title: Changes in outcomes for internal medicine inpatients after work-hour regulations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limits on resident work hours are intended to reduce fatigue-related errors, but may raise risk by increasing transfers of responsibility for patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine changes in outcomes for internal medicine patients after the implementation of work-hour regulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban, academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  14,260 consecutive patients discharged from the teaching (housestaff) service and 6664 consecutive patients discharged from the nonteaching (hospitalist) service between 1 July 2002 and 30 June 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcomes included intensive care unit utilization, length of stay, discharge disposition, 30-day readmission rate to the study institution, pharmacist interventions to prevent error, drug-drug interactions and in-hospital death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The teaching service had net improvements in 3 outcomes. Relative to changes experienced by the nonteaching service, the rate of intensive care unit utilization decreased by 2.1% (95% CI, -3.3% to -0.7%; P = 0.002), the rate of discharge to home or rehabilitation facility versus elsewhere improved by 5.3% (CI, 2.6% to 7.6%; P < 0.001), and pharmacist interventions to prevent error were reduced by 1.92 interventions per 100 patient-days (CI, -2.74 to -1.03 interventions per 100 patient-days; P < 0.001). Teaching and nonteaching services had similar changes over time in length of stay, 30-day readmission rate, and adverse drug-drug interactions. In-hospital death was uncommon in both groups, and change over time was similar in the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study was a retrospective, nonrandomized design that assessed a limited number of outcomes. Teaching and nonteaching cohorts may not have been affected similarly by secular trends in patient care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After the implementation of work-hour regulations, 3 of 7 outcomes improved for patients in the teaching service relative to those in the nonteaching service. The authors found no evidence of adverse unintended consequences after the institution of work-hour regulations.
authors.affiliation: Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8088, USA. leora.horwitz@yale.edu
authors.forename: Leora I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Horwitz
authors.forename: Mikhail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kosiborod
authors.forename: Zhenqiu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Harlan M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Krumholz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D020445:Hospitalists / Q000592:standards; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards*; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D005791:Patient Care / Q000592:standards*; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States