title: Sequence-dependent administration of raloxifene and 5-fluorouracil/pemetrexed protects against pemetrexed cytotoxicity in human bone marrow.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pemetrexed (Alimta) is a new-generation multitargeted antifolate that inhibits several key enzymes in the de novo pathways of pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis, including thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT). Alimta has demonstrated antitumor activity in a broad array of human malignancies, e.g. breast, non-small cell lung cancer, malignant pleural mesothelioma and pancreatic, colorectal, gastric, bladder, head and neck cancer, and is currently in phase III clinical trials. It has been reported that a dose of 600 mg/m2 of pemetrexed showed toxicity to bone marrow and the gastrointestinal system. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate raloxifene (RAL) in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/pemetrered multitargeted antifolate (MTA) to determine the most effective regimens and cellular mechanism of action to mitigate pemetrexed cytotoxicity in human bone marrow cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to determine the sequence-dependent interaction between MTA, 5-FU and RAL on proliferation, cell viability was carried out using the Quick Cell Proliferation Assay by exposing the HS-5 and MCF-7 cells to (i) MTA, 5-FU and RAL alone, or (ii) RAL 24 h prior to 5-FU followed 2 h later by MTA, or (iii) 5-FU 2 h prior to MTA followed 24 h later by RAL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The growth rate in MCF-7 in early RAL was 69 +/- 8.65% and late RAL was 36 +/- 4.6% of the control whereas in bone marrow early RAL was 78 +/- 8.65% and late RAL was 52 +/- 5.49% of the control. The late RAL exhibits significant protection against MTA cytotoxicity in bone marrow. The findings were further supported by cell flow cytometry, apoptosis and Western blot analysis data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that sequence-dependent administration of RAL (5FU/MTA/RAL), in combination with 5-FU/MTA, protects against MTA toxicity in human bone marrow while maintaining the maximum inhibitory effect of pemetrexed in breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
authors.forename: Jharna R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Elizabeth B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Fryar-Tita
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Southerland
authors.forename: Donnell
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bowen
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D001855:Bone Marrow Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D005971:Glutamates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D006147:Guanine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists; D005971:Glutamates; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D006147:Guanine; D005472:Fluorouracil