title: Placement of intraventricular catheters using flexible electromagnetic navigation and a dynamic reference frame: a new technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Catheterization of narrow ventricles may prove difficult resulting in misplacement or inefficient trials with potential damage to brain tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  The application of a new module for navigated ventricular catheterization using flexible electromagnetic navigation and a dynamic reference frame is presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Navigated catheter placement was successful and accurate in a pilot study. Electromagnetic interferences had to be taken into consideration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flexible electromagnetic navigation with a dynamic reference frame is a useful tool for catheter placement as it reduces the risk of misplacement or repeated catheterization trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany. rodt.thomas@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rodt
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Köppen
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Majdani
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leinung
authors.forename: Soenke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bartling
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaminsky
authors.forename: Joachim K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Krauss
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000601:surgery*; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt