title: A randomised controlled trial to test the analgesic efficacy of topical morphine on minor superficial and partial thickness burns in accident and emergency departments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the analgesic efficacy of topical morphine on superficial burns within the emergency department by comparing pain scores, comfort ratings and analgesia taken by participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A placebo-controlled three-treatment randomised controlled trial was undertaken. 59 participants were randomly allocated to receive a dressing containing Intrasite gel and morphine sulphate, Intrasite gel and water or the conventional Jelonet dressing. The study design enabled double-blinding between the two Intrasite gel treatments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  49 participants were included in the final analysis as 10 were lost to follow-up. No significant differences were observed between the pain scores or comfort ratings of the three treatments. Participants receiving Jelonet and the placebo reduced their pain scores by the greatest amount overall. However, participants receiving morphine were the only group to reduce pain scores by >20 mm on two consecutive time intervals (2 and 6 h). At 12 h the morphine group reported the highest pain scores. Only 4/15 participants receiving topical morphine administered additional analgesia compared with 12/17 receiving the Jelonet dressing and 6/17 receiving Intrasite and water (p = 0.055). However, when all analgesia was taken into account, the morphine group was administered the greatest amount. Overall, the placebo group reported their dressings to be the most comfortable and took the least amount of analgesia. Minor adverse reactions included itching, burning and a rash. No serious adverse reactions were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical morphine sulphate does not seem to be as effective when used for the pain associated with superficial burns as when used for the pain associated with chronic inflammatory wounds. (The European Clinical Trials Database number for this study is 2005-003285-42.).
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, QAH, Cosham, Portsmouth, Hants PO3 6LY, UK. anne.welling@ntlworld.com
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Welling
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001458:Bandages; D002056:Burns / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine