title: Guanylate cyclase and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase regulate agrin signaling at the developing neuromuscular junction.
abstract: During formation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), agrin secreted by motor axons signals the embryonic muscle cells to organize a postsynaptic apparatus including a dense aggregate of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). Agrin signaling at the embryonic NMJ requires the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Common downstream effectors of NOS are guanylate cyclase (GC), which synthesizes cyclic GMP, and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Here we show that GC and PKG are important for agrin signaling at the embryonic NMJ of the frog, Xenopus laevis. Inhibitors of both GC and PKG reduced endogenous AChR aggregation in embryonic muscles by 50-85%, and blocked agrin-induced AChR aggregation in cultured embryonic muscle cells. A cyclic GMP analog, 8-bromo-cyclic GMP, increased endogenous AChR aggregation in embryonic muscles to 3- to 4-fold control levels. Overexpression of either GC or PKG in embryos increased AChR aggregate area by 60-170%, whereas expression of a dominant negative form of GC inhibited endogenous aggregation by 50%. These results indicate that agrin signaling in embryonic muscle cells requires the activity of GC and PKG as well as NOS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, PO Box 1980, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA. godfreew@evms.edu
authors.forename: Earl W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Longacher
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Neiswender
authors.forename: Russell C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Schwarte
authors.forename: Darren D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Browning
mesh_terms: D018171:Agrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000378:metabolism*; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011940:Receptor Aggregation; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018171:Agrin; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase