Penetration of bevacizumab through the retina after intravitreal injection in the monkey.
OBJECTIVE
The penetration of intravitreally injected bevacizumab in its commercial formulation (Avastin; Roche, Grenzach, Germany) through the retina was studied, to determine whether a full-length antibody would be able to penetrate the retina as easily as an antibody fragment.


METHODS
Six cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were used in this study. Two compositions of intravitreal injection into the right eyes were performed: one with commercial Avastin (group 1, four animals) and the other one with commercial Avastin labeled with 125I (group 2, one animal). The animals in group 1 were killed 1, 4, 7, or 14 days after the injection for subsequent histologic analysis of the eyes by immunohistochemistry, and the animal in group 2 was killed 7 days after injection for autoradiography and electron microscopy. Funduscopy was performed before the injection and at several time points thereafter. Moreover, blood samples were collected at different time points from the group-2 animal. The sixth animal remained untreated and served as the control.


RESULTS
No pathologic changes were obvious in the funduscopic images within the time of the experiment. Bevacizumab immunoreactivity was found in the choroid and the inner layers of the retina as early as 1 day after the injection and spread to the outer layers and the choroid within the following days, in particular to photoreceptors and blood vessels. Avastin labeled with 125I showed radioactivity in blood serum 1 day after the intravitreal injection and remained relatively stable until day 7.


CONCLUSIONS
The results clearly show that the bevacizumab molecule can penetrate the retina and is also transported into the retinal pigment epithelium, the choroid and, in particular, into photoreceptor outer segments after intravitreal injection of Avastin. Active transport mechanisms seem to be involved.
Heiduschka
Peter
P
Experimental Vitreoretinal Surgery, Germany. p.heiduschka@uni-tuebingen.de
Fietz
Heike
H
Hofmeister
Sabine
S
Schultheiss
Sigrid
S
Mack
Andreas F
AF
Peters
Swaantje
S
Ziemssen
Focke
F
Niggemann
Birgit
B
Julien
Sylvie
S
Bartz-Schmidt
Karl Ulrich
KU
Schraermeyer
Ulrich
U
D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D001345:Autoradiography; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D001692:Biological Transport; D002829:Choroid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D007267:Injections; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D010781:Photography; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014822:Vitreous Body
D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000068258:Bevacizumab