title: Cisplatin cytotoxicity of auditory cells requires secretions of proinflammatory cytokines via activation of ERK and NF-kappaB.
abstract: The ototoxicity of cisplatin, a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, involves a number of mechanisms, including perturbation of redox status, increase in lipid peroxidation, and formation of DNA adducts. In this study, we demonstrate that cisplatin increased the early immediate release and de novo synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6, through the activation of ERK and NF-kappaB in HEI-OC1 cells, which are conditionally immortalized cochlear cells that express hair cell markers. Both neutralization of proinflammatory cytokines and pharmacologic inhibition of ERK significantly attenuated the death of HEI-OC1 auditory cells caused by cisplatin and proinflammatory cytokines. We also observed a significant increase in the protein and mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines in both serum and cochleae of cisplatin-injected rats, which was suppressed by intraperitoneal injection of etanercept, an inhibitor of TNF-alpha. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that TNF-alpha expression was mainly located in the spiral ligament, spiral limbus, and the organ of Corti in the cochleae of cisplatin-injected rats. NF-kappaB protein expression, which overlapped with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling-positive signal, was very strong in specific regions of the cochleae, including the organ of Corti, spiral ligament, and stria vascularis. These results indicate that proinflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-alpha, play a central role in the pathophysiology of sensory hair cell damage caused by cisplatin.
authors.affiliation: Vestibulocochlear Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Jeonbuk, 570-749, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hongseob
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: HyungJin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jeong-Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Channy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yunha
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Eunsook
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jin-Kyung
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ki-Jung
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Kang-Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Haa-Yung
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sung-Kyun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Raekil
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003051:Cochlea / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D002945:Cisplatin