title: Tapping toddlers' evolving semantic representation via gesture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study presents evidence that gesture is a means to understanding the semantic representations of toddlers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data were part of a study of toddlers' word learning conducted by N. C. Capone and K. K. McGregor (2005). The object function probe from that study was administered after 1 exposure and after 3 exposures to objects. Here, toddlers' gestures were described and their gesture-speech combinations were analyzed as a function of instruction and time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A large proportion of toddlers gestured. Gestures were iconic and deictic, but toddlers produced more iconic gestures than previously reported. Consistent with studies of older children, toddlers produced gesture-speech combinations that reflected their learning state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gesture can be both a source of semantic knowledge and an expression of that knowledge. Gesture provides a window onto evolving semantic representations and, therefore, can be 1 method of assessing what a child knows at a time when oral language skills are limited and are, perhaps, an unreliable indicator of what the child knows. Embodied knowledge may underlie the use of gesture. Clinical implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech-Language Pathology, School of Graduate Medical Education, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, Alfieri Hall, Room 33, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA. caponeni@shu.edu
authors.forename: Nina C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Capone
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D005868:Gestures; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D012660:Semantics; D013067:Speech Perception