title: Pain management in hospitalized cancer patients: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assist cancer centers in improving pain management, we conducted a systematic review of institutional interventions designed to improve the assessment and treatment of pain in hospitalized cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a MEDLINE search for all English-language articles published from January 1966 through February 2006 using the medical subject headings terms of pain or pain measurement and outcome assessment (health care) or quality assurance (health care). Selected bibliographies were also searched. Studies were reviewed if they included clinical interventions directed at improving the treatment of cancer pain across an institution or nursing unit. Meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials or other controlled studies were included where possible. If no such trials were identified, then the best evidence available from studies with other designs was included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five interventions were identified. These interventions included professional and patient education, instituting regular pain assessment (pain as a vital sign), audit of pain results and feedback to clinical staff, computerized decisional support systems, and specialist-level pain consultation services. Most studies were small in size and used quasiexperimental pre-post test designs. Successes were reported in increasing patient satisfaction, increasing documentation of pain intensity, and improving nurses' knowledge and attitudes. No study reported successful interventions that consistently improved patients' pain severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although professional knowledge and attitudes about pain and nursing pain assessment rates have been shown to be improvable, no systematic, hospital-wide intervention has yet to be associated with improvement in pain severity. Future research on the development of new interventions, perhaps targeted specifically at physicians, is urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Gabrielle R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: R Sean
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Morrison
mesh_terms: D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic