title: Snoring and breathing pauses during sleep in the Malaysian population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of snoring and breathing pauses during sleep, and to assess associated factors, including morbidity and the impact on daytime functioning, in an adult Malaysian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey of community-dwelling adults aged 30-70 years was conducted. Daytime sleepiness was assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Physical examinations were limited to measurements of body habitus and blood pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample consisted of 1611 adults (52.9% male). The prevalence of habitual snoring, breathing pauses and excessive daytime sleepiness were 47.3%, 15.2% and 14.8%, respectively. Seven per cent of respondents (8.8% male, 5.1% female) were clinically suspected to have obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS). The independent predictors of habitual snoring were older age, Chinese or Indian ethnicity (compared with Malays), smoking, obesity and use of sedatives. Clinically suspected OSAS and habitual snoring were significantly associated with difficulty in getting up in the morning, morning headache, driving and workplace accidents, hypertension, and ischaemic heart disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of habitual snoring is high in the Malaysian population. Sleep-related breathing disorders in Malaysian adults are associated with significant morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Klinik Kamil Ariff, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Ariff
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kamil
authors.forename: Cheong Lieng
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.forename: Syed Almashoor
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hassan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012119:Respiration; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012913:Snoring / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012923:Social Class