title: Children of African-American mothers who use crack cocaine: parenting influences on youth substance use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine relationships between parenting behaviors, parent-child relationship, and moderating effects of age on youth substance use among a community sample of African-American mothers who use crack cocaine and their children (12-17 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal-child dyads (n = 208) were recruited through street outreach and snowball sampling and completed interviews about substance use and parenting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analyses found significant main effects of youth age, family conflict, warmth, and disapproval of youth substance use on children's substance use. Age x Parenting interactions were significant for conflict and disapproval. Higher family conflict increased older youths' risk, while higher perceived maternal disapproval protected against substance use for older youth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Family influences may offer risk and protective effects for adolescent children of maternal drug users. Outreach and family-focused interventions that address family conflict and communication of disapproval of substance use may help reduce intergenerational risk transmission. However, longitudinal research with comprehensive parenting assessments is needed.
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Health, Social and Economics Research, 3040 Cornwallis, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA. kklam@rti.org
authors.forename: Wendy K K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Jessica D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cance
authors.forename: Agatha N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Eke
authors.forename: Diana H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Fishbein
authors.forename: Stephanie R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: J Cassie
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D016578:Crack Cocaine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016487:Parenting; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine