title: Infection with Mycobacterium simiae complex in four captive Micronesian kingfishers.
abstract: METHODS
  4 captive adult Micronesian kingfishers (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina) at 3 zoologic institutions were examined routinely or because of dyspnea or lethargy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All birds had marked hepatomegaly. Two birds had dyspnea caused by compression of air sacs by the enlarged liver, and 1 bird had generalized weakness and lethargy. Three birds had distended coelomic cavities, and 3 birds were thin or had lost weight. There were no consistent abnormalities in blood analytes. Results of most ancillary diagnostic tests such as acid-fast staining of cloacal or fecal swab specimens and culture of feces for acid-fast bacteria were negative. Results of examination of hepatic biopsy specimens in 2 of 4 birds were suggestive of mycobacteriosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3 birds died or were euthanized soon after diagnosis. One kingfisher was isolated and monitored for 4 months without treatment and died during anesthesia for disease monitoring. Postmortem histologic examination revealed histiocytic hepatitis and acid-fast bacteria in all 4 birds. Bacteriologic culture of liver specimens yielded Mycobacterium simiae complex in all 4 birds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infection with M simiae complex should be considered in ill Micronesian kingfishers, and further monitoring is warranted to determine whether this is an emerging pathogen in this species.
authors.affiliation: Saint Louis Zoo, 1 Government Dr, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Erika K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Travis
authors.forename: Randall E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Junge
authors.forename: Scott P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Terrell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000382:microbiology; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D001717:Birds; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D009161:Mycobacterium / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D009164:Mycobacterium Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*