title: Cranberry products inhibit adherence of p-fimbriated Escherichia coli to primary cultured bladder and vaginal epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cranberry proanthocyanidins have been identified as possible inhibitors of Escherichia coli adherence to uroepithelial cells. However, little is known about the dose range of this effect. Furthermore, it has not been studied directly in the urogenital system. To address these issues we tested the effect of a cranberry powder and proanthocyanidin extract on adherence of a P-fimbriated uropathogenic E. coli isolate to 2 new urogenital model systems, namely primary cultured bladder epithelial cells and vaginal epithelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  E. coli IA2 was pre-incubated with a commercially available cranberry powder (9 mg proanthocyanidin per gm) or with increasing concentrations of proanthocyanidin extract. Adherence of E. coli IA2 to primary cultured bladder epithelial cells or vaginal epithelial cells was measured before and after exposure to these products.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cranberry powder decreased mean adherence of E. coli IA2 to vaginal epithelial cells from 18.6 to 1.8 bacteria per cell (p <0.001). Mean adherence of E. coli to primary cultured bladder epithelial cells was decreased by exposure to 50 mug/ml proanthocyanidin extract from 6.9 to 1.6 bacteria per cell (p <0.001). Inhibition of adherence of E. coli by proanthocyanidin extract occurred in linear, dose dependent fashion over a proanthocyanidin concentration range of 75 to 5 mug/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cranberry products can inhibit E. coli adherence to biologically relevant model systems of primary cultured bladder and vaginal epithelial cells. This effect occurs in a dose dependent relationship. These findings provide further mechanistic evidence and biological plausibility for the role of cranberry products for preventing urinary tract infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wobbe
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Stapleton
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D010861:Fimbriae, Bacterial; D006386:Hemagglutination Tests; D006801:Humans; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000166:cytology; D029799:Vaccinium macrocarpon; D014621:Vagina / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C013221:proanthocyanidin