title: Experimental image-guided endoscopic pituitary surgery: a useful learning model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study, which combined image guidance and endocscopic pituitary surgery (EPS), was to test its practicability as a learning tool to acquire the necessary skills in an experimental setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten cadaver-heads were explored using a standard endoscopic transsphenoidal surgical technique combined with the InstaTrak 3500 (GE Medical Systems, Lawrence, MA, USA) image guidance system. The time taken for the experimental setup and the optic-radiologic correlations of topographic landmarks were recorded and photographed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average time for setting up the system was 11.9 min+/-2.0, which included head fixation, headset positioning, registration, calibration and verification of the system. With the guidance of the navigation system, the ostium, sellar floor and adjacent structures encountered during EPS could be identified easily and were reflected on the 3D-CT images accurately.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental model validated the practicability of image guidance combined with EPS. The non-invasive interactive computer-assisted CT-guided navigational system facilitated the surgical procedure by providing precise spatial relationship between instrument position and adjacent structures. This combination is a useful teaching and learning tool in the cadaver and in patients will be useful, particularly for complex cases and redo-surgery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital and Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: Jean L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vézina
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007858:Learning; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000601:surgery*; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed