title: Association between vitamin D and age-related macular degeneration in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 through 1994.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the associations between levels of vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) in serum and prevalent age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional associations of serum vitamin D and early and advanced AMD, assessed from nonmydriatic fundus photographs, were evaluated in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a multistage nationally representative probability sample of noninstitutionalized individuals (N = 7752; 11% with AMD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of serum vitamin D were inversely associated with early AMD but not advanced AMD. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for early AMD among participants in the highest vs lowest quintile of serum vitamin D was 0.64 (95% CI, 0.5-0.8; P trend <.001). Exploratory analyses were conducted to evaluate associations with important food and supplemental sources of vitamin D. Milk intake was inversely associated with early AMD (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.6-0.9). Fish intake was inversely associated with advanced AMD (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9). Consistent use vs nonuse of vitamin D from supplements was inversely associated with early AMD only in individuals who did not consume milk daily (early AMD: OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.5-0.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that vitamin D may protect against AMD. Additional studies are needed to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Niyati
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Parekh
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Chappell
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Millen
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mares
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010781:Photography; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D014481:United States; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D