title: Intratemporal facial nerve transfer with direct coaptation to the hypoglossal nerve.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate functional recovery after facial-hypoglossal nerve transfer with direct coaptation of the intratemporal part of the facial nerve.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients who underwent facial-hypoglossal transfer surgery between 2001 and 2006 to treat a unilateral complete facial nerve palsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The facial nerve is mobilized in the temporal bone, transsected at the second genu, transferred and directly coaptated to a partially incised hypoglossal nerve.
  
  
  METHODS
  The House-Brackmann grading system was used to evaluate facial nerve reinnervation. Tongue atrophy and movements were documented. Quality of life related to facial function was assessed using the validated Facial Disability Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A House-Brackmann Grade III (86%) was achieved in six patients, and Grade IV (14%) in one patient with an average follow-up of 22 months (range, 12-48 mo). Two patients had a follow-up of less than 12 months after surgery, and reinnervation was still in progress. In none of the patients who were operated on was tongue atrophy or impaired movement observed. Postoperative Facial Disability Index scores (mean, 71.8 +/- standard deviation [SD] 10.6) for physical functioning and social functioning (mean, 85.7 +/- SD 9.8) were increased for all patients when compared with preoperative scores (mean, 28.6 +/- SD 9.0; mean, 37.7 +/- SD 14.4, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The facial-hypoglossal nerve transfer with direct coaptation of the intratemporal part of the facial nerve offers good functional results with low lingual morbidity and improved quality of life. The technique is straightforward, relatively simple, and should be considered as first option for reanimation of traumatic facial nerve lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands. w.p.godefroy@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Willem P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Godefroy
authors.forename: Martijn J A
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Malessy
authors.forename: Aimee A M
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Tromp
authors.forename: Andel G L
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: van der Mey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001284:Atrophy; D002648:Child; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005155:Facial Nerve Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008416:Mastoid / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D016067:Nerve Transfer; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014059:Tongue / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome