title: Child mortality according to maternal and infant HIV status in Zimbabwe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV causes substantial mortality among African children but there is limited data on how this is influenced by maternal or infant infection status and timing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children enrolled in the ZVITAMBO trial were divided into 5 groups: those born to HIV-negative mothers (NE, n = 9510), those born to HIV-positive mothers but noninfected (NI, n = 3135), those infected in utero (IU, n = 381), those infected intrapartum (IP, n = 508), and those infected postnatally (PN, n = 258). Their mortality was estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-year mortality was 2.9% (NE infants), 9.2% (NI), 67.5% (IU), 65.1% (IP), and 33.2% (PN). Between 8 weeks and 6 months, mortality in IU infants quintupled (from 309 to 1686/1000 c-y). The median time from infection to death was 208, 380, and >500 days for IU, IP, and PN infants, respectively. Among NI children, advanced maternal disease was predictive of mortality. Acute respiratory infection was the major cause of death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perinatally infected infants are at particular risk of death between 2 and 6 months: cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and early pediatric HAART should be scaled up. Uninfected infants of infected mothers have at least twice the mortality risk of infants born to uninfected mothers: all HIV-exposed infants should be targeted with child survival interventions. HIV-positive mothers with more advanced disease are not only more likely to infect their infants, but their infants are more likely to die, whether infected or not: provision of antiretroviral treatment to pregnant and lactating women is an urgent need for both mothers and their children.
authors.affiliation: ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Edmore
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marinda
authors.forename: Jean H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Humphrey
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Iliff
authors.forename: Kuda
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mutasa
authors.forename: Kusum J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Nathoo
authors.forename: Ellen G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Piwoz
authors.forename: Lawrence H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Moulton
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salama
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002423:Cause of Death; D046688:Child Mortality; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology