title: The melanization reaction is not required for survival of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes after bacterial infections.
abstract: The melanization reaction of insects requires activation of pro-phenoloxidase by a proteolytic cascade leading to melanin production. Studies in adult mosquitoes have shown that bacteria are efficiently melanized in the hemocoel, but the contribution of melanization to survival after bacterial infections has not been established. Here we show that the Anopheles gambiae noncatalytic serine protease CLIPA8, an essential factor for Plasmodium ookinete melanization, is also required for melanization of bacteria in adult mosquitoes. CLIPA8 silencing by RNA interference inhibits pro-phenoloxidase activation and melanization of bacteria in the hemolymph following microbial challenge. However, CLIPA8 is not required for wound melanization nor for melanotic pseudotumor formation in serpin2 knockdown mosquitoes, suggesting a specific role for pathogen melanization. Surprisingly, CLIPA8 knockdown mosquitoes are as resistant to bacterial challenge as controls, indicating that melanization is not essential for defense against bacteria and questions its precise role in mosquito immunity.
authors.affiliation: Imperial College London, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Exhibition Road, London, UK.
authors.forename: Anna K D
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Schnitger
authors.forename: Fotis C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Kafatos
authors.forename: Mike A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Osta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000503:physiopathology; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000503:physiopathology; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000502:physiology; D008543:Melanins / Q000502:physiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D012313:RNA; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases