title: Buttonholes during LASIK: etiology and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the clinical features and outcome of eyes with flap buttonhole during LASIK.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was performed to identify eyes that developed flap buttonhole during Hansatome microkeratome translation. Pre-, intra-, and postoperative data were obtained to identify factors predictive of buttonhole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients with buttonhole were identified from June 2001 through September 2002 (5 [0.06%] eyes of 7672 primary LASIK procedures). Mean patient age was 49.2 +/- 11.3 years (range: 37 to 66 years). Mean preoperative spherical equivalent refraction was 4.92 +/- 2.90 diopters (D) (range: -2.25 to -9.50 D). Mean keratometry was 45.59 +/- 1.15 D (range: 43.90 to 47.60 D). All 5 flap buttonholes occurred in the second of 2 consecutively treated eyes (P = .03). Buttonhole occurred in 2 (0.26%) of 778 eyes where the 160-microm microkeratome plate was used, and 3 (0.06%) of 4350 eyes where the 180-microm plate was used (P = .16). Two eyes received laser ablation at the time of buttonhole formation. In the untreated cases, the buttonhole flap itself caused a myopic spherical change of -0.50 D and 0.70 D of astigmatism. One of 5 eyes lost 2 lines of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity; this eye received laser ablation immediately after buttonhole formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Buttonholes are significantly more likely to occur in the second of two consecutively treated eyes. A new blade for the second eye when the flap in the first eye appears to be thin should be considered. Caution should be exercised when considering laser ablation immediately following buttonhole formation.
authors.affiliation: In View, Atlanta, Ga, USA. lichter_henia@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Henia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lichter
authors.forename: R Doyle
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stulting
authors.forename: George O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Waring
authors.forename: Gregg E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001251:Astigmatism / Q000209:etiology; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D003315:Cornea / Q000601:surgery; D019781:Corneal Topography; D004867:Equipment Design; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020731:Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000209:etiology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012086:Reoperation / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity