title: Is routine digital rectal examination required for the followup of prostate cancer?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With more men being diagnosed and radically treated for prostate cancer there is an increasing number of patients requiring followup. A proportion of radically treated patients have recurrence and require early salvage treatment. Traditionally followup involved physical examination, urinalysis, imaging and biopsy. Since the development of the prostate specific antigen assay, followup has largely consisted of digital rectal examination and prostate specific antigen determination. Although digital rectal examination is routinely used, its efficacy for detecting recurrent cancer in the absence of biochemical evidence of disease progression was questioned in recent studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a literature search using the key words digital rectal examination, per rectal examination, radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy, and cross-referenced all results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature that supports digital rectal examination as part of patient followup after radical prostatectomy is based on case studies and it is less applicable with more sensitive prostate specific antigen assays. In almost 5,000 patients after prostatectomy a prostate specific antigen increase reliably preceded disease recurrence, making digital rectal examination superfluous to requirements. No published literature supports repeat digital rectal examination after radical radiotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prostate specific antigen allows the early detection of disease recurrence. Although digital rectal examination is widely used to follow patients, contemporary studies consistently show that disease progression does not occur in the absence of increasing prostate specific antigen. This suggests that remote followup of patients with prostate specific antigen alone is a safe practice, although caution should be exercised in those with higher grade tumors, which may not produce significant amounts of prostate specific antigen.
authors.affiliation: Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom. katherinewarren@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Katherine S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: McFarlane
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D051517:Digital Rectal Examination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen