title: The role of angiogenesis and COX-2 expression in the evolution of vulvar lichen sclerosus to squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine whether premalignant changes in vulvar lichen sclerosus (LS) could be identified by analysing markers of angiogenesis and the expression of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight cases of histologically diagnosed vulvar LS, which showed an evolution to carcinoma of the vulva histologically documented, were compared to 10 cases of vulvar LS, for which follow-up information was available for at least 9 years, and to 10 cases of LS adjacent to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the vulva. The microvessel density (MVD), and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and of COX-2 were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Difference of MVD between unchanged LS cases and LS cases evolving to SCC and LS adjacent to SCC cases was statistically significant (P=0.008, Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test). Difference of VEGF and COX-2 expression between unchanged LS cases and LS cases evolving to SCC and LS adjacent to SCC cases were statistically significant (P=0.007 and P=0.01, respectively; Fisher's exact test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study addresses the possibility that immunohistochemical studies may add information to permit the identification of LS as a precursor lesion that has a greater potential to evolve into SCC. These data may identify characteristics of vulvar LS disclosing alterations that indicate the further development to cancer; therefore, it may allow the identification of a group of LS patients who need a careful follow-up and adjunctive biopsies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, School of Medicine University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 85. 50134 Florence, Italy. mariarosaria.raspollini@unifi.it
authors.forename: Maria Rosaria
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Raspollini
authors.forename: Grazia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Asirelli
authors.forename: Gian Luigi
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Taddei
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000098:blood supply / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007724:Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D014846:Vulvar Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2