title: The threat of avian influenza A (H5N1). Part IV: Development of vaccines.
abstract: Among emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, influenza constitutes one of the major threats to mankind. In this review series epidemiologic, virologic and pathologic concerns raised by infections of humans with avian influenza virus A/H5N1 are discussed. This fourth part focuses on vaccine development. Several phase I clinical studies with vaccines against H5 viruses have demonstrated limited efficacy compared to seasonal influenza vaccines. To induce protective immunity two immunisations with increased amounts of H5N1 vaccine were required. Novel vaccination strategies that are egg- and adjuvant-independent, broadly cross-reactive and long-lasting are highly desirable.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Virology, Hospital of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596, Frankfurt/M, Germany. cinatl@em.uni-frankfurt.de
authors.forename: Jindrich
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cinatl
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michaelis
authors.forename: Hans W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Doerr
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D006801:Humans; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000276:immunology; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000276:immunology; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C085820:INS1 protein, influenza virus; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins