title: Increased structural connectivity in grapheme-color synesthesia.
abstract: Diffusion tensor imaging allowed us to validate for the first time the hypothesis that hyperconnectivity causes the added sensations in synesthesia. Grapheme-color synesthetes (n = 18), who experience specific colors with particular letters or numbers (for example, 'R is sky blue'), showed greater anisotropic diffusion compared with matched controls. Greater anisotropic diffusion indicates more coherent white matter. Anisotropy furthermore differentiated subtypes of grapheme-color synesthesia. Greater connectivity in the inferior temporal cortex was particularly strong for synesthetes who see synesthetic color in the outside world ('projectors') as compared with synesthetes who see the color in their 'mind's eye' only ('associators'). In contrast, greater connectivity (as compared with non-synesthetes) in the superior parietal or frontal cortex did not differentiate between subtypes of synesthesia. In conclusion, we found evidence that increased structural connectivity is associated with the presence of grapheme-color synesthesia, and has a role in the subjective nature of synesthetic color experience.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. R.Rouw@uva.nl
authors.forename: Romke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rouw
authors.forename: H Steven
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Scholte
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016880:Anisotropy; D001288:Attention; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D003116:Color; D003118:Color Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D005364:Field Dependence-Independence; D006801:Humans; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*