title: Impact of long-term treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in Ecuador: potential for elimination of infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Onchocerciasis is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, hence elimination of the infection is an important health priority. Community-based treatment programs with ivermectin form the basis of control programs for the disease in Latin America. The long-term administration of ivermectin could eliminate Onchocerca volvulus infection from endemic areas in Latin America.
  
  
  METHODS
  A strategy of annual to twice-annual treatments with ivermectin has been used for onchocerciasis in endemic communities in Ecuador for up to 14 years. The impact of ivermectin treatment on ocular morbidity, and O. volvulus infection and transmission was monitored in seven sentinel communities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the period 1990-2003, high rates of treatment coverage of the eligible population were maintained in endemic communities (mean 85.2% per treatment round). Ivermectin reduced the prevalence of anterior segment disease of the eye to 0% in sentinel communities and had a major impact on the prevalence and transmission of infection, with possible elimination of infection in some foci.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distribution of ivermectin in endemic communities in Ecuador might have eliminated ocular morbidity and significant progress has been made towards elimination of the infection. A strategy of more frequent treatments with ivermectin may be required in communities where the infection persists to achieve the objective of elimination of the infection from Ecuador. The elimination of the infection from an endemic country in Latin America would be a major public health achievement and could stimulate the implementation of elimination strategies in other endemic countries.
authors.affiliation: Programa Nacional de Eliminación de la Oncocercosis en el Ecuador, Servicio Nacional de Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores Artrópodos, Ministry of Public Health, Guayaquil, Ecuador. juancarlosvieira@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lovato
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mancero
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Proaño
authors.forename: Andrea A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: Ronald H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Guderian
authors.forename: José Rumbea
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Guzmán
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004484:Ecuador / Q000453:epidemiology; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009855:Onchocerciasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D007559:Ivermectin