title: Transcriptome analysis of the venom gland of the Mexican scorpion Hadrurus gertschi (Arachnida: Scorpiones).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scorpions like other venomous animals possess a highly specialized organ that produces, secretes and disposes the venom components. In these animals, the last postabdominal segment, named telson, contains a pair of venomous glands connected to the stinger. The isolation of numerous scorpion toxins, along with cDNA-based gene cloning and, more recently, proteomic analyses have provided us with a large collection of venom components sequences. However, all of them are secreted, or at least are predicted to be secretable gene products. Therefore very little is known about the cellular processes that normally take place inside the glands for production of the venom mixture. To gain insights into the scorpion venom gland biology, we have decided to perform a transcriptomic analysis by constructing a cDNA library and conducting a random sequencing screening of the transcripts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the cDNA library prepared from a single venom gland of the scorpion Hadrurus gertschi, 160 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were analyzed. These transcripts were further clustered into 68 unique sequences (20 contigs and 48 singlets), with an average length of 919 bp. Half of the ESTs can be confidentially assigned as homologues of annotated gene products. Annotation of these ESTs, with the aid of Gene Ontology terms and homology to eukaryotic orthologous groups, reveals some cellular processes important for venom gland function; including high protein synthesis, tuned posttranslational processing and trafficking. Nonetheless, the main group of the identified gene products includes ESTs similar to known scorpion toxins or other previously characterized scorpion venom components, which account for nearly 60% of the identified proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the best of our knowledge this report contains the first transcriptome analysis of genes transcribed by the venomous gland of a scorpion. The data were obtained for the species Hadrurus gertschi, belonging to the family Caraboctonidae. One hundred and sixty ESTs were analyzed, showing enrichment in genes that encode for products similar to known venom components, but also provides the first sketch of cellular components, molecular functions, biological processes and some unique sequences of the scorpion venom gland.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Cuernavaca, Mexico. efschwa@unb.br <efschwa@unb.br>
authors.forename: Elisabeth F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Elia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Diego-Garcia
authors.forename: Ricardo C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rodríguez de la Vega
authors.forename: Lourival D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Possani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D019295:Computational Biology; D005088:Exocrine Glands / Q000378:metabolism*; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015723:Gene Library; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012605:Scorpions / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins