title: Effect of histone acetylation modification with sodium butyrate, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, on cell cycle, apoptosis, ploidy and gene expression in porcine fetal fibroblasts.
abstract: The present study evaluated the effective dose of sodium butyrate (NaB), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, for determination of the level of enhancement of histone acetylation in porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFFs) based on their morphology, growth, apoptosis and cell cycle status. Cells were analyzed for their histone acetylation levels at H3, H4 and H2A and expression of genes related to histone deacetylation (HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3), pro-apoptosis (Bax and Bak) and anti-apoptosis (Bcl-2). PFFs at passage 3-4 were cultured with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mM NaB for 96 h. NaB inhibited cell proliferation at all tested concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. However, there was slow cell growth for PFFs treated with 2.0 and 3.0 mM NaB compared with those of untreated PFFs and those treated with other lower concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 mM). More than 85% of the cells that were untreated or treated with 0.5 or 1.0 mM NaB had intact membranes, whereas, approximately 30% of the cells treated with 2.0 or 3.0 mM NaB had increased cell sizes and a more flattened and elongated appearance. NaB induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner; the rates of apoptosis were 2.5 +/- 0.4% for 1.0 mM NaB, 7.6 +/- 1.1% for 2.0 mM NaB and 11.2 +/- 1.4% for 3.0 mM NaB. The chromosomal sets of PFFs treated with 0.5 and 1.0 mM NaB were normal, whereas a lower proportion of PFFs treated with 2.0 and 3.0 mM were classified as normal. NaB at 0.5 and 1.0 mM showed little effect on cell cycle. However, 2.0 and 3.0 mM resulted in an increased cell population at the G(0)/G(1) phase. Increased NaB concentrations led to elevated acetylation of H3, H4 and H2A. NaB altered the expression of histone deacetylation and apoptosis-related genes. In conclusion, 1.0 mM NaB induced histone hyperacetylation in the PFFs and produced less deleterious effects than other concentrations; these PFFs might serve as suitable donors for porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea.
authors.forename: Basavarajappa
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mohana Kumar
authors.forename: Hye-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Seong-Keun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Sivasankaran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balasubramanian
authors.forename: Sang-Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.forename: Gyu-Jin
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Rho
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D033481:Chromosomes, Mammalian; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000166:cytology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000235:genetics; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D011003:Ploidies; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D034421:Sus scrofa; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / Q000235:genetics; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D006655:Histone Deacetylases