title: Do proton-pump inhibitors confer additional gastrointestinal protection in patients given celecoxib?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Celecoxib has a superior upper-gastrointestinal (GI) safety profile compared with nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NS-NSAIDs). It is unclear whether the utilization of a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) with celecoxib confers additional protection in elderly patients. We assessed the association between GI hospitalizations and use of celecoxib with a PPI versus celecoxib alone, and NS-NSAIDs with a PPI or NS-NSAIDs alone in elderly patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using the government of Quebec health services administrative databases. Elderly patients were included at their first dispensing date for celecoxib or an NS-NSAID between April 1999 and December 2002. Prescriptions were separated into 4 groups: celecoxib, celecoxib plus PPI, NS-NSAIDs, and NS-NSAIDs plus PPI. Cox regression models with time-dependent exposure were used to compare the hazard rates of GI hospitalization between the 4 groups adjusting for patient characteristics at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 1,161,508 prescriptions for celecoxib, 360,799 for celecoxib plus PPI, 715,176 for NS-NSAIDs, and 148,470 for NS-NSAIDs plus PPI. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs; 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]) were 0.69 (0.52-0.93) for celecoxib plus PPI versus celecoxib, 0.98 (0.67-1.45) for NS-NSAIDs plus PPI versus celecoxib, and 2.18 (1.82-2.61) for NS-NSAIDs versus celecoxib. Subgroup analyses showed that use of a PPI with celecoxib may be beneficial in patients ages >/=75 years but was not better than celecoxib alone among those ages 66-74 years (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.63-1.52).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of a PPI to celecoxib conferred extra protection for patients ages >/=75 years. PPI did not seem necessary with celecoxib for patients ages 66-74 years.
authors.affiliation: McGill University, Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada. elham.rahme@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rahme
authors.forename: Alan N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Barkun
authors.forename: Youssef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Toubouti
authors.forename: Alissa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scalera
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rochon
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lelorier
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004336:Drug Antagonism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000068579:Celecoxib