title: Racially disproportionate admission rates for ambulatory care sensitive conditions in North Carolina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines race variations in quality of care through the proxy of ambulatory care sensitive (ACS) conditions. Hospital admission rates for eight ACS conditions were examined for African American and white Medicare beneficiaries in North Carolina. Temporal variations for ACS were also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enrollment and inpatient claims files from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for a 1999-2002 cohort who were aged 65 years or older in 1999 were examined. Descriptive statistics were computed for each year. Cochran-Mantel Haenszel tests were performed to assess differences in the admission rates for both individual and aggregate ACS conditions controlling for time. The Cochran-Armitage test for trend was used to evaluate changes in admission rates over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  African Americans had higher admission rates for five of the eight ACS conditions. The highest rates were for diabetes among African Americans (odds ratio [OR] = 2.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] [2.73, 2.99]) and adult asthma (OR = 1.51; 95% CI [1.43, 1.61]). African Americans tended to have lower ACS admission rates than white patients for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 0.67; 95% CI [0.65, 0.69]); bacterial pneumonia (OR = 0.86; 95% CI [0.84, 0.89]), and angina (OR = 0.90; 95% CI [0.84, 0.97]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using the ACS proxy for quality of health care as applied to examining race and ethnicity is a promising approach, though challenges remain. Admissions for ACS conditions between African American and white patients differ, but it is unclear why. This exploratory study must lead to an examination of social, economic, historical, and cultural factors for preventive, remedial, and beneficial policy initiatives.
authors.affiliation: The Institute for Health, Social, and Community Research at Shaw University, 118 E. South St., Raleigh, NC 27601, USA. howardd@shawu.edu
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Farrukh B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hakeem
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Njue
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Yhenneko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jallah
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People