title: Elevated urinary aluminium in current and past users of illicit heroin.
abstract: The use of illicit heroin is associated with aberrant neurology of unknown aetiology and various psychiatric illnesses. Aluminium, which is a proven neurotoxin, is present in significant amounts in illicit heroin and may also be volatilized and inhaled following the vaporization of heroin off aluminium foil ('Chasing the Dragon'). The purpose of this study was to establish if the use of illicit heroin was associated with an increase in the body burden of aluminium. We have used graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry to measure the aluminium and iron contents of the urine of current and past users of illicit heroin and used these data to estimate body burdens of aluminium. Urinary excretion of aluminium is the most effective non-invasive indicator of the body burden of aluminium and was found to be significantly (P < 0.001) higher in users of illicit heroin, range 14-3382 nmol/mmol creatinine (mean +/- SD; 222 +/- 491 nmol/mmol creatinine), than in a normal non-drug abusing control population, range 23-74 nmol/mmol creatinine (mean +/- SD; 43 +/- 19 nmol/mmol creatinine). Exposure to aluminium from the use of illicit heroin may be of particular significance because the urinary excretion of iron, another major contaminant of illicit heroin, in users (mean +/- SD; 53 +/- 63 nmol/mmol creatinine) was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the control population (mean +/- SD; 38 +/- 18 nmol/mmol creatinine). We have shown for the first time that the use of illicit heroin may be a significant contributor to the body burden of aluminium. Further research will be required to determine if adventitious aluminium has a role in heroin use-related neuropathology and neurology.
authors.affiliation: Birchall Centre for Inorganic Chemistry and Materials Science, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Staffordshire, UK. c.exley@chem.keele.ac.uk
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Exley
authors.forename: Usman
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polwart
authors.forename: Roger N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Bloor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000535:Aluminum / Q000652:urine*; D001822:Body Burden; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004340:Drug Contamination; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D003932:Heroin / Q000652:urine*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D003932:Heroin; D003404:Creatinine; D000535:Aluminum