title: Chondrogenic differentiation of bovine synovium: bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 7 and transforming growth factor beta1 induce the formation of different types of cartilaginous tissue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the potential of bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 7 (BMP-2 and BMP-7) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) to effect the chondrogenic differentiation of synovial explants by analyzing the histologic, biochemical, and gene expression characteristics of the cartilaginous tissues formed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Synovial explants derived from the metacarpal joints of calves were cultured in agarose. Initially, BMP-2 was used to evaluate the chondrogenic potential of the synovial explants under different culturing conditions. Under appropriate conditions, the chondrogenic effects of BMP-2, BMP-7, and TGFbeta1 were then compared. The differentiated tissue was characterized histologically, histomorphometrically, immunohistochemically, biochemically, and at the gene expression level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BMP-2 induced the chondrogenic differentiation of synovial explants in a dose- and time-dependent manner under serum- and dexamethasone-free conditions. The expression levels of cartilage-related genes increased in a time-dependent manner. BMP-7 was more potent than BMP-2 in inducing chondrogenesis, but the properties of the differentiated tissue were similar in each case. The type of cartilaginous tissue formed under the influence of TGFbeta1 differed in terms of both cell phenotype and gene expression profiles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 3 tested members of the TGFbeta superfamily have different chondrogenic potentials and induce the formation of different types of cartilaginous tissue. To effect the full differentiation of synovial explants into a typically hyaline type of articular cartilage, further refinement of the stimulation conditions is required. This might be achieved by the simultaneous application of several growth factors.
authors.affiliation: ITI Research Institute for Dental and Skeletal Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nahoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shintani
authors.forename: Ernst B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Hunziker
mesh_terms: D053674:Aggrecans / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D064236:Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein; D002417:Cattle; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003094:Collagen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D064235:Matrilin Proteins; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; C525718:BMP2 protein, human; C525819:BMP7 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D064236:Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins; D064235:Matrilin Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; C527932:SOX9 protein, human; C577553:TSP5 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D003094:Collagen