title: Mild hearing impairment and psychotic experiences in a normal aging population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hearing impairment (HI) in the elderly may be a risk factor for psychosis, but associations between HI and psychotic disorder or psychotic experiences have been reported more consistently in younger than in older populations. The aims of this study were to replicate the positive association between hearing impairment and psychotic experiences and to clarify any differences between groups of young and old individuals in a non-clinical, normal aging general population sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  HI, assessed at baseline and at 3-year follow-up, and psychotic experiences, assessed at 3-year follow-up, were analysed in a group of 848 individuals aged 33 to 89 years between 1999 and 2004. HI was determined on the basis of both self-report and audiometric examination. The "psychoticism" and "paranoid ideation" subscales from the SCL-90-R were used to assess level of psychotic experiences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-reported hearing problems expressed as conversational HI (beta=0.080, 95% CI: 0.23, 7.90, p=0.038) and subjective HI (beta=0.087, 95%CI: 0.70, 10.30, p=0.025), but not audiometric objective HI, were associated with psychotic experiences. In those with hearing aids, associations with psychotic experiences were only present if accompanied by self-reported hearing problems that persisted in spite of the hearing aid. In addition, HI increased the risk for psychotic experiences specifically in younger rather than older individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-reported hearing problems rather than audiometric or remediated hearing loss may contribute to the development of psychotic experiences in younger rather than in older individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. m.vanderwerf@sp.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Margriet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Werf
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Boxtel
authors.forename: Frans
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Verhey
authors.forename: Jelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jolles
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thewissen
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011304:Presbycusis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires