title: Infection at titanium implants with or without a clinical diagnosis of inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the microbiota at implants diagnosed with peri-implantitis, implant mucositis, or being clinically healthy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and microbiological data were collected from 213 subjects (mean age: 65.7+/-14) with 976 implants in function (mean: 10.8 years, SD+/-1.5). Forty species were identified by the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Implant mean % plaque score was 41.8+/-32.4%. Periodontitis defined by bone loss was found in 44.9% of subjects. Implant mucositis was diagnosed in 59% and peri-implantitis in 14.9% of all cases. Neisseria mucosa, Fusobacterium nucleatum sp. nucleatum, F. nucleatum sp. polymorphum, and Capnocytophaga sputigena dominated the implant sub-mucosal microbiota and the sub-gingival microbiota at tooth sites. Implant probing pocket depth at the implant site with the deepest probing depth was correlated with levels of Eikenella corrodens (r=0.16, P<0.05), the levels of F. nucleatum sp. vincentii (r=0.15, P<0.05), Porphyromonas gingivalis (r=0.14, P<0.05), and Micromonas micros (r=0.17, P=0.01). E. corrodens was found in higher levels at implants with mucositis compared with implant health (P<0.05). Subjects who lost teeth due to periodontitis had higher yields of F. nucleatum sp. vincentii (P<0.02) and N. mucosa (P<0.05). Independent of implant status subjects with teeth had higher levels of P. gingivalis (P<0.05), and Leptotrichia buccalis (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At implant sites studied, few bacteria differed by whether subjects were dentate or not or by implant status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden. stefan.renvert@hv.hkr.se
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Renvert
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Roos-Jansåker
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lindahl
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Renvert
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rutger Persson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000382:microbiology; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000009:adverse effects; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology; D009066:Mouth, Edentulous / Q000382:microbiology; D052016:Mucositis / Q000382:microbiology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D012372:ROC Curve; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013280:Stomatitis / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D015921:Dental Implants