title: Subcutaneous apomorphine in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease: a dose-escalation study with randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover evaluation of a single dose.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To further explore the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous apomorphine (APO) in treating off episodes in APO-naïve patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  56 patients receiving optimized oral anti-PD medication were evaluated on separate days for response to single increasing doses of APO. Acute response to oral anti-PD medication and APO dose escalation (2-10 mg) was evaluated under unblinded conditions. At the 4 mg APO dose, placebo was randomly introduced under double-blind crossover conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean changes from pre-dose in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor scores indicated significant improvement following APO 4 mg versus placebo at 20 min (p=0.0002), 40 min (p<0.0001; maximum improvement) and 90 min (p=0.0229). Improvements showed significant dose-response at 20 min, 40 min (both p<0.0001) and 90 min (p=0.0049). Adverse events were more common with APO than placebo, and also showed significant dose-response (p<0.0001). Common adverse events associated with APO included yawning, dizziness, nausea, somnolence and dyskinesias, and were generally mild to moderate. There were no significant differences between APO and placebo in the incidence of hypotension associated with a postural change from a sitting to standing position.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subcutaneous APO provided rapid, effective relief of off episodes associated with advanced PD.
authors.affiliation: University of Kansas Medical Center, 3599 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. rpahwa@kumc.edu
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pahwa
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Koller
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Trosch
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Sherry
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D001058:Apomorphine