title: Prostate postbrachytherapy seed distribution: comparison of high-resolution, contrast-enhanced, T1- and T2-weighted endorectal magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography: initial experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare contrast-enhanced, T1-weighted, three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (CEMR) and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T2MR) with computed tomography (CT) for prostate brachytherapy seed location for dosimetric calculations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postbrachytherapy prostate MRI was performed on a 1.5 Tesla unit with combined surface and endorectal coils in 13 patients. Both CEMR and T2MR used a section thickness of 3 mm. Spiral CT used a section thickness of 5 mm with a pitch factor of 1.5. All images were obtained in the transverse plane. Two readers using CT and MR imaging assessed brachytherapy seed distribution independently. The dependency of data read by both readers for a specific subject was assessed with a linear mixed effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean percentage (+/- standard deviation) values of the readers for seed detection and location are presented. Of 1205 implanted seeds, CEMR, T2MR, and CT detected 91.5% +/- 4.8%, 78.5% +/- 8.5%, and 96.1% +/- 2.3%, respectively, with 11.8% +/- 4.5%, 8.5% +/- 3.5%, 1.9% +/- 1.0% extracapsular, respectively. Assignment to periprostatic structures was not possible with CT. Periprostatic seed assignments for CEMR and T2MR, respectively, were as follows: neurovascular bundle, 3.5% +/- 1.6% and 2.1% +/- 0.9%; seminal vesicles, 0.9% +/- 1.8% and 0.3% +/- 0.7%; periurethral, 7.1% +/- 3.3% and 5.8% +/- 2.9%; penile bulb, 0.6% +/- 0.8% and 0.3% +/- 0.6%; Denonvillier's Fascia/rectal wall, 0.5% +/- 0.6% and 0%; and urinary bladder, 0.1% +/- 0.3% and 0%. Data dependency analysis showed statistical significance for the type of imaging but not for reader identification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both enumeration and localization of implanted seeds are readily accomplished with CEMR. Calculations with MRI dosimetry do not require CT data. Dose determinations to specific extracapsular sites can be obtained with MRI but not with CT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. nbloch@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: B Nicolas
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Bloch
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Lenkinski
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Helbich
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oismueller
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaromi
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kubin
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hawliczek
authors.forename: Irving D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Neil M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Rofsky
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media