title: On and Off magnetic auditory evoked responses in early infancy: a possible marker of brain immaturity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To follow the development of the auditory evoked on- and off-responses in early infancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were healthy infants, studied at conceptional age (CA) 39-66 weeks. Serial auditory evoked responses (AERs) were recorded in 17 subjects in response to tones of frequency 1.5 kHz and duration 1.0 s in order to follow the development of the AERs. Two small substudies were performed to examine off-responses evoked by tones of varying duration. The first used 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5s tones; the second used 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 s tones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the 1.0 s tones, the on- and off-responses consisted of three components: P250, P400, and N750 m. The on- and off-responses had similar amplitude, in contrast to adult AERs in which the on-responses are typically much larger. Prior to about CA 47 weeks, the on-responses were actually smaller on average than the off-responses, and in infants born prior to CA 38 weeks the AERs were dominated by the off-response. Off-responses were seen for tones as brief as 0.2 s; however, the P400m component was often absent in the off-responses for tone durations < or = 0.5 s. An interaction was observed in which the N750 m-On component was strongly suppressed when it overlapped the P250 m-Off.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Off-responses are much more prominent in infant than in adult AERs, especially in pre-term infants and at early CAs. On- and off-responses also exhibit more complex behavior in infants than in adult; the individual components can interact and behave independently.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurement of auditory off-responses can improve the assessment of infant neurodevelopment, potentially providing a marker of brain immaturity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. rtwakai@wisc.edu
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Wakai
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lutter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Maier
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male