title: Apolipoprotein E modifies the CNS response to injury via a histamine-mediated pathway.
abstract: Recent evidence demonstrates that apolipoprotein E (apoE) influences the central nervous system (CNS) response to both acute and chronic injury. To address the mechanisms by which apoE influences neurological disease, we examined differential gene expression in the brains of apoE transgenic mice after closed head injury. Apart from confirming the knockout of apoE, the largest differential gene expression occurred for the interleukin-9 receptor (IL-9R), which was > 100-fold up-regulated in apoE-deficient versus wild-type mice. We observed a similar pattern of posttraumatic IL-9R up-regulation in APOE4 targeted replacement mice as compared with their APOE3 counterparts. This difference in gene expression was associated with increased neuronal protein expression of IL-9R in E4 animals compared with E3 as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. The consequence of IL-9R binding in mast cells is the induction of proliferation and differentiation. This indirectly favors degranulation and release of histamine and inflammatory mediators, which have previously been demonstrated to exacerbate secondary neuronal injury. We found that apoE-deficient animals had increased levels of systemic histamine after injury and that pre-treatment with antihistamines improved functional outcomes in apoE-deficient but not wild-type animals after head injury. These results suggest that apoE modifies secondary neuronal injury caused by histamine release and are consistent with previous observations that apoE affects the CNS inflammatory response in an isoform-specific manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Mace
authors.forename: Haichen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Colton
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Renauld
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Laskowitz
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency / Q000502:physiology*; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D006632:Histamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D016906:Interleukin-9 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time; D053651:Receptors, Interleukin-9 / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D016906:Interleukin-9; D053651:Receptors, Interleukin-9; D006632:Histamine