title: The neurocognitive signature of psychotic bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychotic bipolar disorder may represent a neurobiologically distinct subgroup of bipolar affective illness. We sought to ascertain the profile of cognitive impairment in patients with bipolar disorder and to determine whether a distinct profile of cognitive deficits characterizes bipolar patients with a history of psychosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-nine outpatients with bipolar I disorder (34 with a history of psychotic symptoms and 35 with no history of psychosis) and 35 healthy comparison subjects underwent a comprehensive neurocognitive battery. All three groups were demographically matched.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite preserved general intellectual function, bipolar I patients overall showed moderate impairments on tests of episodic memory and specific executive measures (average effect size = .58), and moderate to severe deficits on attentional and processing speed tasks (average effect size = .82). Bipolar I patients with a history of psychosis were impaired on measures of executive functioning and spatial working memory compared with bipolar patients without history of psychosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychotic bipolar disorder was associated with differential impairment on tasks requiring frontal/executive processing, suggesting that psychotic symptoms may have neural correlates that are at least partially independent of those associated with bipolar I disorder more generally. However, deficits in attention, psychomotor speed, and memory appear to be part of the broader disease phenotype in patients with bipolar disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Glahn
authors.forename: Carrie E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bearden
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barguil
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reichenberg
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.forename: Jair C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Dawn I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Velligan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000150:complications; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003702:Delusions / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D012016:Reference Values