title: Childhood adversities as a predictor of disability retirement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a large body of research on adulthood risk factors for retirement due to disability, but studies on the effect of adverse childhood experiences are scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether adverse childhood experiences predict disability retirement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from the Health and Social Support Study. The information was gathered from postal surveys in 1998 (baseline) and in 2003 (follow-up questionnaire). The analysed data consisted of 8817 non-retired respondents aged 40-54 years (5149 women, 3668 men). Negative childhood experiences, such as financial difficulties, serious conflicts and alcohol-related problems, were assessed at baseline and disability retirement at follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of disability retirement increased in a dose-response manner with increasing number of childhood adversities. Respondents who had experienced multiple childhood adversities had a 3.46-fold increased risk (95% CI 2.09 to 5.71) of disability retirement compared with those who reported no such adversities. Low socioeconomic status, depression (Beck Depression Inventory-21), use of drugs for somatic diseases as well as health-related risk behaviour, such as smoking, heavy alcohol consumption and obesity, were also predictors of disability retirement. After simultaneous adjustments for all these risk factors, the association between childhood adversities and the risk of disability retirement attenuated, but remained significant (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.07 to 3.37).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Information on childhood conditions may increase our understanding of the determinants of early retirement, especially due to mental disorders. Childhood adversities should be taken into account when considering determinants of disability retirement and identifying groups at risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, PO Box 41, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. karoliina.harkonmaki@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Karoliina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harkonmäki
authors.forename: Katariina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Korkeila
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vahtera
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimäki
authors.forename: Sakari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suominen
authors.forename: Lauri
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sillanmäki
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koskenvuo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002648:Child; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004243:Divorce; D004651:Employment; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012179:Retirement; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors