title: STATc is a key regulator of the transcriptional response to hyperosmotic shock.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dictyostelium discoideum is frequently subjected to environmental changes in its natural habitat, the forest soil. In order to survive, the organism had to develop effective mechanisms to sense and respond to such changes. When cells are faced with a hypertonic environment a complex response is triggered. It starts with signal sensing and transduction and leads to changes in cell shape, the cytoskeleton, transport processes, metabolism and gene expression. Certain aspects of the Dictyostelium osmotic stress response have been elucidated, however, no comprehensive picture was available up to now.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To better understand the D. discoideum response to hyperosmotic conditions, we performed gene expression profiling using DNA microarrays. The transcriptional profile of cells treated with 200 mM sorbitol during a 2-hour time course revealed a time-dependent induction or repression of 809 genes, more than 15% of the genes on the array, which peaked 45 to 60 minutes after the hyperosmotic shock. The differentially regulated genes were applied to cluster analysis and functional annotation using gene GO terms. Two main responses appear to be the down-regulation of the metabolic machinery and the up-regulation of the stress response system, including STATc. Further analysis of STATc revealed that it is a key regulator of the transcriptional response to hyperosmotic shock. Approximately 20% of the differentially regulated genes were dependent on the presence of STATc.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At least two signalling pathways are activated in Dictyostelium cells subjected to hypertonicity. STATc is responsible for the transcriptional changes of one of them.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. Ael16@uni-koeln.de <Ael16@uni-koeln.de>
authors.forename: Jianbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Na
authors.forename: Budi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tunggal
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eichinger
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004023:Dictyostelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D050791:STAT Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D013012:Sorbitol / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D050791:STAT Transcription Factors; C426825:STATc protein, Dictyostelium; D013012:Sorbitol