title: Sleep-disordered breathing and the metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a risk factor of the metabolic syndrome (MS) in children and adolescents who are overweight and to examine whether the severity of SDB was independently associated with glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and/or dyslipidemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive subjects who were overweight or obese underwent polysomnography, fasting blood sample, and oral glucose tolerance test (for calculation of area under the curve [AUC]). SDB was defined as a respiratory disturbance index > or = 2. MS was present when > or = 3 of these factors were present: waist circumference > or = 90th percentile; fasting glucose level > or = 110 mg/dL; triglyceride level > or = 110 mg/dL; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level < or = 40 mg/dL; blood pressure > or = 90th percentile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 104 subjects were included in the study (44% boys; 58% prepubertal; mean age, 11.1 +/- 2.6 years; 69% obese). Mean SaO2 (odds ratio, 0.54) and SaO2nadir (odds ratio, 0.89) were independent, significant predictors of the presence of MS. Multiple regression showed significant associations between SaO2nadir and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, mean SaO2 and both AUC glucose and triglyceride levels, and between the percentage of total sleep time with SaO2 > or = 95% and cholesterol level, while controlling for adiposity and sex, puberty, or both.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the hypothesis of an interaction between SDB and metabolic abnormalities, independent of estimates of body fat distribution, in children and adolescents who are overweight and obese.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijk, Belgium. stijn.verhulst@ua.ac.be
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schrauwen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haentjens
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Rooman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Gaal
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: De Backer
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Desager
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000502:physiology; D017286:Polysomnography; D012307:Risk Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose