title: Characteristics and management of ruptured distal middle cerebral artery aneurysms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Distal middle cerebral artery (dMCA) aneurysms are very rare with a reported frequency of 2-6%. Typically, patients with ruptured distal MCA aneurysms have poor clinical outcomes because often there is both a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and an intracerebral haematoma (ICH). The goals of this study were to identify the characteristics of the distal MCA aneurysms and evaluate the optimal treatment for a good outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical, neuroradiological and operative records of 8 patients with a ruptured distal MCA aneurysm who underwent surgical management were reviewed retrospectively. The outcomes were presented according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical characteristics of the patients with ruptured dMCA aneurysms included the following: (1) a fusiform appearance in five out of eight (63%) patients. (2) Mean aneurysm size of 9.4 mm (range 2-35 mm). (3) The location being M2 (insular segment) in three, M2-3 junction in three, and M3 (opercular segment) in two patients. (4) Brain CT images revealed both SAH and an ICH in six of eight (75%) patients with the mean size of the ICH being 10 cc (range 5-25 cc). (5) Re-bleeding occurred in four out of eight (50%) of patients. All patients underwent early surgical treatment and the procedures used for surgical repair were, clipping in five patients, trapping in two, and trapping with end-to-end bypass surgery in one patient. Clinical outcomes were poor in two patients (death) due to severe brain swelling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, dMCA aneurysms had a fusiform shape and a high re-bleeding rate; if ruptured, there was generally ICH and SAH. A good clinical outcome was associated with adequate control of brain swelling and early surgery to prevent re-bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Hospital and Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: S-P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.forename: T-S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J-W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: J-K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Y-S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: K-S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: J-H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S-H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D013525:Surgical Instruments / Q000592:standards; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends