title: 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid from Smilacis chinae rhizome protects amyloid beta protein (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat cortical neurons.
abstract: The neuroprotective effect of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHBA) isolated from Smilacis chinae rhizome against Abeta (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity on cultured rat cortical neurons was found in this study. The protective effect of 3,4-DHBA against Abeta (25-35)-induced neuronal cell death was investigated by measuring cell viability via a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Hoechst 33342 staining. 3,4-DHBA (1 and 10 microM) concentration-dependently inhibited 10 microM Abeta (25-35)-induced neuronal apoptotic death. 3,4-DHBA (1 and 10 microM) inhibited 10 microM Abeta (25-35)-induced elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](c)), which was measured by a fluorescent dye, Fluo-4 AM. 3,4-DHBA also inhibited glutamate release into medium, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and caspase-3 activation, which were induced by 10 microM Abeta (25-35). These results suggest that 3,4-DHBA prevents Abeta (25-35)-induced neuronal cell damage by interfering with the increase of [Ca(2+)](c), and then by inhibiting glutamate release, generation of ROS and caspase-3 activity.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ju Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ban
authors.forename: Soon Ock
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: So-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: KiHwan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Kyung-Sik
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Yeon Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Seong
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D031401:Maianthemum / Q000737:chemistry; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C074636:amyloid beta-protein (25-35); C009091:protocatechuic acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D053148:Caspase 3; D002118:Calcium