title: Simulated field evaluation of the efficacy of two formulations of diflubenzuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor against larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) in water-storage containers.
abstract: Tablet (40 mg a.i./tablet) and granular (2% a.i.) formulations of diflubenzuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, insect growth regulator, were evaluated for larvicidal efficacy against the larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.) in water-storage containers under field conditions in Thailand. Each formulation was applied to 200-1 clay jars at 5 different dosages (0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/l a.i.). The jars were covered with solid celocrete sheets and placed in the shade under a roof. Another experiment was also carried out using 3 different dosages (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) where half the water in each treated jar and the control was removed and refilled weekly. Each treatment was replicated four times. The treatments were challenged by adding 25 3rd instar larvae/jar weekly. Assessments were made of each treatment through emergence inhibition (%EI) by removing and counting pupal skins one week after larval addition. Using these assessment techniques, a high degree of larvicidal efficacy (96-100%EI) was achieved with 4 dosages (0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) of both (tablet and granular) formulations for a period of 23 weeks post-treatment. The efficacy of the lowest dosage (0.02 mg/l) of tablet and granular formulations lasted for 21 and 22 weeks post-treatment, respectively. Under the conditions of water removal and weekly refilling, a high degree of larvicidal efficacy (96-100%El) at the 3 dosages was obtained with the tablet formulation 18 to 21 weeks post-treatment, whereas the efficacy of the granular formulation persisted 15 to 23 weeks post-treatment depending on the dosage. This study clearly demonstrates a high level of residual activity with both formulations of diflubenzuron against larvae of Ae. aegypti in water-storage containers. Considering environmental factors and water-use conditions, it is likely that dosages of 0.05 to 0.1 mg a.i./l are effective dosages providing long-lasting control for 3 to 4 months in the field.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. usavadee@dmsc.moph.go.th
authors.forename: Usavadee
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Thavara
authors.forename: Apiwat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tawatsin
authors.forename: Chitti
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chansang
authors.forename: Preecha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Asavadachanukorn
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaim
authors.forename: Mir S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mulla
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000254:growth & development*; D000818:Animals; D002686:Chitin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D004132:Diflubenzuron / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D004175:Diptera / Q000469:parasitology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D011679:Pupa / Q000254:growth & development; D013785:Thailand; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D014867:Water; D002686:Chitin; D004132:Diflubenzuron