title: ePTFE/FEP-covered metallic stents for palliation of malignant biliary disease: can tumor ingrowth be prevented?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the application and clinical effectiveness of ePTFE/FEP-covered metallic stents for palliation of malignant biliary disease, and to evaluate the efficiency of stent coverage in preventing tumor ingrowth.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 3-year period, 36 patients with malignant obstructive jaundice were treated with ePTFE/FEP-covered stents, with or without proximal side holes. The stricture was located in the lower common bile duct (CBD) in 18 cases, the upper CBD in 9, the lower common hepatic duct (CHD) in 6, and the upper CHD in 3 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven covered stents were percutaneously implanted. The technical success rate was 97%. Reintervention was required in 6 cases. The 30-day mortality rate was 40%, not procedure-related. Mean survival was 128 days. Primary patency rates were 100%, 55.5%, and 25% at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively, while the assisted patency rate was 100% at 12 months. Stents without side holes had higher primary patency rates compared with those with side holes, where occlusion was always due to tumor ingrowth. Tumor ingrowth did not occur in the completely covered stents. No stent dysfunction due to sludge incrustation was found. Complications were 1 case of arterial laceration that occurred during percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, and a subcapsular hematoma and 1 case of bile peritonitis, that both occurred during primary stenting. No complications followed the secondary stenting technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ePTFE/FEP-covered metallic stents are safe and effective for palliation of malignant biliary disease. The presence of the ePTFE/FEP coating is likely to prevent from tumor ingrowth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Medical School of Crete, 71110 Heraklion-Stavrakia, Crete, Greece. adamhatz@med.uoc.gr
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hatzidakis
authors.forename: Miltiadis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krokidis
authors.forename: Kostantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalbakis
authors.forename: Jiannis
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Romanos
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Petrakis
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gourtsoyiannis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001661:Biliary Tract Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D001662:Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002758:Cholangiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D041781:Jaundice, Obstructive / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene