title: Pay for performance, quality of care, and outcomes in acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pay for performance has been promoted as a tool for improving quality of care. In 2003, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) launched the largest pay-for-performance pilot project to date in the United States, including indicators for acute myocardial infarction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if pay for performance was associated with either improved processes of care and outcomes or unintended consequences for acute myocardial infarction at hospitals participating in the CMS pilot project.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational, patient-level analysis of 105,383 patients with acute non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction enrolled in the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes With Early Implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Guidelines (CRUSADE) national quality-improvement initiative. Patients were treated between July 1, 2003, and June 30, 2006, at 54 hospitals in the CMS program and 446 control hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The differences in the use of ACC/AHA class I guideline recommended therapies and in-hospital mortality between pay for performance and control hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among treatments subject to financial incentives, there was a slightly higher rate of improvement for 2 of 6 targeted therapies at pay-for-performance vs control hospitals (odds ratio [OR] comparing adherence scores from 2003 through 2006 at half-year intervals for aspirin at discharge, 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-1.46 vs OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.12-1.21; P = .04) and for smoking cessation counseling (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.29-1.73 vs OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.22-1.35; P = .05). There was no significant difference in a composite measure of the 6 CMS rewarded therapies between the 2 hospital groups (change in odds per half-year period of receiving CMS therapies: OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.15-1.30 vs OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.14-1.20; P = .16). For composite measures of acute myocardial infarction treatments not subject to incentives, rates of improvement were not significantly different (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.05-1.14 vs OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.06-1.09; P = .49). Overall, there was no evidence that improvements in in-hospital mortality were incrementally greater at pay-for-performance sites (change in odds of in-hospital death per half-year period, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84-0.99 vs 0.97; 95% CI, 0.94-0.99; P = .21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among hospitals participating in a voluntary quality-improvement initiative, the pay-for-performance program was not associated with a significant incremental improvement in quality of care or outcomes for acute myocardial infarction. Conversely, we did not find evidence that pay for performance had an adverse association with improvement in processes of care that were not subject to financial incentives. Additional studies of pay for performance are needed to determine its optimal role in quality-improvement initiatives.
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical and Genetic Economics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Seth W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Glickman
authors.forename: Fang-Shu
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: DeLong
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Roe
authors.forename: Barbara L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Lytle
authors.forename: Jyotsna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mulgund
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rumsfeld
authors.forename: W Brian
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Gibler
authors.forename: E Magnus
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ohman
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D019983:Guideline Adherence; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006761:Hospitals / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D019370:Observation; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012052:Reimbursement, Incentive; D014481:United States