title: 160-fold acceleration of the Smith-Waterman algorithm using a field programmable gate array (FPGA).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To infer homology and subsequently gene function, the Smith-Waterman (SW) algorithm is used to find the optimal local alignment between two sequences. When searching sequence databases that may contain hundreds of millions of sequences, this algorithm becomes computationally expensive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this paper, we focused on accelerating the Smith-Waterman algorithm by using FPGA-based hardware that implemented a module for computing the score of a single cell of the SW matrix. Then using a grid of this module, the entire SW matrix was computed at the speed of field propagation through the FPGA circuit. These modifications dramatically accelerated the algorithm's computation time by up to 160 folds compared to a pure software implementation running on the same FPGA with an Altera Nios II softprocessor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This design of FPGA accelerated hardware offers a new promising direction to seeking computation improvement of genomic database searching.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. isaac.li@utoronto.ca <isaac.li@utoronto.ca>
authors.forename: Isaac T S
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shum
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Truong
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001483:Base Sequence; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016415:Sequence Alignment / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*