title: The proinflammatory effect of prostaglandin E2 in experimental inflammatory bowel disease is mediated through the IL-23-->IL-17 axis.
abstract: Although Crohn's disease has been traditionally considered to be Th1-mediated, the newly identified Th17 cells emerged recently as crucial participants. Th1/Th17 differentiation is controlled primarily by the IL-12 family of cytokines secreted by activated dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. IL-23 and IL-12/IL-27 have opposite effects, supporting the Th17 and Th1 phenotypes, respectively. We found that PGE(2), a major lipid mediator released in inflammatory conditions, shifts the IL-12/IL-23 balance in DCs in favor of IL-23, and propose that high levels of PGE(2) exacerbate the inflammatory process in inflammatory bowel disease through the IL-23-->IL-17 axis. We assessed the effects of PGE(2) on IL-12, IL-27, and IL-23 and found that PGE(2) promotes IL-23, inhibits IL-12 and IL-27 expression and release from stimulated DCs, and subsequently induces IL-17 production in activated T cells. The effects of PGE(2) are mediated through the EP2/EP4 receptors on DCs. In vivo, we assessed the effects of PGE analogs in an experimental model for inflammatory bowel disease and found that the exacerbation of clinical symptoms and histopathology correlated with an increase in IL-23 and IL-17, a decrease in IL-12p35 expression in colon and mesenteric lymph nodes, and a substantial increase in the number of infiltrating neutrophils and of CD4(+)IL-17(+) T cells in the colonic tissue. These studies suggest that high levels of PGE(2) exacerbate the inflammatory process through the preferential expression and release of DC-derived IL-23 and the subsequent support of the autoreactive/inflammatory Th17 phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Amir F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Sheibanie
authors.forename: Jui-Hung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Tanzilya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Khayrullina
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Emig
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tuma
authors.forename: Doina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ganea
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology*; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology*; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D053759:Interleukin-23 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016595:Misoprostol / Q000494:pharmacology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D016207:Cytokines; C486767:Il27 protein, mouse; D020381:Interleukin-17; D053759:Interleukin-23; D007378:Interleukins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016595:Misoprostol; D018664:Interleukin-12; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; D015232:Dinoprostone