title: Smoking interferes with the prognosis of dental implant treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This systematic literature review was performed to investigate if smoking interferes with the prognosis of implants with and without accompanying augmentation procedures compared with non-smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic electronic and handsearch (articles published between 1989 and 2005; English and German language; search terms "dental or oral implants and smoking"; "dental or oral implants and tobacco") was performed to identify publications providing numbers of failed implants, related to the numbers of smokers and non-smokers for meta-analysis. Publications providing statistically examined data of implant failures or biologic complications among smokers compared with non-smokers were included for systematic review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 139 publications identified, 29 were considered for meta-analysis and 35 for systematic review. Meta-analysis revealed a significantly enhanced risk for implant failure among smokers [implant-related odds ratio (OR) 2.25, confidence interval (CI(95%)) 1.96-2.59; patient-related OR 2.64; CI(95%) 1.70-4.09] compared with non-smokers, and for smokers receiving implants with accompanying augmentation procedures (OR 3.61; CI(95%) 2.26-5.77, implant related). The systematic review indicated significantly enhanced risks of biologic complications among smokers. Five studies revealed no significant impact of smoking on prognosis of implants with particle-blasted, acid-etched or anodic oxidized surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking is a significant risk factor for dental implant therapy and augmentation procedures accompanying implantations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery and Dental Radiology, Campus Virchow Clinic, Centre for Dental Medicine, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany. frank.strietzel@charite.de
authors.forename: Frank Peter
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Strietzel
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Reichart
authors.forename: Abhijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kale
authors.forename: Milind
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wegner
authors.forename: Ingeborg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Küchler
mesh_terms: D000540:Alveolar Ridge Augmentation; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants