title: Evidence for disruption in prefrontal cortical functions in juvenile bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systematic parsing of executive function processes is critical for the development of more specific models of neurobiological processes mediating disturbed cognition in youth with bipolar disorder (BPD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 33 children and adolescents with bipolar I disorder (BPD I) (mean age 12.1 +/- 3.0 years, 39% female) and 44 demographically matched healthy participants (mean age 12.9 +/- 2.8 years, 50% female) completed a neurocognitive battery including measures aimed at detection of disruption in prefrontal cortical circuitry (i.e., working memory, set shifting, and rule attainment).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to healthy controls, BPD I children exhibited significant deficits in spatial working memory, visual sequencing and scanning, verbal fluency and abstract problem solving, particularly when a memory component was involved. In our spatial delayed response task, memory set size was parametrically varied; the performance pattern in BPD I children suggested deficits in short-term memory encoding and/or storage, rather than capacity limitations in spatial working memory. Earlier age at onset of illness and antipsychotic medication usage were associated with poorer performance on speeded information-processing tasks; however, severity of mood symptomatology and comorbidity with disruptive behavior disorders were not associated with task performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest impairment in measures of prefrontal cortical function in juvenile BPD I that are similar to those seen in the adult form of the illness, and implicate both the ventral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as loci of pathology in juvenile BPD. As these deficits were not associated with clinical state or comorbidity with other disorders, they may reflect trait-related impairments, a hypothesis that will be pursued further in longitudinal studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. cbearden@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Carrie E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bearden
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Glahn
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caetano
authors.forename: Rene L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Olvera
authors.forename: Manoela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Najt
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Steve R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Pliszka
authors.forename: Jair C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology