title: Cost-effectiveness of rapid syphilis screening in prenatal HIV testing programs in Haiti.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New rapid syphilis tests permit simple and immediate diagnosis and treatment at a single clinic visit. We compared the cost-effectiveness, projected health outcomes, and annual cost of screening pregnant women using a rapid syphilis test as part of scaled-up prenatal testing to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in Haiti.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A decision analytic model simulated health outcomes and costs separately for pregnant women in rural and urban areas. We compared syphilis syndromic surveillance (rural standard of care), rapid plasma reagin test with results and treatment at 1-wk follow-up (urban standard of care), and a new rapid test with immediate results and treatment. Test performance data were from a World Health Organization-Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases field trial conducted at the GHESKIO Center Groupe Haitien d'Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes in Port-au-Prince. Health outcomes were projected using historical data on prenatal syphilis treatment efficacy and included disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of newborns, congenital syphilis cases, neonatal deaths, and stillbirths. Cost-effectiveness ratios are in US dollars/DALY from a societal perspective; annual costs are in US dollars from a payer perspective. Rapid testing with immediate treatment has a cost-effectiveness ratio of $6.83/DALY in rural settings and $9.95/DALY in urban settings. Results are sensitive to regional syphilis prevalence, rapid test sensitivity, and the return rate for follow-up visits. Integrating rapid syphilis testing into a scaled-up national HIV testing and prenatal care program would prevent 1,125 congenital syphilis cases and 1,223 stillbirths or neonatal deaths annually at a cost of $525,000.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Haiti, integrating a new rapid syphilis test into prenatal care and HIV testing would prevent congenital syphilis cases and stillbirths, and is cost-effective. A similar approach may be beneficial in other resource-poor countries that are scaling up prenatal HIV testing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America. brs2006@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Schackman
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Neukermans
authors.forename: Sandy N Nerette
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Fontain
authors.forename: Claudine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nolte
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Jean W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Pape
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D006205:Haiti; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic / Q000191:economics; D013587:Syphilis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D013590:Syphilis, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic