title: [Larval growth and survival of Echinometra lucunter (Echinoidea: Echinometridae) fed with microalgae Chaetoceros gracilis and Isochrysis galbana].
abstract: Thirty sexually mature sea urchins (Echinometra lucunter; diameter 45.8 +/- 17.5 mm) were collected at Macanao, Margarita Island, Venezuela (11 degrees 48'29" N / 64 degrees 13'10" W). They were injected potassium chloride (50 M) directly into the celomic cavity. After two minutes 90% spawned (17 females and 10 males), the others never spawned. Fertilization was 87.0 +/- 12.6% (1:100 oocytes/sperm) at 29 +/- 2 degrees C. The fertile eggs were placed in three treatment gropsu with nine containers (18 liters; 2 eggs/ml) each, all with bottom aeration. Treatments were: Chaetoceros gracilis; Isochrysis galbana, and a mixture of both microalgae (respectively: 20 000 and 60,000 cell/ml for each microalgae, 1:1 for the mixture). Salinity, pH, temperature and larval survival were determinated daily. The study ended when the post-metamorphic phase was completed. The embryonic development time was 16.3 +/- 0.2 h until the prism stage at pH 8.4 +/- 0.1; 38 +/- 1 psu and 28 +/- 1.4 degrees C. The two-arms larval stage was reached at 24 h: 33 min, with a total length of 190 +/- 16.3 microm fed on C. gracilis, 152 +/- 19.0 microm with I. galbana and 182.4 +/- 14.1 microm with the mixture. The larvae next to metamorphosis reabsorbed the arms and had the characteristic shape of juvenile urchins at 12 days with 670.2 +/- 22.2 microm fed on C. gracilis, 665 +/- 12.1 microm fed on I. galbana and 670 +/- 14.1 microm fed on the mixture. The accumulated survival to the juvenile stage was 14.7 +/- 3.8% when fed on C. gracilis, higher than the other treatments (5.4 +/- 1.2; 14.0 +/- 2.6). E. lucunter is an excellent prospect to be commercially cultured because of its short embryonic (16 hours) and larval development time (12 days) and good survival rate when fed on monoculture (C. gracilis and I. galbana) or mixed diet (we recommend C. gracilis).
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar, Universidad de Oriente Núicleo de Nueva Esparta, Boca del Rio, Estado Nueva Esparta, Venezuela.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Astudillo
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosas
authors.forename: Aidé
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Velásquez
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maneiro
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D056890:Eukaryota; D005260:Female; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development*; D016019:Survival Analysis