title: Prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization and its risk factors in chronic hemodialysis patients in Shiraz, Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vancomycin-resistant entrococci (VRE) are increasing in prevalence at many institutions, and are often reported in dialysis patients. The aim of this cross-sectional prevalence study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of VRE colonization in chronic hemodialysis patients in two hemodialysis centers in Shiraz, Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rectal swabs were obtained from all consenting patients and were streaked on the surface of Cephalexin-aztreonam-arabinose agar (CAA) and incubated at 37 degrees C in air for 24 h. The vancomycin susceptibility of each isolate was confirmed by disk susceptibility testing. The MICs of vancomycin and teicoplanin were confirmed by the E test. To identify risk factors, a questionnaire was completed for all the studied patients and the data of VRE positive and negative groups were compared using Man-Withney U test for continues data and the Fisher exact test for categorical data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 146 patients investigated, 9 (6.2%) were positive for VRE. All VRE strains were genotypically distinguishable. Risk factors for a VRE-positive culture were "antimicrobial receipt within 2 months before culture" (P = 0.003) and "hospitalization during previous year" (P = 0.016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VRE colonization is an under-recognized problem among chronic dialysis patients in Iran. VRE colonization is associated with antibiotic consumption and hospitalization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria. ojan.assadian@meduniwien.ac.at
authors.forename: Ojan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Assadian
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Askarian
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.forename: Soheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shaghaghian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006436:Hemodialysis Units, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance