title: Evaluation of chlorhexidine toxicity injected in the paw of mice and added to cultured l929 fibroblasts.
abstract: Because chlorhexidine (CHX) has been recommended as either an endodontic irrigant or root canal dressing, this study aimed to characterize, in vivo, the lesion induced by injections of CHX in the paw of mice at selected time intervals (24 and 48 hours and 7 and 14 days) and, in vitro, the mode of cell death, necrosis and/or apoptosis, and the cellular stress caused by exposition of cultured L929 fibroblasts to ascending concentrations of CHX for 24 hours. CHX injected in the subplantar space of the hind paw of mice induced severe toxic effects, as evidenced by necrotic changes in the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue in association with reactive inflammatory response, particularly at higher concentrations. In addition, in cultured fibroblasts, CHX induced apoptosis at lower concentrations and necrosis at higher concentrations and increased expression of heat-shock protein 70, an indicator of cellular stress. Taken together, these findings suggest that CHX may have an unfavorable effect on the resolution of apical periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gisele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.forename: Mara R N
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Celes
authors.forename: Andiara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Rossi
authors.forename: Lea Assed B
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: João S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Marcos A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000633:toxicity*; D016923:Cell Death; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000633:toxicity*; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005528:Foot; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000187:drug effects; D007739:L Cells; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D002710:Chlorhexidine