title: A national outbreak of Ralstonia mannitolilytica associated with use of a contaminated oxygen-delivery device among pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In August 2005, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was notified of a Ralstonia species outbreak among pediatric patients receiving supplemental oxygen therapy with the Vapotherm 2000i (Vapotherm, Inc, Stevensville, MD). The Vapotherm 2000i is a reusable medical device that was used in >900 hospitals in the United States in 2005. Ralstonia are waterborne bacilli that have been implicated in hospital-acquired infections. We initiated an investigation to determine the source of the outbreak and implement infection control and prevention measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a case-control study at 1 hospital and conducted national case findings to obtain clinical and environmental samples for laboratory analysis. Case-patients had health care-acquired Ralstonia colonization or infection. Isolates were compared by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. We tested manufacturer-recommended disinfection protocols for the Vapotherm 2000i under simulated-use conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Case-patients at the hospital (n = 5) were more likely to have received Vapotherm therapy than controls. Nationally, Ralstonia mannitolilytica was confirmed in 38 patients (aged 5 days to 7 years); 35 (92%) of the patients were exposed to the Vapotherm 2000i before recovery of the organism. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed related R. mannitolilytica strains from isolates sent from 18 hospitals in 12 states. A Vapotherm machine reprocessed with a protocol proposed by the manufacturer grew Ralstonia spp after 7 days of simulated use. In December 2005, Vapotherm recalled the 2000i.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest intrinsic contamination of Vapotherm devices with Ralstonia spp. New medical devices may provide therapy equivalent to current devices yet pose novel reprocessing challenges.
authors.affiliation: Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE MS A-24, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. mjhung@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jhung
authors.forename: Rebecca H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Sunenshine
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Noble-Wang
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Coffin
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: St John
authors.forename: Felicia M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Bette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: LiPuma
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Arduino
authors.forename: Galit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holzmann-Pazgal
authors.forename: Jane T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Atkins
authors.forename: Arjun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D017743:Equipment Reuse; D005260:Female; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D043367:Ralstonia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology