title: Amygdala in stroke/transient ischemic attack patients and its relationship to cognitive impairment and psychopathology: the Sydney Stroke Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the structural abnormalities in the amygdala in stroke patients and see what contribution the amygdala may make to psychopathology and cognitive dysfunction related to stroke, because the amygdala has important roles in the processing of emotions, cognitive function, and psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors assessed 47 stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients 3-6 months after the event and 54 comparison healthy subjects, using neuropsychological tests, medical and psychiatric examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans. Volumetric T1-weighted MRI was used to obtain amygdala volumes by manual tracing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stroke/TIA patients had smaller right amygdalar volume, more white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), and larger lateral ventricles. The amygdala was smaller in stroke/TIA patients with cognitive impairment compared to those without impairment. The right amygdala volume was negatively correlated with visual new learning and not related to depression, anxiety, irritability, agitation or apathy at baseline or 12-month follow-up. However, baseline amygdala volume was negatively correlated with Hamilton depression scores at 12 months in healthy comparison subjects. Hypertension and atrial fibrillation, and to a lesser extent WMHs, were predictors of amygdala volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amygdala is smaller in stroke/TIA patients, especially in those with cognitive impairment. This may partly be accounted for by hypertension, white matter lesions, and atrial fibrillation. It is not related to psychopathology except that small amygdalae may increase vulnerability to depression.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Academic Department for Old Age Psychiatry the Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia. p.sachdev@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Perminder S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sachdev
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joscelyne
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brodaty
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000679:Amygdala / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D003710:Demography; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests