Environmental fate of chlorothalonil in a Costa Rican banana plantation.
The environmental fate of chlorothalonil (CHT) and its metabolites were studied under field-variable conditions in a commercial banana plantation in Costa Rica. Weather conditions were representative of a tropical environment and the fungicide applications were typical of those in banana production. The test plots were treated with Bravo 720 at 1.2 l ha(-1) of formulated product. Field persistence of CHT in soil and on banana leaves was measured during five consecutive months and after three aerial applications of the fungicide. Residues were analyzed in soil, sediment, water, banana leaves and drift cards by gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. In soil and on the surface of banana leaves, CHT dissipated rapidly with half-lives of 2.2 and 3.9 d, respectively. Soil residues persisted and were detected 85 d after application. The main metabolite found in soil, 4-hydroxy-chlorothalonil, accounted for approximately 65% of residues detected and was measured up to 6d after application.
Chaves
Alicia
A
Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7633, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
Shea
Damian
D
Cope
W Gregory
WG
D000383:Agriculture; D003364:Costa Rica; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis*; D028521:Musa / Q000737:chemistry; D009570:Nitriles / Q000032:analysis*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014329:Tropical Climate
D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009570:Nitriles; D012987:Soil; C005806:tetrachloroisophthalonitrile