title: Thysanoptera infestation on skin and periorbital cellulitis in ostriches (Struthio camelus) aged 14 months.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the infestation of Thysanoptera (Limothrips denticornis) on ostriches (Struthio camelus) and to determine their relative density.
  
  
  METHODS
  A farm in Poland was studied on which ostriches aged 14 months were severely infested with L. denticornis (thrips). Thrips were collected and their density on the neck, torso and legs (10 cm2) of 85 ostriches determined at 0600, 1200 and 1800 h, respectively, over 7 days. At the same times, apparent densities of thrips/m2 were determined in adjacent grassy areas (120 m2) on a muslin cloth impregnated with permethrin. Thrips were mounted onto slides in Hoyer's medium, for identification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The apparent density of thrips was greatest at 1200 h, and was greater on the neck than the torso and legs (p=0.03). In adjacent surroundings, densities were also highest at 1200 h (mean 199 (SE 9.3) thrips/m2) and were similar to the maximum densities recorded on the necks of ostriches at that time (mean 205 (SE 6.4) thrips/m2). Ostriches engaged in excessive preening and attempted to scratch their head/neck with their feet. Numerous small, pale red papules were observed on the skin. Observations of periorbital cellulitis, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, watery discharge, inflammation, and sclerotic discolouration were noted in 65 ostriches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Observations were commensurate with L. denticornis infestation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infestation may exacerbate stress levels and subsequently lead to a reduction in feed intake and performance. The infestation and subsequent irritation from thrips impacts negatively on the general health of ostriches by damaging skin and irritating eyes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology, Faculty of Health, University of Central England, Franchise Street, Birmingham B42 2SU, UK. ross.cooper@uce.ac.uk
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002481:Cellulitis / Q000662:veterinary*; D005121:Extremities / Q000469:parasitology; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007313:Insecta / Q000254:growth & development*; D009333:Neck / Q000469:parasitology; D011156:Population Density; D020310:Struthioniformes / Q000469:parasitology*; D013997:Time Factors