title: Beneficial versus detrimental effects of neutrophils are determined by the nature of the insult.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neutrophils are thought to play pivotal roles in eliminating pathogens, and they have also been implicated in end organ dysfunction associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Because modulating neutrophil survival and function has been proposed as a therapy for sepsis, it remains critical to determine under which circumstances modulating neutrophil function is efficacious. The aim of this study was to investigate whether sustaining the presence of neutrophils activated by hemorrhagic shock (HEM) would be disadvantageous during subsequent sepsis, ie, inflammation plus infection, or systemic inflammation without infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transgenic mice, overexpressing the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 in a myeloid restricted fashion (Bcl-2(my)), and controls (C57) were subjected to HEM, followed 24 hours thereafter either by cecal ligation and puncture to induce sepsis, or by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide to induce SIRS. Lung injury was assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein and histology. Lung, plasma, and liver cytokines were quantified through CBA or ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In sepsis, Bcl-2(my) had increased lung neutrophil and lower lung bacteria counts compared with C57. This translated into a marked early survival benefit for Bcl-2(my). There were no differences between Bcl-2(my) and C57 with respect to the degree of lung injury or lung and plasma cytokines. In contrast, in SIRS, Bcl-2(my) exhibited markedly increased acute lung injury and lung and plasma cytokines when compared with C57. Bcl-2(my) also had a profound survival disadvantage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whether effects of prolonged survival of hemorrhage-primed neutrophils are beneficial or detrimental is determined by the nature of the second insult. During sepsis, prolonging neutrophil survival is beneficial, enhancing antimicrobial activity. Alternatively, during inflammation without infection, increased organ damage by long-lived neutrophils is detrimental.
authors.affiliation: Shock-Trauma Research Laboratories, Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perl
authors.forename: Chun-Shiang
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Perl
authors.forename: Walter L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Biffl
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Cioffi
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayala
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D002432:Cecum / Q000293:injuries; D002470:Cell Survival; D018925:Chemokines / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D008026:Ligation; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018375:Neutrophil Activation / Q000502:physiology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D011677:Punctures; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D018805:Sepsis / Q000276:immunology; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000276:immunology*; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides