title: Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion combined with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest on cerebral circulation: comparison between pulsatile and nonpulsatile blood flows.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In aortic arch surgeries, antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (SCP) combined with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) has been recently widely used in institutions as one of the most reliable methods for cerebral protection. However, some studies reported a 3.7-9.3% incidence of postoperative cerebral complications. To perform antegrade SCP more safely, we sought to examine the impact of pulsatile flow perfusion during DHCA on cerebral tissue metabolism, focusing on physiological effects of pulsatile flow perfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen pigs were divided into 2 groups. In each group, antegrade SCP combined with DHCA was conducted. During circulatory arrest, for SCP, a pulsatile flow (group P) and a nonpulsatile flow (group N) were used. We compared results between group P and group N. Jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjO(2)) and cerebral tissue oxygen partial pressure (PtO(2)) were measured at baseline, and continuously throughout the extracorporeal circulation. Hematocrit (Ht), and concentrations of S-100 protein and CK-BB in blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured at baseline (before the beginning of extracorporeal circulation), following SCP, and after rewarming. Following rewarming, each brain under perfused fixation was removed, and histopathological examinations were conducted using Kluver-Barrera and Tunnel staining methods, electron micrograph.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SjO(2) was found to be within normal ranges until after SCP, but decreased with rewarming in both groups. In Group N, changes in SjO(2) were significant, with a decrease to < or =50%. In Group N, concentrations of S-100 protein and CK-BB in CSF after SCP and after rewarming were significantly higher than those in Group P. The time needed for rewarming to 36 degrees C in Group P was shorter than that in Group N.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the pulsatile flow circulation method shows cerebral protection effects with increasing blood flow in small cerebral tissues. In addition, it is effective for improving the imbalance between oxygen supply and demand, especially in the process of rewarming from hypothermic conditions. This method seems to be useful as an adjunct in hypothermic circulatory arrest procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soeda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D052276:Creatine Kinase, BB Form / Q000378:metabolism; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods*; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D009418:S100 Proteins; D052276:Creatine Kinase, BB Form; D010100:Oxygen