title: Spermine isolated and identified as the major trypanocidal compound from the snake venom of Eristocophis macmahoni causes autophagy in Trypanosoma brucei.
abstract: The snake venom from the leaf-nosed viper Eristocophis macmahoni was analyzed regarding its toxic effects on the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei. A considerable trypanocidal effect was measured with an IC5 value of 186 ng/ml in bloodstream form parasites. Following several high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation steps, the major trypanocidal activity was assigned to a single fraction by in vitro toxicity assays. Analysis by off-line ESI-MS(n) revealed an m/z value of 202.2 for the precursor ion and fragment ions of m/z=129.1 (MS2) and 112.1 (MS3), respectively, clearly corresponding to the molecular mass and the fragmentation pattern of the polyamine spermine. Quantification of spermine within the viper venom using an on-line hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) ESI-MS method revealed that this compound constituted approximately 1% of the dry venom mass. The polyamine oxidase activity in the fetal calf serum used for cultivation was responsible for a trypanocidal effect of pure spermine in the low micromolar range, whereas the antitrypanosomal activity of crude snake venom was virtually independent from serum, suggesting the oxidation of spermine by intrinsic venom components. Using fetal calf serum, spermine was shown to induce autophagy in the parasites using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
authors.affiliation: Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Merkel
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.forename: Syed Abid
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schönfeld
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Voelter
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duszenko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013096:Spermine / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014346:Trypanosoma brucei brucei / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014757:Viper Venoms / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014344:Trypanocidal Agents; D014757:Viper Venoms; D013096:Spermine