title: A comparative study of proteasomal inhibition and apoptosis induced in N27 mesencephalic cells by dopamine and MG132.
abstract: Dopamine (DA) and its metabolites have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. DA can produce reactive-oxygen species and DA-derived quinones such as aminochrome can induce proteasomal inhibition. We therefore examined the ability of DA and MG132 to induce apoptosis and proteasomal inhibition in N27 rat dopaminergic cells. DA (0-500 micromol/L, 0-24 h) and MG132 (0-5 micromol/L, 0-24 h) treated N27 cells resulted in time- and concentration-dependent apoptosis. To better define DA and MG132-induced apoptosis, the activation of initiator caspases 2 and caspase 9 and the executioner caspase 3 was investigated. Activation of caspase 2, caspase 9, and caspase 3 occurred early and prior to cell death. In addition, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) blocked DA but not MG132-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential loss. NAC can react with both reactive-oxygen and quinoid metabolites and its inhibitory activity suggests a role for reactive species in DA-induced apoptosis. Proteasomal inhibition was detected after DA treatment in N27 cells which occurred prior to cell death and was abrogated by NAC. Our results implicate DA-derived reactive species in proteasomal inhibition and caspase-dependent apoptosis in N27 cells. The ability of endogenous DA-derived metabolites to induce proteasomal inhibition and apoptosis may contribute to the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
authors.forename: Khan Shoeb
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Zafar
authors.forename: Salmaan H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Inayat-Hussain
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D020169:Caspases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007976:Leupeptins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D007976:Leupeptins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D020169:Caspases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; C072553:benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde; D004298:Dopamine; D000111:Acetylcysteine