title: The MARVEL domain protein, Singles Bar, is required for progression past the pre-fusion complex stage of myoblast fusion.
abstract: Multinucleated myotubes develop by the sequential fusion of individual myoblasts. Using a convergence of genomic and classical genetic approaches, we have discovered a novel gene, singles bar (sing), that is essential for myoblast fusion. sing encodes a small multipass transmembrane protein containing a MARVEL domain, which is found in vertebrate proteins involved in processes such as tight junction formation and vesicle trafficking where--as in myoblast fusion--membrane apposition occurs. sing is expressed in both founder cells and fusion competent myoblasts preceding and during myoblast fusion. Examination of embryos injected with double-stranded sing RNA or embryos homozygous for ethane methyl sulfonate-induced sing alleles revealed an identical phenotype: replacement of multinucleated myofibers by groups of single, myosin-expressing myoblasts at a stage when formation of the mature muscle pattern is complete in wild-type embryos. Unfused sing mutant myoblasts form clusters, suggesting that early recognition and adhesion of these cells are unimpaired. To further investigate this phenotype, we undertook electron microscopic ultrastructural studies of fusing myoblasts in both sing and wild-type embryos. These experiments revealed that more sing mutant myoblasts than wild-type contain pre-fusion complexes, which are characterized by electron-dense vesicles paired on either side of the fusing plasma membranes. In contrast, embryos mutant for another muscle fusion gene, blown fuse (blow), have a normal number of such complexes. Together, these results lead to the hypothesis that sing acts at a step distinct from that of blow, and that sing is required on both founder cell and fusion-competent myoblast membranes to allow progression past the pre-fusion complex stage of myoblast fusion, possibly by mediating fusion of the electron-dense vesicles to the plasma membrane.
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Estrada
authors.forename: Anne D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Maeland
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gisselbrecht
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bloor
authors.forename: Nicholas H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Michelson
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004330:Drosophila / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D017344:Genes, Insect; D008561:Membrane Fusion / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009132:Muscles / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins