Reduction of dispersion of repolarization and prolongation of postrepolarization refractoriness explain the antiarrhythmic effects of quinidine in a model of short QT syndrome.
BACKGROUND
Short QT syndrome (SQTS) is a newly described ion channelopathy, characterized by a short QT interval resulting from an accelerated cardiac repolarization, associated with syncope, atrial fibrillation, and sudden cardiac death due to ventricular fibrillation. As therapeutic options in SQTS are still controversial, we examined antiarrhythmic mechanisms in an experimental model of SQTS.


RESULTS
Pinacidil, an I(K-ATP) channel opener, was administered in increasing concentrations (50-100 microM) in 48 Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts and led to a significant reduction of action potential duration and QT interval, thereby mimicking SQTS. Eight simultaneously recorded monophasic action potentials demonstrated an increase in dispersion of repolarization, especially between the left and the right ventricle. During programmed ventricular stimulation with up to two extrastimuli, pinacidil significantly increased the inducibility of ventricular fibrillation (1 heart under baseline conditions, 29 hearts during pinacidil administration; P = 0.0001). Additional treatment with the I(Kr) blocker sotalol (100 microM) and the class I antiarrhythmic drugs flecainide (2 microM) and quinidine (0.5 microM) randomly assigned to three groups of 16 hearts led to prolongation of repolarization as well as refractory period. Sotalol or flecainide did not reduce the rate of inducibility of ventricular fibrillation significantly (P = 0.63; P = 0.219). However, quinidine reduced the inducibility of ventricular fibrillation by 73% (P = 0.008). The antiarrhythmic potential of quinidine was associated with a significantly greater prolongation of MAP duration, refractoriness, and postrepolarization refractoriness (PRR) as compared with sotalol and flecainide. Moreover, quinidine, in contrast to sotalol and flecainide, reduced dispersion of repolarization.


CONCLUSIONS
Pinacidil mimics SQTS via increasing potassium outward currents, thereby facilitating inducibility of ventricular fibrillation. Quinidine demonstrates superior antiarrhythmic properties in the treatment of ventricular fibrillation in this model as compared with sotalol and flecainide because of its effects on refractoriness, PRR, and by reducing dispersion of repolarization.
Milberg
Peter
P
Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hospital of the Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany. milbergp@uni-muenster.de
Tegelkamp
Regina
R
Osada
Nani
N
Schimpf
Rainer
R
Wolpert
Christian
C
Breithardt
Günter
G
Borggrefe
Martin
M
Eckardt
Lars
L
D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004562:Electrocardiography; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005424:Flecainide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D020110:Pinacidil; D011802:Quinidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D011897:Random Allocation; D012032:Refractory Period, Electrophysiological / Q000187:drug effects; D013015:Sotalol / Q000494:pharmacology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents
D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D020110:Pinacidil; D013015:Sotalol; D011802:Quinidine; D005424:Flecainide