title: Loss of integrity of thyroid morphology and function in children born to mothers with inadequately treated Graves' disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Central congenital hypothyroidism (CH-C) in neonates born to mothers with inadequately treated Graves' disease usually needs T(4) supplementation. The thyroid and its regulatory system have not yet been extensively studied after T(4) withdrawal, until we observed disintegrated thyroid glands in some patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to study the occurrence and pathogenesis of disintegrated thyroid glands in CH-C patients. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: Thyroid function was measured and thyroid ultrasound imaging was performed in 13 children with CH-C due to inadequately treated maternal Graves' disease after T(4)-supplementation withdrawal (group Aa). In addition, thyroid ultrasound imaging was performed in six children with CH-C born to inadequately treated mothers with Graves' disease, in whom T(4) supplementation was not withdrawn yet (group Ab) or never initiated (group Ac), in six euthyroid children born to adequately treated mothers with Graves' disease (group B), and in 10 T(4)-supplemented children with CH-C as part of multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (group C).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thyroid function and aspect (volume, echogenicity, echotexture) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group A, five children had developed thyroidal hypothyroidism characterized by persistently elevated TSH concentrations and exaggerated TSH responses after TRH stimulation. In the majority of patients in groups A and C, thyroid echogenicity and volume were decreased, and echotexture was inhomogeneous. Thyroid ultrasound imaging was normal in group B children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inadequately treated maternal Graves' disease not only may lead to CH-C but also carries an, until now, unrecognized risk of thyroid disintegration in the offspring as well. We speculate that insufficient TSH secretion due to excessive maternal-fetal thyroid hormone transfer inhibits physiological growth and development of the child's thyroid.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, G8-205, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.j.kempers@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Marlies J E
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kempers
authors.forename: A S Paul
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: van Trotsenburg
authors.forename: Rick R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: van Rijn
authors.forename: Anne M J B
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Smets
authors.forename: Bert J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Jan J M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de Vijlder
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vulsma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003409:Congenital Hypothyroidism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D010907:Pituitary Hormones / Q000172:deficiency; D011247:Pregnancy; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D010907:Pituitary Hormones; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin; D013972:Thyrotropin; D013974:Thyroxine