title: Promoter hypermethylation for molecular nodal staging in non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Even among cases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the most favorable stage (IA), the disease-specific mortality is 25% or greater. One plausible explanation implicates the simplistic standard pathologic procedures used to designate lymph node involvement. A more sensitive assessment of the nodal status may improve staging.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prognostic impact of detecting an abnormal molecular event (promoter hypermethylation in a set of relevant genes) in histologically uninvolved lymph nodes in resected NSCLC.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective analysis of archived material, we examined DNA extracted from lymph nodes of stage I NSCLC (n = 180). Patients underwent surgery between 1991 and 1995 in a single institution. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction was used to detect promoter hypermethylation in a panel of 8 genes. Survival data were extracted from the computerized database at the Tumor Registry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence of promoter hypermethylation in at least 1 gene was detected in 67% of these N0 nodes. The most commonly hypermethylated gene was E-cadherin (53%). The hypermethylation frequency for the remaining genes were as follows: APC, 5%; p16, 9%; MGMT, 11%; hMLH1, 15%; RASSF1A, 4%; DAP kinase, 9%; and ATM, 19%. The presence of promoter hypermethylation in 2 or more genes did not influence the overall, median, or 5-year survival rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identifying promoter hypermethylation (in our panel) in N0 lymph nodes in stage I NSCLC cannot be recommended for clinical decision making. Molecular abnormalities, including those found in cancer by qualitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, are not synonymous with established, histologically detectable metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA. SafarAhmedM@uams.edu
authors.forename: A Mazin
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Safar
authors.forename: Horace
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Xiaobo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shwaiki
authors.forename: Chun-Yang
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm