title: An ultrasonic time-delay spectrometry system employing digital processing.
abstract: Time-delay spectrometry (TDS) is a swept-frequency technique that has proven useful in several ultrasonic applications. Commercial TDS systems are available, but only in the audio frequency range. Several ultrasonic research TDS systems have been constructed, and they have been used effectively for substitution calibration of hydrophones and for measurement of attenuation and sound velocity in materials. Unfortunately these systems depend on features of commercial equipment no longer manufactured, so a new system has been designed using modern equipment and straightforward signal processing. This system requires a frequency source with a reasonably linear sweep of frequency versus time, audio frequency filters, a standard double-balanced mixer, a power splitter, a waveform digitizer capable of handling audio frequency signals, and a personal computer. An optional implementation that shifts the signal to a lower frequency for more convenient digitization and easier velocity measurements additionally requires an audio frequency oscillator and an audio-range analog multiplier. The processing steps are performed with standard signal processing software. To demonstrate the operation of the system, substitution calibration measurements of hydrophones as well as attenuation measurements on a tissue mimicking material were obtained and compared to a custom TDS system previously described by the authors. The data from these two TDS systems agree to within +/- 0.5 dB in the 1-10 MHz frequency range used. Higher frequency source transducers could be used to extend this range.
authors.affiliation: Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA. pgammell@ieee.org
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Gammell
authors.forename: Subha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maruvada
authors.forename: Gerald R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods