title: Glucose stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs through an AMPK- and mTOR-independent process.
abstract: Skeletal muscle protein synthesis is elevated in neonates in part due to an enhanced response to the rise in insulin and amino acids after eating. In vitro studies suggest that glucose plays a role in protein synthesis regulation. To determine whether glucose, independently of insulin and amino acids, is involved in the postprandial rise in skeletal muscle protein synthesis, pancreatic-substrate clamps were performed in neonatal pigs. Insulin secretion was inhibited with somatostatin and insulin was infused to reproduce fasting or fed levels, while glucose and amino acids were clamped at fasting or fed levels. Fractional protein synthesis rates and translational control mechanisms were examined. Raising glucose alone increased protein synthesis in fast-twitch glycolytic muscles but not in other tissues. The response in muscle was associated with increased phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB) and enhanced formation of the active eIF4E.eIF4G complex but no change in phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), 4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K1), or eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2). Raising glucose, insulin, and amino acids increased protein synthesis in most tissues. The response in muscle was associated with phosphorylation of PKB, mTOR, S6K1, and 4E-BP1 and enhanced eIF4E.eIF4G formation. The results suggest that the postprandial rise in glucose, independently of insulin and amino acids, stimulates protein synthesis in neonates, and this response is specific to fast-twitch glycolytic muscle and occurs by AMPK- and mTOR-independent pathways.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center and Pediatric Critical Care Section, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Asumthia S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jeyapalan
authors.forename: Renan A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Orellana
authors.forename: Agus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suryawan
authors.forename: Pamela M J
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Hanh V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Jeffery
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.forename: Jason W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Teresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D039642:Eukaryotic Initiation Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013552:Swine; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D039642:Eukaryotic Initiation Factors; D007328:Insulin; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D005947:Glucose