title: Cross-resistance to medical and agricultural azole drugs in yeasts from the oropharynx of human immunodeficiency virus patients and from environmental Bavarian vine grapes.
abstract: Cross-resistance among Candida albicans isolates from the oropharynges of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients (n = 16) and environmental yeast strains of various species (n = 54) to medical and agricultural azole drugs was observed. Precautions against the unnecessary widespread use of azoles in the environment and human medicine are strongly recommended to prevent patients from acquiring azole-resistant yeasts.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Pulmonology and Infectious Diseases, Dept of Pediatrics III, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, Heidelberg, Germany. Frank-Michael_Mueller@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Frank-Michael C
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Staudigel
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salvenmoser
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tredup
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miltenberger
authors.forename: Josef V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Herrmann
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001393:Azoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005858:Germany; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D027843:Vitis / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001393:Azoles; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial