title: Bilateral avulsion of the puborectal muscle: magnetic resonance imaging-based three-dimensional reconstruction and comparison with a model of a healthy nulliparous woman.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obstetric trauma to the puborectal muscle seems to be an important cause of pelvic floor dysfunction in women. Due to the complicated three-dimensional (3D) arrangement of the pelvic structures, two-dimensional images are not sufficient to demonstrate its relationships in a complex fashion. Thus, we aimed to create a 3D computer model to visualize the normal female pelvic floor anatomy and to compare this with the anatomy after bilateral avulsion of the puborectal muscle following delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We created two 3D computer models of the female pelvic floor, one of a healthy nulliparous woman and the other of a woman with bilateral puborectal muscle avulsion after vaginal delivery. The data for the models were obtained from magnetic resonance imaging examinations and the following structures were depicted: pelvic bones, puborectal muscle, internal obturator muscle, urethra, urinary bladder, vagina and rectum. The models were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The models allowed us to demonstrate in three dimensions changes in the puborectal muscle after avulsion. Its relations to the bone, internal obturator muscle, perineal membrane and the deep part of the external anal sphincter were modeled and differences from the normal non-injured anatomy were demonstrated. Avulsion altered the support to the whole endopelvic fascia and destabilized both the anterior and the posterior vaginal walls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of 3D technology including modeling allows for the acquisition of new knowledge and aids in the understanding of both normal and pathological pelvic anatomy.
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Care of Mother and Child (UPMD), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. otcenasm@volny.cz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otcenasek
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krofta
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baca
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grill
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kucera
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vasicka
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drahonovsky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feyereisl
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011391:Prolapse; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000473:pathology