title: Human medial frontal cortex mediates unconscious inhibition of voluntary action.
abstract: Within the medial frontal cortex, the supplementary eye field (SEF), supplementary motor area (SMA), and pre-SMA have been implicated in the control of voluntary action, especially during motor sequences or tasks involving rapid choices between competing response plans. However, the precise roles of these areas remain controversial. Here, we study two extremely rare patients with microlesions of the SEF and SMA to demonstrate that these areas are critically involved in unconscious and involuntary motor control. We employed masked-prime stimuli that evoked automatic inhibition in healthy people and control patients with lateral premotor or pre-SMA damage. In contrast, our SEF/SMA patients showed a complete reversal of the normal inhibitory effect--ocular or manual--corresponding to the functional subregion lesioned. These findings imply that the SEF and SMA mediate automatic effector-specific suppression of motor plans. This automatic mechanism may contribute to the participation of these areas in the voluntary control of action.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK. sumnerp@cardiff.ac.uk
authors.forename: Petroc
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sumner
authors.forename: Parashkev
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nachev
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kennard
authors.forename: Masud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Husain
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology; D014473:Unconscious, Psychology; D014836:Volition / Q000502:physiology*