title: The late phase of preconditioning and its natural clinical application--gene therapy.
abstract: There is little doubt that the discovery of ischemic preconditioning (PC) has been one of the fundamental milestones in the field of ischemic biology in the past 20 years. The purpose of this article is to review the pathophysiology and molecular basis of the late phase of myocardial PC. The exploitation of late PC for the development of novel gene therapy strategies aimed at inducing a permanently preconditioned cardiac phenotype (prophylactic cardioprotection) will also be discussed. Deciphering the mechanism of late PC has not only conceptual interest but also a considerable therapeutic implications, since transfer of the genes that underlie late PC would be expected to replicate the salubrious effects of this response of the heart to stress.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson Street, ACB,Louisville, KY 40292, USA. rbolli@louisville.edu
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bolli
authors.forename: Qian-Hong
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xian-Liang
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Yiru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Yu-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Xuan
authors.forename: Gregg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rokosh
authors.forename: Buddhadeb
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dawn
mesh_terms: D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2