title: Pancreaticobiliary and duodenal perforations after periampullary endoscopic procedures: diagnosis and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review our experience with management of pancreaticobiliary and duodenal (PB/D) perforations after periampullary endoscopic interventions. Although pancreaticobiliary and duodenal perforations after periampullary endoscopic procedures are rare, their management has not been well described.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals who experienced pancreaticobiliary and duodenal perforations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comorbidities, interventions performed, mechanism/site of perforation, management, and hospital morbidity/mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-five perforations (0.6%) occurred in 12,427 procedures; 20 perforations (27%) occurred during biliary stricture dilatation, 18 (24%) during diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and 15 (20%) during management of choledocholithiasis. Perforations were caused by guidewire insertion in 24 patients (32%), sphincterotomy in 11 (15%), passage of the endoscope in 8 (11%), or stent migration in 7 (9%) and were identified during the index procedure in 45 patients (60%). Delayed presentations included pain in 33 patients (44%), leukocytosis in 26 (35%), and/or fever in 13 (17%) and were diagnosed using computed tomography in 19 patients (25%) and abdominal radiography in 10 (13%); 9 cases (12%) were diagnosed more than 24 hours after the procedure. Indications for operative treatment were gaping duodenal perforations and perforations in patients with surgically altered anatomy. Indications for nonoperative management included contained bile duct perforations and focal duodenal perforations. Management was nonoperative in 53 patients (71%) and operative in 22 (29%). Patients with duodenal perforations, higher American Society of Anesthesia status (P<.01 each), and older age (mean +/- SEM, 65 +/- 4 vs 55 +/- 2 years; P = .02) were more likely to require operative management. Hospital stay (mean +/- SEM, 16 +/- 4 vs 4 +/- 1 days; P<.05) and mortality (13% vs 4%; P<.05) were greater in operative patients (P<.05 each).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most (70%) pancreaticobiliary and duodenal perforations secondary to periampullary endoscopic interventions can be managed nonoperatively. Most biliary perforations can be managed nonoperatively; a requirement for operative treatment increases the mortality rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Javairiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fatima
authors.forename: Todd H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Topazian
authors.forename: Scott G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Houghton
authors.forename: Corey W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Beverly J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Farley
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Farnell
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Sarr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000293:injuries*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004386:Duodenum / Q000293:injuries*; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010183:Pancreatic Ducts / Q000293:injuries*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*