title: Neurophysiological detection of iatrogenic C-5 nerve deficit during anterior cervical spinal surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of postoperative C-5 spinal nerve root palsy following decompressive cervical spinal surgery has been reported to be as high as 12% for anterior procedures and 30% for posterior procedures. The present study was conducted to document the prevalence of iatrogenic C-5 nerve root deficit during anterior cervical spinal surgery, as well as to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of intraoperative transcranial electrical stimulation (TES)-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and spontaneous electromyographic (EMG) activity for identifying evolving C-5 nerve root impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a retrospective study of 238 consecutive anterior cervical spinal procedures performed by a single surgeon at Christiana Care Hospital within a 48-month period. Techniques used to monitor spinal nerve root function included TES-induced MEPs and spontaneous EMG activity from deltoid, biceps, triceps, wrist extensor, and hand intrinsic muscles innervated by the C5-T1 spinal nerve roots. Spinal cord function was monitored by recording TES-induced MEPs from upper- and lower-extremity muscles as well as somatosensory evoked potentials from stimulation of the ulnar and posterior tibial nerves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcranial electrical stimulation-induced MEPs and spontaneous EMG activity offer complementary information about evolving iatrogenic C-5 spinal nerve root impairment during anterior cervical spinal surgery. The TES-induced MEPs provide prognostic information and show increased sensitivity to C-5 deficit compared with spontaneous EMG activity alone. Monitoring of spinal nerve root function using only EMG activity carries a risk of false-negative findings; without timely warning of impending neurological impairment, timely intervention to prevent permanent deficit cannot occur.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware, USA. rana1@msn.com
authors.forename: Bikash
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bose
authors.forename: Anthony K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sestokas
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013117:Spinal Cord Compression / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology