Modern injection augmentation for glottic insufficiency.
OBJECTIVE
A number of technological advancements in recent years have spurred renewed interest in vocal fold injection augmentation. The present review discusses the characteristics of currently available short-term and long-term injection materials, and the advantages and disadvantages of each.


RESULTS
Many of the newer laryngeal injectable substances were originally used as dermal fillers born out of the plastic surgery and dermatologic literature. Clinical outcomes have improved as a result of exciting advancements in vocal fold injection material availability and design. New substances now closely mimic the native viscoelastic properties of the vocal folds, but the search for the ideal material is ongoing.


CONCLUSIONS
The wide array of injectable materials available is both daunting and exciting. Many variables must be considered in choosing the best temporary or long-term injectable material to meet each patient's needs. Surgeons will be better able to optimize patient outcomes by understanding the advantages and disadvantages each has to offer.
King
J Michael
JM
Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
Simpson
C Blake
CB
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003094:Collagen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017886:Durapatite / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005931:Glottis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007267:Injections; D007818:Laryngeal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; C048470:glutaraldehyde-cross-linked collagen; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D003094:Collagen; D017886:Durapatite