title: Overexpression of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 may play an important role in periodontal breakdown in type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated whether the biochemical changes associated with type 2 diabetes modulate the expression of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and interferon-gamma in sites with chronic periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biopsies were harvested and divided into three groups: group 1, systemically and periodontally healthy subjects (n = 10); group 2, systemically healthy subjects with moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis (probing depth > 6 mm) (n = 20); and group 3, type 2 diabetic subjects with periodontitis (n = 20). Cytokine levels were assessed in the gingival tissues by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data analysis demonstrated that the interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and interferon-gamma levels were higher in the presence of periodontal inflammation than in the absence of inflammation, regardless of systemic status. The interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 levels were higher in diabetic subjects (group 3) than in systemically healthy patients with comparable types of periodontitis (group 2). No difference was observed for the interleukin-8 and interferon-gamma levels between groups 2 and 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limits of this study, it was concluded that type 2 diabetes was associated with increased expression of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 in periodontally inflamed tissues of diabetic patients, relative to nondiabetic subjects, and that such overexpression may be involved in the mechanisms by which type 2 diabetes enhances periodontal destruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: M C G
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tambeli
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Parada
authors.forename: M Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Casati
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Nociti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003773:Dental Plaque; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010512:Periodontal Index
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D007371:Interferon-gamma