title: Assessing communication skills of clinical call handlers working at an out-of-hours centre: development of the RICE rating scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Out-of-hours centres provide telephone support to patients with medical problems. In most of these centres specially-trained nurses handle incoming telephone calls. They assess patients' needs, the degree of urgency, and determine the level of care required. Assessment of the medical problem and the quality of 'care-by-phone' depend on the medical and communication skills of the call handlers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a valid, reliable, and practical rating scale to evaluate the communication skills of call handlers working at an out-of-hours centre and to improve quality of communication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative study with focus groups followed by validation of the rating scale and measurement of reliability (internal consistency).
  
  
  METHODS
  Out-of-hours centres in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  A focus group developed the rating scale. Experts with experience in training and evaluating communication skills of medical students and GPs commented on the scale to ensure content validity. The reliability of the rating scale was tested in a pilot in which ten specially-trained assessors scored six telephone calls each.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The scale, known as the RICE rating scale, has 17 items divided over four different phases of the telephone consultation: Reason for calling; Information gathering; Conclusion; and Evaluation (RICE). Content validity of the scale was assessed by two experts. Reliability of the scale tested in the pilot was 0.73 (Cronbach's alpha).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Establishing a rating scale to assess the communication skills of call handlers which meets common scientific demands, such as content validity and reliability, proved successful. This instrument can be used to give feedback to call handlers.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands. hay.derkx@medicinfo.nl
authors.forename: Hay P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Derkx
authors.forename: Jan-Joost E
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rethans
authors.forename: J André
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Knottnerus
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ram
mesh_terms: D039602:After-Hours Care / Q000592:standards*; D003142:Communication; D015277:Hotlines / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011364:Professional Practice / Q000592:standards*; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results