title: Computer-based quantification of the mean Achilles tendon thickness in ultrasound images: effect of tendinosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  B-mode measurement of the sagital diameter of the Achilles tendon based on a manual tracing (MT) procedure is partly dependent on the subjectivity of the reader. The aim of this study is to establish a standardised automatic procedure to differentiate between normal and chronically degenerated tendons. For this comparison, the tracing results of the tendon boundaries of an automatic identification (AI) process, already established with the detection of intima-media thickness, are compared with computer-assisted MT.
  
  
  METHODS
  The detection of the tendon boundaries was performed in 115 ultrasound images including the cranial border of the calcaneal tuberosity. The measured section (starting point 4 cm away from the anterior boundary of the calcaneal tuberosity) amounted to 3 cm, and was divided into three sub-segments (1 cm each). Intra- and inter-reader/observer variability for mean and maximum Achilles tendon thickness (ATT) with AI and MT were evaluated. A normal group and a group with clinically diagnosed chronic tendon degeneration had mean and maximum ATT readings compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using MT, the intra- and inter-reader variability was 3.0% and 6.8%, respectively, using AI the variability was 1.6% and 3.9%, respectively. Mean and maximum ATT were measured systematically lower by AI compared to MT in all regions by 0.4 mm. The AI procedure was most accurate in the second segment. The mean ATT and maximum ATT were correctly detected in 93.9% and 96.6% of the images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AI procedure detected the ATT with a high level of precision in all three segments. The most robust measurement was reached in the second segment. It eliminates most of the inter-/intra-reader variability in ATT measurement using MT. We suggest this new method could be a new gold standard for quantification of chronic disorder in Achilles tendons.
authors.affiliation: Freiburg University Hospital, Centre for Internal Medicine, Department for Rehabilitative and Preventative Sports Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Syha
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Birnesser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niess
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirschmueller
authors.forename: H-H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Dickhuth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandrock
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography