title: Fate of diuron and terbuthylazine in soils amended with two-phase olive oil mill waste.
abstract: The addition of organic amendments to soil increases soil organic matter content and stimulates soil microbial activity. Thus, processes affecting herbicide fate in the soil should be affected. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of olive oil production industry organic waste (alperujo) on soil sorption-desorption, degradation, and leaching of diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] and terbuthylazine [N2-tert-butyl-6-chloro-N4-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], two herbicides widely used in olive crops. The soils used in this study were a sandy soil and a silty clay soil from two different olive groves. The sandy soil was amended in the laboratory with fresh (uncomposted) alperujo at the rate of 10% w/w, and the silty clay soil was amended in the field with fresh alperujo at the rate of 256 kg per tree during 4 years and in the laboratory with fresh or composted alperujo. Sorption of both herbicides increased in laboratory-amended soils as compared to unamended or field-amended soils, and this process was less reversible in laboratory-amended soils, except for diuron in amended sandy soil. Addition of alperujo to soils increased half-lives of the herbicides in most of the soils. Diuron and terbuthylazine leached through unamended sandy soil, but no herbicide was detected in laboratory-amended soil. Diuron did not leach through amended or unamended silty clay soil, whereas small amounts of terbuthylazine were detected in leachates from unamended soil. Despite their higher sorption capacity, greater amounts of terbuthylazine were found in the leachates from amended silty clay soils. The amounts of dissolved organic matter from alperujo and the degree of humification can affect sorption, degradation, and leaching of these two classes of herbicides in soils. It appears that adding alperujo to soil would not have adverse impacts on the behavior of herbicides in olive production.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla IRNAS CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Velarde
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Koskinen
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cornejo
mesh_terms: D004237:Diuron / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005511:Food Handling; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis; D008027:Light; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D012987:Soil; D014227:Triazines; D004237:Diuron; C037565:terbutylazine