title: Promoter hypermethylation of CDH1, FHIT, MTAP and PLAGL1 in gastric adenocarcinoma in individuals from Northern Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the methylation status of CDH1, FHIT, MTAP and PLAGL1 promoters and the association of these findings with clinico-pathological characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) assay was performed in 13 nonneoplastic gastric adenocarcinoma, 30 intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma and 35 diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma samples from individuals in Northern Brazil. Statistical analyses were performed using the chi-square or Fisher's exact test to assess associations between methylation status and clinico-pathological characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypermethylation frequencies of CDH1, FHIT, MTAP and PLAGL1 promoter were 98.7%, 53.9%, 23.1% and 29.5%, respectively. Hypermethylation of three or four genes revealed a significant association with diffuse-type gastric cancer compared with nonneoplastic cancer. A higher hypermethylation frequency was significantly associated with H pylori infection in gastric cancers, especially with diffuse-type. Cancer samples without lymph node metastasis showed a higher FHIT hypermethylation frequency. MTAP hypermethylation was associated with H pylori in gastric cancer samples, as well as with diffuse-type compared with intestinal-type. In diffuse-type, MTAP hypermethylation was associated with female gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show differential gene methylation in tumoral tissue, which allows us to conclude that hypermethylation is associated with gastric carcinogenesis. MTAP promoter hypermethylation can be characterized as a marker of diffuse-type gastric cancer, especially in women and may help in diagnosis, prognosis and therapies. The H pylori infectious agent was present in 44.9% of the samples. This infection may be correlated with the carcinogenic process through the gene promoter hypermethylation, especially the MTAP promoter in diffuse-type. A higher H pylori infection in diffuse-type may be due to greater genetic predisposition.
authors.affiliation: Genetics Division, Department of Morphology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
authors.forename: Mariana  Ferreira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.forename: Eleonidas   Moura
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Patrícia  Natália   Oliveira
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Paulo  Pimentel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Assumpção
authors.forename: Danielle   Queiroz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Calcagno
authors.forename: Spencer   Luiz  Marques
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Payão
authors.forename: Rommel Rodríguez
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Burbano
authors.forename: Marília   Arruda   Cardoso
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D017766:Acid Anhydride Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015703:Antigens, CD; D001938:Brazil; D015820:Cadherins / Q000235:genetics; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D000099170:Bis(5'-adenosyl)triphosphatase
chemical_list: D017766:Acid Anhydride Hydrolases; D015703:Antigens, CD; D015820:Cadherins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D000099170:Bis(5'-adenosyl)triphosphatase; C513384:CDH1 protein, human; C106464:PLAGL1 protein, human