title: Gallstones containing bacteria are biofilms: bacterial slime production and ability to form pigment solids determines infection severity and bacteremia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gallstone bacteria provide a reservoir for biliary infections. Slime production facilitates adherence, whereas beta-glucuronidase and phospholipase generate colonization surface. These factors facilitate gallstone formation, but their influence on infection severity is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred ninety-two patients were studied. Gallstones, bile, and blood (as applicable) were cultured. Bacteria were tested for beta-glucuronidase/phospholipase production and quantitative slime production. Infection severity was correlated with bacterial factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacteria were present in 43% of cases, 13% with bacteremia. Severe infections correlated directly with beta-glucuronidase/phospholipase (55% with vs 13% without, P < 0.0001), but inversely with slime production (55 vs 8%, slime <75 or >75, P = 0.008). Low slime production and beta-glucuronidase/phospholipase production were additive: Severe infections were present in 76% with both, but 10% with either or none (P < 0.0001). beta-Glucuronidase/phospholipase production facilitated bactibilia (86% with vs 62% without, P = 0.03). Slime production was 19 (+/-8) vs 50 (+/-10) for bacteria that did or did not cause bacteremia (P = 0.004). No bacteria with slime >75 demonstrated bacteremia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacteria-laden gallstones are biofilms whose characteristics influence illness severity. Factors creating colonization surface (beta-glucuronidase/phospholipase) facilitated bacteremia and severe infections; but abundant slime production, while facilitating colonization, inhibited detachment and cholangiovenous reflux. This shows how properties of the gallstone biofilm determine the severity of the associated illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery (112), University of California San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. lygia.stewart@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Lygia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: J McLeod
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Griffiss
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: Lawrence W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Way
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology*; D018441:Biofilms; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D010860:Pigments, Biological