title: Optical multiple chemical sensing: status and current challenges.
abstract: Multiple optical sensors for chemical species are sensitive, non-toxic and non-invasive and enable spatially and temporally resolved multianalyte detection. Recent advances are highlighted with a focus on fluorescence-based methods and the biologically and clinically important analytes oxygen, pH, carbon dioxide and temperature. Indicator chemistries such as permeation-selective microbeads and nanoparticles allow the production of microscopically homogeneous sensor layers. The use of combinations of spectral discrimations along with time-resolved monitoring schemes based on luminescence lifetime or intensity-lifetime ratios enables all-optical real-time multianalyte determination.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagl
authors.forename: Otto S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Wolfbeis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007477:Ions; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008832:Microchemistry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D036103:Nanotechnology; D010100:Oxygen; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen