title: Transposon characterization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) and dissemination of resistance associated with transferable plasmids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  VanA glycopeptide resistance has persisted on broiler farms in the UK despite the absence of the antimicrobial selective pressure, avoparcin. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of horizontal gene transfer of Tn1546 versus clonal spread in the dissemination of the resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and one vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from 19 unrelated farms have been investigated. Tn1546 characterization by long PCR and ClaI-digestions of amplicons showed a very low diversity of Tn types (n=4) in comparison to the high genotypic diversity demonstrated by PFGE (n=62). Conjugation experiments were carried out to assess the transfer of vancomycin resistance. Co-transfer of vanA together with erm(B) positioned on the same conjugative plasmid containing a replicon similar to pRE25 was demonstrated and also the presence of different plasmid replicons, associated with antimicrobial resistance on several unrelated farms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Horizontal transfer of vancomycin resistance may play a more important role in the persistence of antimicrobial resistance than clonal spread. The presence of different plasmid replicons, associated with antimicrobial resistance on several unrelated farms, illustrates the ability of these enterococci to acquire and disseminate mobile genetic elements within integrated livestock systems.
authors.affiliation: Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, National Food Institute, Danish Technical University, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark. l.garcia-migura@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garcia-Migura
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liebana
authors.forename: Lars Bogø
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology; D017931:DNA Primers; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000662:veterinary; D055231:Lincosamides; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D012093:Replicon / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D025381:Streptogramin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D014769:Virginiamycin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D055231:Lincosamides; D018942:Macrolides; D014769:Virginiamycin; C113825:quinupristin; D025381:Streptogramin B; C113826:dalfopristin