title: Impact of stents on urological complications and health care expenditure in renal transplant recipients: results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We performed a randomized, prospective trial to compare the incidence of early urological complications and health care expenditures in renal transplant recipients with or without ureteral stenting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients receiving a renal transplant at a single center were randomized preoperatively to undergo Double-J stent or no-stent ureterovesical anastomosis from November 1998 to October 2001. Early urological mechanical complications were recorded, including urinary leakage or obstruction, or urinary tract infections within 3 months of transplantation. Direct health care costs associated with stenting, urological complications and urinary tract infection management were also collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 201 patients were randomized to a stent (112) and a no-stent (89) group. In the no-stent group 11 patients received a stent due to intraoperative findings and were excluded from study. At 3 months there were significantly more cases of urinary leakage (8.9% vs 0.9%, p <0.008) and ureteral obstruction (7.7 % vs 0%, p <0.004) in the no-stent than in the stent group. Mean time of stent removal was 74.3 days. A significant increase in urinary tract infections was observed when stent was left greater than 30 days after transplantation compared to the rate in the no-stent group (p <0.02). An additional cost of 151 UK pounds per patient was incurred in the no-stent group vs the stent group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a ureteral stent at renal transplantation significantly decreases the early urinary complications of urine leakage and obstruction. However, there is a significant increase in urinary tract infections, primarily beyond 30 days after transplantation. Stent removal within 4 weeks of insertion appears advisable.
authors.affiliation: Renal and Pancreas Transplant Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom. Afshin.Tavakoli@CMMC.nhs.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tavakoli
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Surange
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Parrott
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Augustine
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Riad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*