title: From forgotten taxon to a missing link? The position of the genus Verhuellia (piperaceae) revealed by molecules.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The species-poor and little-studied genus Verhuellia has often been treated as a synonym of the genus Peperomia, downplaying its significance in the relationships and evolutionary aspects in Piperaceae and Piperales. The lack of knowledge concerning Verhuellia is largely due to its restricted distribution, poorly known collection localities, limited availability in herbaria and absence in botanical gardens and lack of material suitable for molecular phylogenetic studies until recently. Because Verhuellia has some of the most reduced flowers in Piperales, the reconstruction of floral evolution which shows strong trends towards reduction in all lineages needs to be revised.
  
  
  METHODS
  Verhuellia is included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Piperales (trnT-trnL-trnF and trnK/matK), based on nearly 6000 aligned characters and more than 1400 potentially parsimony-informative sites which were partly generated for the present study. Character states for stamen and carpel number are mapped on the combined molecular tree to reconstruct the ancestral states.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The genus Peperomia is generally considered to have the most reduced flowers in Piperales but this study shows that this is only partially true. Verhuellia, with almost equally reduced flowers, is not part of or sister to Peperomia as expected, but is revealed as sister to all other Piperaceae in all analyses, putting character evolution in this family and in the perianthless Piperales in a different light. A robust phylogenetic analysis including all relevant taxa is presented as a framework for inferring patterns and processes of evolution in Piperales and Piperaceae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Verhuellia is a further example of how a molecular phylogenetic study can elucidate the relationships of an unplaced taxon. When more material becomes available, it will be possible to investigate character evolution in Piperales more thoroughly and to answer some evolutionary questions concerning Piperaceae.
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Botanik, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wanke
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vanderschaeve
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mathieu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neinhuis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goetghebeur
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Samain
mesh_terms: D018742:DNA, Chloroplast / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D026321:Piperaceae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018742:DNA, Chloroplast; D018744:DNA, Plant