title: Nurse working conditions and patient safety outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  System approaches, such as improving working conditions, have been advocated to improve patient safety. However, the independent effect of many working condition variables on patient outcomes is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine effects of a comprehensive set of working conditions on elderly patient safety outcomes in intensive care units.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study, with patient outcome data collected using the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system protocols and Medicare files. Several measures of health status and fixed setting characteristics were used to capture distinct dimensions of patient severity of illness and risk for disease. Working condition variables included organizational climate measured by nurse survey; objective measures of staffing, overtime, and wages (derived from payroll data); and hospital profitability and magnet accreditation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 15,846 patients in 51 adult intensive care units in 31 hospitals depending on the outcome analyzed; 1095 nurses were surveyed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Central line associated bloodstream infections (CLBSI), ventilator-associated pneumonia, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, 30-day mortality, and decubiti.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Units with higher staffing had lower incidence of CLBSI, ventilator-associated pneumonia, 30-day mortality, and decubiti (P <or= 0.05). Increased overtime was associated with higher rates of catheter-associated urinary tract infections and decubiti, but slightly lower rates of CLBSI (P <or= 0.05). The effects of organizational climate and profitability were not consistent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurse working conditions were associated with all outcomes measured. Improving working conditions will most likely promote patient safety. Future researchers and policymakers should consider a broad set of working condition variables.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, New York 10032, USA. ps2024@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Patricia W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mooney-Kane
authors.forename: Elaine L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horan
authors.forename: Laurent G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Glance
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zwanziger
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Dick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015279:Organizational Culture; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010557:Personnel Administration, Hospital; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D017751:Safety Management; D014481:United States; D016526:Workload