title: Optimization of high-resolution melting analysis for low-cost and rapid screening of allelic variants of Bacillus anthracis by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Molecular genotyping of Bacillus anthracis, the etiologic agent of anthrax, is important for differentiating and identifying strains from different geographic areas and for tracing strains deliberately released in a bioterrorism attack. We previously described a multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) based on 25 marker loci. Although the method has great differentiating power and reproducibility, faster genotyping at low cost may be requested to accurately identify B. anthracis strains in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the High Resolution Melter-1 (Idaho Technology) and a saturating dye of double-stranded DNA (LCGreen I) to identify alleles via PCR and melting-curve analysis of the amplicons. We applied high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) to a collection of 19 B. anthracis strains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HRMA produced reproducible results for 6 of the 25 B. anthracis loci tested. These easily interpretable and distinguishable melting curve results were consistent with MLVA results obtained for the same alleles. The feasibility of this method was demonstrated in testing of different allelic variants for the 6 selected loci.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described HRMA application for screening B. anthracis VNTR loci is fast and widely accessible and may prove particularly useful under field conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fortini
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciammaruconi
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Santis
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fasanella
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Battisti
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Amelio
authors.forename: Florigio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lista
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cassone
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carattoli
mesh_terms: D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000235:genetics*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D044366:Transition Temperature