title: Self-harm in England: a tale of three cities. Multicentre study of self-harm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-harm is a major healthcare problem in the United Kingdom, but monitoring of hospital presentations has largely been done separately in single centres. Multicentre monitoring of self-harm has been established as a result of the National Suicide Prevention Strategy for England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on self-harm presentations to general hospitals in Oxford (one hospital), Manchester (three hospitals) and Leeds (two hospitals), collected through monitoring systems in each centre, were analysed for the 18-month period March 2000 to August 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings were based on 7344 persons who presented following 10,498 episodes of self-harm. Gender and age patterns were similar in the three centres, 57.0% of patients being female and two-thirds (62.9%) under 35 years of age. The largest numbers by age groups were 15-19 year-old females and 20-24 year-old males. The female to male ratio decreased with age. Rates of self-harm were higher in Manchester than Oxford or Leeds, in keeping with local suicide rates. The proportion of patients receiving a specialist psychosocial assessment varied between centres and was strongly associated with admission to the general hospital. Approximately 80% of self-harm involved self-poisoning. Overdoses of paracetamol, the most frequent method, were more common in younger age groups, antidepressants in middle age groups, and benzodiazepines and sedatives in older age groups. Alcohol was involved in more than half (54.9%) of assessed episodes. The most common time of presentation to hospital was between 10 pm and 2 am.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multicentre monitoring of self-harm in England has demonstrated similar overall patterns of self-harm in Oxford, Manchester and Leeds, with some differences reflecting local suicide rates. Diurnal variation in time of presentation to hospital and the need for assessment of non-admitted patients have implications for service provision.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Suicide Research, University Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK. keith.hawton@psych.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hawton
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bergen
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simkin
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Jayne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Nav
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kapur
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horrocks
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: House
authors.forename: Rachael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lilley
authors.forename: Rachael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Owens
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000506:poisoning; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000506:poisoning; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000506:poisoning; D003625:Data Collection; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000506:poisoning; D008297:Male; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013995:Time
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D000082:Acetaminophen