title: Multiplex PCR for detection of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance qnr genes in ESBL-producing enterobacterial isolates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a rapid and reliable single-tube-based PCR technique for detecting simultaneously the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance qnrA, qnrB and qnrS genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  After multiple alignments, primers were designed to detect known qnr variants (six for qnrA-, six for qnrB- and two for qnrS-like genes). They were used for screening a collection of 64 expanded-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enterobacterial isolates from Kuwait, collected from 2002 to 2004, as ESBL genes have been often associated with qnr genes. Sequencing was performed to identify qnr and associated ESBL genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In optimized conditions, all positive controls (used separately or mixed) confirmed the specificity of the PCR primers. Out of 64 isolates, only 3 isolates were positive for a qnrB-like gene (4.7%), whereas no qnrA-like and qnrS-like gene was detected. A qnrB2 gene was detected in an Enterobacter cloacae K34 (SHV-12+) isolate, whereas qnrB1-like (termed qnrB7) and qnrB6-like (termed qnrB8) genes were identified from E. cloacae K37 (SHV-12+) and Citrobacter freundii K70 (VEB-1b+) isolates, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report here a fast and reliable technique for rapid screening of qnr-positive strains to be used for epidemiological surveys. A low prevalence of Qnr determinants among ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was identified in the study with Kuwaiti isolates.
authors.affiliation: Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique/Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris XI, 78, rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 K.-Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cattoir
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Poirel
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rotimi
authors.forename: Claude-James
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Soussy
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nordmann
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017931:DNA Primers; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007730:Kuwait / Q000453:epidemiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics*; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017931:DNA Primers; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C485384:Qnr protein, E coli; D015363:Quinolones; D001618:beta-Lactamases