title: The effects of the local anesthetics lidocaine and procaine on glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The voltage-dependent sodium channel is the primary site of action for local anesthetics (LAs). Although systemically administered low-dose LAs have been shown to exert antihyperalgesic effects, the molecular targets responsible for these effects are not fully known and their functional effects on inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors associated with antinociception have not been sufficiently studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effects of lidocaine and procaine (0.1 microM to 3 or 10 mM) on recombinant human alpha1 glycine, alpha1beta2gamma2S gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)), and rho1 GABA(C) receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, using a two-electrode voltage-clamp system. We also evaluated the effects of LAs on two mutant glycine receptors, alpha1(S267C) and alpha1(S267Q), in an effort to clarify the interaction between LAs and glycine receptors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low concentrations of both lidocaine and procaine enhanced glycine receptor function, whereas high concentrations of lidocaine and procaine inhibited glycine receptor function. Lidocaine (10 microM) produced a significant leftward shift in the glycine concentration-response curve, indicating an increase in the apparent affinity for glycine. This enhancement was not altered in the mutant receptors. Both lidocaine and procaine at high concentrations inhibited GABA(A) receptor currents, whereas neither lidocaine nor procaine affected GABA(C) receptor function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lidocaine and procaine enhanced glycine receptor function at low concentrations and inhibited the functions of glycine and GABA(A) receptors at high concentrations. The mechanism of the LA-induced enhancement of glycine receptor function probably differs from that of general anesthetics. These findings may explain the pharmacological effects of LAs, such as antinociception and convulsion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu, Japan. kojihara@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Takeyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sata
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009865:Oocytes; D011343:Procaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018079:Receptors, GABA / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018009:Receptors, Glycine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D018755:GABA Agonists; D018756:GABA Antagonists; D018079:Receptors, GABA; D018009:Receptors, Glycine; D011343:Procaine; D008012:Lidocaine