title: Variations in the response of interleukins in neurosurgical intensive care patients monitored using intracerebral microdialysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to make a preliminary evaluation of whether microdialysis monitoring of cytokines and other proteins in severely diseased neurosurgical patients has the potential of adding significant information to optimize care, thus broadening the understanding of the function of these molecules in brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paired intracerebral microdialysis catheters with high-cutoff membranes were inserted in 14 comatose patients who had been treated in a neurosurgical intensive care unit following subarachnoidal hemorrhage or traumatic brain injury. Samples were collected every 6 hours (for up to 7 days) and were analyzed at bedside for routine metabolites and later in the laboratory for interleukin (IL)-l and IL-6; in two patients, vascular endothelial growth factor and cathepsin-D were also checked. Aggregated microprobe data gave rough estimations of profound focal cytokine responses related to morphological tissue injury and to anaerobic metabolism that were not evident from the concomitantly collected cerebrospinal fluid data. Data regarding tissue with no macroscopic evidence of injury demonstrated that IL release not only is elicited in severely compromised tissue but also may be a general phenomenon in brains subjected to stress. Macroscopic tissue injury was strongly linked to IL-6 but not IL- lb activation. Furthermore, IL release seems to be stimulated by local ischemia. The basal tissue concentration level of IL-lb was estimated in the range of 10 to 150 pg/ml; for IL-6, the corresponding figure was 1000 to 20,000 pg/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data in the present study indicate that catheters with high-cutoff membranes have the potential of expanding microdialysis to the study of protein chemistry as a routine bedside method in neurointensive care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hillman
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Aneman
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dabrosin
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mellergård
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D002402:Cathepsin D / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D003422:Critical Care; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D005990:Glycerol / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D002402:Cathepsin D; D005990:Glycerol