title: Music in the endoscopy suite: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prior studies have suggested that music therapy can provide stress relief and analgesia. In this meta-analysis we focused on the effects of music therapy on patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search using the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases and a manual search led to the inclusion of six randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of music therapy on patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures. After data extraction, four separate meta-analyses were performed: in the three studies that did not use pharmacotherapy (group A), anxiety levels were used as a measure of efficacy; in the three studies in which pharmacotherapy was used (group B), sedation and analgesia requirements and procedure duration times were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 641 patients were included in the analysis. In group A, patients receiving music therapy exhibited lower anxiety levels (8.6% reduction, P = 0.004), compared with controls. In group B, patients receiving music therapy exhibited statistically significant reductions in analgesia requirements (29.7% reduction, P = 0.001) and procedure times (21% reduction, P = 0.002), and a reduction in sedation requirements that approached significance (15% reduction, P = 0.055), in comparison with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Music therapy is an effective tool for stress relief and analgesia in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, New York 10305, USA. drudin@siuh.edu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rudin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Wetz
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Sottile
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D001007:Anxiety / Q000628:therapy*; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009147:Music Therapy; D009873:Operating Rooms; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives