title: Economic evaluation of targeted treatments of invasive aspergillosis in adult haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients in the Netherlands: a modelling approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of a targeted treatment model of antifungal treatment strategies for adult haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients in the Netherlands from a hospital perspective, using a decision analytic modelling approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  The economic evaluation of desoxycholate amphotericin B, liposomal amphotericin B, voriconazole and caspofungin was undertaken. These drugs could be used alone, in various combinations or sequentially. In our model, first-line therapy consisted of either voriconazole or liposomal amphotericin B. If necessary, treatment was switched to a second-line treatment, including combination antifungal therapy. The theoretical population in this model consisted of adult HSCT recipients with proven or probable invasive aspergillosis (IA). Long-term survival was extrapolated from survival after 12 weeks of treatment and life expectancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First-line antifungal treatment strategies with voriconazole were both more effective and less costly over first-line strategies employing liposomal amphotericin B at a dosage of 4 mg/kg/day. The strategy of voriconazole followed by caspofungin (voriconazole/caspofungin) was dominant over the strategies of voriconazole followed by liposomal amphotericin B (voriconazole/liposomal amphotericin B) or desoxycholate amphotericin B (voriconazole/desoxycholate amphotericin B). However, the voriconazole followed by the combination of liposomal amphotericin B and caspofungin strategy (voriconazole/liposomal amphotericin B+caspofungin) was more effective though more expensive than the voriconazole/caspofungin strategy resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of about euro107,000 for a life-year saved. At a dosage of 1 mg/kg/day of liposomal amphotericin B, the voriconazole/caspofungin strategy was more effective but more costly than the voriconazole/desoxycholate amphotericin B strategy with an ICER of euro10,000 for each extra life-year saved. Between the voriconazole/liposomal amphotericin B+caspofungin and the voriconazole/caspofungin strategies, the ICER was euro40,000.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Probabilistic analyses on net monetary benefit showed that the voriconazole/caspofungin strategy had the highest probability of being the most cost-effective strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Organization Policy and Economics (HOPE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, and Department of General Internal Medicine, Bronovo Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands. a.ament@beoz.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: André J H A
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ament
authors.forename: Mariette W A
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Hübben
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Verweij
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: Adillia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Warris
authors.forename: J Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van 't Wout
authors.forename: Johan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Severens
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D000077336:Caspofungin; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003663:Decision Trees; D004338:Drug Combinations; D054714:Echinocandins / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D055666:Lipopeptides; D018803:Models, Economic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014230:Triazoles / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065819:Voriconazole
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D054714:Echinocandins; D055666:Lipopeptides; D011743:Pyrimidines; D014230:Triazoles; D000666:Amphotericin B; D000077336:Caspofungin; D065819:Voriconazole