title: Proteomic analysis of human cervical-vaginal fluids.
abstract: The pathophysiology of vaginal conditions is still ill-defined at a molecular level. Because the proteome of the human cervical-vaginal fluid (CVF) has not been reported to date, we undertook the identification of proteins present in the cell-free fraction of these fluids. Proteins were separated bidimensionally (2-D) by isoelectrofocusing (pH 3-11) followed by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The proteins of 147 spots were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF). This approach was supplemented by immunoassays for markers of neutrophils (myeloperoxidase, MPO; neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, NGAL/HNL) and eosinophils (eosinophil cationic protein: ECP) and by immunoblotting (lactoferrin, calgranulins A and B and annexins A1 and A3. Nearly half of the proteins (69/147) and protein fragments detected were found to be plasma components, on the basis of which the human CVF can be broadly considered a plasma transudate. Although the pattern of protein spots was very similar for all fluids analyzed, a relative overabundance of major plasma proteins such as albumin, transferrin, immunoglobulins, apolipoproteins, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1, and calgranulins was associated with the presence of a high number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the lavages from which those cell-free fluids had been obtained. Instead, fluids from women experiencing vulvovaginal candidiasis did not show differences in the protein maps compared with asymptomatic individuals. Neutrophil and eosinophil granule secretion proteins were also detected in variable amounts in the lavage fluids by both immunoassay and immunoblotting, indicating polymorphonuclear cell activation.
authors.affiliation: Leukocyte Biology and Proteomics Groups, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Li-Jun
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Seta
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Odreman
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Venge
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piva
authors.forename: Secondo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guaschino
authors.forename: Rodolfo C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Garcia
mesh_terms: D002181:Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal / Q000378:metabolism*; D002474:Cell-Free System / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D002582:Cervix Mucus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D047091:Eosinophil Granule Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000378:metabolism; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007162:Immunoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D040901:Proteomics; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D014621:Vagina / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D047091:Eosinophil Granule Proteins; D007162:Immunoproteins; D011506:Proteins