title: Cycad exposure and risk of dementia, MCI, and PDC in the Chamorro population of Guam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study cycad-derived products as possible risk factors for dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and parkinsonism-dementia complex (PDC) on Guam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Complete risk factor data from in-person interviews of 166 cases of Guam dementia, 50 cases of amnestic MCI, and 21 cases of PDC were compared with 1,581 controls in the base population regarding exposure to cycad-derived products from a traditional food (fadang), consumption of fruit bats, and use of cycad-derived topical medicine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for picking, processing, and eating fadang in young adulthood ranged from 1.42 (1.05 to 1.91) to 2.87 (1.48 to 5.56) and were consistently elevated and significant across all three diagnostic outcomes. Associations independent of exposure in young adulthood were for picking (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.96) and processing (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.94) fadang in childhood with Guam dementia. Men showed stronger and more consistent relations across exposure groups in young adulthood compared with women. No associations were found for consumption of fruit bats or exposure to cycad used as a topical medicine for any of the outcomes. Estimated adjusted population attributable risks suggest that exposure to eating fadang in young adulthood incurred the highest attributable risk percent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Environmental lifestyle and diet may contribute to the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases in the native population of Guam.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612-3805, USA. aborenst@health.usf.edu
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Borenstein
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mortimer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schofield
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gamst
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olichney
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Thal
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Silbert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: U L
authors.initials: UL
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Schellenberg
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Galasko
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000378:metabolism; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D029784:Cycas / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003704:Dementia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006141:Guam / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D044468:Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013995:Time
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts