title: Anatomical vibrations that implantable microphones must overcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to measure the tissue vibration amplitude that would be associated with an implantable microphone.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Totally implantable hearing devices have been desired by the hard-of-hearing community for some time. However, an implanted microphone must pick up desired acoustic signals in the presence of undesired signals, including vibration. To design an effective microphone, the level of tissue vibrations originating from anatomical sources and the implanted transducer must be understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a laser Doppler vibrometer and an accelerometer, tissue vibrations were measured under the following conditions: (1) Normal control subjects during vocalization (n=4); (2) Vocalization and biological sounds measured on cranium and in soft tissue on normal subjects (n=6); (3) Transducer vibration measured on Otologics semi-implantable hearing device wearer (n=1) and human cadavers (n=4 ears).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anatomical noise vibrations are 20 to 25 dB greater in soft tissue for frequencies less than 1,000 Hz than on the cranium, whereas vibrations due to implanted transducers are 20 to 25 dB greater on the cranium than in soft tissue inferior to the mastoid. Chewing vibrations are 10 to 15 dB greater than vocalization on the mastoid. Mastoid vibration levels measured in patients are equivalent to those in cadavers. Vibration levels do not vary significantly with respect to location on the cranium next to the pinna.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The greatest anatomical vibrations that an implanted microphone must overcome are because of vocalization in the soft tissue inferior to the mastoid and chewing vibrations on the mastoid. A human cadaver is an appropriate model for transducer cranial vibration studies. If the implantable microphone is placed on the cranium near the pinna, it makes little difference with regard to actual location.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA. herman.jenkins@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: Herman A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pergola
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kasic
mesh_terms: D000669:Amplifiers, Electronic; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008416:Mastoid / Q000502:physiology; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation; D014159:Transducers; D014732:Vibration