title: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections at a public hospital: do public housing and incarceration amplify transmission?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections have emerged among patients without health care-associated risk factors. Understanding the epidemiology of CA-MRSA is critical for developing control measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  At a 464-bed public hospital in Chicago and its more than 100 associated clinics, surveillance of soft tissue, abscess fluid, joint fluid, and bone cultures for S aureus was performed. We estimated rates of infection and geographic and other risks for CA-MRSA through laboratory-based surveillance and a case-control study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of CA-MRSA skin and soft tissue infections increased from 24.0 cases per 100,000 people in 2000 to 164.2 cases per 100,000 people in 2005 (relative risk, 6.84 [2005 vs 2000]). Risk factors were incarceration (odds ratio [OR], 1.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-3.67), African American race/ethnicity (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.28-2.87), and residence at a group of geographically proximate public housing complexes (OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.25-4.98); older age was inversely related (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.82-0.96 [for each decade increase]). Of 73 strains tested, 79% were pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type USA300.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clonal CA-MRSA infection has emerged among Chicago's urban poor. It has occurred in addition to, not in place of, methicillin-susceptible S aureus infection. Epidemiological analysis suggests that control measures could focus initially on core groups that have contributed disproportionately to risk, although CA-MRSA becomes endemic as it disseminates within communities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. bhota@rush.edu
authors.forename: Bala
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hota
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ellenbogen
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hayden
authors.forename: Alla
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aroutcheva
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D005260:Female; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011330:Prisons; D011638:Public Housing; D012307:Risk Factors; D018461:Soft Tissue Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D013207:Staphylococcal Skin Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*