title: Influence of step height on quadriceps onset timing and activation during stair ascent in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome.
abstract: METHODS
  A case control study, with single observation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the onset timing and activation of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) between subjects with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) at various step heights.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It has been theorized that delayed or reduced VMO activity relative to the VL contributes to lateral patellar tracking and PFPS. However, conflicting evidence exists in the literature regarding this proposed mechanism. The lack of agreement among studies may be attributed to inconsistent knee flexion angles used in previous studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty subjects with PFPS (mean +/- SD age, 29.5 +/- 10 years) and 20 control subjects (mean +/- SD age, 25.4 +/- 3.1 years) ascended 5 different step heights, while knee kinematics and quadriceps EMG data were collected. Knee flexion angle at foot-step contact, VMO-VL onset timing, and VMO/VL activation ratios were analyzed between groups and step heights using 2-factor analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with repeated measures (alpha = .05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with PFPS demonstrated 4.7 degrees (P = .038) more knee flexion at foot-step contact than control subjects. Despite greater knee flexion with increased step height (P<.001), no differences in onset timing or activation magnitude ratio were present between groups or across step heights. However, individuals with PFPS displayed a significantly increased activation duration ratio compared to the control group (P = .043).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quadriceps onset timing and activation magnitude during stair ascent was similar between individuals with and without PFPS, regardless of step height. Thus, the results of this study are in agreement with evidence indicating no difference in VMO-VL timing and VMO/VL activation magnitude ratio between individuals with and without PFPS.
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapist, Des Moines University-Osteopathic Medical Center, Des Moines, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McClinton
authors.forename: Gabe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Donatell
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heiderscheit
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D046788:Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000503:physiopathology*