title: Psychometric properties of the Swedish Diabetes Empowerment Scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to determine the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Diabetes Empowerment Scale (Swe-DES-23).
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 195 patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes completed the Swe-DES-23 questionnaire. To establish discriminant validity, Swe-DES subscales were compared with the Semantic Differential in Diabetes scale (SDD) and a general health scale (EVGFP). Construct validity was tested using factor analyses. To determine unidimensionality of the subscales, inter-item correlations were calculated. Internal consistency was tested by the use of the Crohnbach-alpha coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The factor analysis resulted in four factors (empowerment subscales) with eigenvalues >1.0, explaining 60% of the variance. The four empowerment subscales: goal achievement, self-awareness, stress management and readiness to change showed Crohnbach-alpha values ranging from 0.68 to 0.91. Patients with good self-reported health and low burden of diabetes scored significantly higher on almost all empowerment subscales. Only weak correlations were found between metabolic control and the empowerment subscales.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SWE-DES-23 scale had acceptable validity and reliability and, thus, could be a suitable tool in evaluating empowerment-based education programmes. Further testing is needed to shorten the questionnaire.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. jle@du.se
authors.forename: Janeth
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leksell
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Funnell
authors.forename: Gun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sandberg
authors.forename: Bibbi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Smide
authors.forename: Gunnel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wiklund
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wikblad
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires