Cooperativity in ordinary ice and breaking of hydrogen bonds.
The total interaction energy between two H-bonded water molecules in a condensed phase is composed of a binding energy between them and an energy due to a cooperative effect. An approximate simple expression is suggested for the dependence of the interaction energy between two H-bonded water molecules on the number of neighboring water molecules with which they are H-bonded. Using this expression, the probabilities of breaking a H bond with various numbers of H-bonded neighbors are estimated. These probabilities are used in computer simulations of the breaking of specified fractions of H bonds in an ordinary (hexagonal) ice. A large "piece" of hexagonal ice (up to 8 millions molecules) is built up, and various percentages of H bonds are considered broken. It is shown that 62-63% of H bonds must be broken in order to disintegrate the "piece" of ice into disconnected clusters. This value is only a little larger than the percolation threshold (61%) predicted both by the percolation theory for tetrahedral ice and by simulations in which all H bonds were considered equally probable to be broken. When the percentage of broken bonds is smaller than 62-63%, there is a network of H-bonded molecules which contains the overwhelming majority of water molecules. This result contradicts some models of water which consider that water consists of a mixture of water clusters of various sizes. The distribution of water molecules with unequal probabilities for breaking is compared with the simulation involving equal probabilities for breaking. It was found that in the former case, there is an enhanced number of water monomers without H bonds, that the numbers of 2- and 3-bonded molecules are smaller, and the number of 4-bonded molecules is larger than in the latter case.
Ruckenstein
Eli
E
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Amherst, New York 14260, USA. feaeliru@acsu. buffalo.edu
Shulgin
Ivan L
IL
Shulgin
Leonid I
LI