title: Impedance spectroscopy using maximum length sequences: application to single cell analysis.
abstract: A maximum length sequence (MLS) is used to perform broadband impedance spectroscopy on a dielectric sample. The method has a number of advantages over other pulse-based or frequency sweep techniques. It requires the application of a very short sequence of voltage steps in the microsecond range and therefore allows the measurement of time-dependent impedance of a sample with high temporal resolution over a large bandwidth. The technique is demonstrated using a time-invariant passive RC network. The impedance of single biological cell flowing in a microfluidic channel is also measured, showing that MLS is an ideal method for high speed impedance analysis.
authors.affiliation: Nanoscale Systems Integration Group, School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, United Kingdom. shady.gawad@gmail.com
authors.forename: Shady
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gawad
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Nicolas G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Hywel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D010992:Plethysmography, Impedance / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods