title: Fatigue testing of a NiTi rotary instrument. Part 1: Strain-life relationship.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the fatigue behaviour using a strain-life approach, and to determine the effect of water on the fatigue life of a NiTi rotary instrument.
  
  
  METHODS
  Instruments of one brand of NiTi engine-file (size 25, ProFile 0.04 and 0.06) were subjected to rotational bending either in air or under water, the number of revolutions to fracture (N(f)) being recorded using an optical counter and an electronic break-detection circuit. The effective surface strain amplitude (epsilon(a)) for each specimen was determined from the curvature of the instrument (on a photograph) and the diameter of the fracture cross-section (from a scanning electron micrograph of the fracture surface). Strain was plotted against fatigue life and the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) region identified. Values were examined using two-way analysis of variance for difference between various instrument-environment combinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 212 instruments were tested. A strain-life relationship typical of metals was found. N(f) declined with an inverse power function dependence on epsilon(a). A fatigue limit was present at about 0.7% strain. The apparent fatigue-ductility exponent, a material constant for the LCF life of metals, was found to be between -0.45 and -0.55. There was a significant effect of the environmental condition on the LCF life, water being more detrimental than air.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fatigue behaviour of NiTi rotary instrument is typical of most metals, provided that the analysis is based on the surface strain amplitude, and showed a high-cycle and a LCF region. The LCF life is adversely affected by water.
authors.affiliation: Family Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China. spcheung@hku.hk
authors.forename: G S P
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Darvell
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D004868:Equipment Failure; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D012390:Root Canal Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012399:Rotation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D014867:Water; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium