title: Randomized-controlled trial of a telephone and mail intervention for alcohol use disorders: three-month drinking outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol screening, brief intervention, and referral to specialized treatment (ASBIR) reduce drinking and related harms. Unanswered questions are how to manage nondependent patients with poor response to brief interventions, how to manage dependent patients who do not obtain treatment, and how to ensure population-wide delivery of ASBIR. Telephone-administered counseling may provide answers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a 12-month randomized controlled trial of a telephone and mail intervention for non-treatment-seeking primary care patients with alcohol use disorders. We enrolled 897 subjects after systematic screening in 18 primary care clinic waiting rooms in and around Madison and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and subsequent telephone-administered diagnostic interviews. Experimental subjects received up to six sessions of protocol-driven telephone counseling based on principles of motivational interviewing and stages of readiness to change. Control subjects received a pamphlet on healthy lifestyles. The paper reports on 3-month drinking outcomes for men and women with alcohol abuse and dependence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male experimental subjects (N=199) manifested a 30.6% decline in risky drinking days, compared with a 8.3% decline in controls (N=201, p<0.001). The total consumption declined by 17.3% compared with 12.9% by controls (p=0.001). Female experimental subjects (N=246) manifested a 17.2% decrease in risky drinking days compared with an 11.5% decrease by controls (N=251; p=NS) and a 13.9% decline in total consumption compared with 11.0% by controls (p=NS). Greater numbers of telephone counseling sessions were associated with greater declines in drinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following systematic screening, a six-session telephone and mail intervention is more effective than a pamphlet in reducing drinking at 3 months for non-treatment-seeking men with alcohol abuse and dependence. An intervention effect of the enrollment procedures may have obscured further intervention effectiveness. Telephone counseling shows promise for non-treatment-seeking primary care patients with alcohol use disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA. rlbrown@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bobula
authors.forename: Marlon P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mundt
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Koch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003142:Communication; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004493:Education; D004651:Employment; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013689:Telephone; D016896:Treatment Outcome