title: Exposure to direct and scatter radiation with use of mini-c-arm fluoroscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mini-c-arm fluoroscopy has become an important resource to the orthopaedic surgeon. Exposure of the orthopaedic surgical team to radiation during standard large-c-arm fluoroscopy has been well studied; however, little is known about the amount of exposure to which a surgical team is subjected with the use of mini-c-arm fluoroscopy. Moreover, there is controversy regarding the use of protective measures with mini-c-arm fluoroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the use of mini-c-arm fluoroscopy during a simulated surgical procedure to quantify the relative radiation doses at various locations in the operative field. A standard calibrated mini-c-arm fluoroscope was used to image a phantom upper extremity with thirteen radiation dosimeters placed at various distances and angulations to detect radiation exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 155 sequential fluoroscopy exposures, totaling 300.2 seconds of imaging time, only the sensor placed in a direct line with the imaging beam recorded a substantial amount of measurable radiation exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surgical team is exposed to minimal radiation during routine use of mini-c-arm fluoroscopy, except when they are in the direct path of the radiation beam.
authors.affiliation: Division of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ryder
authors.forename: Judith F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Baumhauer
authors.forename: Benedict F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: DiGiovanni
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013502:General Surgery; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D009985:Orthopedics; D011874:Radiometry; D012542:Scattering, Radiation