title: Selective downregulation of the high molecular weight form of adiponectin in hyperinsulinemia and in type 2 diabetes: differential regulation from nondiabetic subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adiponectin is an adipocyte-specific secretory protein found in circulation in several different forms and is present at significantly lower levels in the plasma of diabetic patients compared with that of insulin-sensitive individuals. We wanted to test whether insulin per se is a contributing factor toward lower plasma adiponectin concentrations and, if so, whether the splanchnic bed contributes to this phenomenon.
  
  
  METHODS
  We sampled femoral artery and hepatic venous samples and measured the high-molecular weight (HMW) and low-molecular weight (LMW) fractions of adiponectin in 11 type 2 diabetic and 7 nondiabetic subjects matched for age, sex, and BMI during basal conditions and during a hyperglycemic (approximately 9.5 mmol/l) hyperinsulinemic (approximately 700 pmol/l) clamp.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under these conditions, total arterial adiponectin, HMW, and the ratio of HMW to total adiponectin all were lower (P < 0.01) in the diabetic versus nondiabetic subjects, whereas the LMW form did not significantly differ. Under hyperinsulinemic conditions, total adiponectin levels dropped, primarily due to a reduction of the HMW form, whereas LMW forms were not significantly affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HMW adiponectin and the ratio of HMW to total adiponectin are lower in individuals with diabetes than in nondiabetic subjects. We conclude that HMW adiponectin is downregulated in hyperinsulinemia and type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. basu.rita@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: Utpal B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Pajvani
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rizza
authors.forename: Philipp E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Scherer
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000097:blood*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008970:Molecular Weight; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin