title: Investigation of an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease: Hereford, UK 2003.
abstract: This report describes the investigation and control of a community outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in Hereford, UK, in November 2003. Outbreak investigation consisted of epidemiological survey, identification and environmental investigation of potential sources, microbiological analysis of clinical and environmental samples and mapping the location of potential sources and the movement and residence of cases. Each identified source was allocated a 'composite score' based on different zones of exposure and wind direction. Altogether, 28 cases were identified, with an overall case fatality rate of 7%. All cases had epidemiological links to Hereford city centre. The 'composite score' identified a cluster of cooling towers as being the most likely source of the outbreak. Environmental samples from one of the cooling towers in the cluster and clinical samples from two patients were positive for Legionella pneumophilia serogroup 1 and were indistinguishable by molecular sub-typing. In this outbreak, the use of microbiological, environmental and epidemiological techniques facilitated the rapid identification of a cooling tower as the source of this outbreak. This study illustrates the continuing importance of cooling towers as a source of Legionnaires' disease and the utility of obtaining and comparing both clinical and environmental samples.
authors.affiliation: Health Protection Agency, Hereford and Worcestershire Health Protection Unit, Issac Maddox House, Shrub Hill Road, Worcester WR4 9RW, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kirrage
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Gillian E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Babatunde
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olowokure
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000389:Air Conditioning; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016952:Legionella pneumophila / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007877:Legionnaires' Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014871:Water Microbiology