title: Association of carnitine deficiency in Indian continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients with anemia, erythropoietin use, residual renal function, and diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we aimed to determine levels of free carnitine in hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients in India and to correlate carnitine deficiency with various clinical parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients on HD and PD at two tertiary care centers were selected for the study. Baseline data were obtained, and a free carnitine analysis was performed. Carnitine deficiency was defined as a free carnitine level of less than 40 micromol/L.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total number of study patients was 96 (77 on HD, 19 on PD). In the PD group, the mean age was 56 years, with 26.3% of the patients being vegan, 47.4% having diabetes, and 57.9% having a daily urine output of <500 mL. The mean carnitine level in that group was 38.9 micromol/L, and 68.4% of the patients had a carnitine deficiency. A Pearson correlation test failed to show any association of carnitine level with parameters such as anemia, use of erythropoietin, non-vegetarian diet, diabetes, and hypertension. In the HD group, the mean age was 45 years, with 22% of the patients being vegan, 23% having diabetes, and 45.5% having a daily urine output of <500 mL. The mean carnitine level in the group was 38.2 micromol/L, and 64.3% of the patients had a carnitine deficiency. Residual renal function and duration of dialysis were different in HD patients with and without carnitine deficiency. Carnitine levels in the HD group correlated positively and statistically significantly with the presence of diabetes and hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first demonstration that Indian dialysis patients have carnitine deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, SRMC & RI, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramalakshmi
authors.forename: Bjoe
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baben
authors.forename: Ben S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Ashok
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jayanthi
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: Georgi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abraham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002331:Carnitine / Q000172:deficiency*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D004921:Erythropoietin; D002331:Carnitine