title: The structure of the coracoacromial ligament: fibrocartilage differentiation does not necessarily mean pathology.
abstract: The coracoacromial ligament forms part of the coracoacromial arch and is implicated in impingement syndrome and acromial spur formation. Here, we describe its structure and the composition of its extracellular matrix. Ligaments were obtained from 15 cadavers, nine from older people (average age 74.7 years) and six from younger individuals (average age 24.2 years). Cryosections of methanol-fixed tissue were cut and sections were immunolabelled with monoclonal antibodies against collagens, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, matrix proteins and neurofilament proteins. Both ligament entheses were highly fibrocartilaginous and immunolabelled strongly for type II collagen, aggrecan and link protein. The area of labelling was more extensive in older people. However, fibrocartilage also characterized the ligament midsubstance, particularly with increased age. Signs of fibrocartilage degeneration were more common in older people. Ligament fat (containing blood vessels and nerve fibers) was conspicuous in both age groups, especially between fiber bundles at the entheses. We conclude that fibrocartilage is a normal feature but becomes more pronounced with age. It is not necessarily pathological, for it simply indicates that the ligament is subject to compression and/or shear. Nevertheless, the prominence of fibrocartilage at the acromial enthesis may relate to the frequency with which enthesophytes develop.
authors.affiliation: AO Research Institute, Davos, Switzerland. stefan.milz@aofoundation.org
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jakob
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Büttner
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tischer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Putz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benjamin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000502:physiology; D003452:Cryosurgery; D016616:Cryoultramicrotomy; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D051445:Fibrocartilage / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D033081:Shear Strength; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D024043:Collagen Type II