title: Selected parameters in urine as indicators of milk production in lactating sows: a pilot study.
abstract: Although insufficient milk production in lactating sows may cause tremendous economic losses, reliable methods for estimating milk production in sows under field conditions are not available. This study aimed to investigate whether urine parameters could be used to predict milk production in sows. The milk production of 18 sows was determined during early and mid-lactation. Morning (a.m.) and afternoon (p.m.) urinary levels of potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), lactose and creatinine were analysed. The absolute concentrations, the ratios relative to creatinine, and the fractional excretions of all elements in urine were not significantly associated with milk production. The p.m./a.m. ratios of K, Na and Ca concentrations in urine (K(R), Na(R), and Ca(R)) were significant predictors for milk production, but only during mid-lactation. The total variation in milk production (r(2) value) explained by K(R), Na(R), Ca(R) amounted to 72%, 55%, 42%, respectively. Analysis of minerals and especially K in the a.m. and p.m. urine of sows during mid-lactation provided an acceptable indication of milk production. Further research is necessary to investigate whether the present results can be used to estimate milk production in hypogalactic sows under field conditions.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. georgios.papadopoulos@ugent.be
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.forename: D G D
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Weyenberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verheyen
authors.forename: G P J
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Janssens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology / Q000652:urine*; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D013552:Swine; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium