title: Mental health of US Gulf War veterans 10 years after the war.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gulf War veterans reported multiple psychological symptoms immediately after the war; the temporal course of these symptoms remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of war era onset mental disorders in US veterans deployed to the Gulf War and in non-deployed veterans 10 years after the war.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mental disorders were diagnosed using structured clinical interviews. Standard questionnaires assessed symptoms and quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gulf War-era onset mental disorders were more prevalent in deployed veterans (18.1%, n=1061) compared with non-deployed veterans (8.9%, n=1128). The prevalence of depression and anxiety declined 10 years later in both groups, but remained higher in the deployed group, who also reported more symptoms and a lower quality of life than the non-deployed group. Remission of depression may be related to the presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders and level of education. Remission of anxiety was related to treatment with medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gulf War deployment was associated with an increased prevalence of mental disorders, psychological symptoms and a lower quality of life beginning during the war and persisting at a lower rate 10 years later.
authors.affiliation: Toomey, Psychology Department, Boston University, 648 Beacon Street, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA. rosemary_toomey@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Toomey
authors.forename: Han K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karlinsky
authors.forename: Dewleen G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Vasterling
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alpern
authors.forename: Domenic J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Reda
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Frances M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Seth A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Eisen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D047830:Gulf War; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs