title: Irradiation System for HIMAC.
abstract: Clinical trials of carbon radiotherapy started at HIMAC in 1994 using three treatment rooms and four beam ports, two horizontal and two vertical. The broad beam method was adopted to make a three-dimensionally uniform field at an isocenter. A spot beam extracted from an accelerator was laterally spread out by using a pair of wobbler magnets and a scatterer. A bar ridge filter modulated the beam energy to obtain the spread out Bragg peak (SOBP). The SOBP was designed to be flat in terms of the biological dose based on the consideration that the field consisted of various beams with different LET. Finally, the field of 20 cm in diameter with +/- 2.5% uniformity was formed at the isocenter. The width of the maximum SOBP was 15 cm. When treating the lung or liver, organs that move due to breathing, the beam was irradiated only during the expiration period in a respiration-gated irradiation method. This reduced the treatment margin of the moving target. In order to prevent normal tissues adjacent to the target volume from irradiation by an unwanted dose, a layer-stacking method was developed. In this method, thin SOBP layers which have different ranges were piled up step by step from the distal end to the entrance of the target volume. At the same time, a multi-leaf collimator was used to change the aperture shape to match the shape of each layer to the cross-sectional shape of the target. This method has been applied to rather large volume cancers including bone and soft-tissue cancers. Only a few serious problems in the irradiation systems have been encountered since the beginning of the clinical trials. Overall the systems have been working stably and reliably.
authors.affiliation: Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences.
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torikoshi
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minohara
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kanematsu
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komori
authors.forename: Mitsukata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanazawa
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyahara
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Tatsuaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanai
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon