title: Risk factors for intravesical recurrence following urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: no relationship to the mode of surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to clarify whether intravesical recurrence of upper urinary tract cancer after treatment is related to the mode of surgery or other oncological factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 106 patients (mean age 70.4 years; mean follow-up 24.0 months) who underwent surgery for the upper urinary tract cancer at Hiroshima University and its affiliated hospitals between January 1995 and August 2005. Seventy-nine of the patients underwent retroperitoneoscopy-assisted radical nephroureterectomy (RN) and 27 underwent nephroureterectomy by open surgery (OS). Fifty-two patients had renal pelvic tumors, 48 had ureteral tumors, and six had both renal pelvic and ureteral tumors. Twenty-eight (26%) of the 106 patients had a pre-operative history of bladder cancer. We identified the risk factors predicting intravesical recurrence of upper urinary tract cancer according to the type of previous surgery using the Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, and univariate and multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one (29%) of the 106 patients developed bladder tumors post-operatively. The 2-year intravesical recurrence-free rate was 55% in the RN group and 60% in the OS group. There was no significant difference (P = 0.51, log-rank test) in the rate of intravesical recurrence between the two groups. Multivariate analysis identified only a history of pre-operative bladder tumor (HR = 3.25, P = 0.003) as a predictor of post-operative intravesical recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravesical recurrence after surgery for upper urinary tract cancer is not related to the mode of surgery (i.e. laparoscopy-assisted or open surgery) employed. The only risk factor for intravesical recurrence is a history of bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. kohdasyuntaro@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Syuntaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koda
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mita
authors.forename: Masanobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shigeta
authors.forename: Tsuguru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Usui
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D007682:Kidney Pelvis; D010535:Laparoscopy; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*