title: A comparison of oral midazolam, oral tramadol, and intranasal sufentanil premedication in pediatric patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral midazolam, tramadol drops, and intranasal sufentanil for premedication of pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty children, three to 10 years of age, who were designated as American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1 and who were undergoing adenotonsillectomy as inpatients were randomized to receive a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg (total of 4 ml) midazolam in cherry juice (n=20, Group M), 3 mg/kg tramadol drops (n=20, Group T), or 2 microg/kg intranasal sufentanil (n=20, Group S). Clinical responses (sedation, anxiolysis, cooperation) and adverse effects (respiratory, hemodynamic, etc.) were recorded. Safety was assessed by continuous oxygen saturation monitoring and observation. Vital signs (blood pressure, pulse, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate) were recorded before drug administration (baseline) and then every 10 minutes until the induction of anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean blood pressure decreased significantly after five minutes of intranasal sufentanil administration relative to Groups M (p < 0.01) and T (p < 0.05), whereas heart rate remained unchanged. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate decreased significantly after 20 and 30 minutes of intranasal sufentanil administration relative to Groups M and T (p < 0.05). Anxiety scores showed rates of 45 percent in Group M, 5 percent in Group T, and 40 percent in Group S. Anxiety scores in Groups M and S were better than those of Group T (p < 0.01). Cooperation scores for face-mask acceptance showed rates of 85 percent in Group M, 45 percent in Group T, and 85 percent in Group S (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intranasal sufentanil and oral midazolam are more appropriate premedication options than tramadol drops in children.
authors.affiliation: Malatya Hospital, Malatya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatma
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bayrak
authors.forename: Isil
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gunday
authors.forename: Dilek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Memis
authors.forename: Alparslan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turan
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011292:Premedication; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000187:drug effects; D017409:Sufentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D014068:Tonsillectomy; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D014147:Tramadol; D017409:Sufentanil; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen