title: Subcortical infarcts, Alzheimer's disease pathology, and memory function in older persons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Examine the effects of subcortical infarcts with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology on dementia, episodic memory, and other cognitive abilities in older persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 148 autopsied subjects of the Rush Memory and Aging Project (mean age, 88.0 years), a longitudinal clinicopathological study. Cognition was assessed yearly with 21 neuropsychological tests. Infarcts were visualized on coronal slabs, and plaques and neurofibrillary tangles were counted and standardized to form a composite measure of AD pathology. Multiple regression analyses were used controlling for age, sex, and education.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-three (35.8%) subjects had cerebral infarcts. After accounting for AD pathology, infarcts increased the odds of dementia by 5.1-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.98-12.92) and lowered cognitive function by 0.50 standard unit (p = 0.001). After controlling for cortical infarcts and AD pathology, subcortical infarcts, present in 39 of 53 (73.6%) subjects with infarcts, increased the odds of dementia by almost 4-fold and reduced cognitive function by more than a third of a unit (parameter estimate = -0.37; p = 0.03). In analyses with cognitive abilities, subcortical infarcts were associated with lower episodic, semantic, and working memory (p < or = 0.05), and had an interaction with AD pathology to further worsen working memory (p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subcortical infarcts add to deleterious effects of AD pathology by increasing the odds of dementia and lowering memory function.
authors.affiliation: Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 600 South Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. julie_a_schneider@rush.edu
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Zoe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Arvanitakis
authors.forename: Julia L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bienias
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis