title: Effects of environmental tobacco smoke on the developing immune system of infant monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is associated with an increased incidence of allergic and infectious diseases among children that is thought to be partly due to the immaturity of the immune system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to investigate the effects of ETS exposure on immune development during the first year of life in the nonhuman primate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen neonatal rhesus monkeys studied to 13 months of postnatal age were randomized into 3 groups: (1) exposure to filtered air, (2) continuous ETS exposure beginning at gestation day 50 (perinatal ETS); and (3) exposure to ETS beginning at 6 months of age (6-month ETS). Complete blood counts, lymphocyte subsets, and mRNA levels of 12 cytokines in PBMCs were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fetal/infant exposure to ETS altered the normal maturation of mRNA levels of IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-10, as well as the ratio of CD4 to CD8 lymphocytes, compared with filtered-air control levels. Blood lymphocyte subset distribution also significantly differed based on the onset of exposure to ETS. Subacute exposure to ETS for 2 weeks in 6-month-old infants was found to increase levels of peripheral blood neutrophils and IL-6 mRNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term exposure to ETS can induce an acute systemic inflammatory response in the neonatal nonhuman primate, and long-term exposure to ETS beginning in utero or at 6 months of postnatal age can significantly alter immune effectors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Normal immune system development is compromised by in utero and postnatal exposure to ETS and might contribute to ETS-related childhood diseases.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health and the Environment,University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jesse P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Joad
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spinner
authors.forename: Suzette
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smiley-Jewell
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kent E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Pinkerton
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000254:growth & development*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D047108:Embryonic Development; D007107:Immune System / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution