title: Retinoic acids acting through retinoid receptors protect hippocampal neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation-mediated cell death by inhibition of c-jun-N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.
abstract: Retinoic acids (RAs), including all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9-cis retinoic acid (9-cis RA), play fundamental roles in a variety of physiological events in vertebrates, through their specific nuclear receptors: retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR). Despite the physiological importance of RA, their functional significance under pathological conditions is not well understood. We examined the effect of ATRA on oxygen/glucose-deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/Rep)-induced neuronal damage in cultured rat hippocampal slices, and found that ATRA significantly reduced neuronal death. The cytoprotective effect of ATRA was observed not only in cornu ammonis (CA) 1 but also in CA2 and dentate gyrus (DG), and was attenuated by selective antagonists for RAR or RXR. By contrast, in the CA3 region, no protective effects of ATRA were observed. The OGD/Rep also increased phosphorylated forms of c-jun-N-terminal kinase (P-JNK) and p38 (P-p38) in hippocampus, and specific inhibitors for these kinases protected neurons. ATRA prevented the increases in P-JNK and P-p38 after OGD/Rep, as well as the decrease in NeuN and its shrinkage, all of which were inhibited by antagonists for RAR or RXR. These findings suggest that the ATRA signaling via retinoid receptors results in the inhibition of JNK and p38 activation, leading to the protection of neurons against OGD/Rep-induced damage in the rat hippocampus.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shinozaki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagao
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000201:enzymology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D014212:Tretinoin; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases