title: Integrated endoscope for real-time 3D ultrasound imaging and hyperthermia: feasibility study.
abstract: The goal of this research is to determine the feasibility of using a single endoscopic probe for the combined purpose of real-time 3D (RT3D) ultrasound imaging of a target organ and the delivery of ultrasound therapy to facilitate the absorption of compounds for cancer treatment. Recent research in ultrasound therapy has shown that ultrasound-mediated drug delivery improves absorption of treatments for prostate, cervical and esophageal cancer. The ability to combine ultrasound hyperthermia and 3D imaging could improve visualization and targeting of cancerous tissues. In this study, numerical modeling and experimental measurements were developed to determine the feasibility of combined therapy and imaging with a 1 cm diameter endoscopic RT3D probe with 504 transmitters and 252 receive channels. This device operates at 5 MHz and has a 6.3 mm x 6.3 mm aperture to produce real time 3D pyramidal scans of 60-120 degrees incorporating 64 x 64 = 4096 image lines at 30 volumes/sec interleaved with a 3D steerable therapy beam. A finite-element mesh was constructed with over 128,000 elements in LS-DYNA to simulate the induced temperature rise from our transducer with a 3 cm deep focus in tissue. Quarter-symmetry of the transducer was used to reduce mesh size and computation time. Based on intensity values calculated in Field II using the transducer's array geometry, a minimum I(SPTA) of 3.6 W/cm2 is required from our endoscope probe in order to induce a temperature rise of 4 degrees C within five minutes. Experimental measurements of the array's power output capabilities were conducted using a PVDF hydrophone placed 3 cm away from the face of the transducer in a watertank. Using a PDA14 Signatec data acquisition board to capture full volumes of transmitted ultrasound data, it was determined that the probe can presently maintain intensity values up to 2.4 W/cm2 over indefinite times for therapeutic applications combined with intermittent 3D scanning to maintain targeting. These values were acquired using 8 cycle bursts at a prf of 6 kHz. Ex vivo heating experiments of excised pork tissue yielded a maximum temperature rises of 2.3 degrees C over 5 minutes of ultrasound exposure with an average rise of 1.8 +/- 0.2 degrees C over 5 trials. Modifications to the power supply and transducer array may enable us to reach the higher intensities required to facilitate drug delivery therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. ecp2@duke.edu
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Pua
authors.forename: Yupeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019160:Endosonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013552:Swine; D014159:Transducers; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*