title: Response of captive lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) to different housing conditions: testing the aggression-density and coping models.
abstract: Several studies have suggested that primates react differently to spatial reduction. In this article, the authors tested some general hypotheses on primate response to spatial reduction by studying the Apenheul lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla; Apeldoorn, the Netherlands). The frequency of conflicts did not greatly change between the 2 housing settings, thus not supporting the density- aggression model. Indoor, gorillas performed touching behavior more often and increased their level of reconciliation. These findings support the coping model. Indoor, the gorillas also maintained broader interindividual distances by increasing the levels of sitting alone, avoidance, and dismissing behaviors. In conclusion, the Apenheul gorillas modified selectively the distribution of some patterns typical of their behavioral repertoire in response to a high-density condition. Both avoidance and coping tactics were used, thus revealing high levels of behavioral flexibility in this species.
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdipartimentale Museo di Storia Naturale e del Territorio, Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giada
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cordoni
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Palagi
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D003441:Crowding / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006071:Gorilla gorilla / Q000523:psychology*; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008297:Male; D012919:Social Behavior; D012930:Social Dominance; D012931:Social Environment; D014110:Touch