title: Postcopulatory sexual selection is associated with reduced variation in sperm morphology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The evolutionary role of postcopulatory sexual selection in shaping male reproductive traits, including sperm morphology, is well documented in several taxa. However, previous studies have focused almost exclusively on the influence of sperm competition on variation among species. In this study we tested the hypothesis that intraspecific variation in sperm morphology is driven by the level of postcopulatory sexual selection in passerine birds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using two proxy measures of sperm competition level, (i) relative testes size and (ii) extrapair paternity level, we found strong evidence that intermale variation in sperm morphology is negatively associated with the degree of postcopulatory sexual selection, independently of phylogeny.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that the role of postcopulatory sexual selection in the evolution of sperm morphology extends to an intraspecific level, reducing the variation towards what might be a species-specific 'optimum' sperm phenotype. This finding suggests that while postcopulatory selection is generally directional (e.g., favouring longer sperm) across avian species, it also acts as a stabilising evolutionary force within species under intense selection, resulting in reduced variation in sperm morphology traits. We discuss some potential evolutionary mechanisms for this pattern.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom. s.calhim@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Calhim
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Immler
authors.forename: Tim R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Birkhead
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003307:Copulation; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000502:physiology*; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal; D013094:Spermatozoa