title: Authenticating production origin of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) by chemical and isotopic fingerprinting.
abstract: Recent EU legislation (EC/2065/2001) requires that fish products, of wild and farmed origin, must provide consumer information that describes geographical origin and production method. The aim of the present study was to establish methods that could reliably differentiate between wild and farmed European gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). The methods that were chosen were based on chemical and stable isotopic analysis of the readily accessible lipid fraction. This study examined fatty acid profiles by capillary gas chromatography and the isotopic composition of fish oil (delta(13)C, delta(18)O), phospholipid choline nitrogen (delta(15)N) and compound specific analysis of fatty acids (delta(13)C) by isotope ratio mass spectroscopy as parameters that could reliably discriminate samples of wild and farmed sea bream. The sample set comprised of 15 farmed and 15 wild gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), obtained from Greece and Spain, respectively. Discrimination was achieved using fatty acid compositions, with linoleic acid (18:2n-6), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), stearic acid (18:0), vaccenic acid (18:1n-7) and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) providing the highest contributions for discrimination. Principle components analysis of the data set highlighted good discrimination between wild and farmed fish. Factor 1 and 2 accounted for >70% of the variation in the data. The variables contributing to this discrimination were: the fatty acids 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1n-9, 18:1n-7, 22:1n-11, 18:2n-6 and 22:5n-3; delta(13)C of the fatty acids 16:0, 18:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3; Bulk oil fraction delta(13)C; glycerol/choline fraction bulk delta(13)C; delta(15)N; % N; % lipid.
authors.affiliation: Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), Rankine Avenue, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, East Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK. D.Morrison@suerc.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bron
authors.forename: R James
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hemderson
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.forename: J Gordon
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D003257:Consumer Product Safety / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis*; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D005062:European Union / Q000458:organization & administration; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006115:Greece; D007881:Legislation, Food / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D021541:Sea Bream / Q000145:classification* / Q000378:metabolism; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005395:Fish Oils; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes