title: A novel bioluminescent tumor model of human renal cancer cell lines: an in vitro and in vivo characterization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bioluminescent imaging permits sensitive in vivo detection and quantification of cells engineered to emit light. We developed a bioluminescent human renal cancer cell line for in vitro and in vivo studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 2 human renal cell carcinoma cell lines SN12-C and SN12-L1 were stably transfected to constitutively express luciferase using a retroviral shuttle. The bioluminescent signal was correlated with tumor cell numbers in vitro. Parental and transfected cells were compared by growth kinetics and histology. Tumor burden after heterotopic injection in immune deficient mice was monitored up to 39 days. The kinetics of the bioluminescent signal was evaluated for 1 to 60 minutes following luciferin injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bioengineered renal cancer cell lines stably expressed luciferase. The growth kinetics of the cells in vitro and the histology of tumors resulting from implantation of these cells were unaffected by retroviral transfection with the luciferase gene. As few as 1,000 cells could be reliably detected. The intensity of the bioluminescent signal correlated with the number of tumor cells in vitro. Photon emission in vivo and ex vivo correlated significantly with tumor weight at sacrifice. After intraperitoneal injection of luciferin there was a time dependent change in the intensity of the bioluminescent signal with maximum photon emission at 20 minutes (optimal 17 to 25).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Luciferase transfected human renal cancer lines allow reliable, rapid, noninvasive and longitudinal monitoring of tumor growth in vivo. The ability to assess tumor development in vivo with time is economical and effective compared to end point data experiments.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94035, USA.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: Jan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kielstein
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clarke-Katzenberg
authors.forename: M Christopher
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pitsiouni
authors.forename: Neeraja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kambham
authors.forename: Mobin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Karimi
authors.forename: Ken M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kengatharan
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cooke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000502:physiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D049454:Firefly Luciferin; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D049449:Luminescence; D049408:Luminescent Agents; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D008954:Models, Biological; D047368:Tumor Burden
chemical_list: D049408:Luminescent Agents; D049454:Firefly Luciferin