title: Microbial larvicides for malaria control in The Gambia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mosquito larval control may prove to be an effective tool for incorporating into integrated vector management (IVM) strategies for reducing malaria transmission. Here the efficacy of microbial larvicides against Anopheles gambiae s.l. was tested in preparation for a large-scale larviciding programme in The Gambia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The impact of water-dispersible (WDG) and corn granule (CG) formulations of commercial Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 (Bs; VectoLex) and Bacillus thuringiensis var.israelensis strain AM65-52 (Bti; VectoBac) on larval development were tested under laboratory and field conditions to (1) identify the susceptibility of local vectors, (2) evaluate the residual effect and re-treatment intervals, (3) test the effectiveness of the microbials under operational application conditions and (4) develop a method for large-scale application.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The major malaria vectors were highly susceptible to both microbials. The lethal concentration (LC) to kill 95% of third instar larvae of Anopheles gambiae s.s. after 24 hours was 0.023 mg/l (14.9 BsITU/l) for Bs WDG and 0.132 mg/l (396 ITU/l) for Bti WDG. In general Bs had little residual effect under field conditions even when the application rate was 200 times greater than the LC95. However, there was a residual effect up to 10 days in standardized field tests implemented during the dry season. Both microbials achieved 100% mortality of larvae 24-48 hours post-application but late instar larvae were detected 4 days after treatment. Pupae development was reduced by 94% (95% Confidence Interval = 90.8-97.5%) at weekly re-treatment intervals. Field tests showed that Bs had no residual activity against anopheline larvae. Both microbials provided complete protection when applied weekly. The basic training of personnel in identification of habitats, calibration of application equipment and active larviciding proved to be successful and achieved full coverage and control of mosquito larvae for three months under fully operational conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Environmentally safe microbial larvicides can significantly reduce larval abundance in the natural habitats of The Gambia and could be a useful tool for inclusion in an IVM programme. The costs of the intervention in this setting could be reduced with formulations that provide a greater residual effect.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK. silas.majambere@durham.ac.uk <silas.majambere@durham.ac.uk>
authors.forename: Silas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majambere
authors.forename: Steven W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Balla
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kandeh
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fillinger
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D001407:Bacillus / Q000502:physiology*; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D005714:Gambia; D006801:Humans; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D011679:Pupa / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors