title: Acid-base status determines cyclosporine-induced hypercalciuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclosporine (CsA) causes tubular dysfunction characterized by polyuria, calcium wasting, distal tubular acidosis, and hyperkalemia. The hypercalciuria induced by CsA administration is associated with an inhibition of calbindin D(28k) expression. It has also been shown that chronic metabolic alkalosis increased the expression of Ca(2+) transport proteins accompanied by diminished urine Ca(2+) excretion. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine the effect of acid-base status on CsA-induced hypercalciuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats. Metabolic alkalosis and acidosis were induced respectively by adding 0.28 mol/L NaHCO(3) and 0.28 mol/L NH(4)Cl in the drinking water for 7 days; control rats received regular tap water. Seven days after NaHCO(3) or NH(4)Cl administration, rats were treated with CsA (25 mg/kg, IP) daily for 14 days. To estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) over time, animals were placed in metabolic cages. Fractional urinary calcium excretion was determined by standard formula.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CsA group showed decreased serum calcium and increased fractional urinary calcium excretion compared with the control group. Creatinine clearance was also significantly reduced. Metabolic alkalosis alone did not affect GFR, but significantly prevented an increase in fractional urinary calcium excretion induced by CsA, whereas chronic metabolic acidosis resulted in the exact opposite effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is essential for nephrologists to fully understand the mechanisms of CsA-induced renal injury. In this study, metabolic alkalosis reduced CsA-induced hypercalciuria. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether this effect may be achieved pharmacologically by the expression of Ca(2+) transport proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. zahmatkm@razi.tums.ac.ir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zahmatkesh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kadkhodaee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghaznavi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahdavi-Mazdeh
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D053565:Hypercalciuria / Q000139:chemically induced*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D002118:Calcium