title: The relevance of surgical therapy for bilateral and/or multiple pulmonary metastases in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pulmonary surgery is frequently used for the treatment of metastases in children with various malignant diseases. The benefit of an aggressive surgical treatment in children with bilateral and/or multiple pulmonary metastases is still discussed controversially.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of 10 children (7 girls, 3 boys; age range from 2 to 16.5 years) who underwent thoracotomy for bilateral and/or multiple pulmonary metastases was performed. The primary malignancies were osteosarcoma (n = 4), hepatoblastoma (n = 3), malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (n = 1), adrenocortical carcinoma (n = 1) and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 1). Unilateral but multiple pulmonary metastases were found in 3 children. 7 patients showed bilateral pulmonary metastases. Preoperative induction chemotherapy with tumor regression and a subsequent decrease in the size and number of pulmonary metastases was mandatory for the surgery of metastases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Standardized bilateral thoracotomy was performed in 4 patients in 1 operation (in 1 patient combined with a hemihepatectomy), and in 3 patients, in 2 operations on different days. 5 children underwent re-thoracotomy due to recurrent pulmonary metastases (2 patients: unilateral; 3 patients: bilateral; 1 patient: twice bilateral). All visible and palpable metastases (1 - 25) were excised, either by wedge resection, by segment resection or by lobectomy. Postoperative artificial ventilation was necessary for 0 to 24 hours. Postoperative complications included intrathoracic secondary hemorrhage in 3 cases and pneumonia in 1 patient. 2 patients (20%) died of recurrent metastatic disease (osteosarcoma: 1; adrenocortical carcinoma: 1). During a mean follow-up period of 49 months (14 to 66 months after the last thoracotomy), 8 patients (80%) remained in complete remission without clinically relevant respiratory restrictions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complete surgical resection of pulmonary metastases after response to induction chemotherapy may increase survival in carefully selected children, even in cases with multiple and recurrent metastatic disease. In children, bilateral thoracotomy within a single operation is possible without an increased complication rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland. frankmartin.haecker@ukbb.ch
authors.forename: F-M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Häcker
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: von Schweinitz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gambazzi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013908:Thoracotomy