title: Breast cancer screening for Korean women must consider traditional risks as well as two genetic risk factors: genetic polymorphisms and inheritable gene mutations.
abstract: Asian women worldwide have increasing rates of breast cancer due to acculturation which may be altering, gene to gene and/or, genetic and environmental interactions at the cellular level. The purpose of this integrative review is to alert nurses and physicians to rising rates of breast cancer among Korean women and to a need for breast health screening programs in the United States that are more culturally responsive and attentive to the effects of acculturation and genetic risk factors. A comprehensive review of the English and Korean literature pertaining to rising incidence of breast cancer among Korean women in their homeland and in the United States is retraced since 1983. Korean women in Korea and in the United States face similar barriers to cancer screening services. Korean women need knowledge about the effect of acculturation on breast cancer risk and patterns of familial inheritance of breast cancer. Screening is especially important among younger women (younger than age 35), those with a strong family history, and women in community settings where acculturation has its greatest impact. Nurse clinicians and researchers who aim to improve breast cancer screening among minority women must pay closer attention to these risk factors and design culturally competent services and evaluation research. In the United States and Korea, Korean nurses are needed to specialize in breast cancer screening as well as cancer genetic risk assessment and genetic counseling.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 91962, USA. gwen.anderson@ubc.ca
authors.forename: Gwen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Myunghee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.forename: Kyungsook
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000451:nursing; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000208:ethnology; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D015438:Health Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009859:Oncology Nursing / Q000379:methods; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology