title: Urinary lipocalin-2 is associated with renal disease activity in human lupus nephritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pathogenic monoclonal anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies up-regulate the expression of lipocalin-2 in glomerular mesangial cells. This study was undertaken to investigate whether polyclonal anti-dsDNA antibodies promote the local secretion of lipocalin-2 in the kidneys of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and whether urinary lipocalin-2 represents a marker of kidney involvement in SLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hispanic, African American, and white patients with SLE and normal healthy control subjects from affiliated hospitals of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Patients were classified based on the presence of active renal disease according to the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Correlations of clinical and laboratory data with urinary and serum levels of lipocalin-2 were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among SLE patients, urinary lipocalin-2 levels were significantly higher in those with lupus nephritis (LN) (median 17.1 ng/mg creatinine, interquartile range [IQR] 10.3-45.4; n = 32) than in those without LN (median 11.2 ng/mg creatinine, IQR 3.1-20.3; n = 38) (P = 0.023). Compared with the values in normal controls (median 4 ng/ml, IQR 0-11.1; n = 14), urinary levels of lipocalin-2 in SLE patients were significantly higher (non-normalized median 19.3 ng/ml, IQR 8-34.2) (P = 0.004). The presence of lipocalin-2 in the urine of patients with LN correlated significantly with the renal SLEDAI score (r = 0.452, P = 0.009), but not with extrarenal disease activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high prevalence of LN in SLE patients and the prognostic significance of kidney disease support the need for identifying early biomarkers to assess the risk of nephritis development and for following up patients with established disease. These findings indicate that urinary lipocalin-2 is a potential marker of the presence and severity of renal involvement in adult patients with SLE.
authors.affiliation: Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. putterma@aecom.yu.edu
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pitashny
authors.forename: Noa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qing
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hojaili
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aranow
authors.forename: Meggan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mackay
authors.forename: Chaim
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Putterman
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000652:urine*; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology; D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins