title: Continuous low dose diclofenac sodium infusion to control fever in neurosurgical critical care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aim of this randomized prospective clinical trial is to compare two methods of antipyretics and evaluate their efficacy in controlling fever during the acute phase of brain damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two febrile comatose patients: 12 severe traumatic brain injury and 10 subarachnoid hemorrhage divided in 2 groups: Diclofenac low-dose infusion (10 patients) and extemporaneous boluses of NSAIDs (CTRL, 12 patients). The primary outcome measure was length of time with temperature>38 degrees C. Secondary outcome measures were: 1) to assess the effects of each antipyretic strategy on intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate; 2) to monitor adverse effects of each antipyretic strategy. The baseline characteristics in the two treatment groups were similar.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary findings: percentage of time per patient with temperature>38 degrees C was significantly lower (P<0.0001) in the DCF group, 4% (0-22%), vs. 34% (8-56%) in CTRL group. In addition, mean T degrees , max T degrees were lower in DCF than in CTRL (P<0.05). Secondary findings: CPP and MAP were significantly higher in DCF group (P<0.05) while ICP was not different (NS). However, if ICP pre randomization was <25 mmHg, CTRL suffered a worst ICP (24+/-11 vs. 16+/-7 P=0.01), MAP (89+/-10 vs. 104+/-10 P=0.01) and CPP (75+/-10 vs. 94+/-17 P=0.01) compared to DCF. No differences between the two treatment were recorded when ICP>or=25 mmHg before randomization. There was no gastrointestinal or intracranial bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low dose DCF infusion is a potential useful strategy for a successful control temperature better than intermittent NSAIDs dosing, minimizing potentially brain-damaging effects of fever.
authors.affiliation: Neurorianimazione, Dipartimento di Medicina Perioperatoria e Terapie Intensive, Ospedale San Gerardo, Via Pergolesi 33, 20052, Monza, MI, Italy.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cormio
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Citerio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003422:Critical Care; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac