title: A clonal analysis of neural progenitors during axolotl spinal cord regeneration reveals evidence for both spatially restricted and multipotent progenitors.
abstract: Complete regeneration of the spinal cord occurs after tail regeneration in urodele amphibians such as the axolotl. Little is known about how neural progenitor cells are recruited from the mature tail, how they populate the regenerating spinal cord, and whether the neural progenitor cells are multipotent. To address these issues we used three types of cell fate mapping. By grafting green fluorescent protein-positive (GFP(+)) spinal cord we show that a 500 microm region adjacent to the amputation plane generates the neural progenitors for regeneration. We further tracked single nuclear-GFP-labeled cells as they proliferated during regeneration, observing their spatial distribution, and ultimately their expression of the progenitor markers PAX7 and PAX6. Most progenitors generate descendents that expand along the anterior/posterior (A/P) axis, but remain close to the dorsal/ventral (D/V) location of the parent. A minority of clones spanned multiple D/V domains, taking up differing molecular identities, indicating that cells can execute multipotency in vivo. In parallel experiments, bulk labeling of dorsally or ventrally restricted progenitor cells revealed that ventral cells at the distal end of the regenerating spinal cord switch to dorsal cell fates. Analysis of PAX7 and PAX6 expression along the regenerating spinal cord indicated that these markers are expressed in dorsal and lateral domains all along the spinal cord except at the distal terminus. These results suggest that neural progenitor identity is destabilized or altered in the terminal vesicle region, from which clear migration of cells into the surrounding blastema is also observed.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Levan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McHedlishvili
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Epperlein
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Telzerow
authors.forename: Elly M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000557:Ambystoma; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D016616:Cryoultramicrotomy; D018274:Electroporation; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D039902:Multipotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; D051763:PAX7 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; D051763:PAX7 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins