title: Submucosal endoscopy: a novel approach to en bloc endoscopic mucosal resection (with videos).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The submucosal layer is of eminent importance for endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) in the GI tract.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Development of submucosal endoscopy, which allows diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy of the submucosal space (SS) in the esophagus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute experiments in a live porcine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  An area in the esophagus was marked with a diathermic probe to define a mucosal piece for resection. After local infiltration, a 1- to 2-cm transverse incision was performed 1 to 2 cm proximal and distal of these margins. We entered the SS with a flexible small-caliber videoendoscope through the proximal incision and dissected the fibrous submucosal connective tissue in a longitudinal direction with a blunt forceps. For EMR, the lifted mucosa was subsequently separated by use of an insulated-tip hook needle-knife.
  
  
  METHODS
  En bloc resection of prespecified mucosal areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 15 mucosal pieces were resected in 4 pigs. The size of the resected pieces varied from 1.6 cm x 0.9 cm to 7.4 cm x 1.7 cm ex vivo. In a fifth pig, 2 circular mucosectomies (lengths 3.0 cm and 1.6 cm) were done. All mucosal pieces could be completely resected en bloc. The endoscopic view in the SS was excellent. There were no procedure-related complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method has not yet been evaluated in humans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Entering the SS for submucosal endoscopy is a novel, innovative, and practicable method for the dissection of mucosal neoplastic lesions. We demonstrated that mucosal areas of various sizes could be resected en bloc without complications.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Medical Department, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Delius
authors.forename: Hubertus
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feussner
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henke
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hollweck
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rösch
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prinz
authors.forename: Roland M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Eckart
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frimberger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004867:Equipment Design; D004935:Esophageal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods*; D020701:Esophagoscopes; D005260:Female; D005773:Gastroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013552:Swine; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods*