title: ECG-triggered muscular counterpulsation for treatment of low cardiac output.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Skeletal muscular counterpulsation (MCP) has been used as a new noninvasive technique for treatment of low cardiac output. The MCP method is based on ECG-triggered skeletal muscle stimulation. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate acute hemodynamic changes induced by MCP in the experimental animal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight anaesthetized pigs (43+/-4 kg) were studied at rest and after IV â-blockade (10 mg propranolol) before and after MCP. Muscular counterpulsation was performed on both thighs using trains (75 ms duration) of multiple biphasic electrical impulses with a width of 1 ms and a frequency of 200 Hz at low (10 V) and high (30 V) amplitude. ECG-triggering was used to synchronize stimulation to a given time point. LV pressure-volume relations were determined using the conductance catheter. After baseline measurements, MCP was carried out for 10 minutes at low and high stimulation amplitude. The optimal time point for MCP was determined from LV pressure-volume loops using different stimulation time points during systole and diastole. Best results were observed during end-systole and, therefore, this time point was used for stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under control conditions, MCP was associated with a significant decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance (-18%), a decrease in systemic vascular resistance (-11%) and stroke work index (-4%), whereas cardiac index (+2%) and ejection fraction (+6%) increased slightly. Pressure-volume loops showed a leftward shift with a decrease in end-systolic volume. After â-blockade, cardiac function decreased (HR, MAP, EF, dP/dt max), but it improved with skeletal muscle stimulation (HR +10% and CI +17%, EF +5%). There was a significant decrease in pulmonary (-19%) and systemic vascular resistance (-29%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the animal model, ECG-triggered skeletal muscular counterpulsation is associated with a significant improvement in cardiac function at baseline and after IV â-blockade. Thus, MCP represents a new, non-invasive technique which improves cardiac function by diastolic compression of the peripheral arteries and veins, with a decrease in systemic vascular resistance and increase in cardiac output.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland. beat.walpoth@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Walpoth
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aregger
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lapanashvili
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mettler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carrel
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015908:Counterpulsation; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D013318:Stroke Volume; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014655:Vascular Resistance