title: Spatially segregated SNARE protein interactions in living fungal cells.
abstract: The machinery for trafficking proteins through the secretory pathway is well conserved in eukaryotes, from fungi to mammals. We describe the isolation of the snc1, sso1, and sso2 genes encoding exocytic SNARE proteins from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. The localization and interactions of the T. reesei SNARE proteins were studied with advanced fluorescence imaging methods. The SSOI and SNCI proteins co-localized in sterol-independent clusters on the plasma membrane in subapical but not apical hyphal regions. The vesicle SNARE SNCI also localized to the apical vesicle cluster within the Spitzenkörper of the growing hyphal tips. Using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and Foerster resonance energy transfer analysis, we quantified the interactions between these proteins with high spatial resolution in living cells. Our data showed that the site of ternary SNARE complex formation between SNCI and SSOI or SSOII, respectively, is spatially segregated. SNARE complex formation could be detected between SNCI and SSOI in subapical hyphal compartments along the plasma membrane, but surprisingly, not in growing hyphal tips, previously thought to be the main site of exocytosis. In contrast, SNCI.SSOII complexes were found exclusively in growing apical hyphal compartments. These findings demonstrate spatially distinct sites of plasma membrane SNARE complex formation in fungi and the existence of multiple exocytic SNAREs, which are functionally and spatially segregated. This is the first demonstration of spatially regulated SNARE interactions within the same membrane.
authors.affiliation: VTT Biotechnology, P. O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland. mari.valkonen@vtt.fi
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valkonen
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Kalkman
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saloheimo
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Penttilä
authors.forename: Nick D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: Rory R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Duncan
mesh_terms: D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D050600:SNARE Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism; D013261:Sterols / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D050600:SNARE Proteins; D013261:Sterols