title: Clinical characteristics and outcome of patients diagnosed with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a 5-year review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this article was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients diagnosed with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with PNES in a 5-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty patients with PNES were identified, giving an estimated incidence of 0.91/100,000 per annum. Thirty-eight were included for review, 15 of whom were male (39%). Eighteen patients had been diagnosed with epilepsy as well as PNES (47%). We demonstrated a gender difference in our patients, with males having higher seizure frequencies, more antiepileptic drug use, and a longer interval before diagnosis of PNES. Females were diagnosed with other conversion disorders more often than males. Impaired social function was observed in PNES, as was resistance to psychological interventions with a subsequent poor response to treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PNES remains a difficult condition to treat, and may affect males in proportions higher than those described in previous studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland. sosulliv@ion.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sean S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Spillane
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Roderick J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Galvin
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.forename: Eugene M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Cassidy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003291:Conversion Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants