title: Effects of complete heart block on myocardial function, morphology, and energy metabolism in the rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Severe sustained bradycardia may cause acute and possibly chronic congestive heart failure (CHF). The aim of this study was to investigate acute and chronic effects of complete heart block (CHB) on cardiac function, morphology, and creatine (Cr) metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CHB was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats (approximately 250 g, n = 11) by means of electrocautery applied to the region of AV node and were compared with controls (n = 15). The rats were investigated at 1, 3, and 12 weeks after CHB induction with transthoracic echocardiography. Invasive haemodynamic assessment of left and right ventricular pressures was performed at 12 weeks. After the sacrifice, the hearts were freeze-clamped for analysis of myocardial Cr, and high energy phosphometabolites. The efficacy of operative procedure was 54%. The peri-operative mortality rate was 20%. Heart rate (HR) decreased by approximately 50% (P < 0.01) while stroke volume (SV) increased 2.5 times (P < 0.01) in the CHB rats. Cardiac index remained unchanged. The rats with CHB grew normally and were in no apparent distress. Filling pressures in left and right ventricles were normal. The CHB rats developed marked cardiomegaly with biventricular dilatation and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy (P < 0.01). There was no change in the myocardial content of Cr and high energy phosphometabolites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rats with CHB are compensating for reduction in HR with increased SV without haemodynamic and biochemical characteristics of CHF. This model may be useful to study the effects of CHB and bradycardia on myocardial structure, function, electrophysiology, and metabolism as well as for studies of cell therapy for reparation of AV conductance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Wallenberg Laboratory at Sahlgrenska Academy, Bruna stråket 16, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gizurarson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lorentzon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Råmunddal
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Waagstein
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bergfeldt
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Omerovic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004452:Echocardiography; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006327:Heart Block / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling