title: The autoantibody rheumatoid factor may be an independent risk factor for ischaemic heart disease in men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subjects with rheumatoid arthritis have an increased prevalence of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). This is most likely in those people with the autoantibody rheumatoid factor (RF). RF is strongly associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but is also present in up to 15% of all adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether RF might identify people in a general population who also share an increased likelihood of developing IHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study were investigated for the presence of RF. Subjects completed a questionnaire and attended a clinic where a history of IHD was recorded (ECG, coronary artery bypass grafting, Rose chest pain). Associations between the presence of RF, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) and IHD in 567 men and 589 women were investigated and compared with traditional risk factors for IHD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RF was associated with an increased likelihood of IHD in men (odds ratio (OR) = 3.1, 95% CI 1.7 to 5.4, p<0.001). This increased risk could not be explained by traditional risk factors for IHD (mutually adjusted OR for RF 2.9 (95% CI 1.6 to 5.3), p<0.001). There was no significant association between RF in women or between ANA or ACA with IHD in men or women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work suggests that RF is an independent risk factor for IHD in the general population. It lends support to the importance of inflammation in atherosclerosis and suggests that autoimmune processes may be involved. In addition, it raises the intriguing possibility that RF may have a direct role in the pathogenesis of IHD in some subjects.
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. cedwards@soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Syddall
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goswami
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goswami
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Dennison
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Arden
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor