title: Combined treatment with sertraline and liothyronine in major depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antidepressant treatments that achieve a higher remission rate than those currently available are urgently needed. The thyroid hormone triiodothyronine may potentiate antidepressant effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the antidepressant efficacy and safety of liothyronine sodium (triiodothyronine) when administered concurrently with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline hydrochloride to patients with major depressive disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind, randomized, 8-week, placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient referral centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 124 adult outpatients meeting unmodified DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder without psychotic features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to receive sertraline hydrochloride (50 mg/d for 1 week; 100 mg/d thereafter) plus liothyronine sodium (20-25 microg/d for 1 week; 40-50 microg/d thereafter) or sertraline plus placebo for 8 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was categorical response to treatment (> or =50% decrease in scores on the 21-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression from baseline to study end point). Remission rate (final Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score, < or =6) was a secondary outcome measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intent-to-treat Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression response rates were 70% and 50% in the sertraline-liothyronine and sertraline-placebo groups, respectively (P = .02; odds ratio, 2.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-7.35); remission rates were 58% with sertraline-liothyronine and 38% with sertraline-placebo (P = .02; odds ratio, 2.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-6.49). Baseline T(3) values were lower in patients treated with sertraline-liothyronine who had remissions than in those without remissions (t(48) = 3.36; P<.002). Among patients treated with sertraline-liothyronine, remission was associated with a significant decrease in serum thyrotropin values (F(1,73) = 4.00; P<.05). There were no significant effects of liothyronine supplementation on frequency of adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate enhancement of the antidepressant effect of sertraline by concurrent treatment with liothyronine without a significant increase in adverse effects. The antidepressant effect of liothyronine may be directly linked to thyroid function.
authors.affiliation: Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
authors.forename: Rena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cooper-Kazaz
authors.forename: Jeffrey T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Apter
authors.forename: Revital
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Leonid
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Karagichev
authors.forename: Said
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muhammed-Moussa
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grupper
authors.forename: Taly
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Drori
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Harold A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Sackeim
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lerer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020280:Sertraline / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D020280:Sertraline; D013972:Thyrotropin; D014284:Triiodothyronine