title: Continuous venovenous hemofiltration with or without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report the frequency of usage, patient demographics, and outcomes in children treated with continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) in three pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), with one unit providing combined extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and CVVH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective database analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three regional PICUs in the Trent Haemofiltration Network with two general PICUs admitting 450-500 patients annually and the other providing regional cardiac support and a supraregional service for ECMO (600-650 admissions annually with 50 ECMO patients).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children who underwent CVVH alone or in combination with ECMO or other therapies between January 2000 and December 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 115 children (58 male) treated, with a median age of 18 months (range 1 day to 17 yrs) and median weight of 12 kg (range 1.8-119 kg). In the two PICUs without ECMO, CVVH was undertaken in 2.5% of admissions annually compared with 3% of annual admissions to the PICU with an ECMO service. Fifty-five patients received CVVH alone (group 1), while 53 patients underwent CVVH in conjunction with ECMO (group 2). In addition, five patients received plasmafiltration followed by CVVH, and two patients were treated with combined CVVH and molecular adsorbents recirculating system. Mean duration of therapy in group 1 was 142 hrs (1-840 hrs) and in group 2,231 hrs (3-1104 hrs). Overall patient survival was 43% with 29 of 55 (53%) CVVH patients surviving and 18 of 53 (34%) of those treated with ECMO plus CVVH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Performing CVVH in a heterogeneous population with large age and weight ranges poses significant clinical and technical challenges. The low frequency of CVVH use, as well as the use of other extracorporeal therapies, also raises problems with maintaining nursing skills. Objective clinical and biochemical markers for commencing CVVH alone or in combination with ECMO remain to be defined.
authors.affiliation: Children & Young People's Kidney Unit, Nottingham City Hospital, NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Ihab Sakr
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Shaheen
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Hitesh C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Pandya
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003710:Demography; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D005260:Female; D006440:Hemofiltration / Q000379:methods*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome