title: Quantification of alkylresorcinol metabolites in urine by HPLC with coulometric electrode array detection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whole-grain rye and wheat cereals contain high amounts of alkylresorcinols (ARs), phenolic lipids. ARs can be quantified in plasma. Two recently identified urinary AR metabolites, 3,5-dihydroxyphenylbenzoic acid (DHBA) and 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid (DHPPA), may be useful as biomarkers of intake of whole-grain rye and wheat.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 4 pretreatment protocols for quantifying urinary DHBA and DHPPA using HPLC coupled with a coulometric electrode array detector. Syringic acid was used as the internal calibrator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measured urinary concentrations of DHBA and DHPPA were 0.8-115 micromol/L. The mean recoveries of all added concentrations were 85%-104% for DHBA and 86%-99% for DHPPA, depending on the degree of the purification. The protocol versions with less purification correlated well with the protocol including highest purification. The correlation coefficients (r(2)) were 0.9699-0.8153 for DHBA and 0.9854-0.8371 for DHPPA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the protocol with the most purification steps was most specific, all protocols were suitable for measuring DHBA and DHPPA in urine. The rapid protocol with simple hydrolysis could be used in large-scale clinical studies. Additional investigation is needed to clarify whether these metabolites are useful biomarkers of whole-grain intake and helpful in the exploration of its association with human diseases.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Preventive Medicine, Nutrition and Cancer, Folkhälsan Research Center and Division of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koskela
authors.forename: Anna-Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Linko-Parvinen
authors.forename: Perttu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hiisivuori
authors.forename: Adile
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samaletdin
authors.forename: Afaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamal-Eldin
authors.forename: Matti J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tikkanen
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adlercreutz
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000652:urine*; D012118:Resorcinols / Q000378:metabolism*; D012434:Secale; D014908:Triticum
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D012118:Resorcinols; C076950:alpha-resorcylic acid