title: Effects of using synthetic sea salts when measuring and modeling copper toxicity in saltwater toxicity tests.
abstract: Synthetic sea salts are often used to adjust the salinity of effluent, ambient, and laboratory water samples to perform toxicity tests with marine and estuarine species. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) provides guidance on salinity adjustment in its saltwater test guidelines. The U.S. EPA suggests using commercial sea salt brands, such as Forty Fathoms (now named Crystal Sea Marinemix, Bioassay Grade), HW Marinemix, or equivalent salts to adjust sample salinity. Toxicity testing laboratories in Canada and the United States were surveyed to determine synthetic sea salt brand preference. The laboratories (n = 27) reported using four brands: Crystal Sea Marinemix (56%), HW Marinemix (22%), Instant Ocean (11%), and Tropic Marin (11%). Saline solutions (30 g/L) of seven synthetic sea salts were analyzed for dissolved copper and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. Brands included those listed above plus modified general-purpose salt (modified GP2), Kent Marine, and Red Sea Salt. The synthetic sea salts added from < 0.1 to 1.2 microg Cu/L to the solution. Solutions of Crystal Sea Marinemix had significantly elevated concentrations of DOC (range = 5.4-6.4 mg C/L, analysis of variance, Tukey, alpha = 0.05, p < 0.001) while other brands generally contained < 1.0 mg C/L. The elevated DOC in Crystal Sea Marinemix was expected to reduce copper toxicity. However, the measured dissolved copper effective concentration 50% (EC50) for Crystal Sea Marinemix was 9.7 microg Cu/L, similar to other tested sea salts. Analysis indicates that the organic matter in Crystal Sea Marinemix differs considerably from that of natural organic matter. On the basis of consistently adding little DOC and little dissolved copper, GP2 and Kent Marine are the best salts to use.
authors.affiliation: Copper Development Association, 260 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA. rarnold@cda.copper.org
authors.forename: W Ray
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cotsifas
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Klinck
authors.forename: D Scott
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Playle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002170:Canada; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D003625:Data Collection; D005843:Geography; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012623:Seawater; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D003300:Copper