title: Deep brain stimulation for torsion dystonia in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deep brain stimulation (DBS) at the internal globus pallidus (GPi) is an effective treatment for some patients with medically refractory torsion dystonia. In this article, we review the results of pallidal DBS surgery in children with dystonia. Details of the DBS procedure and programming of the DBS devices are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pallidal DBS is most effective in patients with primary generalized dystonia. Children and adolescents possessing the DYT1 gene mutation may respond best of all. The presence of static dystonic postures and/or fixed orthopedic contractures may limit the functional response to DBS and may require additional surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a group, patients with secondary dystonias respond less well to DBS than patients with primary dystonia. However, patients with dystonia secondary to anoxic brain injury who have grossly intact basal ganglia anatomy may represent a subpopulation for whom pallidal DBS is a viable option.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, P.O. Box 1136, New York, NY 10029, USA. ron.alterman@mountsinai.org
authors.forename: Ron L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Alterman
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tagliati
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004422:Dystonia Musculorum Deformans / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010372:Pediatrics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index