title: Radiation doses in common X-ray examinations carried out in two dedicated paediatric hospitals.
abstract: In this study, the entrance surface dose (ESD) and the respective effective dose (E) were determined for paediatric patients undergoing various common radiological examinations in two dedicated paediatric hospitals. Measurements of ESD were carried out in 289 examinations using thermoluminescent dosemeters. The patients were categorised according to their age and the mean ESD and E values were determined for each examination and age category. These ESD values were compared with the existing diagnostic reference levels (DRLs). In both hospitals there were cases where the DRLs were exceeded but in one of them this was rather the general rule, since additionally to the routine use of grid and low tube potential settings, occasional use of fluoroscopy for positioning check was also observed. While the remedial actions required to appropriately reduce the doses were clearly identified, this cannot be achieved without the cooperation of medical physicists with operators and radiologists.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 115 27, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Emmanuel N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Yakoumakis
authors.forename: Ioannis A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Tsalafoutas
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aliberti
authors.forename: George I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Pantos
authors.forename: Nikolaos E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Yakoumakis
authors.forename: Pantelis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karaiskos
authors.forename: Evaggelos K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Georgiou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006115:Greece; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010388:Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014965:X-Rays