title: Reactive oxygen species mediate a cellular 'memory' of high glucose stress signalling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A long-term 'memory' of hyperglycaemic stress, even when glycaemia is normalised, has been previously reported in endothelial cells. In this report we sought to duplicate and extend this finding.
  
  
  METHODS
  HUVECs and ARPE-19 retinal cells were incubated in 5 or in 30 mmol/l glucose for 3 weeks or subjected to 1 week of normal glucose after being exposed for 2 weeks to continuous high glucose. HUVECs were also treated in this last condition with several antioxidants. Similarly, four groups of rats were studied for 3 weeks: (1) normal rats; (2) diabetic rats not treated with insulin; (3) diabetic rats treated with insulin during the last week; and (4) diabetic rats treated with insulin plus alpha-lipoic acid in the last week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In human endothelial cells and ARPE-19 retinal cells in culture, as well as in the retina of diabetic rats, levels of the following markers of high glucose stress remained induced for 1 week after levels of glucose had normalised: protein kinase C-beta, NAD(P)H oxidase subunit p47phox, BCL-2-associated X protein, 3-nitrotyrosine, fibronectin, poly(ADP-ribose) Blockade of reactive species using different approaches, i.e. the mitochondrial antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid, overexpression of uncoupling protein 2, oxypurinol, apocynin and the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor PJ34, interrupted the induction both of high glucose stress markers and of the fluorescent reactive oxygen species (ROS) probe CM-H(2)DCFDA in human endothelial cells. Similar results were obtained in the retina of diabetic rats with alpha-lipoic acid added to the last week of normalised glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide proof-of-principle of a ROS-mediated cellular persistence of vascular stress after glucose normalisation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ihnat
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Thorpe
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kamat
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Szabó
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Warnke
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lacza
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cselenyák
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shakir
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Piconi
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kaltreider
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceriello
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D005947:Glucose