title: Diagnosis of pediatric genitourinary embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma by urine cytology: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary cytology is an uncommon investigative tool for pediatric tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 16-month-old infant presented for investigation ofhematuria and blood clots into diapers. Urinary cytology showed a population of small, round, blue cells with little cytoplasm and high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratios. The cells were positive for desmin and negative for cytokeratin. A cytologic diagnosis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma was offered and subsequently confirmed by histopathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas are not uncommon in the pediatric population. Urinary cytology may be useful for rapid diagnosis and early management of such cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tissue Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Wentworthville, Australia. lyndala@icpmr.wsahs.new.gov.au
authors.forename: Lyndal
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Henwood
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arbuckle
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D018233:Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal / Q000473:pathology* / Q000652:urine*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000652:urine*; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology