title: The impact of patient-prosthesis mismatch on late outcomes after mitral valve replacement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of patient-prosthesis mismatch after mitral valve replacement and its effect on late outcomes have remained unclear. This study was conducted to determine the impact of patient-prosthesis mismatch on recurrent congestive heart failure, postoperative pulmonary hypertension, and late survival after mitral valve replacement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1985 and 2005, 884 patients, with a mean age 63 +/- 12 years, underwent mitral valve replacement (657 mechanical, 227 bioprosthesis) with contemporary prostheses. Mean clinical and echocardiographic follow-up was 5.1 +/- 4.1 years (4344 patient-years). Patient-prosthesis mismatch was defined as an indexed effective orifice area of 1.25 cm2/m2 or less. Parametric and nonparametric analyses were used to determine predictors of outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of patient-prosthesis mismatch was 32%. Predictors of recurrent congestive heart failure included low indexed effective orifice area, low ejection fraction, elevated postoperative mean mitral gradient, and use of a bioprosthesis (P < or = .05). Postoperative pulmonary hypertension was associated with small mitral size, elevated mean mitral gradient, low ejection fraction, and atrial fibrillation (P < or = .05); indexed effective orifice area did not predict postoperative pulmonary hypertension (P = .89). Poor late survival was predicted by low indexed effective orifice area (< or =1.25 cm2/m2), New York Heart Association class 3 or 4, elevated right ventricular pressure, stroke, older age, coronary artery disease, and bioprosthesis use (P < or = .05). Survival for patients with patient-prosthesis mismatch versus those without patient-prosthesis mismatch at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years was 91% versus 95%, 85% versus 90%, 78% versus 86%, and 65% versus 75%, respectively (P = .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient-prosthesis mismatch after mitral valve replacement is not uncommon; it is associated with recurrence of congestive heart failure and postoperative pulmonary hypertension and independently affected late survival. This study emphasizes the importance of implanting a sufficiently large prosthesis in adult patients undergoing mitral valve replacement.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. bklam@ottawaheart.ca
authors.forename: Buu-Khanh
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hendry
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruel
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Masters
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bedard
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Fraser
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rubens
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mesana
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D017755:Prosthesis Fitting; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome