title: Management and outcome of permanent pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe the management and outcome of permanent pacemaker (PPM) and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) infections in a large cohort of patients seen at a tertiary care facility with expertise in device lead extraction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Infection is a serious complication of PPM and ICD implantation. Optimal care of patients with these cardiac device infections (CDI) is not well defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of all patients with CDI admitted to Mayo Clinic Rochester between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 2003, was conducted. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and descriptive analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 189 patients met the criteria for CDI (138 PPM, 51 ICD). The median age of the patients was 71.2 years. Generator pocket infection (69%) and device-related endocarditis (23%) were the most common clinical presentations. Coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus, in 42% and 29% of cases, respectively, were the leading pathogens for CDI. Most patients (98%) underwent complete device removal. Duration of antibiotic therapy after device removal was based on clinical presentation and causative organism (median duration of 18 days for pocket infection vs. 28 days for endocarditis; 28 days for S. aureus infection vs. 14 days for coagulase-negative staphylococci infection [p < 0.001]). Median follow-up after hospital discharge was 175 days. Ninety-six percent of patients were cured with both complete device removal and antibiotic administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cure of CDI is achievable in the large majority of patients treated with an aggressive approach of combined antimicrobial treatment and complete device removal. Based on findings of our large retrospective institutional survey and previously published data, we submit proposed management guidelines of CDI.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. msohail@tawam-hosp.gov.ae
authors.forename: Muhammad R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sohail
authors.forename: Daniel Z
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Uslan
authors.forename: Akbar H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Walter R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Steckelberg
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stoner
authors.forename: Larry M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Baddour
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D003646:Debridement; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020878:Device Removal; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome