Oxidative stress enzymes are required for DAF-16-mediated immunity due to generation of reactive oxygen species by Caenorhabditis elegans.
Caenorhabditis elegans has recently been developed as a model for microbial pathogenesis, yet little is known about its immunological defenses. Previous work implicated insulin signaling in mediating pathogen resistance in a manner dependent on the transcriptional regulator DAF-16, but the mechanism has not been elucidated. We present evidence that C. elegans, like mammalian phagocytes, produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to pathogens. Signs of oxidative stress occur in the intestine - the site of the host-pathogen interface - suggesting that ROS release is localized to this tissue. Evidence includes the accumulation of lipofuscin, a pigment resulting from oxidative damage, at this site. In addition, SOD-3, a superoxide dismutase regulated by DAF-16, is induced in intestinal tissue after exposure to pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, we show that the oxidative stress response genes sod-3 and ctl-2 are required for DAF-16-mediated resistance to Enterococcus faecalis using a C. elegans killing assay. We propose a model whereby C. elegans responds to pathogens by producing ROS in the intestine while simultaneously inducing a DAF-16-dependent oxidative stress response to protect adjacent tissues. Because insulin-signaling mutants overproduce oxidative stress response enzymes, the model provides an explanation for their increased resistance to pathogens.
Chávez
Violeta
V
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
Mohri-Shiomi
Akiko
A
Maadani
Arash
A
Vega
Luis Alberto
LA
Garsin
Danielle A
DA
D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D002374:Catalase / Q000276:immunology*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D007109:Immunity; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000276:immunology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000276:immunology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000276:immunology*
D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014157:Transcription Factors; C108831:daf-16 protein, C elegans; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase