title: Cell-mediated immune responses induced by BHV-1: rational vaccine design.
abstract: Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) is one of the major respiratory pathogens in cattle worldwide. Although antibodies have been correlated with protection and recovery from BHV-1 infection, the cell-mediated immune response is also a critical defense mechanism because cell-to-cell spread occurs before hematogenous spread. Furthermore, induction of robust T-cell memory is critical for the long-term duration of immunity. Among current commercial vaccines, the attenuated conventional vaccines induce a balanced immune response and long-term memory but may result in viral shedding. By contrast, inactivated vaccines primarily elicit a humoral immune response and relative short-term memory. These vaccines do not allow differentiation of vaccinated from infected cattle. Recent efforts are focusing on the development of vaccines that induce a balanced immune response and long-term memory, as well as having differentiation markers. This includes well-defined genetically engineered gene-deleted, subunit and vectored vaccines.
authors.affiliation: University of Saskatchewan, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada. sylvia.vandenhurk@usask.ca
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D007242:Herpesvirus 1, Bovine / Q000276:immunology*; D022283:Herpesvirus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D007241:Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000276:immunology; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D022283:Herpesvirus Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic