title: Health beliefs, disease severity, and patient adherence: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A large body of empirical data exists on the prediction of patient adherence from subjective and objective assessments of health status and disease severity. This work can be summarized with meta-analysis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Retrieval and summary analysis of r effect sizes and moderators of the relationship between patient adherence and patients': (1) beliefs in disease threat; (2) rated health status (by physician, self, or parent); and (3) objective disease severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comprehensive search of published literature (1948-2005) yielding 116 articles, with 143 separate effect sizes. Calculation of robust, generalizable random effects model statistics, and detailed examination of study diversity with moderator analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adherence is significantly positively correlated with patients' beliefs in the severity of the disease to be prevented or treated ("disease threat"). Better patient adherence is associated with objectively poorer health only for patients experiencing disease conditions lower in seriousness (according to the Seriousness of Illness Rating Scale). Among conditions higher in seriousness, worse adherence is associated with objectively poorer health. Similar patterns exist when health status is rated by patients themselves, and by parents in pediatric samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that the objective severity of patients' disease conditions, and their awareness of this severity, can predict their adherence. Patients who are most severely ill with serious diseases may be at greatest risk for nonadherence to treatment. Findings can contribute to greater provider awareness of the potential for patient nonadherence, and to better targeting of health messages and treatment advice by providers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA. robin@ucr.edu
authors.forename: M Robin
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: DiMatteo
authors.forename: Kelly B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Haskard
authors.forename: Summer L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D012720:Severity of Illness Index