Within the hidden epidemic: sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS among American Indians and Alaska Natives.
OBJECTIVE
To review the epidemiology, research, and prevention programs for sexually transmitted diseases in American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs).


METHODS
We reviewed the current national and regional trends in sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) for AI/ANs from 1998-2004, peer-reviewed studies from January 1996, through May 2006, and reports, unpublished documents, and electronic resources addressing AI/AN STD prevention and control.


RESULTS
STD prevalence among AI/ANs remains high. For example, the case rate of C. trachomatis in the North Central Plains AI/AN populations is 6 times the overall US rate. Trends for C. trachomatis also show sustained increases. Little research exists on STDs for this population, and most is focused on HIV/AIDS. Fear of compromised confidentiality, cultural taboos, and complex financial and service relationships inhibit effective surveillance, prevention, and management.


CONCLUSIONS
Recommendations for STD control in this population include improved local surveillance and incorporation of existing frameworks of health and healing into prevention and intervention efforts. Research defining the parameters of cultural context and social epidemiology of STDs is necessary.
Kaufman
Carol E
CE
American Indian and Alaska Native Programs, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA. carol.kaufman@uchsc.edu
Shelby
Laura
L
Mosure
Debra J
DJ
Marrazzo
Jeanne
J
Wong
David
D
de Ravello
Lori
L
Rushing
Stephanie Craig
SC
Warren-Mears
Victoria
V
Neel
Lisa
L
Eagle
Sara Jumping
SJ
Tulloch
Scott
S
Romero
Francine
F
Patrick
Sarah
S
Cheek
James E
JE
D000413:Alaska / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004930:Inuit / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors