title: Efficacy of antithrombin in the prevention of microvascular thrombosis during endotoxemia: an intravital microscopic study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The KyberSept trial in septic patients showed that antithrombin (AT) reduced 90-day mortality significantly in a subgroup of patients not receiving concomitant heparin for thrombosis prophylaxis. Microvascular thrombosis is a key pathophysiologic mechanism during sepsis, ischemia/reperfusion and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Therefore, this study investigated the antithrombotic property of AT as potential monotherapy in an experimental endotoxemia model in order to omit concomitant heparin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a light/dye injury model in the ear and the cremaster muscle preparation of mice, we quantitatively assessed microvascular thrombus formation in a total of 30 endotoxemic mice by means of intravital fluorescence microscopy. Before thrombus induction animals received a single i.v. bolus of AT (100 or 250 IU/kg), heparin (100 IU/kg) or saline (NaCl).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In NaCl-treated endotoxemic animals, light/dye exposure led to complete thrombotic occlusion in arterioles and venules within <450 s in the ear model. Heparin delayed thrombotic vessel occlusion by more than 50%. AT significantly prolonged times until thrombotic vessel occlusion in a dose-dependent manner and more effectively than heparin (p<0.05 vs. NaCl and heparin). This anti-coagulative effect of AT was especially pronounced in arterioles. Upon light/dye exposure to cremaster muscle preparations in endotoxemic mice AT also caused a 4-fold delay in microvascular thrombus growth with 827+/-77 s until complete thrombotic occlusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We could characterize for the first time AT-mediated antithrombotic activity during endotoxemia in two models of phototoxicity-induced microvascular thrombosis. Our results clearly demonstrate an additional AT mechanism of action that may be responsible for beneficial effects observed during endotoxemia and DIC. This AT profile may allow future high-dose AT application without giving heparin for thrombosis prophylaxis, an intriguing strategy that is to be tested under clinical conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 69a, 18055 Rostock, Germany. heiko.sorg@med.uni-rostock.de
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sorg
authors.forename: Johannes N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Rolando E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Rumbaut
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Menger
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lindenblatt
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vollmar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019446:Endotoxemia; D005260:Female; D005337:Fibrin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D005337:Fibrin; D006493:Heparin