title: Central sleep apnea, right ventricular dysfunction, and low diastolic blood pressure are predictors of mortality in systolic heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether central sleep apnea (CSA) contributes to mortality in patients with heart failure (HF).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cheyne-Stokes breathing with CSA commonly occurs in patients with systolic HF. Consequences of CSA, including altered blood gases and neurohormonal activation, could result in further left ventricular dysfunction. Therefore, we hypothesized that CSA might contribute to mortality of patients with HF.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed 88 patients with systolic HF (left ventricular ejection fraction < or =45%) with (n = 56) or without (n = 32) CSA. The median follow-up was 51 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (+/-SD) of apnea-hypopnea index was significantly higher in patients with CSA (34 +/- 25/h) than those without CSA (2 +/- 1/h). Most of these events were central apneas. In Cox multiple regression analysis, 3 of 24 confounding variables independently correlated with survival. The median survival of patients with CSA was 45 months compared with 90 months of those without CSA (hazard ratio = 2.14, p = 0.02). The other 2 variables that correlated with poor survival were severity of right ventricular systolic dysfunction and low diastolic blood pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with systolic HF, CSA, severe right ventricular systolic dysfunction, and low diastolic blood pressure might have an adverse effect on survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, USA. Javaheri@snorenomore.com
authors.forename: Shahrokh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Javaheri
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: Haoyue
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeigler
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wexler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017286:Polysomnography; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020182:Sleep Apnea, Central / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000503:physiopathology*