title: Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2B6 affect the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of cyclophosphamide in Japanese cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of genetic polymorphisms of drug metabolizing enzymes on the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and its active metabolite, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, and on the pharmacodynamics.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and three Japanese patients with malignant lymphoma or breast cancer treated with cyclophosphamide (500-750 mg/m) participated in this study. The plasma concentrations of cyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The genotypes of CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, ALDH1A1, GST genes were determined by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction or polymerase chain reaction-restriction-fragment length polymorphism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A large interindividual difference (54-fold) was observed in the area under the curve ratio of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide/cyclophosphamide calculated as the metabolic index. We first proved that leukocytopenia and neutropenia were significantly (P<0.01) related to the area under the curve of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide. We found that the homozygotes of CYP2B6*6 (Q172H and K262R) showed significantly (P<0.05) higher clearance and shorter half-life of cyclophosphamide than heterozygotes and homozygotes of CYP2B6*1. The small sample size, however, limited the impact. On the other hand, it was clearly demonstrated that the patients possessing the single nucleotide polymorphisms of the CYP2B6 gene, g.-2320T>C, g.-750T>C (5'-flanking region), g.15582C>T (intron 3), or g.18492T>C (intron 5), had significantly lower area under the curve ratios of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide/cyclophosphamide, indicating a decreased cyclophosphamide 4-hydroxylation. Of particular importance was the finding that leukocytopenia was significantly related to the single nucleotide polymorphisms g.-2320T>C, g.-750T>C, and g.18492T>C in CYP2B6 gene, which are highly linked. No relationship was observed between the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide or 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and genetic polymorphisms of the other enzymes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We clarified that the single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region or introns in the CYP2B6 affect the potency of cyclophosphamide activation to 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide. This information would be valuable for predicting adverse reactions and the clinical efficacy of cyclophosphamide.
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Komagata
authors.forename: Yuto
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujiki
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanada
authors.forename: Hiromichi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ebi
authors.forename: Kuniaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mukai
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.forename: Hironobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minami
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065702:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D007564:Japan; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating / Q000235:genetics*; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C012358:4-hydroxycyclophosphamide; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C585599:CYP2B6 protein, human; D065702:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating