title: Steady-state disposition of the nonpeptidic protease inhibitor tipranavir when coadministered with ritonavir.
abstract: The pharmacokinetic and metabolite profiles of the antiretroviral agent tipranavir (TPV), administered with ritonavir (RTV), in nine healthy male volunteers were characterized. Subjects received 500-mg TPV capsules with 200-mg RTV capsules twice daily for 6 days. They then received a single oral dose of 551 mg of TPV containing 90 microCi of [(14)C]TPV with 200 mg of RTV on day 7, followed by twice-daily doses of unlabeled 500-mg TPV with 200 mg of RTV for up to 20 days. Blood, urine, and feces were collected for mass balance and metabolite profiling. Metabolite profiling and identification was performed using a flow scintillation analyzer in conjunction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The median recovery of radioactivity was 87.1%, with 82.3% of the total recovered radioactivity excreted in the feces and less than 5% recovered from urine. Most radioactivity was excreted within 24 to 96 h after the dose of [(14)C]TPV. Radioactivity in blood was associated primarily with plasma rather than red blood cells. Unchanged TPV accounted for 98.4 to 99.7% of plasma radioactivity. Similarly, the most common form of radioactivity excreted in feces was unchanged TPV, accounting for a mean of 79.9% of fecal radioactivity. The most abundant metabolite in feces was a hydroxyl metabolite, H-1, which accounted for 4.9% of fecal radioactivity. TPV glucuronide metabolite H-3 was the most abundant of the drug-related components in urine, corresponding to 11% of urine radioactivity. In conclusion, after the coadministration of TPV and RTV, unchanged TPV represented the primary form of circulating and excreted TPV and the primary extraction route was via the feces.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, USA. lchen@rdg.boehringer-ingelheim.com
authors.forename: Linzhi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sabo
authors.forename: Elsy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Philip
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Stephen H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: MacGregor
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wruck
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garfinkel
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castles
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brinkman
authors.forename: Hernan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Valdez
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D002214:Capsules; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D011753:Pyrones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D013449:Sulfonamides
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D002214:Capsules; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D011753:Pyrones; D013449:Sulfonamides; D019438:Ritonavir; C107201:tipranavir