title: Economic burden of haematological adverse effects in cancer patients: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients receiving cancer treatments commonly experience haematological adverse effects (AEs) related to chemotherapy or molecularly targeted therapies, which may be associated with high healthcare costs. The objective of this review was to summarise the published literature on the economic burden of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and anaemia as AEs of cancer treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of the medical literature published between 1990 and 2006 was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, related article links and supplemental searches. References selected for inclusion were prospective or retrospective studies specifically designed to examine the burden of illness, direct medical costs, indirect costs and/or cost drivers associated with neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and anaemia in adult cancer patients. All costs are reported as originally published and adjusted to 2006 US dollars.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the US, the cost of neutropenia ranged from $US 1893 (2006 value $US 2632) per outpatient episode to $US 38,583 ($US 49,917) per febrile neutropenia hospitalisation. For countries outside the US, the cost of neutropenia appeared to be lower. The cost of thrombocytopenia ranged from $US 1035 ($US 1395) to $US 5328 ($US 7635) per cycle or episode in the US. Costs attributable to anaemia ranged from $US 18,418 ($US 22,775) to $US 69,478 ($US 93,454) per year in the US. The costs of AEs for patients with haematological malignancies appeared to be up to 2-3 times higher than those for patients with solid tumours. Economic studies of the cost of haematological AEs specific to new molecularly targeted treatments for haematological malignancy have not been published.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chemotherapy-related haematological AEs result in a substantial economic burden on patients, payers, caregivers and society in general. Because of their burden, the frequency and severity of these toxicities should be one of the key factors in the selection of optimal treatments for patients with cancer, especially those with haematological malignancies. Future research is needed to assess the economic burden of AEs associated with new molecularly targeted treatments for haematological malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Pharmerit North America LLC, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Liou
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Carpiuc
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Botteman
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hay
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000191:economics*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017281:Cost of Illness; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000191:economics*; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents