title: [Incontinence after stroke].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary and fecal incontinence can be a consequence of cerebral stroke. This article aims to give an overview of incidence, prevalence, risk factors, natural course and management of stroke-related incontinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE search in relevant literature during the last 15 years, and own clinical and research experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stroke-related incontinence is a frequent and bothersome symptom and a sign of a bad prognosis. Despite a certain spontaneous remission rate during the first year after onset of stroke, a considerable number of patients will have chronic problems. Many factors affect bladder and bowel function, and several of them are often present in the same individual. Keeping a record of natural functions and knowledge of incontinence is a prerequisite for all treatment. Impaired central inhibition of the micturition reflex is one important cause of urinary incontinence. Failure of certain cognitive functions probably has the greatest negative impact on prognosis. Even though established therapies for some urinary incontinence types have not been tested specifically in stroke patients, they may have effect and should be tried. Very little is known about post-stroke fecal incontinence. Patients with pre-existing incontinence should be offered help if they have not yet had a proper assessment and if they are motivated for it. There is a considerable need for further research in the field.
authors.affiliation: Universitetsenheten, Geriatrisk avdeling, Ullevål universitetssykehus, 0407 Oslo. rrpettersen@yahoo.no
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pettersen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D053202:Urinary Incontinence, Urge / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy