title: Parental pain expectancy as a mediator between child expected and experienced procedure-related pain intensity during painful medical procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this prospective investigation was to evaluate child and parental expectancies as a predictor of pain perception in pediatric oncology patients undergoing painful medical procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five children with leukemia or non-Hodgkin lymphoma and their parents rated expected and experienced pain during lumbar punctures at baseline, during intervention (ie, cognitive-behavior therapy) administered by a therapist and when children were using cognitive-behavior therapy skills independently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parental and child expectancies were significantly correlated. Parents consistently expected their children to experience more pain than children were expecting themselves. Parental expectancy was found to mediate the relationship between child expected and experienced pain during every phase of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that parental expectancies are reliable predictors of pediatric procedure-related pain and possible useful targets for psychologic interventions to manage such pain.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK. cliossi@soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liossi
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Franck
authors.forename: Popi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hatira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000150:complications; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013129:Spinal Puncture / Q000009:adverse effects*