title: Arthroscopic versus open rotator interval closure: biomechanical evaluation of stability and motion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to investigate the differences between open and arthroscopic closure of the rotator interval (RI) on glenohumeral translation and range of motion. We also sought to determine if the addition of either an open or arthroscopic RI closure increases stability of the shoulder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen fresh-frozen (10 paired) cadaveric shoulder specimens were mounted in a custom testing apparatus, and glenohumeral translation and rotation were obtained by using an optoelectric tracking system (Optotrak Certus; Northern Digital, Ontario, Canada). Specimens were randomly allocated to either open (n = 7) or arthroscopic (n = 7) plication of the RI. The following were measured first with an intact and vented specimen and subsequently after an RI closure using either open or arthroscopic techniques: (1) range of motion in neutral and 90 degrees abduction; (2) anterior and posterior translation at neutral rotation; (3) anterior translation at 90 degrees abduction with external rotation; and (4) posterior translation at 90 degrees flexion with internal rotation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Posterior stability was not improved from the intact state by either open (1.0-mm change) or arthroscopic (0.1-mm change) repair. The sulcus stability was improved in the open group (5.7 mm to 2.9 mm, P = .028), but not arthroscopically (5.1 to 4.1 mm, P = .499). Neutral anterior stability was improved after open repair (7.2 to 2.6 mm, P = .018), but not arthroscopically (2.3 to 2.4 mm, P = 0.5). However, anterior stability in external rotation (ER) at 90 degrees abduction was improved in the arthroscopic repair group (5.5 to 3.1 mm, P = .006). The mean loss of ER in neutral was greater in the open group (40.8 degrees) versus the arthroscopic group (24.4 degrees, P = .0038). The arthroscopic group showed an 11.7 degrees loss of ER in 90 degree abduction (P = .018) versus the open group loss of 4.8 degrees. There were no significant differences in loss of IR in either neutral or 90 degree abduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Posterior stability was not improved by either open or arthroscopic rotator interval repair, and sulcus stability only improved with the open technique. Anterior stability in neutral was improved after open repair and in the arthroscopic repair group with the arm abducted. There was a large loss of external rotation with both techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that arthroscopic RI closure adds little to the overall posterior and inferior stability of the shoulder joint, although anterior stability may be improved. There is a potentially large loss of external rotation after either repair method.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Shoulder & Sports Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California 92134-1112, USA. mattprovencher@earthlink.net
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Provencher
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Mologne
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hongo
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Tasto
authors.forename: Kai-Nan
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: An
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001182:Arthroscopy; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000601:surgery*; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery*