title: Multi-modal exercise programs for older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various modalities of exercise have been demonstrated to improve physical function and quality of life in older adults. Current guidelines stress the importance of multi-modal exercise for this cohort, including strengthening exercises, cardiovascular, flexibility and balance training. There is a lack of evidence, however, that simultaneously prescribed doses and intensities of strength, aerobic, and balance training in older adults are both feasible and capable of eliciting changes in physical function and quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive, systematic database search for manuscripts was performed. Two reviewers independently assessed studies for potential inclusion. Physical and functional performance outcomes were extracted. The relative effect sizes (ES) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen studies were included totalling 2,149 subjects; the mean cohort age ranging from 67 +/- 8 to 84 +/- 3 years. A low mean relative ES for strength was seen across the reviewed studies. Only six of the eleven studies that included balance measurements found a significant improvement in balance compared to controls. Aerobic fitness was seldom measured or reported. Five out of the six studies investigating fall rates showed a significant reduction. Functional and quality of life measures generally did not improve with exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multi-modal exercise has a positive effect on falls prevention. The limited data available suggests that multi-modal exercise has a small effect on physical, functional and quality of life outcomes. Future research should include robustly designed trials that involve multi-modal exercise at individually prescribed intensities based on doses found to be effective in single-modality studies.
authors.affiliation: The School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia. michael.baker@usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Atlantis
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fiatarone Singh
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic