title: Systemic alpha-adrenergic and nitric oxide inhibition on basal limb blood flow: effects of endurance training in middle-aged and older adults.
abstract: Endurance training improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation, yet it does not increase basal blood flow in the legs. We determined the effects of a 3-mo aerobic exercise intervention on basal leg blood flow and alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction and nitric oxide (NO) release in seven apparently healthy middle-aged and older adults (60 +/- 3 yr). Basal femoral artery blood flow (via Doppler ultrasound) (pretraining: 354 +/- 29; posttraining: 335 +/- 34 ml/min) and vascular conductance did not change significantly with the exercise training. Before the exercise intervention, femoral artery blood flow increased 32 +/- 16% with systemic alpha-adrenergic blockade (with phentolamine) (P < 0.05), and the addition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition using N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) did not affect femoral artery blood flow. After training was completed, femoral artery blood flow increased 47 +/- 7% with alpha-adrenergic blockade (P < 0.01) and then decreased 18 +/- 7% with the subsequent administration of L-NMMA (P < 0.05). Leg vascular conductance showed a greater alpha-adrenergic blockade-induced vasodilation (+1.7 +/- 0.5 to +3.0 +/- 0.5 units, P < 0.05) as well as NOS inhibition-induced vasoconstriction (-0.8 +/- 0.4 to -2.7 +/- 0.7 units, P < 0.05) after the exercise intervention. Resting plasma norepinephrine concentration significantly increased after the training. These results suggest that regular aerobic exercise training enhances NO bioavailability in middle-aged and older adults and that basal limb blood flow does not change with exercise training because of the contrasting influences of sympathetic nervous system activity and endothelium-derived vasodilation on the vasculature.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Human Science and Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan. jun.sugawara@mail.utexas.edu
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: Hidehiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Komine
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Mutsuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshizawa
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Otsuki
authors.forename: Nobutake
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimojo
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyauchi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010646:Phentolamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D011942:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011942:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010646:Phentolamine