title: Protein kinase C delta negatively regulates tyrosine hydroxylase activity and dopamine synthesis by enhancing protein phosphatase-2A activity in dopaminergic neurons.
abstract: Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis, can be regulated by phosphorylation at multiple serine residues, including serine-40. In the present study, we report a novel interaction between a key member of the novel PKC family, protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta), and TH, in which the kinase modulates dopamine synthesis by negatively regulating TH activity via protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). We observed that PKCdelta is highly expressed in nigral dopaminergic neurons and colocalizes with TH. Interestingly, suppression of PKCdelta activity with the kinase inhibitor rottlerin, PKCdelta-small interfering RNA, or with PKCdelta dominant-negative mutant effectively increased a number of key biochemical events in the dopamine pathway, including TH-ser40 phosphorylation, TH enzymatic activity, and dopamine synthesis in neuronal cell culture models. Additionally, we found that PKCdelta not only physically associates with the PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) but also phosphorylates the phosphatase to increase its activity. Notably, inhibition of PKCdelta reduced the dephosphorylation activity of PP2A and thereby increased TH-ser40 phosphorylation, TH activity, and dopamine synthesis. To further validate our findings, we used the PKCdelta knock-out (PKCdelta-/-) mouse model. Consistent with other results, we found greater TH-ser40 phosphorylation and reduced PP2A activity in the substantia nigra of PKCdelta-/- mice than in wild-type mice. Importantly, this was accompanied by an increased dopamine level in the striatum of PKCdelta-/- mice. Collectively, these results suggest that PKCdelta phosphorylates PP2Ac to enhance its activity and thereby reduces TH-ser40 phosphorylation and TH activity and ultimately dopamine synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Danhui
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Arthi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanthasamy
authors.forename: Yongjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Vellareddy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Anantharam
authors.forename: Anumantha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanthasamy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004298:Dopamine / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009474:Neurons / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016716:PC12 Cells; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta / Q000502:physiology*; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; D051381:Rats; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012694:Serine; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; D004298:Dopamine