title: The therapeutic use of botulinum toxin in cervical and maxillofacial conditions: an evidence-based review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of botulinum toxin as a therapeutic agent for several conditions is expanding. We sought to determine if botulinum toxin is safe and effective in treating patients with cervical dystonia and maxillofacial conditions. Our purpose was to establish a safety and efficacy profile to determine whether or not this treatment may be used prophylactically in patients undergoing dental implant therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic search of the literature to identify randomized clinical trials evaluating patients treated with botulinum toxin as an adjunct to dental implant therapy, maxillofacial conditions including temporomandibular disorders (TMD), and cervical dystonia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) met our search criteria in the area of cervical dystonia and chronic facial pain. No RCTs were identified evaluating dental implant therapy. Patients with cervical dystonia exhibited significant improvements in baseline functional, pain, and global assessments compared to placebo. Adverse events were mild and transient with numbers needed to harm (NNH) ranging from 12 to 17. Patients with chronic facial pain improved significantly from baseline in terms of pain compared to placebo. Rates of adverse events were less than 1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botulinum toxin appears relatively safe and effective in treating cervical dystonia and chronic facial pain associated with masticatory hyperactivity. No literature exists evaluating its use in dental implantology. Randomized clinical trials are warranted to determine its safety and efficacy in dental implantology and other maxillofacial conditions such as bruxism.
authors.affiliation: Gommiswald Dental Clinic, Gommiswald, Switzerland. dr.ihde@bluewin.ch
authors.forename: Stefan K A
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ihde
authors.forename: Vitomir S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Konstantinovic
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002012:Bruxism / Q000188:drug therapy; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000187:drug effects; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014103:Torticollis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A