Human Xip1 (C2orf13) is a novel regulator of cellular responses to DNA strand breaks.
DNA strand breaks arise continuously as the result of intracellular metabolism and in response to a multitude of genotoxic agents. To overcome such challenges to genomic stability, cells have evolved genome surveillance pathways that detect and repair damaged DNA in a coordinated fashion. Here we identify the previously uncharacterized human protein Xip1 (C2orf13) as a novel component of the checkpoint response to DNA strand breaks. Green fluorescent protein-tagged Xip1 was rapidly recruited to sites of DNA breaks, and this accumulation was dependent on a novel type of zinc finger motif located in the C terminus of Xip1. The initial recruitment kinetics of Xip1 closely paralleled that of XRCC1, a central organizer of single strand break (SSB) repair, and its accumulation was both delayed and sustained when the detection of SSBs was abrogated by inhibition of PARP-1. Xip1 and XRCC1 stably interacted through recognition of CK2 phosphorylation sites in XRCC1 by the Forkhead-associated (FHA) domain of Xip1, and XRCC1 was required to maintain steady-state levels of Xip1. Moreover, Xip1 was phosphorylated on Ser-116 by ataxia telangiectasia-mutated in response to ionizing radiation, further underscoring the potential importance of Xip1 in the DNA damage response. Finally, depletion of Xip1 significantly decreased the clonogenic survival of cells exposed to DNA SSB- or double strand break-inducing agents. Collectively, these findings implicate Xip1 as a new regulator of genome maintenance pathways, which may function to organize DNA strand break repair complexes at sites of DNA damage.
Bekker-Jensen
Simon
S
Centre for Genotoxic Stress Research and Department of Proteomics in Cancer, Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.
Fugger
Kasper
K
Danielsen
Jannie Rendtlew
JR
Gromova
Irina
I
Sehested
Maxwell
M
Celis
Julio
J
Bartek
Jiri
J
Lukas
Jiri
J
Mailand
Niels
N
D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded; D053904:DNA Breaks, Single-Stranded; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000502:physiology*; D043603:DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D042822:Genomic Instability / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D000075223:Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000502:physiology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000235:genetics; D000076105:X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1; D016335:Zinc Fingers / Q000235:genetics
D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D000075223:Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins; D000076105:X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1; C000619371:XRCC1 protein, human; C576597:ATR protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C520557:APLF protein, human; D043603:DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase