title: Blue dye injection in the arm in order to conserve the lymphatic drainage of the arm in breast cancer patients requiring an axillary dissection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the widespread use of the sentinel lymph node biopsy technique, many patients with invasive breast cancer still undergo an axillary lymph node dissection and are at risk of arm lymphedema. With the new awareness of lymphatic spread in the axillary nodes, it should be possible to define a new surgical approach between sentinel lymph node biopsy and complete axillary dissection, a procedure preserving specifically lymph nodes in relation to the arm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one patients with an operable breast cancer requiring an axillary dissection underwent surgery with an attempt to separate nodes related to the breast from specific nodes related to the arm. After an injection of blue dye in the arm, the surgeon performed the axillary dissection trying to identify blue nodes and ducts in order to preserve lymphatic arm drainage (LAD). If the blue nodes were located in the normal axillary dissection, they were removed separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 15 of 21 patients (71%), blue nodes in relation with LAD were identified. In 10 (47%) patients, it was possible to dissect the LAD with the preservation lymphatic ducts. In 10 patients, the LAD nodes were removed: none of them contained metastases, despite the fact that the non-LAD axillary nodes contained metastases in 7 of 10 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identifying the LAD with blue dye injection in the arm is possible. A subsequent study can now begin to determine if this procedure is safe for patients and able to prevent lymphedema of the arm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecologic and Oncologic Surgery, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France. claude.nos@hop.egp.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nos
authors.forename: Benedicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lesieur
authors.forename: Krishna B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Clough
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lecuru
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001132:Arm; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C008769:sulfan blue