title: Neonatal vitamin K prophylaxis in Great Britain and Ireland: the impact of perceived risk and product licensing on effectiveness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine current use of vitamin K (VK) prophylaxis in newborns and review the efficacy and effectiveness of regimens used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Efficacy and effectiveness calculated using current practice details, data from Southern Ireland and two previous surveys, together with contemporaneous studies of vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Current survey: United Kingdom (Great Britain and Northern Ireland). Efficacy and effectiveness tables: United Kingdom and Southern Ireland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Current VK prophylaxis following uncomplicated term deliveries. Relative risk of VKDB calculated for the VK actually received and for "intention to treat".
  
  
  RESULTS
  Questionnaire response rate 95% (n = 243), all recommending VK prophylaxis. No association between unit size and route of administration. For uncomplicated term deliveries, 60% recommended intramuscular (IM) prophylaxis, 24% oral and 16% offered both routes without bias. All units offering IM gave a single dose, mostly 1 mg Konakion Neonatal. Oral regimens showed more variation: two thirds gave 2 mg (range 0.5-2 mg), the number of doses ranged from 1 to 11 and many used preparations off-licence or the unlicensed Orakay. IM prophylaxis, if given, provided the best protection (most efficacious) against VKDB. However, on an intention-to-treat basis (effectiveness), there is no statistically significant difference between the risks of VKDB after intended IM VK and after oral prophylaxis intended to continue beyond a week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the principles of VK prophylaxis is now accepted by all, there is no uniformity in practice. Omission of prophylaxis appears to be a greater problem for IM than for multi-dose oral prophylaxis, affecting overall effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Royal Devon and Exeter NHSF Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Busfield
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McNinch
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tripp
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D017277:Drug Approval; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007494:Ireland; D011247:Pregnancy; D006113:United Kingdom; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D006475:Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D014812:Vitamin K