title: Clinical results of staged repair with complete unifocalization for pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our treatment strategy for pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (VSD) and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries is a staged repair that comprises the first complete unifocalization (UF) with 'unification' of intrapulmonary arteries and then the definitive repair. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcome of our staged repair strategy with complete UF and to determine the results of our current management strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1982 to 2004, 113 consecutive patients were treated with staged repair at our institute. We evaluated the risk of definitive repair failure or death in the 3 years after definitive repair using logistic regression. Furthermore, we compared the early group (patients who underwent UF before December 1995) and the late group (patients who underwent UF after January 1996).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean follow-up interval was 8.8 years (0.8 months to 23.3 years), and Kaplan-Meier-estimated overall survival rates after first UF were 80.9, 73.8, and 69.9% at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Survival in patients with an absent central pulmonary artery (PA) was significantly lower than in those with a central PA (p<0.05), and the factor that was significantly associated with definitive repair failure or death in the 3 years after definitive repair was central PA morphology (p<0.05). Higher mean PA pressure after UF was detected in patients with hypoplastic central PA, compared with those without hypoplastic PA (30.9 mmHg vs 23.3 mmHg, p<0.05). In the late group, age (in years) at first UF (3.9 vs 8.4, p<0.01), second UF (4.3 vs 9.2, p<0.01), and definitive repair (5.8 vs 9.1, p<0.01) was significantly younger than in early group, and the survival rate after first UF in the late group was 96.2 and 91.3% at 3 and 7 years, respectively. Systolic right ventricular pressure and the pressure ratio between the right and the left ventricles after definitive repair in the late group were significantly lower than in the early group (53.6 mmHg vs 75.0 mmHg, p<0.01; 61.7% vs 75.9%, p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypoplastic central PA was a significant risk factor in this disease. The overall survival was improved by our current management strategy. Improved RV pressure after definitive repair appears to affect the long-term outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. nishibas@cnmc.org
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
authors.forename: Toshiharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shin'oka
authors.forename: Masakuni
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishiyama
authors.forename: Takahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kurosawa
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001011:Aorta / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D001028:Aortopulmonary Septal Defect / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D003097:Collateral Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology; D018633:Pulmonary Atresia / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013348:Subclavian Artery / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome