title: Observational teamwork assessment for surgery (OTAS): refinement and application in urological surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Teamwork in surgical teams is at the forefront of good practice guidelines and empirical research as an important aspect of safe surgery. We have developed a comprehensive assessment for teamwork in surgery-the Observational Teamwork Assessment for Surgery (OTAS)-and we have tested it for general surgical procedures. The aim of the research reported here was to extend the assessment to urology procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  After refining the original assessment, we used it to observe 50 urology procedures. The OTAS comprises a procedural task checklist that assesses patient, equipment/provisions, and communication tasks as well as ratings on five team behavior constructs (communication, cooperation, coordination, leadership, and monitoring). Teamwork was assessed separately in the surgical, anesthesia, and nursing subteams in the operating theater. We also assessed the reliability of the behavioral scoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding task completion, a number of communication and equipment/provisions tasks were not routinely performed during the operations we observed. Regarding teamwork-related behaviors, adequate reliability was obtained in the scoring of behaviors. Anesthetists and nurses obtained their lowest scores on communication. Surgeons' scores revealed a more complex pattern. In addition to low scores on communication, surgeons' teamwork behaviors appeared to deteriorate as the procedures were finishing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that OTAS is applicable to various branches of surgery. Separate assessment of the subteams in the operating theater provides useful information that can be used to build targeted teamwork training aiming to improve surgical patients' safety and outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Safety Research Unit, Department of Bio-Surgery and Surgical Technology, Imperial College, 10th Floor, QEQM Building, St. Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK. s.undre@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Shabnam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Undre
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sevdalis
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Healey
authors.forename: Ara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darzi
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Vincent
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019555:Physician-Nurse Relations; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures