title: Identifying and managing malnutrition stemming from different causes.
abstract: Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is highly prevalent among peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and is a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality. A wide range of factors can lead to PEM and associated wasting (PEM/W) in PD patients, but persistent inflammation and the presence of diabetes have been identified as the two main reasons. An important body of literature has been reporting studies of methods suitable for detecting malnutrition in its early phase so that appropriate intervention can be provided. Although assessment of nutrition status has been substantially improved, no definitive single method of assessing nutrition status has been decided. Rather, several different markers of nutrition should be evaluated together. Because of the complexity of treating malnutrition in PD patients, nontraditional strategies such as appetite stimulants, anti-inflammatory diets, and anti-inflammatory pharmacologic agents are recommended to be combined with more traditional forms of nutritional support, so as to provide a better chance of recovery. The present review briefly discusses the causes of PEM/W, the methods most commonly used to identify the condition, and the new management strategies available.
authors.affiliation: Division of Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sung Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stenvinkel
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: Carla Maria
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Avesani
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019167:Appetite Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000628:therapy; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D009752:Nutritional Status; D018529:Nutritional Support; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D019167:Appetite Stimulants; D015314:Dialysis Solutions