title: The fetal portal vein: normal blood flow development during the second half of human pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The umbilical vein is the major source of blood for the fetal liver, but portal blood, which has not been measured directly in human fetuses, probably constitutes a physiologically important contribution. We aimed to establish a method for measuring blood flow in the fetal portal vein and to produce longitudinal reference ranges for diameter, blood flow velocities and volume blood flow during the second half of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a pilot project to develop the measuring technique, 160 low-risk pregnant women were recruited to a longitudinal study that included ultrasound examinations at 4-5-week intervals starting at 20-22 weeks of gestation. The inner diameter (D) of the vessel was measured with a perpendicular insonation angle, and the time-averaged maximum blood velocity (TAMXV) and weighted mean velocity (VWMEAN) were recorded with an insonation directed along the long axis of the vessel. Portal flow was calculated as: Q = pi(D/2)(2) x h x TAMXV (where h is a velocity profile parameter and equals 0.5). Portal flow was normalized for estimated fetal weight based on birth-weight percentiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The portal vein could be visualized and measured in 558/593 (94%) cases. Blood flow was pulsatile. D and TAMXV doubled during the second half of pregnancy (21-39 weeks), from 1.5 to 3.4 mm and from 8.4 to 14.9 cm/s, respectively. Correspondingly, the portal flow increased from 5 to 41 mL/min, and from 10 to 13 mL/min/kg when normalized for fetal weight. Similar results were achieved for VWMEAN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Portal flow can be measured with a standardized technique. It increases during the second half of pregnancy, even when normalized for fetal weight, suggesting that it has increasing importance in the fetal liver circulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. jorg.kessler@kk.uib.no
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kiserud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange / Q000502:physiology*; D021041:Placental Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology