title: Cardiac robotics: a review and St. Mary's experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The introduction of the laparoscope led to the progress of surgery to a new era, where surgeries that were deemed major are now being performed through keyhole incisions with comparable outcomes to open surgery. However, with this new technique rose several problems like inaccurate depth perception, diminished tactile feedback, need for experienced assistance, and reduction in degrees of motion of the surgeons hands all of which inspired surgeons and engineers to look for mechanical tools to help in reducing these problems. Henceforth; came the application of robotics in surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed and Medline search was performed on cardiac robotic surgery and its applications in mitral valve repair and coronary artery surgery. A total of twenty one articles were picked that allude to the subject. A history of robotic surgery was outlined followed by applications of robotic manipulation in cardiac surgery was narrated. A quick overview of this technology in telemedicine was then outlined followed by future prospects of this technology in surgery was contemplated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experience of the group from St. Mary's Hospital, London in this field was outlined. During the period of 4 years a total of 102 cases of robotic cardiac surgery were performed. The mean length of hospital stay was 3.1 days with a standard deviation of 1.4 days and the morbidity of the series explained. There was no mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early studies have shown that minimally invasive cardiac surgery is feasible and yields results similar to conventional cardiac surgery, yet it is more technically demanding on the surgeon. As advantageous as this new modality is, further multicenter studies are needed to prove its efficacy.
authors.affiliation: St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, Norfolk Place, London, UK. s.deeba@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deeba
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sains
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Athanasiou
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casula
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darzi
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000639:trends; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery; D012371:Robotics / Q000639:trends; D017216:Telemedicine