title: Pleural effusions in superior vena cava syndrome: prevalence, characteristics, and proposed pathophysiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review highlights recent data detailing the prevalence and characteristics of pleural effusions occurring in patients with superior vena cava syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Numerous case reports have described pleural effusions in conjunction with the superior vena cava syndrome. Recent data suggest that these effusions occur in 60% of superior vena cava syndrome cases. The effusions are small, usually occupying less than half the affected hemi-thorax, and occur about equally on either side or bilaterally. Although previously thought to be largely transudates, a large case series found that 18% of the effusions were chylous, with the remainder being exudates. None of the effusions sampled in the series were transudates. Occluded lymphatic flow from increased hydrostatic pressure in the superior vena cava and left brachiocephalic vein probably contributes to the development of chylous pleural fluid. The pathophysiology of the exudative effusions, however, remains unknown. Many factors, including diuresis, small pulmonary emboli, and the underlying inflammatory or malignant condition all likely contribute.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chylous or exudative pleural effusions occur in most patients with superior vena cava syndrome. The effusions are usually small and resolve upon correction of the underlying superior vena cava obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2650, USA. todd.rice@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Todd W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D013479:Superior Vena Cava Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology