title: Determination of xenobiotic intrinsic clearance in freshly isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and rat and its application in bioaccumulation assessment.
abstract: Bioaccumulation in fish depends on the dynamics of various processes that involve fish uptake, storage, and elimination of xenobiotics. Elimination via fish biotransformation is a primary process that can be evaluated in an in vitro system to improve the performance of the prediction of xenobiotic bioaccumulation potentials. In this study, values of intrinsic clearance (CLint) of seven reference compounds (atrazine, molinate, 4,4-bis(dimethylamino)-benzophenone, 4-nonylphenol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, trifluralin, benzo(a)pyrene) in hepatocytes freshly isolated from rainbow trout and rat were determined using a substrate depletion approach. Atrazine was metabolized in rat hepatocytes with a CLint value of 3.81 +/- 1.96 mL/h/ 10(6) cells, whereas in trout hepatocytes, the clearance was not significant until very high cell concentration was used and the rate was estimated to be approximately 0.002 mL/h/10(6) cells. Intrinsic clearance values for all other compounds were 5.5-78.5-fold lower in trout hepatocytes than those in rat hepatocytes. Trout hepatic clearance (CL(H)) values were extrapolated from the CLint values using a "well-stirred" liver model. Biotransformation rate constants (kMET) of the compounds in trout were subsequently estimated and used as inputs to a kinetic model for the prediction of bioconcentration factors (BCF) in fish. Compared to the BCF values predicted without consideration of fish biotransformation, the inclusion of estimated kMET values significantly improved fish BCF predictions for the reference compounds. This study demonstrates a framework for future bioaccumulation assessment of xenobiotics using combined information of the physical-chemical properties of the compounds and the biotransformation potentials of the compounds in fish.
authors.affiliation: DuPont Haskell Laboratory for Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, Delaware 19714, USA. xing.han@usa.dupont.com
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Diane L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Nabb
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Mingoia
authors.forename: Ching-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000378:metabolism; D001381:Azepines / Q000378:metabolism; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000378:metabolism; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000378:metabolism; D001711:Biotransformation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000378:metabolism; D014274:Trifluralin / Q000378:metabolism; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001381:Azepines; D001577:Benzophenones; D010636:Phenols; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D015262:Xenobiotics; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; C014682:Michler's ketone; C009821:molinate; C025256:nonylphenol; D014274:Trifluralin; C056559:2,4-di-tert-butylphenol; D001280:Atrazine