title: The hypoxia-inducible factor alpha pathway couples angiogenesis to osteogenesis during skeletal development.
abstract: Skeletal development and turnover occur in close spatial and temporal association with angiogenesis. Osteoblasts are ideally situated in bone to sense oxygen tension and respond to hypoxia by activating the hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF alpha) pathway. Here we provide evidence that HIF alpha promotes angiogenesis and osteogenesis by elevating VEGF levels in osteoblasts. Mice overexpressing HIF alpha in osteoblasts through selective deletion of the von Hippel-Lindau gene (Vhl) expressed high levels of Vegf and developed extremely dense, heavily vascularized long bones. By contrast, mice lacking Hif1a in osteoblasts had the reverse skeletal phenotype of that of the Vhl mutants: long bones were significantly thinner and less vascularized than those of controls. Loss of Vhl in osteoblasts increased endothelial sprouting from the embryonic metatarsals in vitro but had little effect on osteoblast function in the absence of blood vessels. Mice lacking both Vhl and Hif1a had a bone phenotype intermediate between those of the single mutants, suggesting overlapping functions of HIFs in bone. These studies suggest that activation of the HIF alpha pathway in developing bone increases bone modeling events through cell-nonautonomous mechanisms to coordinate the timing, direction, and degree of new blood vessel formation in bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Lianfu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Ximeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Shawn R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bouxsein
authors.forename: Marie-Claude
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Faugere
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Guldberg
authors.forename: Louis C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Gerstenfeld
authors.forename: Volker H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Haase
authors.forename: Randall S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Ernestina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schipani
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Clemens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015870:Gene Expression; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008954:Models, Biological; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000502:physiology; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein / Q000235:genetics; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1; C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; C467480:vascular endothelial growth factor A, mouse; C494469:VHL protein, mouse