title: Protein intake during energy restriction: effects on body composition and markers of metabolic and cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim of this study was to assess the effects of dietary protein intake on energy restriction (ER)-induced changes in body mass and body composition. Clinical markers of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases were also measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  54 postmenopausal women, age 58 +/- 2 y, body mass index 29.6 +/- 0.8 kg/m(2), were assigned to one of four groups. For 9 weeks, three ER groups ate a 1000 kcal/d lacto-ovo vegetarian basal diet plus 250 kcal/d of either beef (BEEF, n = 14), chicken (CHICKEN, n = 15), or carbohydrate/fat foods (CARB (lacto-ovo), n = 14), while a control group (CON, n = 11) consumed their habitual diets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Energy intake was lower in the ER groups compared to CON (BEEF, 1114 +/- 155 kcal/d, CHO: PRO: FAT, 46:24:30 % of energy intake; CHICKEN, 1098 +/- 203 kcal/d, 51:25:24; CARB 1158 +/- 341 kcal/d, 59:17:24; CON, 1570 +/- 633 kcal/d, 47:20:33), but did not differ among ER groups. For all ER subjects combined, body mass (-6.7 +/- 2.4 kg, 9 %), fat mass (-4.6 +/- 1.9 kg, 13 %), and fat-free mass (-2.1 +/- 1.1 kg, 5 %) decreased. These responses did not differ among the ER groups, except for body mass (CHICKEN -7.9 +/- 2.6 kg(a); BEEF -6.6 +/- 2.7 kg(a,b); CARB -5.6 +/- 1.8 kg(b); CON -1.2 +/- 1.2 kg(c); values with a difference superscript differ, p < 0.05). From PRE (week 0) to POST (week 9), total and LDL cholesterol decreased approximately 12%, with no differences among groups. Triacylglycerol, HDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP), glucose, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were not changed over time or differentially affected by diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overweight postmenopausal women can achieve significant weight loss and comparable short-term improvements in body composition and lipid-lipoprotein profile by consuming either a moderate-protein (25% of energy intake) poultry- or beef-containing diet or a lacto-ovo vegetarian protein (17% of energy intake) diet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2059, USA.
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mahon
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Laura K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: McFarlin
authors.forename: Heidi B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Iglay
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mattes
authors.forename: Roseann M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lyle
authors.forename: Robert V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Considine
authors.forename: Wayne W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004044:Dietary Proteins