title: HCV and HIV counseling and testing integration in California: an innovative approach to increase HIV counseling and testing rates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In California, injection drug users (IDUs) comprise the second leading risk group for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the majority of hepatitis C virus (HCV) cases. Innovative disease screening and prevention activities are needed to improve disease surveillance and to guide appropriate public health responses. This study tested the hypothesis that offering HIV counseling and testing (C&T) concurrently with HCV C&T will increase HIV C&T rates among IDUs.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February through June 2003, HIV and HCV C&T were integrated in five California local health jurisdictions. HIV C&T and disclosure rates among IDUs were monitored when HIV C&T was offered alone during a baseline phase and when offered with HCV C&T during an intervention phase
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among IDUs, HIV C&T rates were significantly higher when HIV and HCV C&T were offered together (27.1%, 354/1,305) than when HIV C&T services were offered alone (8.4%, 138/1,645) (p<0.05). HIV disclosure rates increased from 54.3% (75/138) when only HIV test results were disclosed to 71.8% (254/354) when HIV test results were disclosed concurrently with HCV test results (p<0.05). HCV prevalence among IDUs tested ranged from 23% to 75% at the five project sites. Integrating HIV and HCV C&T increased overall C&T time required for staff and clients and increased stress among counselors due to the number of positive test results (HCV) given to clients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study results suggest that integrating HIV and HCV C&T can increase disease screening rates among IDUs. Careful planning of integrated staff activities and schedules is recommended.
authors.affiliation: California Department of Health Services, Office of AIDS, Sacramento, CA 95899-7426, USA. tstopka@dhs.ca.gov
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Stopka
authors.forename: Clark
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Ricky N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Bluthenthal
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Truax
mesh_terms: D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003376:Counseling / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000458:organization & administration; D015995:Prevalence; D015980:Public Health Practice; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous