title: The complexity of medication regimens and test ordering for patients with diabetes from 1995 to 2003.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes care has become increasingly complex. We set out to quantify recent trends in the complexity of medication regimens and test ordering for diabetes patients continuously enrolled in health plans affiliated with a large, regional US health maintenance organization, with representation in the South and Midwest.
  
  
  METHODS
  We provide descriptive trends analysis of overall diabetes care complexity (number of components [i.e., glucose, blood pressure, cholesterol control], number of medications/tests) from 1995 to 2003 for adults with diabetes (N = 304,233).
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcomes were (1) the proportion of patients receiving diabetes-related medications (blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol control agents), (2) the average number of medications, (3) the proportion of patients receiving diabetes-related tests (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c], urine microalbumin, and serum cholesterol), (4) and the average number of tests ordered within the first year that a patient had any indication of diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of patients on cholesterol lowering drugs (18% --> 39%, p < 0.01) and blood pressure lowering drugs (51% --> 62%, p = 0.04) rose significantly, while the proportion on glucose lowering drugs fell (76% --> 47%, p < 0.01). Among patients prescribed medications, the average total number of diabetes-related medications rose from 2.96 to 3.70 medications (p < 0.01) with smaller increases seen for glucose lowering (1.45 --> 1.65, p < 0.01) and blood pressure lowering regimens (2.14 --> 2.51, p < 0.01), and no change for cholesterol lowering drugs (1.23 --> 1.19, p = 0.19). For laboratory tests, the proportion receiving cholesterol (40% --> 58%), and urine microalbumin (4% --> 18%) (all p's < 0.01) rose significantly, while the testing rates for HbA(1c) remained unchanged. The average total number of tests ordered per year increased significantly from 3.34 to 4.10 (p < 0.01) with more modest increases observed for individual tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trends analyses are unadjusted for many clinical characteristics that might influence the complexity of diabetes care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes care grew more complex with the largest change in the number of patients receiving multi-component diabetes care. While the use of blood pressure and cholesterol lowering drugs rose overall, the proportion of patients using glucose lowering drugs declined and the average number of prescribed glucose lowering drugs did not increase in a clinically significant manner.
authors.affiliation: Section of General Internal Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA. ehuang@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: Elbert S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Anirban
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Finch
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frytak
authors.forename: Willard
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Manning
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007755:Laboratories, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D019338:Polypharmacy