title: Seroprevalence of hepatitis C in intravenous opioid users presenting in the early phase of injecting drug use in Singapore.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  All over the world, Hepatitis C virus (HCV) accounts for an estimated 130 million chronic infections. Injection drug use has become one of the most important risk factors for HCV, and within the injection drug user population, the prevalence of HCV antibody ranges from 70 to 95 percent depending on an individual's length of use and the prevalence of infection in the community. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of and the risk factors for Hepatitis C antibodies in injecting drug users presenting to the Community Addictions Management Programme (CAMP) in Singapore.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligibility criteria for inclusion in this study were all intravenous buprenorphine users presenting to CAMP. 106 subjects, who consented to the study, completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire, and underwent a urine and blood analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence rate for HCV was 42.5 percent among the subjects included in our study. The odds of seroprevalence in those sharing needles were 5.6 times that of those who were not, and the odds of seroprevalence among those using with others (peers or partners) were 6.3 times, as compared to among those who were individual users. Racial differences were also seen, but these could be accounted for by the sharing of needles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides important local data at the onset of an early buprenorphine-injecting epidemic in Singapore. This data is useful for disease prevention and healthcare planning.
authors.affiliation: Community Addictions Management Programme, Institute of Mental Health and Woodbridge Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Winslow
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000276:immunology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies; D009294:Narcotics; D002047:Buprenorphine