title: Urinary tract infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae in children.
abstract: There are few reports on urinary tract infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae or Haemophilus parainfluenzae in children. The true incidence is not known, since bacteria of Haemophilus species do not grow in standard urine culture media. With the objective of investigating the occurrence and character of urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Haemophilus bacteria in children, we searched the files of our UTI clinic. Over a 24-year period 36 children with Haemophilus spp. bacteriuria were identified out of a total of more than 5,000 UTI episodes. There was a significant gender difference in that Haemophilus influenzae dominated in girls and Haemophilus parainfluenzae in boys. With one exception, all children had important urinary tract abnormalities, such as malformation, gross reflux or bladder dysfunction. Permanent renal damage was seen in 25. We conclude that growth of Haemophilus bacteria in urine is associated with serious urinary tract abnormalities. The inability of bacteria of the Haemophilus species to grow in standard media commonly used for culture of uropathogens suggests that the true frequency of these strains as a cause of urinary tract infections is underestimated.
authors.affiliation: The Paediatric Uro-Nephrologic Centre, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, 416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sverker
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: Ake
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Svedhem
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wennerström
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jodal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae; D044135:Haemophilus parainfluenzae; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000382:microbiology*