title: Adaptation of the Manchester-Minneapolis Quality of Life instrument for use in the UK population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The availability of health-related quality of life (HRQL) measures that are reliable, valid, brief and comprehensible and appropriate for use with UK children is limited. We report the validation of a HRQL measure suitable for UK use in healthy children, children with chronic disease conditions and socially disadvantaged children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1238 children took part in the study, including healthy children as controls (n = 824) and five exemplar groups: children diagnosed with asthma (n = 87), diabetes (n = 103) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; n = 69), children in remission from cancer (n = 68) and children in public care (n = 87).
  
  
  METHODS
  In phase I, the Manchester-Minneapolis Quality of Life instrument (MMQL) Child Form was translated into UK English. In phases II and III, the questionnaire was shortened and validated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMQL was anglicised and shortened to five components comprising 29 items. Good internal reliability was found with alpha reaching at least 0.69 for all subscales. Construct validity was established through moderate correlations with comparable PedsQL subscales (Pearson's r ranged from 0.38 to 0.58, p<0.01). Discriminant validity was also demonstrated in children with asthma and IBD, children in remission from cancer and children in public care, all of whom reported significantly lower HRQL than healthy children. Children with diabetes showed similar HRQL to their healthy peers. Good reproducibility and moderate responsiveness were demonstrated for the new measure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anglicised and shortened MMQL was shown to be valid and reliable and could be a valuable new tool for the assessment of HRQL in children.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Wales, Swansea, UK. h.a.hutchings@swan.ac.uk
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Hutchings
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Upton
authors.forename: W-Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maddocks
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eiser
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: I T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: M E M
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Jenney
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology