title: Cerebral vascular dysfunction during hypercholesterolemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies of peripheral arteries in hypercholesterolemic animals suggest that increased generation of superoxide contributes to endothelial dysfunction, especially in the presence of atherosclerotic lesions. We tested the hypothesis that vasomotor function is impaired in cerebral arterioles during hypercholesterolemia through a mechanism that involves oxidative stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice were fed a normal or a high-fat diet for >6 months. ApoE(+/-) mice fed a normal diet were used as normocholesterolemic controls. Responses of cerebral arterioles were examined in open cranial windows in vivo in anesthetized mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In apoE(-/-) mice, intimal area was increased only in the proximal aorta on the normal diet and also markedly increased in the distal aorta on the high-fat diet. There were no increases in intimal area in the aortas of control mice or in the cerebral arterioles in any group. The dilator response of cerebral arterioles to ACh (10 micromol/L) in control mice (26+/-4% increase in diameter) was reduced in apoE(-/-) mice on either the normal (13+/-2%) or the high-fat (13+/-3%) diet (P<0.05 vs control). NADPH (10 micromol/L), a substrate for NADPH oxidase, produced dilator responses in control mice (8+/-4%) that were significantly increased in apoE(-/-) mice on the high-fat diet (16+/-2%, P<0.05 vs control). Tempol, a superoxide scavenger, and apocynin, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, significantly increased vasodilator responses to ACh and decreased vasodilation to NADPH in apoE(-/-) mice on the high-fat diet. Nitroprusside produced a similar dilatation in the cerebral arterioles of all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypercholesterolemia is associated with oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in cerebral arterioles, despite the absence of atherosclerotic lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1081, USA.
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kitayama
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Faraci
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lentz
authors.forename: Donald D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Heistad
mesh_terms: D000098:Acetophenones / Q000378:metabolism; D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001011:Aorta / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001160:Arterioles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000378:metabolism; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013113:Spin Labels; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000098:Acetophenones; D000975:Antioxidants; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D004041:Dietary Fats; D013113:Spin Labels; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D013481:Superoxides; D009599:Nitroprusside; D009249:NADP; D002784:Cholesterol; C056165:acetovanillone; D000109:Acetylcholine; C001803:tempol