title: Transcriptional analysis of an immune-responsive serine protease from Indian malarial vector, Anopheles culicifacies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The main vector for transmission of malaria in India is the Anopheles culicifacies mosquito species, a naturally selected subgroup of which is completely refractory (R) to transmission of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium vivax;
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we report the molecular characterization of a serine protease (acsp30)-encoding gene from A. culicifacies, which was expressed in high abundance in the refractory strain compared to the susceptible (S) strain. The transcriptional upregulation of acsp30 upon Plasmodium challenge in the refractory strain coincided with ookinete invasion of mosquito midgut. Gene organization and primary sequence of acsp30 were identical in the R and S strains suggesting a divergent regulatory status of acsp30 in these strains. To examine this further, the upstream regulatory sequences of acsp30 were isolated, cloned and evaluated for the presence of promoter activity. The 702 bp upstream region of acsp30 from the two strains revealed sequence divergence. The promoter activity measured by luciferase-based reporter assay was shown to be 1.5-fold higher in the R strain than in the S. Gel shift experiments demonstrated a differential recruitment of nuclear proteins to upstream sequences of acsp30 as well as a difference in the composition of nuclear proteins in the two strains, both of which might contribute to the relative abundance of acsp30 in the R strain;
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The specific upregulation of acsp30 in the R strain only in response to Plasmodium infection is suggestive of its role in contributing the refractory phenotype to the A. culicifacies mosquito population.
authors.affiliation: Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India. rodriguesj@niaid.nih.gov <rodriguesj@niaid.nih.gov>
authors.forename: Janneth
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Neema
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Pawan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: Tridibes
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Adak
authors.forename: Virander S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Chauhan
authors.forename: Raj K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D017344:Genes, Insect; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics*; D007194:India; D008288:Malaria / Q000469:parasitology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010965:Plasmodium malariae / Q000276:immunology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012697:Serine Endopeptidases