title: Matrix metalloproteinase 2: an important genetic marker for cholesteatomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study is to determine the MMP2s presence in cholesteatomas and whether complicating cholesteatomas show a higher immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2. Cholesteatoma produces enzymes that cause bone erosion like matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2).
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the expression of MMP2 in invasive (causing complications) compared to latent cholesteatomas (not causing complications). A cross-sectional study with nineteen slides and paraffin blocks of cholesteatomas derived from mastoidectomies were located and processed, including 8 invasive and 11 latent cholesteatomas. Immunohistochemical technique was empregated to MMP2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results are expressed as 0, + (to low), ++ and +++(high) according to the quantity and color of the immunohistochemical staining of MMP2. Higher expression of MMP2 was observed in 7 (87.5%) of the 8 invasive cholesteatomas. With respect to latent cholesteatomas, higher expression of MMP2 was observed in 27.3% (3 cases), with Fishers exact test indicating a significant difference (p=0.015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cholesteatoamas express MMP2 and Invasive cholesteatomas had high MMP2 compared to latent cholesteatomas.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital, USP, São Paulo, Brazil. douglas.morales@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Douglas Salmazo Rocha
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: Norma de Oliveira
authors.initials: Nde O
authors.lastname: Penido
authors.forename: Ismael Dale Coltrin Guerreiro
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: João Norberto
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Stávale
authors.forename: Arnaldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guilherme
authors.forename: Yotaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukuda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D018424:Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2