title: The twisted pharynx phenotype in C. elegans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pharynx of C. elegans is an epithelial tube whose development has been compared to that of the embryonic heart and the kidney and hence serves as an interesting model for organ development. Several C. elegans mutants have been reported to exhibit a twisted pharynx phenotype but no careful studies have been made to directly address this phenomenon. In this study, the twisting mutants dig-1, mig-4, mnm-4 and unc-61 are examined in detail and the nature of the twist is investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find that the twisting phenotype worsens throughout larval development, that in most mutants the pharynx retains its twist when dissected away from the worm body, and that double mutants between mnm-4 and mutants with thickened pharyngeal domains (pha-2 and sma-1) have less twisting in these regions. We also describe the ultrastructure of pharyngeal tendinous organs that connect the pharyngeal basal lamina to that of the body wall, and show that these are pulled into a spiral orientation by twisted pharynges. Within twisted pharynges, actin filaments also show twisting and are longer than in controls. In a mini screen of adhesionmolecule mutants, we also identified one more twisting pharynx mutant, sax-7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Defects in pharyngeal cytoskeleton length or its anchor points to the extracellular matrix are proposed as the actual source of the twisting force. The twisted pharynx is a useful and easy-to-score phenotype for genes required in extracellular adhesion or organ attachment, and perhaps forgenes required for cytoskeleton regulation.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lundberg Laboratory, Chalmers University, Göteborg, Sweden. claes.axang@molbiotech.chalmers.se <claes.axang@molbiotech.chalmers.se>
authors.forename: Claes
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Axäng
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rauthan
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pilon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017238:Genes, Helminth; D009024:Morphogenesis; D010614:Pharynx / Q000254:growth & development; D010641:Phenotype; D014102:Torsion Abnormality
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins