title: Low cadmium exposure triggers a biphasic oxidative stress response in mice kidneys.
abstract: Oxidative stress is believed to participate in the early processes of cadmium (Cd)-induced proximal tubular kidney damage. Mice were chronically exposed up to 23 weeks to low Cd concentrations (10 and 100 mg CdCl(2)/l) via the drinking water. Pro- and antioxidant gene expression levels, glutathione, ascorbate and lipid peroxidation levels were measured. Our study provided evidence for an early and a late stress response in the kidney. Metallothioneins were upregulated from 1 week of exposure on and they stayed important during the whole exposure period. After 8 weeks the expression of Bcl2 (anti-apoptotic), Prdx2 and cytosolic superoxide dismutase (Sod1) was reduced in the group exposed to 100 mg CdCl(2)/l, which might indicate a response to Cd-stress. However glutathione, ascorbate and lipid peroxidation levels did not significantly change, and the overall redox balance remained stable. Stable Sod2 transcriptional levels suggested that an increased formation of superoxide anions, which can arise upon Cd-induced mitochondrial free radical generation, was not appearing. A second defence activation was observed after 23 weeks: i.e. an increase of catalase (Cat), glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) and heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1), together with NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4), of which the role has not been studied yet in Cd nephrotoxicity. These findings were in contrast with previous studies, where Cd-induced oxidative stress was detrimental when high Cd concentrations were applied. In conclusion our study provided evidence that a chronic exposure to low Cd concentrations triggered a biphasic defence activation in the kidney that might lead to adaptation and survival.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sciences, transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium. sandy_thijssen@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thijssen
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuypers
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maringwa
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smeets
authors.forename: Nele
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Horemans
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lambrichts
authors.forename: Emmy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Kerkhove
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002374:Catalase / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D019254:Genes, bcl-2 / Q000187:drug effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000235:genetics; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000235:genetics; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002104:Cadmium; D008668:Metallothionein; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C422943:Nox4 protein, mouse; D005978:Glutathione; D001205:Ascorbic Acid