title: Ionizing radiation changes the electronic properties of melanin and enhances the growth of melanized fungi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Melanin pigments are ubiquitous in nature. Melanized microorganisms are often the dominating species in certain extreme environments, such as soils contaminated with radionuclides, suggesting that the presence of melanin is beneficial in their life cycle. We hypothesized that ionizing radiation could change the electronic properties of melanin and might enhance the growth of melanized microorganisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ionizing irradiation changed the electron spin resonance (ESR) signal of melanin, consistent with changes in electronic structure. Irradiated melanin manifested a 4-fold increase in its capacity to reduce NADH relative to non-irradiated melanin. HPLC analysis of melanin from fungi grown on different substrates revealed chemical complexity, dependence of melanin composition on the growth substrate and possible influence of melanin composition on its interaction with ionizing radiation. XTT/MTT assays showed increased metabolic activity of melanized C. neoformans cells relative to non-melanized cells, and exposure to ionizing radiation enhanced the electron-transfer properties of melanin in melanized cells. Melanized Wangiella dermatitidis and Cryptococcus neoformans cells exposed to ionizing radiation approximately 500 times higher than background grew significantly faster as indicated by higher CFUs, more dry weight biomass and 3-fold greater incorporation of (14)C-acetate than non-irradiated melanized cells or irradiated albino mutants. In addition, radiation enhanced the growth of melanized Cladosporium sphaerospermum cells under limited nutrients conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure of melanin to ionizing radiation, and possibly other forms of electromagnetic radiation, changes its electronic properties. Melanized fungal cells manifested increased growth relative to non-melanized cells after exposure to ionizing radiation, raising intriguing questions about a potential role for melanin in energy capture and utilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America. edadacho@aecom.yu.edu
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dadachova
authors.forename: Ruth A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: Xianchun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moadel
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Schweitzer
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aisen
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Nosanchuk
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casadevall
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005093:Exophiala / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008543:Melanins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins