title: Statins disrupt CCR5 and RANTES expression levels in CD4(+) T lymphocytes in vitro and preferentially decrease infection of R5 versus X4 HIV-1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Statins have previously been shown to reduce the in vitro infection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) through modulation of Rho GTPase activity and lipid raft formation at the cell surface, as well as by disrupting LFA-1 incorporation into viral particles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we demonstrate that treatment of an enriched CD4(+) lymphocyte population with lovastatin (Lov), mevastatin (Mev) and simvastatin (activated and non-activated, Sim(A) and Sim(N), respectively) can reduce the cell surface expression of the CC-chemokine receptor CCR5 (P<0.01 for Sim(A) and Lov). The lowered CCR5 expression was associated with down-regulation of CCR5 mRNA expression. The CC-chemokine RANTES protein and mRNA expression levels were slightly increased in CD4(+) enriched lymphocytes treated with statins. Both R5 and X4 HIV-1 were reduced for their infection of statin-treated cells; however, in cultures where statins were removed and where a decrease in CCR5 expression was observed, there was a preferential inhibition of infection with an R5 versus X4 virus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the modulation of CC-chemokine receptor (CCR5) and CC-chemokine (RANTES) expression levels should be considered as contributing to the anti-viral effects of statins, preferentially inhibiting R5 viruses. This observation, in combination with the immunomodulatory activity exerted by statins, suggests they may possess more potent anti-HIV-1 activity when applied during the early stages of infection or in lowering viral transmission. Alternatively, statin treatment could be considered as a way to modulate immune induction such as during vaccination protocols.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alexey A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nabatov
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pollakis
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Linnemann
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Paxton
authors.forename: Michel P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: de Baar
mesh_terms: D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000235:genetics*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C483024:CCL5 protein, human; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019713:Receptors, CCR5