title: NMR assessment of Me(2)SO in decellularized cryopreserved aortic valve conduits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decellularized cryopreserved allograft vascular tissue may provide a nonimmunogenic scaffold that is suitable for repopulation by cells from a variety of sources, conferring the potential for growth and repair. Although dimethyl sulfoxide (Me(2)SO) is generally regarded as a safe cryoprotectant, even low levels may alter function of repopulating cells. We investigated the residual concentration of Me(2)SO in the aqueous compartment of cryopreserved ovine aortic valve conduits following decellularization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aortic valve conduits from Suffolk sheep were cryopreserved in 1.1 M (7.5% vol/vol) Me(2)SO according to the protocol of our local tissue bank. Three aortic valve conduits were decellularized in a series of hypotonic and hypertonic Tris buffers. Tissue samples were taken at regular time intervals throughout the decellularization process and equilibrated in double distilled, deionized H(2)O for 28 days. Quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to determine the residual Me(2)SO concentration in the equilibration solutions from which Me(2)SO tissue concentrations were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After thawing, the mean Me(2)SO concentration in the valve conduit was 0.302 +/- 0.081 M. The decellularization process resulted in a stepwise reduction in the Me(2)SO concentration to less than 8.56 x 10(-5) +/- 9 x 10(-5) M (P = 0.02). The diffusion coefficient was 2.5 x 10(-6) cm(2)/s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that Me(2)SO is effectively washed out of the aortic valve conduit during decellularization, resulting in a final concentration that is several orders of magnitude less than Me(2)SO concentrations reported to alter cell function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. elehr@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lehr
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hermary
authors.forename: Ryan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.forename: Deryck N H
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abazari
authors.forename: Locksley E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: McGann
authors.forename: James Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Coe
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Korbutt
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology / Q000637:transplantation; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000032:analysis*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008954:Models, Biological; D012756:Sheep; D014180:Transplantation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide