title: Normative values for the assessment of gustatory function using liquid tastants.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  The present study introduces normative data for the 'three-drop test' of gustatory function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Although in some instances liquid tastants appear to be preferable for the measurement of taste function, no such test has been established for the routine clinical testing. The aim of the present study was to provide normative data for a test system based on administration of taste solutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The investigation involved 230 participants (104 female, 126 male, mean age 39 years, age range 14-79 years). After establishing the concentration range of the taste solutions, recognition thresholds were obtained for the four basic tastes using a three-alternative forced choice paradigm (three-drop test).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study confirmed previous observations on effects of age and sex on gustatory function, with younger subjects being more sensitive than older ones, and women being more sensitive than men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gudziol
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hummel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D001628:Beverages; D019343:Citric Acid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011803:Quinine; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013395:Sucrose; D013651:Taste Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D019343:Citric Acid; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013395:Sucrose; D011803:Quinine