title: [Clinical analysis of conversion from gynecological laparoscopic surgery to laparotomy].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the causes and clinical significance of conversion to laparotomy during laparoscopic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three thousand two hundred and three cases who underwent laparoscopic surgery during the past five years were analyzed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three thousand one hundred and eighty cases underwent laparoscopic surgery, in which 23 cases were converted to laparotomy due to factors including severe pelvic adhesions (6 cases), complex disease with difficulties in laparoscopy (7 cases), massive haemorrhage (3 cases), bladder trauma (1 case), gastric trauma (1 case), intestinal trauma (1 case), as well as unexpected malignant genitalia neoplasm (4 cases).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The major causes for the conversion to laparotomy during gynecology laparoscopic surgery are severe pelvic adhesion and complex disease with difficulties in laparoscopy. Careful evaluation before surgery and conversion to laparotomy at the right moment can decrease the complication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Center Minimally Invasive Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100006, China.
authors.forename: Jiu-mei
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Jin-juan
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hong-tao
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000601:surgery*; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D007813:Laparotomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome