title: Urolithiasis in pediatric patients: a single center study of incidence, clinical presentation and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of kidney stones in adults has increased in the last 30 years. This retrospective, single site review was done to test the hypotheses that the incidence of urolithiasis in pediatric patients increased from 1994 to 2005, and that metabolic abnormalities were more common in patients with renal stones in the final 3 years of the study period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Charts from 2 time periods were reviewed, 1994 to 1996 (period 1) and 2003 to 2005 (period 2). Clinical and laboratory data, including demographics, presenting complaints, laboratory assessment, treatment and outcome, were tabulated in patients with confirmed urolithiasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of patients with urolithiasis increased from 7 in period 1 to 61 in period 2. When expressed as cases per 100 new patients the incidence increased 4.6 times (p = 0.014). Focusing on period 2, 28% of patients were younger than 10 years. While blood tests were generally normal, 76% of patients had at least 1 abnormality in the 24-hour urine collection. Hypocitraturia, which was the most common metabolic abnormality, was noted in 52% of patients. The small number of patients in period 1 precluded determination as to whether metabolic abnormalities were more common in period 2. Surgery and/or lithotripsy was required in 12 children. Stone disease recurred in 39% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of urolithiasis in the pediatric population increased nearly 5-fold at our institution during the last decade. We recommend that the primary diagnostic test be a 24-hour urine collection. The most common metabolic abnormality was hypocitraturia, followed by hypercalciuria. Recurrence of stones is common (approximately 40% rate) and followup is advised.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Schneider Children's Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, 269-01 76th Avenue, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA.
authors.forename: Kristy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: VanDervoort
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiesen
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vento
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Crosby
authors.forename: Manju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Trachtman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000150:complications; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy