title: Development and validation of measures to assess prevention and control of AMR in hospitals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the US hospitals poses serious quality and safety problems. Expert panels, identifying strategies for optimizing antibiotic use and preventing AMR spread, have recommended hospitals undertake efforts to implement specific evidence-based practices.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate a measurement scale for assessing hospitals' efforts to implement recommended AMR prevention and control measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys were mailed to infection control professionals in a national sample of 670 US hospitals stratified by geographic region, bedsize, teaching status, and VA affiliation.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Four hundred forty-eight infection control professionals participated (67% response rate).
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey items measured implementation of guideline recommendations, practices for AMR monitoring and feedback, AMR-related outcomes (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prevalence and outbreaks [MRSA]), and organizational features. "Derivation" and "validation" samples were randomly selected. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify factors underlying AMR prevention and control efforts. Multiple methods were used for validation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 4 empirically distinct factors in AMR prevention and control: (1) practices for antimicrobial prescription/use, (2) information/resources for AMR control, (3) practices for isolating infected patients, and (4) organizational support for infection control policies. The Prevention and Control of Antimicrobial Resistance scale was reliable and had content and construct validity. MRSA prevalence was significantly lower in hospitals with higher resource/information availability and broader organizational support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Prevention and Control of Antimicrobial Resistance scale offers a simple yet discriminating assessment of AMR prevention and control efforts. Use should complement assessment methods based exclusively on AMR outcomes.
authors.affiliation: VA HSR&D Center for Implementing Evidence-based Practice, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. meflanag@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Mindy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.forename: Rangaraj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramanujam
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Diekema
authors.forename: Bradley N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Doebbeling
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004363:Drug Utilization; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000379:methods*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents