title: The CRISPRdb database and tools to display CRISPRs and to generate dictionaries of spacers and repeats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Archeae and Bacteria, the repeated elements called CRISPRs for "clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats" are believed to participate in the defence against viruses. Short sequences called spacers are stored in-between repeated elements. In the current model, motifs comprising spacers and repeats may target an invading DNA and lead to its degradation through a proposed mechanism similar to RNA interference. Analysis of intra-species polymorphism shows that new motifs (one spacer and one repeated element) are added in a polarised fashion. Although their principal characteristics have been described, a lot remains to be discovered on the way CRISPRs are created and evolve. As new genome sequences become available it appears necessary to develop automated scanning tools to make available CRISPRs related information and to facilitate additional investigations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have produced a program, CRISPRFinder, which identifies CRISPRs and extracts the repeated and unique sequences. Using this software, a database is constructed which is automatically updated monthly from newly released genome sequences. Additional tools were created to allow the alignment of flanking sequences in search for similarities between different loci and to build dictionaries of unique sequences. To date, almost six hundred CRISPRs have been identified in 475 published genomes. Two Archeae out of thirty-seven and about half of Bacteria do not possess a CRISPR. Fine analysis of repeated sequences strongly supports the current view that new motifs are added at one end of the CRISPR adjacent to the putative promoter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is hoped that availability of a public database, regularly updated and which can be queried on the web will help in further dissecting and understanding CRISPR structure and flanking sequences evolution. Subsequent analyses of the intra-species CRISPR polymorphism will be facilitated by CRISPRFinder and the dictionary creator. CRISPRdb is accessible at http://crispr.u-psud.fr/crispr.
authors.affiliation: Univ Paris-Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR 8621, Orsay, France. ibtissem.grissa@igmors.u-psud.fr <ibtissem.grissa@igmors.u-psud.fr>
authors.forename: Ibtissem
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grissa
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vergnaud
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pourcel
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics*; D003628:Database Management Systems; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D020745:Genome, Archaeal / Q000235:genetics*; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics*; D012984:Software; D014584:User-Computer Interface
chemical_list: D021901:DNA, Intergenic