title: Thyroid disruption in walleye (Sander vitreus) exposed to environmental contaminants: cloning and use of iodothyronine deiodinases as molecular biomarkers.
abstract: Thyroid hormones play a role in the initiation of ovarian maturation in fish. Thus, reports of delayed sexual maturation in female walleye (Sander vitreus) exposed to contaminants in the Ottawa River suggest the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of environmental contaminants in the Ottawa River on thyroid hormones of immature walleye and to develop a molecular biomarker of thyroid status. Walleye were sampled in the Ottawa River at Deep River (reference site), at Rivière Blanche (downstream from the Ottawa and Gatineau municipal wastewater treatment plants outflows), and at Plaisance (downstream from a pulp and paper mill). Plasma thyroid hormone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Walleye at Plaisance had two-fold elevated levels of thyroxine (T(4)) and 1.5-fold elevated levels triiodothyronine (T(3)), whereas the molar ratio of T(3):T(4) was reduced by over 50% compared to Deep River. Plasma T(3) levels were also elevated by approximately 1.5-fold at Rivière Blanche. Three iodothyronine deiodinases, a family of enzymes responsible for converting the prohormone T(4) to biologically active T(3), as well as for inactivating these two hormones, were partially cloned in walleye. A real-time PCR assay of deiodinase expression indicated that hepatic mRNA levels of type I and type III deiodinase were not modified between sites, whereas they were increased for type II deiodinase at Rivière Blanche as compared to the other sites. The response of this novel molecular transcript indicates a divergence with that expected based on the effects of experimentally induced hyperthyroidism on fish deiodinase expression; additional endpoints are therefore necessary to interpret changes in thyroid hormones levels in fish exposed to environmental contaminants.
authors.affiliation: INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier Université du Québec 245, Hymus boul, Pointe-Claire, Que, H9R 1G6, Canada.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Picard-Aitken
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pariseau
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Marcogliese
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Cyr
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D005260:Female; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010471:Perches / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D045483:Rivers; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood*; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000506:poisoning*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase; D013974:Thyroxine