title: Hydroxytyrosol-rich olive mill wastewater extract protects brain cells in vitro and ex vivo.
abstract: Elevated oxidative and nitrosative stress both impair the integrity and functioning of brain tissue, especially in aging. As long-term intake of plant foods rich in antioxidant phenolics, such as extra virgin olive oil, positively modulates surrogate markers of many human pathological alterations, the interest in cheap and abundant sources of such phenolics is rapidly growing. Olive mill wastewater is particularly rich in hydroxytyrosol, an o-diphenol with powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic activities. Due to the deleterious effect of oxidative stress on brain cell survival, the efficacy of a hydroxytyrosol-rich extract to attenuate Fe2+- and nitric oxide (NO)-induced cytotoxicity in murine-dissociated brain cells was investigated. The addition of either Fe2+ or SNP (an NO donor) caused both a severe loss of cellular ATP and a markedly depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential. Preincubation with hydroxytyrosol significantly attenuated the cytotoxic effect of both stressors, although with different efficiencies. Mice feeding studies were performed to assess the brain bioactivity of hydroxytyrosol ex vivo. Subchronic, but not acute, administration of 100 mg of hydroxytyrosol per kilogram body weight for 12 days enhanced resistance of dissociated brain cells to oxidative stress, as shown by reduced basal and stress-induced lipid peroxidation. Also, basal mitochondrial membrane potential was moderately hyperpolarized (P < 0.05), an effect suggestive of cytoprotection. In synthesis, the ex vivo data provide the first evidence of neuroprotective effects of oral hydroxytyrosol intake.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Hydroxytyrosol; olive mill wastewater; dissociated brain cells; oxidative stress; brain; Mediterranean diet.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology ZAFES, Biocenter Niederursel, University of Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schaffer
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Podstawa
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Visioli
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bogani
authors.forename: Walter E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Gunter P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Eckert
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D051379:Mice; D000069463:Olive Oil; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; C005975:3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol