title: Dietary magnesium deficiency induces heart rhythm changes, impairs glucose tolerance, and decreases serum cholesterol in post menopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether or not dietary magnesium restriction to about 33% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) causes changes in glucose, cholesterol and electrolyte metabolism that could lead to pathologic consequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  The length of the experiment was 136 days. Subjects were fed a basal Western-type diet that provided 4.16 mmol (101 mg) magnesium per 8.4 MJ (2000 kcal) for 78 days then replenished with magnesium by supplementing the diet with 200 mg magnesium as the gluconate per day for 58 days. If a subject exhibited adverse heart rhythm changes before 78 days of depletion were completed, she entered the repletion period early.
  
  
  METHODS
  The metabolic research unit of the Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 14 post menopausal women were recruited by advertisement throughout the United States. Thirteen women (ages 47 to 75 years) completed the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During magnesium depletion, heart rhythm changes appeared in 5 women and resulted in 4 prematurely entering the magnesium repletion period (42 to 64 days of depletion instead of 78). Three women exhibited atrial fibrillation and flutter that responded quickly to magnesium supplementation. Magnesium deprivation resulted in a non-positive magnesium balance that became highly positive with magnesium repletion. Magnesium deprivation decreased red blood cell membrane magnesium, serum total cholesterol and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase concentrations, increased the urinary excretion of sodium and potassium, and increased serum glucose concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Magnesium balance may be a suitable indicator of magnesium depletion under experimental conditions. Magnesium deficiency resulting from feeding a diet that would not be considered having an atypical menu induces heart arrhythmias, impairs glucose homeostasis, and alters cholesterol and oxidative metabolism in post menopausal women. A dietary intake of about 4.12 mmol (100 mg) Mg/8.4 MJ is inadequate for healthy adults and may result in compromised cardiovascular health and glycemic control in post menopausal women.
authors.affiliation: US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9034, USA. fnielsen@gfhnrc.ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Forrest H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Milne
authors.forename: Leslie M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Klevay
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: LuAnn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D008275:Magnesium Deficiency / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D017698:Postmenopause; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D008274:Magnesium