title: Racial/ethnic differences in physician distrust in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the racial/ethnic and geographic variation in distrust of physicians in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained data from the Community Tracking Study, analyzing 20 sites where at least 5% of the population was Hispanic and 5% was Black.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In univariate analyses, Blacks and Hispanics reported higher levels of physician distrust than did Whites. Multivariate analyses, however, suggested a complex interaction among sociodemographic variables, city of residence, race/ethnicity, and distrust of physician. In general, lower socioeconomic status (defined as lower income, lower education, and no health insurance) was associated with higher levels of distrust, with men generally reporting more distrust than women. But the strength of these effects was modified by race/ethnicity. We present examples of individual cities in which Blacks reported consistently higher mean levels of distrust than did Whites, consistently lower mean levels of distrust than did Whites, or a mixed relationship dependent on socioeconomic status. In the same cities, Hispanics reported either consistently higher mean levels of distrust relative to Whites or a mixed relationship.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Racial/ethnic differences in physician distrust are less uniform than previously hypothesized, with substantial geographic and individual variation present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. karmstro@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Karima L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Ravenell
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McMurphy
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Putt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D035502:Trust; D014481:United States