title: Ketorolac as a pre-emptive analgesic in retinal detachment surgery: a prospective, randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retinal detachment surgery is associated with a high incidence of post-operative pain, nausea and vomiting. Previous studies demonstrated a beneficial role of pre-emptive analgesia using regional anesthetic blocks for this type of surgery. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pre-emptive analgesic effect of ketorolac in patients undergoing retinal detachment surgery under general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  With the approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee and written informed consent, 60 adult patients were randomized prospectively, in a double-masked manner, to receive intravenously either ketorolac 30 mg or saline placebo 30 min before operation. Pain scores at 2, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after surgery, the number of patients requiring post-operative analgesia, total consumption of analgesics, the incidence of oculocardiac reflex as well as the incidence and severity of post-operative nausea and vomiting were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ketorolac group required post-operative analgesia less frequently than the placebo group (p < 0.0001). The ketorolac group had significantly lower pain scores at all measurement time points (p < 0.001) and lower intra- and post-operative total consumption of analgesics (p < 0.01). The incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting were lower in patients given ketorolac when compared with placebo-treated patients (p < 0.05). The incidence of oculocardiac reflex was not significantly different between groups (p = 0.14).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of ketorolac for pre-emptive analgesia is effective in patients undergoing retinal detachment surgery under general anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Anesthesia and Resuscitation, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade University Medical School, Belgrade, Serbia. gvlajkov@eunet.yu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vlajkovic
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sindjelic
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stefanovic
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012024:Reflex, Oculocardiac / Q000187:drug effects; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D020910:Ketorolac