title: Molecular features of hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells by genome-wide gene expression profiles.
abstract: One of the most critical issues in prostate cancer clinic is emerging hormone-refractory prostate cancers (HRPCs) and their management. Prostate cancer is usually androgen dependent and responds well to androgen ablation therapy. However, at a certain stage, they eventually acquire androgen-independent and more aggressive phenotype and show poor response to any anticancer therapies. To characterize the molecular features of clinical HRPCs, we analyzed gene expression profiles of 25 clinical HRPCs and 10 hormone-sensitive prostate cancers (HSPCs) by genome-wide cDNA microarrays combining with laser microbeam microdissection. An unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis clearly distinguished expression patterns of HRPC cells from those of HSPC cells. In addition, primary and metastatic HRPCs from three patients were closely clustered regardless of metastatic organs. A supervised analysis and permutation test identified 36 up-regulated genes and 70 down-regulated genes in HRPCs compared with HSPCs (average fold difference > 1.5; P < 0.0001). We observed overexpression of AR, ANLN, and SNRPE and down-regulation of NR4A1, CYP27A1, and HLA-A antigen in HRPC progression. AR overexpression is likely to play a central role of hormone-refractory phenotype, and other genes we identified were considered to be related to more aggressive phenotype of clinical HRPCs, and in fact, knockdown of these overexpressing genes by small interfering RNA resulted in drastic attenuation of prostate cancer cell viability. Our microarray analysis of HRPC cells should provide useful information to understand the molecular mechanism of HRPC progression and to identify molecular targets for development of HRPC treatment.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Mutsuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Furihata
authors.forename: Tatsuhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsunoda
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ashida
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takata
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Obara
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: Yataro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Daigo
authors.forename: Yasutomo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nasu
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kumon
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Konaka
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Namiki
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tozawa
authors.forename: Kenjiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kohri
authors.forename: Nozomu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanji
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimazui
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akaza
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mizutani
authors.forename: Tsuneharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujioka
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shuin
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Hidewaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
mesh_terms: D001324:Autoantigens / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000235:genetics; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D017411:Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D055517:snRNP Core Proteins
chemical_list: D001324:Autoantigens; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D017411:Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear; C526413:SNRPE protein, human; D055517:snRNP Core Proteins