title: Effectiveness of nonnarcotic protocol for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic nonmalignant pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emergency department (ED) overcrowding is a growing problem. Frequent visits for chronic pain are a significant subset of patients. The use of narcotics in these patients is controversial. The purpose of this study was to test a strict nonnarcotic protocol in reducing need for and number of ED visits for chronic pain while at the same time addressing their pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective observational study. We identified patients with more than 10 ED visits for exacerbations of chronic nonmalignant pain in the last 12 calendar months. Each patient and their physician were sent letters informing them of the concern of frequent ED use and the use of opioids for rescue therapy. Furthermore, the patient would receive medications other than narcotics in subsequent ED visits, and follow-up with the primary physician for alternatives was encouraged. Use of the ED for pain-related visits was then monitored for the subsequent 12-month period. Clinic use and outpatient medication uses were also monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen patients were identified for the initial study. These patients averaged 19 ED visits per 12 months for pain-related complaints. All of them had a regular physician. After notification of the new protocol, ED visits decreased to an average of 2 visits per year. Visits with primary care physicians also dropped from an average of 19 visits per year to 7 visits. There were 7 patients who had been weaned off narcotic medications, 4 who had been converted to methadone maintenance, and 1 who had been switched to a fentanyl patch.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initiation of a strict nonnarcotic protocol for treatment of patients with frequent ED visits for chronic nonmalignant pain results in a significant drop in the number of pain-related visits to the ED. These visits were not offset by a significant elevation in the number of clinic visits for pain complaints, and many were weaned off narcotics. Nonnarcotic protocols for acute exacerbations of chronic nonmalignant pain may be a viable alternative for reducing frequent pain-related ED visits in a select population.
authors.affiliation: Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA. jes@medicine.wisc.edu
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Svenson
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D009294:Narcotics