title: The effect of induced forelimb lameness on thoracolumbar kinematics during treadmill locomotion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lameness has often been suggested to result in altered movement of the back, but there are no detailed studies describing such a relationship in quantitative terms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the effect of induced subtle forelimb lameness on thoracolumbar kinematics in the horse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kinematics of 6 riding horses was measured at walk and at trot on a treadmill before and after the induction of reversible forelimb lameness grade 2 (AAEP scale 1-5). Ground reaction forces (GRF) for individual limbs were calculated from kinematics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The horses significantly unloaded the painful limb by 11.5% at trot, while unloading at walk was not significant. The overall flexion-extension range of back motion decreased on average by 0.2 degrees at walk and increased by 3.3 degrees at trot (P<0.05). Changes in angular motion patterns of vertebral joints were noted only at trot, with an increase in flexion of 0.9 degrees at T10 (i.e. angle between T6, T10 and T13) during the stance phase of the sound diagonal and an increase in extension of the thoracolumbar area during stance of the lame diagonal (0.7degrees at T13, 0.8 degres at T17, 0.5 degres at L1, 0.4 degrees at L3 and 0.3 degrees at L5) (P<0.05). Lameness further caused a lateral bending of the cranial thoracic vertebral column towards the lame side (1.3 degrees at T10 and 0.9 degrees at T13) (P<0.05) during stance of the lame diagonal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both range of motion and vertebral angular motion patterns are affected by subtle forelimb lameness. At walk, the effect is minimal, at trot the horses increased the vertebral range of motion and changed the pattern of thoracolumbar motion in the sagittal and horizontal planes, presumably in an attempt to move the centre of gravity away from the lame side and reduce the force on the affected limb.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subtle forelimb lameness affects thoracolumbar kinematics. Future studies should aim at elucidating whether the altered movement patterns lead to back and/or neck dysfunction in the case of chronic lameness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Gómez Alvarez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wennerstrand
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bobbert
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lamers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Back
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: van Weeren
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000662:veterinary; D005552:Forelimb; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006736:Horses; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology