title: Marichromatium bheemlicum sp. nov., a non-diazotrophic, photosynthetic gammaproteobacterium from a marine aquaculture pond.
abstract: A rod-shaped, phototrophic, purple sulfur bacterium, strain JA124(T), was isolated in pure culture from a marine aquaculture pond, located near Bhimunipatnam, in a medium that contained 3 % NaCl (w/v). Strain JA124(T) is a Gram-negative, motile rod with a single polar flagellum. Strain JA124(T) has a requirement for NaCl, with optimum growth at 1.5-8.5 %, and tolerates up to 11 % NaCl. Intracellular photosynthetic membranes are of the vesicular type. Bacteriochlorophyll a and probably carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series are present as photosynthetic pigments. Strain JA124(T) was able to utilize sulfide, sulfate, thiosulfate, sulfite, thioglycollate and cysteine as sulfur sources. Strain JA124(T) was able to grow photolithoautotrophically, photolithoheterotrophically and photo-organoheterotrophically. Chemotrophic and fermentative growth could not be demonstrated. Strain JA124(T) lacks diazotrophic growth and acetylene reduction activity. Pyridoxal phosphate is required for growth. During growth on reduced sulfur sources as electron donors, sulfur is deposited intermediately as a number of small granules within the cell. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JA124(T) clusters with species of the genus Marichromatium belonging to the class Gammaproteobacteria. The highest sequence similarities of strain JA124(T) were found with the type strains of Marichromatium indicum (98 %), Marichromatium purpuratum (95 %) and Marichromatium gracile (93 %). However, DNA-DNA hybridization with Marichromatium indicum DSM 15907(T) revealed relatedness of only 65 % with strain JA124(T). The DNA base composition of strain JA124(T) was 67 mol% G+C (by HPLC). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, morphological and physiological characteristics and DNA-DNA hybridization studies, strain JA124(T) (=ATCC BAA-1316(T)=JCM 13911(T)) is sufficiently different from other Marichromatium species to merit its description as the type strain of a novel species, Marichromatium bheemlicum sp. nov.
authors.affiliation: Bacterial Discovery Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Institute of Science and Technology, JNT University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 085, India.
authors.forename: P Anil
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Bacterial Discovery Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Institute of Science and Technology, JNT University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 085, India.
authors.forename: T S Sasi
authors.initials: TSS
authors.lastname: Jyothsna
authors.affiliation: Bacterial Discovery Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Institute of Science and Technology, JNT University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 085, India.
authors.forename: T N R
authors.initials: TNR
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.affiliation: Bacterial Discovery Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Institute of Science and Technology, JNT University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 085, India.
authors.forename: Ch
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sasikala
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, PO Central University, Hyderabad 500 046, India.
authors.forename: Ch V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Ramana
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften, IFM-GEOMAR, Marine Mikrobiologie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Imhoff
mesh_terms: D000114:Acetylene / Q000378:metabolism; D017756:Aquaculture; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001429:Bacteriochlorophylls / Q000032:analysis; D001482:Base Composition; D002841:Chromatiaceae / Q000145:classification* / Q000166:cytology / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D022162:Cytoplasmic Vesicles / Q000502:physiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005407:Flagella / Q000502:physiology; D020459:Genes, rRNA; D007194:India; D008124:Locomotion; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010788:Photosynthesis; D010802:Phylogeny; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D013455:Sulfur / Q000378:metabolism; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001429:Bacteriochlorophylls; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D020543:Proteome; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D024341:Xanthophylls; D013455:Sulfur; D000114:Acetylene; C055255:spirilloxanthin