title: Long-term visual outcomes in extremely low-birth-weight children (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal is to analyze the long-term visual outcome of extremely low-birth-weight children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective analysis of eyes of extremely low-birth-weight children on whom vision testing was performed. Visual outcomes were studied by analyzing acuity outcomes at >/=36 months of adjusted age, correlating early acuity testing with final visual outcome and evaluating adverse risk factors for vision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 278 eyes are included. Mean birth weight was 731g, and mean gestational age at birth was 26 weeks. 248 eyes had grating acuity outcomes measured at 73 +/- 36 months, and 183 eyes had recognition acuity testing at 76 +/- 39 months. 54% had below normal grating acuities, and 66% had below normal recognition acuities. 27% of grating outcomes and 17% of recognition outcomes were </=20/200. Abnormal early grating acuity testing was predictive of abnormal grating (P < .0001) and recognition (P = .0001) acuity testing at >/=3 years of age. A slower-than-normal rate of early visual development was predictive of abnormal grating acuity (P < .0001) and abnormal recognition acuity (P < .0001) at >/=3 years of age. Eyes diagnosed with maximal retinopathy of prematurity in zone I had lower acuity outcomes (P = .0002) than did those with maximal retinopathy of prematurity in zone II/III. Eyes of children born at </=28 weeks gestational age had 4.1 times greater risk for abnormal recognition acuity than did those of children born at >28 weeks gestational age. Eyes of children with poorer general health after premature birth had a 5.3 times greater risk of abnormal recognition acuity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term visual development in extremely low-birth-weight infants is problematic and associated with a high risk of subnormal acuity. Early acuity testing is useful in identifying children at greatest risk for long-term visual abnormalities. Gestational age at birth of </= 28 weeks was associated with a higher risk of an abnormal long-term outcome.
authors.affiliation: Texas Retina Associates, Retina Foundation of the Southwest and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Rand
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spencer
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D052577:Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000379:methods; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*