title: Relations of serum phosphorus and calcium levels to the incidence of cardiovascular disease in the community.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Higher levels of serum phosphorus and the calcium-phosphorus product are associated with increased mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or prior CVD. However, it is unknown if serum phosphorus levels influence vascular risk in individuals without CKD or CVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively evaluated 3368 Framingham Offspring study participants (mean age, 44 years; 51% were women) free of CVD and CKD. We used multivariable Cox models to relate serum phosphorus and calcium levels to CVD incidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On follow-up (mean duration, 16.1 years), there were 524 incident CVD events (159 in women). In multivariable analyses and adjusting for established risk factors and additionally for glomerular filtration rate and for hemoglobin, serum albumin, proteinuria, and C-reactive protein levels, a higher level of serum phosphorus was associated with an increased CVD risk in a continuous fashion (adjusted hazard ratio per increment of milligrams per deciliter, 1.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.63; P=.02; P value for trend across quartiles = .004). Individuals in the highest serum phosphorus quartile experienced a multivariable-adjusted 1.55-fold CVD risk (95% confidence interval, 1.16%-2.07%; P=.004) compared with those in the lowest quartile. These findings remained robust in time-dependent models that updated CVD risk factors every 4 years and in analyses restricted to individuals without proteinuria and an estimated glomerular filtration rate greater than 90 mL/min per 1.73 m(2). Serum calcium was not related to CVD risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher serum phosphorus levels are associated with an increased CVD risk in individuals free of CKD and CVD in the community. These observations emphasize the need for additional research to elucidate the potential link between phosphorus homeostasis and vascular risk.
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702-5803, USA.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dhingra
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Caroline S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ralph B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gaziano
authors.forename: Ramachandran S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vasan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D010758:Phosphorus; D002118:Calcium