title: The reactivity of ortho-methoxy-substituted catechol radicals with sulfhydryl groups: contribution for the comprehension of the mechanism of inhibition of NADPH oxidase by apocynin.
abstract: Redox processes are involved in the mechanism of action of NADPH oxidase inhibitors such as diphenyleneiodonium and apocynin. Here, we studied the structure-activity relationship for apocynin and analogous ortho-methoxy-substituted catechols as inhibitors of the NADPH oxidase in neutrophils and their reactivity with peroxidase. Aiming to alter the reduction potential, the ortho-methoxy-catechol moiety was kept constant and the substituents at para position related to the hydroxyl group were varied. Two series of compounds were employed: methoxy-catechols bearing electron-withdrawing groups (MC-W) such as apocynin, vanillin, 4-nitroguaiacol, 4-cyanoguaiacol, and methoxy-catechol bearing electron-donating groups (MC-D) such as 4-methylguaiacol and 4-ethylguaiacol. We found that MC-D were weaker inhibitors compared to MD-W. Furthermore, the radicals generated by oxidation of MC-W via MPO/H(2)O(2), but not for MC-D, were able to oxidize glutathione (GSH) as verified by the formation of thiyl radicals, depletion of GSH, and recycling of the ortho-methoxy-catechols during their oxidations. The capacity of oxidizing sulfhydryl (SH) groups was also verified when ovalbumin was incubated with MC-W, but not for MC-D. Since the effect of apocynin has been correlated with inactivation of the cytosolic fractions of the NADPH oxidase complex and its oxidation during the inhibitory process develops a special role in this process, we suggest that the close relationship between the reactivity of the radicals of MC-W compounds with thiol groups and their efficacy as NADPH oxidase inhibitor could be the chemical pathway behind the mechanism of action of apocynin and should be taken into account in the design of new and specific NADPH oxidase inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marília P P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kanegae
authors.forename: Luiz Marcos
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: da Fonseca
authors.forename: Iguatemy L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Brunetti
authors.forename: Sueli de Oliveira
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Valdecir F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Ximenes
mesh_terms: D000098:Acetophenones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002396:Catechols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000098:Acetophenones; D002396:Catechols; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; C056165:acetovanillone; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D005978:Glutathione; C034221:catechol; D010100:Oxygen