title: Atypical, bidirectional regulation of cadmium-induced apoptosis via distinct signaling of unfolded protein response.
abstract: Cadmium is a widely distributed nephrotoxic metal that causes renal tubular injury. In this report, we investigated involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and individual unfolded protein responses in cadmium-initiated apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells. Cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)) induced expression of endogenous ER stress markers, GRP78, GRP94 and CHOP in vitro and in vivo, and subsequently caused cytological changes typical of apoptosis. Attenuation of ER stress by transfection with ER chaperone GRP78 or ORP150 suppressed CdCl(2)-triggered apoptosis. In response to CdCl(2), phosphorylation of RNA-dependent protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha) was observed. Enhanced phosphorylation of eIF2alpha attenuated, whereas inhibition of eIF2alpha exacerbated CdCl(2)-induced apoptosis. Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) was also activated by CdCl(2) and blockade of this process suppressed induction of CHOP and thereby improved cell survival. CdCl(2) also triggered activation of the inositol-requiring ER-to-nucleus signal kinase 1 (IRE1)-X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) pathway and inhibition of XBP1 attenuated apoptosis independent of GRP78 and CHOP. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), another molecule downstream of IRE1, was also phosphorylated by CdCl(2) and its inhibition attenuated apoptosis. These results evidenced bidirectional regulation of apoptosis in cadmium-exposed cells. The ATF6 and IRE1 pathways cooperatively caused apoptosis via induction of CHOP, activation of XBP1 and phosphorylation of JNK, and the PERK-eIF2alpha pathway counteracted the proapoptotic processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yokouchi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hiramatsu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitamura
mesh_terms: D051702:Activating Transcription Factor 6 / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018374:LLC-PK1 Cells; D008954:Models, Biological; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011489:Protein Denaturation / Q000187:drug effects*; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051702:Activating Transcription Factor 6; D002104:Cadmium; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase