title: Simultaneous determination of warfarin enantiomers and its metabolite in human plasma by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography with chiral separation.
abstract: A simple and sensitive column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of warfarin enantiomers and their metabolites, 7-hydroxywarfarin enantiomers, in human plasma is described. Warfarin enantiomers, 7-hydroxywarfarin enantiomers, and an internal standard, diclofenac sodium, were extracted from 1 mL of a plasma sample using diethyl ether-chloroform (80:20, v/v). The extract was injected onto column I (TSK precolumn BSA-C8, 5 microm, 10 mm x 4.6 mm inside diameter) for cleanup and column II (Chiralcel OD-RH analytical column, 150 mm x 4.6 mm inside diameter) coupled with a guard column (Chiralcel OD-RH guard column, 10 mm x4.6 mm inside diameter) for separation. The mobile phase consisted of phosphate buffer-acetonitrile (84:16 v/v, pH 2.0) for clean-up and phosphate buffer-acetonitrile (45:55 v/v, pH 2.0) for separation. The peaks were monitored with an ultraviolet detector set at a wavelength of 312 nm, and total time for chromatographic separation was approximately 25 minutes. The validated concentration ranges of this method were 3 to 1000 ng/mL for (R)- and (S)-warfarin and 3 to 200 ng/mL for (R)- and (S)-7-hydroxywarfarin. Intra- and interday coefficients of variation were less than 4.4% and 4.9% for (R)-warfarin and 4.8% and 4.0% for (S)-warfarin, and 5.1% and 4.2% for (R)-7-hydroxywarfarin and 5.8% and 5.0% for (S)-7-hydroxywarfarin at the different concentrations. The limit of quantification was 3 ng/mL for both warfarin and 7-hydroxywarfarin enantiomers. This method was suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of warfarin enantiomers and was applied in a pharmacokinetic study requiring the simultaneous determination of warfarin enantiomers and its metabolite, 7-hydroxywarfarin enantiomers, in human volunteers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan. uno-hki@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uno
authors.forename: Takenori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niioka
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayakari
authors.forename: Kazunobu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tateishi
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014859:Warfarin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin; C087837:7-hydroxywarfarin