title: Intraventricular cryptococcal cysts masquerading as racemose neurocysticercosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cryptococcal infections of the CNS are infrequent in immunocompetent hosts. When present, they usually present as meningitis and hydrocephalus or as fungal masses called cryptococcomas. We report a case in which intraventricular cryptococcal cysts clinically and radiologically simulated the racemose form of neurocysticercosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 23-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a 1-week history of severe headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and some lethargy. A computed tomography scan revealed significant hydrocephalus. The patient was admitted to the hospital and immediately underwent a right ventriculostomy tube placement. CSF examination showed a meningitic pattern. Magnetic resonance imaging, including FLAIR images, showed multiple large cysts in the temporal horns of both lateral ventricles in addition to hydrocephalus. When an endoscopic left temporal cyst fenestration failed to decompress his trapped right temporal horn, he underwent placement of a left lateral ventricle to peritoneal shunt and a right temporal cyst to peritoneal shunt. ELISA test results for HIV-1 and -2 antibodies in the patient's serum were negative. His CD4 and CD8 counts were within normal limits. Multiple tests for CSF anticysticercal antibody using IgG ELISA gave unequivocally negative results. Latex agglutination tests detected Cryptococcus neoformans antigen in his CSF in titers of 1:1024, which progressively decreased in response to antifungal therapy. The patient underwent treatment with IV amphotericin B for 7 weeks, IV 5-FC for 2 weeks, and oral fluconazole for 5 weeks. At discharge, 3 consecutive CSF cultures were negative for bacteria and fungi. His neurologic status returned to baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cryptococcal CNS infections in immunocompetent hosts can mimic the intraventricular form of racemose neurocysticercosis. Distinguishing between the two is essential because the medical management of the 2 conditions is distinct from each other.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868.
authors.forename: Marlon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paré
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hasso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020863:Central Nervous System Cysts / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D020314:Central Nervous System Fungal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D020019:Neurocysticercosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt; D014696:Ventriculostomy
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000666:Amphotericin B