title: Single trocar laparoscopic nephrectomy using magnetic anchoring and guidance system in the porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the feasibility of single keyhole laparoscopic surgery using a novel transabdominal magnetic anchoring and guidance system platform in the porcine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A collaborative research group was formed to build a prototype system of magnetically anchored instruments for trocar-free laparoscopy. The design mandate was that the developed technology should be able to deploy into the insufflated abdomen through an existing 12 mm diameter trocar and then be moved into position in the peritoneum by manipulating external magnets. The magnetic anchoring and guidance system concept was advanced to a working prototype with a system of external magnetic anchors, an internal camera system and a hook cautery supported by an intra-abdominal robotic arm. This prototype system was then evaluated in vivo in a porcine laparoscopic nephrectomy model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two nonsurvival porcine laparoscopic nephrectomies were successfully completed without complications via a single 15 mm transumbilical trocar using the prototype magnetic anchoring and guidance system camera and the magnetically anchored robotic arm cauterizer. A conventional laparoscopic grasper was used for retraction through the 15 mm trocar after magnetic anchoring and guidance system deployment. The renal artery and vein were transected with a conventional Endo-GIA stapler introduced through the 15 mm trocar. Procedure time was not recorded and blood loss was minimal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single trocar laparoscopic nephrectomy using magnetically anchored instrumentation is technically feasible, demonstrating that intracorporeal instrument manipulation may overcome the limitations of current laparoscopic and robotic surgery by allowing unhindered intra-abdominal movement. This single access technique may be used with natural orifice surgery approaches and it has the potential to realize incision-free intra-abdominal surgery.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Center for Minimally Invasive Urologic Cancer Treatment, Department of Urology, Dallas, Texas 75390-9110, USA.
authors.forename: Ilia S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Zeltser
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergs
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eberhart
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cadeddu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D010535:Laparoscopy; D023421:Models, Animal; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D011677:Punctures; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine