title: Longitudinal trends in mammographic percent density and breast cancer risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mammographic density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer. However, whether changes in mammographic density are associated with risk remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study of 372 incident breast cancer cases and 713 matched controls was conducted within the Mayo Clinic mammography screening practice. Controls were matched on age, exam date, residence, menopause, interval between, and number of mammograms. All serial craniocaudal mammograms 10 years before ascertainment were digitized, and quantitative measures of percent density (PD) were estimated using a thresholding method. Data on potential confounders were abstracted from medical records. Logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the interactions among PD at earliest mammogram, time from earliest to each serial mammogram, and absolute change in PD between the earliest and subsequent mammograms. Analyses were done separately for PD measures from the ipsilateral and contralateral breast and also by use of hormone therapy (HT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects had an average of five mammograms available, were primarily postmenopausal (83%), and averaged 61 years at the earliest mammogram. Mean PD at earliest mammogram was higher for cases (31%) than controls (27%; ipsilateral side). There was no evidence of an association between change in PD and breast cancer risk by time. Compared with no change, an overall reduction of 10% PD (lowest quartile of change) was associated with an odds ratio of 0.9997 and an increase of 6.5% PD (highest quartile of change) with an odds ratio of 1.002. The same results held within the group of 220 cases and 340 controls never using HT. Among the 124 cases and 337 controls known to use HT during the interval, there was a statistically significant interaction between change in PD and time since the earliest mammogram (P = 0.01). However, in all groups, the risk associated with the earliest PD remained a stronger predictor of risk than change in PD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed no association between change in PD with breast cancer risk among all women and those never using HT. However, the interaction between change in PD and time should be evaluated in other populations.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Charlton 6-239, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. vachon@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Celine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Vachon
authors.forename: V Shane
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Pankratz
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Shaun D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Maloney
authors.forename: Karthik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Kathleen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Tia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Milanese
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Carston
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Sellers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008327:Mammography; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors