title: Longitudinal analysis of mesenchymal progenitors and bone quality in the stem cell antigen-1-null osteoporotic mouse.
abstract: We performed a longitudinal analysis of bone quality in Sca-1-null mice. A tight temporal, site-specific association between Sca-1-deficient BMD deficiency and reduced mesenchymal progenitor frequency was observed. Defects in trabecular microarchitecture and mineralization were, at least partially, responsible for the age-related reduction in toughness of Sca-1(-/-) bones.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  We previously showed that stem cell antigen 1 (Sca-1)-null mice undergo normal bone development but exhibit significantly decreased bone mass characteristic of age-dependent osteoporosis. The objective of this study was to characterize the initiation and progression of the Sca-1 mutant skeletal phenotype at the cellular, structural, material, and mechanical levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sca-1-null and control mice were analyzed at 3, 5, 7, and 9 mo of age. In vitro osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow and spleen-derived progenitor populations was assessed. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor frequency, along with osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential, was analyzed in vitro. Static histomorphometry of the sixth lumbar vertebrae was performed. Whole body, femoral, and vertebral BMD were assessed using DXA. Lumbar vertebrae were analyzed using microCT, back-scattered electron imaging, and compression tests. Three-point bending and femoral neck fracture tests were performed on excised femurs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sca-1-null mice displayed an age-dependent, cell-autonomous osteoclast deficiency in vitro. From 7 mo of age onward, reduced Sca-1-null femoral BMD was observed alongside reduced mesenchymal progenitor frequency, and decreased in vitro osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential. Sca-1-deficient mice exhibited reduced whole body BMD compared with controls at all time-points analyzed. Although no differences in spinal BMD were observed, Sca-1(-/-) vertebrae exhibited decreased bone formation, with a maximal difference at 7 mo of age, inferior trabecular microarchitecture, and a greater degree of mineralization. At all sites tested, Sca-1-null bones exhibited reduced energy to failure from 5 mo onward.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We showed a tight association within Sca-1-null mice between the initiation of stem cell defects and the exacerbation of deficiencies in bone quality at two sites clinically relevant to developing osteoporotic fractures. Sca-1-deficient mice, therefore, provide a novel and useful murine model of age-related osteoporosis, which with additional study, should further our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this increasingly prevalent disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Tayyab S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Celeste
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ciliberti
authors.forename: Marc D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Grynpas
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Stanford
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D000950:Antigens, Ly / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000950:Antigens, Ly; C074650:Ly6a protein, mouse; D008565:Membrane Proteins