title: Field trial of a low cost method to evaluate hand cleanliness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a simple low cost method for measuring hand contamination as an objective assessment of handwashing practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a larger randomized controlled trial of handwashing promotion with soap conducted in squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan, a randomly selected subset of 52 mothers in households receiving soap and handwashing promotion and 28 mothers in control households directly pressed three fingers of their right hand onto MacConkey agar plates on weekly unannounced visits from April to September 2002, and monthly from October 2002 to March 2003. The MacConkey plates were incubated at 44 degrees C for 24 h, and evaluated for growth of thermotolerant coliform bacteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of samples that had detectable thermotolerant coliforms (50%) was similar in households that received soap and control households (52%, P = 0.40). In the week after evaluation of the mothers' hands, the proportion of households that reported diarrhoea was similar regardless of whether or not the mother had thermotolerant coliforms detected by direct finger imprint (18.6%vs. 19.1%, Relative Risk 0.99, 95% CI 0.96, 1.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A three finger direct imprint test using MacConkey agar for thermotolerant coliforms was not a useful method to assess regular handwashing practices with soap in Karachi. Developing better measures of handwashing behaviour remains an important research priority.
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Centers for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. sluby@icddrb.org
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Luby
authors.forename: Mubina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agboatwalla
authors.forename: Ward
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Billhimer
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000382:microbiology; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000592:standards*; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012915:Soaps; D014171:Transients and Migrants
chemical_list: D012915:Soaps