title: Echocardiographic reference values in whippets.
abstract: The aim of the study was to establish reference echocardiographic values for whippets, to compare these values with previously published reference values for the general dog population, and to determine whether there is an influence of gender and breeding lines on echocardiographic measurements. Echocardiographic parameters from 105 apparently healthy whippets without cardiac symptoms were used to establish reference values for the breed and to compare these values with two previously reported reference ranges. The coefficients of the allometric equation Y= aM(b), useful to reconstruct normal M-mode and two-dimensional average values for whippets of varying weights, were calculated, as well as the lower and upper limits of the 95% prediction interval. First, we found that whippets have a significantly larger left ventricular diameter, increased left ventricular wall, and interventricular septum thickness than expected, in diastole as well as in systole. Fractional shortening was significantly lower than the reference value. Second, comparing males and females, taking body weight differences into account, females had a significantly larger left ventricular diameter in diastole and systole. Minor differences were found between racing and show pedigree dogs. In conclusion, the results of this study confirm that breed-specific reference values are needed in echocardiography. In whippets, the values found in this study can be used as references in order to avoid overinterpretation of cardiac dilation, hypertrophy, and/or decreased contractility in these dogs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. valerie.bavegems@UGent.be
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bavegems
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duchateau
authors.forename: Stanislas U
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Sys
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Rick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D001947:Breeding; D003971:Diastole; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D012015:Reference Standards; D012016:Reference Values; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013045:Species Specificity; D013599:Systole