title: In vitro percutaneous permeation of the repellent DEET and the sunscreen oxybenzone across human skin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  DEET and oxybenzone are two essential active ingredients in repellent and sunscreen products. The percutaneous permeation of the two compounds across human skin from five commercially available repellent and sunscreen products was investigated in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diffusion studies were carried out at 37 degrees C, using Franz-style diffusion cells and human epidermis (380 microm in thickness). The test products were evaluated either individually or in various combinations for up to 6 hours. Concentrations of both compounds permeated through the skin were measured using an HPLC assay. Permeability and permeation percentage of DEET and oxybenzone from different application approaches were calculated and statistically compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The accumulated transdermal permeation was 0.5-25.7% for DEET and 0.3-1.6% for oxybenzone, respectively. Repellent lotion produced an 18-fold increase in transdermal permeation in comparison to that of repellent spray, while using repellent spray prior to sunscreen lotion resulted in the highest penetration of DEET among the study groups. Premixing sunscreen lotion with repellent spray at different ratios also produced significantly higher permeation of oxybenzone across the skin than the control, but other application approaches did not differentiate from the single sunscreen lotion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded from this study that human skin was less permeable to DEET and oxybenzone than artificial membranes, but was comparable to pig skin in permeability. DEET permeated transdermally more across human skin than oxybenzone, and both compounds acted as permeation enhancers when used simultaneously. Premixing repellent and sunscreen enhanced the overall penetration of both DEET and oxybenzone. Using different application sequences and amounts resulted in variable percutaneous permeation of DEET and oxybenzone through the skin.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiaochen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D001577:Benzophenones / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003671:DEET / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004058:Diffusion; D006801:Humans; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010539:Permeability; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D007302:Insect Repellents; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D003671:DEET; C005290:oxybenzone