title: The Apnea Positive Pressure Long-term Efficacy Study (APPLES): rationale, design, methods, and procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the size, time course, and durability of the effects of long-term continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on neurocognitive function, mood, sleepiness, and quality of life in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blinded, 2-arm, sham-controlled, multicenter, long-term, intention-to-treat trial of CPAP therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep clinics and laboratories at 5 university medical centers and community-based hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Target enrollment is 1100 randomly assigned subjects across 5 clinical centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Active versus sham (subtherapeutic) CPAP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A battery of conventional and novel tests designed to evaluate neurocognitive function, mood, sleepiness, and quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Apnea Positive Pressure Long-term Efficacy Study (APPLES) is designed to study obstructive sleep apnea and test the effects of CPAP through a comprehensive, controlled, and long-term trial in a large sample of subjects with obstructive sleep apnea.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Universit)y, Stanfbrd, CA, USA. clete@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Clete A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kushida
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: Stuart F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Paula K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Schweitzer
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guilleminault
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Eileen B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Leary
authors.forename: Pamela R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.forename: Tyson H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bloch
authors.forename: Sylvan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Linda K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: McEvoy
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gevins
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Dement
mesh_terms: D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D020408:Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; D006801:Humans; D017286:Polysomnography; D011786:Quality Control; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States