title: Use of surveillance data in developing geographic dissemination strategies: a study of the diffusion of olanzapine to Michigan children insured by medicaid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the diffusion of olanzapine to urban and rural children insured by Medicaid in Michigan by identifying prescribing clusters through surveillance of claims records.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prescription claims records for all antipsychotic medications for 3,567 children insured by Medicaid in Michigan from 1996 through 1998 were examined through the state Medicaid database. There were 29,069 pediatric prescriptions for antipsychotic medications; 2949 were for olanzapine (576 children, 510 providers). These data were linked to the Area Resource File, Provider Enrollment File, and Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes. Patient and provider locations were geocoded by ZIP code. Mixed logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the probability of a child's being prescribed olanzapine given certain community, patient, and provider characteristics. Spatial clusters were identified through the local Moron's L statistic and empirical Bayes standardized incidence rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rural children were more likely than urban children to be prescribed olanzapine (odds ratio [OR], 1.29; P < 0.001). There were significant differences by age and sex, with older children and girls more likely than younger children and boys to be prescribed olanzapine (OR, 1.30 and 1.37, respectively; both, P < 0.001). At the county level, the number of pediatricians per primary care physician reduced the likelihood of a child's being prescribed olanzapine (OR, 0.88; P = 0.039). The effect of the number of available mental health professionals was not significant. The global Moran's L statistic was U indicating moderate clustering of the use of olanzapine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Graphic surveillance data may be useful for studying the delivery and use of health cue services. Further research is needed to determine how this method can be used strategically to facilitate or impede the diffusion of new medications.
authors.affiliation: Columbus Children's Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA. penfoldr@ccri.net <penfoldr@ccri.net>
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Penfold
authors.forename: Kelly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kelleher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000600:supply & distribution* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D033181:Information Dissemination; D007345:Insurance Claim Review; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008824:Michigan; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010820:Physicians; D011159:Population Surveillance; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011336:Probability; D019035:Rural Health Services; D012424:Rural Population; D012737:Sex Factors; D019037:Urban Health Services; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000077152:Olanzapine