title: Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in health care providers returning from deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and mental health care use among health care workers deployed to combat settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anonymous surveys were administered to previously deployed workers at a military hospital. PTSD and depression were assessed by using the PTSD Checklist and the Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale, respectively. Deployment exposures and perceived threats during deployment were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 102 respondents (36% response rate). Nine percent (n=9) met the criteria for PTSD and 5% (n=5) met the criteria for depression. Direct and perceived threats of personal harm were risk factors for PTSD; exposure to wounded or dead patients did not increase risk. Those who met the criteria for PTSD were more likely to seek mental health care after but not before their deployment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For health care workers returning from a warfare environment, threat of personal harm may be the most predictive factor in determining those with subsequent PTSD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92124, USA.
authors.forename: Tonya T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Kolkow
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Spira
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Grieger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000346:Afghanistan; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007493:Iraq; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D008890:Military Psychiatry; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology; D014857:Warfare