title: In vitro immunotoxicity of bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO) studied by toxicogenomics.
abstract: The biocide and environmental pollutant bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO) causes thymus atrophy in rodents. Whether the depletion of thymic lymphocytes by tributyltin compounds may be the result of inhibition of cell proliferation or induction of apoptosis is subject of debate. We examined gene expression profiles in primary rat thymocytes exposed to TBTO in vitro at dose levels of 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0microM. By measuring cell viability and apoptosis, exposure conditions were selected that would provide information on changes in gene expression preceding or accompanying functional effects of TBTO. Several processes related to TBTO-induced toxicity were detected at the transcriptome level. Effects on lipid metabolisms appeared to be the first indication of disruption of cellular function. Many transcriptional effects of TBTO at higher dose levels were related to apoptotic processes, which corresponded to present or subsequent thymocyte apoptosis observed phenotypically. The gene expression profile was, however, not unambiguous since expression of apoptosis-related genes was both increased and decreased. Stimulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling appeared to be a relevant underlying mechanism of action. These findings suggest that TBTO exerts its toxic effects on the thymus primarily by affecting apoptotic processes, but the possibility is discussed that this may in fact represent an early effect that precedes inhibition of cell proliferation. At the highest dose level tested, TBTO additionally repressed mitochondrial function and immune cell activation. Our in vitro toxicogenomics approach thus identified several cellular and molecular targets of TBTO that may mediate the toxicity towards thymocytes and thereby its immunosuppressive effects.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology (GRAT), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Laboratory for Toxicology, Pathology and Genetics (TOX), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: k.baken@grat.unimaas.nl.
authors.forename: Kirsten A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Baken
authors.affiliation: Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arkusz
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Laboratory for Toxicology, Pathology and Genetics (TOX), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeroen L A
authors.initials: JLA
authors.lastname: Pennings
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Laboratory for Toxicology, Pathology and Genetics (TOX), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rob J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Vandebriel
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology (GRAT), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Laboratory for Toxicology, Pathology and Genetics (TOX), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Loveren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D008297:Male; D005810:Multigene Family; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D043922:Toxicogenetics; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; C005961:bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide