title: Depressive symptoms and rates of bone loss at the hip in older women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain whether depressive symptoms are associated with increased rates of bone loss at the hip.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four clinical centers in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four thousand one hundred seventy-seven community-dwelling women, aged 69 and older, enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Subjects were categorized as depressed if their GDS score was 6 or greater at the fourth examination. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at the fourth and sixth examinations (average 4.4 years between examinations). Use of antidepressant medications was assessed by interview and verified from medication containers at the fourth and sixth examinations of the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. A computerized dictionary was used to categorize type of medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In age-adjusted models, mean total hip BMD decreased 0.69%/year in 3,977 women with a GDS score of less than 6, compared with 0.96%/year in 200 women with a GDS score of 6 or greater (P<.01). Results were not substantially altered when adjusted for potential confounders and when users of antidepressants were excluded from the analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression, as defined by a GDS score of 6 or greater, was associated with an increased rate of bone loss at the hip in this cohort of older women. Clinicians should be aware of a possible increased rate of bone loss in older, depressed women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA. sdiem@umn.edu
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Diem
authors.forename: Terri L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Blackwell
authors.forename: Katie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yaffe
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cauley
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Whooley
authors.forename: Kristine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Ensrud
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States