title: Viral abundance, decay, and diversity in the meso- and bathypelagic waters of the north atlantic.
abstract: To elucidate the potential importance of deep-water viruses in controlling the meso- and bathypelagic picoplankton community, the abundance, decay rate, and diversity of the virioplankton community were determined in the meso- and bathypelagic water masses of the eastern part of the subtropical North Atlantic. Viral abundance averaged 1.4 x 10(6) ml(-1) at around 100 m of depth and decreased only by a factor of 2 at 3,000 to 4,000 m of depth. In contrast, picoplankton abundance decreased by 1 order of magnitude to the Lower Deep Water (LDW; 3,500- to 5,000-m depth). The virus-to-picoplankton ratio increased from 9 at about 100 m of depth to 110 in the LDW. Mean viral decay rates were 3.5 x 10(-3) h(-1) between 900 m and 2,750 m and 1.1 x 10(-3) h(-1) at 4,000 m of depth, corresponding to viral turnover times of 11 and 39 days, respectively. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis fingerprints obtained from the viral community between 2,400 m and 4,000 m of depth revealed a maximum of only four bands from 4,000 m of depth. Based on the high viral abundance and the low picoplankton production determined via leucine incorporation, we conclude that the viral production calculated from the viral decay is insufficient to maintain the high viral abundance in the deep North Atlantic. Rather, we propose that substantial allochthonous viral input or lysogenic or pseudolysogenic production is required to maintain the high viral abundance detected in the meso- and bathypelagic North Atlantic. Consequently, deep-water prokaryotes are apparently far less controlled in their abundance and taxon richness by lytic prokaryotic phages than the high viral abundance and the virus-to-picoplankton ratio would suggest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Parada
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sintes
authors.forename: Hendrik M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: van Aken
authors.forename: Markus G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Weinbauer
authors.forename: Gerhard J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Herndl
mesh_terms: D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D001419:Bacteria / Q000821:virology*; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D044822:Biodiversity; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D003959:Diamines; D004463:Ecology; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000378:metabolism; D010933:Plankton / Q000821:virology; D011804:Quinolines; D012623:Seawater / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D052160:Benzothiazoles; D004279:DNA, Viral; D003959:Diamines; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D011804:Quinolines; C098022:SYBR Green I