title: Metabolic and behavioral predictors of weight gain in Hispanic children: the Viva la Familia Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the high prevalence of overweight among Hispanic children in the United States, definitive predictors of weight gain have not been identified in this population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study objective was to test sociodemographic, metabolic, and behavioral predictors of 1-y weight gains in a large cohort of Hispanic children studied longitudinally.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (n = 879) were siblings from 319 Hispanic families enrolled in the Viva la Familia Study. Families were required to have at least one overweight child aged 4-19 y. One-year changes in weight and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were measured. Data were from parental interviews, birth certificates, multiple-pass 24-h dietary recalls, 3-d accelerometry, 24-h respiration calorimetry, measurements of eating in the absence of hunger, and measurement of fasting blood biochemistry indexes by radioimmunoassay. Generalized estimating equations and principal component analysis were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Weight gain increased with age (P = 0.001), peaking at approximately 10 y of age in girls and approximately 11 y of age in boys. Mean (+/-SD) weight gain was significantly higher in overweight (7.5 +/- 3.7 kg/y) than in nonoverweight (4.4 +/- 2.4 kg/y) children and in boys than in girls. When adjusted for age, age squared, sex, and Tanner stage, the final model indicated a child's body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) status, maternal BMI, energy expenditure (total energy expenditure, basal metabolic rate, and sleeping metabolic rate), and fasting blood biochemistry indexes (total triiodothyronine, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin) as independent, positive predictors of weight gain (P = 0.01-0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge of the metabolic and behavioral predictors of weight gain in Hispanic children will inform prevention and treatment efforts to address this serious public health problem in the United States.
authors.affiliation: US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. nbutte@bcm.edu
authors.forename: Nancy F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Butte
authors.forename: Guowen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Shelley A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Theresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Jennifer O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Issa F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Zakeri
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Anthony G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Comuzzie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D050177:Overweight / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000502:physiology