title: Appraisal of formulas for stresses in bilayered dental ceramics subjected to biaxial moment loading.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare three existing sets of formulas predicting stresses in a thin circular plate subjected to biaxial moment loading, such that limitations for each set of formulas could be understood. These formulas include American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) formulas for monolayered plates, Roark's formulas for bilayered plates, and Hsueh et al.'s formulas for multilayered plates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The three sets of formulas were summarized and appraised. Biaxial moment loading is generally achieved using biaxial flexure tests, and the plate is placed on a support ring and loaded in the central region. While both ASTM and Hsueh et al.'s formulas predict stresses through the thickness of the plate, Roark's formulas predict stresses only on the top and the bottom surfaces of the plate. Also, a simply supported plate at its edge is considered in Roark's formulas. We modified Roark's formulas to include the overhang region of the plate to more closely simulate the actual loading configuration. Then, the accuracy of formulas was examined by comparing with finite element results of monolayered and bilayered plates subjected to ring-on-ring loading.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monolayer is a special case of bilayer, and both monolayer and bilayer are special cases of multilayer. For monolayered plates, ASTM and Hsueh et al.'s formulas are identical, and both are in excellent agreement with finite element results. For bilayered plates, Hsueh et al.'s formulas are in excellent agreement with finite element results. For both monolayered and bilayered plates, Roark's formulas deviate from finite element results while the modified Roark's formulas are accurate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Roark's formulas for evaluating the biaxial strength of bilayered dental ceramics will result in errors in predicted stresses which depend on the size of the overhang region of the plate in the actual loading configuration. Also, Roark's formulas are limited to predicting stresses on the top and the bottom surfaces of the plate. On the other hand, Hsueh et al.'s formulas are for multilayered plates and predict stresses through the plate thickness.
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6068, USA. hsuehc@ornl.gov
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hsueh
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018583:Pliability; D016474:Weight-Bearing