title: The effects of asking for verbal ratings of sleepiness on sleepiness and its masking effects on performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated whether verbal rating sleepiness will itself affect sleepiness and performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen healthy male volunteers (mean age, 26.9 years) performed two 40-min vigilance tests, one of which involved verbal ratings every 4min using the Karolinska sleepiness scale and another of which did not involve any ratings during the test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated rating of sleepiness significantly reduced post-test sleepiness and improved the subjective perception of performance, and also reduced alpha power density (i.e., a physiological indicator of sleepiness). However, performance was not improved by the ratings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The act of rating affects subjective and EEG measures of sleepiness. Presumably this occurs through the modest stimulation involved in this act.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methodologically one should be aware of subtle effects of the rating situation on sleepiness. From a practical point of view, it would be important for safety management since subjective sleepiness and performance are easily dissociated, which might interfere with risk perception.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (JNIOSH), 6-21-1, Nagao, Tamaku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. kaida-kosuke@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaida
authors.forename: Torbjörn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: AKerstedt
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kecklund
authors.forename: Jens P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Axelsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014851:Wakefulness