title: Influence of iron and zinc status on cadmium accumulation in Bangladeshi women.
abstract: Cadmium is a widespread environmental contaminant present in food. The absorption in the intestine increases in individuals with low iron stores, but the effect of zinc deficiency is not clear. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of iron and zinc status on cadmium accumulation in pregnant Bangladeshi women. We measured cadmium in urine from 890 women using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Further, we also measured ferritin and zinc in plasma. The median cadmium concentration in urine was 0.59 microg/L (adjusted to mean specific gravity of 1.012 g/mL). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that urinary cadmium was associated with plasma ferritin and plasma zinc via a significant interaction between dichotomized plasma ferritin and plasma zinc. The analysis was adjusted for age and socioeconomic status. Women with low iron stores and adequate zinc status had significantly higher urinary cadmium compared to women with both adequate iron stores and zinc status. There was no difference in urinary cadmium between women with both low iron stores and zinc status compared to those with both adequate iron stores and zinc status. In conclusion, low iron stores were associated with increased cadmium accumulation, but only at adequate zinc status.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Marie.Vahter@ki.se
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kippler
authors.forename: Eva-Charlotte
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Ekström
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lönnerdal
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Goessler
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akesson
authors.forename: Shams
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: El Arifeen
authors.forename: Lars-Ake
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vahter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001459:Bangladesh; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002104:Cadmium / Q000652:urine*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D012923:Social Class; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D005293:Ferritins; D015032:Zinc