title: [Nonspecific clinical signs in pigs and use of exclusion diagnosis for classical swine fever: a survey among pig farmers and veterinary practitioners].
abstract: Outbreaks of Classical Swine Fever (CSF) occurred in spring 2006 in Germany close to the Dutch border. On 6th April Dutch pig farmers were given the possibility to submit blood samples directly via their veterinary practitioner to the National Reference Laboratory for CSF if their pigs had non-specific clinical symptoms or if pigs were being treated with antibiotics. The pig farm was not quarantined and was not visited by the veterinary authorities. Over a period of 9 weeks 156 pig farmers submitted whole blood samples via 50 different veterinary practices. All samples tested negative in the PCR test. These pig farmers and veterinary practitioners were asked to respond to a postal questionnaire with questions regarding their experience with this new diagnostic possibility, the distribution of the costs involved, a comparison with other instruments, such as official notification or use of a leukocyte count test, and their knowledge of clinical signs of CSF. 65 pig farmers (42%) and 33 veterinary practices (66%) returned the questionnaire. The main results indicated that pig farmers (72%) would use this type of exclusion diagnostics sooner than that they would approach the veterinary authorities (practitioners: 86%). Moreover the respondents considered the fact that the farm was not quarantined immediately to be an advantage (pig farmers, 79%; practitioners, 88%). 32 percent of the pig farmers were not aware that they were required to submit blood samples if pigs were being treated with antibiotics (practitioners: 11%). The majority of pig farmers and practitioners were not satisfied with the current distribution of the costs involved: in their opinion the costs of the PCR test, the costs of the veterinary practitioner and the costs for shipping the samples to the reference laboratory should be paid out of the Animal Health Fund (50% government and 50% industry) or by the government. If the current distribution of the costs is not changed, a large proportion of the pig farmers indicated that they would not use this form of exclusion diagnostics for CSF in the future. Pig farmers appeared to have a rather limited knowledge of the clinical signs of CSF: 33% of the pig farmers could mention maximally three clinical signs of CSF, and 7% could not mention a single clinical sign of CSF and said they were entirely dependent on the practitioners' ability to judge a CSF-suspect situation.
authors.affiliation: Divisie Virologie, Centraal Instituut voor Dierziekte Controle, Lelvstad. armin.elbers@wur.nl
authors.forename: A R W
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Elbers
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gorgievski-Duijvesteijn
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: van der Velden
authors.forename: W L A
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Loeffen
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D006691:Classical Swine Fever / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D006692:Classical Swine Fever Virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000191:economics / Q000662:veterinary*; D011790:Quarantine / Q000662:veterinary; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000191:economics / Q000662:veterinary; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013552:Swine; D018634:Veterinarians / Q000523:psychology*; D014730:Veterinary Medicine / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents