title: The cost of borderline personality disorder: societal cost of illness in BPD-patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a highly prevalent, chronic condition. Because of its very problematic nature BPD is expected to be associated with substantial societal costs, although this has never been comprehensively assessed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Estimate the societal cost of BPD in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a prevalence-based bottom-up approach with a sample of 88 BPD patients who enrolled in a multicenter clinical trial comparing two kinds of outpatient psychotherapy. Costs were assessed by means of a structured interview, covering all healthcare costs, medication, informal care, productivity losses, and out-of-pocket expenses. Only BPD-related costs were included. All costs were expressed in Euros for the year 2000. A bootstrap procedure was performed to determine statistical uncertainty.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients had been diagnosed with BPD using DSM-IV criteria. Mean age was 30.5 years and 92% was female.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on a prevalence of 1.1% and an adult population of 11,990,942, we derived that there were 131,900 BPD patients in the Netherlands. Total bootstrapped yearly cost of illness was 2,222,763,789 euros (1,372,412,403-3,260,248,300 euros), only 22% was healthcare-related. Costs per patient were 16,852 euros.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although healthcare costs of non-institutionalized Borderline patients might not be disproportionate, total societal costs are substantial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and MTA, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. avas@kemta.azm.nl
authors.forename: A D I
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: van Asselt
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Dirksen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arntz
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Severens
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D003134:Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000191:economics; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000191:economics; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics*; D009426:Netherlands; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D013405:Suicide / Q000191:economics