title: Plantar fasciitis: are pain and fascial thickness associated with arch shape and loading?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although plantar fascial thickening is a sonographic criterion for the diagnosis of plantar fasciitis, the effect of local loading and structural factors on fascial morphology are unknown. The purposes of this study were to compare sonographic measures of fascial thickness and radiographic measures of arch shape and regional loading of the foot during gait in individuals with and without unilateral plantar fasciitis and to investigate potential relationships between these loading and structural factors and the morphology of the plantar fascia in individuals with and without heel pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 10 subjects with unilateral plantar fasciitis and 10 matched asymptomatic controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heel pain on weight bearing was measured by a visual analog scale. Fascial thickness and static arch angle were determined from bilateral sagittal sonograms and weight-bearing lateral foot roentgenograms. Regional plantar loading was estimated from a pressure plate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, the plantar fascia of the symptomatic limb was thicker than the plantar fascia of the asymptomatic limb (6.1+/-1.4 mm versus 4.2+/-0.5 mm), which, in turn, was thicker than the fascia of the matched control limbs (3.4+/-0.5 mm and 3.5+/-0.6 mm). Pain was correlated with fascial thickness, arch angle, and midfoot loading in the symptomatic foot. Fascial thickness, in turn, was positively correlated with arch angle in symptomatic and asymptomatic feet and with peak regional loading of the midfoot in the symptomatic limb.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that fascial thickness and pain in plantar fasciitis are associated with the regional loading and static shape of the arch.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Queensland, Australia. s.wearing@qut.edu.au
authors.forename: Scott C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wearing
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Smeathers
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Bede
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Urry
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dubois
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D036981:Fasciitis, Plantar / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005684:Gait; D006365:Heel / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification*; D011859:Radiography; D014463:Ultrasonography; D016474:Weight-Bearing