Inferior phrenic artery: anatomy, variations, pathologic conditions, and interventional management.
The inferior phrenic artery (IPA) is the most common source of extra-hepatic collateral blood supply for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and frequently supplies HCCs located in the bare area of the liver. Other pathologic conditions including hemoptysis, diaphragmatic or hepatic bleeding due to trauma or surgery, and bleeding caused by gastroesophageal problems (eg, Mallory-Weiss tear or gastroesophageal cancer) may be related to the IPA. Over a 4-year period, the authors performed 383 interventional procedures related to the IPA. The right and left IPAs originate with almost equal frequency from the aorta and celiac axis and with lesser frequency from the renal arteries. Various other sites of origin-such as the left gastric, hepatic, superior mesenteric, spermatic, and adrenal arteries-are also seen. Radiologists must be familiar with the normal spectrum of IPA anatomy so that detection and adequate interventional management can be achieved when pathologic conditions related to the IPA are present.
Gwon
Dong Il
DI
Department of Radiology, Seoul Paik Hospital, University of Inje College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
Ko
Gi-Young
GY
Yoon
Hyun-Ki
HK
Sung
Kyu-Bo
KB
Lee
Jae Moung
JM
Ryu
Seok Jong
SJ
Seo
Myong Hee
MH
Shim
Jae-Chan
JC
Lee
Ghi Jai
GJ
Kim
Ho Kyun
HK
D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006499:Hepatic Artery / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*