title: Generation of FGF reporter transgenic zebrafish and their utility in chemical screens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) represent a large family of secreted proteins that are required for proper development and physiological processes. Mutations in mouse and zebrafish FGFs result in abnormal embryogenesis and lethality. A key to understanding the precise role for these factors is to determine their spatial and temporal activity during embryogenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of Dual Specificity Phosphatase 6 (dusp6, also known as Mkp3) is controlled by FGF signalling throughout development. The Dusp6 promoter was isolated from zebrafish and used to drive expression of destabilized green fluorescent protein (d2EGFP) in transgenic embryos (Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)). Expression of d2EGFP is initiated as early as 4 hours post-fertilization (hpf) within the future dorsal region of the embryo, where fgf3 and fgf8 are initially expressed. At later stages, d2EGFP is detected within structures that correlate with the expression of Fgf ligands and their receptors. This includes the mid-hindbrain boundary (MHB), pharyngeal endoderm, otic vesicle, hindbrain, and Kupffer's vesicle. The expression of d2EGFP is under the control of FGF signalling as treatment with FGF Receptor (FGFR) inhibitors results in the suppression of d2EGFP expression. In a pilot screen of commercially available small molecules we have evaluated the effectiveness of the transgenic lines to identify specific FGF inhibitors within the class of indolinones. These compounds were counter screened with the transgenic line Tg(Fli1:EGFP)y1, that serves as an indirect read-out for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signalling in order to determine the specificity between related receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). From these assays it is possible to determine the specificity of these indolinones towards specific RTK signalling pathways. This has enabled the identification of compounds that can block specifically the VEGFR or the FGFR signalling pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The generation of transgenic reporter zebrafish lines has allowed direct visualization of FGF signalling within the developing embryo. These FGF reporter transgenic lines provide a tool to screen for specific compounds that can distinguish between two conserved members of the RTK family.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. gam20@pitt.edu <gam20@pitt.edu>
authors.forename: Gabriela A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: Simon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D054642:Dual Specificity Phosphatase 6; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000196:embryology; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D054642:Dual Specificity Phosphatase 6; C517036:Dusp6 protein, mouse; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases