title: STAMP: components of observable behaviour that indicate potential for patient violence in emergency departments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper is the report of a study to explicate the components of observable behaviour that indicate a potential for violence in patients, their family and friends when presenting at an emergency department.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Violence towards nurses is a contemporary, multifaceted problem for the healthcare workforce globally. International literature identifies emergency departments as having high levels of violence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed method case study design was adopted, and data were collected by means of 290 hours of participant observation, 16 semi-structured interviews and 13 informal field interviews over a 5-month period in 2005. Thematic analysis of textual data was undertaken using NVivo2. Frequency counts were developed from the numerical data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five distinctive elements of observable behaviour indicating potential for violence in patients, their families and friends were identified. These elements can be conceptualized as a potential nursing violence assessment framework and described through the acronym STAMP: Staring and eye contact, Tone and volume of voice, Anxiety, Mumbling and Pacing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Staring and eye contact, Tone and volume of voice, Anxiety, Mumbling and Pacing provides a useful, practical nursing violence assessment framework to assist nurses to quickly identify patients, families and friends who have a potential for violence.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery and Nutrition, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia. lauretta.luck@jcu.edu.au
authors.forename: Lauretta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luck
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Usher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression; D016529:Emergency Nursing; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012938:Social Perception; D014754:Violence; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*