title: Botulinum toxin injection: a review of injection principles and protocols.
abstract: Despite the favorable outcomes seen using botulinum toxin (BTX) for voiding dysfunction using BTX, a standardized technique and protocol for toxin injection is not defined. We reviewed the current literature on intravesical BTX injection for DO (detrusor overactivity). Specific attention was placed on defining optimal injection protocol, including dose, volume, and injection sites. In addition, we sought to describe a standard technique to BTX injection.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, Illinois, USA. derapp@yahoo.com
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lucioni
authors.forename: Gregory T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Bales
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D006801:Humans; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A