title: Questionnaire discrimination: (re)-introducing coefficient delta.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Questionnaires are used routinely in clinical research to measure health status and quality of life. Questionnaire measurements are traditionally formally assessed by indices of reliability (the degree of measurement error) and validity (the extent to which the questionnaire measures what it is supposed to measure). Neither of these indices assesses the degree to which the questionnaire is able to discriminate between individuals, an important aspect of measurement. This paper introduces and extends an existing index of a questionnaire's ability to distinguish between individuals, that is, the questionnaire's discrimination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ferguson (1949) 1 derived an index of test discrimination, coefficient delta, for psychometric tests with dichotomous (correct/incorrect) items. In this paper a general form of the formula, deltaG, is derived for the more general class of questionnaires allowing for several response choices. The calculation and characteristics of deltaG are then demonstrated using questionnaire data (GHQ-12) from 2003-2004 British Household Panel Survey (N = 14761). Coefficients for reliability (alpha) and discrimination (deltaG) are computed for two commonly-used GHQ-12 coding methods: dichotomous coding and four-point Likert-type coding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both scoring methods were reliable (alpha > 0.88). However, deltaG was substantially lower (0.73) for the dichotomous coding of the GHQ-12 than for the Likert-type method (deltaG = 0.96), indicating that the dichotomous coding, although reliable, failed to discriminate between individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coefficient deltaG was shown to have decisive utility in distinguishing between the cross-sectional discrimination of two equally reliable scoring methods. Ferguson's delta has been neglected in discussions of questionnaire design and performance, perhaps because it has not been implemented in software and was restricted to questionnaires with dichotomous items, which are rare in health care research. It is suggested that the more general formula introduced here is reported as deltaG, to avoid the implication that items are dichotomously coded.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Department of Psychology (at Guy's), Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK. matthew.hankins@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hankins
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000145:classification*; D015983:Selection Bias; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D006113:United Kingdom