title: Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise training reduces the symptoms of chronic heart failure. Which exercise intensity yields maximal beneficial adaptations is controversial. Furthermore, the incidence of chronic heart failure increases with advanced age; it has been reported that 88% and 49% of patients with a first diagnosis of chronic heart failure are >65 and >80 years old, respectively. Despite this, most previous studies have excluded patients with an age >70 years. Our objective was to compare training programs with moderate versus high exercise intensity with regard to variables associated with cardiovascular function and prognosis in patients with postinfarction heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven patients with stable postinfarction heart failure who were undergoing optimal medical treatment, including beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (aged 75.5+/-11.1 years; left ventricular [LV] ejection fraction 29%; VO2peak 13 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) were randomized to either moderate continuous training (70% of highest measured heart rate, ie, peak heart rate) or aerobic interval training (95% of peak heart rate) 3 times per week for 12 weeks or to a control group that received standard advice regarding physical activity. VO2peak increased more with aerobic interval training than moderate continuous training (46% versus 14%, P<0.001) and was associated with reverse LV remodeling. LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes declined with aerobic interval training only, by 18% and 25%, respectively; LV ejection fraction increased 35%, and pro-brain natriuretic peptide decreased 40%. Improvement in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (endothelial function) was greater with aerobic interval training, and mitochondrial function in lateral vastus muscle increased with aerobic interval training only. The MacNew global score for quality of life in cardiovascular disease increased in both exercise groups. No changes occurred in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise intensity was an important factor for reversing LV remodeling and improving aerobic capacity, endothelial function, and quality of life in patients with postinfarction heart failure. These findings may have important implications for exercise training in rehabilitation programs and future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gt. 9, 7489 Trondheim, Norway. ulrik.wisloff@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Ulrik
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wisløff
authors.forename: Asbjørn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Støylen
authors.forename: Jan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Loennechen
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruvold
authors.forename: Øivind
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Rognmo
authors.forename: Per Magnus
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Haram
authors.forename: Arnt Erik
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Tjønna
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Helgerud
authors.forename: Stig A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Slørdahl
authors.forename: Sang Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Vibeke
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Videm
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bye
authors.forename: Godfrey L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Sonia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Najjar
authors.forename: Øyvind
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Ellingsen
authors.forename: Terje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Skjaerpe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015308:Anaerobic Threshold; D002306:Cardiac Volume; D003971:Diastole; D004452:Echocardiography; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D011788:Quality of Life; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000378:metabolism; D013599:Systole; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D014157:Transcription Factors; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases