title: Development of bullwhip neurons in the embryonic chicken retina.
abstract: We have recently described large, unipolar neurons (named bullwhip cells) that regulate the proliferation of progenitors in the circumferential marginal zone (CMZ) of the postnatal chicken retina (Fischer et al. [2005] J. Neurosci. 25:10157-10166; [2006] J. Comp. Neurol. 496:479-494). There are only about 240 bullwhip cells in the entire retina, and these cells are easily identified by their unique morphology and immunoreactivity for glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), and substance P. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the development of bullwhip cells in the embryonic chicken retina. By using bromodeoxyuridine birth dating, we found that the bullwhip cells are generated very early during retinal development, between E4 and E5. Glucagon peptide was first detected in bullwhip cells at about E10, whereas substance P was not detected in the bullwhip cells until E15. Although glucagon peptide is not present during early stages of retinal development, we detected mRNA for glucagon receptor beginning at E7 and mRNA for GLP1 receptor at E5 through E14. Morphological differentiation of the bullwhip cells begins at about E14 and is completed by E18. The bullwhip cells are greatly overproduced, and nearly 80% of these cells undergo apoptotic cell death during late stages of embryonic development. The bullwhip cells that survive are those that project an axon-like process directly toward the CMZ; the cells that project in an inappropriate direction fail to survive. We conclude that cells fated to become bullwhip neurons are generated long before they begin to differentiate and that their survival depends on the orientation of their primary neurite.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, 333 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA. fischer.412@osu.edu
authors.forename: Andy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Stanke
authors.forename: Kanika
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ghai
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Ghezal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Omar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002642:Chick Embryo; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology*; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D000067758:Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptor; D009474:Neurons / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D013373:Substance P / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D000067758:Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; D013373:Substance P; D053148:Caspase 3; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine