title: Endogenous secretory receptor for advanced glycation endproducts as a novel prognostic marker in chondrosarcoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chondrosarcoma, the second most frequent primary malignant bone tumor, is classified into 3 grades according to histologic criteria of malignancy. However, a low-grade lesion can be difficult to distinguish from a benign enchondroma, whereas some histologically low-grade lesions may carry a poor prognosis. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and its ligand, high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), was quantified in enchondromas and chondrosarcomas to determine whether these markers were associated with histological malignancy and prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enchondromas (n = 20) and typical chondrosarcomas (n = 39) were evaluated for RAGE, endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE, a splice variant form), and HMGB1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry including laser confocal microscopy. The content of esRAGE in resected specimens was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Associations of these molecules with histology and clinical behavior of tumors were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of esRAGE and HMGB1 was observed in all specimens. The numbers of cells positive for esRAGE and HMGB1 expression were positively associated with histologic grade. Expression of esRAGE was significantly higher in chondrosarcomas than in enchondromas (P < .001). Tissue esRAGE content was also significantly higher in grade 1 and 2 chondrosarcomas than enchondromas (P = .0255 and P = .008, respectively). High expression of esRAGE in grade 1 chondrosarcoma was associated with subsequent recurrence (P = .0013), lung metastasis (P = .0071), and poor survival (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment of esRAGE expression should aid in diagnostic and prognostic determinations in chondrosarcoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuneyama
authors.forename: Chunmei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Hideto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yonekura
authors.forename: Takuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Katsuji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Katsuro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002812:Chondroma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002813:Chondrosarcoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic