title: Transplantation of 3D scaffolds seeded with human embryonic stem cells: biological features of surrogate tissue and teratoma-forming potential.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To generate complex surrogate tissue by transplanting 3D scaffolds seeded with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) between the liver lobules of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice and to assess the teratoma-forming potential.
  
  
  METHODS
  3D poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds coated with laminin were seeded with hESCs and then transplanted between the liver lobules of SCID mice. After a period of in vivo differentiation, the scaffolds were retrieved and analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescent staining and scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A proportion of the hESCs within the scaffolds differentiated into cells that produced proteins characteristic of specific tissues, including endoderm and pancreatic markers glucogon-like peptide-1 receptor, islet amyloid polypeptide and Insulin. Markers of hepatic and neuronal lineages were also investigated. Major matrix proteins abundant in multiple tissue types, including collagen I, laminin and collagen IV, were found to be profuse within the scaffold pores. Transplantation of the seeded scaffolds between liver lobules also resulted in extensive vascularization both from host blood vessel incursion and the differentiation of hESCs into endothelial progenitor cells. An investigation of teratoma-forming potential demonstrated that transplantation of 3D scaffolds seeded with hESCs will, under certain conditions, lead to the growth of teratomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transplantation of 3D scaffolds seeded with hESCs between liver lobules resulted in the development of surrogate tissue containing cells that produced proteins representing the pancreatic, hepatic and neuronal lineages, the assembly of an extracellular matrix structure and the formation of a vasculature. hESCs seeded within 3D scaffolds and transplanted into SCID mice were capable of forming teratomas. However, the formation and progression of teratoma growth is shown to be dependant on both the site of transplantation and the treatment of cells prior to transplantation.
authors.affiliation: University of New South Wales, Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.
authors.forename: Justin G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.forename: Sue Anne
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Tristan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Croll
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cooper-White
authors.forename: Leon R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: McQuade
authors.forename: Bagyalakshmi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mathiyalagan
authors.forename: Bernard E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Tuch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D010179:Pancreas / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D013724:Teratoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials