title: Role of imiquimod and parenteral meglumine antimoniate in the initial treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a serious public health problem in the developing world. The main therapeutic agent--pentavalent antimony, developed >50 years ago--is expensive, often accompanied by severe adverse effects, and complicated by the emergence of drug resistance. Better therapies are urgently needed. In the present pilot study, we compared the use of imiquimod, an immunomodulatory molecule, to the use of meglumine antimoniate alone and in combination for the initial treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with newly diagnosed cutaneous leishmaniasis were enrolled from a single referral center in Lima, Peru, from August 2005 through October 2005. Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups and received either imiquimod 7.5% cream administered topically every other day for 20 days, intravenous meglumine antimoniate administered at a dosage of 20 mg/kg per day every day for 20 days, or combination therapy with both intravenous meglumine antimoniate and imiquimod 7.5% cream. Patients were evaluated weekly and at 1 and 3 months after treatment. Patients who had healed lesions at 3 months were considered to be clinically cured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although several patients showed initial resolution of symptoms with imiquimod treatment alone, all of these patients experienced relapse after treatment discontinuation. Four (57%) of 7 patients treated with meglumine antimoniate alone and 7 (100%) of 7 patients treated with combination therapy were cured. Combination therapy was not only more effective than the other 2 treatments (P<.05) but also led to faster healing and better cosmetic results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination therapy with imiquimod and meglumine antimoniate is a promising regimen for the initial treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis that warrants additional larger studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Iracema
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Arevalo
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tulliano
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quispe
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spaeth
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matlashewski
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Llanos-Cuentas
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pollack
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000634:Aminoquinolines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077271:Imiquimod; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008536:Meglumine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077485:Meglumine Antimoniate; D008875:Middle Aged; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D008536:Meglumine; D000077485:Meglumine Antimoniate; D000077271:Imiquimod