title: Apoptosis induction on human hepatoma cells Hep G2 of decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE-209).
abstract: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are an important class of halogenated organic brominated flame retardants. Because of their presence in abiotic and biotic environments widely and their structural similarity to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), concern has been raised on their possible adverse health effects to humans. This study was designed to determine the anti-proliferative, apoptotic properties of decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE-209), using a human hepatoma Hep G2 line as a model system. Hep G2 cells were cultured in the presence of PBDE-209 at various concentrations (1.0-100.0 micromol/L) for 72 h and the percentage of cell viability was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results showed that PBDE-209 inhibited the cells viability in time and concentration-dependent characteristics at concentrations (10.0-100.0 micromol/L). We found that anti-proliferative effect of PBDE-209 was associated with apoptosis on Hep G2 cells by determinations of morphological changes, cell cycle and apoptosis. Mechanism study showed that PBDE-209 could increase the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration-dependently. Antioxidant N-acetylcyteine partially inhibited the increase of ROS. The mechanism for its hepatoma-inhibitory effects was the induction of cellular apoptosis through ROS generation. In addition, activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release increased when the cells incubated with PBDE-209 at various concentrations and times. These results suggested that PBDE-209 had the toxicity activity of anti-proliferation and induction of apoptosis in tumor cells in vitro.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Zhong
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: De-Cong
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: Fang-Xing
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000494:pharmacology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010647:Phenyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D016192:Resting Phase, Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D016196:S Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C110400:2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; D005452:Fluoresceins; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C010902:decabromobiphenyl ether; D000111:Acetylcysteine