title: Food omega-3 fatty acid intake of individuals (total, linolenic acid, long-chain) and their blood pressure: INTERMAP study.
abstract: Findings from short-term randomized trials indicate that dietary supplements of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PFA) lower blood pressure of hypertensive persons, but effect size in nonhypertensive individuals is small and nonsignificant. Data are lacking on food omega-3 PFA and blood pressure in general populations. The International Study of Macro- and Micro-nutrients and Blood Pressure (INTERMAP) is an international cross-sectional epidemiologic study of 4680 men and women ages 40 to 59 from 17 population-based samples in China, Japan, United Kingdom, and United States. We report associations of food omega-3 PFA intake (total, linolenic acid, long-chain) of individuals with blood pressure. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured 8 times at 4 visits. With several models to control for possible confounders (dietary, other), linear regression analyses showed inverse relationship of total omega-3 PFA from food (percent kilocalories, from four 24-hour dietary recalls) to systolic and diastolic blood pressures. With adjustment for 17 variables, estimated systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure differences with 2 standard deviation higher (0.67% kcal) omega-3 PFA were -0.55/-0.57 mm Hg (Z-score -1.33, -2.00); for 2238 persons without medical or dietary intervention, -1.01/-0.98 mm Hg (Z -1.63, -2.25); for 2038 nonhypertensive persons from this sub-cohort, -0.91/-0.92 mm Hg (Z -1.80, -2.38). For linolenic acid (largely from vegetable foods), blood pressure differences were similar, eg, for the 2238 "nonintervened" individuals, -0.97/-0.87 mm Hg (Z -1.52, -1.95); blood pressure differences were -0.32/-0.45 mm Hg for long-chain omega-3 PFA (largely from fish). In summary, food omega-3 PFA intake related inversely to blood pressure, including in nonhypertensive persons, with small estimated effect size. Food omega-3 PFA may contribute to prevention and control of adverse blood pressure levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan. hueshima@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hirotsugu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueshima
authors.forename: Jeremiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stamler
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Queenie
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Mercedes R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Carnethon
authors.forename: Martha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Daviglus
authors.forename: Ka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moag-Stahlberg
authors.forename: Beatriz L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Lyn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Horn
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yarnell
authors.forename: Beifan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid