title: Effects of unfractionated heparin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists versus bivalirdin on myeloperoxidase release from neutrophils.
abstract: OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine whether adjunctive therapy during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) affects markers of systemic inflammation or platelet activation. Despite different mechanisms of action, direct-thrombin inhibition with bivalirudin during PCI provided similar protection from periprocedural and chronic ischemic complications as compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH) plus planned use of GPIIb/IIIa antagonists in the REPLACE-2 and ACUITY trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients undergoing nonurgent PCI of a native coronary artery were randomized to receive adjunctive therapy with bivalirudin or UFH+eptifibatide. Interleukin (IL)-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) transiently increased in both groups after PCI. In the UFH+eptifibatide, but not the bivalirudin group, myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were elevated 2.3-fold above baseline (P=0.004) immediately after PCI. In an in vitro assay, heparin and to a lesser extent enoxaparin, but not bivalirudin or eptifibatide, stimulated MPO release from and binding to neutrophils and neutrophil activation. A mouse model of endoluminal femoral artery denudation was used to investigate further the importance of MPO in the context of arterial injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adjuvant therapy during PCI may have undesired effects on neutrophil activation, MPO release, and systemic inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Carolina Cardiovascular Biology Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
authors.forename: Guohong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Alison C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: Justin C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Margaret J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Zehra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pamuklar
authors.forename: E Magnus
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ohman
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Steinhubl
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Smyth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000379:methods; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D000077542:Eptifibatide; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006629:Hirudins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D011336:Probability; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012016:Reference Values; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D006629:Hirudins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010455:Peptides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D009195:Peroxidase; D000077542:Eptifibatide; C074619:bivalirudin