title: Hydrochlorothiazide-associated noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema and shock: a case report and review of the literature.
abstract: Diuretics, especially thiazide-type diuretics, are widely used in the treatment of essential hypertension. The most frequent adverse reactions are hypotension, photosensitivity, hypokalaemia, anorexia and epigastric distress. Life-threatening adverse reactions are rare. We report a case of pulmonary oedema associated with low left ventricular filling pressures and hypotension, occurring in a patient shortly after ingestion of 12.5 mg of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). By reviewing the literature (Medline search) 49 similar cases were found. We compared the findings of all these patients in an attempt to reveal the underlying mechanism of this non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and shock. We believe that an allergic type III reaction is most likely the underlying mechanism of this adverse drug reaction to HCTZ. It is important to recognize the causality of the symptoms of this rare but life-threatening side effect of thiazide-type diuretics, in order to stop the drug intake immediately and to prevent any unthoughtful reinitiation of this treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology; University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University Leuven.
authors.forename: Kaatje
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goetschalckx
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ceuppens
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van Mieghem
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D004232:Diuretics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007022:Hypotension / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012769:Shock / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017725:Ventricular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide