title: Long-term effects of botulinum toxin on neuromuscular function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent reports indicate increased incidence of Clostridium botulinum infections, particularly among drug abusers and tissue allograft recipients. Botulinum toxin also has potential application in biochemical warfare. The neurotoxin-induced paralysis often requires mechanical ventilation with and without muscle relaxants. The authors investigated the long-term effects of botulinum toxin on muscle function, expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), and their interaction with muscle relaxant, atracurium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats (n=30) were injected with varying doses (0.625, 2.5, and 10 U) of botulinum toxin into the tibialis muscle. Control animals (n=9) received an equivalent volume of saline. At 128 days after injection, neuromuscular function, pharmacodynamics of atracurium, and nAChRs were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nerve-evoked tensions, including tetanic tension and muscle mass, were decreased on the toxin-injected side in a dose-dependent manner relative to saline-injected controls as well as the contralateral side. Specific muscle tension and specific tetanic muscle tension (tensions/muscle mass) were not reduced. The ED10 of atracurium was reduced, the ED50 was unchanged, and the ED90 was increased in the highest (10-U) dose of toxin group. The atracurium plasma concentration to maintain a steady state 50% paralysis was significantly reduced in the 10-U toxin group. The nAChR concentrations in the tibialis muscle were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner in all experimental groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botulinum toxin causes dose-dependent long-term neuromuscular changes. The loss of tension generating capacity is almost exclusively related to muscle atrophy, because the specific tension did not change. The decreased ED10, unaltered ED50, and increased ED90 to atracurium suggest its interactions with different isoforms of receptors having varying sensitivity to atracurium. The absence of fade, despite the persistent botulinum toxin-induced denervation (increased nAChRs), suggests that the up-regulated nAChRs may have compensated for the prejunctional effects of botulinum toxin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. christiane_frick@web.de
authors.forename: Christiane G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Frick
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richtsfeld
authors.forename: Nita D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Sahani
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaneki
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blobner
authors.forename: J A Jeevendra
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martyn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001279:Atracurium / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000187:drug effects*; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D001279:Atracurium; D001905:Botulinum Toxins