Histone deacetylase as therapeutic target in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock: effect of different resuscitation strategies on lung and liver.
BACKGROUND
DNA transcription is regulated in part by acetylation of nuclear histones, controlled by 2 groups of enzymes: histone deacetylases (HDAC) and histone acetyl transferases (HAT). We have shown previously that hemorrhage and resuscitation are associated with HDAC/HAT imbalance, which influences the acetylation status of cardiac histones. The goals of this study were to determine whether: (1) resuscitation after hemorrhage affects histone acetylation in a fluid- and organ-specific fashion; and (2) administration of HDAC inhibitors influences histone acetylation and subsequent gene expression.


METHODS
In the first experiment, rats (n = 6/group) were subjected to volume-controlled hemorrhage and resuscitated with: (1) racemic lactated Ringer's (DL-LR); (2) L-lactated Ringer's (L-LR); (3) 7.5% hypertonic saline (HTS); (4) ketone Ringer's (KR); or (5) pyruvate Ringer's (PR). Control groups included: (6) no hemorrhage (Sham); and (7) hemorrhage with no resuscitation (NR). In the second experiment (n = 5/group), 3 HDAC inhibitors, valproic acid (VPA), trichostatin A (TSA), and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), were added to normal saline and used as fluid for resuscitation. At the end of resuscitation, lung and liver tissues were subjected to subcellular protein fractionation and Western blotting to analyze histone acetylation. In addition, cDNA microarrays and RT-PCR were used to measure expression of selected genes.


RESULTS
Hemorrhage did not change the level of histone acetylation in lungs, whereas resuscitation predominantly hyperacetylated histones. An analysis of histone acetylation on 10 lysine sites showed that L-LR, HTS, and KR resuscitation caused the largest number of changes (7, 6, and 6 respectively). SAHA hyperacetylated 7 sites in liver and affected expression of 57 genes (44 up, 13 down).


CONCLUSIONS
Resuscitation with various fluids, as well as infusion of pharmacologic HDAC inhibitors affects histone acetylation in a fluid- and organ-specific fashion, even when administered post-insult for a limited period of time. Uniquely affected genes are associated with metabolism, cellular growth, proliferation, differentiation, transformation, and cellular signaling.
Lin
Tom
T
Department of Surgery, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA.
Chen
Huazhen
H
Koustova
Elena
E
Sailhamer
Elizabeth A
EA
Li
Yongqing
Y
Shults
Christian
C
Liu
Baoling
B
Rhee
Peter
P
Kirkpatrick
John
J
Alam
Hasan B
HB
D000107:Acetylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008168:Lung / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077337:Vorinostat
D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; C012589:trichostatin A; D000077337:Vorinostat; D014635:Valproic Acid; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases