title: Enteric opportunistic parasites among HIV infected individuals: associated risk factors and immune status.
abstract: Data on various etiologic agents causing diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infected individuals are sparse in Delhi, India. The present study was undertaken to identify various causative agents, the role of associated risk factors and immune status. A case-control study was conducted among 75 HIV-1 infected individuals, 50 with and 25 without diarrheal infection. Fecal samples were screened for coccidian parasites, enteric protozoa, and helminthes by using various staining techniques. The CD4+ T-lymphocyte count was estimated. Enteric parasites were identified among 62.7% individuals, of which Cryptosporidium emerged as the single largest pathogen predominant among 33% of the individuals (P < 0.025). Other parasites diagnosed that were significantly associated with diarrhea were Giardia lamblia (13.3%), microsporidia (6.7%), and Isospora belli (2.7%). Chronic infected diarrheal cases were found to have polyparasitic infections. The mean CD4+ cell count was found to be lower among the diarrheal cases when compared with the non-diarrheal cases (mean, 141 cells/mm(3) versus 390 cells/mm(3)). Similarly, among diarrheal individuals, the chronic diarrheal cases had a comparatively lower CD4+ cell count than the acute cases (mean, 123 cells/mm(3) versus 265 cells/mm(3)). Risk factors found significant during multivariate analysis were: residence in a slum, exposure to pets and animals, use of public toilets, and practice of unsafe homosexual activity. Enteric coccidian parasites were identified as significant agents associated with diarrhea, especially among those with improper hygiene, multiple infections and a lower CD4+ cell count. Thus, this study emphasizes the need for routine screening of enteric parasites as well as education about practicing personal hygiene and taking timely and appropriate prophylactic measures.
authors.affiliation: Centre for AIDS and Related Diseases, National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Delhi, India. dwivedikaushal@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Kaushal Kumar
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
authors.forename: Ganga
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saini
authors.forename: Surbhi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.forename: Shiv
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.forename: Usha Krishan
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Baveja
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009348:Nematoda / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D011528:Protozoan Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D012307:Risk Factors