title: Seasonal allergic rhinitis is associated with a detrimental effect on examination performance in United Kingdom teenagers: case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seasonal allergic rhinitis is common globally, and symptoms have been shown to impair learning ability in children in laboratory conditions. Critical examinations in children are often held in the summer during the peak grass pollen season.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether seasonal allergic rhinitis adversely impacts examination performance in United Kingdom teenagers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control analysis of 1,834 students (age 15-17 years; 50% girls) sitting for national examinations. Cases were those who dropped 1 or more grades in any of 3 core subjects (mathematics, English, and science) between practice (winter) and final (summer) examinations; controls were those whose grades were either unchanged or improved. Associations between allergic rhinitis symptoms, clinician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis, and allergic rhinitis-related medication use, recorded on examination days immediately before the examination, were assessed using multilevel regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 38% and 43% of students reported symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis on any 1 of the examination days. There were 662 cases (36% of students) and 1,172 controls. After adjustment, cases were significantly more likely than controls to have had allergic rhinitis symptoms during the examination period (odds ratio [OR], 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.8; P = .002), to have taken any allergic rhinitis medication (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7; P = .01), or to have taken sedating antihistamines (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.8; P = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current symptomatic allergic rhinitis and rhinitis medication use are associated with a significantly increased risk of unexpectedly dropping a grade in summer examinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first time the relationship between symptomatic allergic rhinitis and poor examination performance has been demonstrated, which has significant implications for clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Education for Health, Warwick, United Kingdom. s.walker@educationforhealth.org.uk
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Saba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan-Wasti
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cullinan
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Aziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sheikh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives