title: Depression profile in patients with and without chronic heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression often goes undetected and untreated in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). To investigate whether patients with CHF show a specific profile of depression symptoms, we compared depression symptoms in depressed patients with and without CHF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of a total of 921 patients from a CHF and a psychosomatic outpatient clinic, 137 met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder and 113 for other depressive disorders. Depressed patients with CHF (n=113) and without CHF (n=137) were compared with respect to severity of individual DSM-IV depressive symptoms, as measured with the PHQ-9. To stratify for depression severity, ANCOVAs with sociodemographic characteristics as covariates were performed separately for patients with major depressive disorder and other depressive disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the patients meeting the criteria for major depressive disorder, patients with CHF reported significantly lower levels of depressed mood (p=.006) and worthlessness/guilt (p=.019) than patients without CHF. In contrast, no significant group differences were found for any of the other depression symptoms. Group comparisons among the patients with other depressive disorders completely replicated these results (p< or =.001, and p=.04, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study population of CHF patients may not be representative for CHF patients recruited in the general population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnostic features discriminating between depressed patients with and without CHF are the cognitive-emotional symptoms of depression, not the somatic symptoms. This finding may partially explain the low recognition rate of depression in patients with CHF. The different profile of depression symptoms in patients with and without CHF should be considered in diagnosis, treatment and medical education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic and General Internal Medicine, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany. Nichole_Holzapfel@med.uni-heoderlberg.de
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Holzapfel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Müller-Tasch
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jünger
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zugck
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Remppis
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Löwe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003710:Demography; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index