title: Monitoring Bacillus thuringiensis-susceptibility in insect pests that occur in large geographies: how to get the best information when two countries are involved.
abstract: The adoption of cotton producing insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis, commonly referred to as Bt cotton, around the world has proven to be beneficial for growers and the environment. The effectiveness of this important genetically-modified crop can be jeopardized by the development of resistance to Bt cotton by pests it is meant to control, with the possibility that this phenomenon could develop in one country and spread to another by means of insect migration. To preserve the effectiveness of this agricultural biotechnology, regulatory agencies have developed plans to mitigate the development of resistance, and research institutions constantly monitor for shifts in Bt-susceptibility in important pests. If Bt-resistance is detected, this finding needs to be corroborated by an independent laboratory according to current regulatory requirements; a process that presents numerous challenges. We investigated the biological activity of Bt-incorporated diet on Helicoverpa virescens L. after it was stored for several days at different temperatures. Diet stored up to nine days at different temperatures (-14 to 27 degrees C) produced the same biological effect on H. virescens as freshly-prepared diet. Elevating the temperature of Bt stock solution to 76 degrees C as compared to 26 degrees C yielded significantly higher reading of apparent Cry1Ac concentration from MVP II, but not enough to elicit a significant biological response when these stock solutions were incorporated into insect artificial diet. These findings are important particularly when the confirmation of resistance is done at a distant location, such as Mexico, or when diet is shared between laboratories, and must be stored for later use, as in the case of international collaboration.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Insect Management Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA. cblanco@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: Omaththage P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Perera
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boykin
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: Sharlene R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Matten
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Sagahon
authors.forename: Antonio P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Terán-Vargas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000502:physiology*; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004032:Diet; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D003368:Gossypium; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007391:International Cooperation; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008800:Mexico; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis