title: Pulmonary nocardiosis: risk factors and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pulmonary nocardiosis (PN) is an infrequent but severe infection caused by Nocardia spp., which can behave either as opportunistic or primary pathogens. The present study identifies the risk factors for PN, clinical symptoms and radiographic features and the factors that affect its prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study of all the patients diagnosed with PN over a 13-year period at the authors' institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one adult patients were identified with PN, 11 of whom had disseminated nocardiosis. The predisposing conditions were COPD (23%), transplantation (29%), HIV infection (19%), alcoholism (6.5%) and treatment with steroids (64.5%). Respiratory tract sampling using non-invasive techniques had a diagnostic yield of 77%, while specimens from invasive methods had a yield of 47%. Mean time to diagnosis was 42 days. Dissemination to the central nervous system was related to alcoholism. The mortality rates were 41% for PN and 64% for disseminated nocardiosis; when Nocardia disseminated to the central nervous system, the mortality was 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific risk factors were found in 94% of patients, with the most common being corticosteroid treatment and immunosuppressive therapy. The time to reach diagnosis and to prescribe specific treatment was considerable and mandatory assessment for nocardia in high-risk patients is required. The mortality rate of PN is high and early diagnosis and treatment are needed. Medications other than co-trimoxazole may be required.
authors.affiliation: Pneumology Service, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, and Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. rasmartinez@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martínez Tomás
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menéndez Villanueva
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reyes Calzada
authors.forename: Maruja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santos Durantez
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vallés Tarazona
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Modesto Alapont
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gobernado Serrano
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009615:Nocardia / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D009617:Nocardia Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D016377:Organ Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D011379:Prognosis; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014295:Trimethoprim / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014295:Trimethoprim; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole