title: Effect of rivastigmine on delay to diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease from mild cognitive impairment: the InDDEx study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of rivastigmine in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) on the time to clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the rate of cognitive decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of up to 48 months. All patients had MCI operationally defined by having cognitive symptoms, a global clinical dementia rating stage of 0.5, a score of less than 9 on the New York University delayed paragraph recall test, and by not meeting the diagnostic criteria for AD. Primary efficacy variables were time to clinical diagnosis of AD, and change in performance on a cognitive test battery. This study is registered with the US National Institutes of Health clinical trials database (ClinicalTrials.gov), number NCT00000174.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1018 study patients enrolled, 508 were randomly assigned to rivastigmine and 510 to placebo; 17.3% of patients on rivastigmine and 21.4% on placebo progressed to AD (hazard ratio 0.85 [95% CI 0.64-1.12]; p=0.225). There was no significant difference between the rivastigmine and placebo groups on the standardised Z score for the cognitive test battery measured as mean change from baseline to endpoint (-0.10 [95% CI -0.63 to 0.44], p=0.726). Serious adverse events were reported by 141 (27.9%) rivastigmine-treated patients and 155 (30.5%) patients on placebo; adverse events of all types were reported by 483 (95.6%) rivastigmine-treated patients and 472 (92.7%) placebo-treated patients. The predominant adverse events were cholinergic: the frequencies of nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and dizziness were two to four times higher in the rivastigmine group than in the placebo group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no significant benefit of rivastigmine on the progression rate to AD or on cognitive function over 4 years. The overall rate of progression from MCI to AD in this randomised clinical trial was much lower than predicted. Rivastigmine treatment was not associated with any significant safety concerns.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia Hospital, Vancouver, Canada. hfeldman@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Howard H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferris
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winblad
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sfikas
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mancione
authors.forename: Yunsheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Sibel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tekin
authors.forename: Alistair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: Teodoro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: del Ser
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inzitari
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Orgogozo
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scheltens
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scarpini
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farlow
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Potkin
authors.forename: H Cecil
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.forename: Nick C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D048448:Phenylcarbamates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068836:Rivastigmine; D014202:Tremor / Q000139:chemically induced; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D000068836:Rivastigmine