title: The skew ray ambiguity in the analysis of videokeratoscopic data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Skew ray ambiguity is present in most videokeratoscopic measurements when azimuthal components of the corneal curvature are not taken into account. There have been some reported studies based on theoretical predictions and measured test surfaces suggesting that skew ray ambiguity is significant for highly deformed corneas or decentered corneal measurements. However, the effect of skew ray ambiguity in ray tracing through videokeratoscopic data has not been studied in depth.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have evaluated the significance of the skew ray ambiguity and its effect on the analyzed corneal optics. This has been achieved by devising a procedure in which we compared the corneal wavefront aberrations estimated from 3D ray tracing with those determined from 2D (meridional based) estimates of the refractive power. The latter was possible due to recently developed concept of refractive Zernike power polynomials which links the refractive power domain with that of the wavefront. Simulated corneal surfaces as well as data from a range of corneas (from two different Placido disk-based videokeratoscopes) were used to find the limit at which the difference in estimated corneal wavefronts (or the corresponding refractive powers) would have clinical significance (e.g., equivalent to 0.125 D or more).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inclusion/exclusion of the skew ray in the analyses showed some differences in the results. However, the proposed procedure showed clinically significant differences only for highly deformed corneas and only for large corneal diameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the overwhelming majority of surfaces, the skew ray ambiguity is not a clinically significant issue in the analysis of the videokeratoscopic data indicating that the meridional processing such as that encountered in calculation of the refractive power maps is adequate.
authors.affiliation: Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. d.iskander@qut.edu.au
authors.forename: D Robert
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Iskander
authors.forename: Brett A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003315:Cornea / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D019781:Corneal Topography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D018715:Microscopy, Video / Q000379:methods*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D014463:Ultrasonography