title: Trade, development, and regulatory issues in food.
abstract: Trade in food and animal products has increased several-fold in the past decade, and simultaneously regulations governing the movement of such products across national boundaries have also increased. The present study reviews harmonization in food trade regulation by focusing on nutritional aspects to understand its role in enhancing world trade on the one hand and consumer interest and welfare on the other. Harmonization to a large extent brings in more regulation from the developed world acting through their governments, consumer organizations, and multinational companies; it does not seem to address, in general, the concerns of the large segments of the poor population for whom agriculture and food trade are the main sources of livelihood. There is a lack of quantifiable estimates of the loss in well-being of the disadvantaged. However, there is substantial research focused on the potential harm to developed nations as a result of nonadherence to the rules. Clearly, lack of adequate infrastructure, resource constraints, and weak institutions not only result in poor food safety regulation within developing countries but also remain barriers to realizing the greater potential benefits from increased trade. Harmonization of standards would have some losers and some winners, but to make it more inclusive, scientific knowledge alone may not be adequate; social and cultural aspects also need to be considered, since food systems differ among regions, with varying preferences, local resource availability, and levels of economic development. Improvement in governance in many countries not only would ensure better participation in international rule-making and the negotiation process for fairer trade but also would result in effective domestic legislation to ensure safer health for citizens, resulting in higher overall well-being.
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA. sunder.ramaswamy@middlebury.edu
authors.forename: Sunder
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramaswamy
authors.forename: Brinda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D019049:Developed Countries; D003906:Developing Countries; D005502:Food / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007881:Legislation, Food