title: Differential loss of presynaptic dopaminergic markers in Parkinsonian monkeys.
abstract: Assessment of dopamine nerve terminal function and integrity is a strategy employed to monitor deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and in preclinical models of PD. Dopamine replacement therapies effectively replenish the diminished supply of endogenous dopamine and provide symptomatic benefit to patients. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), and amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) are widely used markers of dopaminergic neurons and terminals. The present studies were initiated to: (a) assess alterations in all four markers in the MPTP primate model of dopaminergic degeneration and (b) to determine whether L-DOPA treatment may itself modulate the expression of these markers. MPTP treatment induced a significant decline of dopaminergic immunoreactive fiber and terminal density in the basal ganglia. The amount of reduction varied between markers. The rank order of presynaptic marker loss, from most to least profound reduction, was TH > VMAT2 > DAT > AADC. Semiquantitative image analysis of relative dopaminergic presynaptic fiber and terminal density illustrated region-specific reduction of all four markers. Double immunofluorescence colocalization of two presynaptic markers on the same tissue section confirmed there was a more dramatic loss of TH than of VMAT2 or of DAT following MPTP treatment. L-DOPA treatment was associated with a significantly higher level of AADC and VMAT2 immunoreactivity in the caudate nucleus compared to placebo. These results illustrate that neurotoxic injury of the dopamine system in primates leads to altered and differential expression of presynaptic dopaminergic markers in the basal ganglia and that expression of such markers may be modulated by L-DOPA therapy. These findings have implications for the use of biomarkers of disease progression as well as for the assessment of neurorestorative strategies, such as cell replacement, for the treatment of PD.
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA. Diane.t.Stephenson@pfizer.com
authors.forename: Diane T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: Mary Abigail
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Childs
authors.forename: Qiu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Santos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carvajal-Gonzalez
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Opsahl
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tengowski
authors.forename: Martin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Meglasson
authors.forename: Kalpana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.forename: Marina E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Emborg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001142:Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases / Q000378:metabolism; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010919:Placebos; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012453:Saimiri; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D050493:Vesicular Monoamine Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D015259:Dopamine Agents; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D010919:Placebos; D050493:Vesicular Monoamine Transport Proteins; D007980:Levodopa; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D001142:Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases; D004298:Dopamine