title: Medical costs and productivity losses due to interpersonal and self-directed violence in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Violence-related injuries, including suicide, adversely affect the health and welfare of all Americans through premature death, disability, medical costs, and lost productivity. Estimating the magnitude of the economic burden of violence is critical for understanding the potential amount of resources that can be saved if cost-effective violence prevention efforts can be broadly applied. From 2003 to 2005, the lifetime medical costs and productivity losses associated with medically treated injuries due to interpersonal and self-directed violence occurring in the United States in 2000 were assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several nationally representative data sets were combined to estimate the incidence of fatal and nonfatal injuries due to violence. Unit medical and productivity costs were computed and then multiplied by corresponding incidence estimates to yield total lifetime costs of violence-related injuries occurring in 2000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total costs associated with nonfatal injuries and deaths due to violence in 2000 were more than $64.8 [corrected] billion. Most of this cost ($64.4 billion or 92%) was due to lost productivity. However, an estimated $5.6 billion was spent on medical care for the more than 2.5 million injuries due to interpersonal and self-directed violence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The burden estimates reported here provide evidence of the large health and economic burden of violence-related injuries in the U.S. But the true burden is likely far greater and the need for more research on violence surveillance and prevention are discussed.
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. pcorso@uga.edu
authors.forename: Phaedra S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Corso
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mercy
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
authors.forename: Ted R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*