title: Hazardous drinking in New Zealand sportspeople: level of sporting participation and drinking motives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between athlete drinking motives and hazardous drinking across differing levels of sporting participation (club vs elite-provincial vs elite-international).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 1214 New Zealand sportspeople was collected. We assessed hazardous drinking with the WHO's AUDIT questionnaire and sportspeople's psychosocial reasons for drinking with the ADS. Level of sporting participation (club/social, provincial/state, or international/olympic level) was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hazardous drinking behaviours differed across levels of sporting participation, with elite-provincial sportspeople showing the highest level of hazardous drinking, club/social sportspeople the next highest and elite-international sportspeople the lowest. Sportspeople who placed a greater emphasis on drinking as a reward for participating in their sports tended to display more hazardous drinking behaviours, but other ADS motives differed over level of sporting participation. Elite-provincial sportspeople and elite-international sportspeople placed more emphasis on drinking as a way to cope with the stresses of participating in their sports. A relationship between team/group motives and AUDIT scores was fully mediated by positive reinforcement motives, and partially mediated by stress-related coping motives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings have implications for alcohol education programs targeted at sportspeople and sport administration, and may help improve the efficacy and focus of intervention programs.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. kobrien@uow.edu.au
authors.forename: Kerry S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Ajmol
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cotter
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: O'Shea
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stannard
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D054874:Athletic Performance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000523:psychology*