title: Psychotherapeutic medication prevalence in Medicaid-insured preschoolers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To update knowledge of the prevalence of the use of psychotherapeutic medications in preschoolers with Medicaid insurance as requested by the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act of 2002 (BPCA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prescription, enrollment, and outpatient visit data from 7 state Medicaid programs were used to identify 274,518 youths continuously enrolled in 2001 and aged 2 to 4 on January 1, 2001. Annual prevalence of use was defined as one or more dispensed prescriptions for a psychotherapeutic medication and adjusted for anticonvulsant and anxiolytic/sedative/hypnotic use according to ICD-9 diagnostic groupings. Prevalence ratios adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, and gender were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2.30% (CI = 2.24, 2.36) of preschoolers received one or more dispensings for a psychotherapeutic medication in 2001, approximately doubling the usage of comparable youth from 2 other state Medicaid programs studied in 1995. Boys were 2.4 times more likely than girls to receive psychotherapeutic medication. Whites were 4 times more likely than Hispanics and twice as likely as Blacks to receive medication for psychiatric or behavioral conditions. Since the mid-1990s, usage increased, especially for atypical antipsychotics and antidepressants. The prominent use of anticonvulsants (78.8%) and anxiolytic/sedative/hypnotic drugs (91.4%) in those with no psychiatric diagnosis, but with other medical diagnoses, shows that much use therein reflects treatment for seizures, rather than mood stabilization, and for minor medical conditions, rather than psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preschool psychotherapeutic medication use increased across ages 2 to 4 for stimulants, antipsychotics, and antidepressants, reflecting use for psychiatric/behavioral disorders. However, the use of anxiolytic/sedative/hypnotics and anticonvulsants was more stable across these years, suggesting medical usage. Additional research to assess the benefits and risks of psychotherapeutic drugs is needed, particularly when such usage is off-label for both psychiatric and nonpsychiatric conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. jzito@rx.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zito
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Safer
authors.forename: Satish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valluri
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Korelitz
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mattison
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002675:Child, Preschool; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs