title: HMGB1 modulates inflammatory responses in LPS-activated macrophages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As a late mediator of inflammation, high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) amplifies the inflammatory responses to tissue injury and infection by inducing and extending the production of proinflammaory cytokines. The aim was to investigate whether HMGB1 mediates such effects by affecting the production of anti-inflammatory mediators.
  
  
  METHODS
  The murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with 0.5 microg/ml of LPS and the levels of HMGB1, TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-10 and TGF-beta1 in the culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. Also, the mRNA expression for IL-10 and TGF-beta1 was assessed by RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS induced HMGB1 release at 8 h and reached a peak at 48 h. Significant (p < 0.05) production of TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-10, and TGF-beta1 was seen after 8 h. However, while the levels of TNFalpha and IL-beta remained elevated, IL-10 and TGF-beta1 release markedly declined by 24 h after stimulation. When cells were stimulated in the presence of conditioned medium derived from a 24 h LPS-stimulated culture, the production of TNFalpha and IL-1beta was increased while IL-10 and TGF-beta1 release and mRNA transcripts were decreased. A neutralizing anti-HMGB1 antibody added to the conditioned media reveresed these responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HMGB1 modulates the inflammatory cascade in activated macrophages by inducing proinflammatory, while suppressing anti-inflammatory responses.
authors.affiliation: Deparment of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA. melgazza@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El Gazzar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D013997:Time Factors; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10