title: Novel strategies: challenge loop diuretics and sodium management in heart failure--part II.
abstract: The conflicting results of diuretic treatments in heart failure (HF) and the importance of Na management in the context of the cardiorenal syndrome and neurohormonal activation in HF have suggested novel and counterintuitive strategies, focused primarily on the use of vasopressin antagonists and hypertonic saline solution with high doses of loop diuretics and their neurohormonal interference. The emerging novel therapies involving direct inhibition of vasopressin receptors appear to show promising results. The use of hypertonic saline solution mixed with a high dose of loop diuretics produces, probably by indirect mechanisms, a reduction or inhibition of the activated neurohormonal systems in HF patients. This treatment opens a new window on the role of sodium management in these patients and on the relation between sodium and the kidney's role and function in heart failure. The authors review the current evidence for these therapies and suggest hypothetical bases for their efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology Paolo Borsellino, G.F. Ingrassia Hospital, Palermo, Italy. lehdi@tin.it
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Di Pasquale
authors.forename: Filippo M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sarullo
authors.forename: Salvatorew
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paterna
mesh_terms: D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D009318:Natriuresis / Q000187:drug effects*; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D012982:Sodium, Dietary