title: Robotic application in epilepsy surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epilepsy surgery is cost-effective and dependent on patient selection, localization and meticulous technique. We report the use of a new robotic system in this surgery for the first time.
  
  
  METHODS
  The brain is imaged for both image guidance and robotic application. The robot uses CT-visible reflective fiducials. Registration is performed by image-guided surgery (IGS) system and the robot. The robot is used to insert depth electrodes for intra-operative epileptic focus localization and to localize the temporal horn.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This technique was used in three patients; the catheter tip was found in the temporal horn in all cases and saved considerable operating time compared to previous experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is therefore feasible to use the robot to localize the temporal horn and place depth electrodes during epilepsy surgery with greater precision and consistency and potential time savings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK. m.s.eljamel@dundee.ac.uk
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Eljamel
mesh_terms: D004827:Epilepsy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011859:Radiography; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome