title: Maternal oxygen delivery is not related to altitude- and ancestry-associated differences in human fetal growth.
abstract: Fetal growth is reduced at high altitude, but the decrease is less among long-resident populations. We hypothesized that greater maternal uteroplacental O(2) delivery would explain increased fetal growth in Andean natives versus European migrants to high altitude. O(2) delivery was measured with ultrasound, Doppler and haematological techniques. Participants (n=180) were pregnant women of self-professed European or Andean ancestry living at 3600 m or 400 m in Bolivia. Ancestry was quantified using ancestry-informative single nucleotide polymorphism. The altitude-associated decrement in birth weight was 418 g in European versus 236 g in Andean women (P<0.005). Altitude was associated with decreased uterine artery diameter, volumetric blood flow and O(2) delivery regardless of ancestry. But the hypothesis was rejected as O(2) delivery was similar between ancestry groups at their respective altitudes of residence. Instead, Andean neonates were larger and heavier per unit of O(2) delivery, regardless of altitude (P<0.001). European admixture among Andeans was negatively correlated with birth weight at both altitudes (P<0.01), but admixture was not related to any of the O(2) transport variables. Genetically mediated differences in maternal O(2) delivery are thus unlikely to explain the Andean advantage in fetal growth. Of the other independent variables, only placental weight and gestational age explained significant variation in birth weight. Thus greater placental efficiency in O(2) and nutrient transport, and/or greater fetal efficiency in substrate utilization may contribute to ancestry- and altitude-related differences in fetal growth. Uterine artery O(2) delivery in these pregnancies was 99 +/- 3 ml min(-1), approximately 5-fold greater than near-term fetal O(2) consumption. Deficits in maternal O(2) transport in third trimester normal pregnancy are unlikely to be causally associated with variation in fetal growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Women's Helath, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA. stacy.zamudio@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zamudio
authors.forename: Lucrecia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Postigo
authors.forename: Nicholas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Illsley
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Gladys
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heredia
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brimacombe
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Echalar
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Torricos
authors.forename: Wilma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tellez
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.forename: Elfride
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balanza
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ameller
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vargas
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D001158:Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D001682:Biological Availability; D001724:Birth Weight; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000235:genetics*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen