title: Maternal epilepsy and offsprings' adult intelligence: a population-based study from Norway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined if children of mothers with epilepsy had normal intelligence, speculating that either epilepsy or its therapy might affect this parameter.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a population-based cohort study in Norway, information on maternal epilepsy reported to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, 1967-1979 was linked to information on 18-19-year-old men's intellectual ability and anthropometric measures ascertained by the Norwegian Conscripts Service, 1984-1999. The standardized intelligence test (IQ score) was reported as single-digit standard scores with values from 1 to 9. No individual information on antiepileptic drug therapy was available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean IQ score was lower in 1,207 conscripts whose mothers had epilepsy reported on the birth notification form, as compared with 316,554 conscripts of mothers without epilepsy; 4.8 (standard deviation 1.8) versus 5.2(1.8), p < 0.001, respectively. This difference remained after adjustment for maternal education, maternal age, birth order, marital status, year of birth, and weight and length at birth. When comparing men with and without reported maternal epilepsy, the odds ratio of having an IQ score < or = 3 was 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.4-1.8), which was unaffected by adjustment for confounding factors. Mean height among conscripts of mothers with and without epilepsy measured 178.6 and 179.9 cm, respectively, a difference of 1.3 cm (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed that almost 20 years after birth, maternal epilepsy was associated with reduced IQ score and also shorter adult height in male offspring. We do not know whether these findings will persist when epilepsy is better treated with the newer and safer generation of antiepileptic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of BergenCenter for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, BergenThe Medical Birth Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, BergenNorwegian Armed Forces Medical Services, OsloInstitute of Epidemiology, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Øyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of BergenCenter for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, BergenThe Medical Birth Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, BergenNorwegian Armed Forces Medical Services, OsloInstitute of Epidemiology, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Stein E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Vollset
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of BergenCenter for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, BergenThe Medical Birth Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, BergenNorwegian Armed Forces Medical Services, OsloInstitute of Epidemiology, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Martha G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Eide
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of BergenCenter for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, BergenThe Medical Birth Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, BergenNorwegian Armed Forces Medical Services, OsloInstitute of Epidemiology, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Tor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bjerkedal
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of BergenCenter for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, BergenThe Medical Birth Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, BergenNorwegian Armed Forces Medical Services, OsloInstitute of Epidemiology, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Rolv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Skjaerven
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D032721:Adult Children / Q000523:psychology; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001722:Birth Order; D001827:Body Height / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D007360:Intelligence / Q000145:classification*; D007361:Intelligence Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants