title: Adverse prognosis associated with the metabolic syndrome in established coronary artery disease: data from the EUROPA trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, and its effect on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with established coronary disease and to explore the inter-relationships between metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence of metabolic syndrome was determined in 8397 patients with stable coronary disease from the European Trial on Reduction of Cardiac Events with Perindopril in Stable Coronary Artery Disease, with mean follow-up of 4.2 years. Metabolic syndrome was defined using a modified version of the National Cholesterol Education Programme criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metabolic syndrome was present in 1964/8397 (23.4%) of the population and significantly predicted outcome; relative risk (RR) of cardiovascular mortality = 1.82 (95% CI 1.40 to 2.39); and fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction RR = 1.50 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.80). The association with adverse outcomes remained significant after adjustment, RR of cardiovascular mortality after adjustment for conventional risks and diabetes = 1.39 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.86). In comparison with normal weight subjects without diabetes or metabolic syndrome, normal weight dysmetabolic subjects (with either diabetes or metabolic syndrome) were at substantially increased risk of cardiovascular death (RR = 4.05 (95% CI 2.38 to 6.89)). The relative risks of cardiovascular death for overweight and obese patients with dysmetabolic status were nominally lower (RR = 3.01 (95% CI 1.94 to 4.69) and RR = 2.35 (95% CI 1.50 to 3.68), respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolic syndrome is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcome, independently of its associations with diabetes and obesity. A metabolic profile should form part of the risk assessment in all patients with coronary disease, not just those who are obese.
authors.affiliation: Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK. caroline.daly@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Remme
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simoons
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D020913:Perindopril / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D008055:Lipids; D020913:Perindopril