title: Inferior phrenic artery: anatomy, variations, pathologic conditions, and interventional management.
abstract: The inferior phrenic artery (IPA) is the most common source of extra-hepatic collateral blood supply for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and frequently supplies HCCs located in the bare area of the liver. Other pathologic conditions including hemoptysis, diaphragmatic or hepatic bleeding due to trauma or surgery, and bleeding caused by gastroesophageal problems (eg, Mallory-Weiss tear or gastroesophageal cancer) may be related to the IPA. Over a 4-year period, the authors performed 383 interventional procedures related to the IPA. The right and left IPAs originate with almost equal frequency from the aorta and celiac axis and with lesser frequency from the renal arteries. Various other sites of origin-such as the left gastric, hepatic, superior mesenteric, spermatic, and adrenal arteries-are also seen. Radiologists must be familiar with the normal spectrum of IPA anatomy so that detection and adequate interventional management can be achieved when pathologic conditions related to the IPA are present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul Paik Hospital, University of Inje College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Il
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Gwon
authors.forename: Gi-Young
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Hyun-Ki
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Kyu-Bo
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Jae Moung
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seok Jong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: Myong Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Jae-Chan
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Ghi Jai
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ho Kyun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006499:Hepatic Artery / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*