title: The relationship between attention, executive functions and reading domain abilities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reading disorder: a comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Co-morbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and reading disorder (RD) is frequent. The objective of this investigation was to assess the potential uniqueness of co-morbid ADHD + RD and extend existing findings to the Hebrew language.
  
  
  METHODS
  A parallel group design with post-hoc analysis of group differences was employed comparing four groups of children (19 ADHD, 17 RD, 27 ADHD + RD, and 23 controls) on reading measures, attention and executive functions (EF) as well as functions of phonemic awareness and rapid naming. Forward stepwise regressions were run in order to delineate significant relationships between phonemic awareness, rapid naming, attention and EF with outcome variables of reading.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The co-morbid group shared the basic characteristic impairments in attention and executive functions with the pure ADHD group and in reading domain functions with the pure RD group. In addition, this group showed unique deficits in rapid naming and a more severe impairment in working memory. Forward stepwise regression pointed to associations between executive functions and word reading accuracy in children with ADHD, in contrast to associations between linguistic functions and word accuracy in non-ADHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of cognitive deficits in the subgroup of children with both ADHD and RD and the relationship between accuracy in word decoding and executive functions shown for the ADHD groups point to a distinct clinical profile of the co-morbid condition. Attention and EF should be considered in the diagnosis of RD and in the remediation protocol.
authors.affiliation: The Hannah Khoushy Child Development Center, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bental
authors.forename: Emanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tirosh
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders; D015897:Comorbidity; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D013850:Thinking; D014888:Wechsler Scales