title: Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced release of interleukin-8 from intestinal epithelial cells by SMA, a novel inhibitor of sphingomyelinase and its therapeutic effect on dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in mice.
abstract: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and inflammatory cytokines cause activation of sphingomyelinases (SMases) and subsequent hydrolysis of sphingomyelin (SM) to produce a lipid messenger ceramide. The use of SMase inhibitors may offer new therapies for the treatment of the LPS- and cytokines-related inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We synthesized a series of difluoromethylene analogues of SM (SMAs). Here, we show that LPS efficiently increases the release of IL-8 from HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells by activating both neutral SMase and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB in the cells. The addition of SMA-7 suppressed neutral SMase-catalyzed ceramide production, NF-kappaB activation, and IL-8 release from HT-29 cells caused by LPS. The results suggest that activation of neutral SMase is an underlying mechanism of LPS-induced release of IL-8 from the intestinal epithelial cells. Ceramide production following LPS-induced SM hydrolysis may trigger the activation of NF-kappaB in nuclei. Oral administration of SMA-7 (60 mg/kg) to mice with 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in their drinking water, for 21 consecutive days, reduced significantly the severity of colonic injury. This finding suggests a central role for SMase/ceramide signaling in the pathology of DSS-induced colitis in mice. The therapeutic effect of SMA-7 observed in mice may involve the suppression of IL-8 production from intestinal epithelial cells by LPS or other inflammatory cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ochiai
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimeno
authors.forename: Sadao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hikishima
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokomatsu
authors.forename: Shiroshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soeda
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002518:Ceramides / Q000378:metabolism; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016264:Dextran Sulfate / Q000009:adverse effects; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013109:Sphingomyelins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002518:Ceramides; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013109:Sphingomyelins; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase