title: Sentinel node sampling limits lymphadenectomy in stage I non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is controversial whether a systematic mediastinal lymph node dissection (MLND) needs to be performed in all patients with stage I lung cancer. The present study was done to examine the new sentinel lymph nodes hypothesis based on the lobe of the primary tumor.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our first study, the lymph node (LN) metastases were assessed in 291 stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who had a major lung resection with a systematic mediastinal lymph node dissection. We evaluated the validity of using our new sentinel lymph nodes method based on the lobe of the primary tumor as follows: the pretracheal (#3), tracheobronchial (#4), and hilar nodes (#10) for right upper lobe tumors; #4, subcarinal (#7), and #10 for middle lobe tumors; the subaortic (#5), paraaortic (#6), and #10 for left upper lobe tumors; and the #7, #10, and interlobar nodes (#11) for tumors in either lower lobes. In the second study, we performed a lobectomy with new sentinel node sampling in 64 patients with preoperative complications. If all of the sampling nodes showed no metastases on frozen section diagnosis, systematic node dissections were not performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six of 291 patients in the first study had skip metastases that did not involve the new sentinel nodes; 5 of the 6 patients had macroscopic pleural invasion. Thus, we defined pleural invasion as an exclusion criterion for the second study. In the second study, the median follow-up time was 39 months. Metastatic lymph nodes were detected in 11 of 64 patients. Fifty-three patients (83%) had no metastasis in the sampled nodes, and, therefore, a mediastinal lymph node dissection was not done. The morbidity rate in the sampling group was 36%, and there was no mortality. In the sampling group, local recurrences were observed in two patients, distant metastases in eight, and carcinomatous pleuritis in one; the overall 5-year survival rate was 82%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that it is possible to perform a less invasive lymphadenectomy for patients with stage I lung cancer using intra-operative sampling of new sentinel lymph nodes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan. mmuraoka@lucky.odn.ne.jp
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muraoka
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akamine
authors.forename: Tadayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tagawa
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Tomoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.forename: Tomayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagayasu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008482:Mediastinum / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D016019:Survival Analysis