title: Prostate cancer testing following a negative prostate biopsy: over testing the elderly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Screening elderly men for prostate cancer is not recommended because definitive treatments are unlikely to extend life expectancy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Describe clinical outcomes after a negative prostate biopsy in a population-based cohort of men ages 65 and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  9,410 Medicare-eligible men who underwent a prostate biopsy in Los Angeles or New Mexico in 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Medicare and SEER databases to identify a cohort with an initial negative biopsy (n = 7,119) and to ascertain survival, subsequent PSA testing, prostate biopsies, and prostate cancer detection and treatment through 1997.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall 5-year survival was 79.4% (95% CI 78.4-80.3), but only 74.6% (72.4-76.7) for men ages 75-79 at the time of the initial negative biopsy and 55.0% (51.9-57.9) for men ages 80+. During a median 4.5 years follow-up, a cumulative 75.0% (73.9-76.1) of the cohort underwent PSA testing. Among men ages 75-79 and 80+, the cumulative proportions that underwent PSA testing were 75.4% (73.0-77.8) and 74.3% (71.1-77.5), respectively. Additionally, 29.1% (26.7-31.6) of men ages 75-79 and 20.1% (17.6-23.1) of men ages 80+ underwent repeat prostate biopsy, and 10.9% (9.4-12.7) and 8.3% (6.6-10.4), respectively, were diagnosed with cancer. Among men ages 75+ with localized cancers, approximately 34% received definitive treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High proportions of men ages 75+ underwent PSA testing and repeat prostate biopsies after an initial negative prostate biopsy. Given the known harms and uncertain benefits for finding and treating localized cancer in elderly men, most continued PSA testing after a negative biopsy is potentially inappropriate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New Mexico VA Health Care System, 111GIM 1501 San Pedro Drive SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA. rhoffman@unm.edu
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Denberg
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Ann S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hamilton
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen