title: Enzymatic hydrolysis combined with mechanical shearing and high-pressure homogenization for nanoscale cellulose fibrils and strong gels.
abstract: Toward exploiting the attractive mechanical properties of cellulose I nanoelements, a novel route is demonstrated, which combines enzymatic hydrolysis and mechanical shearing. Previously, an aggressive acid hydrolysis and sonication of cellulose I containing fibers was shown to lead to a network of weakly hydrogen-bonded rodlike cellulose elements typically with a low aspect ratio. On the other hand, high mechanical shearing resulted in longer and entangled nanoscale cellulose elements leading to stronger networks and gels. Nevertheless, a widespread use of the latter concept has been hindered because of lack of feasible methods of preparation, suggesting a combination of mild hydrolysis and shearing to disintegrate cellulose I containing fibers into high aspect ratio cellulose I nanoscale elements. In this work, mild enzymatic hydrolysis has been introduced and combined with mechanical shearing and a high-pressure homogenization, leading to a controlled fibrillation down to nanoscale and a network of long and highly entangled cellulose I elements. The resulting strong aqueous gels exhibit more than 5 orders of magnitude tunable storage modulus G' upon changing the concentration. Cryotransmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) 13C NMR suggest that the cellulose I structural elements obtained are dominated by two fractions, one with lateral dimension of 5-6 nm and one with lateral dimensions of about 10-20 nm. The thicker diameter regions may act as the junction zones for the networks. The resulting material will herein be referred to as MFC (microfibrillated cellulose). Dynamical rheology showed that the aqueous suspensions behaved as gels in the whole investigated concentration range 0.125-5.9% w/w, G' ranging from 1.5 Pa to 105 Pa. The maximum G' was high, about 2 orders of magnitude larger than typically observed for the corresponding nonentangled low aspect ratio cellulose I gels, and G' scales with concentration with the power of approximately three. The described preparation method of MFC allows control over the final properties that opens novel applications in materials science, for example, as reinforcement in composites and as templates for surface modification.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Optics and Molecular Materials, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, PO Box 2200, FIN-02015 HUT, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pääkkö
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ankerfors
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kosonen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nykänen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahola
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osterberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruokolainen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ikkala
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lindström
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D020285:Cryoelectron Microscopy; D005782:Gels; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D046911:Macromolecular Substances / Q000737:chemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles; D012212:Rheology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013696:Temperature; D014783:Viscosity; D014934:Wood
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D002482:Cellulose