title: In situ activity and spatial organization of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria in biofilms.
abstract: We investigated autotrophic anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) biofilms for their spatial organization, community composition, and in situ activities by using molecular biological techniques combined with microelectrodes. Results of phylogenetic analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed that "Brocadia"-like anammox bacteria that hybridized with the Amx820 probe dominated, with 60 to 92% of total bacteria in the upper part (<1,000 microm) of the biofilm, where high anammox activity was mainly detected with microelectrodes. The relative abundance of anammox bacteria decreased along the flow direction of the reactor. FISH results also indicated that Nitrosomonas-, Nitrosospira-, and Nitrosococcus-like aerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and Nitrospira-like nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) coexisted with anammox bacteria and accounted for 13 to 21% of total bacteria in the biofilms. Microelectrode measurements at three points along the anammox reactor revealed that the NH(4)(+) and NO(2)(-) consumption rates decreased from 0.68 and 0.64 micromol cm(-2) h(-1) at P2 (the second port, 170 mm from the inlet port) to 0.30 and 0.35 micromol cm(-2) h(-1) at P3 (the third port, 205 mm from the inlet port), respectively. No anammox activity was detected at P4 (the fourth port, 240 mm from the inlet port), even though sufficient amounts of NH(4)(+) and NO(2)(-) and a high abundance of anammox bacteria were still present. This result could be explained by the inhibitory effect of organic compounds derived from biomass decay and/or produced by anammox and coexisting bacteria in the upper parts of the biofilm and in the upstream part of the reactor. The anammox activities in the biofilm determined by microelectrodes reflected the overall reactor performance. The several groups of aerobic AOB lineages, Nitrospira-like NOB, and Betaproteobacteria coexisting in the anammox biofilm might consume a trace amount of O(2) or organic compounds, which consequently established suitable microenvironments for anammox bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kindaichi
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsushima
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogasawara
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimokawa
authors.forename: Noriatsu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okabe
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D020562:Betaproteobacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D017753:Ecosystem; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010802:Phylogeny; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal