title: Association of cigarettes smoked daily with obesity in a general adult population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We analyzed the cross-sectional association between obesity and smoking habits, taking into account diet, physical activity, and educational level.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the 2002 Swiss Health Survey, a population-based cross-sectional telephone survey assessing health and self-reported health behaviors. Reported smoking habits, height, and weight were available for 17,562 subjects (7844 men and 9718 women) > or =25 years of age. BMI was calculated as (self-reported) weight divided by height(2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean BMI was 25.1 kg/m(2) for non-smokers, 26.1 kg/m(2) for ex-smokers, 24.6 kg/m(2) for light smokers (1 to 9 cigarettes/d), 24.8 kg/m(2) for moderate smokers (10 to 19 cigarettes/d), and 25.3 kg/m(2) for heavy smokers (> or =20 cigarettes/d) in men and 24.0, 24.1, 22.9, 22.9, and 23.3 kg/m(2), respectively, in women. Obesity (BMI > or = 30 kg/m(2)) was increasingly frequent with older age, lower physical activity, lower fruits/vegetables intake, and lower educational level. Compared with non-smokers, the odds ratio for obesity vs. normal weight (BMI = 18.5 to 25.0 kg/m(2)) adjusted for age, nationality, educational level, leisure time physical activity, and fruit/vegetable intake were 1.9 (95% confidence interval: 1.5 to 2.3) for ex-smokers, 0.5 (0.3 to 0.8) for light smokers, 0.7 (0.4 to 1.0) for moderate smokers, and 1.3 (1.0 to 1.7) for heavy smokers in men and 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6), 0.7 (0.5 to 1.0), 0.8 (0.5 to 1.0), and 1.1 (0.8 to 1.4), respectively, in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among smokers, obesity was associated in a graded manner with the number of cigarettes daily smoked, particularly in men. More emphasis should be put on the risk of obesity among smokers.
authors.affiliation: Prevention Unit, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, 17 rue du Bugnon, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland. arnaud.chiolero@chuv.ch
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiolero
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jacot-Sadowski
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Faeh
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paccaud
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cornuz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology