title: The effects of enhanced external counterpulsation on time- and frequency-domain measures of heart rate variability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that symptom improvement from enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is related to improved heart rate variability (HRV).
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective, multicenter study enrolled 27 patients with angina who underwent 48-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring at baseline, immediately after 35 hours of EECP, and at 1 month. Primary end points included change in time-domain (SD of normal-to-normal intervals) and frequency-domain HRV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four patients completed the full course of EECP therapy and 3 ambulatory electrocardiograms. There were no significant changes in time-domain HRV measures after EECP. Patients younger than 65 years and those with heart failure had improved SD of normal-to-normal interval after EECP (P = .02). Although frequency-domain HRV measures did not change in the overall cohort, patients with diabetes had improved daytime low-frequency power (P = .016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no significant change in the time- or frequency-domain HRV measures after EECP. In diabetic individuals, there was an increase in low-frequency HRV, which has been associated with reduced mortality.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. andrew.michaels@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Michaels
authors.forename: Bradley A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Bart
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lafferty
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Elizabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kennard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D015908:Counterpulsation / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity