title: Computer-assisted 3D ultrasound-guided neurosurgery: technological contributions, including multimodal registration and advanced display, demonstrating future perspectives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Navigation systems are now frequently being used for guiding surgical procedures. Existing neuronavigation systems suffer from the lack of updated images when tissue changes during surgery as well as from user-friendly displays of all essential images for accurate and safe surgery guidance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have developed various new technologies for improved neuronavigation. Using intraoperative 3D ultrasound (US) imaging, we have developed various registration algorithms for using and updating a complete multimodal and multivolume 3D map for navigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We experienced that advanced multimodal visualization makes it easy to interpret information from several image volumes and modalities simultaneously. Using high quality intraoperative 3D ultrasound, essential preoperative information could be corrected due to brain shift. fMRI and other important preoperative data could then be used together with intraoperative ultrasound imaging for more accurate, safer and improved guidance of therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We claim that new features, as demonstrated in the present paper, using intraoperative 3D ultrasound in combination with advanced registration and display algorithms will represent important contributions towards more accurate, safer and more optimized future patient treatment.
authors.affiliation: SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway. Toril.N.Hernes@sintef.no
authors.forename: Toril A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Nagelhus Hernes
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lindseth
authors.forename: Tormod
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Selbekk
authors.forename: Arild
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wollf
authors.forename: Ole Vegard
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Solberg
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Harg
authors.forename: Ola M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Rygh
authors.forename: Geir Arne
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Tangen
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Sigmund
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Augdal
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Couweleers
authors.forename: Geirmund
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Unsgaard
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003626:Data Display; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000639:trends; D012984:Software; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000639:trends; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014584:User-Computer Interface