title: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 drug resistance mutations in peripheral blood mononuclear cell proviral DNA among antiretroviral treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients from Pune, India.
abstract: The prevalence of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) mutations in the HIV protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) genes was estimated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in a study population of 25 antiretroviral (ARV) therapy-naive and 50 ARV-experienced chronically infected patients from Pune city, Maharashtra State, western India. Of the 75 study HIV-1 sequences, 73 belonged to subtype C and 2 to subtype A1. On phylogenetic analysis, the study subtype C sequences sub clustered randomly with different Indian and non-Indian subtype C sequences, emphasizing the HIV-1 subtype C pol gene diversity. The heterosexual route was the most common route of transmission (74.67%). There were no observable HIVDR mutations in ARV-naive patients. The ARV-experienced patients had a history of exposure to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor combinations. At least one HIVDR mutation in RT was observed in 29 (80.55%) of ARV-experienced patients with evidence of failing therapy. M184V was the most common observed HIVDR mutation. No PR major mutations were observed among ARV-experienced patients. A higher prevalence of proviral HIVDR mutations in PBMCs was associated with irregular adherence to therapy (p < 0.05) and HIV-1 RNA levels > 1000 copies/ml (p < 0.001).
authors.affiliation: Command Hospital, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Sourav
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Srikanth P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Tripathy
authors.forename: Vaishali M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Chimanpure
authors.forename: Ajit A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Rajani D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Bagul
authors.forename: Ramesh S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Paranjape
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D024921:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D011533:Proviruses / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease