title: Depression in terminal illness: the need for primary care-specific research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Palliative care research highlights depression as a common, treatable condition in patients with terminal cancer. Guidance from the European Association for Palliative Care calls for proactive screening and treatment of the disease. However, prevalence of depression among primary care patients with advanced cancer is unknown and it remains uncertain whether existing guidance is appropriate for use by GPs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of depression in a primary care population with terminal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two-stage community prevalence survey conducted in primary care practices in Merseyside, UK. Adult patients with advanced metastatic cancer were invited to join the study. In phase 1, a depression screening tool (the Edinburgh Depression Scale [EDS]) was used to categorize patients as being high or low risk of depression. In phase 2, samples from each group underwent a diagnostic assessment using the revised Clinical Interview Schedule. Weighted prevalence estimates were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a final sample of 70 (response rate 47.9%), the prevalence of depression was 4.1% (95% confidence interval 0-8.8%). The sensitivity and specificity of the EDS were poorer than predicted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of depression in our sample was lower than expected given findings from previous studies. Screening tools also performed differently in this population. The limitations in our study are discussed; however, our findings raise questions about whether depression guidance from palliative care studies can be directly applied to a primary care setting. We propose the need for development of a primary palliative care evidence base to underpin appropriate clinical care.
authors.affiliation: Division of Primary Care, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GB, UK. joanne.reeve@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reeve
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lloyd-Williams
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dowrick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D010166:Palliative Care; D011320:Primary Health Care; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000523:psychology*