title: Referring patients to nurses: outcomes and evaluation of a nurse flexible sigmoidoscopy training program for colorectal cancer screening.
abstract: Colorectal cancer is a significant health burden. Several screening options exist that can detect colorectal cancer at an early stage, leading to a more favourable prognosis. However, despite years of knowledge on best practice, screening rates are still very low in Canada, particularly in Ontario. The present paper reports on efforts to increase the flexible sigmoidoscopy screening capacity in Ontario by training nurses to perform this traditionally physician-performed procedure. Drawing on American, British and local experience, a professional regulatory framework was established, and training curriculum and assessment criteria were developed. Training was initiated at Princess Margaret Hospital and Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre in Toronto, Ontario. (During the study, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre was deamalgamated into two separate hospitals: Women's College Hospital and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre.) Six registered nurses participated in didactic, simulator and practical training. These nurses performed a total of 77 procedures in patients, 23 of whom had polyps detected and biopsied. Eight patients were advised to undergo colonoscopy because they had one or more neoplastic polyps. To date, six of these eight patients have undergone colonoscopy, one patient has moved out of the province and another patient is awaiting the procedure. Classifying the six patients according to the most advanced polyp histology, one patient had a negative colonoscopy (no polyps found), one patient's polyps were hyperplastic, one had a tubular adenoma, two had advanced neoplasia (tubulovillous adenomas) and one had adenocarcinoma. All these lesions were excised completely at colonoscopy. Overall, many difficulties were anticipated and addressed in the development of the training program; ultimately, the project was affected most directly by challenges in encouraging family physicians to refer patients to the program. As health human resource strategies continue to evolve, it is believed that lessons learned from experience make an important contribution to the knowledge of how nontraditional health services can be organized and delivered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. mark.dobrow@cancercare.on.ca
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dobrow
authors.forename: Mary Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gayman
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pennington
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rabeneck
mesh_terms: D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003479:Curriculum; D004506:Education, Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000451:nursing; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009864:Ontario; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012812:Sigmoidoscopy / Q000451:nursing*