title: Fluvastatin reverses endothelial dysfunction and increased vascular oxidative stress in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of statins on vascular dysfunction in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fluvastatin (5 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to rats with AIA, for 21 days after the onset of arthritis. The vasodilatory response to acetylcholine of aortic rings isolated from rats with AIA that were not treated or were treated with fluvastatin and from normal rats was determined. The amounts of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and nitrotyrosine in aortas were measured by Western blotting. In vitro and in situ superoxide production in aortas was evaluated based on fluorogenic oxidation of dihydroethidium to ethidium. Expression of NAD(P)H components and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in aortas was examined by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Serum levels of tetrahydrobiopterin, a critical eNOS cofactor, were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluvastatin reversed endothelial dysfunction in AIA without affecting the clinical severity of arthritis or serum cholesterol concentration. Fluvastatin reduced the amounts of HNE and nitrotyrosine in the aorta, and the levels of superoxide expressed in endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in the tissue, in rats with AIA. NADH- or L-arginine-induced superoxide production was not observed in the aortic samples from fluvastatin-treated rats with AIA. Fluvastatin decreased the levels of expression of messenger RNA for p22phox, a NAD(P)H oxidase component, in the aortas of rats with AIA, but did not affect the expression of eNOS. Serum levels of tetrahydrobiopterin were significantly reduced in rats with AIA, and were increased by administration of fluvastatin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate that fluvastatin has potent vascular protective effects in AIA and provide additional scientific rationale for the use of statins to reduce cardiovascular mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshisuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Haruna
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Toyotaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yada
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kashihara
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D001708:Biopterins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D007211:Indoles; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D013481:Superoxides; D001708:Biopterins; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C003402:sapropterin; D000109:Acetylcholine