title: The safety profile of moxifloxacin and other fluoroquinolones in special patient populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gemifloxacin, and moxifloxacin, represent a major advance in the development of antimicrobial agents. They offer significant activity against Gram-negative pathogens, while more advanced generation fluoroquinolones including levofloxacin, gemifloxacin, and moxifloxacin are significantly active against Gram-positive (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae for some members of the class), typical, atypical, and anaerobic pathogens. Fluoroquinolones have a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile that exhibits concentration-dependent killing and good oral absorption, allowing for once-daily dosing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Review of data from fluoroquinolone studies, with an emphasis on the associated rare, but potentially clinically important, adverse events in specific patient populations. Review of clinical efficacy is included where relevant to the topic under discussion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted using terms including fluoroquinolones, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, safety, adverse events, drug interactions, and pharmacokinetic parameters to identify literature providing information regarding the safety profile of specified fluoroquinolones in special patient populations (i.e., the elderly, patients with liver disease, kidney disease, glycemic disorder, those at risk for cardiovascular events). Although specific date criteria were not applied to the search, preference was given to more recent publications. Online databases searched include MEDLINE and EMBASE and relevant textbooks were utilized as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluoroquinolones, when used either as monotherapy or as combination therapy depending on their individual indications, attain adequate concentrations for treating infections in different target sites, including epithelial lining fluid, alveolar macrophages, skin, and gastrointestinal tissues. Overall, fluoroquinolones have predictable and mild-to-moderate adverse-event profiles and are generally well tolerated. Findings of this review are limited by the availability of publications and case reports.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluoroquinolones, are associated with rare, but clinically important, adverse events in special patient populations (including the elderly; those with hepatic, renal, or glycemic disorders; and those at risk for cardiovascular events). Recognition of differences in the clinical efficacy and safety profiles of fluoroquinolones in special patient populations should lead to better antimicrobial agent selection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT 06810, USA. paul.iannini@comcast.net
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Iannini
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001372:Aza Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000150:complications; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D044382:Population Groups; D011804:Quinolines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001372:Aza Compounds; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D011804:Quinolines; D005947:Glucose; D000077266:Moxifloxacin