title: A randomized controlled trial of topical glyceryl trinitrate before transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy of the prostate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the use of topical glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) ointment as an adjunct to periprostatic nerve block in reducing pain associated with transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided prostatic biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 148 consecutive patients (mean age 67.0 years) having their first TRUS-guided biopsy were randomized to receive either 0.2% GTN ointment or placebo 10 min before biopsy. All patients had a biopsy preceded by an injection with 10 mL of 1% lidocaine local anaesthesia. A 10-point visual analogue score was used to record 'Overall discomfort due to the presence of the probe', the biopsy itself and pain after the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in age, PSA level and prostate volume between the groups. There was a significantly lower mean pain score due to probe insertion in the GTN than placebo group (1.94 vs 3.24, P < 0.01); pain perception was lower for the whole procedure in the GTN group, and was most pronounced in men aged <60 years (2.13 vs 4.61, P < 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical GTN ointment is safe and effective in reducing the discomfort associated with TRUS-guided biopsy of the prostate, in particular the insertion of the ultrasound probe. It might be of maximum benefit in the younger patient and those having a repeat biopsy who previously failed to tolerate the procedure well.
authors.affiliation: Michael Heal Department of Urology, Leighton Hospital, Crewe, UK. johnemccabe@lineone.net
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.forename: Vishwanath S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Hanchanale
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Philip
authors.forename: Pradip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Javle
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009824:Ointments; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009824:Ointments; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D005996:Nitroglycerin