title: Expression of the prostate transglutaminase (TGase-4) in prostate cancer cells and its impact on the invasiveness of prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate transglutaminase (TGase-4), has been identified as a TGase that has a pattern of prostate specific expression. This study sought to determine (i) the level of TGase-4 in human cancer cell lines including prostate cancer cells; (ii) to investigate the effect after knocking down the expression of TGase-4 transcript using a ribozyme transgene; (iii) to establish the effect of HGF/SF, a pro-invasion/metastasis cytokine, on the invasive capacity of TGase-4 knockdown cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  RT-PCR and quantitative RT-PCR were used to assess the presence of TGase-4 transcript at the mRNA level in a panel of 26 cell lines including 6 prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3, DU-145, CA-HPV-10, PZ-HPV-7, PNT2C2 and PNT1A). A ribozyme transgene consisting of hammerhead ribozyme and antisense specific to TGase-4 was constructed using a pEF6 expression vector and transfected into CA-HPV-10 cell, a cell line highly expressed TGase-4. An in vitro invasion assay assessed the effects of HGF/SF on cell invasiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGase-4 transcript was detected in a number of cell lines, including prostate, colorectal, lung and breast tumour cells. At the mRNA level, TGase-4 was strongly expressed in CA-HPV-10 cells with lower levels of expression seen in PC-3, DU-145, PZ-HPV-7 and PNT1A cells. TGase-4 knock-down in CA-HPV-10 cells was established at the mRNA level. HGF/SF significantly increased the invasion of wild type (21.67 +/- 0.88; P < 0.001 vs. control 8.67 +/- 0.67) and control plasmid transfected cells (16.33 +/- 0.88; P < 0.001 vs. control 7.67 +/- 0.88) compared with untreated cells. However, cells transfected with the TGase-4 ribozyme transgene had a reduced invasive capacity (9.33 +/- 0.88 P < 0.01 vs. control 4.33 +/- 0.88) through Matrigel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TGase-4 has a relatively wide profile of expression in human cancer cell lines and is strongly expressed in the low invasive CA-HPV-10 prostate cancer cell line. The molecule is associated with the invasive potential of prostate cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Metastasis & Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gaynor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ablin
authors.forename: Malcolm D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Wen G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010957:Plasmids; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D016337:RNA, Catalytic / Q000235:genetics; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019076:Transgenes / Q000235:genetics; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016337:RNA, Catalytic; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; C418702:transglutaminase 4; D011503:Transglutaminases