title: Potential use of biomarkers for analyzing interpopulation and cross-cultural variability in reproductive aging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were (1) to document the extent of variability in physiological aspects of reproductive aging; (2) to outline those areas where more work is needed to expand our knowledge of this variability; (3) to outline available biomarkers that can be used to measure aspects of reproductive aging, such as ovarian reserve and declining hormone levels; and (4) to note potential problems with the use of these biomarkers in cross-cultural settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review of English and French publications using PubMed with no date restrictions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Substantial variability exists in both cultural and physiological aspects of reproductive aging and menopause. However, the extent of variability across populations for many areas of reproductive aging needs better documentation as well as explanation of sources of this variability. Several biomarkers exist for use in cross-cultural research, including ovarian characteristics such as ovarian volume, ovarian reserve, follicular development, and atresia, and levels of hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone, inhibin B, and anti-mullerian hormone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We urge that further work be undertaken to evaluate and describe variability in physiological aspects of reproductive aging in cross-cultural settings. Some problems exist in the use of biomarkers to record this variability, particularly in remote settings with few logistical resources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology and Wolfson Research Institute, Durham University, Durham, England, UK. g.r.bentley@durham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gillian R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: Shanthi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muttukrishna
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers