title: Pharmacist intervention to improve medication adherence in heart failure: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with heart failure who take several prescription medications sometimes have poor adherence to their treatment regimens. Few interventions designed to improve adherence to therapy have been rigorously tested.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a pharmacist intervention improves medication adherence and health outcomes compared with usual care for low-income patients with heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled trial conducted from February 2001 to June 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-affiliated, inner-city, ambulatory care practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  314 low-income patients 50 years of age or older with heart failure confirmed by their primary care physician.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to intervention (39% [n = 122]) or usual care (61% [n = 192]) groups and were followed for 12 months. A pharmacist provided a 9-month multilevel intervention, with a 3-month poststudy phase. An interdisciplinary team of investigators designed the intervention to support medication management by patients who have low health literacy and limited resources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcomes were adherence, as measured by using electronic prescription monitors, and exacerbations requiring emergency department care or hospital admission. Secondary outcomes included health-related quality of life, patient satisfaction with pharmacy services, and total direct costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 9-month intervention period, medication adherence was 67.9% and 78.8% in the usual care and intervention groups, respectively (difference, 10.9 percentage points [95% CI, 5.0 to 16.7 percentage points]). However, these salutary effects dissipated in the 3-month postintervention follow-up period, in which adherence was 66.7% and 70.6%, respectively (difference, 3.9 percentage points [CI, -5.9 to 6.5 percentage points]). Medications were taken on schedule 47.2% of the time in the usual care group and 53.1% of the time in the intervention group (difference, 5.9 percentage points [CI, 0.4 to 11.5 percentage points]), but this effect also dissipated at the end of the intervention (48.9% vs. 48.6%, respectively; difference, 0.3 percentage point [CI, -5.9 to 6.5 percentage points]). Emergency department visits and hospital admissions were 19.4% less (incidence rate ratio, 0.82 [CI, 0.73 to 0.93]) and annual direct health care costs were lower ($-2960 [CI, $-7603 to $1338]) in the intervention group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because electronic monitors were used to ascertain adherence, patients were not permitted to use medication container adherence aids. The intervention involved 1 pharmacist and a single study site that served a large, indigent, inner-city population of patients. Because the intervention had several components, intervention effects could not be attributed to a single component.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A pharmacist intervention for outpatients with heart failure can improve adherence to cardiovascular medications and decrease health care use and costs, but the benefit probably requires constant intervention because the effect dissipates when the intervention ceases. ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT00388622.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of North Carolina School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Shawn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoke
authors.forename: Wanzhu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: Kevin T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Stroupe
authors.forename: Jingwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Faye
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Irmina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gradus-Pizlo
authors.forename: Morris
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.forename: D Craig
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Brater
mesh_terms: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004180:Direct Service Costs; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007196:Indiana; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000191:economics; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D011203:Poverty
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents