title: Laser-induced mixing in microfluidic channels.
abstract: We demonstrate a novel strategy for mixing solutions and initiating chemical reactions in microfluidic systems. This method utilizes highly focused nanosecond laser pulses from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at lambda = 532 nm to generate cavitation bubbles within 100- and 200-microm-wide microfluidic channels containing the parallel laminar flow of two fluids. The bubble expansion and subsequent collapse within the channel disrupts the laminar flow of the parallel fluid streams and produces a localized region of mixed fluid. We use time-resolved imaging and fluorescence detection methods to visualize the mixing process and to estimate both the volume of mixed fluid and the time scale for the re-establishment of laminar flow. The results show that mixing is initiated by liquid jets that form upon cavitation bubble collapse and occurs approximately 20 micros following the delivery of the laser pulse. The images also reveal that mixing occurs on the millisecond time scale and that laminar flow is re-established on a 50-ms time scale. This process results in a locally mixed fluid volume in the range of 0.5-1.5 nL that is convected downstream with the main flow in the microchannel. We demonstrate the use of this mixing technique by initiating the horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed reaction between hydrogen peroxide and nonfluorescent N-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine (Amplex Red) to yield fluorescent resorufin. This approach to generate the mixing of adjacent fluids may prove advantageous in many microfluidic applications as it requires neither tailored channel geometries nor the fabrication of specialized on-chip instrumentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Amy N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Hellman
authors.forename: Kaustubh R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Rau
authors.forename: Helen H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: K Scott
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Allbritton
authors.forename: Vasan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Venugopalan
mesh_terms: D002384:Catalysis; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D007834:Lasers; D044085:Microfluidics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010078:Oxazines / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C105363:N-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine; D010078:Oxazines; C014180:resorufin; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase