title: Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis among men with hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carotid atherosclerosis is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and may represent hypertension-related target organ damage. Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive men. We tested the hypothesis that higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness are inversely associated with the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in a cross-sectional study of 2532 (53.2 +/- 8.5 years old) hypertensive men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men with hypertension (defined as systolic over diastolic blood pressure of > or = 140/90 mm Hg or self-reported use of antihypertensive medication) underwent maximal exercise treadmill testing with expired gas analysis. Carotid atherosclerosis was defined as stenosis of > 25% and/or intima-media thickness of > 1.2 mm using B-mode ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis was 13.4%. The prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis was inversely associated with cardiorespiratory fitness category (low 22.5%, moderate 10.9%, and high 8.7%; P < .001 for trend). After adjusting for established risk factors, high and moderate fitness were associated with lower odds ratios for having carotid atherosclerosis, 0.63 (95% CI 0.47-0.85) and 0.62 (95% CI 0.41-0.92), respectively, compared with low fitness. Each metabolic equivalent increment higher peak oxygen uptake was associated with 11% (odds ratio 0.89, 95% CI 0.82-0.97) lower prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness are inversely associated with the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in hypertensive men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61820, USA. jae@uiuc.edu
authors.forename: Sae Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Jae
authors.forename: Mercedes R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Carnethon
authors.forename: Kevin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Heffernan
authors.forename: Yoon-Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Moon-Kyu
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fernhall
mesh_terms: D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010809:Physical Fitness; D015995:Prevalence