title: Evaluation of a new inflammatory molecule (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1) in the diagnosis of pleural effusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1 (TREM-1) is a newly discovered molecule that is associated with the inflammatory response to microorganisms. We investigated the role of surface and soluble TREM-1 in differentiating different disease entities in pleural effusion formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven patients with pleural effusion due to transudate (14), malignancy (15), tuberculous pleuritis (16), para-pneumonic effusion (10) and empyaema (12) were included in this study. Surface TREM-1 was measured by flow cytometry and was expressed as mean fluorescence intensity and soluble TREM-1 was measured by ELISA and expressed as pg/mL. Results are given as mean levels +/- SEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surface TREM-1 was measured in 24 patients and the levels were highest in para-pneumonic effusion (30.0 +/- 8.4) and lowest in malignant pleural effusion (5.2 +/- 1.1) and tuberculous pleuritis (5.2 +/- 2.4). Soluble TREM-1 was highest in effusions of infectious aetiology (para-pneumonic effusion (979.4 +/- 229.6) and empyaema (1712.6 +/- 299.5)) and lowest in non-infectious effusions (transudate (81.2 +/- 4.5 pg/mL) and malignancy (111.3 +/- 20.7). At a cut-off value of 114 pg/mL, soluble TREM-1 yielded a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 89.7% in differentiating non-infectious effusion from tuberculous pleuritis. At a cut-off value of 374 pg/mL, sTREM-1 yielded a sensitivity of 93.8% and a specificity of 90.9 in differentiating tuberculous pleuritis from bacterial pleural effusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Soluble and surface TREM-1 are valuable markers in establishing the aetiology of pleural effusions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, and Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Cheng
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Kai-Ming
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Wen-Cheng
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Liang-Yi
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Benjamin Ing-Tiau
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Jeng-Yuan
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Chieh-Liang
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004653:Empyema / Q000150:complications; D005122:Exudates and Transudates; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000150:complications; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000073871:Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1; D014396:Tuberculosis, Pleural / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; C408842:TREM1 protein, human; D000073871:Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1