title: First insight into the population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia.
abstract: This study constitutes a first attempt to describe the genetic population structure and drug resistance of the tubercle bacilli circulating in Saudi Arabia. A total of 1,505 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis, isolated between 2002 and 2005 from seven regions of Saudi Arabia, were studied. The sample studied showed a male-to-female sex ratio of 1.27, with half of the cases among foreign-born individuals and 47% within the 21- to 40-year-old age group; a total resistance rate of 19.7%; and multiple drug resistance of 4.5%. Upon spoligotyping, a total of 387 individual patterns were obtained (clustering rate, 86.4%; 182 clusters containing between 2 and 130 isolates per cluster). A total of 94% of the strains matched the spoligotype patterns in an international database. Nearly 81% of the isolates in this study belonged to established phylogeographic clades: Central Asian (CAS), 22.5%; ill-defined T clade, 19.5%; East African-Indian (EAI), 13.5%; Haarlem, 7.5%; Latin American-Mediterranean, 7.2%; Beijing, 4.4%; Manu, 2.7%; X, 0.9%; and Bovis, 0.9%. Two clonal complexes with unique spoligotyping signatures (octal codes 703777707770371 and 467777377413771) specific to Saudi Arabia were identified. These belonged to the CAS and EAI clades, respectively, as confirmed upon secondary typing using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRUs). The results obtained underline the predominance of historic clones of principal genetic group 1, which are responsible for roughly 45% of all tuberculosis cases in Saudi Arabia. The high rate of clustering observed might be an indication of rapid ongoing transmission within certain communities and/or subpopulations in Saudi Arabia; nonetheless, spoligotyping is known to overestimate clustering, and only a systematic second-line typing, such as MIRUs, coupled with a better tuberculosis registry and epidemiological investigations would allow us to know the exact rate of ongoing transmission and associated risk factors in Saudi Arabia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (MBC 03), PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia. hajoj@kfshrc.edu.sa
authors.forename: Sahal A M
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Al-Hajoj
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zozio
authors.forename: Fahad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Rabiah
authors.forename: Viquar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohammad
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Nasser
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sola
authors.forename: Nalin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rastogi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D020071:Interspersed Repetitive Sequences / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial