title: Microenvironment effects on promoting upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases in Bcl-2-overexpressing renal cell carcinoma as a response to doxorubicin treatment inducing the production of metastasis.
abstract: Dysfunction in apoptosis has been suggested to play an important role in the development of a distant metastasis. The Bcl-2 gene plays a key role in the response to chemotherapeutic agents, and its upregulation protects the cells from apoptosis by inactivating the Bax proteins through heterodimerization of Bcl-2/Bax. However, there is no direct evidence showing that the upregulation of Bcl-2 increases the antiapoptotic effects against chemotherapeutic agents and is associated with the production of a distant metastasis. In this study, the role of Bcl-2 in the production of distant metastasis was investigated by examining the activity of caspase-3 and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) after transfecting the Bcl-2 gene into human renal cell carcinoma cells (SN12C). In addition, the production of a distant metastasis was examined in an orthotopic animal model. In vitro, the SN12C/smb2 cells were more resistant to doxorubicin (DXR) than the untreated parental cells. The IC50 of the SN12C/smb2 was 50% higher than that of the parental cells. In addition, the caspase-3 activity of the SN12C/smb2 cells was lower than that of the parental cells after the DXR treatment. On the other hand, there was no difference in the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 between the SN12C and SN12C/smb2 cell lines. However, the SN12C/smb2 cells had a higher metastatic potential than the parental cells in the orthotopic animal model. Unlike the results from the in vitro analysis, the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the kidney tumors produced by the SN12C/smb2 cells was higher than in the kidney tumors produced by the SN12C/vector. These results show that the upregulation of Bcl-2 in human renal cell carcinoma cells induces drug resistance to DXR. Moreover, Bcl-2 induced the expression of MMP in tumors grown in the orthotopic sites even though no appreciable effects were observed in the in vitro condition. When the in vitro and in vivo data were combined, it appears that the Bcl-2 gene initially affects the response to DXR. The cells that survive the DXR treatment then have a chance to become metastatic by increasing the levels of MMP in an orthotopic environment.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Urology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang-Sung
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Eunkyung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Seong Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Sung-Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Young-Yuil
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Han-Yong
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics*; D010957:Plasmids; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D004317:Doxorubicin; D053148:Caspase 3; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9