title: Psychological factors as predictors of opioid abuse and illicit drug use in chronic pain patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychopathology (depression, anxiety, somatization disorder) and substance abuse (opioid misuse and illicit drug use) are common in patients with chronic pain and present problems for public health and clinical management. Despite a body of literature describing various methods for identifying psychopathology, opioid misuse, and illicit drug use in chronic pain patients, the relationship between psychopathologies, substance abuse, and chronic pain has not been well characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  This report describes a total of 500 consecutive pain patients prescribed and receiving stable doses of opioids. The patients were evaluated for psychopathology, opioid abuse, and illicit drug use during the course of regular pain management treatment. The relationships between psychopathology and drug abuse and/or illicit drug use in chronic pain patients were examined, and psychological evaluation for depression, anxiety, and somatization disorder was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depression, anxiety, and somatization disorder were documented in 59, 64, and 30 percent of chronic pain patients, respectively. Drug abuse was significantly higher in patients with depression as compared to patients without depression (12 percent with depression versus 5 percent without). Current illicit drug use was higher in women with depression (22 percent) than women without depression (14 percent) and in men with or without depression (12 percent). Current illicit drug use was also higher in men with somatization disorder (22 percent) than men without (9 percent).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that the presence of psychological features of depression and somatization disorder may be markers of substance abuse diathesis in chronic pain patients.
authors.affiliation: Pain Management Center of Paducab, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: Laxmaiah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manchikanti
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: Mark V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Boswell
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fellows
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manchukonda
authors.forename: Vidyasagar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pampati
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid