title: Cardiovascular consequences of high-performance aircraft maneuvers: implications for effective countermeasures and laboratory-based simulations.
abstract: The gravitational stress encountered by pilots of high-performance aircraft can cause dramatic shifts in blood volume and circulatory pressure, thus placing the cardiovascular system under significant stress, sometimes resulting in loss of consciousness due to cerebral under-perfusion. Since pilots experience both increased and decreased gravitational stress in high-risk environments, it is important not only to examine the cardiovascular effects of altered gravitational exposure, but also to create effective countermeasures that will increase pilot safety. In this review, we discuss the cardiovascular consequences of rapid changes in gravitational forces. We also examine the effectiveness of the countermeasures that have been developed to combat gravity-induced loss of consciousness. Finally, we examine those current laboratory-based techniques that simulate hyper-gravity and the "push-pull effect"; making it possible to investigate the cardiovascular mechanisms responsible for maintaining cerebral perfusion and consciousness.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, The University of British Columbia, 6108 Thunderbird Blvd., Rm. 205, Unit II Osborne Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Ben T A
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Esch
authors.forename: Len S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Shannon S D
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Bredin
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Haykowsky
authors.forename: Darren E R
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Warburton
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration / Q000009:adverse effects; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000401:Aircraft; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006112:Gravitation; D006801:Humans; D019442:Space Suits; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000517:prevention & control