title: High prevalence of lipoatrophy among patients on stavudine-containing first-line antiretroviral therapy regimens in Rwanda.
abstract: This study was conducted among individuals placed on WHO-recommended first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) at two urban health centres in Kigali, Rwanda, in order to determine (a) the overall prevalence of lipodystrophy and (b) the risk factors for lipoatropy. Consecutive individuals on ART for >1 year were systematically subjected to a standardised case definition-based questionnaire and clinical assessment. Of a total of 409 individuals, 370 (90%) were on an ART regimen containing stavudine (d4T), whilst the rest were receiving a zidovudine (AZT)-containing regimen. Lipodystrophy was apparent in 140 individuals (34%), of whom 40 (9.8%) had isolated lipoatrophy, 20 (4.9%) had isolated lipohypertrophy and 80 (19.6%) had mixed patterns. Fifty-six percent of patients reported the effects as disturbing. The prevalence of lipoatrophy was more than three times higher when taking d4T compared with AZT-containing regimens (31.4% vs. 10.3%). Being female, d4T-based ART, baseline body mass index >or=25 kg/m(2) or baseline CD4 count >or=150 cells/microl and increasing duration of ART were all significantly associated with lipoatrophy. Lipoatrophy appears to be an important long-term complication of WHO-recommended first-line ART regimens. These data highlight the urgent need for access to more affordable and less toxic ART regimens in resource-limited settings.
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières, Kimihurura, Kacyiru, 1361 Kigali, Rwanda. jvgrie@yahoo.com <jvgrie@yahoo.com>
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Griensven
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Naeyer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mushi
authors.forename: Sowaf
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ubarijoro
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gashumba
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gazille
authors.forename: Rony
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zachariah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1; D039682:HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008060:Lipodystrophy / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012432:Rwanda / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D018119:Stavudine / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D018119:Stavudine