title: Prokinetic effect of alpha-adrenergic antagonist, and beta-adrenergic antagonist on gall-bladder motility in humans with gall-stone disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of cholinergic agents and vagal control on gall-bladder motility are well defined. Alpha adrenergic antagonists have been found in previous studies to have a prokinetic effect on gall-bladder motility in normal human patients. Their effects have not, however, been fully elucidated in patients with gall-stone disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to determine the effects of alpha-antagonists and beta-antagonists on gall-bladder motility in human patients with gall-stone disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this single-blind, three-way crossover study, a slow release formulation of 80 mg propranolol (beta-antagonist), and 25 mg indoramin (alpha-antagonist), and placebo were administered separately to 10 patients with gall-stone disease on three separate days 8 h before assessment of gall-bladder volumes by ultrasonography. Gall-bladder volumes were assessed in the fasting state and at 5 min intervals for 50 min after a standard proprietary enteral feed (Ensure 180 ml, Abbott). Differences between the placebo and postadrenergic antagonist scan volumes were tested using the Wilcoxon-signed rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in the mean fasting gall-bladder volumes after receiving propranolol, indoramin and placebo (23.6+/-3.9, 22.3+/-4.3, 26.8+/-7.2 ml, mean+/-SEM, respectively). In the postprandial period, however, indoramin significantly enhanced postprandial gall-bladder emptying compared with placebo between 5 and 30 min (P<0.05) after which refilling commenced. There were no significant postprandial gall-bladder volume differences between propranolol and placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indoramin, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, acts as a prokinetic agent enhancing postprandial gall-bladder emptying in patients with gall-stone disease. This effect is similar to its effect on postprandial gall-bladder emptying in healthy individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Mayo General Hospital, Castlebar, Ireland.
authors.forename: Subhasish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: Prasenjit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Modak
authors.forename: Noreen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McCauley
authors.forename: Luke J D
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D016473:Gallbladder Emptying / Q000187:drug effects*; D042882:Gallstones / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007217:Indoramin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D007217:Indoramin; D011433:Propranolol