title: Refractures of the upper extremity in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the etiologic factors related to refractures of the upper extremity in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen refractures were divided into three groups according to the location of the initial fractures. They were analyzed in terms of the type of refractures, fracture patterns, and the existence of an underlying deformity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of nine supracondylar fractures of the humerus, two involved refractures at the supracondylar region, and the other seven involved the lateral condyle. Underlying cubitus varus was present in six cases. Of three lateral condylar fractures of the humerus, one had a refracture at the supracondylar region, and two cases involved the lateral condyle. One had an underlying cubitus varus. All but one case in the humeral fractures group were late refractures, and were treated with surgery. Of six repeat forearm fractures, five were early type and occurred at the original site within nine weeks, four at the diaphysis of both bones of the forearm, and one at the diaphysis of the ulna. All cases in the forearm fractures group, save one, had volar angulation before the refracture, and were treated conservatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the humerus, the underlying cubitus varus was the most important predisposing factor for refractures and lateral condyle fractures were common. In the forearm, volar angulation of the diaphysis was related to refractures, and complete and circular consolidation of the primary fracture of the forearm was thought to be important in prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sinchon-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hui Wan
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ick Hwan
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sun Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.forename: Kun Bo
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hyun Woo
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012784:Shoulder Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology