title: Preoperative osseous dysmorphology in unilateral complete cleft lip and palate: a quantitative analysis of computed tomography data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to quantitate preoperative osseous dysmorphology in a homogeneous group of 3-month-old infants with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-resolution computed tomography scans of 28 infants with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate were the basis for study. Coordinate data from 43 landmarks on the skull were collected using surface-rendered reconstructions of scan data. Euclidean distance matrix analysis was used to assess the degree of asymmetry between the cleft and noncleft sides of the craniofacial skeleton.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linear distances involving primary and secondary landmarks (those that are located on or within the bony cleft and those that are near the cleft in the adjacent oronasal area, respectively) were highly asymmetric, with significantly greater distances on the cleft side. In addition, small (1 to 5 percent) but statistically significant asymmetries in linear distances were found involving tertiary landmarks (those that are not directly associated with the cleft or adjacent oronasal area). Most linear distances involving the nasion, zygomaxillare superius, and frontozygomatic junction were significantly greater on the cleft side, and certain linear distances in and around the middle cranial fossa were significantly smaller on the cleft side.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extreme asymmetry of primary and secondary landmarks is explained by the cleft itself and the obvious displacement of the premaxilla toward the noncleft side. The subtler, statistically significant asymmetry of the tertiary landmarks supports the idea that the unilateral cleft affects development of the entire face and possibly the cranial base. Euclidean distance matrix analysis of computed tomography landmark data is a useful methodology for the quantitative morphometry of children with untreated unilateral cleft lip and palate.
authors.affiliation: St. Louis, Mo.; Baltimore, Md.; University Park, Pa.; and Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. From the Washington University School of Medicine; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Pennsylvania State University; and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital.
authors.forename: Alex A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: Valerie Burke
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: DeLeon
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valeri
authors.forename: Devra B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Joan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Richtsmeier
authors.forename: Lun-Jou
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Lo
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D002508:Cephalometry; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome