title: The blockade of AMPA-kainate and NMDA receptors in the dorsal periaqueductal gray reduces the effects of diazepam withdrawal in rats.
abstract: It is well established that the most persistent sign of withdrawal from chronic benzodiazepine use in humans is anxiety. In contrast to other types of drugs of abuse, the emergence of this anxiety does not seem to be linked directly to alterations in the levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic system. Some studies have proposed that fear-like behaviors elicited by benzodiazepine withdrawal could be the result either of alterations in the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or in the neuronal hyperexcitability that results from neuroadaptative responses to chronic treatment, probably mediated by glutamate. The increased fear-like behaviors induced by benzodiazepine withdrawal are similar to the defense reaction displayed by animals exposed to dangerous situations or submitted to electrical or chemical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG), a key structure of the brain aversive system. However, the involvement of the dPAG in drug abuse has been investigated only in the context of the physical effects of drug dependence. Thus, in this study we investigated the effects of injections into the dPAG of the glutamic acid diethyl ester (GDEE) and 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate (AP-7) (AMPA-kainate and NMDA receptors antagonists, respectively) on fear-like behaviors promoted by benzodiazepine withdrawal in rats submitted to aversive events (foot-shocks) immediately before chronic diazepam administration in a conditioning place-preference paradigm, using a light-dark box. Our results showed that inhibition of the glutamatergic neurotransmission in the dPAG reduces the consequence of the diazepam withdrawal in rats, implicating the excitatory amino acids of the dPAG in the modulation of the aversive state induced by benzodiazepine drugs withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Neurociências & Comportamento - INeC, Campus USP, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto-SP, 14040-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz F S
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Souza-Pinto
authors.forename: Vanessa M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Castilho
authors.forename: Marcus Lira
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Brandão
authors.forename: Manoel Jorge
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nobre
mesh_terms: D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D003975:Diazepam / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004597:Electroshock; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010487:Periaqueductal Gray / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D018092:Kainic Acid Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; D003975:Diazepam; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D018092:Kainic Acid Receptors; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; C031231:2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid