title: A new THOR shoulder design: a comparison with volunteers, the Hybrid III, and THOR NT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since the shoulders are rarely seriously injured in frontal or oblique collisions, they have been given low priority in the development of frontal impact crash test dummies. The shoulder complex geometry and its kinematics are of vital importance for the overall dummy kinematics. The shoulder complex also influences the risk of the safety belt slipping off the shoulder in oblique forward collisions. The first aim of this study was to develop a new 50th percentile male THOR shoulder design, while the second was to compare the new shoulder, mounted on a THOR NT dummy, with volunteer, THOR NT, and Hybrid III range of motion and stiffness data. The third aim was to test the repeatability of the new shoulder during dynamic testing and to see how the design behaves with respect to belt slippage in a 45 degrees far-side collision.
  
  
  METHODS
  The new 50th percentile THOR shoulder design was developed with the aid of a shell model of the seated University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) 50th percentile male with coordinates for joints and bony landmarks (Schneider et al., 1983). The new shoulder design has human-like bony landmarks for the acromion and coracoid processes. The clavicle curvature and length are also made similar to that of a male human, as is the range of motion in the anterior-posterior, superior-inferior, and medial-lateral directions. The new shoulder design was manufactured and tested under the same conditions that Törnvall et al. (2005b) used to compare the shoulder range of motion for the volunteers, Hybrid III, and THOR Alpha. The new design was also tested in two dynamic test configurations: the first was a 0 degrees full-frontal test and the second was a 45 degrees far-side test. The dummy tests were conducted with an R-16 seat with a three-point belt, the Delta V was 27.0+/-0.5 km/h and the maximum peak acceleration was approximately 14.6+/-0.5 g for each test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A new shoulder design with geometry close to that of humans was developed to be retrofitted to the THOR NT dummy. The results showed that the range of motion for the new shoulder complex during static loading was larger by at least a factor of three, for the maximum load (200 N/arm), than that of either the Hybrid III or the THOR NT; this means it was more similar to the volunteers' range of motion. It was observed that the THOR NT with the new shoulder did not slide out of the shoulder belt during a far-side collision. The performance of the new shoulder was reasonably repeatable and stable during both the static tests and the sled tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new shoulder for the THOR NT has been designed and developed, and data from static range of motion tests and sled tests indicate that the new shoulder complex has the potential to function in a more human-like manner on the THOR dummy.
authors.affiliation: Vehicle Safety Division, Department of Applied Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden. fredrik.tornvall@chalmers.se
authors.forename: Fredrik V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Törnvall
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holmqvist
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davidsson
authors.forename: Mats Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Yngve
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Håland
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohrn
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D006805:Human Experimentation; D006801:Humans; D008348:Manikins; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D013548:Sweden