title: The pediatric cardiac patient presenting for noncardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize results of recent papers and discuss current trends concerning anesthesia in children with congenital heart disease presenting for noncardiac surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with congenital heart disease have a significant incremental risk when presenting for minor or major surgery. It is a current trend that noncardiac surgery should be performed in pediatric centers, which have anesthesiologists and pediatricians familiar with the multiple specialties of children with congenital heart disease. A careful preoperative evaluation using a multidisciplinary approach is of great importance. In recent studies and case reports, the safe use of newer anesthetic agents, such as sevoflurane or desflurane, was reported in combination with opioids or regional blocks. In addition to standard monitors, invasive monitoring should be considered liberally perioperatively in patients with limited hemodynamic reserve and with major surgery. Several case reports reported that laparoscopic surgery was successfully performed even in high-risk patients with congenital heart disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Careful preoperative evaluation, experienced anesthesiologists, suitable anesthetic agents and techniques, and the liberal use of invasive monitoring are integral parts of safe and effective anesthetic care in children with congenital heart disease. Future studies have to show whether laparoscopic surgery may be beneficial in this special subgroup of patients.
authors.affiliation: Zentrum Anästhesiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany. suempelmann.robert@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sümpelmann
authors.forename: Wilhelm Alexander
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Osthaus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000758:Anesthesia; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D011292:Premedication; D011300:Preoperative Care; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative