title: Validation of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is recommended that the psychological status of adolescents with diabetes be assessed periodically as part of ongoing care. The World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) is a short self-report instrument that appears suitable for this purpose. This study is the first to assess the reliability and validity of the WHO-5 in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-one adolescents with type 1 diabetes (aged 13-17 years) from four pediatric clinics completed the WHO-5, along with other psychological measures: the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Diabetes Family Conflict Scale (DFCS), and the mental health and self-esteem subscales of the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ-CF87). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis were conducted. Readability, homogeneity, and item-total and inter-item correlations were determined. Concurrent validity was examined by calculating correlation coefficients among all measures. Sensitivity and specificity of the WHO-5 were tested against those for the CES-D using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CFA confirmed the one-factor structure; Cronbach's alpha of this 5-item scale was 0.82. The WHO-5 showed a moderate to strong correlation with the CES-D (r = -0.67), with the mental health (r = 0.60) and self-esteem (r = 0.43) subscales of the CHQ-CF87, and with the DFCS (r = -0.34), confirming concurrent validity. ROC curve analysis confirmed the WHO-5 cutoff point of <50 for identification of mild to severe depressive affect (sensitivity 89% and specificity 86%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The WHO-5 is a brief, patient-friendly measure of positive well-being with good psychometric properties that appears suitable for routine use in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.dewit@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Maartie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.forename: Frans
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pouwer
authors.forename: Reinoud J B J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gemke
authors.forename: Henriette A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Delemarre-van de Waal
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Snoek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin