title: The in vitro reduction of sodium [36Cl]chlorate in bovine ruminal fluid.
abstract: Sodium chlorate effectively reduces or eliminates gram-negative pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tracts of live cattle. Limitations to the in vivo efficacy of chlorate are its rapid absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and its presumed reduction to chloride within the gastrointestinal tract. We hypothesized that chlorate would be reduced via ruminal bacteria in a ruminal in vitro system and that the reduction of chlorate would be influenced by the dietary for-age:concentrate ratio; thus, 4 ruminally cannulated steers were fed 20 or 80% concentrate diets in a crossover design. Ruminal fluid was collected in 2 periods and dispensed into in vitro tubes containing sodium [36Cl]chlorate, which was sufficient for 100 or 300 mg/L final chlorate concentrations. The tubes were incubated for 0, 1, 4, 8, 16, or 24 h; autoclaved, control ruminal fluid, fortified with sodium [36Cl]chlorate, was incubated for 24 h. Chlorate remaining in each sample was measured by liquid scintillation counting after [36Cl]chloride was precipitated with silver nitrate. A preliminary study indicated that chlorite, a possible intermediate in the reduction of chlorate, had a half-life of approximately 4.5 min in freshly collected (live) ruminal fluid; chlorite was, therefore, not specifically measured in ruminal incubations. The chlorate dose did not affect in vitro DM digestion (P > or = 0.11), whereas in vitro DM digestibility was decreased (P < or = 0.05) by 80% forage content. By 24 h, 57.5 +/- 2.6% of the chlorate remained in 100-mg/L incubations, whereas 78.2 +/- 2.6% of the chlorate remained in the 300-mg/L incubations. When the data were expressed on a concentration basis (mg/L), diet had no effect (P > or = 0.18) on chlorate reduction; however, when chlorate reduction was expressed on a percentage basis, chlorate reduction tended to be greater (P > or = 0.09) at 8 and 16 h in the incubations containing the low-concentrate diet. Chlorate remaining in autoclaved controls at 24 h was intermediate (P < 0.01) between chlorate remaining in live ruminal fluid samples incubated for 0 or 24 h. Attempts to isolate chlorate-respiring bacteria from 2 sources of ruminal fluid were not successful. These data indicate that microbial-dependent or chemical-dependent, or both, reduction of chlorate occurs in bovine ruminal fluid and that dietary concentrate had a negligible effect on chlorate reduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, USA.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Caton
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D002704:Chlorates / Q000378:metabolism*; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000737:chemistry*; D007554:Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D012835:Silver Nitrate / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002704:Chlorates; D007554:Isotopes; D012835:Silver Nitrate; C032706:sodium chlorate