title: Application of Carnegie stages of development to unify human and baboon ultrasound findings early in pregnancy.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine if very early ultrasonographic measurements obtained from human and baboon are comparable. For this purpose, the gestational, amniotic and yolk sacs, embryonic crown rump length (CRL) and heart rate were measured ultrasonographically between 35 and 47 days from the mean day of a three-day mating period in baboons (n=18) and between 42 to 58 days from fertilization as calculated from the CRL measurements in human pregnancies (n=82). Ultrasonographic measurements from both species were then plotted in the same graph using Carnegie stages of embryonic development as the independent variable to allow for visual comparisons. Mean gestational age at ultrasonographic studies was significantly different for humans and baboons (50.4 vs. 41 days, respectively; p>0.01). Significant correlations (p>0.01) were noted between ultrasonographic measurements and Carnegie stages of development in both humans and baboons. Only the gestational and the yolk sacs were significantly smaller in baboons than in humans (p>0.05). The findings that embryonic CRL, extra-embryonic space and heart rate are very similar between the 17th and 23rd Carnegie developmental stages make the baboon a promising surrogate of human pregnancy for investigations using celocentesis.
authors.affiliation: Center for Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University and Health Science Center, Amarillo, USA. jsantolaya@partners.org
authors.forename: Joaquin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santolaya-Forgas
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Leon-Luis
authors.forename: Lara A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Friel
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000818:Animals; D018568:Crown-Rump Length; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology; D005321:Extraembryonic Membranes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D010215:Papio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*; D015017:Yolk Sac / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging