title: ODD, ADHD, versus ODD+ADHD in clinic and community adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To seek evidence for the validity of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) as a behavioral syndrome in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two samples of adults, mental health outpatient clinic referrals (N = 490) and community controls (N = 900), completed a Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders-referenced rating scale and a brief questionnaire (social, educational, occupational, and treatment variables). Participants were separated into four groups: ODD-only, ADHD-only, ODD+ADHD, and NONE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, the three symptom groups were more severe than the NONE group; the ODD+ADHD and NONE groups were the most and least severe, respectively; and there were clear differences between the ODD-only and ADHD-only groups. The pattern of group differences was generally similar in both samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings support the distinction between ADHD and ODD symptom presentations in adults, and the notion that the comorbid condition is a unique clinical entity, both of which are consistent with the child literature. Nevertheless, additional research with larger samples of patients will be necessary to establish ODD as a potential behavioral syndrome in adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8790, USA. kenneth.gadow@stonybrook.edu
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Gadow
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sprafkin
authors.forename: Jayne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Edith E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Margaret D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003155:Community Mental Health Centers; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires