title: Awake craniotomy under local anaesthesia and monitored conscious sedation for resection of brain tumours in eloquent cortex--outcomes in 20 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resection or even biopsy of an intra-axial mass lesion in close relationship to eloquent cortex carries a major risk of neurological deficit. We review the safety and effectiveness of craniotomy under local anaesthesia and monitored conscious sedation for resection of mass lesions involving eloquent cortex.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a 3-year retrospective review of patients who underwent awake craniotomy under local anaesthesia at the National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore. All patients had tumours in close proximity to eloquent cortex, including speech areas in the dominant hemisphere as well as primary sensory and motor cortex in either hemisphere. Brain mapping was performed by direct cortical stimulation using the Ojemann stimulator to identify a safe corridor for surgical approach to the tumour. Intraoperative physiological monitoring was carried out by assessment of speech, motor and sensory functions during the process of surgical resection. All resections were evaluated and verified by postoperative imaging and reviewed by an independent assessor. Postoperative complications and neurological deficits, as well as extent of tumour resection, were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 20 patients underwent stereotactic resection over a period of 3 years from July 2003 to August 2006. There were 7 male patients and 13 female patients, with a mean age of 39.8 years. The average length of stay was 5.5 days. There were no major anaesthetic complications and no perioperative deaths. Postoperative neurological deficits were seen in 6 patients (30%) and this was permanent in only 1 patient (5%). The degree of cytoreduction achieved was greater than 90% in 58% of patients and a further 21% had greater than 80% cytoreduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tumour surgery with conscious sedation in combination with frameless computer stereotactic guidance is a safe technique that allows maximal resection of lesions in close relationship to eloquent cortex and has a low risk of neurological deficit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Wai-Hoe
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D003399:Craniotomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D019990:Perioperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012846:Singapore
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local