title: Joint attention and attachment in toddlers with autism.
abstract: Joint attention is often referred to as a triadic relation between self, other and object. Young children with autism show deficiencies in the use of joint attention behaviors. Individual differences may be expected, and they may be determined by the children's cognitive development or the characteristics of the relationship of the child with the caregiver. Although most joint attention skills develop under the age of three, most studies of joint attention in children with autism involved children older than 3 years of age, due to difficulties in diagnosing autism under this age. In this study we investigated joint attention behaviors of 78 young children (mean age 25.7 months, SD 6.1) with autism spectrum disorders (n = 20), other developmental delays (n = 18), and typically developing children (n = 40). Following the pertinent literature and confirmed by factor analysis, two types of joint attention behaviors were distinguished, Basic Joint Attention (BJA) and Associated Joint Attention (AJA). We found that cognitive delays and autistic symptoms-but not attachment insecurity or disorganization-were related to less joint attention. Already at the age of 2 years, children with more autistic symptoms show less joint attention, even after controlling for developmental level.
authors.affiliation: Center for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. fnaber@fsw.leidenuniv.nl
authors.forename: Fabiënne B A
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Naber
authors.forename: Sophie H N
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Swinkels
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.forename: Claudine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Daalen
authors.forename: Marian J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bakermans-Kranenburg
authors.forename: Marinus H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: van Ijzendoorn
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Engeland
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004532:Ego; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009769:Object Attachment