title: Cost of Heart Failure in Patients Receiving beta-Blockers and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Numerous studies support the benefit of beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACE-I) in the management of heart failure. However, the real-world cost of heart failure in patients who take these medications is not well documented; furthermore, it is unclear if heart failure costs remain significant when current, appropriately aggressive care is delivered.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study describes 1-year medical costs in patients hospitalised for heart failure who received these therapies, alone or in combination.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population was derived from 2.5 million patients with at least 3 years' continuous eligibility in Pharmetrics((R)), an integrated claims and pharmacy database on approximately 25 million covered lives from 40 US health plans. The enrolment period was from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 2000. Costs included all recorded payments over a 1-year period. A total of 3073 patients (age >18 years) hospitalised with heart failure were identified (mean [+/- SD] age 72 +/- 13 years; 46% female).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 1-year cost was $US16 786 in patients who received neither ACE inhibitors nor beta-blockers as compared with $US19 567, $US22 785 and $US27 078 in patients who received ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers or both drugs at maximum dosage, respectively (p < 0.001) [year of costing 2000]. Follow-up costs were substantial, representing almost twice the initial hospitalisation cost. Adjusted for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, coronary disease, hypertension and renal failure, costs remained significant in heart failure patients who received ACE inhibitors and/or beta-blockers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 1-year cost of therapy for patients with heart failure is substantial, and there remains considerable need for more effective therapy to reduce the societal economic burden.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Weintraub
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawabata
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Gilbert J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: L'italien
authors.forename: Roland S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Chen