Alcohol intake and renal cell cancer in a pooled analysis of 12 prospective studies.
BACKGROUND
The association between alcohol intake and risk of renal cell cancer has been inconsistent in case-control studies. An inverse association between alcohol intake and risk of renal cell cancer has been suggested in a few prospective studies, but each of these studies included a small number of cases.


METHODS
We performed a pooled analysis of 12 prospective studies that included 530,469 women and 229,575 men with maximum follow-up times of 7-20 years. All participants had completed a validated food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Using the primary data from each study, the study-specific relative risks (RRs) for renal cell cancer were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models and then pooled using a random-effects model. All statistical tests were two-sided.


RESULTS
A total of 1430 (711 women and 719 men) cases of incident renal cell cancer were identified. The study-standardized incidence rates of renal cell cancer were 23 per 100,000 person-years among nondrinkers and 15 per 100,000 person-years among those who drank 15 g/day or more of alcohol. Compared with nondrinking, alcohol consumption (> or = 15 g/day, equivalent to slightly more than one alcoholic drink per day) was associated with a decreased risk of renal cell cancer (pooled multivariable RR = 0.72, 95% confidence interval = 0.60 to 0.86; P(trend)<.001); statistically significant inverse trends with increasing intake were seen in both women and men. No difference by sex was observed (P(heterogeneity) = .89). Associations between alcohol intake and renal cell cancer were not statistically different across alcoholic beverage type (beer versus wine versus liquor) (P = .40).


CONCLUSIONS
Moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a lower risk of renal cell cancer among both women and men in this pooled analysis.
Lee
Jung Eun
JE
Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. jung.lee@channing.harvard.edu
Hunter
David J
DJ
Spiegelman
Donna
D
Adami
Hans-Olov
HO
Albanes
Demetrius
D
Bernstein
Leslie
L
van den Brandt
Piet A
PA
Buring
Julie E
JE
Cho
Eunyoung
E
Folsom
Aaron R
AR
Freudenheim
Jo L
JL
Giovannucci
Edward
E
Graham
Saxon
S
Horn-Ross
Pamela L
PL
Leitzmann
Michael F
MF
McCullough
Marjorie L
ML
Miller
Anthony B
AB
Parker
Alexander S
AS
Rodriguez
Carmen
C
Rohan
Thomas E
TE
Schatzkin
Arthur
A
Schouten
Leo J
LJ
Virtanen
Mikko
M
Willett
Walter C
WC
Wolk
Alicja
A
Zhang
Shumin M
SM
Smith-Warner
Stephanie A
SA
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors