title: The prevention of recrudescent coccidioidomycosis after solid organ transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coccidioidomycosis is an endemic fungal infection of the southwestern United States that causes considerable morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients, often as the result of reactivated infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of the medical records of 47 patients with prior coccidioidomycosis who underwent solid organ transplantation (18 liver, 24 kidney, 3 pancreas, and 2 combined organ) at our tertiary care academic medical center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 47 transplant recipients with a history of coccidioidomycosis, 44 had quiescent infection at transplantation. Of the three with active coccidioidomycosis at transplantation, two were taking azole prophylaxis and had no further coccidioidal infection after transplantation. One of the three had positive serologic findings identified only on the day of transplantation, and prophylaxis was initiated a few hours after surgery along with immunosuppression; nevertheless, the treatment course was complicated by disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Seven patients did not initiate or self-discontinued prophylaxis; one patient who discontinued prophylaxis experienced recurrent pulmonary infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients undergoing transplantation in an area endemic for coccidioidomycosis, we recommend routine evaluation for evidence of prior infection and initiation of azole prophylaxis. For our patients with quiescent infection, azoles suppressed any recrudescent coccidioidomycosis after transplantation. The selection of patients who would benefit from prophylaxis and the optimal dose and duration of such prophylaxis should be studied further.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
authors.forename: Janis E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Shimon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kusne
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Raymond L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Heilman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001393:Azoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003047:Coccidioidomycosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016377:Organ Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055502:Secondary Prevention
chemical_list: D001393:Azoles