title: Evidence that moment-to-moment variation in positive emotions buffer genetic risk for depression: a momentary assessment twin study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The negative affective response to daily life stressors, which previous work suggest is a fundamental depression endophenotype, may be moderated by positive emotions. It was investigated whether positive affect (PA) buffers negative affect (NA) reactivity in response to stress and whether PA moderates the genetic predisposition to negative affect reactivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 279 twin pairs participated in a momentary assessment study with the experience sampling method, collecting appraisals of stress and affect in the flow of daily life. Lifetime diagnoses of depression were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant interaction between stress appraisal of event (STRESS) and PA in the association with NA. The interaction between proband PA, proband STRESS and co-twin lifetime depression showed that higher PA reduced the interaction between proband STRESS and co-twin lifetime depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positive emotions not only buffer against NA reactivity, but in addition attenuate genetic effects on negative mood bias in daily life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. m.wichers@sp.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Marieke C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wichers
authors.forename: Inez
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Myin-Germeys
authors.forename: Nele
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Frenk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Gunter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kenis
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Derom
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vlietinck
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delespaul
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D014427:Twins / Q000235:genetics*