title: Reliability and validity of the Italian version of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised in an outpatient sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R) in an outpatient sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  The TCI-R was administered to 404 consecutively admitted subjects. The TCI-R scale 1-month test-retest reliability and TCI-R/TCI convergent validity were assessed in 2 independent subsamples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TCI-R scales showed adequate Cronbach alpha values and acceptable 1-month test-retest reliability coefficients. Although many TCI-R facets showed factorial complexity, factor analysis results were consistent with the 7-factor structure of the TCI-R scales. The predictive validity of TCI-R profiles for personality disorder diagnoses was confirmed, with different combinations of temperament dimensions being associated with specific personality disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TCI-R was a reliable and valid instrument for assessing temperament and character features, at least among Italian outpatients. The TCI-R psychometric properties support its clinical usefulness in the assessing of personality psychopathology.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20127 Milan, Italy. fossati.andrea@hsr.it
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fossati
authors.forename: C Robert
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cloninger
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borroni
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grazioli
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giarolli
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maffei
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D002605:Character; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007802:Language; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament