title: Military fatality rates (by cause) in Afghanistan and Iraq: a measure of hostilities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Military fatalities occur in clusters, and causes differ between theatres of operation or within-theatre over time.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Based on around 500 coalition deaths, identify major causes in Iraq and Afghanistan. For consecutive periods (1: May 1 to September 17, 2006, 2: September 18, 2006 to February 4, 2007), ascertain UK and others' numbers deployed to compare fatality rates per 1000-personnel years. Take account of clustering: deaths per fatal improvised explosive device (IED) incident, and in making short-term projections for Afghanistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cause and date of coalition deaths in Iraq and Afghanistan are as listed in http://www.iCasualties.org, where each death is designated as hostile or non-hostile. Numbers deployed in 2006 were available for UK and Canada, and for US to Iraq.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 537 coalition fatalities in Iraq in 2006 to September 17, 2006, 457 (85%) were hostile, but only half were in Afghanistan (October 2001 to September 17, 2006: 52%, 249/478). Air losses accounted for 5% fatalities in Iraq, but 32% in Afghanistan. IEDs claimed three out of five hostile deaths in Iraq, only a quarter in Afghanistan. Deaths per fatal IED incident averaged 1.5. In period 1, 50/117 military deaths in Afghanistan were UK or Canadian from 6750 personnel, a fatality rate of 19/1000/year, nearly four times the US rate of 5/1000/year in Iraq (based on 280 deaths). Sixty out of 117 fatalities in Afghanistan occurred as clusters of two or more deaths. In period 2, fatality rates changed: down by two-thirds in Afghanistan for UK and Canadian forces to 6/1000/year (18 deaths), up by 46% for US troops in Iraq to 7.5/1000/year (416 deaths).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rate, and cause, of military fatalities are capable of abrupt change, as happened in Iraq (rate) and Afghanistan (rate and cause) between consecutive 140-day periods. Forecasts can be wide of the mark.
authors.affiliation: MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge CB2 2SR. Sheila.bird@mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sheila M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: Clive B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Fairweather
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D000346:Afghanistan; D002170:Canada / Q000208:ethnology; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007493:Iraq; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009026:Mortality / Q000208:ethnology / Q000639:trends*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000208:ethnology; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D014857:Warfare
chemical_list: D053834:Explosive Agents