title: Sagittal and vertical load-deflection and permanent deformation of transpalatal arches connected with palatal implants: an in-vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purposes of this laboratory investigation were to (1) measure the sagittal and vertical deflection of loaded transpalatal arches (TPAs) connected to a palatal implant, (2) measure the extent of permanent deformation of the connecting TPA in the sagittal and vertical directions, (3) test various wire dimensions in terms of deflection behavior, and (4) evaluate soldering vs laser welding vs adhesive bonding of TPAs in terms of load deflection behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stainless steel wires of 6 dimensions were tested: 0.8 x 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.2 x 1.2 mm. For each dimension, 10 specimens were soldered to the palatal implant abutment, 10 were laser welded, and 10 were adhesively bonded to the implant abutment (total, 180 specimens). The measuring device applied increments of force of 50 cN, from 0 to 500 cN. Then the specimens were unloaded. The values were statistically described and analyzed with ANOVA and Wilcoxon rank sum tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Absolute orthodontic anchorage without deformation of TPAs was not observed with the wire dimensions tested. To prevent loss of anchorage greater than 370 mum (sagittal deflection of 1.2 x 1.2 mm adhesively bonded TPA at 500 cN force level), wires thicker than 1.2 x 1.2 mm or cast anchorage elements must be considered for clinical practice. However, larger cross sections might cause more patient discomfort, and laboratory procedures increase costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Adriano G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Crismani
authors.forename: Ales G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Celar
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Burstone
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Bernhart
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Bantleon
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mittlboeck
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002484:Cementation; D015921:Dental Implants; D012994:Dental Soldering; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D003765:Models, Dental; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D010159:Palate / Q000601:surgery; D013193:Stainless Steel; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014896:Welding
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D013193:Stainless Steel