title: Ultrasound-guided transrectal implantation of gold markers for prostate localization during external beam radiotherapy: complication rate and risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the complication rate and risk factors of transrectally implanted gold markers, used for prostate position verification and correction procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 209 consecutive men with localized prostate cancer, four gold markers (1 x 7 mm) were inserted under ultrasound guidance in an outpatient setting, and the toxicity was analyzed. All patients received a questionnaire regarding complications after marker implantation. The complications and risk factors were further evaluated by reviewing the medical charts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 209 men, 13 (6.2%) had a moderate complication, consisting of pain and fever that resolved after treatment with oral medication. In 1.9% of the men, minor voiding complaints were observed. Other minor transient complications, defined as hematuria lasting >3 days, hematospermia, and rectal bleeding, occurred in 3.8%, 18.5%, and 9.1% of the patients, respectively. These complications were seen more often in patients with advanced tumor stage, younger age, and shorter duration of hormonal therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transrectal gold marker implantation for high-precision prostate radiotherapy is a safe and well-tolerated procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Langenhuijsen
authors.forename: Emile N J T
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: van Lin
authors.forename: Lambertus A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kiemeney
authors.forename: Lisette P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: van der Vight
authors.forename: Gill M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: McColl
authors.forename: Andries G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: J Alfred
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Witjes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006046:Gold; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology; D051516:Hemospermia / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012002:Rectal Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006046:Gold