title: Understanding the effects of a decentralized budget on physicians' compliance with guidelines for statin prescription--a multilevel methodological approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Official guidelines that promote evidence-based and cost-effective prescribing are of main relevance for obvious reasons. However, to what extent these guidelines are followed and their conditioning factors at different levels of the health care system are still insufficiently known. In January 2004, a decentralized drug budget was implemented in the county of Scania, Sweden. Focusing on lipid-lowering drugs (i.e., statins), we evaluated the effect of this intervention across a 25-month period. We expected that increased local economic responsibility would promote prescribing of recommended statins.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed two separate multilevel regression analyses; on 110,827 individual prescriptions issued at 136 publicly-administered health care centres (HCCs) nested within 14 administrative areas (HCAs), and on 72,012 individual prescriptions issued by 115 privately-administered HCCs. Temporal trends in the prevalence of prescription of recommended statins were investigated by random slope analysis. Differences (i.e., variance) between HCCs and between HCAs were expressed by median odds ratio (MOR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the implementation of the decentralized drug budget, adherence to guidelines increased continuously. At the end of the observation period, however, practice variation remained high. Prescription of recommended statins presented a high degree of clustering within both publicly (i.e., MORHCC = 2.18 and MORHCA = 1.31 respectively) and privately administered facilities (MORHCC = 3.47).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A decentralized drug budget seems to promote adherence to guidelines for statin prescription. However, the high practice differences at the end of the observation period may reflect inefficient therapeutic traditions, and indicates that rational statin prescription could be further improved.
authors.affiliation: Social Epidemiology & HE, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sweden. henrik.ohlsson@skane.se
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Merlo
mesh_terms: D002017:Budgets; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D011331:Private Practice / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D011635:Public Health Administration / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013548:Sweden; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors