The intracellular renin-angiotensin system: a new paradigm.
More than a century after its discovery, the physiological implications of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) continue to expand, with the identification of new components, functions and subsystems. These advancements have led to better management and understanding of a broad range of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. The RAS has traditionally been viewed as a circulatory system, involved in the short-term regulation of volume and blood pressure homeostasis. Recently, local RASs have been described as regulators of chronic tissue effects. Most recently, studies have provided evidence of a complete, functional RAS within cells, described as an 'intracrine' or intracellular system. A more comprehensive understanding of the intracellular RAS provides for new strategies in system regulation and a more efficacious approach to the management of RAS-related diseases.
Kumar
Rajesh
R
Division of Molecular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA.
Singh
Vivek P
VP
Baker
Kenneth M
KM
D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000502:physiology; D000808:Angiotensinogen / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D053818:Chymases / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin / Q000502:physiology; D012083:Renin / Q000502:physiology; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology*
D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin; D000808:Angiotensinogen; D000804:Angiotensin II; D053818:Chymases; D012083:Renin