title: Quantification of atrazine, phenylurea, and sulfonylurea herbicide metabolites in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: We developed a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS) method to measure metabolites of atrazine, phenylurea, and sulfonylurea herbicides in human urine. The metabolites measured in the method include atrazine mercapturate, desethyl atrazine, and desisopropyl atrazine as markers of atrazine exposure; dichlorophenyl urea, dichlorophenylmethyl urea, diuron, and linuron as markers of phenylurea herbicide exposure; and dimethoxypyrimidine, dimethylpyrimidine, and methoxymethyl triazine as markers for sulfonylurea herbicide exposure. The metabolites were extracted from urine by simple solid-phase extraction using a mixed-bed cartridge and were analyzed by HPLC-MS-MS. Quantification of the atrazine metabolites was achieved using isotope-dilution calibration. The remaining metabolites were quantified using similarly structured chemicals as internal standards. Extraction recoveries ranged from 88% to 104% (n = 5). Limits of detection for the entire method ranged from 0.125 to 1 ng/mL, and the average relative standard deviation of repeat measurements was about 13% (n = 30).
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, M.S. F-17, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
authors.forename: Johnny V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Anders O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.forename: Larry L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Needham
authors.forename: Dana B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Barr
mesh_terms: D001280:Atrazine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001711:Biotransformation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D011786:Quality Control; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006540:Herbicides; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D001280:Atrazine