title: Sleep disturbance in menopause.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the sources of sleep complaints in peri- and postmenopausal women reporting disturbed sleep.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 102 women, ages 44 to 56 years, who reported disturbed sleep were recruited through newspaper advertisements. They were assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Rating Scales. Complete polysomnography was performed in a controlled laboratory setting. Results were analyzed by multiple regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-three percent of the women had apnea, restless legs, or both. The best predictors of objective sleep quality (laboratory sleep efficiency) were apneas, periodic limb movements, and arousals (R=0.44, P<0.0001). The best predictors of subjective sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index global score) were the Hamilton anxiety score and the number of hot flashes in the first half of the night (R=0.19, P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary sleep disorders (apnea and restless legs syndrome) are common in this population. Amelioration of hot flashes may reduce some complaints of poor sleep but will not necessarily alleviate underlying primary sleep disorders. Because these can result in significant morbidity and mortality, they require careful attention in peri- and postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and Henry Ford Hospital Sleep Disorders Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. aa2613@wayne.edu
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Roehrs
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D047648:Perimenopause; D017698:Postmenopause; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000209:etiology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health