title: Non-target effects on aquatic decomposer organisms of imidacloprid as a systemic insecticide to control emerald ash borer in riparian trees.
abstract: Imidacloprid is effective against emerald ash borer when applied as a systemic insecticide. Following stem or soil injections to trees in riparian areas, imidacloprid residues could be indirectly introduced to aquatic systems via leaf fall or leaching. Either route of exposure may affect non-target, aquatic decomposer organisms. Leaves from ash trees treated with imidacloprid at two field rates and an intentionally-high concentration were added to aquatic microcosms. Leaves from trees treated at the two field rates contained imidacloprid concentrations of 0.8-1.3 ppm, and did not significantly affect leaf-shredding insect survival, microbial respiration or microbial decomposition rates. Insect feeding rates were significantly inhibited at foliar concentrations of 1.3 ppm but not at 0.8 ppm. Leaves from intentionally high-dose trees contained concentrations of about 80 ppm, and resulted in 89-91% mortality of leaf-shredding insects, but no adverse effects on microbial respiration and decomposition rates. Imidacloprid applied directly to aquatic microcosms to simulate leaching from soils was at least 10 times more toxic to aquatic insects than the foliar concentrations, with high mortality at 0.13 ppm and significant feeding inhibition at 0.012 ppm.
authors.affiliation: Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen St. East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, P6A 2E5. DAve.Kreutzweiser@nrcan.gc.ca
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kreutzweiser
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Good
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chartrand
authors.forename: Taylor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scarr
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000187:drug effects*; D004175:Diptera / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D017753:Ecosystem; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D020387:Food Chain; D031661:Fraxinus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000469:parasitology*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000633:toxicity*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D013696:Temperature; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C082359:imidacloprid