title: Does offering and performing prenatal screening influence women's attachment to their unborn child? A longitudinal randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The question addressed was: Does offering prenatal screening and receiving a negative screening outcome influence women's attachment to their unborn child?
  
  
  METHODS
  Women were offered a nuchal translucency measurement, maternal serum screening, or no screening at all in a randomized controlled trial. Attachment was measured by a self-developed questionnaire at four points in time: before screening was offered, after the offer, after receiving the negative screening result (or at comparable points in time) and in the last trimester of pregnancy. In the last trimester, the Prenatal Attachment Inventory was also filled in.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women who had been offered screening (n = 1031) showed more attachment (F(1,1415) = 19.42, p < .001) compared to women who had not been offered screening (n = 387). This difference disappeared later in pregnancy. At all points in time, negatively screened women (n = 466) had equal levels of attachment compared to screening decliners (n = 565). No difference was observed between women who received a negative result of the ultrasound screening (n = 285) as compared to the blood screening (n = 162).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Offering prenatal screening seems to temporarily increase attachment. However, this difference is very small. Attachment is not influenced by whether a blood screening or an ultrasound screening is performed.
authors.affiliation: EMGO-Institute, VU University Medical Center, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johanna H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kleinveld
authors.forename: Daniëlle R M
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Timmermans
authors.forename: Matthijs
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Jacques Th M
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: van Eijk
authors.forename: Leo P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Ten Kate
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D033261:Maternal-Fetal Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D009426:Netherlands; D009769:Object Attachment; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal