Chicken wings and the brachial plexus.
OBJECTIVE
Some stages of limb development can now be described in terms of gene sequences and functions. This paper reports on the development of the brachial plexus (BP) in the chick. It also presents a short review on the principles of the peripheral nerve outgrowth.


METHODS
The early development of the brachial plexus of chicken embryos is mapped using immunohistochemistry. This is then analysed in relation to the expression pattern of an axonal guidance gene, Semaphorin3a, by in situ hybridization studies.


RESULTS
The motor axons that innervate the chick wing emerge from the spinal cord in spinal nerves 12-17. These axons grow towards the developing limb and then congregate at its base to form the plexus. In response to unknown cues, these axons rearrange, before emerging in the defined nerve trunks that innervate the limb. The developmental stages of BP morphogenesis described here closely correlate with previous reports with a significant difference of a shorter 'waiting period'.


CONCLUSIONS
The development of the brachial plexus is now better understood. The waiting period, with more modern techniques, is observed to be shorter than previously reported. The significance of this and the role of the guidance molecule, Semaphorin3a, in this process, are being investigated and the results may have important implications on the management of brachial plexus palsy and other peripheral nerve lesions.
Dieu
Tam
T
Department of Embryology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. tdieu@plasticsurg.com.au
Newgreen
Don
D
D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000196:embryology*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000166:cytology; D039961:Semaphorins / Q000378:metabolism; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000196:embryology*
D039961:Semaphorins