title: Isolation, purification and characterization of histidino-threosidine, a novel Maillard reaction protein crosslink from threose, lysine and histidine.
abstract: We isolated a novel acid-labile yellow chromophore from the incubation of lysine, histidine and d-threose and identified its chemical structure by one and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy combined with LC-tandem mass spectrometry. This new cross-link exhibits a UV absorbance maximum at 305 nm and a molecular mass of 451 Da. The proposed structure is 2-amino-5-(3-((4-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-4-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-2-formyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)pentatonic acid, a cross-link between lysine and histidine with addition of two threose molecules. It was in part deduced and confirmed through synthesis of the analogous compound from n-butylamine, imidazole and d-threose. We assigned the compound the trivial name histidino-threosidine. Systemic incubation revealed that histidino-threosidine can be formed in low amounts from fructose, glyceraldehyde, methylglyoxal, glycolaldehyde, ascorbic acid, and dehydroascorbic acid, but at a much higher yield with degradation products of ascorbic acid, i.e. threose, erythrose, and erythrulose. Bovine lens protein incubated with 10 and 50 mM threose for two weeks yielded 560 and 2840 pmol/mg histidino-threosidine. Histidino-threosidine is to our knowledge the first Maillard reaction product known to involve histidine in a crosslink.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Zhenyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nemet
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Vincent M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Monnier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D003683:Dehydroascorbic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006639:Histidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000378:metabolism; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000737:chemistry; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013780:Tetroses / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D007093:Imidazoles; D011758:Pyrroles; D013780:Tetroses; C521713:histidino-threosidine; C521714:imidazole-threosidine; D006639:Histidine; D008239:Lysine; C073321:erythrose; D003683:Dehydroascorbic Acid