title: Relationship of mitochondrial DNA depletion and respiratory chain activity in preadipocytes treated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the impact of adipocyte differentiation on nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-mediated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion and to correlate mtDNA depletion with the activity of the respiratory chain complexes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied adipocyte phenotype, viability, differentiation (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein [C/EBP]-alpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [PPAR]-gamma expression), adiponectin production, mtDNA content, activity of respiratory chain complexes and citrate synthase activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cells were exposed to zidovudine (6 microM or 180 microM), stavudine (3 microM or 90 microM), and zalcitabine (0.1 microM or 3 microM) at different developmental stages for up to 2 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Zidovudine and stavudine impaired adiponectin production in vitro at therapeutic Cmax concentrations, but none of the tested NRTIs had a negative impact on adipocyte differentiation or led to mtDNA depletion at these concentrations. Susceptibility of preadipocytes to mtDNA depletion was dependent on cell proliferation and differentiation, and mtDNA depletion occurred only after exposure to high drug concentrations. Under these conditions, stavudine led to up to 80% mtDNA depletion in both dividing and differentiating preadipocytes, whereas zidovudine affected mtDNA only in the differentiating cells. Despite mtDNA depletion by NRTIs, activity of the respiratory chain complexes was found to be unimpaired.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found mtDNA depletion in adipocytes but proliferation and/or differentiation of the cells seems to be a prerequisite for this phenomenon. Depletion of mtDNA up to 80%, however, was not associated with impaired respiratory chain activity in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Metodi V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Stankov
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lücke
authors.forename: Anibh M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Reinhold E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Georg M N
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Behrens
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000378:metabolism*; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000187:drug effects*; D039682:HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D010641:Phenotype; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018119:Stavudine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D016047:Zalcitabine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; C499919:Adipoq protein, mouse; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D014280:Triglycerides; D015215:Zidovudine; D016047:Zalcitabine; D018119:Stavudine