title: Using visual feedback distortion to alter coordinated pinching patterns for robotic rehabilitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is common for individuals with chronic disabilities to continue using the compensatory movement coordination due to entrenched habits, increased perception of task difficulty, or personality variables such as low self-efficacy or a fear of failure. Following our previous work using feedback distortion in a virtual rehabilitation environment to increase strength and range of motion, we address the use of visual feedback distortion environment to alter movement coordination patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one able-bodied subjects participated in the study. During the experiment, each subject learned to move their index finger and thumb in a particular target pattern while receiving visual feedback. Visual distortion was implemented as a magnification of the error between the thumb and/or index finger position and the desired position. The error reduction profile and the effect of distortion were analyzed by comparing the mean total absolute error and a normalized error that measured performance improvement for each subject as a proportion of the baseline error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the study showed that (1) different coordination pattern could be trained with visual feedback and have the new pattern transferred to trials without visual feedback, (2) distorting individual finger at a time allowed different error reduction profile from the controls, and (3) overall learning was not sped up by distorting individual fingers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is important that robotic rehabilitation incorporates multi-limb or finger coordination tasks that are important for activities of daily life in the near future. This study marks the first investigation on multi-finger coordination tasks under visual feedback manipulation.
authors.affiliation: The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. yoky@cs.cmu.edu
authors.forename: Yoky
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.forename: Bambi R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: Roberta L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Klatzky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005385:Fingers; D006801:Humans; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012371:Robotics; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014796:Visual Perception