title: Day-to-Day variation of the urine protein: creatinine ratio in female dogs with stable glomerular proteinuria caused by X-linked hereditary nephropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interpretation of serial urine protein:creatinine (UPC) values is confounded by a lack of data regarding random biologic variation of UPC values in dogs with stable glomerular proteinuria.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  That there is minimal day-to-day variability in the UPC of dogs with unchanging proteinuria and the number of measurements needed to reliably estimate UPC varies with the magnitude of proteinuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight heterozygous (carrier) female dogs with X-linked hereditary nephropathy (XLHN) causing stable proteinuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine samples were obtained daily by cystocentesis for 3 consecutive days on 183 occasions (549 samples). The UPC was measured for each sample with a single dry-film chemistry auto-analyzer. Data were analyzed retrospectively by a power of the mean model because the variance of UPC values within the 3-day evaluation periods increased as the magnitude of proteinuria increased.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To demonstrate a significant difference (P < .05) between serial values in these proteinuric dogs, the UPC must change by at least 35% at high UPC values (near 12) and 80% at low UPC values (near 0.5). One measurement is adequate to reliably estimate the UPC when UPC <4, but 2-5 determinations are necessary at higher UPC values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These guidelines for interpretation of serial UPC values in female dogs with XLHN may also be helpful for interpretation of UPC values in dogs with other glomerulopathies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathobiology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77483-4474, USA.
authors.forename: Mary B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Nabity
authors.forename: May M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Boggess
authors.forename: Clifford E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Kashtan
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Lees
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D040181:Genetic Diseases, X-Linked / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine / Q000662:veterinary*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006579:Heterozygote; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine / Q000662:veterinary*; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine