title: Combination therapy for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ugandan children: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Combination therapy is now widely advocated as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in Africa. However, it is not clear which treatment regimens are optimal or how to best assess comparative efficacies in highly endemic areas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy and safety of 3 leading combination therapies for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-blind randomized clinical trial, conducted between November 2004 and June 2006, of treatment for all episodes of uncomplicated malaria in children in an urban community in Kampala, Uganda. A total of 601 healthy children (aged 1-10 years) were randomly selected and were followed up for 13 to 19 months, receiving all medical care at the study clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants were randomized to receive 1 of 3 combination therapies (amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, amodiaquine plus artesunate, or artemether-lumefantrine) when diagnosed with their first episode of uncomplicated malaria. The same assigned treatment was given for all subsequent episodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  28-Day risk of parasitological failure (unadjusted and adjusted by genotyping to distinguish recrudescence from new infection) for each episode of uncomplicated malaria treated with study drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of enrolled children, 329 of 601 were diagnosed with at least 1 episode of uncomplicated malaria, and 687 episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria were treated with study drugs. The 28-day risk of treatment failure (unadjusted by genotyping) for individual episodes of malaria were 26.1% (95% CI, 21.1%-32.1%) for amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, 17.4% (95% CI, 13.1%-23.1%) for amodiaquine plus artesunate, and 6.7% (95% CI, 3.9%-11.2%) for artemether-lumefantrine (P<.05 for all pairwise comparisons). When only recrudescent treatment failures were considered, the risks of failure were 14.1% (95% CI, 10.3%-19.2%), 4.6% (95% CI, 2.5%-8.3%), and 1.0% (95% CI, 0.3%-4.0%) for the same order of study drugs, respectively (P< or =.008 for all pairwise comparisons, except amodiaquine plus artesunate vs artemether-lumefantrine, P = .05). There were no deaths or cases of severe malaria. Significant reductions in anemia (9.3% [95% CI, 7.0%-12.0%] at enrollment vs 0.6% [95% CI, 0.1%-2.2%] during the last 2 months of follow-up; P<.001) and asymptomatic parasitemia (18.6% [95% CI, 15.5%-22.1%] at enrollment vs 2.3% [95% CI, 1.5%-3.5%] during the last 2 months of follow-up; P<.001) were observed according to routine testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Artemether-lumefantrine was the most efficacious treatment for uncomplicated malaria in the study population. With all study regimens, the provision of prompt and reasonably effective facility-based treatment was associated with good outcomes in long-term health measures.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN37517549.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. gdorsey@medsfgh.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dorsey
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Staedke
authors.forename: Tamara D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Njama-Meya
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nzarubara
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maiteki-Sebuguzi
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dokomajilar
authors.forename: Moses R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kamya
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000655:Amodiaquine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077611:Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077332:Artesunate; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000175:diagnosis; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014454:Uganda; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D000077611:Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination; D037621:Artemisinins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005449:Fluorenes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D000655:Amodiaquine; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D000077332:Artesunate; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D011739:Pyrimethamine