title: Ultrasonic characterization of the mechanical properties and polymerization reaction of acrylic-based bone cements.
abstract: In this investigation the pulse-echo technique was validated as a method that could be used to monitor the complete polymerization of acrylic bone cement in a surgical theatre. Currently, orthopaedic surgeons have no objective method to quantify the state of cure of bone cement as it progresses through its polymerization cycle. Clear benefits of the pulse-echo technique are that it is easy to use, non-invasive, and non-destructive. Furthermore, the test results were found to be highly reproducible with minor deviations. Three proprietary cements were used to confirm the validity of the technique; CMW Endurance, Palacos R and Simplex P. The results showed that the acoustic properties of bone cement clearly demonstrated a relationship with the different stages of polymerization, and in particular with the transitions between the waiting, dough, and setting phases. Additionally, the cure time of the poly(methyl methacrylate) cements consistently correlated with the attainment of 75 per cent of the average maximum velocity of sound value. The measured cure times concurred with the ISO and ASTM standards. Moreover, measurements of the final sound velocity and broadband ultrasonic attenuation correlated strongly with the density and mechanical properties of the cured bone cement samples.
authors.affiliation: Medical Polymers Research Institute, Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, UK. n.dunne@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Dunne
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Makem
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Orr
mesh_terms: D001843:Bone Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003720:Densitometry / Q000379:methods*; D004548:Elasticity; D006244:Hardness; D006245:Hardness Tests / Q000379:methods*; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D019563:Mechanics; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D011108:Polymers; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate