title: The effect of postmortem time, donor age and sex on the generation of neurospheres from adult human retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postmortem adult human retina contains pluripotent progenitor cells capable of forming neurospheres with different retinal cell types. The authors examine whether this is the case at all ages and at different postmortem times.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult human postmortem retina-derived cell suspensions generated neurospheres in fibroblast growth factor 2 and N2 supplement. The yield of neurospheres from limited dilution or single cell cultures is very low so the authors studied cells generated per 10(5) viable cells from a cell suspension derived from whole retina. Retinal tissue from donors aged 18-91 at various postmortem times (between 23-44 h) was studied in the context of generation rate and time for neurospheres.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The potential to generate neurospheres from adult human retina remains throughout life. Neurosphere cellular components were not affected by donor age or postmortem time (they contained nestin(+), glial fibrillary acidic protein(+) and neurofilament(+) cells). An average of 34.36 neurospheres were generated per 10(5) viable cells. After a few days in culture neurospheres begin to form. The time for this to occur was independent of donor age but prolonged at longer postmortem times. No significant effect of donor sex was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurosphere-forming retinal progenitor cells are found in adult human retina throughout life. This cell population is a potential target for therapeutic intervention to influence repair and regeneration of the retina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences South Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Debra A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Dick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology; D001344:Autopsy; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular; D013997:Time Factors; D014019:Tissue Donors