title: Multimodal analgesia to prevent propofol-induced pain: pretreatment with remifentanil and lidocaine versus remifentanil or lidocaine alone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Propofol is well-known for its pain on injection. Premixture with lidocaine or pretreatment with remifentanil reduces injection pain. A multimodal approach might offer additional mitigation of propofol injection pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized, prospective, double-blind study of 156 patients, we compared the incidence and severity of propofol pain among three groups. Patients in the lidocaine group (n = 54) received 2% lidocaine premixed with propofol (40 mg lidocaine in 180 mg propofol). Patients in the remifentanil group (n = 50), received pretreatment with remifentanil 2 microg x kg(-1) IV over 30 s. Patients in the combination group (n = 52) received both lidocaine and remifentanil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant decrease in the overall incidence of propofol pain at induction was achieved in the combination group (9.6%) compared with that in the remifentanil group (36%) and the lidocaine group (35%) (P = 0.003). The incidence of severe and moderate pain was also significantly different in the combination group (0%), compared with that in the remifentanil (18%) and lidocaine groups (12.9%) (P < 0.02). Similar, statistically significant differences among the three groups were achieved concerning recalled pain in the postanesthesia care unit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of two different analgesic modalities, remifentanil and lidocaine completely abolishes moderate and severe pain associated with propofol injection, and significantly reduces the incidence of mild pain when compared with each drug used alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon. mm01@aub.edu.lb
authors.forename: Marie T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Aouad
authors.forename: Sahar M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Siddik-Sayyid
authors.forename: Achir A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Alami
authors.forename: Anis S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Baraka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077208:Remifentanil
chemical_list: D010880:Piperidines; D008012:Lidocaine; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015742:Propofol