title: Competing demands or clinical inertia: the case of elevated glycosylated hemoglobin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to examine the contribution of competing demands to changes in hypoglycemic medications and to return appointment intervals for patients with type 2 diabetes and an elevated glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c) level.
  
  
  METHODS
  We observed 211 primary care encounters by adult patients with type 2 diabetes in 20 primary care clinics and documented changes in hypoglycemic medications. Competing demands were assessed from length of encounter, number of concerns patients raised, and number of topics brought up by the clinician. Days to the next scheduled appointment were obtained at patient checkout. Recent A1c values and dates were determined from the chart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among patients with an A(1c) level greater than 7%, each additional patient concern was associated with a 49% (95% confidence interval, 35%-60%) reduction in the likelihood of a change in medication, independent of length of the encounter and most recent level of A1c. Among patients with an A(1c) level greater than 7% and no change in medication, for every additional minute of encounter length, the time to the next scheduled appointment decreased by 2.8 days (P = .001). Similarly, for each additional 1% increase in A1c level, the time to the next scheduled appointment decreased by 8.6 days (P=.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concept of clinical inertia is limited and does not fully characterize the complexity of primary care encounters. Competing demands is a principle for constructing models of primary care encounters that are more congruent with reality and should be considered in the design of interventions to improve chronic disease outcomes in primary care settings.
authors.affiliation: VERDICT Health Services Research Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Tex 78229-4404, USA. parchman@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Parchman
authors.forename: Jacqueline A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pugh
authors.forename: Raquel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Krista W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Bowers
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001071:Appointments and Schedules; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011320:Primary Health Care; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents