title: Endothelial dysfunction, ambulatory pulse pressure and albuminuria are associated in Type 2 diabetic subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elevated pulse pressure (PP) is associated with microvascular complications in Type 2 diabetic patients. In non-diabetic subjects, elevated PP has been associated with endothelial dysfunction. The relation between endothelial dysfunction and PP in diabetic subjects has not previously been examined. We examined the relation between PP, markers of endothelial activation and albuminuria in Type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 46 Type 2 diabetic patients and 19 non-diabetic subjects, we performed 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (AMBP) monitoring. Urinary albumin excretion rate was measured as three urinary albumin/creatinine ratios. Von Willebrand factor (vWF), fibrinogen, E-selectin and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) were measured in plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four patients had normoalbuminuria (group N) and 12 had micro- or macroalbuminuria (group A). PP levels increased in a stepwise manner from the control group (group C) to group N and group A; night PP 43 +/- 5, 48 +/- 10 and 59 +/- 12 mmHg (groups C, N and A, respectively, P < 0.001). Likewise, plasma levels of vWF, fibrinogen, E-selectin and ICAM-1 increased from group C to group A; e.g. ICAM-1 [median (interquartile range)] 191 (160-217), 213 (189-262) and 316 (260-417) ng/ml, groups C, N and A, respectively, P < 0.001). In diabetic patients, night PP and plasma levels of E-selectin and ICAM-1 correlated (r = 0.38, P < 0.01 and r = 0.37, P = 0.01, night PP with E-selectin and ICAM-1, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased PP is associated with endothelial activation and albuminuria in Type 2 diabetic patients. Thus, endothelial dysfunction may represent a pathophysiological link between an elevated PP and microvascular complications in these subjects. Prospective studies are needed to further elucidate these associations.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department M (Diabetes and Endocrinology), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. stk@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jeppesen
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Frederiksen
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ingerslev
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mogensen
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Poulsen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014841:von Willebrand Factor