title: Cholesterol supports the retinoic acid-induced synaptic vesicle formation in differentiating human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.
abstract: Synaptic vesicle formation, vesicle activation and exo/endocytosis in the pre-synaptic area are central steps in neuronal communication. The formation and localization of synaptic vesicles in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, differentiated with 12-o-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) and cholesterol, was studied by fluorescence microscopy and immunocytochemical methods. RA alone or together with cholesterol, produced significant neurite extension and formation of cell-to-cell contacts. Synaptic vesicle formation was followed by anti-synaptophysin (SypI) and AM1-43 staining. SypI was only weakly detected, mainly in cell somata, before 7 days in vitro, after which it was found in neurites. Depolarization of the differentiated cells with high potassium solution increased the number of fluorescent puncta, as well as SypI and AM1-43 co-localization. In addition to increase in the number of synaptic vesicles, RA and cholesterol also increased the number and distribution of lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 labeled lysosomes. RA-induced Golgi apparatus fragmentation was partly avoided by co-treatment with cholesterol. The SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line, differentiated by RA and cholesterol and with good viability in culture, is a valuable tool for basic studies of neuronal metabolism, specifically as a model for dopaminergic neurons.
authors.affiliation: Cell Research Center, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, FinlandDivision of Biochemistry, Department of Biological and Environmental Science and NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FinlandInstitute of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, FinlandDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Jertta-Riina
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sarkanen
authors.affiliation: Cell Research Center, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, FinlandDivision of Biochemistry, Department of Biological and Environmental Science and NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FinlandInstitute of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, FinlandDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Jonna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nykky
authors.affiliation: Cell Research Center, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, FinlandDivision of Biochemistry, Department of Biological and Environmental Science and NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FinlandInstitute of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, FinlandDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siikanen
authors.affiliation: Cell Research Center, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, FinlandDivision of Biochemistry, Department of Biological and Environmental Science and NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FinlandInstitute of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, FinlandDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Jyrki
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Selinummi
authors.affiliation: Cell Research Center, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, FinlandDivision of Biochemistry, Department of Biological and Environmental Science and NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FinlandInstitute of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, FinlandDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ylikomi
authors.affiliation: Cell Research Center, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, FinlandDivision of Biochemistry, Department of Biological and Environmental Science and NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FinlandInstitute of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, FinlandDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuula O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Jalonen
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D020439:Growth Cones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D052119:Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008954:Models, Biological; D016501:Neurites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009447:Neuroblastoma; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013572:Synaptic Vesicles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016708:Synaptophysin / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C507005:AM1-43 compound; D052119:Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D016708:Synaptophysin; D014212:Tretinoin; D002784:Cholesterol; D011188:Potassium; D004298:Dopamine