title: Visual function at 11 years of age in preterm-born children with and without fetal brain sparing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have demonstrated earlier an accelerated maturation of the visual evoked potential in the first year of life in preterm infants with antenatal brain sparing. We have now assessed visual functioning at 11 years of age in the same cohort and compared the groups with and without brain sparing.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixteen survivors included in a study on the outcome of preterm infants born at <33 weeks' gestation with and without fetal brain sparing and admitted to the NICU were followed extensively. Ninety-eight infants (85%) were again assessed at 11 years of age. Data were available for fetal Doppler measurements indicating brain sparing, neonatal cerebral ultrasound scanning, and developmental outcome in the first 5 years. Mean birth weight was 1303 g; mean gestational age was 29.8 weeks. The infants were divided into 2 groups with and without brain sparing. Visual functioning was estimated by measuring visual acuity, visual fields, eye position, and binocular function and by visual motor tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six percent of the children were found to have a visual acuity of <0.8, 12% had strabismus, and 14% to 46% showed abnormal results on the visual motor tests. No statistical differences were found between the 2 groups. However, children with severe cerebral ultrasound diagnoses in the neonatal period were found to have significantly more abnormalities on visual functioning and lower scores on visual motor tests than children without these morbidities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with fetal brain sparing do not demonstrate a different development of their visual functioning at late school age. However, an abnormal cerebral ultrasound in the neonatal period is associated with impaired visual function in later life.
authors.affiliation: Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Department of Neonatology H3 229, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. j.h.Kok@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Joke H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Prick
authors.forename: Elly
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Merckel
authors.forename: Yolande
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Everhard
authors.forename: Gijs J Q
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Verkerk
authors.forename: Sicco A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Scherjon
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000639:trends; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*