The rationale for the combination of selective EGFR inhibitors with cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy.
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently overexpressed in a wide range of human tumors; such overexpression often correlates with poor prognosis and worse clinical outcome. It has been demonstrated that the EGFR autocrine pathway plays a crucial role in human cancer since it contributes to a number of highly relevant processes in tumor development and progression, including cell proliferation, regulation of apoptotic cell death, angiogenesis and metastatic spread. For these reasons EGFR is one of the most studied and exploited targets for molecular cancer therapy. Two classes of anti-EGFR agents have entered clinical practice: monoclonal antibodies and small molecules targeting receptor tyrosine kinases. The possibility of combining conventional cytotoxic drugs with agents that specifically interfere with key pathways controlling cancer cell survival, proliferation, invasion and/or metastatic spread has generated wide interest. This could be a promising therapeutic approach for several reasons. First, the occurrence of cross-resistance is infrequent since the cellular targets and mechanisms of action of cytotoxic drugs and EGFR antagonists are different. Second, alterations in the expression and/or activity of genes that regulate mitogenic signals may either cause perturbation of cell growth or affect the sensitivity of cancer cells to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In fact, EGFR inhibitors have shown activity alone and/or in combination with conventional antitumor treatments.
Tortora
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G
Department of Endocrinology and Molecular and Clinical Oncology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. gtortora@unina.it
Gelardi
T
T
Ciardiello
F
F
Bianco
R
R
D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000068818:Cetuximab; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D000077156:Gefitinib; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D000077544:Panitumumab; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000008:administration & dosage
D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011799:Quinazolines; D000077544:Panitumumab; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D066246:ErbB Receptors; C520777:matuzumab; D000068818:Cetuximab; D000077156:Gefitinib