title: Time variations in the transmissibility of pandemic influenza in Prussia, Germany, from 1918-19.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Time variations in transmission potential have rarely been examined with regard to pandemic influenza. This paper reanalyzes the temporal distribution of pandemic influenza in Prussia, Germany, from 1918-19 using the daily numbers of deaths, which totaled 8911 from 29 September 1918 to 1 February 1919, and the distribution of the time delay from onset to death in order to estimate the effective reproduction number, Rt, defined as the actual average number of secondary cases per primary case at a given time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A discrete-time branching process was applied to back-calculated incidence data, assuming three different serial intervals (i.e. 1, 3 and 5 days). The estimated reproduction numbers exhibited a clear association between the estimates and choice of serial interval; i.e. the longer the assumed serial interval, the higher the reproduction number. Moreover, the estimated reproduction numbers did not decline monotonically with time, indicating that the patterns of secondary transmission varied with time. These tendencies are consistent with the differences in estimates of the reproduction number of pandemic influenza in recent studies; high estimates probably originate from a long serial interval and a model assumption about transmission rate that takes no account of time variation and is applied to the entire epidemic curve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that in order to offer robust assessments it is critically important to clarify in detail the natural history of a disease (e.g. including the serial interval) as well as heterogeneous patterns of transmission. In addition, given that human contact behavior probably influences transmissibility, individual countermeasures (e.g. household quarantine and mask-wearing) need to be explored to construct effective non-pharmaceutical interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. nishiura.hiroshi@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishiura
mesh_terms: D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000266:history / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005858:Germany; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000266:history / Q000635:transmission*; D007700:Kinetics; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013995:Time