title: PTSD in urban primary care: high prevalence and low physician recognition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with medical and psychological morbidity. The prevalence of PTSD in urban primary care has not been well described.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure the prevalence of PTSD in primary care patients overall and among those with selected conditions (chronic pain, depression, anxiety, heavy drinking, substance dependence (SD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and immigrant status).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-speaking patients aged 18-65 years old, awaiting primary care appointments in an urban academic medical center, were eligible for enrollment to determine PTSD prevalence (N = 509). Additional eligible participants (n = 98) with IBS or SD were subsequently enrolled.
  
  
  METHODS
  PTSD (past year) and trauma exposure were measured with Composite International Diagnostic Interview. We calculated the prevalence of PTSD associated with depression, anxiety, heavy drinking, SD, IBS, and chronic pain. Only the analyses on heavy drinking, SD, and IBS used all 607 participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 509 adults in primary care, 23% (95% CI, 19-26%) had PTSD, of whom 11% had it noted in the medical record. The prevalence of PTSD, adjusted for age, gender, race, and marital and socioeconomic statuses, was higher in participants with, compared to those without, the following conditions: chronic pain (23 vs 12%, p = .003), major depression (35 vs 11%, p < .0001), anxiety disorders (42 vs 14%, p < .0001), and IBS (34 vs 18%, p = .01) and lower in immigrants (13 vs 21%, p = .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of PTSD in the urban primary care setting, and particularly among certain high-risk conditions, compels a critical examination of optimal approaches for screening, intervention, and referral to PTSD treatment.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, 91 East Concord St., Suite 200, Boston, MA 02118, USA. jliebs@bu.edu
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liebschutz
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saitz
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brower
authors.forename: Terence M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lloyd-Travaglini
authors.forename: Tali
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Averbuch
authors.forename: Jeffrey H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Samet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D014505:Urban Population