title: O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase is downregulated in transformed astrocyte cells: implications for anti-glioma therapies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A novel alkylating agent, temozolomide, has proven efficacious in the treatment of malignant gliomas. However, expression of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) renders glioma cells resistant to the treatment, indicating that identification of mechanisms underlying the gene regulation of MGMT is highly required. Although glioma-derived cell lines have been widely employed to understand such mechanisms, those models harbor numerous unidentified genetic lesions specific for individual cell lines, which complicates the study of specific molecules and pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We established glioma models by transforming normal human astrocyte cells via retroviral-mediated gene transfer of defined genetic elements and found that MGMT was downregulated in the transformed cells. Interestingly, inhibitors of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation failed to increase MGMT protein levels in the transformed astrocyte cells as well as cultured glioblastoma cell lines, whereas the treatment partially restored mRNA levels. These observations suggest that downregulation of MGMT may depend largely on cellular factors other than promoter-hypermethylation of MGMT genes, which is being used in the clinic to nominate patients for temozolomide treatment. Furthermore, we discovered that Valproic acid, one of histone deacetylase inhibitors, suppressed growth of the transformed astrocyte cells without increasing MGMT protein, suggesting that such epigenetic compounds may be used to some types of gliomas in combination with alkylating agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Normal human astrocyte cells allow us to generate experimental models of human gliomas by direct manipulation with defined genetic elements, in contrast to tumor-derived cell lines which harbor numerous unknown genetic abnormalities. Thus, we propose that the study using the transformed astrocyte cells would be useful for identifying the mechanisms underlying MGMT regulation in tumor and for the development of rational drug combination in glioma therapies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan. ksasai@med.hokudai.ac.jp
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sasai
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akagi
authors.forename: Eiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aoyanagi
authors.forename: Kouichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tabu
authors.forename: Sadao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D002455:Cell Division; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000077204:Temozolomide; D014162:Transfection; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D014635:Valproic Acid; D003606:Dacarbazine; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases; C515491:MGMT protein, human; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes; D000077204:Temozolomide