title: Predictors and treatment response with cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure characterized by dyssynchrony: a pre-defined analysis from the CARE-HF trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure trial (CARE-HF) demonstrated that cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) reduces morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure and cardiac dyssynchrony. The aim of this study was to develop a prognostic model to evaluate the relationship between prospectively defined patient characteristics and treatment on the trial primary outcome of death from any cause or unplanned hospitalization for a major cardiovascular event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 813 patients were enrolled in the CARE-HF study and were followed for a mean of 29.4 months. A Cox Proportional Hazards Model was fitted to identify predictors of the primary outcome and any predictors that modified the effect of CRT. Ischaemic aetiology, more severe mitral regurgitation and increased N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, were associated with an increased risk of death or unplanned cardiovascular hospitalization irrespective of cardiac resynchronization [Hazard ratio (HR) 1.89, 95% CI 1.45-2.46, HR 1.71, 95% CI 1.38-2.12 and HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.17-1.47, respectively] and increasing systolic blood pressure with a decreasing risk of an event (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98-1.00). The benefits of cardiac resynchronization were modified by systolic blood pressure and interventricular mechanical delay (IVMD). Patients with increasing systolic blood pressure appear to receive reduced benefit from CRT (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00-1.03), whereas those patients with more severe IVMD appear to benefit more from treatment (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98-1.00).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with echocardiographic evidence of more severe cardiac dyssynchrony and low systolic blood pressure obtain greater benefit from CRT, although benefits were substantial across the range of subjects included in the trial.
authors.affiliation: Health Care Evaluation Group, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Freemantle
authors.forename: Melanie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Calvert
authors.forename: John G F
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cleland
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tavazzi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013599:Systole; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography