title: Preparing for the worst while hoping for the best: the relevance of hope in the heart failure illness trajectory.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with heart failure have higher mortality rates than those with most malignant diseases. The heart failure illness trajectory is one of gradual decline characterized by unpredictable events such as acute decompensation of heart failure or a sudden cardiac death. Health professionals have an obligation to give patients and their families concise and honest information concerning their prognosis. The challenge exists to give what ostensibly may seem a bleak prognosis within a context of hope and optimism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the role of hope in heart disease and the potential utility of this construct in the development of nursing interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The electronic databases CINAHL, MEDLINE, EmBASE, and PSYCHlit were searched from 1982 to August 2004 using the key words "hope," "hopelessness," "heart disease," and "heart failure." Articles were subsequently sorted to meet the inclusion criteria of (1) a philosophical discussion of the construct of hope and/or (2) investigation of hope in heart disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This search retrieved 768 articles, and 24 met the inclusion criteria. Key findings from the review indicate that "hope" and "hopelessness" are underdeveloped, yet important constructs and conceptually linked with depression and spirituality. Intriguing findings from descriptive, observational studies have demonstrated the positive impact of expression of hope on cardiovascular outcomes. These findings need to be validated in randomized controlled trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This critical literature review has determined that "hope" is strongly associated with the individual's future orientation. Increased understanding of this concept may assist in refining patient-focused interventions and developing therapeutic strategies to enhance hope.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Western Sydney, and Sydney West Area Health Service, Sydney, Australia. patricia_davidson@wsahs.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dracup
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: Geraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Padilla
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000523:psychology*; D005192:Family Health; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis