title: Comparison of manual versus sonic and ultrasonic toothbrushes: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review of the literature intends to evaluate the effect of brushes with high frequency motion when compared with manual toothbrushes regarding the indices of plaque and gingival bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients presenting gingivitis and/or chronic periodontitis were evaluated in addition to patients having osseointegrated implants and fixed orthodontic appliances. Pertinent literature was reviewed to select articles according to previously defined inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the assessed studies results showed significant decreases in plaque and gingival indices by utilization of both types of brushes. However, in the selected studies where sonic brushes were tested in orthodontic and dental implant patients there was a more significant decrease in the indices. Furthermore, there was no indication of gingival recession attributed to product use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future studies with a more homogeneous methodology and better experiment designs will be needed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontics, Department of Diagnostic and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil. maurc79@gmail.com
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: R A C
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Marcantonio
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cirelli
mesh_terms: D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care; D015921:Dental Implants; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000628:therapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants