title: Effect of intraprostatic local anesthesia during transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy: comparison of 3 methods in a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the effect of intracapsular anesthesia and periprostatic nerve block during transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study 152 consecutive patients were randomized into 3 groups. Group 1 of 41 patients was administered intraprostatic local anesthesia into the right and left sides with a total of 2 ml 1% lidocaine and a periprostatic injection of 2 ml saline later. Group 2 of 49 patients was administered intraprostatic injection of 2 ml saline, followed by periprostatic local anesthesia with 2 ml 1% lidocaine. Group 3 of 62 patients received intraprostatic and periprostatic local anesthesia with 2 ml 1% lidocaine. Patients were asked to grade the pain level using a 10-point linear visual analog pain scale 1) when the transrectal ultrasound probe was inserted, 2) during anesthesia, 3) during biopsy and 4) 20 minutes after biopsy. One-way ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test with the Tukey post hoc test were used to compare patient characteristics and pain scale responses among the 3 groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No major complications, including sepsis and severe rectal bleeding, were noted in any patient. There were statistically significant differences in pain scores among groups 1 to 3 during anesthesia (mean +/- SD 5.6 +/- 2.5, 6.7 +/- 2.3 and 4.9 +/- 2.1, p = 0.003) and during biopsy (4.3 +/- 2.7, 4.5 +/- 2.6 and 2.7 +/- 2.1, respectively, p = 0.032). There were no differences in pain scores among the 3 groups during probe insertion (p = 0.39).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of intracapsular anesthesia and periprostatic nerve block is an effective and useful technique that is well tolerated by the patient. It decreases the level of pain and discomfort associated with the prostatic biopsy procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Ho Yun
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hak Jong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seok-Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.forename: Sang Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sung Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Seung Hyup
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000379:methods*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D019160:Endosonography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008012:Lidocaine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen