title: Direct imaging of the pelvic floor muscles using two-dimensional ultrasound: a comparison of women with urogenital prolapse versus controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the anatomy of the levator ani muscle in women with urogenital prolapse versus matched controls without prolapse using real-time two-dimensional (2-D) ultrasound.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral urogynaecology unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and 24 women (controls) attending a gynaecology clinic without prolapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants completed a standardised symptom questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  The morphology of the vagina and paravaginal tissue was recorded at different levels. The thickness of the levator ani and the hiatal area were measured at rest. Reproducibility of the method was assessed by repeated measurements to assess intra-observer variability and inter-observer variability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This method showed good intra-observer and inter-observer reproducibility and reliability. In controls, the pubococcygeus muscle showed more regular echogenicity with no evidence of trauma, whereas in women with prolapse the muscle had mixed echogenicity. (P = 0.002). The mean thickness of the pubococcygeus did not differ between groups. The levator hiatal area was significantly larger in women with pelvic floor prolapse versus controls (17.8 cm2 versus 13.5 cm2, P < 0.001). This increase in hiatal area positively and significantly correlated with prolapse severity (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morphology and hiatal area can be reliably imaged using 2-D ultrasound. Prolapse was related to changes in pelvic floor morphology and increased levator hiatal area. The use of 2-D ultrasound provides an important insight into the pathophysiology of prolapse.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece. athanasio@otenet.gr
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Athanasiou
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chaliha
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Toozs-Hobson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salvatore
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Khullar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cardozo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014596:Uterine Prolapse / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D014621:Vagina / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology