title: G alpha 12/13 basally regulates p53 through Mdm4 expression.
abstract: G alpha(12/13), which belongs to the G alpha(12) family, participates in the regulation of diverse physiologic processes. In view of the control of G alpha(12/13) in cell proliferation, this study investigated the role of G alpha(12/13) in the regulation of p53 and mdm4. Immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry revealed that p53 was expressed in control embryonic fibroblasts and was largely localized in the nuclei. G alpha(12) deficiency decreased p53 levels and its DNA binding activity, accompanying p21 repression with Bcl(2) induction, whereas G alpha(13) deficiency exerted weak effects. G alpha(12) or G alpha(13) deficiency did not change p53 mRNA expression. ERK1/2 or Akt was not responsible for p53 repression due to G alpha(12) deficiency. Mdm4, a p53-stabilizing protein, was repressed by G alpha(12) deficiency and to a lesser extent by G alpha(13) deficiency, whereas mdm2, PTEN, beta-catenin, ATM, and Chk2 were unaffected. p53 accumulation by proteasomal inhibition during G alpha(12) deficiency suggested the role of G alpha(12) in p53 stabilization. Constitutively active G alpha(12) (G alpha(12)QL) or G alpha(13) (G alpha(13)QL) promoted p53 accumulation with mdm4 induction in MCF10A cells. p53 accumulation by mdm4 overexpression, but no mdm4 induction by p53 overexpression, and small interfering RNA knockdown verified the regulatory role of mdm4 for p53 downstream of G alpha(12/13). In control or G alpha(12)/G alpha(13)-deficient cells, genotoxic stress led to p53 accumulation. At concentrations increasing the flow cytometric pre-G(1) phase, doxorubicin or etoposide treatment caused serine phosphorylations in G alpha(12)-/- or G alpha(12/13)-/- cells, but did not induce mdm4. G alpha(12/13)QL transfection failed to phosphorylate p53 at serines. Our results indicate that G alpha(12/13) regulate basal p53 levels via mdm4, which constitutes a cell signaling pathway distinct from p53 phosphorylations elicited by genotoxic stress.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Mi-Sung
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Won Dong
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ki
authors.forename: Aree
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Chang Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sang Geon
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004249:DNA Damage; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D044365:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C461497:Mdm4 protein, mouse; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D004317:Doxorubicin; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D044365:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13