title: Maltreatment of Strongyloides infection: case series and worldwide physicians-in-training survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Strongyloidiasis infects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and is an important cause of mortality from intestinal helminth infection in developed countries. The persistence of infection, increasing international travel, lack of familiarity by health care providers, and potential for iatrogenic hyperinfection all make strongyloidiasis an important emerging infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two studies were performed. A retrospective chart review of Strongyloides stercoralis cases identified through microbiology laboratory records from 1993-2002 was conducted. Subsequently, 363 resident physicians in 15 training programs worldwide were queried with a case scenario of strongyloidiasis, presenting an immigrant with wheezing and eosinophilia. The evaluation focused on resident recognition and diagnostic recommendations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 151 strongyloidiasis cases, stool ova and parasite sensitivity is poor (51%), and eosinophilia (>5% or >400 cells/microL) commonly present (84%). Diagnosis averaged 56 months (intra-quartile range: 4-72 months) after immigration. Presenting complaints were nonspecific, although 10% presented with wheezing. Hyperinfection occurred in 5 patients prescribed corticosteroids, with 2 deaths. Treatment errors occurred more often among providers unfamiliar with immigrant health (relative risk of error: 8.4; 95% confidence interval, 3.4-21.0; P <.001). When presented with a hypothetical case scenario, US physicians-in-training had poor recognition (9%) of the need for parasite screening and frequently advocated empiric corticosteroids (23%). International trainees had superior recognition at 56% (P <.001). Among US trainees, 41% were unable to choose any parasite causing pulmonary symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strongyloidiasis is present in US patients. Diagnostic consideration should occur with appropriate exposure, nonspecific symptoms including wheezing, or eosinophilia (>5% relative or >400 eosinophils/microL). US residents' helminth knowledge is limited and places immigrants in iatrogenic danger. Information about Strongyloides should be included in US training and continuing medical education programs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA. boulw001@umn.edu
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Boulware
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Stauffer
authors.forename: Brett R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Hendel-Paterson
authors.forename: Jaime Luís Lopes
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: Raymond Chee-Seong
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Seet
authors.forename: Andrea P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Summer
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Nield
authors.forename: Khuanchai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Supparatpinyo
authors.forename: Romanee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chaiwarith
authors.forename: Patricia F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003625:Data Collection; D003906:Developing Countries; D004501:Education, Medical; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D010820:Physicians; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017171:Strongyloides stercoralis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013322:Strongyloidiasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics