title: In vitro mechanical comparison of screwed, bolted, and novel interlocking nail systems to buttress plate fixation in torsion and mediolateral bending.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare standard interlocking nails (ILN) with a newly designed ILN featuring an angle-stable locking mechanism (ILNn).
  
  
  METHODS
  Six experimental groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bone models (n=48) treated with 6 and 8 mm nails locked with screws or bolts (ILN6s, ILN8s, ILN6b, ILN8b, respectively), ILNn, and a 3.5 mm broad-DCP (br-DCP); n=4/testing mode.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specimens were tested in torsion or 4-point bending. Construct compliance, deformation, and slack were statistically compared (P<.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regardless of testing mode, construct compliance was greater with smaller ILN. Screwed constructs were more compliant than bolted ones, with a significant difference between ILN6s and ILN6b in torsion. Plated constructs were significantly more compliant than the ILNn. Angular deformation was consistently greater with smaller ILN. Screwed ILN constructs sustained approximately 2 x the torsional deformation of the bolted ones (approximately 36 degrees [ILN6s] versus approximately 18 degrees [ILN6b]). Comparatively, ILNn constructs had significantly less torsional (approximately 8 degrees) and bending (approximately 4 degrees) deformation than other constructs. Whereas standard ILN constructs had slack in both modes, ILNn and br-DCP construct deformations consistently occurred without slack.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of bolts rather than screws improved ILN mechanical behavior, but neither locking mechanism completely counteracted torsion and bending forces. Conversely, the ILNn angle-stable locking system eliminated torsional and bending slack, resulting in comparable mechanical performances between ILNn and plated constructs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The angle-stable locking mechanism of the new ILN eliminates all slack in the system; thus, interfragmentary motion will likely be reduced compared with standard ILN, which may improve the local environment for fracture healing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lansdowne
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Sinnott
authors.forename: Loic M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Déjardin
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: Roger C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Haut
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001858:Bone Nails / Q000662:veterinary*; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000662:veterinary*; D004867:Equipment Design; D016267:External Fixators / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013718:Tensile Strength