title: The expression of metallothioneins on imprint smears of prostate carcinoma: correlation with clinicopathologic parameters and tumor proliferative capacity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metallothioneins are a family of metalbinding cysteine-rich proteins that play an important role in cellular processes such as proliferation and apoptosis, protection against oxidative stress and metal ion homeostasis and detoxification. Recent findings suggest that metallothioneins might play a significant role in the development and progression of prostate cancer. It has been also demonstrated that Ki67 expression may have prognostic value for disease-free survival in cases of prostate carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Imprint smears samples obtained from 70 patients immediately after radical prostatectomy for prostatic carcinoma were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies against metallothioneins and Ki-67. Metallothionein expression was correlated with Ki-67 immunostaining, Gleason score, stage, preoperative prostate-specific antigen levels and biochemical recurrence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metallothionein expression was shown to correlate strongly with Gleason score (P < 0.001) and significantly with pathological staging and Ki-67 immunostaining (P < 0.001, P < 0.05, respectively). In contrast, no significant association between metallothioneins and preoperative PSA was demonstrated. Both of the studied markers (metallothioneins and Ki-67) correlated with recurrence (P = 0.009, P = 0.006, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings support the independent predictive value of metallothioneins and Ki-67 in prostate cancer. However, additional data are needed in order to reveal the factors that influence the expression of metallothioneins in epithelial neoplastic cells and clarify their mechanism of action.
authors.affiliation: Pathology Laboratory-Cytology Unit, Medical School, Athens University, Athens, Greece. pathanas@cc.uoa.gr
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Athanassiadou
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bantis
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonidi
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Athanassiades
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Agelonidou
authors.forename: Dimitra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grapsa
authors.forename: Polyxeni
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nikolopoulou
authors.forename: Efstratios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patsouris
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D008668:Metallothionein