title: Psychosocial interventions in people with multiple sclerosis: a review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Upon diagnosis individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) must cope with both day to day and disease-related stressors in addition to unpredictable, fluctuating and confusing symptoms. Furthermore, disease progression may interfere with employment, family life, relationships and social activities. Psychosocial interventions aim to help individuals manage these psychological, social and emotional challenges. However, there are no specific guidelines available regarding the most effective intervention content, format or delivery. Therefore, a review of the research that has utilised these interventions, specifically those which, by definition, aimed to improve quality of life (QoL) and/or well-being in people with MS, was considered essential in order to identify which aspects of these interventions may help alleviate the psychosocial challenges associated with MS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify all randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental, cohort, case control and case series studies that have investigated psychosocial interventions in people with MS which aimed to improve QoL and/or well-being, to establish the methodological quality of such studies, and to determine the effectiveness of the interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches were carried out using computerised databases with predefined search terms; this was supplemented by manual searches of reference lists of all retrieved articles. Relevant journals were also hand searched.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies written in English and published before January 2006, investigating the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions on QoL and/or well-being in people with MS, were eligible for inclusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methodological quality was independently assessed by two reviewers using the Downs and Black quality scoring checklist. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of studies were extracted using a data extraction sheet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria; however, interventions varied widely in content, delivery and duration. Furthermore, failure to report full methodological details, as well as weaknesses in study design, reduced the strength of inferences that could be drawn from these studies. These notwithstanding, there were three studies of sufficient quality to provide some evidence regarding the value of education/information, goal setting, homework assignments, exercise, discussion forums and multidisciplinary team support. Thus, this review has identified the potential benefit of the aforementioned activities in the psychosocial management of this population. However, further well designed clinical trials are warranted to determine, definitively, the effectiveness, or otherwise, of these components.
authors.affiliation: Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Institute, University of Ulster, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Malcomson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dunwoody
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lowe-Strong
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*