title: Indole is an inter-species biofilm signal mediated by SdiA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As a stationary phase signal, indole is secreted in large quantities into rich medium by Escherichia coli and has been shown to control several genes (e.g., astD, tnaB, gabT), multi-drug exporters, and the pathogenicity island of E. coli; however, its impact on biofilm formation has not been well-studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Through a series of global transcriptome analyses, confocal microscopy, isogenic mutants, and dual-species biofilms, we show here that indole is a non-toxic signal that controls E. coli biofilms by repressing motility, inducing the sensor of the quorum sensing signal autoinducer-1 (SdiA), and influencing acid resistance (e.g., hdeABD, gadABCEX). Isogenic mutants showed these associated proteins are directly related to biofilm formation (e.g., the sdiA mutation increased biofilm formation 50-fold), and SdiA-mediated transcription was shown to be influenced by indole. The reduction in motility due to indole addition results in the biofilm architecture changing from scattered towers to flat colonies. Additionally, there are 12-fold more E. coli cells in dual-species biofilms grown in the presence of Pseudomonas cells engineered to express toluene o-monooxygenase (TOM, which converts indole to an insoluble indigoid) than in biofilms with pseudomonads that do not express TOM due to a 22-fold reduction in extracellular indole. Also, indole stimulates biofilm formation in pseudomonads. Further evidence that the indole effects are mediated by SdiA and homoserine lactone quorum sensing is that the addition of N-butyryl-, N-hexanoyl-, and N-octanoyl-L-homoserine lactones repress E. coli biofilm formation in the wild-type strain but not with the sdiA mutant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indole is an interspecies signal that decreases E. coli biofilms through SdiA and increases those of pseudomonads. Indole may be manipulated to control biofilm formation by oxygenases of bacteria that do not synthesize it in a dual-species biofilm. Furthermore, E. coli changes its biofilm in response to signals it cannot synthesize (homoserine lactones), and pseudomonads respond to signals they do not synthesize (indole).
authors.affiliation: Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA. Jintae.Lee@chemail.tamu.edu <Jintae.Lee@chemail.tamu.edu>
authors.forename: Jintae
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Arul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jayaraman
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D017753:Ecosystem; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009154:Mutation; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D007211:Indoles; C097686:SdiA protein, bacteria; D015534:Trans-Activators; C088386:homoserine lactone; C030374:indole; D014364:Tryptophan; D015107:4-Butyrolactone