title: Dual-channel two-photon microscopy study of transdermal transport in skin treated with low-frequency ultrasound and a chemical enhancer.
abstract: Visualization of transdermal permeant pathways is necessary to substantiate model-based conclusions drawn using permeability data. The aim of this investigation was to visualize the transdermal delivery of sulforhodamine B (SRB), a fluorescent hydrophilic permeant, and of rhodamine B hexyl ester (RBHE), a fluorescent hydrophobic permeant, using dual-channel two-photon microscopy (TPM) to better understand the transport pathways and the mechanisms of enhancement in skin treated with low-frequency ultrasound (US) and/or a chemical enhancer (sodium lauryl sulfate--SLS) relative to untreated skin (the control). The results demonstrate that (1) both SRB and RBHE penetrate beyond the stratum corneum and into the viable epidermis only in discrete regions (localized transport regions--LTRs) of US treated and of US/SLS-treated skin, (2) a chemical enhancer is required in the coupling medium during US treatment to obtain two significant levels of increased penetration of SRB and RBHE in US-treated skin relative to untreated skin, and (3) transcellular pathways are present in the LTRs of US treated and of US/SLS-treated skin for SRB and RBHE, and in SLS-treated skin for SRB. In summary, the skin is greatly perturbed in the LTRs of US treated and US/SLS-treated skin with chemical enhancers playing a significant role in US-mediated transdermal drug delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kushner
authors.forename: Daekeun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Peter T C
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blankschtein
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Langer
mesh_terms: D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004952:Esters / Q000737:chemistry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D010777:Photochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D017785:Photons; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004952:Esters; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D012235:Rhodamines; C022027:lissamine rhodamine B; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; C029773:rhodamine B