title: Acute effects of smoking on skeletal muscle microcirculation monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking predisposes to vascular disease. Our study aimed to assess the acute effects of cigarette smoking on peripheral microcirculation using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and to compare microcirculatory function of smokers with that of nonsmokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 65 healthy volunteers: 25 smokers (14 men and 11 women; age range, 20 to 27 years) and 40 nonsmokers (31 men and 9 women; age range, 19 to 38 years). Smokers had refrained from smoking for 2 h prior to the examination. Tissue O(2) saturation (Sto(2)), defined as the percentage of hemoglobin saturation in the microvasculature compartments, was measured with a probe placed on the thenar muscle. Sto(2) baseline values were recorded for 5 min. Subsequently, the brachial artery occlusion technique was applied to evaluate microcirculatory function before, during, and after smoking one cigarette.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sto(2) before smoking was 85 +/- 6% (mean +/- SD), not differing significantly between men and women (84.4 +/- 6.6% vs 85.6 +/- 5.8%, respectively; p = 0.721). Sto(2) did not change significantly during smoking. O(2) consumption rate was significantly greater in women (33.4 +/- 6.7 Sto(2) U/min vs 25.7 +/- 7.1 Sto(2) U/min, p = 0.032) at baseline and throughout the smoking session. O(2) consumption rate was reduced during smoking (p < 0.001) and at 5 min after the smoking session. Smoking had a significant effect on vascular reactivity (p = 0.015), with no significant differences between genders. Five minutes after smoking, vascular reactivity had returned to approximately normal levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking acutely affects microcirculatory function. NIRS is a noninvasive, operator-independent technique that can document these effects. It seems promising for the prospective evaluation of the effects of long-term exposure to cigarette smoke.
authors.affiliation: First Critical Care Department, Evangelismos Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Angeliki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siafaka
authors.forename: Epameinondas
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Angelopoulos
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kritikos
authors.forename: Magdalini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poriazi
authors.forename: Neofitos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Basios
authors.forename: Vasiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gerovasili
authors.forename: Antonios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andreou
authors.forename: Charis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roussos
authors.forename: Serafim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nanas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins