title: Bosentan and losartan ameliorate acute renal failure associated with mild but not strong NO blockade.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute renal failure (ARF) is a devastating illness, especially when it occurs in various conditions with impaired nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, such as arterial hypertension, heart failure and some renal diseases. We have directed our investigations to effects of both angiotensin II (AII) and endothelin (ET) receptor blockade associated with mild or strong NO deficiency on haemodynamic, biochemical and morphological parameters in experimental post-ischaemic ARF.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we used bosentan (dual, ETA/ETB-receptor antagonist), losartan (non-peptide, competitive antagonist of type I AII receptor), and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), inhibitor of NO synthesis. Experiments were performed in anaesthetized, adult male Wistar rats. The right kidney was removed and the renal ischaemia was performed by clamping the left renal artery for 45 min. Experimental groups received receptor antagonists (bosentan or losartan) or vehicle (saline) in the femoral vein 20 min before, during and 20 min after the period of ischaemia. L-NAME was given as i.v. bolus before each antagonist infusion. All parameters were measured 24 h after reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that strong NO blockade overcame effects of both ET and AII receptor blockade in experimental post-ischaemic ARF. In addition, the AII receptor blockade had a harmful effect on this condition, probably due to disturbed autoregulatory renal function. On the other hand, ET and AII receptor blockade in mild NO blockade associated with reperfusion injury, improves the most haemodynamic, biochemical and morphological parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that experimental post-ischaemic ARF is neither AII nor ET mediated in case of strong NO blockade, but, in more realistic conditions of mild NO deficiency, these peptides represent significant players whose receptor blockade expressed relevant therapeutic potential.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Research, Dr Subotića 4, 11129 Belgrade, PO Box 102, Serbia. zokim@imi.bg.ac.yu
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Miloradović
authors.forename: Mirjana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jerkić
authors.forename: Durdica
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jovović
authors.forename: Nevena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mihailović-Stanojević
authors.forename: Jelica Grujić
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Milanović
authors.forename: Gordana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stosić
authors.forename: Jasmina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marković-Lipkovski
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D000077300:Bosentan; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D019808:Losartan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D013449:Sulfonamides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019808:Losartan; D000077300:Bosentan; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester