title: Metabolic footprinting as a tool for discriminating between brewing yeasts.
abstract: The characterization of industrial yeast strains by examining their metabolic footprints (exometabolomes) was investigated and compared to genome-based discriminatory methods. A group of nine industrial brewing yeasts was studied by comparing their metabolic footprints, genetic fingerprints and comparative genomic hybridization profiles. Metabolic footprinting was carried out by both direct injection mass spectrometry (DIMS) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS), with data analysed by principal components analysis (PCA) and canonical variates analysis (CVA). The genomic profiles of the nine yeasts were compared by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis, genetic fingerprinting using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis and microarray comparative genome hybridizations (CGH). Metabolomic and genomic analysis comparison of the nine brewing yeasts identified metabolomics as a powerful tool in separating genotypically and phenotypically similar strains. For some strains discrimination not achieved genomically was observed metabolomically.
authors.affiliation: National Collection of Yeast Cultures, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK. georgina.pope@bbsrc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Georgina A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Defernez
authors.forename: Miguel A M M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Aroso
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: Fred A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Mellon
authors.forename: Warwick B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Royston
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goodacre
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kell
authors.forename: Marcus E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Marvin
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.forename: Ian N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D001515:Beer / Q000382:microbiology; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D013696:Temperature; D009626:Terminology as Topic