title: Fear-potentiated startle to threat, and prepulse inhibition among young adult nonsmokers, abstinent smokers, and nonabstinent smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence suggests that the transition from experimental to regular smoking is facilitated by the influence of tobacco on affective and attentional mechanisms. The objective of this study was to examine affective and attentional responses in young adult smokers using fear-potentiated startle and prepulse inhibition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 56 college nonsmokers, nonabstinent smokers, and overnight-abstinent smokers. The fear-potentiated startle test examined phasic responses to imminent threat cues and more sustained responses to unpredictable aversive events. Prepulse inhibition investigated responses to attended and ignored prepulse stimuli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abstinent and nonabstinent smokers showed increased sustained potentiation of startle to contextual cues, compared to controls. Abstinent smokers showed increased fear-potentiated startle to threat cues, compared to nonsmokers. PPI did not discriminate between abstinent or nonabstinent smokers and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that negative affectivity or anxiety is associated with smoking, particularly during short withdrawal. Potentiated startle may provide a valuable tool in understanding the biologic mechanisms underlying nicotine withdrawal and inform cessation and prevention efforts.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Affective Psychophysiology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2670, USA. christian.grillon@nih.gov
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grillon
authors.forename: Shelli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Avenevoli
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Daurignac
authors.forename: Kathleen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Merikangas
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D004576:Electromyography; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013997:Time Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*