title: Exercise and injury increase chondroitin sulfate chain length and decrease hyaluronan chain length in synovial fluid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To investigate the effects of exercise and osteochondral (OC) injury on synovial fluid (SF) chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronan (HA) concentration and chain length, (2) to compare SF and cartilage CS data from joints with OC fragmentation, and (3) to compare SF CS and HA profiles with those seen in serum from the same horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum and SF were obtained from (1) normal horses after 8 weeks rest, (2) the same horses after 9 months treadmill training, and (3) horses with OC injury from racing. Articular cartilage was also collected from group 3 horses. Concentrations and chain lengths of CS and HA were determined by gel chromatography and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SF CS peak chain length in the OC injury group increased significantly (18.7kDa) when compared to rested horses (11.6kDa), with exercise producing an intermediate chain length (15.6kDa). Cartilage and serum from the OC injury group had the abnormally long CS chains seen in SF from these horses. Total SF HA was significantly lower in the OC injury group compared to the rested group. Both the OC injury group and the exercised group had significant decreases in SF HA chain length compared to the rested group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chain length of SF CS was increased by exercise and OC injury. Exercise resulted in a modest increase, whereas OC injury caused a marked increase. In contrast to CS, SF HA chain length was decreased by OC injury, and to a lesser extent by exercise. Chain length analysis of SF CS and HA may provide a useful tool for evaluation of joint health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-1432, USA. brownmu@mail.vetmed.ufl.edu
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Trumble
authors.forename: A H K
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Plaas
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sandy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Merritt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism*; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D004586:Electrophoresis; D006736:Horses; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates