title: High-throughput screening and characterization of clones selected from phage display libraries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clones from phage display libraries are generally selected by a number of rounds of panning and regrowth, followed by primary screening to identify hits and secondary characterization to identify clones with optimal affinity and specificity. Because functional screening for binding or other activity can be material-, time-, and labor-intensive, sequencing is often used to identify the emergence of a consensus sequence prior functional characterization. However, the consensus sequence is not always the optimal one because factors such as phage growth rates, nonspecific binding, and other selection pressures can bias the selection process.
  
  
  METHODS
  To improve function-based phage display library screening and characterization, we developed a multiplexed approach employing optically-encoded microsphere arrays and flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that capture of phage from crude culture supernatants enables the efficient screening of binding activity and the evaluation of binding avidity. The approach uses small volumes and a homogeneous no-wash format that minimizes reagent consumption and sample handling. The use of optically-encoded microspheres allows many phage to be screened simultaneously, greatly increasing throughput.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This approach is flexible, supporting primary and secondary screening for a range of functional assays, and scalable, potentially supporting the screening of thousands to hundreds of thousands of clones per hour.
authors.affiliation: La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Loretta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Nolan
mesh_terms: D001435:Bacteriophages; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular / Q000379:methods*; D008863:Microspheres; D019151:Peptide Library; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D019151:Peptide Library; D021122:Protein Subunits; D002772:Cholera Toxin