title: Greek mythology: the eye, ophthalmology, eye disease, and blindness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In distant eras, mythology was a form of expression used by many peoples. A study of the Greek myths reveals concealed medical knowledge, in many cases relating to the eye.
  
  
  METHODS
  An analysis was made of the ancient Greek texts for mythological references relating to an understanding of vision, visual abilities, the eye, its congenital and acquired abnormalities, blindness, and eye injuries and their treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Homeric epics contain anatomical descriptions of the eyes and the orbits, and an elementary knowledge of physiology is also apparent. The concept of the visual field can be seen in the myth of Argos Panoptes. Many myths describe external eye disease ("knyzosis"), visual disorders (amaurosis), and cases of blinding that, depending on the story, are ascribed to various causes. In addition, ocular motility abnormalities, congenital anomalies (cyclopia), injuries, and special treatments, such as the "licking" method, are mentioned.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study of mythological references to the eye reveals reliable medical observations of the ancient Greeks, which are concealed within the myths.
authors.affiliation: Department of History of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece. trompoukis@med.uoc.gr
authors.forename: Constantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trompoukis
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kourkoutas
mesh_terms: D001766:Blindness / Q000266:history*; D005123:Eye; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000266:history*; D000076145:Greece, Ancient; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008513:Medicine in Literature; D009229:Mythology; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000266:history*