title: Irreversible motor impairment in young addicts--ephedrone, manganism or both?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parkinsonian syndrome related to intravenous use of a "designer" psychostimulant, derived from pseudoephedrine using potassium permanganate as the oxidant, has been observed in drug addicts in Estonia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the symptomatology of four young patients, history of drug administration and chemical analysis of a drug batch.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mental and motor function and quality of life were scored and ephedrone was analyzed using electrospray mass spectrometry. Manganese content of the final synthetic mixture was analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the four cases scored below the dementia threshold in MMSE, while other ratings (UPDRS, H&Y, PDQ-39) corresponded to disabilities seen in relatively advanced Parkinson's disease. The ephedrone yield of the reaction was approximately 44% and the mixture was found to contain 0.6 g/l of manganese.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cases were exposed to extreme manganese load. Their symptomatology is probably identical to manganism. The role of ephedrone is presently unknown. Physicians must be aware of early signs of manganism in patients within social risk groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 2, Tartu 51014, Estonia. katrin.sikk@regionaalhaigla.ee
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sikk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Taba
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haldre
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergquist
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nyholm
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zjablov
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asser
authors.forename: S-M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Aquilonius
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000506:poisoning*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D018450:Disease Progression; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000506:poisoning; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020149:Manganese Poisoning / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011196:Potassium Permanganate / Q000506:poisoning; D011427:Propiophenones / Q000506:poisoning*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D011427:Propiophenones; D011196:Potassium Permanganate; C047806:monomethylpropion; D004809:Ephedrine