title: Hepatocyte senescence in end-stage chronic liver disease: a study of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in liver biopsies as a marker for progression to hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Histologic markers to predict hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) include small cell change and dysplastic nodules. Hepatocyte senescence is noted in chronic liver disease and may or may not be important in progression to HCC.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study was undertaken to compare standard histologic features of chronic liver disease as well as markers of senescence and proliferation in two groups of biopsies from patients followed for at least a year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard histologic evaluation of necroinflammatory activity, fibrosis, steatosis, and iron, internationally accepted criteria of dysplasia, and immunohistochemical markers for proliferation and hepatocyte senescence were compared in 47 liver biopsies from noncholestatic chronic liver disease patients who subsequently either underwent transplant (the Control group, n=19) or had biopsy-proven (HCC group, n=28) over a similar time period of 34.9 months (mean) and 42.5 months (mean) respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups were predominantly men; the MELD score was higher, and mean age was less in the Control group (46.9 vs 53.8 years, P=0.01). Small cell change was not significantly different in the biopsies between the two groups; neither were grade, stage (Ishak scores), nor presence or location of iron. Steatosis was more common in the group that subsequently developed HCC (P=0.04). The MIB-1 proliferation index was greater in the biopsies from the Control group. The senescence marker p21, and the ratio of p21:MIB-1 were not statistically different between the two groups. However, a Spearman's rank correlation showed a linear correlation of p21/MIB-1 with a greater amount of dyplasia in the explant livers of Controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggested the Control groups' livers maintained effective removal of cells from the cell cycle by overexpression of p21 and, while not 'protected' from significant involvement by dysplasia, may have been precluded from development of HCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. bruntem@slu.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Brunt
authors.forename: Sarah N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Labundy
authors.forename: Adrian M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Di Bisceglie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001706:Biopsy; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053552:Keratin-7 / Q000378:metabolism; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D053552:Keratin-7; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen