title: Development of air micro bubbles in the venous outlet line: an in vitro analysis of various air traps used for hemodialysis.
abstract: Venous air traps were tested in vitro with respect to presence of micro bubbles. Three types of venous air traps were measured (Bioline, Bioline GmbH, Luckenwalde, Germany; Gambro, Gambro AB, Lund, Sweden; Fresenius M.C., Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. KGaA, Bad Homburg, Germany). Measurements (n = 10) were taken for each air trap, fluid flow (50-600 mL/min), and fluid level (high/low). A 1.5-MHz ultrasound probe was used with an analysis device. The probe was mounted on the outlet line downstream of the venous air trap. A semisynthetic fluid was used to resemble blood viscosity. Occurrences of micro bubbles, without inducing an alarm of the dialysis device, were detected in almost all measurements. The amount of bubbles increased with increasing flow. There were more bubbles with low fluid level compared with high level. The Bioline tubing released the least bubbles in high fluid level. At low level, the Gambro tubing showed the least bubbles at flows 50-400 mL/min, and the Fresenius M.C. tubing showed the least bubbles at flows 400-600 mL/min. High fluid level in the air trap reduced generation of micro bubbles compared to low level, as did lower fluid flow versus high flow. The design of the air trap was also of importance.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Technology, University of Umea, Umea, Sweden. cstegmayr@mac.com
authors.forename: Christofer J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Stegmayr
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.forename: Bernd G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Stegmayr
mesh_terms: D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000517:prevention & control; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D045423:Microbubbles; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*