title: Screening for problem drinking : Comparison of CAGE and AUDIT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare self-administered versions of three questionnaires for detecting heavy and problem drinking: the CAGE, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and an augmented version of the CAGE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional surveys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three Department of Veterans Affairs general medical clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random sample of consenting male outpatients who consumed at least 5 drinks over the past year ("drinkers"). Heavy drinkers were oversampled.
  
  
  METHODS
  An augmented version of the CAGE was included in a questionnaire mailed to all patients. The AUDIT was subsequently mailed to "drinkers." Comparison standards, based on the tri-level World Health Organization alcohol consumption interview and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, included heavy drinking (>14 drinks per week typically or >/=5 drinks per day at least monthly) and active DSM-IIIR alcohol abuse or dependence (positive diagnosis and at least one alcohol-related symptom in the past year). Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) were used to compare screening questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 393 eligible patients, 261 (66%) returned the AUDIT and completed interviews. For detection of active alcohol abuse or dependence, the CAGE augmented with three more questions (AUROC 0.871) performed better than either the CAGE alone or AUDIT (AUROCs 0.820 and 0.777, respectively). For identification of heavy-drinking patients, however, the AUDIT performed best (AUROC 0.870). To identify both heavy drinking and active alcohol abuse or dependence, the augmented CAGE and AUDIT both performed well, but the AUDIT was superior (AUROC 0.861).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For identification of patients with heavy drinking or active alcohol abuse or dependence, the self-administered AUDIT was superior to the CAGE in this population.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research and Development, VA Puget Sound Health Care System (Seattle Division), Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: McDonell
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fihn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D012647:Self-Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data