title: Interactive effect of family history and environmental factors on respiratory tract-related morbidity in infancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Family and environmental factors affect the development of respiratory morbidity. How these factors interact is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to clarify the interactive effect of family history of asthma and environmental factors on the occurrence of respiratory morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred twenty-one infants with a positive family history of asthma (PFH) and 308 with a negative family history of asthma (NFH) were prenatally selected and followed until the age of 2 years. Exposure to environmental factors and the occurrence of respiratory morbidity were recorded. By using multiple logistic regression analysis, increased risk was expressed in odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for relevant covariables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants with a PFH had more respiratory morbidity than infants with an NFH. Adjusted ORs ranged from 1.7 (95% CI, 1.0-2.8) for expiratory wheezing to 4.9 (95% CI, 1.7-13.6) for croup. Parental smoking increased the OR of a PFH for wheezing ever (OR, 5.8 [95% CI, 2.5-13.8]) and attacks of wheezing (OR, 6.8 [95% CI, 2.7-16.9]), as did Der p 1 (OR, 10.2 [95% CI, 2.8-36.3] and OR, 7.1 [95% CI, 7.1-21.0], respectively). Exposure to both parental smoking and Der p 1 further increased this OR (OR, 30.8 [95%, CI, 6.9-137.2] and OR, 26.2 [95% CI, 5.9-115.6], respectively). Breast-feeding decreased the ORs of PFH for tonsillitis and acute otitis media: the increased ORs for these diagnoses in formula-fed infants with PFHs versus those with NFHs (OR, 9.2 [95% CI, 2.1-39.7] and OR, 2.9 [95% CI, 1.1-7.2], respectively) was attenuated in breast-fed infants (OR, 1.8 [95% CI, 0.8-3.8] and OR, 0.7 [95% CI, 0.4-1.3]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental smoking and Der p 1 increase the effect of a PFH on respiratory morbidity. Breast-feeding reduces this effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extra attention should be given to stimulate mothers to breast-feed their children in case they cannot stop smoking or taking sanitation measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, Care and Public Health Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Sandra.Kuiper@HAG.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuiper
authors.forename: Jean W M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Muris
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dompeling
authors.forename: Arnold D M
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kester
authors.forename: Geertjan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wesseling
authors.forename: J André
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Knottnerus
authors.forename: Constant P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: van Schayck
mesh_terms: D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides / Q000276:immunology; D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D001249:Asthma; D001942:Breast Feeding; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010290:Parents; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
chemical_list: D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides; D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; C451162:Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigen p 1