title: Promoter methylation as a common mechanism for inactivating E-cadherin in human salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of promoter methylation in the inactivation of E-cadherin (E-cad) in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the role and potential clinical implications of promoter methylation of E-cad in salivary gland ACC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The promoter methylation status of E-cad was determined by using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis in 60 primary salivary gland ACC tissues and 3 ACC cell lines. The level of E-cad protein expression was determined by immunohistochemical analysis of each tumor. E-cad protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels were examined by immunohistochemical analysis and reverse transcriptase-PCR in 3 ACC cell lines. Associations between molecular alterations and patients' clinicopathologic characteristics were analyzed statistically. E-cad mRNA expression was examined in a 5-azacytidine-treated ACC-2 cell line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Promoter methylation of E-cad was detected in 34 of 60 tumors (57%). Of those 34 tumors, 18 tumors (53%) showed no E-cad protein expression, whereas only 5 of the remaining 26 tumors (19%) without E-cad promoter methylation showed no E-cad protein expression (P = .01). Tumors that had E-cad promoter methylation had a significantly higher histologic grade (P = .01) and more perineural invasion (P = .02) compared with tumors that did not have methylation. All 3 ACC cell lines exhibited E-cad promoter methylation and a lack of E-cad mRNA and protein expression, whereas 5-azacytidine restoredE-cad mRNA expression in the ACC-2 cell line.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  E-cad frequently is inactivated in salivary gland ACC through promoter methylation, and E-cad promoter methylation may play a role in tumor cell differentiation and perineural invasion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Ye
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Xiao-Jian
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Zhi-Yuan
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001483:Base Sequence; D015820:Cadherins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003528:Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012468:Salivary Gland Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D015820:Cadherins; D012333:RNA, Messenger