title: Basis for formulating biosurfactant mixtures to achieve ultra low interfacial tension values against hydrocarbons.
abstract: Biosurfactants could potentially replace or be used in conjunction with synthetic surfactants to provide for more cost-effective subsurface remediation. The design of surfactant formulations that are effective in lowering interfacial tension (IFT), which is necessary to mobilize entrapped hydrocarbons, requires information about the surface-active agent (surfactant) and the targeted non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). We hypothesized that biosurfactant and synthetic surfactant mixtures can be formulated to provide the appropriate hydrophobic/hydrophilic conditions necessary to produce low IFT against NAPLs, and that such mixtures will produce synergism that make them more effective than individual biosurfactants or synthetic surfactants. Our work tested the interfacial activity of biosurfactants from individual strains and mixtures of biosurfactants from different strains with and without a synthetic surfactant. Multiple regression analysis showed that, for lipopeptide biosurfactants produced by various Bacillus species, the interfacial activity against toluene depended on the relative proportions of 3-OH-C14, C15, C16, and C18 in the fatty acid tail. As the fatty acid composition became more heterogeneous the system produced lower IFT against toluene. In mixtures of lipopeptide biosurfactants with the more hydrophilic, rhamnolipid biosurfactant, the IFT against toluene decreased as the percentage of the 3-OH C14 fatty acid increased in the lipopeptide. Mixtures of lipopeptide biosurfactants with the more hydrophobic synthetic surfactant, C12, C13-8PO SO4Na, were able to produce low IFT against hexane and decane. In general, we found that lipopeptide biosurfactants with a heterogeneous fatty acid composition or mixtures of lipopeptide and rhamnolipid biosurfactants lowered the IFT against hydrophilic NAPLs. Conversely, mixtures of lipopeptide biosurfactants with a more hydrophobic synthetic surfactant lowered the IFT against hydrophobic NAPLs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, 770 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
authors.forename: Noha H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.forename: Thu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sabatini
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McInerney
mesh_terms: D000473:Alkanes / Q000737:chemistry; D006586:Hexanes / Q000737:chemistry; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000473:Alkanes; D006586:Hexanes; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D008074:Lipoproteins; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C012867:decane