title: Pediatric migraine: pharmacologic agents for prophylaxis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and evaluate the data regarding medication use for migraine prophylaxis in the pediatric population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature was obtained through searches in PubMed (Mid 1950s-March 2007), Iowa Drug Information Service/Web (1966-February 2007), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-February 2007), and the Cochrane Library. The terms migraine, prophylaxis, child, and children were used and cross referenced with all drug names. Reference citations from publications identified were also reviewed and included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Only trials that evaluated migraine headaches in the pediatric population were included. Trials including adolescent and adult populations are briefly listed, but not reviewed. Trials involving non-prescription medication were also included in the evaluation. Due to the limited information, all clinical trials, retrospective reviews, and abstracts evaluated were included in this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Few controlled clinical trials regarding prophylaxis therapy are available. Currently, no medications are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for prophylaxis of migraines in children. Seventeen drugs were identified and included in the review. Of the drugs with available data, topiramate, valproic acid, flunarizine, amitriptyline, and cyproheptadine have shown efficacy in decreasing migraine frequency and duration in children. However, larger clinical trials are necessary to validate the utility of these agents. Conflicting data exist for propranolol and pizotifen, and additional data are needed for gabapentin, levetiracetam, zonisamide, naproxen, and trazodone. In clinical trials, nimodipine, clonidine, and natural supplements have shown a lack of efficacy versus placebo for prophylaxis of migraines in children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topiramate, valproic acid, and amitriptyline have the most data on their use for prophylaxis of migraines in children. Numerous agents have limited data in this population and several agents lack efficacy. Prospective, well designed, controlled clinical trials that include quality-of-life and functional outcomes are needed for guiding therapy of migraine prophylaxis for children.
authors.affiliation: Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Huntsville, AL, USA. eilanls@auburn.edu
authors.forename: Lea S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Eiland
authors.forename: Lauren S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Spencer H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Durham
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations