title: Sonochemical disinfection of municipal wastewater.
abstract: The application of high intensity, low frequency ultrasound for the disinfection of simulated and septic tank wastewaters is evaluated in this work. Laboratory scale experiments were conducted at 24 and 80kHz ultrasound frequency with horn-type sonicators capable of operating in continuous and pulsed irradiation modes at nominal ultrasound intensities up to 450W. For the experiments with simulated wastewaters, Escherichia coli were used as biological indicator of disinfection efficiency, while for the experiments with septic tank wastewaters, the total microbiological load was used. Complete elimination of E. coli could be achieved within 20-30min of irradiation at 24kHz and 450W with the efficiency decreasing with decreasing intensity and frequency. Moreover, continuous irradiation was more effective than intermittent treatment based on a common energy input. Irradiation of the septic tank effluent prior to biological treatment at 24kHz and 450W for 30min resulted in a three-log total microbiological load reduction, and this was nearly equal to the reduction that could be achieved during biological treatment. Bacterial cell elimination upon irradiation was irreversible as no reappearance of the microorganisms occurred after 24h.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Apostolos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antoniadis
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Poulios
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nikolakaki
authors.forename: Dionissios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mantzavinos
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000254:growth & development*; D012722:Sewage; D013010:Sonication; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D014873:Water Pollutants
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D014873:Water Pollutants