title: The Icarus effect: the influence of diluent warming on dantrolene sodium mixing time.
abstract: Prompt administration of intravenous (i.v.) dantrolene sodium (DS) is the primary determinant of successful treatment of malignant hyperthermia (MH) syndrome. Because DS has a long reconstitution time for use in treating an MH crisis, we evaluated an alternative technique for hastening the reconstitution. Simulating real-world conditions, with equipment common to the operating room environment, we conducted a randomized, controlled, single-blind study dividing 16 DS vials into 2 equal groups: warm (41 degrees C) and ambient temperature (22 degrees C). With an i.. fluid warmer at 41 degrees C, primed with a 1-L bag of preservative-free sterile water, attached to a 60-mL syringe via a 3-way stopcock, we aspirated and injected the diluent directly into each DS vial. The Icarus effect was clearly demonstrated: warmed diluent vs ambient temperature hastened the reconstitution time for DS. The mean time to particulate-free DS solution suitable for i.v. injection with the warm diluent was 58.88 seconds compared with 93.87 seconds for the ambient temperature group (P <.001). A practical method using a reliable and safe warming device readily available to anesthetists and ubiquitous to the operating room environment speeds the time to administration of DS ultimately reducing morbidity and mortality associated with MH.
authors.affiliation: St Mary's Hospital, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Landriscina
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kartchner
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mirkes
mesh_terms: D003620:Dantrolene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D004339:Drug Compounding; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008305:Malignant Hyperthermia / Q000188:drug therapy; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D009719:Nurse Anesthetists
chemical_list: D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D003620:Dantrolene