title: Pressure from the lips and the tongue in children with class III malocclusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss possible relationships between class III malocclusion and perioral forces by measuring the pressure from the lips and the tongue of children with class III malocclusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one children with class III malocclusion were investigated and their perioral forces were measured at rest and during swallowing under natural head position by a custom-made miniperioral force computer measuring system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resting pressures exerted on the labial side and palatine side of the upper left incisor, as well as the labial side and lingual side of the lower left incisor, were 0 g/cm(2), 0 g/cm(2), 0.57 g/cm(2) and 0.23 g/cm(2), respectively. Correspondingly, the swallowing forces were 2.87 g/cm(2), 5.97 g/cm(2), 4.09 g/cm(2) and 7.89 g/cm(2), respectively. No statistical difference between muscular pressure and gender existed. During swallowing, the lingual forces were significantly higher than the labial forces (P<0.01), however, at rest there was no significantly different force between these two sides. Compared to the normal occlusion patients, children with class III malocclusion had lower perioral forces. The upper labial resting forces (P<0.01), the lower labial resting forces (P<0.05) and all the swallowing pressures from the lips and the tongue (P<0.01) showed statistical differences between the two different occlusion conditions. Meanwhile, no significant difference was found for the resting pressure from the tongue between class III malocclusion and normal occlusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with class III malocclusion have lower perioral forces and this muscle hypofunction may be secondary to the spatial relations of the jaws. The findings support the spatial matrix hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China. ruanwh@hzcnc.com
authors.forename: Wen-hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.forename: Ji-mei
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Xiao-wei
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D001732:Bite Force; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011312:Pressure; D014059:Tongue / Q000503:physiopathology*