title: Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response.
abstract: The feeling of body ownership is a fundamental aspect of self-consciousness. The underlying neural mechanisms can be studied by using the illusion where a person is made to feel that a rubber hand is his or her own hand by brushing the person's hidden real hand and synchronously brushing the artificial hand that is in full view. Here we show that threat to the rubber hand can induce a similar level of activity in the brain areas associated with anxiety and interoceptive awareness (insula and anterior cingulate cortex) as when the person's real hand is threatened. We further show that the stronger the feeling of ownership of the artificial hand, the stronger the threat-evoked neuronal responses in the areas reflecting anxiety. Furthermore, across subjects, activity in multisensory areas reflecting ownership predicted the activity in the interoceptive system when the hand was under threat. Finally, we show that there is activity in medial wall motor areas, reflecting an urge to withdraw the artificial hand when it is under threat. These findings suggest that artificial limbs can evoke the same feelings as real limbs and provide objective neurophysiological evidence that the rubber hand is fully incorporated into the body. These findings are of fundamental importance because they suggest that the feeling of body ownership is associated with changes in the interoceptive systems.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom. h.ehrsson@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: H Henrik
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ehrsson
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wiech
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Weiskopf
authors.forename: Raymond J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dolan
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Passingham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology*; D001828:Body Image; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male