title: Biomonitoring of cyanobacterial blooms in Polish water reservoir and the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of selected cyanobacterial extracts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Water pollution with toxic cyanobacterial blooms is a worldwide problem. Cyanobacteria species that mainly produce microcystins predominate in Polish water reservoirs.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our study, cyanobacterial blooms were monitored during summer of 2004 in the Sulejów reservoir. The concentration of microcystins in water and cyanobacterial cells were determined using liquid chromatography and immunobiotests, while the biological activity of microcystic cyanobacterial extracts was assessed using bacterial tests (SOS Chromotest, UMU test), the comet assay and micronucleus test with human lymphocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was revealed that cyanobacterial bloom was most intensive in mid August and lasted until the end of September. Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae dominated in the blooms. The highest concentration of microcystins in cyanobacterial cells was also observed at that time. The concentration of microcystins in water did not exceed 1 microg/l. All cyanobacterial extracts showed weak genotoxicity only for Escherichia coli PQ37. The cyanobacterial extracts prepared at the beginning of September were most toxic to human lymphocytes, the effective microcystin extracts (EC50) concentration was about two or three times lower compared to the other extracts. The level of DNA damage in lymphocytes after short exposure to microcystic extracts (3 and 6 h) was significantly higher than respective levels after longer exposure. The microcystins of cyanobacterial blooms induced a slight increase in micronuclei frequencies in human lymphocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phytoplankton biomass and the genotoxicity of massive cyanobacterial blooms should be assessed for eucariotic cells in the Sulejów reservoir to avoid the hazard induced by cyanobacterial blooms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, św. Teresy 8, 91-348 Łódź, Poland. jadwigap@imp.lodz.pl
authors.forename: Jadwiga
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palus
authors.forename: Elzbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dziubałtowska
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stańczyk
authors.forename: Dobrosława
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lewińska
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mankiewicz-Boczek
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Izydorczyk
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonisławska
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jurczak
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zalewski
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wasowicz
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D020552:Comet Assay; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005068:Eutrophication; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes; D052998:Microcystins / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D011044:Poland; D013014:SOS Response, Genetics; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D052998:Microcystins