title: Investigation of the interaction force between Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and solid surfaces.
abstract: Interaction force profiles between single Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and positively charged, silane-coated silica particles were measured in aqueous solutions using an atomic force microscope. The oocysts were immobilized for the measurements by entrapment in Millipore polycarbonate membranes with 3 microm pore size. Experiments were performed in both NaCl and CaCl2 solutions at ionic strengths ranging from 1 to 100 mM. For both electrolytes, the decay length of the repulsive force profile was found to be nearly independent of the ionic strength and always much larger than the theoretical Debye length of the system. In addition, the magnitude of the force was found to be essentially the same for both electrolytes, suggesting that the long-range repulsive forces are primarily steric in nature. These results support the theory that the interaction force between oocysts and surfaces is controlled by an outer, weakly charged or uncharged carbohydrate layer. Measurements were also performed with oocysts that had been deactivated using either chemical (formalin) or heat treatment. The force profiles obtained with formalin-treated oocysts appear to be essentially the same as for the untreated oocysts, whereas the profiles measured with the heat-treated oocysts show a much stronger dependence on solution ionic strength. With either the heat-treated or formalin-treated oocysts, adhesion was observed much more frequently than with untreated oocysts, which is consistent with the increased deposition rate observed with treated oocysts by Kuznar and Elimelech (Kuznar, Z. A.; Elimelech, M. Langmuir 2005, 21, 710-716). These results also suggest that treated oocysts, especially ones that have been inactivated by heating, may not be good surrogates for viable oocysts in laboratory studies.
authors.affiliation: Yale University, Department of Chemical Engineering, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Byrd
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Walz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000737:chemistry; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000494:pharmacology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D033661:Oocysts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010316:Particle Size; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D004573:Electrolytes; D012821:Silanes; D014867:Water; D005557:Formaldehyde; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D002122:Calcium Chloride