Virtual reality surgical planning for maxillofacial distraction osteogenesis: the role of reverse engineering rapid prototyping and cooperative work.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this article is the demonstration of virtual reality (VR) and rapid prototyping (RP) in surgical planning in maxillofacial surgery. The authors emphasize the role of reverse engineering (RE) and RP, suggesting a model of cooperative work, with the interaction of maxillofacial surgeons, radiologists, and engineers.


METHODS
Data acquisition is performed using computed tomography. The 3D model is the result of RE practices based on image segmentation, and the real model is produced via stereolithography. Virtual simulations are performed on the 3D model obtained from image segmentation. All these stages require the interaction and collaboration of various experts: maxillofacial surgeons, radiologists, and RE and RP experts.


RESULTS
VR and stereolithography models represent a new technology to help the surgeon who has to work in cooperation with engineers and radiologists to improve the results in surgical planning of maxillofacial distraction.


CONCLUSIONS
When performing the VR simulation, surgeons and engineers operate together in order to optimize the exploitation of the instruments available. Both VR and RP, with different and complementary advantages and limitations, can improve surgical planning activities and this is particularly effective when dealing with complex anatomical structures in maxillofacial surgery.
Robiony
Massimo
M
Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy. m.robiony@med.uniud.it
Salvo
Iolanda
I
Costa
Fabio
F
Zerman
Nicoletta
N
Bazzocchi
Massimo
M
Toso
Francesco
F
Bandera
Camillo
C
Filippi
Stefano
S
Felice
Martina
M
Politi
Massimo
M
D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D002648:Child; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000601:surgery; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D024343:Open Bite / Q000601:surgery; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction / Q000379:methods*; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011871:Radiology; D013515:Surgery, Oral; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface