title: Gastric electrical stimulation is safe and effective: a long-term study in patients with drug-refractory gastroparesis in three regional centers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug-refractory gastroparesis has previously been without acceptable alternative therapies. Although gastric electrical stimulation has been used for over a decade, no long-term multicenter data exist.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 214 consecutive drug-refractory patients with the symptoms of gastroparesis (146 idiopathic, 45 diabetic, 23 after surgery) who consented to participate in a variety of clinical research and clinical protocols at three centers from January 1992 through January 2005, resulting in 156 patients implanted with a gastric electrical stimulation device and the other 58 patients serving as controls. The patients were stratified into three groups: (1) consented but never permanently implanted; (2) implanted with permanent device, and (3) consented while awaiting a permanent device. The patients were followed over time for gastrointestinal symptoms, solid gastric emptying, health-related quality of life, survival, device retention, and complications. Demographics, descriptive statistics, and t tests were used for comparison between baseline and latest follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At latest follow-up, median 4 years for 5,568 patient months, most patients implanted (135 of 156) were alive with intact devices, significantly reduced gastrointestinal symptoms, and improved health-related quality of life, with evidence of improved gastric emptying, and 90% of the patients had a response in at least 1 of 3 main symptoms. Most patients explanted, usually for pocket infections, were later reimplanted successfully. There were no deaths directly related to the device.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this sample of patients, implanted with gastric electrical stimulation devices at three centers and followed for up toward a decade, gastric electrical stimulation for drug-refractory gastroparesis is both safe and effective.
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Ark., USA.
authors.forename: Curuchi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: Amar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Juburi
authors.forename: Babajide
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Familoni
authors.forename: Hani
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rashed
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cutts
authors.forename: Nighat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abidi
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minocha
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Abell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D018589:Gastroparesis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D013270:Stomach / Q000294:innervation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States