title: Allogeneic retrovirally transduced, IL-2- and IFN-gamma-secreting cancer cell vaccine in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer--a phase I clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this vaccine study was to determine the safety and feasibility of vaccination with an allogeneic prostate carcinoma cell line, LNCaP, expressing recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and to evaluate the efficacy of inducing tumor-specific immune responses in HLA-A2-matched patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a dose-escalating phase I study, HLA-A2-matched HRPC patients received four vaccinations of irradiated allogeneic LNCaP cells retrovirally transduced to secrete IL-2 and IFN-gamma at study day 1, 15, 29 and 92 and subsequently every 91 days unless tumor progression was evident.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patients receiving the first dose level (7.5 million cells) showed no evidence of dose-limiting toxicity or vaccine-related adverse events including autoimmunity. One of three patients receiving the second dose level (15 million cells) developed a transient self-limiting grade 3 local injection site reaction (ulceration) after the eighth vaccination. Vaccine-induced immune responses against a broad array of prostate tumor associated antigens were detected in all six patients. Two of the three patients receiving the higher dose showed a decline in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values of more than 50%, with one patient remaining on protocol for 3 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunisation with the allogeneic LNCaP/IL-2/IFN-gamma vaccine is safe and feasible without any dose-limiting toxicity or autoimmunity. A 50% PSA decline was achieved in two of the six patients. This encouraging data provides the scientific rationale for further investigation of the vaccine in a phase II trial.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Experimental Oncology, Technical University, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany. Thomas.Brill@lrz.tum.de
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Brill
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kübler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: von Randenborgh
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fend
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pohla
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Breul
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hartung
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schendel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gansbacher
mesh_terms: D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D054353:Perforin; D052899:Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D052899:Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins; D054353:Perforin; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen