title: Socio-economic status over the life-course and depressive symptoms in men and women in Eastern Europe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research into social inequalities in depression has studied western populations but data from non-western countries are sparse. In this paper, we investigate the extent of social inequalities in depression in Eastern Europe, the relative importance of social position at different points of the life-course, and whether social patterning of depression differs between men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study examined 12,053 men and 13,582 women in Russia, Poland and the Czech Republic. Depressive symptoms (16 or above on the CESD-20) were examined in relation to socio-economic circumstances at three phases of the life-course: childhood (household amenities and father's education); own education; current circumstances (financial difficulties and possession of household items).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pronounced social differences in depression exist in men and women throughout Eastern Europe. Depression was largely influenced by current circumstances rather than by early life or education, with effects stronger in Poland and Russia. Odds ratios in men for current disadvantage were 3.16 [95% CI: 2.57-3.89], 3.16 [2.74-3.64] and 2.17 [1.80-2.63] in Russia, Poland and the Czech Republic respectively. Social variables did not explain the female excess in depression, which varied from 2.91 [2.58-3.27] in Russia to 1.90 [1.74-2.08] in Poland. Men were more affected by adult disadvantage than women, leading to narrower sex differentials in the presence of disadvantage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cross-sectional data with recall of childhood conditions were used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current social circumstances are the strongest influence on increased depressive symptoms in countries which have recently experienced social changes.
authors.affiliation: International Institute for Health and Society, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK. amanda.nicholson@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: Hynek
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pikhart
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pajak
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malyutina
authors.forename: Ruzena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kubinova
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peasey
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Topor-Madry
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nikitin
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Capkova
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marmot
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bobak
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018153:Czech Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D003710:Demography; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires