title: Deleterious effects of short-term, high-intensity exercise on immune function: evidence from leucocyte mitochondrial alterations and apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although moderate exercise can benefit health, acute and vigorous exercise may have the opposite effect. Strenuous exercise can induce alterations in the physiology and viability of circulating leucocytes, which have a causal relationship with exercise-induced immune distress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the use of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP), a functional marker of the energy and viability status of leucocytes, for monitoring the immunomodulating effects of short-term, high-intensity exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 healthy volunteers with a mean Vo(2)max of 70.4 ml/kg/min carried out 3 consecutive days of high-intensity exercise (85% of Vo(2)max for 30 min every day). Blood samples were collected at multiple time points immediately before and after each exercise session and at 24 and 72 h after the completion of exercise. Leucocyte MTP, apoptosis and circulatory inflammation markers were measured by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MTP of peripheral blood leucocytes had declined immediately after the first exercise session and remained subnormal 24 h later. It did not normalise until 72 h after exercise. The sequential changes in MTP were consistent among the three leucocyte subpopulations (polymorphonuclear neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes) and were significant (p<0.05). Leucocytes displayed a gradual and incremental change in their propensity for apoptosis during and after exercise. Similarly, plasma concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and soluble Fas ligand were raised during the exercise sessions and had not normalised by 72 h after the completion of exercise. Correlation between changes in leucocyte MTP and plasma concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and soluble Fas ligand was variable, but significant for polymorphonuclear neutrophils and lymphocytes (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term, high-intensity exercise can lead to a significant and prolonged dysfunction of the mitochondrial energy status of peripheral blood leucocytes, which is accompanied by an increased propensity for apoptosis and raised pro-inflammatory mediators. These results support the immunosuppressive effects of excessive exercise and suggest that MTP is a useful marker of these effects.
authors.affiliation: Dr C-W Kong, Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No 201, Sec 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.
authors.forename: T-C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Tuan
authors.forename: T-G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: M-C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: C-F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: K K C
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: C-Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C-W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein / Q000097:blood; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha