title: Plague and the human flea, Tanzania.
abstract: Domestic fleas were collected in 12 villages in the western Usambara Mountains in Tanzania. Of these, 7 are considered villages with high plague frequency, where human plague was recorded during at least 6 of the 17 plague seasons between 1986 and 2004. In the remaining 5 villages with low plague frequency, plague was either rare or unrecorded. Pulex irritans, known as the human flea, was the predominant flea species (72.4%) in houses. The density of P. irritans, but not of other domestic fleas, was significantly higher in villages with a higher plague frequency or incidence. Moreover, the P. irritans index was strongly positively correlated with plague frequency and with the logarithmically transformed plague incidence. These observations suggest that in Lushoto District human fleas may play a role in plague epidemiology. These findings are of immediate public health relevance because they provide an indicator that can be surveyed to assess the risk for plague.
authors.affiliation: University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. alaudisoit@ulg.ac.be
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laudisoit
authors.forename: Herwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leirs
authors.forename: Rhodes H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Makundi
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Dongen
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neerinckx
authors.forename: Jozef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deckers
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Libois
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002980:Climate; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000469:parasitology; D003625:Data Collection; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000145:classification* / Q000382:microbiology; D010930:Plague / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005423:Siphonaptera / Q000145:classification* / Q000382:microbiology; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D019371:Topography, Medical / Q000379:methods*