title: Directed engineering of umbilical cord blood stem cells to produce C-peptide and insulin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we investigated the potential of umbilical cord blood stem cell lineages to produce C-peptide and insulin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lineage negative, CD133+ and CD34+ cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to assess expression of cell division antigens. These lineages were expanded in culture and subjected to an established protocol to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) toward the pancreatic phenotype. Phase contrast and fluorescence immunocytochemistry were used to characterize differentiation markers with particular emphasis on insulin and C-peptide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 3 lineages expressed SSEA-4, a marker previously reported to be restricted to the ESC compartment. Phase contrast microscopy showed all three lineages recapitulated the treatment-dependent morphological changes of ESCs as well as the temporally restricted expression of nestin and vimentin during differentiation. After engineering, each isolate contained both C-peptide and insulin, a result also obtained following a much shorter protocol for ESCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since C-peptide can only be derived from de novo synthesis and processing of pre-proinsulin mRNA and protein, we conclude that these results are the first demonstration that human umbilical cord blood-derived stem cells can be engineered to engage in de novo synthesis of insulin.
authors.affiliation: Stark Diabetes Center and McCoy Diabetes Mass Spectrometry Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1060, USA. ladenner@utmb.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Denner
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bodenburg
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cappo
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Tilton
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Copland
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Forraz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McGuckin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Urban
mesh_terms: D002096:C-Peptide / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000166:cytology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006028:Glycosphingolipids / Q000378:metabolism; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007328:Insulin / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055746:Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigens; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D002096:C-Peptide; D006028:Glycosphingolipids; D007328:Insulin; D055746:Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigens; C066584:stage-specific embryonic antigen-4