title: Tuberculosis in Iranian kidney transplant recipients: a single-center experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal transplantation recipients are at a high risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) following transplantation, especially in developing countries, with high incidences of morbidity and mortality. In this report, we examined the risk factors and impact of TB on the outcome of kidney transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 1350 living donor Iranian kidney transplantations, 52 (3.9%) had TB diagnosed in various organs. Of these, 7 (13.5%) had TB pretransplantation and 40 (76.9%) were men. The overall mean age was 32.6 +/- 10.5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The interval between transplantation and diagnosis was 54.6 +/- 48.23 (range 4 to 140) months. In 34 (65.6%) patients TB was diagnosed after the first year posttransplantation. Pleuro/pulmonary TB was the most common form (68%). All posttransplant TB patients received a quadriple antituberculosis therapy; pyrazinamide, rifampicin, ethambutol, and isoniazide). Hepatotoxicity was seen in 16 (30%) patients, including 12 mild cases with normalization after temporary withdrawal of isoniazide and rifampicin, and four were severe, but mortality was not attributable to hepatocellular failure. Twelve patients (23%) died. Chronic allograft dysfunction occurred in 34 (65%) patients, 19 (37%) with graft loss. Pre-TB patients showed comparable posttransplant courses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TB is a common infection among renal transplant recipients in developing countries. The peak incidence is after the first year of transplantation and mortality is considerable. Hepatoxicity is a considerable risk of treatment, possibly as a result of additive toxic effects of immunosuppressive drugs. Chronic allograft nephropathy is a serious complication that has a negative impact on the graft survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. ghaf_ali@yahoo.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghafari
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Makhdoomi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ahmadpoor
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Afshari
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Fallah
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rezaee
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000379:methods; D007492:Iran; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology