title: Analysis of integrin alpha7 mutations in prostate cancer, liver cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, and leiomyosarcoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Integrins are the major adhesive molecules in mammalian cells. Each integrin subtype plays a unique role in cell differentiation and embryo development. However, integrin involvement in carcinogenesis has not been well defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified mutations in integrin alpha7 by sequencing genomic DNAs and cDNAs from 122 specimens, including 62 primary human tumor samples, four cell lines, and 56 matched normal tissues. We evaluated the tumor suppressor activity of integrin alpha7 with colony formation, soft agar colony growth, and cell migration assays by forcing its expression in PC-3 and Du145 prostate cancer cells and SK-UT-1 leiomyosarcoma cells. PC-3 and Du145 xenograft tumors with increased levels of integrin alpha7 in severe combined immune deficient mice were used to assess the effect of integrin alpha7 on tumor growth and metastasis. Immunostaining was used to localize and to measure the level of integrin alpha7 in 701 and 141 specimens of prostate and smooth muscle, respectively. A meta-analysis of integrin alpha7 mRNA microarray data from four studies was performed. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to assess survival. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Integrin alpha7 mutations that generate truncations were found in specimens of 16 of 28 prostate cancers (57%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 37% to 76%), five of 24 hepatocellular carcinomas (21%, 95% CI = 7% to 42%), five of six glioblastomas multiforme (83%, 95% CI = 36% to 99%), and one of four leiomyosarcomas (25%, 95% CI = 0.6% to 81%). Integrin alpha7 mutations were associated with increased recurrence of human prostate cancer (nine recurrences among 13 patients with integrin alpha7 mutations versus one among eight without such mutations; odds ratio [OR] = 14, 95% CI = 1.15 to 782, P = .024) and hepatocellular carcinoma (five recurrences among eight patients with integrin alpha7 mutations versus one among 16 without such mutations, OR = 21, 95% CI = 1.6 to 1245; P = .007). Forced expression of normal integrin alpha7 in prostate cancer and leiomyosarcoma cell lines suppressed tumor growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Focal or no integrin alpha7 expression in human prostate cancer and soft tissue leiomyosarcoma was associated with a reduction of metastasis-free survival (for example, for prostate cancer with focal or no expression, 5-year metastasis-free survival was 32%, 95% CI = 24.4% to 40.3%, and for prostate cancer with at least weak expression, it was 85%, 95% CI = 79% to 91%; P<.001). Microarray analysis indicated that cyclin D kinase inhibitor 3 and GTPase-activating protein may be possible targets for integrin alpha7-mediated tumor suppressor activity and inhibition of cell motility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Integrin alpha7 appears to be a tumor suppressor that operates by suppressing tumor growth and retarding migration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Baoguo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Yan P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Chuanyue
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Uma N
authors.initials: UN
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: George K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Michalopoulos
authors.forename: Jian-Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary; D002465:Cell Movement; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D039001:Integrin alpha Chains / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007890:Leiomyosarcoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D015996:Survival Rate; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D039001:Integrin alpha Chains; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C085725:integrin alpha7