title: Endovascular management of major arterial hemorrhage as a complication of inflammatory pancreatic disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Major arterial hemorrhage is an important complication of inflammatory pancreatic disease, with an overall mortality of 37%. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the experience of a tertiary referral center for pancreaticobiliary disease in the management of major arterial complications of pancreatitis with selective visceral angiography and transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 6-year retrospective analysis of all patients undergoing visceral angiography for major bleeding as a complication of pancreatitis identified 35 patients (26 male, 9 female) with a mean age of 51.2 years (range, 11-73 y). Patient demographics, history, clinical presentation, angiographic findings, angiographic treatment, and follow-up outcomes were retrospectively noted. Technical success was defined as the devascularization of a focal lesion or reduction or cessation of blood flow to a target vascular bed or organ, and clinical success was defined as the resolution of the symptoms and signs that prompted the initial embolization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Angiography identified the site of bleeding in 54.3% of patients (n=19) and angiographic intervention was performed in 77.1% of patients (n=27). Technical success was achieved in 81.5% of those 27 patients (n=22), with overall clinical success in 80.0% (n=28). Multiple angiograms were required in 12 patients, with four demonstrating bleeding from new sites. The mortality rate was 20% (7 of 35).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In major arterial hemorrhage resulting from pancreatic inflammatory disease, visceral angiography can identify the site of bleeding and hemostasis can be achieved. Repeat angiography is often required with bleeding from new sites. The mortality rate is comparable to that associated with surgery and reflects multisystem involvement in acute severe pancreatitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom. harpreet.hyare@uclh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Harpreet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hyare
authors.forename: Sharmini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Desigan
authors.forename: Jocelyn A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Brookes
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Guiney
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Lees
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006489:Hemostatic Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000150:complications*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation