title: Reduction in surgical site infections in neurosurgical patients associated with a bedside hand hygiene program in Vietnam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We conducted an intervention study to assess the impact of the use of an alcohol-chlorhexidine-based hand sanitizer on surgical site infection (SSI) rates among neurosurgical patients in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
  
  
  METHODS
  A quasi-experimental study with an untreated control group and assessment of neurosurgical patients admitted to 2 neurosurgical wards at Cho Ray Hospital between July 11 and August 15, 2000 (before the intervention), and July 14 and August 18, 2001 (after the intervention). A hand sanitizer with 70% isopropyl alcohol and 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate was introduced, and healthcare workers were trained in its use on ward A in September 2000. No intervention was made in ward B. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions of SSI were used. Patient SSI data were collected on standardized forms and were analyzed using Stata software (Stata).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 786 patients were enrolled: 377 in the period before intervention (156 in ward A and 221 in ward B) and 409 in the period after intervention (159 in ward A and 250 in ward B). On ward A after the intervention, the SSI rate was reduced by 54% (from 8.3% to 3.8%; P=.09), and more than half of superficial SSIs were eliminated (7 of 13 vs 0 of 6 in ward B; P=.007). On ward B, the SSI rate increased by 22% (from 7.2% to 9.2%; P=.8). In patients without SSI, the median postoperative length of stay and the duration of antimicrobial use were reduced on ward A (both from 8 to 6 days; P<.001) but not on ward B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that introduction of a hand sanitizer can both reduce SSI rates in neurosurgical patients, with particular impact on superficial SSIs, and reduce the overall postoperative length of stay and the duration of antimicrobial use. Hand hygiene programs in developing countries are likely to reduce SSI rates and improve patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Infection Control Department, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. athu@hcmc.netnam.vn
authors.forename: Thi Anh Thu
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dibley
authors.forename: Van Nho
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Vo
authors.forename: Lennox
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Archibald
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: Annette H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Sohn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004865:Equipment and Supplies, Hospital / Q000600:supply & distribution; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006757:Hospital Units; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene / Q000193:education*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010362:Patients' Rooms; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000193:education; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D000431:Ethanol; D002710:Chlorhexidine