title: Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis after anti-TNF-alpha therapy.
abstract: Strongyloidiasis is epidemic in tropical and subtropical regions where the regional prevalence may exceed 25%. In the United States, highest infection rates are found in immigrants. Many infected individuals are asymptomatic, whereas others may have mild and nonspecific cutaneous, intestinal, and pulmonary symptoms. Strongyloides stercoralis may remain as a dormant infection, but replication and dissemination can be fatal in immunocompromised patients. We report on a 63-year-old native Filipino man with a history of rheumatoid arthritis who developed Escherichia coli sepsis, filariform larvae characteristic of S. stercoralis bronchoalveolar lavage, and adult respiratory distress syndrome 3 weeks after he presented with vague gastrointestinal symptoms. We believe that the addition of a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitor to his treatment with prednisone and methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis further suppressed his cellular immunity leading to hyperinfection and life-threatening S. stercoralis infection. This is another, often latent, infection that should be considered in patients in or from endemic areas before institution of antitumor necrosis factor therapy.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Southern Nevada Healthcare System, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. raghukrish007@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Raghu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krishnamurthy
authors.forename: H Erhan
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Dincer
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whittemore
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D008297:Male; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010679:Philippines / Q000208:ethnology; D011241:Prednisone / Q000009:adverse effects; D017171:Strongyloides stercoralis; D013322:Strongyloidiasis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000068879:Adalimumab; D011241:Prednisone; D008727:Methotrexate