title: Differences in practice and personal profiles between male and female ophthalmologists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess practice profiles and attitudes towards career and family among ophthalmologists in Australia and New Zealand, with an emphasis on identifying gender differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 43-part confidential survey addressing professional and personal issues was sent to all female ophthalmologists and to randomly selected age-matched male ophthalmologists, registered with the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists in 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 254 (75%) of the surveys were returned, with no significant difference in response rate between genders. Differences in practice profiles were identified: females preferentially practise in the city (89.6% vs. 76.1%, P<0.001), work fewer hours (70% of males working 40 hours per week, compared with 41% of females, P<0.0001) and work part time (57.5% vs. 13.6%, P<0.0001). Female ophthalmologists earn less (average income being NZ/Aus$37,913 [95% confidence interval 25,600-50,226] less, P<0.0001); the difference remained significant (P<0.0001) even when adjusted for hours worked. Up to 93.3% of male ophthalmologists are married or in a stable relationship, compared with 75.6% of females (P=0.0003), and males are more likely to have children (P=0.0007). There was no significant difference in overall career satisfaction between male and female ophthalmologists; however, females expressed greater frustration with managing professional and family commitments, and unequal career advancement opportunities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences exist in practice profiles and personal circumstances between male and female ophthalmologists. Females appear to balance work and personal responsibilities by working fewer hours, and for lower income. Despite this, they are less likely to be in a stable relationship, or to have children. However, there is no difference between the two groups in overall career satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. h.daneshmeyer@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Helen V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Danesh-Meyer
authors.forename: Narme C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Deva
authors.forename: Judy Y F
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: Stuart C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Yu Wee
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gamble
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001315:Australia; D002321:Career Choice; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D009885:Ophthalmology; D010822:Physicians, Women; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012955:Societies, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D000078329:Workforce