title: A comparison of three sets of criteria for determining the presence of differential item functioning using ordinal logistic regression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several techniques have been developed to detect differential item functioning (DIF), including ordinal logistic regression (OLR). This study compared different criteria for determining whether items have DIF using OLR.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare and contrast findings from three different sets of criteria for detecting DIF using OLR. General distress and physical functioning items were evaluated for DIF related to five covariates: age, marital status, gender, race, and Hispanic origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  1,714 patients with cancer or HIV/AIDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 23 items addressing physical functioning and 15 items addressing general distress were selected from a pool of 154 items from four different health-related quality of life questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three sets of criteria produced qualitatively and quantitatively different results. Criteria based on statistical significance alone detected DIF in almost all the items, while alternative criteria based on magnitude detected DIF in far fewer items. Accounting for DIF by using demographic-group specific item parameters had negligible effects on individual scores, except for race.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific criteria chosen to determine whether items have DIF have an impact on the findings. Criteria based entirely on statistical significance may detect small differences that are clinically negligible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359780, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. pcrane@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ocepek-Welikson
authors.forename: Karon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cella
authors.forename: Kaavya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Narasimhalu
authors.forename: Ron D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hays
authors.forename: Jeanne A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Teresi
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000523:psychology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires