title: Alterations in xenobiotic metabolism in the long-lived Little mice.
abstract: Our previous microarray expression analysis of the long-lived Little mice (Ghrhr(lit/lit)) showed a concerted up-regulation of xenobiotic detoxification genes. Here, we show that this up-regulation is associated with a potent increase in resistance against the adverse effects of a variety of xenobiotics, including the hepatotoxins acetaminophen and bromobenzene and the paralyzing agent zoxazolamine. The classic xenobiotic receptors Car (Constitutive Androstane Receptor) and Pxr (Pregnane X Receptor) are considered key regulators of xenobiotic metabolism. Using double and triple knockout/mutant mouse models we found, however, that Car and Pxr are not required for the up-regulation of xenobiotic genes in Little mice. Our results suggest instead that bile acids and the primary bile acid receptor Fxr (farnesoid X receptor) are likely mediators of the up-regulation of xenobiotic detoxification genes in Little mice. Bile acid levels are considerably elevated in the bile, serum, and liver of Little mice. We found that treatment of wild-type animals with cholic acid, one of the major bile acids elevated in Little mice, mimics in large part the up-regulation of xenobiotic detoxification genes observed in Little mice. Additionally, the loss of Fxr had a major effect on the expression of the xenobiotic detoxification genes up-regulated in Little mice. A large fraction of these genes lost or decreased their high expression levels in double mutant mice for Fxr and Ghrhr. The alterations in xenobiotic metabolism in Little mice constitute a form of increased stress resistance and may contribute to the extended longevity of these mice.
authors.affiliation: Molecular & Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. da135453@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amador-Noguez
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Wendong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Setchell
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Gretchen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Darlington
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008136:Longevity / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015262:Xenobiotics; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated