title: The relationship between cancer and medication exposures in systemic lupus erythaematosus: a case-cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine if, in systemic lupus erythaematosus (SLE), exposure to immunosuppressive therapy (cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, methotrexate) increases cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-cohort study was performed within a multi-site international SLE cohort; subjects were linked to regional tumour registries to determine cancer cases occurring after entry into the cohort. We calculated the hazard ratio (HR) for cancer after exposure to an immunosuppressive drug, in models that controlled for other medications (anti-malarial drugs, systemic glucocorticoids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin), smoking, age, sex, race/ethnicity, geographic location, calendar year, SLE duration, and lupus damage scores. In the primary analyses, exposures were treated categorically (ever/never) and as time-dependent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results are presented from 246 cancer cases and 538 controls without cancer. The adjusted HR for overall cancer risk after any immunosuppressive drug was 0.82 (95% CI 0.50-1.36). Age > or = 65, and the presence of non-malignancy damage were associated with overall cancer risk. For lung cancer (n = 35 cases), smoking was also a prominent risk factor. When looking at haematological cancers specifically (n = 46 cases), there was a suggestion of an increased risk after immunosuppressive drug exposures, particularly when these were lagged by a period of 5 years (adjusted HR 2.29, 95% CI 1.02-5.15).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our SLE sample, age > or = 65, damage, and tobacco exposure were associated with cancer risk. Though immunosuppressive therapy may not be the principal driving factor for overall cancer risk, it may contribute to an increased risk of haematological malignancies. Future studies are in progress to evaluate independent influence of medication exposures and disease activity on risk of malignancy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, 687 Pine Avenue West, V-Building, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A1, Canada. sasha.bernatsky@mail.mcgill.ca
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernatsky
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: J-F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Boivin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urowitz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gladman
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Fortin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ginzler
authors.forename: S-C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Edworthy
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Isenberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petri
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Alarcón
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aranow
authors.forename: M-A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dooley
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajan
authors.forename: J-L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sénécal
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zummer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manzi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramsey-Goldman
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012306:Risk; D013995:Time
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D001379:Azathioprine