title: Optimal coordination of maximal-effort horizontal and vertical jump motions--a computer simulation study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the coordination strategy of maximal-effort horizontal jumping in comparison with vertical jumping, using the methodology of computer simulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A skeletal model that has nine rigid body segments and twenty degrees of freedom was developed. Thirty-two Hill-type lower limb muscles were attached to the model. The excitation-contraction dynamics of the contractile element, the tissues around the joints to limit the joint range of motion, as well as the foot-ground interaction were implemented. Simulations were initiated from an identical standing posture for both motions. Optimal pattern of the activation input signal was searched through numerical optimization. For the horizontal jumping, the goal was to maximize the horizontal distance traveled by the body's center of mass. For the vertical jumping, the goal was to maximize the height reached by the body's center of mass.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a result, it was found that the hip joint was utilized more vigorously in the horizontal jumping than in the vertical jumping. The muscles that have a function of joint flexion such as the m. iliopsoas, m. rectus femoris and m. tibialis anterior were activated to a greater level during the countermovement in the horizontal jumping with an effect of moving the body's center of mass in the forward direction. Muscular work was transferred to the mechanical energy of the body's center of mass more effectively in the horizontal jump, which resulted in a greater energy gain of the body's center of mass throughout the motion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These differences in the optimal coordination strategy seem to be caused from the requirement that the body's center of mass needs to be located above the feet in a vertical jumping, whereas this requirement is not so strict in a horizontal jumping.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. a.nagano@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagano
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komura
authors.forename: Senshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukashiro
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*