title: Functional imaging of the cerebral olfactory system in patients with Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Olfactory dysfunction is a frequent non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is considered to be an early manifestation of the disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish the cortical basis of olfactory function in patients with PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to investigate brain activity related to olfactory processing in patients with hyposmic PD at mild to moderate stages of the disease (n = 12, median Hoehn and Yahr stage 2.0) and in healthy, age-matched controls (n = 16) while passively perceiving a positively valenced (rose-like) odorant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both patients with PD and healthy controls, olfactory stimulation activated brain regions relevant for olfactory processing (ie the amygdaloid complex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, striatum, thalamus, midbrain and the hippocampal formation). In controls, a bilateral activation of the amygdala and hippocampus was observed, whereas patients with PD involved these structures in the left hemisphere only. Group comparison showed that regions of higher activation in patients with PD were located bilaterally in the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44/45) and anterior cingulate gyrus (BA 24/32), and the left dorsal and right ventral striatum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with PD, results obtained under the specific conditions used suggest that neuronal activity in the amygdala and hippocampus is reduced. Assuming an impact on olfactory-related regions early in PD, our findings support the idea that selective impairment of these brain regions contributes to olfactory dysfunction. Furthermore, neuronal activity in components of the dopaminergic, cortico-striatal loops appears to be upregulated, indicating that compensatory processes are involved. This mechanism has not yet been demonstrated during olfactory processing in PD.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical University Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, Switzerland. Birgit.Westermann@unibas.ch
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Westermann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wattendorf
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schwerdtfeger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Husner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fuhr
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gratzl
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bilecen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Welge-Lüssen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D016631:Lewy Bodies / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology