title: Effect of contrast enhanced CT scans on heterogeneity corrected dose computations in the lung.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate and, if possible, compensate for the effect of intravenous contrast-enhanced CT scans on the treatment planning dose distributions for lung patients. The contrast and noncontrast CT scans of 3 patients were registered, and the effect of contrast on the Hounsfield units (HU) was assessed. The effect of contrast was then simulated in the CT scans of 18 patients receiving radiotherapy of the lung by modification of the CT numbers for relevant sections of noncontrast-enhanced CT scans. All treatment planning was performed on the Pinnacle3 planning system. The dose distributions computed from simulated contrast CT scans were compared to the original dose distributions by comparison of the monitor units (MUs) for each beam in the treatment plan required to deliver the prescribed dose to the isocenter as well as a comparison of the total MUs for each patient, a percentage change in required MUs being equivalent to a percentage change in the dose. A correction strategy to enable the use of contrast-enhanced CT scans in treatment planning was developed, and the feasibility of applying the strategy was investigated by calculating dose distributions for both the original and simulated contrast CT scans. A mean increase in the overall patient MUs of 1.0 +/- 0.8% was found, with a maximum increase of 3.3% when contrast was simulated on the original CT scans. The simulated contrast scans confirmed that the use of contrast-enhanced CT scans for routine treatment planning would result in a systematic change in the dose delivered to the isocenter. The devised correction strategy had no clinically relevant effect on the dose distribution for the original CT scans. The application of the correction strategy to the simulated contrast CT scans led to a reduction of the mean difference in the overall MUs to 0.1 +/- 0.2% compared to the original scan, demonstrating that the effect of contrast was eliminated with the correction strategy. This work has highlighted the problems associated with using contrast-enhanced CT scans in heterogeneity corrected dose computation. Contrast visible in the CT scan is transient and should not be accounted for in the treatment plan. A correction strategy has been developed that minimizes the effect of intravenous contrast while having no clinical effect on noncontrast CT scans. The correction strategy allows the use of contrast without detriment to the treatment plan.
authors.affiliation: North Western Medical Physics, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom. nichola.burridge@physics.cr.man.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nichola A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Burridge
authors.forename: Carl G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Rowbottom
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Burt
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media