title: Failure to detect Salmonella species in a population of wild tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of faecal excretion of Salmonella serovars by wild tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) on Stephens Island, New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred cloacal swabs obtained as part of health-screening for the translocation of adult tuatara from Stephens Island were subjected to general aerobic culture and enrichment, and cultured specifically for Salmonella spp.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No Salmonella spp were cultured from any of the cloacal samples, which suggests that, at the 95% confidence interval, the maximum prevalence of tuatara in the island population that were shedding Salmonella spp not detected by our sample size was 1.5%. Mixed bacteria were grown from the 70 cloacal swabs cultured aerobically. A predominant organism was evident in 30 cultures, and these were identified as Hafnia alvei type 1 (n=16) and type 2 (n=7), Corynebacterium spp (n=4), Klebsiella oxytoca (n=2), and Moraxella spp (n=1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absence of intestinal carriage of Salmonella spp by the tuatara sampled in this study may indicate either lack of exposure, or an innate resistance to intestinal colonisation in tuatara. The significance of the other bacteria cultured as potential pathogens to the tuatara and as zoonotic risks is also uncertain. Wildlife managers should screen translocated reptiles for Salmonella spp, and thereby avoid exposing wild and managed populations to infection.
authors.affiliation: New Zealand Wildlife Health Centre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. b.gartrell@massey.ac.nz
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Gartrell
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Youl
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bolotovski
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D002988:Cloaca / Q000382:microbiology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000662:veterinary; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D012104:Reptiles / Q000382:microbiology*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D014186:Transportation