title: Activation of inwardly rectifying Kir2.x potassium channels by beta 3-adrenoceptors is mediated via different signaling pathways with a predominant role of PKC for Kir2.1 and of PKA for Kir2.2.
abstract: beta(3)-adrenoceptors have recently been shown to induce a complex modulation of intracellular signaling pathways including cyclic guanine monophosphate, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, nitric oxide, and protein kinases A and C. They are expressed in a broad variety of tissues including the myocardium, vascular smooth muscle, and endothelium. In those tissues, resting membrane potential is controlled mainly by inwardly rectifying potassium channels of the Kir2 family namely, Kir2.1 in the vascular smooth muscle, Kir2.1-2.3 in the myocardium, and Kir2.1-2.2 in the endothelium. In the present study, we investigated the possible modulation of Kir2 channel function by beta(3)-adrenoceptors in an expression system. Human-cloned beta(3)-adrenoceptors and Kir2.1 (KCNJ2), Kir2.2 (KCNJ12), and Kir2.3 (KCNJ4) channels were coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes, and currents were measured with double-microelectrode voltage clamp. Activation of beta(3)-adrenoceptors with isoproterenol resulted in markedly increased currents in Kir2.1 and in Kir2.2 potassium channels with EC50 values of 27 and 18 nM, respectively. In contrast, Kir2.3 currents were not modulated. Coapplication of specific inhibitors of protein kinase A (KT-5720) and calmodulin kinase II (KN-93) had no effects on the observed regulation in Kir2.1. However, coapplication of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors staurosporine and chelerythrine suppressed the observed effect. In Kir2.2, coapplication of KT-5720 reduced the effect of beta(3)-adrenoceptor activation. No differences in current increase after application of isoproterenol were observed between mutant Kir2.2 potassium channels lacking all functional PKC phosphorylation sites and Kir2.2 wild-type channels. In heteromeric Kir2.x channels, all types of heteromers were activated. The effect was most pronounced in Kir2.1/Kir2.2 and in Kir2.2/Kir2.3 channels. In summary, homomeric and heteromeric Kir2.x channels are activated by beta(3)-adrenoceptors via different protein kinase-dependent pathways: Kir2.1 subunits are modulated by PKC, whereas Kir2.2 is modulated by protein kinase A. In heteromeric composition, a marked activation of currents can be observed particularly with involvement of Kir2.2 subunits. This regulation may contribute to the hyperpolarizing effects of beta(3)-adrenoceptors in tissues that exhibit modulation by Kir2 channel function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kiesecker
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kulzer
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Günth
authors.forename: Eberhard P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kathöfer
authors.forename: Dierk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kreuzer
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Hugo A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Katus
authors.forename: Christoph A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Karle
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zitron
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D009865:Oocytes / Q000502:physiology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology*; D022702:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3 / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: C099489:KCNJ4 protein, human; C489461:Kir2.1 channel; C489463:Kir2.2 channel; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D022702:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D011188:Potassium