title: Evolution of direct-developing larvae: selection vs loss.
abstract: Observations of a sea urchin larvae show that most species adopt one of two life history strategies. One strategy is to make numerous small eggs, which develop into a larva with a required feeding period in the water column before metamorphosis. In contrast, the second strategy is to make fewer large eggs with a larva that does not feed, which reduces the time to metamorphosis and thus the time spent in the water column. The larvae associated with each strategy have distinct morphologies and developmental processes that reflect their feeding requirements, so that those that feed exhibit indirect development with a complex larva, and those that do not feed form a morphologically simplified larva and exhibit direct development. Phylogenetic studies show that, in sea urchins, a feeding larva, the pluteus, is the ancestral form and the morphologically simplified direct-developing larva is derived. The current hypothesis for evolution of the direct-developing larval form in sea urchins suggests that major developmental changes occur by neutral loss of larval features after the crucial transition to a nonfeeding life history strategy. We present evidence from Clypeaster rosaceus, a sea urchin with a life history intermediate to the two strategies, which indicates that major developmental changes for accelerated development have been selected for in a larva that can still feed and maintains an outward, pluteus morphology. We suggest that transformation of larval form has resulted from strong selection on early initiation and acceleration of adult development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret Snoke
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Kirk S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Zigler
authors.forename: Rudolf A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Raff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D007814:Larva / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological; D009024:Morphogenesis; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology