title: A big role for the very small--understanding the endodontic microbial flora.
abstract: Apical periodontitis, an inflammatory process around the apex of a tooth root, is primarily a sequel to microbial infection of the pulp space. The microbial flora is composed of a restricted group of the total oral flora, selected by environmental pressures of anaerobiosis, nutrition and competition with other species and inhabits the root canal as a biofilm of coaggregated communities in an extracellular matrix. The untreated infected canal is generally composed of a polymicrobial mix with approximately equal proportions of Gram-positive and Gram-negative species, dominated by obligate anaerobes. The type of microbial flora in the root-filled tooth with persistent apical periodontitis has very different characteristics. These infections are characterized by one or just a few species, predominantly Gram-positive micro-organisms with an equal distribution of facultative and obligate anaerobes. Enterococcus faecalis has been a conspicuous finding in most studies. Because the primary aetiological problem is infection, endodontic treatment is directed at control and elimination of the root canal flora by working in a sterile way. Based on current knowledge, the best available method for obtaining clean, microbe-free root canals is by instrumentation with antimicrobial irrigation reinforced by an intracanal dressing with calcium hydroxide.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Dental Science, University of Melbourne. david.figdor@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Figdor
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sundqvist
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology*; D003788:Dental Pulp Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019553:Tooth, Nonvital / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide