title: Increased intraabdominal pressure in abdominoplasty: delineation of risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abdominoplasty is associated with a 1.1 percent risk of deep venous thrombosis. This has been attributed to rectus plication causing intraabdominal hypertension, known to effect decreased venous return, venous stasis, and thus thrombosis. The authors conducted a pilot study to determine which components of the abdominoplasty procedure (i.e., general anesthesia, flexion of the bed, plication, and/or binder placement) may elevate intraabdominal pressures and whether this was clinically relevant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve abdominoplasty and 10 breast reduction (control) patients were enrolled prospectively. Intraabdominal pressure was transduced through the bladder before plication in the supine and flexed positions, after plication in both positions, after skin closure in the flexed position, and on postoperative day 1 with and without a binder in the flexed position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All intraabdominal pressures measured were clinically insignificant (<20 mm Hg). A statistically significant increase was found from flexion of the bed (mean difference, 3.80 +/- 2.0, p < 0.001, in the control group; and 4.39 +/- 1.68, p < 0.001, in the study group); rectus plication (mean difference, 2.78 +/- 2.11, p = 0.001, in the supine position; and 2.03 +/- 2.48, p = 0.016, in the flexed position); and binder placement (2.63 mm Hg for no binder versus 4.5 mm Hg with binder, p = 0.004). Both groups also showed an increase from preoperative to skin closure (mean difference, 2.03 +/- 6.7, p = 0.035, for the control group; and 2.83 +/- 3.97, p = 0.031, for the study group), suggesting general anesthesia as a risk factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the effect of rectus plication on increasing intraabdominal pressures but also implicates bed position, binder placement, and general anesthetic as risk factors. A larger study is needed to clarify the role of these variables in elevating intraabdominal pressure during abdominoplasty.
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda, Calif.; and Cincinnati, Ohio From the Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University; Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, University of Cincinnati; and the Health Research Consulting Group, Loma Linda University School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Georgeanna J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Anureet K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bajaj
authors.forename: Subhas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Floyd
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Duncan A G
authors.initials: DAG
authors.lastname: Miles
mesh_terms: D034841:Abdominal Cavity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D015187:Lipectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000601:surgery*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011312:Pressure; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017568:Rectus Abdominis / Q000601:surgery; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome