title: Environmentally friendly use of non-coal ashes in Sweden.
abstract: The Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute (Värmeforsk) initiated an applied research program "Environmentally friendly use of non-coal ashes", in 2002. The program aims at increasing knowledge on the by-products of energy production and their application. The goal of formulating technical and environmental guidelines and assessments is a major point of the program, which is supported by about forty authorities and private organisations. The programme has been divided into four areas: recycling of ashes to forests, geotechnical applications, use in landfilling, and environmental aspects and chemistry. Among all results obtained, the following progress is shown: *Evidence for the positive effects of spreading ashes on forest growth. *A proposal for environmental guidelines on the utilisation of ashes in construction. *A handbook for using non-coal fly ashes in unpaved roads. *Technical and environmental assessments of MSWI bottom ashes in road construction. *Development of the use of ashes with municipal wastewater sludge as a cover for landfills and mine tailings. *Use of ashes from bio-fuels in concrete and replacement of cement in stoop mining. *A method to classify those by-products from combustion that have mirror entries in the EWC as a hazardous or non-hazardous compound. The Ash Programme has also made it possible to increase knowledge on ashes as valuable materials, on quality assurance and on markets for recovered materials.
authors.affiliation: Svenska EnergiAskor AB, Torsgatan 12, SE-111 23 Stockholm, Sweden. claes.ribbing@energiaskor.se
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ribbing
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control; D002947:Cities; D003031:Coal / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D017745:Incineration; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D003031:Coal; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D006859:Hydrogen