Reaction time performance in ADHD: improvement under fast-incentive condition and familial effects.
BACKGROUND
Reaction time (RT) variability is one of the strongest findings to emerge in cognitive-experimental research of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We set out to confirm the association between ADHD and slow and variable RTs and investigate the degree to which RT performance improves under fast event rate and incentives. Using a group familial correlation approach, we tested the hypothesis that there are shared familial effects on RT performance and ADHD.


METHODS
A total of 144 ADHD combined-type probands, 125 siblings of the ADHD probands and 60 control participants, ages 6-18, performed a four-choice RT task with baseline and fast-incentive conditions.


RESULTS
ADHD was associated with slow and variable RTs, and with greater improvement in speed and RT variability from baseline to fast-incentive condition. RT performance showed shared familial influences with ADHD. Under the assumption that the familial effects represent genetic influences, the proportion of the phenotypic correlation due to shared familial influences was estimated as 60-70%.


CONCLUSIONS
The data are inconsistent with models that consider RT variability as reflecting a stable cognitive deficit in ADHD, but instead emphasize the extent to which energetic or motivational factors can have a greater effect on RT performance in ADHD. The findings support the role of RT variability as an endophenotype mediating the link between genes and ADHD.
Andreou
Penny
P
MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.
Neale
Ben M
BM
Chen
Wai
W
Christiansen
Hanna
H
Gabriels
Isabel
I
Heise
Alexander
A
Meidad
Sheera
S
Muller
Ueli C
UC
Uebel
Henrik
H
Banaschewski
Tobias
T
Manor
Iris
I
Oades
Robert
R
Roeyers
Herbert
H
Rothenberger
Aribert
A
Sham
Pak
P
Steinhausen
Hans-Christoph
HC
Asherson
Philip
P
Kuntsi
Jonna
J
D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009042:Motivation; D010641:Phenotype; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000235:genetics*; D035781:Siblings; D013223:Statistics as Topic