title: Attributes of environments supporting walking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study established a framework to audit environments supporting walking in neighborhoods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis using a telephone survey and 200 objective environmental variables. SETTING. Urbanized King County, WA. SUBJECTS. 608 randomly sampled adults. Measures. Walking measures constructed from survey questions; objective environmental measures taken from parcel-level databases in Geographic Information Systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multinomial models estimated the odds of people engaging in moderate walking (<149 min/wk) and in walking sufficiently to meet recommendations for health (150+ min/ wk), relative to not walking" and in walking sufficiently, relative to walking moderately. A base model consisted of survey variables, and final models incorporated both survey and environmental variables. RESULTS. Survey variables strongly associated with walking sufficiently to enhance health included household income, not having difficulty walking, using transit, perceiving social support for walking walking outside of the neighborhood, and having a dog (p < .01). The models isolated 14 environmental variables associated with walking sufficiently (pseudo R2 up to 0. 46). Measures of distance to neighborhood destinations dominated the results: shorter distances to grocery stores/markets, restaurants, and retail stores, but longer distances to offices or mixed-use buildings (p < .01 or .05). The density of the respondent's parcel was also strongly associated with walking sufficiently (p < .01). Conclusions. The study offered valid environmental measures of neighborhood walkability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urban Design and Planning, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. moudon@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Anne Vernez
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Moudon
authors.forename: Chanam
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Allen D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Cheadle
authors.forename: Cheza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garvin
authors.forename: Donna B Johnson
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Rd
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Weathers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004779:Environment Design; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014861:Washington