title: Reproductive performance of women with müllerian anomalies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review discusses current diagnostic techniques for müllerian anomalies, reproductive outcome data, and management options in reproductive-age women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple retrospective studies have investigated reproductive outcomes with müllerian anomalies, but few current prospective studies exist. Uterine anomalies are associated with normal and adverse reproductive outcomes such as recurrent pregnancy loss and preterm delivery, but not infertility. Furthermore, unicornuate, didelphic, bicornuate, septate, arcuate, and diethylstilbestrol-exposed uteri have their own reproductive implications and associated abnormalities. Common presentations of müllerian anomalies and current diagnostic techniques are reviewed. Surgical intervention for müllerian anomalies is indicated in women with pelvic pain, endometriosis, obstructive anomalies, recurrent pregnancy loss, and preterm delivery. Although surgery for most uterine anomalies is a major intervention, the uterine septum is preferentially managed with a hysteroscopic procedure. Several recent studies and review articles discuss management of the septate uterus in asymptomatic women, infertile women, and women with a history of poor reproductive outcomes. Current assessment of reproductive outcomes with uterine anomalies and management techniques is warranted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Müllerian anomalies, especially uterine anomalies, are associated with both normal and adverse reproductive outcomes, and management in infertile women remains controversial.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8063, USA. beth.rackow@yale.edu
authors.forename: Beth W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Rackow
authors.forename: Aydin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arici
mesh_terms: D002273:Carcinogens; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007047:Hysterosalpingography; D009095:Mullerian Ducts / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology; D014599:Uterus / Q000196:embryology / Q000601:surgery; D014621:Vagina / Q000002:abnormalities
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol