Robotic telesurgery: a real-world comparison of ground- and satellite-based internet performance.
BACKGROUND
Telesurgery was performed with ground vs. satellite networks, and differing satellite bandwidths.


METHODS
The networks were compared during internal mammary artery (LIMA) dissection in pigs (n = 8). Length of LIMA dissected and surgical quality (five-point scale) were recorded. Also, satellite bandwidth was decreased (n = 7) to determine a limit for telesurgery.


RESULTS
No significant differences existed in LIMA dissection during the ground (4.3 +/- 0.5 cm) and satellite phases (5.4 +/- 1.1 cm; p > 0.05) or in quality of surgery, although latency on satellite was 10 times greater (55 vs. 600 ms). With decreasing satellite bandwidth, surgery was not possible below 3 Mb/s, and quality of surgery was significantly decreased comparing 9 Mb/s (4.38 +/- 0.66/5) to 3 Mb/s (4.10 +/- 0.80/5; p < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Satellite communication is a viable telesurgical modality. Satellite bandwidth should be above 5 Mb/s during telesurgery if used primarily or as back-up.
Rayman
R
R
Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. raymanr@aol.com
Croome
K
K
Galbraith
N
N
McClure
R
R
Morady
R
R
Peterson
S
S
Smith
S
S
Subotic
V
V
Van Wynsberghe
A
A
Patel
R
R
Primak
S
S
D000818:Animals; D003195:Computer Communication Networks; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods; D020407:Internet; D008323:Mammary Arteries / Q000601:surgery; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012371:Robotics; D017215:Satellite Communications; D013552:Swine; D017216:Telemedicine