title: Associations between anxiety, depression, and the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited evidence as to whether the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with depression or anxiety and, if so, whether this association is gender-specific. This study investigated in each gender whether the MetS is associated with anxiety or depression and whether these relationships are independent of age, obesity, smoking status, socioeconomic factors, and lifestyle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metabolic syndrome (American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute criteria), depression, and anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) were assessed in 1598 subjects at risk of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both men and women, the MetS was associated with an increased prevalence of depression but not anxiety. The number of components of the MetS increased with increasing levels of depression but not anxiety. This association between the MetS and depressive symptoms was independent of age, smoking status, socioeconomic factors, and lifestyle. The relationship was observed across body mass index categories and was independent of anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MetS is associated with depression and depressive symptoms but not anxiety irrespective of gender and overweight/obesity status in subjects at risk of cardiovascular disease. These findings suggest a potential importance of screening for depression in patients with the MetS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Centre for Research In Human Nutrition, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Skilton
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moulin
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Terra
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bonnet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors