title: Glucocorticoid receptor overexpression exerts an antisurvival effect on human small cell lung cancer cells.
abstract: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive tumour with an abysmal prognosis. These cancers are characteristically resistant to glucocorticoid (Gc) action, owing to impaired expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We identified reduced GR expression in human SCLC cell lines, compared to a non-SCLC cell line. The SCLC cells also showed no Gc inhibition of proliferation, in contrast to non-SCLC cells. Retroviral overexpression of GR resulted in significantly increased cell death, which was partially blocked by the GR antagonist, RU486. Indeed, in cells sorted for GR expression, there was rapid, near complete loss of live cells by 72 h, in contrast to control cells that proliferated as expected. Flow cytometry using Annexin V revealed that cell death was by apoptosis. In addition, confocal analysis of fixed cells showed that cells overexpressing GR displayed a significant increase in fragmenting apoptotic nuclei. Microarray studies showed that transgenic GR expression upregulated the proapoptotic genes, BAD and BAX. We have, therefore, identified a profound apoptotic effect of GR in SCLC cells, which may explain the low levels of endogenous GR in SCLC cells. Understanding how GR overexpression leads to apoptotic cell death in SCLC cells may uncover new therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Department of Medicine, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Endocrine Sciences Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Le Rouzic
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gillingham
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kayahara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huynh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Ray
mesh_terms: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000235:genetics; D018390:Gene Targeting; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid