title: Interventions aimed at increasing research use in nursing: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There has been considerable interest recently in developing and evaluating interventions to increase research use by clinicians. However, most work has focused on medical practices; and nursing is not well represented in existing systematic reviews. The purpose of this article is to report findings from a systematic review of interventions aimed at increasing research use in nursing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the evidence on interventions aimed at increasing research use in nursing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of research use in nursing was conducted using databases (Medline, CINAHL, Healthstar, ERIC, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Psychinfo), grey literature, ancestry searching (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews), key informants, and manual searching of journals. Randomized controlled trials and controlled before- and after-studies were included if they included nurses, if the intervention was explicitly aimed at increasing research use or evidence-based practice, and if there was an explicit outcome to research use. Methodological quality was assessed using pre-existing tools. Data on interventions and outcomes were extracted and categorized using a pre-established taxonomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 8,000 titles were screened. Three randomized controlled trials and one controlled before- and after-study met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of included studies was generally low. Three investigators evaluated single interventions. The most common intervention was education. Investigators measured research use using a combination of surveys (three studies) and compliance with guidelines (one study). Researcher-led educational meetings were ineffective in two studies. Educational meetings led by a local opinion leader (one study) and the formation of multidisciplinary committees (one study) were both effective at increasing research use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Little is known about how to increase research use in nursing, and the evidence to support or refute specific interventions is inconclusive. To advance the field, we recommend that investigators: (1) use theoretically informed interventions to increase research use, (2) measure research use longitudinally using theoretically informed and psychometrically sound measures of research use, as well as, measuring patient outcomes relevant to the intervention, and (3) use more robust and methodologically sound study designs to evaluate interventions. If investigators aim to establish a link between using research and improved patient outcomes they must first identify those interventions that are effective at increasing research use.
authors.affiliation: Knowledge Utilization Studies Program, Faculty of Nursing, 5-112 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3 Canada . dst3@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Carole A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Estabrooks
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scott-Findlay
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wallin