title: Malarial pigment haemozoin, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and LPS do not stimulate expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and production of nitric oxide in immuno-purified human monocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enhanced production of nitric oxide (NO) following upmodulation of the inducible isoform of NO synthase (iNOS) by haemozoin (HZ), inflammatory cytokines and LPS may provide protection against Plasmodium falciparum malaria by killing hepatic and blood forms of parasites and inhibiting the cytoadherence of parasitized erythrocytes (RBC) to endothelial cells. Monocytes and macrophages are considered to contribute importantly to protective upregulation of iNOS and production of NO. Data obtained with murine phagocytes fed with human HZ and synthetic HZ (sHZ) indicate that supplemental treatment of those cells with IFN-gamma elicited significant increases in protein and mRNA expression of iNOS and NO production, providing a potential mechanism linking HZ phagocytosis and increased production of NO. Purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of P. falciparum HZ and sHZ supplemental to treatment with IFN-gamma and/or a stimulatory cytokine-LPS mix on iNOS protein and mRNA expression in immuno-purified human monocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adherent immunopurified human monocytes (purity >85%), and murine phagocytic cell lines RAW 264.7, N11 and ANA1 were fed or not with P. falciparum HZ or sHZ and treated or not with IFN-gamma or a stimulatory cytokine-LPS mix. Production of NO was quantified in supernatants, iNOS protein and mRNA expression were measured after immunoprecipitation and Western blotting and quantitative RT-PCT, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phagocytosis of HZ/sHZ by human monocytes did not increase iNOS protein and mRNA expression and NO production either after stimulation by IFN-gamma or the cytokine-LPS mix. By contrast, in HZ/sHZ-laden murine macrophages, identical treatment with IFN-gamma and the cytokine-LPS mix elicited significant increases in protein and mRNA expression of iNOS and NOS metabolites production, in agreement with literature data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that human monocytes fed or not with HZ/sHZ were constantly unable to express iNOS and generate NOS metabolites even after stimulation with IFN-gamma or a cytokine-LSP mix that were very active on HZ-fed murine phagocytic lines. Present data do not support the hypothesis that monocytes are mediators of anti-parasitic defence in clinical malaria via activation of iNOS and production of NO, and suggest caution in extrapolating data obtained with murine or hybrid systems to human malaria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino Medical School, Torino, Italy. olexii.skorokhod@unito.it <olexii.skorokhod@unito.it>
authors.forename: Oleksii A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Skorokhod
authors.forename: Evelin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schwarzer
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ceretto
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arese
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006420:Hemeproteins / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000276:immunology*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D010586:Phagocytes / Q000276:immunology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000276:immunology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000099231:Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D006420:Hemeproteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000099231:Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein; C020753:hemozoin