title: Structure-based design leads to the identification of lithium mimetics that block mania-like effects in rodents. possible new GSK-3beta therapies for bipolar disorders.
abstract: More than two million American adults, or approximately one percent of the population 18 years or older, suffer from bipolar disorder. Current treatments include the so-called "mood stabilizers," lithium and valproic acid. Both are relatively dated drugs that are only partially effective and produce various undesirable side effects including weight gain. Based upon continued efforts to understand the molecular target for lithium, it now appears that specific inhibitors of the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) may mimic the therapeutic action of mood stabilizers and might therefore allow for the design of improved drugs for treating patients with bipolar disorder as well as certain neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, the pro-apoptotic properties of the GSK-3 enzyme suggest the possible use of such inhibitors as neuroprotective agents. In fact, neuroprotection may contribute to the treatment of mood disorders. The present chemistry, modeling, and biology efforts have identified 3-benzofuranyl-4-indolylmaleimides as potent and relatively selective GSK-3beta inhibitors. The best ligand in this series (having a Ki value of 4.6 nM against GSK-3beta) was studied in a novel mouse model of mania that has recently been validated with several clinically effective mood stabilizers. This study presents the first demonstration of the efficacy of a GSK-3beta inhibitor in this mouse model of mania. Selective brain penetrable GSK-3 ligands like those described herein become valuable research tools in better defining the role of this multifaceted kinase in both physiological and pathophysiological events.
authors.affiliation: Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. kozikowa@uic.edu
authors.forename: Alan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kozikowski
authors.forename: Irina N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Gaisina
authors.forename: Hongbin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Pavel A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Petukhov
authors.forename: Sylvie Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Blond
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fedolak
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Caldarone
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGonigle
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine; D000818:Animals; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002707:Chlordiazepoxide; D015195:Drug Design; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D002707:Chlordiazepoxide; D008094:Lithium; D000661:Amphetamine; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605507:Gsk3b protein, mouse; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3