title: Clinical aspects of type-1 long-QT syndrome by location, coding type, and biophysical function of mutations involving the KCNQ1 gene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type-1 long-QT syndrome (LQTS) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the KCNQ1-encoded I(Ks) cardiac potassium channel. We evaluated the effect of location, coding type, and biophysical function of KCNQ1 mutations on the clinical phenotype of this disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated the clinical course in 600 patients with 77 different KCNQ1 mutations in 101 proband-identified families derived from the US portion of the International LQTS Registry (n=425), the Netherlands' LQTS Registry (n=93), and the Japanese LQTS Registry (n=82). The Cox proportional hazards survivorship model was used to evaluate the independent contribution of clinical and genetic factors to the first occurrence of time-dependent cardiac events from birth through age 40 years. The clinical characteristics, distribution of mutations, and overall outcome event rates were similar in patients enrolled from the 3 geographic regions. Biophysical function of the mutations was categorized according to dominant-negative (> 50%) or haploinsufficiency (< or = 50%) reduction in cardiac repolarizing I(Ks) potassium channel current. Patients with transmembrane versus C-terminus mutations (hazard ratio, 2.06; P<0.001) and those with mutations having dominant-negative versus haploinsufficiency ion channel effects (hazard ratio, 2.26; P<0.001) were at increased risk for cardiac events, and these genetic risks were independent of traditional clinical risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This genotype-phenotype study indicates that in type-1 LQTS, mutations located in the transmembrane portion of the ion channel protein and the degree of ion channel dysfunction caused by the mutations are important independent risk factors influencing the clinical course of this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA. heartajm@heart.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Arthur J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Arthur A M
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Wilde
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Towbin
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zareba
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: G Michael
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ackerman
authors.forename: Elizabeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Nynke
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seth
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamakura
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Ilan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McNitt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D016368:Frameshift Mutation; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000235:genetics; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D051657:KCNQ1 Potassium Channel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D008958:Models, Molecular; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D009154:Mutation; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010641:Phenotype; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D021381:Protein Transport; D022821:RNA Splice Sites / Q000235:genetics; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D029597:Romano-Ward Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D013575:Syncope / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D051657:KCNQ1 Potassium Channel; C496909:KCNQ1 protein, human; D022821:RNA Splice Sites; D011188:Potassium