title: Symptom groupings at midlife: cross-cultural variation and association with job, home, and life change.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine how symptoms at midlife grouped together by factor analyses in four different countries and to examine whether life changes were associated with symptom frequencies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Decisions at Menopause Study was a multisite study of women aged 45 to 55 drawn from the general population in the United States, Spain, Lebanon, and Morocco. Semistructured questionnaires collected demographic, reproductive, and lifestyle information, along with 4-week recalls of 25 symptoms. Factor analyses were performed using symptom frequency data from each country. Symptoms frequencies were examined by chi analysis in relation to job, home, and life changes. Regression scores for individual factors were examined as dependent variables in relation to menopause status and life change while controlling for demographic and reproductive variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intercorrelation among symptoms differed in country-specific ways, eg, hot flashes grouped with vaginal dryness and sexual symptoms in Spain, with general somatic symptoms in Morocco, and did not cluster with other symptoms in the United States or Lebanon. In chi2 analyses, household change, not job change, was associated with increased symptomatology in Spain. Job change was a significant predictor of the first symptom cluster in the United States (mental symptoms) and Spain (emotional symptoms). Home change was a significant predictor of the third (mental) symptom cluster in Spain. Life change was a significant predictor of symptom clusters in Spain and Morocco.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cross-population comparisons demonstrate variation in symptom clusters. Regression analyses showed how the variables that predict symptom groupings (eg, job change, marital status, menopause status, or level of education) also differed in country-specific ways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9278, USA. leidy@anthro.umass.edu
authors.forename: Lynnette Leidy
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Sievert
authors.forename: Carla Makhlouf
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Obermeyer
authors.forename: Matilda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saliba
mesh_terms: D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D008016:Life Change Events; D008593:Menopause / Q000208:ethnology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009018:Morocco / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D017132:Workplace