title: Posttransplant monitoring of pediatric lung transplant recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews current trends in pediatric lung posttransplant management, reveals pitfalls that exist, and introduces additional parameters that may have an impact on long-term survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A number of parameters are monitored after transplantation to prevent or identify early complications related to lung transplantation in hope of reducing morbidity and mortality. These include routine laboratory studies, imaging, and monitoring of drug levels and lung function. Drug monitoring allows individualization of a patient's immunosuppressive therapy; however, drug levels alone may not reflect the patient's immune status. ImmuKnow is a general immune-monitoring assay that may help guide therapy. Two major complications are rejection and infection, and bronchoscopy is used to differentiate these two entities. Silent rejection may occur and increase the chance of developing bronchiolitis obliterans; therefore, many centers perform surveillance bronchoscopies. Recently, de-novo anti-histocompatibility locus antigen antibodies and gastroesophageal reflux have been associated with poor outcomes, and many centers are monitoring these entities as part of care following lung transplant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There has been little improvement in long-term outcomes of lung transplantation. Current monitoring methods are utilized to maintain or improve outcomes and recently additional monitoring parameters have been identified which hopefully will improve long-term outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. visner@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Visner
authors.forename: Samuel B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Goldfarb
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011182:Postoperative Care