, and 8.3% in patients infected with L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) peruviana, and L. (V.) guyanensis, respectively. Infection with L. (V.) guyanensis was associated with significantly less treatment failure than L. (V.) braziliensis, as determined by multiple logistic regression analysis (odds ratio, 0.07 [95% confidence interval, 0.007-0.8]; P=.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leishmania species can influence SbV treatment outcome in patients with CL. Therefore, parasite identification is of utmost clinical importance, because it should lead to a species-oriented treatment.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Department of Community Medicine, Switzerland. biomoljazz@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arevalo
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Adaui
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimic
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tulliano
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miranda-Verástegui
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lazo
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loayza-Muro
authors.forename: Simonne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Doncker
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chappuis
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dujardin
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Llanos-Cuentas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000965:Antimony / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007891:Leishmania / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D008536:Meglumine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077485:Meglumine Antimoniate; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D013045:Species Specificity; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D008536:Meglumine; D000077485:Meglumine Antimoniate; D000965:Antimony