title: Pediatric cystine calculi in west of Iran: a study of 22 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cystinuria is an autosomal recessive disorder which clinically presents as cystine calculi. In this study, we reviewed cystine calculi cases in the west of Iran to determine their common presentations and response to different therapeutic modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1999 and 2005, we had 22 pediatric patients (11 boys and 11 girls) with cystine calculi. The demographic characteristics and clinical data of the patients as well as the treatment results were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients was 34.20 +/- 42.99 months (range, 4 to 156 months). They were followed for a mean duration of 23 months (range, 3 to 70 months). Thirteen patients (59.1%) had bilateral and 9 (41%) had unilateral kidney calculi. The sizes of the calculi were between 2 mm and 20 mm. Nine patients (41%) had renal atrophic changes and 1 (4.5%) had obstructive acute renal failure. Hydration and urinary alkalinization were administrated to all of the patients which yielded an excellent result in 54.5% and a poor response in 27.2%. Captopril started for 5 patients was effective only in 1. D-penicillamine had no favorable response. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy was successful in 5 attempts and failed in 4. Surgical interventions were performed for 13 patients (59.1%) and 6 (27.2%) required more than 1 surgical operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend metabolic workup of childhood urolithiasis and appropriate medical management of its underlying disease. We also recommend minimally invasive urologic techniques including shockwave lithotripsy only when there are clear indications for nonmedical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Urology-Nephrology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. aseyedzadeh2001@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Abolhassan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seyedzadeh
authors.forename: Hossein E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Momtaz
authors.forename: Mahmoud Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Moradi
authors.forename: Asaad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moradi