title: Cognitive predictors of single-digit and procedural calculation skills and their covariation with reading skill.
abstract: This study examined the extent to which children's cognitive abilities in kindergarten and their mothers' education predict their single-digit and procedural calculation skills and the covariance of these with reading skill in Grade 4. In kindergarten, we assessed children's (N=178) basic number skills, linguistic skills, and visual attention. In Grade 4, we assessed their calculation and reading skills. Data on children's cognitive ability at 5 years of age and their mothers' level of education were also collected. The results showed that both of the core components of calculation, single-digit and procedural calculation, as well as their covariance with reading, were predicted by unique cognitive factors. Fluency in single-digit calculation and text reading shared an underlying cognitive process, that is, the ability to fluently retrieve verbal or visual-verbal associations from long-term memory. In contrast, procedural calculation was predicted not only by single-digit calculation but also by mother's education and conceptual knowledge of numbers. Overall, the results suggest that a multicomponential approach, including a hierarchical relation among various components, is fruitful when trying to understand the development of mathematical skill and its covariation with reading.
authors.affiliation: Niilo Mäki Institute, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland. tuire.koponen@nmi.fi
authors.forename: Tuire
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koponen
authors.forename: Kaisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aunola
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahonen
authors.forename: Jari-Erik
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nurmi
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008433:Mathematics; D011932:Reading; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014796:Visual Perception