title: A role for Insulin-like growth factor 2 in specification of the fast skeletal muscle fibre.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fibre type specification is a poorly understood process beginning in embryogenesis in which skeletal muscle myotubes switch myosin-type to establish fast, slow and mixed fibre muscle groups with distinct function. Growth factors are required to establish slow fibres; it is unknown how fast twitch fibres are specified. Igf-2 is an embryonically expressed growth factor with established in vitro roles in skeletal muscle. Its localisation and role in embryonic muscle differentiation had not been established.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between E11.5 and E15.5 fast Myosin (FMyHC) localises to secondary myotubes evenly distributed throughout the embryonic musculature and gradually increasing in number so that by E15.5 around half contain FMyHC. The Igf-2 pattern closely correlates with FMyHC from E13.5 and peaks at E15.5 when over 90% of FMyHC+ myotubes also contain Igf-2. Igf-2 lags FMyHC and it is absent from muscle myotubes until E13.5. Igf-2 strongly down-regulates by E17.5. A striking feature of the FMyHC pattern is its increased heterogeneity and attenuation in many fibres from E15.5 to day one after birth (P1). Transgenic mice (MIG) which express Igf-2 in all of their myotubes, have increased FMyHC staining, a higher proportion of FMyHC+ myotubes and loose their FMyHC staining heterogeneity. In Igf-2 deficient mice (MatDi) FMyHC+ myotubes are reduced to 60% of WT by E15.5. In vitro, MIG induces a 50% excess of FMyHC+ and a 30% reduction of SMHyC+ myotubes in C2 cells which can be reversed by Igf-2-targeted ShRNA resulting in 50% reduction of FMyHC. Total number of myotubes was not affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In WT embryos the appearance of Igf-2 in embryonic myotubes lags FMyHC, but by E15.5 around 45% of secondary myotubes contain both proteins. Forced expression of Igf-2 into all myotubes causes an excess, and absence of Igf-2 suppresses, the FMyHC+ myotube component in both embryonic muscle and differentiated myoblasts. Igf-2 is thus required, not for initiating secondary myotube differentiation, but for establishing the correct proportion of FMyHC+ myotubes during fibre type specification (E15.5-P1). Since specific loss of FMyHC fibres is associated with many skeletal muscle pathologies these data have important medical implications.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK. deborah.merrick@nottingham.ac.uk <deborah.merrick@nottingham.ac.uk>
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Merrick
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: Lukas Kurt Josef
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000235:genetics; D047108:Embryonic Development; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D018656:Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch / Q000502:physiology*; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D009218:Myosins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D009218:Myosins