title: Patterns of menstrual disturbance in eating disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe menstrual disturbance in eating disorders (ED).
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe menstrual history in 1,705 women and compare eating, weight, and psychopathological traits across menstrual groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Menstrual dysfunction occurred across all eating disorder subtypes. Individuals with normal menstrual history and primary amenorrhea reported the highest and lowest lifetime body mass index (BMI), respectively. Normal menstruation and oligomenorrhea groups reported greater binge eating, vomiting, and appetite suppressant use. Amenorrhea was associated with lower caloric intake and higher exercise. Harm avoidance, novelty seeking, perfectionism, and obsessionality discriminated among menstrual status groups. No differences in comorbid Axis I and II disorders were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Menstrual dysfunction is not limited to any eating disorder subtype. BMI, caloric intake, and exercise were strongly associated with menstrual function. Menstrual status is not associated with comorbidity. Menstrual irregularity is an associated feature of all ED rather than being restricted to AN only.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7160, USA.
authors.forename: Andréa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poyastro Pinheiro
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.forename: Katherine H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Plotonicov
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tozzi
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Klump
authors.forename: Wade H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Berrettini
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crow
authors.forename: Manfred M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Fichter
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Halmi
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Allan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keel
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: LaVia
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rotondo
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strober
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Treasure
authors.forename: D Blake
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Woodside
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Von Holle
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.forename: Walter H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: Cynthia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bulik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D000856:Anorexia Nervosa / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D052018:Bulimia Nervosa / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D013223:Statistics as Topic