title: Carbonated beverages and chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carbonated beverage consumption has been linked with diabetes, hypertension, and kidney stones, all risk factors for chronic kidney disease. Cola beverages, in particular, contain phosphoric acid and have been associated with urinary changes that promote kidney stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the relationship between carbonated beverages (including cola) and chronic kidney disease, using data from 465 patients with newly diagnosed chronic kidney disease and 467 community controls recruited in North Carolina between 1980 and 1982.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drinking 2 or more colas per day was associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease (adjusted odds ratio = 2.3; 95% confidence interval = 1.4-3.7). Results were the same for regular colas (2.1; 1.3-3.4) and artificially sweetened colas (2.1; 0.7-2.5). Noncola carbonated beverages were not associated with chronic kidney disease (0.94; 0.4-2.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary results suggest that cola consumption may increase the risk of chronic kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Tina M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Saldana
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Basso
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Darden
authors.forename: Dale P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sandler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D030221:Cola / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors