title: A systematic approach to controlling problem bleeds in patients with severe congenital haemophilia A and high-titre inhibitors.
abstract: The presence of inhibitory antibodies to clotting factors complicates the treatment of bleeding in haemophilia patients. For patients with high-titre inhibitors, bypassing agents are essential to haemostatic management. To determine optimal treatment practices, an international panel of physicians convened to develop a systematic treatment approach for problem bleeds (i.e. bleeds that are unresponsive to initial therapy with a single agent within a reasonable amount of time) in haemophilia patients with inhibitors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this panel was to develop a consensus algorithm that would aid physicians in considering a variety of treatment approaches to optimize patient care by preventing extensive therapy with inadequate treatments that may lead to suboptimal patient outcomes and unnecessary costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consensus opinions were analyzed for clinical preferences at different time periods, depending on patient response to treatment. Decision-making points were defined based on the type of bleed: every 8-12 h for the first 24 h, then every 24 h thereafter for limb-threatening bleeds; every 2-4 h for 2-7 days for life-threatening bleeds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resultant consensus guidelines provide a generalized methodology to guide the treatment of problem bleeds in patients with severe haemophilia A and inhibitors, and emphasize changing treatment at the first sign of an inadequate haemostatic response. The treatment algorithms apply to both paediatric and adult patients, although the differences between the two groups were reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These guidelines are focused on optimising the timing of treatment decisions, which may lead to faster responses and improved outcomes.
authors.affiliation: St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. teitelj@smh.toronto.on.ca
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Teitel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berntorp
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Oiron
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ewenstein
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gomperts
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goudemand
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gringeri
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Key
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leissinger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Monahan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D019774:Blood Coagulation Factor Inhibitors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic
chemical_list: D019774:Blood Coagulation Factor Inhibitors