title: Variation in community intervention programmes and consequences for children and families: the example of Sure Start Local Programmes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An area-based initiative, Sure Start Local Programmes (SSLPs), was established by the UK government to reduce social exclusion through improving the well-being of children aged 0-3 years and their families in disadvantaged communities; a true community intervention in that all children under four and their families in specified areas served as targets of universal services. A national evaluation examined the links between variation in programme implementation and effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data gathered from multiple sources produced measures of implementation in terms of proficiency, services and staffing. Measures of programme impact on child/parenting outcomes derived from multilevel models, controlling for child, family and area characteristics, were identified to demonstrate programme effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Some modest linkage between programme implementation (e.g., proficiency, empowerment of parents and staff, identification of users) and effectiveness for child and parenting outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall proficiency and specific aspects of implementation may influence effectiveness, which should guide the design of other child, family and community services.
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Study of Children Families and Social Issues, Birkbeck, University of London, UK. e.melhuish@bbk.ac.uk
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Melhuish
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Belsky
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anning
authors.forename: Mog
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Romaniuk
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leyland
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003153:Community Health Services; D003191:Comprehensive Health Care; D018479:Early Intervention, Educational; D004493:Education; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006284:Health Plan Implementation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011610:Psychosocial Deprivation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D012951:Socialization