title: Global distribution of Panton-Valentine leukocidin--positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 2006.
abstract: We determined the agr type, multilocus sequence type, protein A gene type (spa typing), toxin gene profile, and antimicrobial drug resistance profile of 469 isolates of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates (PVL-positive CA-MRSA). The isolates had been collected from around the world from 1999 through 2005 by the French National Reference Center for Staphylococci. We found that some continent-specific clones described in 2003, such as clone ST8, have now spread all over the world. Likewise, some PVL-positive CA-MRSA have spread to several countries on various continents. New clones have emerged (e.g., ST377) on new genetic backgrounds. PVL-positive CA-MRSA that were usually susceptible to most antistaphylococcal antimicrobial agents have acquired new resistance determinants (e.g., to gentamicin) in certain countries. The major trait shared by all these clones is a short staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec element of type IV or V.
authors.affiliation: Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, INSERM, Lyon, France. anne.tristan@chu-lyon.fr
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tristan
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bes
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meugnier
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lina
authors.forename: Bülent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bozdogan
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Courvalin
authors.forename: Marie-Elisabeth
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Reverdy
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Enright
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vandenesch
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Etienne
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D005098:Exotoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007956:Leukocidins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016106:Methicillin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C095698:Agr protein, Staphylococcus aureus; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005098:Exotoxins; D007956:Leukocidins; C078284:Panton-Valentine leukocidin; D015534:Trans-Activators