title: Alcohol intake and renal cell cancer in a pooled analysis of 12 prospective studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between alcohol intake and risk of renal cell cancer has been inconsistent in case-control studies. An inverse association between alcohol intake and risk of renal cell cancer has been suggested in a few prospective studies, but each of these studies included a small number of cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a pooled analysis of 12 prospective studies that included 530,469 women and 229,575 men with maximum follow-up times of 7-20 years. All participants had completed a validated food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Using the primary data from each study, the study-specific relative risks (RRs) for renal cell cancer were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models and then pooled using a random-effects model. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1430 (711 women and 719 men) cases of incident renal cell cancer were identified. The study-standardized incidence rates of renal cell cancer were 23 per 100,000 person-years among nondrinkers and 15 per 100,000 person-years among those who drank 15 g/day or more of alcohol. Compared with nondrinking, alcohol consumption (> or = 15 g/day, equivalent to slightly more than one alcoholic drink per day) was associated with a decreased risk of renal cell cancer (pooled multivariable RR = 0.72, 95% confidence interval = 0.60 to 0.86; P(trend)<.001); statistically significant inverse trends with increasing intake were seen in both women and men. No difference by sex was observed (P(heterogeneity) = .89). Associations between alcohol intake and renal cell cancer were not statistically different across alcoholic beverage type (beer versus wine versus liquor) (P = .40).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a lower risk of renal cell cancer among both women and men in this pooled analysis.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. jung.lee@channing.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Jung Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: Hans-Olov
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: Demetrius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albanes
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Piet A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van den Brandt
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Buring
authors.forename: Eunyoung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
authors.forename: Jo L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Freudenheim
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
authors.forename: Saxon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Pamela L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Horn-Ross
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Leitzmann
authors.forename: Marjorie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: Anthony B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rohan
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schatzkin
authors.forename: Leo J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Schouten
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolk
authors.forename: Shumin M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Smith-Warner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors