title: Epistatic effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and beta-fibrinogen genes on risk of glomerular microthrombosis in lupus nephritis: interaction with environmental/clinical factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glomerular microthrombosis (GMT) is not uncommon in lupus nephritis and has been associated with active renal injury and progressive kidney destruction. We undertook this study to determine whether genetic variations of hemostasis factors, such as plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and fibrinogen, affect the risk of GMT.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional cohort of 101 lupus nephritis patients with or without GMT was genotyped for PAI-1 -675 4G/5G and beta-fibrinogen (FGB) -455 G/A gene polymorphisms and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PAI-1 4G/4G homozygotes and FGB A allele carriers were both at increased risk for GMT. When the data were stratified for both gene polymorphisms, an epistatic effect was detected. The PAI-1 4G/4G genotype was found to predispose to GMT not equally in all lupus nephritis patients, but only in FGB A allele carriers. Likewise, the association between the FGB A allele and GMT was restricted to lupus nephritis patients homozygous for the PAI-1 4G allele. This epistatic effect was revalidated by the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis and further assessed by incorporating a variety of environmental and clinical factors into the MDR analysis. The most parsimonious model that had a cross-validation consistency of 100% included joint effects of PAI-1 and FGB gene polymorphisms and anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) status and yielded the best prediction of GMT, with 66.6% accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that risk of GMT in lupus nephritis is attributable, at least in part, to an epistatic effect of PAI-1 and FGB genes, likely via an interaction with environmental/clinical factors, such as aCL.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Rujun
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Leishi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004843:Epistasis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C115499:BBeta fibrinogen; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; C051321:SERPINE1 protein, human; D005340:Fibrinogen