title: Gastric inflammatory markers and interleukins in patients with functional dyspepsia treated with astaxanthin.
abstract: The chronic active inflammation caused by Helicobacter pylori is dominated by neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Several interleukins are involved in the inflammatory process. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on gastric inflammation in patients with functional dyspepsia. Forty-four consecutive patients were included, and biopsies were examined for IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon-gamma, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD19, CD25 and CD30. Patients were randomized: 21 patients were treated with 40 mg of astaxanthin daily, and 23 patients were treated with a placebo. There was a significant decrease in gastric inflammation in H. pylori-positive patients from both groups. There were no significant changes in the density of H. pylori or in any of the interleukins during or after treatment. There was a significant up-regulation of CD4 and down-regulation of CD8 in patients with H. pylori treated with astaxanthin. Astaxanthin had an effect on the inflammation and on the density of H. pylori in mice in a study where the diet could be standardized without antioxidants (Bennedsen et al., 1999). These dietary conditions are impossible in studies involving humans, and may be due to the minor effect when the host have access to antioxidants in their diet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. lpa@rh.dk
authors.forename: Leif Percival
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holck
authors.forename: Limas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kupcinskas
authors.forename: Gediminas
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kiudelis
authors.forename: Laimas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jonaitis
authors.forename: Dainius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Janciauskas
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Permin
authors.forename: Torkel
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wadström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001706:Biopsy; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D013270:Stomach / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015703:Antigens, CD; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D024341:Xanthophylls; C005948:astaxanthine