title: Biotic control of stream fluxes: spawning salmon drive nutrient and matter export.
abstract: Organisms can control movements of nutrients and matter by physically modifying habitat. We examined how an ecosystem engineer, sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), influences seasonal fluxes of sediments, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in streams of southwestern Alaska. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether salmon act as net importers or net exporters of matter and nutrients from streams and how these roles change as a function of salmon population density. We measured discharge and concentrations of suspended sediments and total N and P every 7-14 days for up to four summers in 10 streams spanning a gradient in salmon densities. We statistically allocated whole-season fluxes to salmon activities, such as excretion and bioturbation, and to export by hydrologic discharge. In addition, we used counts of spawning salmon to estimate nutrient and matter imports by salmon to streams. Large seasonal pulses of suspended sediments, P, and N were associated with salmon spawning activities, often increasing export an order of magnitude higher than during pre-salmon levels. Years and streams with more salmon had significantly higher levels of export of sediments and nutrients. In addition, years with higher precipitation had higher background export of P and N. Salmon exported an average of the equivalent of 189%, 60%, and 55% of total matter, P, and N that salmon imported in their bodies. The relative magnitude of export varied; salmon exported more than their bodies imported in 80%, 20%, and 16% across all streams and years for sediments, P, and N, respectively. A bioassay experiment indicated that the P exported by salmon is directly available for use by primary producers in the downstream lake. These results demonstrate that salmon not only move nutrients upstream on large spatial scales via their migration from the ocean and subsequent death, but also redistribute matter and nutrients on finer spatial scales through their spawning activities.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Box 351800, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. Jonathan.Moore@noaa.gov
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.forename: Jackie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: Gordon W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Holtgrieve
mesh_terms: D000413:Alaska; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D009026:Mortality; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011156:Population Density; D045483:Rivers; D012474:Salmon / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen