title: Cardiovascular diseases and decline in cognitive function in an elderly community population: the Edinburgh Artery Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate cognitive performance and 4-year change in cognitive function in relation to different clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic disease in an elderly community population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Edinburgh Artery Study is a population cohort study of men and women who were recruited to a baseline survey in 1987 and 1988. From the time of study entry, the participants have been invited to two follow-up clinical examinations and continuously monitored for major fatal and nonfatal vascular events. All alive and eligible subjects were invited for cognitive testing in two study years when the mean age of the sample was 73.1 (standard deviation = 5.0) years. A follow-up cognitive assessment was performed in 2002 and 2003 on 452 survivors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate analyses controlling for demographic characteristics, depression, and major atherosclerotic risk factors, stroke was associated with a significantly worse performance on tests of verbal memory (p = .02) and letter fluency (p = .002). In addition, stroke was related to a significantly steeper 4-year decline in verbal memory performance (p = .04). Among the subjects who had not had an overt stroke, those with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease experienced a significantly greater 4-year decline in verbal memory functioning (p = .04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In older people, stroke is associated with both worse performance on cognitive tests and progressive verbal memory decline. Elderly individuals with vascular diseases other than stroke may also be vulnerable to a greater decline in verbal memory function. A relationship between vascular diseases and verbal memory decline may exist independently of depressed mood and major atherosclerotic risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Unit for Prevention of Peripheral Vascular Diseases, Public Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK. S.B.Rafnsson@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Snorri B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Rafnsson
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Deary
authors.forename: Felicity B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Martha C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Whiteman
authors.forename: F Gerald R
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Fowkes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000523:psychology*