title: Prognosis and safety of anticoagulation in intracranial artery dissections in adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize different forms of intracranial artery dissections (IADs), and to test the assumption that IADs are frequently associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and poor outcome, and that anticoagulant therapy is contraindicated in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 81 consecutive non-SAH IAD patients and 22 IAD patients with SAH, diagnosed between 1994 and 2004 and 1998 and 2004, respectively, and treated the former patients immediately with heparin, followed with at least 3 months of warfarin. Outcomes were recorded at 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately one-third of all cervicocephalic artery dissections were identifiably either completely located intracranially or extended into the intracranial space. At 3 months, 64 of the 81 non-SAH patients (79%) had a favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale, 0 to 2); 1 patient died of brain infarction in the acute stage. Only 1 aneurysm developed during follow-up in the non-SAH group, and no intracranial bleeding was observed during anticoagulant treatment. Those presenting with SAH formed approximately 25% of all IADs, and 21 cases out of 22 (95%) were associated with ruptured fusiform dissecting aneurysm. This latter group displayed significantly worse outcomes: 7 died, and only 7 had modified Rankin Scale 0 to 2 at 3 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide important information for clinical practice. IADs appear to polarize into 2 groups: (1) nonaneurysmatic IADs presenting without SAH that are associated with favorable outcomes and safe anticoagulant therapy; and (2) aneurysmatic IADs, characterized by SAH and poorer prognosis. Literature on IADs may have been biased toward group 2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tiina M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Metso
authors.forename: Antti J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Metso
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Helenius
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haapaniemi
authors.forename: Oili
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Salonen
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porras
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernesniemi
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaste
authors.forename: Turgut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tatlisumak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000784:Aortic Dissection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants