title: Nosocomial bloodstream infections in a pediatric intensive care unit: 3-year survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bloodstream infections (BSI) represent a major cause of hospital-acquired infections in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients. This study was designed to determine the prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of these infections in one local facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients admitted to one PICU between January 1, 2000 - December 31, 2002 and subsequently developed a nosocomial bloodstream infection (NBSI) were consecutively recruited. The study was a retrospective study. Data retrieved from medical records included demographic information, extrinsic (invasive devices) and intrinsic risk factors, specific pathogens, therapeutic interventions and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 95 episodes of NBSIs in 59 patients (63/1711 PICU admissions, yielding an incidence of 56/1000). The crude mortality rate (CMR) in children with NBSIs was 52%, compared with 6% for all other children admitted to the PICU. A higher CMR was associated with hemato-oncology illness, prolonged length of hospitalization (>1 month) mechanical ventilation, dialysis and severity of illness. Most of the patients (95%) had central intravascular devices, and 73% of the episodes were catheter-related infections. The most frequent pathogens were coagulase-negative staphylococci (24%), Klebsiella pneumonia (16%), Candida spp. (15%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7%) and Staphylococcus aureus (6%). Thirty-three percent of the Staphylococcus aureus were methicillin resistant (MRSA) and 30% of the Klebsiella pneumonia were extended - spectrum beta-lactamase - producing (ESBL) strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall incidence of NBSIs was 56 episodes per 1000 admissions. The major risk factors were hemato-oncology illness, prolonged length of hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, dialysis and severity of illness. Children with NBSI had a poor outcome when compared with children without NBSI.
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Infectious Diseases Unit, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. galiag@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Galia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grisaru-Soen
authors.forename: Yaser
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sweed
authors.forename: Liat
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lerner-Geva
authors.forename: Galit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hirsh-Yechezkel
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Boyko
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vardi
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Zohar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Barzilay
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paret
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000473:pathology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002648:Child; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis