title: Antiviral activity of carbohydrate-binding agents against Nidovirales in cell culture.
abstract: Coronaviruses are important human and animal pathogens, the relevance of which increased due to the emergence of new human coronaviruses like SARS-CoV, HKU1 and NL63. Together with toroviruses, arteriviruses, and roniviruses the coronaviruses belong to the order Nidovirales. So far antivirals are hardly available to combat infections with viruses of this order. Therefore, various antiviral strategies to counter nidoviral infections are under evaluation. Lectins, which bind to N-linked oligosaccharide elements of enveloped viruses, can be considered as a conceptionally new class of virus inhibitors. These agents were recently evaluated for their antiviral activity towards a variety of enveloped viruses and were shown in most cases to inhibit virus infection at low concentrations. However, limited knowledge is available for their efficacy towards nidoviruses. In this article the application of the plant lectins Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin (HHA), Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), Cymbidium sp. agglutinin (CA) and Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA) as well as non-plant derived pradimicin-A (PRM-A) and cyanovirin-N (CV-N) as potential antiviral agents was evaluated. Three antiviral tests were compared based on different evaluation principles: cell viability (MTT-based colorimetric assay), number of infected cells (immunoperoxidase assay) and amount of viral protein expression (luciferase-based assay). The presence of carbohydrate-binding agents strongly inhibited coronaviruses (transmissible gastroenteritis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, feline coronaviruses serotypes I and II, mouse hepatitis virus), arteriviruses (equine arteritis virus and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus) and torovirus (equine Berne virus). Remarkably, serotype II feline coronaviruses and arteriviruses were not inhibited by PRM-A, in contrast to the other viruses tested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F J U M
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.forename: C A M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.forename: N M P
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Schuurman
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Haijema
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Peumans
authors.forename: E J M
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Van Damme
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Delputte
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Balzarini
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Egberink
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018943:Anthracyclines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002415:Cats; D002460:Cell Line; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D027801:Galanthus / Q000737:chemistry; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019668:Liliaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D028381:Nidovirales / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D037121:Plant Lectins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012327:RNA Virus Infections / Q000821:virology; D013552:Swine; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D026982:Urtica dioica / Q000737:chemistry; D000095643:Pradimicins and Benanomicins
chemical_list: D018943:Anthracyclines; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008156:Luciferases; D037121:Plant Lectins; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C058036:pradimicin A; D000095643:Pradimicins and Benanomicins; C107733:cyanovirin N; C022616:thiazolyl blue