title: Clinical trials of Shigella vaccines: two steps forward and one step back on a long, hard road.
abstract: More than 50 years of research has yielded numerous Shigella vaccine candidates that have exemplified both the promise of vaccine-induced prevention of shigellosis and the impediments to developing a safe and effective vaccine for widespread use, a goal that has yet to be attained. This Review discusses the most advanced strategies for Shigella vaccine development, the immune responses that are elicited following disease or vaccination, the factors that have accelerated or impeded Shigella vaccine development and our ideas for the way forward.
authors.affiliation: Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. mlevine@medicine.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Myron M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kotloff
authors.forename: Eileen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: Marcela F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Pasetti
authors.forename: Marcelo B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Sztein
mesh_terms: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004405:Dysentery, Bacillary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007223:Infant; D012760:Shigella / Q000145:classification* / Q000276:immunology*; D022281:Shigella Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D022281:Shigella Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated