title: Neuroimaging of neuronal circuits involved in tic generation in patients with Tourette syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify brain regions generating tics in patients with Tourette syndrome using sleep as a baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used [15O]H2O PET to study nine patients with Tourette syndrome and nine matched control subjects. For patients, conditions included tic release states and sleep stage 2; and for control subjects, rest states and sleep stage 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study showed robust activation of cerebellum, insula, thalamus, and putamen during tic release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The network of structures involved in tics includes the activated regions and motor cortex. The prominent involvement of cerebellum and insula suggest their involvement in tic initiation and execution.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2035, USA. lernera@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagic
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Boudreau
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hanakawa
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pagan
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mari
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bara-Jimenez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aksu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garraux
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D020323:Tics / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology