title: Oral use of Swedish moist snuff (snus) and risk for cancer of the mouth, lung, and pancreas in male construction workers: a retrospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although classified as carcinogenic, snuff is used increasingly in several populations. Scandinavian moist snuff (snus) has been proposed as a less harmful alternative to smoking, but precise data on the independent associations of snus use with site-specific cancers are sparse. We aimed to assess the risks for cancer of the oral cavity, lung, and pancreas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed information about tobacco smoking and snus use was obtained from 279 897 male Swedish construction workers in 1978-92. Complete follow-up until end of 2004 was accomplished through links with population and health registers. To distinguish possible effects of snus from those of smoking, we focused on 125 576 workers who were reported to be never-smokers at entry. Adjusted relative risks were derived from Cox proportional hazards regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  60 cases of oral, 154 of lung, and 83 of pancreatic cancer were recorded in never-smokers. Snus use was independently associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer (relative risk for ever-users of snus 2.0; 95% CI 1.2-3.3, compared with never-users of any tobacco), but was unrelated to incidence of oral (0.8, 95% CI 0.4-1.7) and lung cancer (0.8, 0.5-1.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of Swedish snus should be added to the list of tentative risk factors for pancreatic cancer. We were unable to confirm any excess of oral or lung cancer in snus users.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Juhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Weimin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Cancer Institute Research Center, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Kazem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zendehdel
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Hans-Olov
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: olof.nyren@ki.se.
authors.forename: Olof
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nyrén
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008498:Medical Record Linkage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects*