title: Reduced protein expression of metastasis-related genes (nm23, KISS1, KAI1 and p53) in lymph node and liver metastases of gastric cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metastasis remains an incurable common complication in patients with gastric cancer. A variety of theories have been proposed to explain the inefficiency of the metastatic process. To compare protein expression of metastasis-related genes (nm23, KISS1, KAI1 and p53) between primary tumours and metastatic tumours may be useful in illustrating these theories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metastasis-related tissue microarrays (including normal tissues, primary tumours, nodal metastases and liver metastases) were constructed. The protein expression of nm23, KISS1, KAI1 and p53 in lymph node and liver metastases from advanced gastric cancer specimens was mainly examined by immunohistochemical staining in relation to primary tumours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical staining showed reduced protein expression of nm23, KISS1 and KAI1 in lymph node and liver metastases compared with primary tumours. Results for p53 were to the contrary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our investigations revealed a tendency of reduced protein expression of metastasis suppressor genes nm23, KISS1 and KAI1 in gastric cancer with the progress of metastasis. This means that the progression theory is an important determinant of metastatic efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guan-Zhen
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Ni
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Can-Rong
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guo-Dong
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jian-Xin
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jie-Jun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051861:Kangai-1 Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D059648:Kisspeptins; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000556:secondary*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054778:NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases; D009701:Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D005819:Genetic Markers; C106628:KISS1 protein, human; D051861:Kangai-1 Protein; D059648:Kisspeptins; D054778:NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C517938:NME1 protein, human; D009701:Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase