title: Free flap reexploration: indications, treatment, and outcomes in 1193 free flaps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microvascular free tissue transfer is a reliable method for reconstruction of complex surgical defects. However, there is still a small risk of flap compromise necessitating urgent reexploration. A comprehensive study examining the causes and methods of avoiding or treating these complications has not been performed. The purpose of this study was to review the authors' experience with a large number of microvascular complications over an 11-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective review of all free flaps performed from 1991 to 2002 at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. All patients who required emergent reexploration were identified, and the incidence of vascular complications and methods used for their management were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1193 free flaps were performed during the study period, of which 6 percent required emergent reexploration. The most common causes for reexploration were pedicle thrombosis (53 percent) and hematoma/bleeding (30 percent). The overall flap survival rate was 98.8 percent. Venous thrombosis was more common than arterial thrombosis (74 versus 26 percent) and had a higher salvage rate (71 versus 40 percent). Salvaged free flaps were reexplored more quickly than failed flaps (4 versus 9 hours after detection; p = 0.01). There was no significant difference in salvage rate in flaps requiring secondary vein grafting or thrombolysis as compared with those with anastomotic revision only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microvascular free tissue transfer is a reliable reconstructive technique with low failure rates. Careful monitoring and urgent reexploration are critical for salvage of compromised flaps. The majority of venous thromboses can be salvaged. Arterial thromboses can be more problematic. An algorithm for flap exploration and salvage is presented.
authors.affiliation: New York, N.Y. From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Duc T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Bui
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
authors.forename: Qun-Ying
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Disa
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pusic
authors.forename: Babak J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Mehrara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome