title: Association between metabolic syndrome and sleep-disordered breathing in adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabolic syndrome (MetS) affects 4 to 10% of adolescents. Risk factors include overweight, male sex, and Hispanic ethnicity. Although sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has been implicated as a risk factor for MetS in adults, its association with SDB in adolescents is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To define the association of SDB with MetS in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardized measurements of SDB, anthropometry and bioassays, were made in 270 adolescents, aged 13.6 +/- 0.7 years. MetS was identified if threshold levels were exceeded in three of five areas: waist circumference, blood pressure, triglyceride level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and glucose levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although 70% of children with SDB (apnea-hypopnea index >or= 5) were overweight and 59% had MetS, 16% of children without SDB had MetS. Twenty-five percent of those with MetS had SDB. After adjusting for age, race, sex, and preterm status, children with SDB had a 6.49 (95% confidence interval, 2.52, 16.70) increased odds of MetS compared with children without SDB. Indices of SDB stress associated with MetS included respiratory event frequency, degree of oxygen desaturation, and sleep efficiency. Analyses of individual metabolic parameters showed that, after adjustment for body mass index, SDB was associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fasting insulin levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A majority of adolescents with SDB are overweight and meet criteria for MetS. The close association between MetS and SDB and their putative interacting pathophysiologies suggests a need to develop screening, prevention, and treatment strategies for both disorders in high-risk, overweight adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-6003, USA. susan.redline@case.edu
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Redline
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Storfer-Isser
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Nathan L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: H Lester
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Kirchner
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Emancipator
authors.forename: Anna Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kibler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D017286:Polysomnography; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007328:Insulin; D010100:Oxygen