title: Combined transcranial direct current stimulation and robot-assisted arm training in subacute stroke patients: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preliminary reports suggest that central stimulation may enhance the effect of conventional physical therapies after stroke. This pilot study examines the safety and methodology of using transcranial direct stimulation (tDCS) with robot-assisted arm training (AT), to inform planning a larger randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients, after an ischaemic stroke 4-8 weeks before study onset, no history of epilepsy, participated. Eight had a cortical lesion and 2 had subcortical lesions: all had severe arm paresis and, co-incidentally, 5 had severe aphasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over six weeks, they received thirty 20 min-sessions of AT. During the first 7 minutes, 1.5mA of tDCS was applied, with the anode over the lesioned hemisphere and the cathode above the contralateral orbit. Arm and language impairment were assessed with the Fugl-Meyer motor score (FM, full range 0-66) and the Aachener Aphasie Test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No major side effects occurred. Arm function of three patients (two with a subcortical lesion) improved significantly, with FM scores increasing from 6 to 28, 10 to 49 and 11 to 48. In the remaining seven patients, all with cortical lesions, arm function changed little, FM scores did not increase more than 5 points. Unexpectedly, aphasia improved in 4 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These procedures are safe, and easy to use in a clinical setting. In future studies, patients should be stratified by degree of arm weakness and lesion site, also the unexpected aphasia improvement warrants following-up.
authors.affiliation: Klinik Berlin, Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Germany. bhesse@zedat.fu-berlin.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Schonhardt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bardeleben
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jenrich
authors.forename: S G B
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kirker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015915:Motion Therapy, Continuous Passive / Q000379:methods*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012046:Rehabilitation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012371:Robotics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000628:therapy*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods