Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2- and liver X receptor-driven dual promoter regulation of hepatic ABC transporter A1 gene expression: mechanism underlying the unique response to cellular cholesterol status.
ABC transporter A1 (ABCA1) mediates and rate-limits biogenesis of high density lipoprotein (HDL), and hepatic ABCA1 plays a major role in regulating plasma HDL levels. HDL generation is also responsible for release of cellular cholesterol. In peripheral cells ABCA1 is up-regulated by the liver X receptor (LXR) system when cell cholesterol increases. However, cholesterol feeding has failed to show a significant increase in hepatic ABCA1 gene expression, and its expression is up-regulated by statins (3-hydroy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors), suggesting distinct regulation. In this study we investigated the mechanism of regulation of the rat hepatic ABCA1 gene and identified two major ABCA1 transcripts and two corresponding promoter regions. Compactin activated the novel liver-type promoter in rat hepatoma McARH7777 cells by binding the sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2). In contrast, compactin repressed the previously identified peripheral-type promoter in an LXR-responsive element-dependent but not E-box-dependent manner. Thus, compactin increased the liver-type transcript and decreased the peripheral-type transcript. The same two transcripts were also dominant in human and mouse livers, whereas the intestine contains only the peripheral-type transcript. Treatment of rats with pravastatin and a bile acid binding resin (colestimide), which is known to activate SREBP-2 in the liver, caused a reduction in the hepatic cholesterol level and the same differential responses in vivo, leading to increases in hepatic ABCA1 mRNA and protein and plasma HDL levels. We conclude that the dual promoter system driven by SREBP-2 and LXR regulates hepatic ABCA1 expression and may mediate the unique response of hepatic ABCA1 gene expression to cellular cholesterol status.
Tamehiro
Norimasa
N
Division of Biosignaling, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
Shigemoto-Mogami
Yukari
Y
Kakeya
Tomoshi
T
Okuhira
Kei-Ichiro
K
Suzuki
Kazuhiro
K
Sato
Ryuichiro
R
Nagao
Taku
T
Nishimaki-Mogami
Tomoko
T
D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D004811:Epichlorohydrin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D017035:Pravastatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000502:physiology*; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000494:pharmacology; D051782:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2 / Q000502:physiology*
C577836:ABCA1 protein, human; D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007093:Imidazoles; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; C497390:SREBF2 protein, human; D051782:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2; C417427:colestimide; D004811:Epichlorohydrin; D002784:Cholesterol; D017035:Pravastatin