title: The antioxidant vitamins A, C, E and selenium in the treatment of arthritis: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for the effectiveness of the antioxidant vitamins A, C, E or selenium or their combination in the treatment of arthritis. METHODSL: A systematic search of computerized databases from inception to September 2006 for relevant RCTs, application of pre-defined inclusion/exclusion criteria and independent data extraction by two authors. Methodological quality was assessed using the Jadad scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The searches identified 20 unique RCTs meeting the inclusion criteria: 11 in inflammatory arthritis and 9 in osteoarthritis (OA). The studies included are generally of poor quality. They fall into three main clusters: selenium for rheumatoid arthritis (n = 5); vitamin E for inflammatory arthritis (n = 5) and vitamin E for OA (n = 7). One RCT suggests superiority of vitamin E over placebo and three RCTs suggest equivalence between vitamin E and diclofenac in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. In OA, four RCTs compared vitamin E with placebo. Two shorter-term studies were positive and two longer-term studies were negative. Two further RCTs suggest equivalence between vitamin E and diclofenac in the treatment of OA. Findings for selenium, vitamin A and a combination product in inflammatory arthritis and for vitamin A, and a combination product in OA were negative. An isolated positive result for vitamin C in OA is of doubtful clinical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical trials testing the efficacy of vitamin E in the treatment of OA and inflammatory arthritis have been methodologically weak and have produced contradictory findings. There is presently no convincing evidence that selenium, vitamin A, vitamin C or the combination product selenium ACE is effective in the treatment of any type of arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Complementary Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, 25 Victoria Park Road, Exeter EX2 4NT, UK. peter.canter@pms.ac.uk
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Canter
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wider
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ernst
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001168:Arthritis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012643:Selenium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D012643:Selenium; D001205:Ascorbic Acid