title: Occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Lake Maggiore (Italy and Switzerland).
abstract: Samples of air (gas and particulate phases), bulk deposition, aquatic settling material and sediments were collected in Lake Maggiore (LM) in order to determine their content of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Air (gas and particulate phases) concentrations were 0.5 pg m(-3), 80 pg m(-3), 13 pg m(-3) and 106 pg m(-3) for SigmaPCDD/Fs, SigmaPCBs, Sigma dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) and SigmaPBDEs, respectively. Deposition fluxes ranged from 0.7 ng m(-2) d(-1) for SigmaPCDD/Fs to 32 ng m(-2) d(-1) for SigmaPCBs. Aquatic settling material presented concentrations of 0.4 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) for SigmaPCDD/Fs, 13 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaPCB, 3.4 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaDL-PCBs and 5.7 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaPBDEs. Mean sediment concentrations were 0.4 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaPCDD/Fs, 11 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaPCB, 3 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaDL-PCBs and 5.1 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaPBDEs. Similar PCDD/F and DL-PCB congener patterns in all the environmental compartments of LM point to an important, if not dominant, contribution of atmospheric deposition as source of these pollutants into LM. In contrast, PBDE congener distribution was not similar in the different environmental compartments. BDE 47 dominated air and settling material, while BDE 209 was the predominant congener in the bulk atmospheric deposition. Moreover, sediments showed two distinct PBDE congener profiles. Lower PBDE concentrated sediments were dominated by congeners 47 and 99, while BDE 209 dominated in higher PBDE concentrated samples. This suggests the influence of local sources as well as atmospheric input of PBDEs into LM.
authors.affiliation: European Commission-DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Via E. Fermi 1, 21020 Ispra (Va), Italy. ingrid.vives-rubio@jrc.it
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vives
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Canuti
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castro-Jiménez
authors.forename: Eugen H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Christoph
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Eisenreich
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hanke
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Helle
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Skejo
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Umlauf
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wollgast
mesh_terms: D001572:Benzofurans / Q000032:analysis*; D004147:Dioxins / Q000032:analysis*; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D007558:Italy; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D013557:Switzerland; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D004147:Dioxins; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; C105430:benzofuran